1

Citation:

Barnuevo, A.P., T. Asaeda, E. Tsuneizumi, H. Kanehira, and. Y. Kanesaka. 2013.

Streamlining corporate responsibility into effective mangrove rehabilitation and management

scheme in the Philippines. p.274-281. Santoso, B. and Kusano, T. (eds.) In: Proceedings of

Regional Symposium on Mangrove Ecosystem Management in Southeast Asia:

Mainstreaming Mangroves. Indonesian Ministry of Forestry. February 27 – March 1, 2013.

Surabaya, Indonesia. p. xvii + 363.

2

Streamlining corporate responsibility into effective mangrove rehabilitation and

management scheme in the Philippines

Abner Barnuevo1, Takashi Asaeda2, Emi Tsuneizumi1, Hirotaka Kanehira1, and Yoshikazu

Kanesaka1,3

1KPGroup Philippines, Inc., 16th Floor Tower 2, Insular Life Corporate Center, Filinvest,

Alabang, Muntinlupa City, Philippines 2Department of Environmental Science, Saitama University, 255 Shimo-okubo, Sakura,

Saitama, 338-8570 Japan 3Kanepackage, 1095-15 Minamimine, Iruma, Saitama, 358-0046, Japan

Email ad.: apbarnuevo@kp-grp.com

Abstract

The alarming rate of decline of Philippine mangroves several decades ago prompted

multilateral agencies to engage in planting mangroves as response to rehabilitate and restore

the degraded habitat. Presently mangrove rehabilitation projects have been a popular choice

by many business companies as part of their Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) and

business operations in the Philippines. This noble activity with the intention to help restore

the denuded mangrove habitat is absolutely good however considering success rates of many

projects; several resulted to low and poor survival. This is primarily due to inappropriate site

and species selection. Additionally most plantations utilize only a single species and

ecologically this can adversely impact the associated mangrove biodiversity. Consequently,

the good intention could also unwittingly affect the overall integrity and balance of the

mangrove ecosystem. This paper looked into the streamlined CSR mangrove project of

KPGroup Philippines (KPG) as a strategy in helping the mangrove rehabilitation and

conservation. KPG act as a catalyst in linking the multi-sectors from the government

institutions, non-government organizations, academe, and the community to implement the

mangrove rehabilitation and management by entering into an agreement. Holistic relationship

was built with the community through organization of the locals and mobilizing them as the

resource managers directly responsible for day-to-day resource decisions. They were

involved as the key actors in the management planning and implementation process of the

mangrove monitoring and management. Results on the assessment of the three and two years

plantation showed remarkable values. Average heights of the plantations are 70.8±12cm and

62.2±2.2cm for three and two year old respectively with annual growth increment of

22.0±2.5cm per year. Average survival rate was at 87.78±5.6% while mortality rate was at

12.22±5.6%. Recruitment of seedlings particularly A. marina showed mean density at 1,270.0

seedlings ha-1. Recruitment data showed significant post-planting recruits particularly A.

marina. The plantation offered a micro-environment favouring the settlement and growth of

A. marina. Although far from completely successful, the KPG CSR project has been able to

give additional livelihood income to the community, raised environmental awareness, and

gained cooperation in the replanting of 26.3 ha managed by the local people. Thus, any CSR

projects should have long term management plan, appropriate technical design and

institutional support mechanism.

Keywords: Corporate Social Responsibility, mangrove management, Philippines

3

Introduction

Mangroves are salt tolerant trees and shrubs that inhabit the intertidal areas within

tropical to subtropical places in the world. Mangroves offer a wide range of functions and

services (Tomlinson 1986). Aside from source of firewood, mangrove host a rich assemblage

of fauna, as spawning grounds of fishes, shrimps and crabs and feeding grounds of sea birds.

Mangroves also offered social services like bioshields from the devastating impacts of storms

and tsunamis, reduction of coastal erosion, filtration of contaminated water, and sequestration

of greenhouse gases (Kathiresan and Rajendran 2005).

The Philippines being an archipelago of 7,107 islands located within the tropics in

southeastern coast of Asia hosts a luxuriant growth of mangroves. Its coastline extends up to

36,300 km and surrounded with the waters of Celebes and Sulu Sea to the south, South China

Sea in the west, and the Philippine Sea in the east coast. The Philippines is considered one of

the top biodiversity hot spot areas of the world, supporting 1.9 percent of the world’s

endemic plants and vertebrate species (Myers et al. 2000). Mangrove diversity is relatively

high in the Philippines with 35 true mangroves species (Primavera et al. 2004).

However, anthropogenic activities particularly culture pond conversion contributed

significantly to the dramatic reduction of mangrove forests of the Philippines in the past

decades. The total mangrove area decreased rapidly from the initial estimate of 450,000 ha

(Brown and Fischer 1920) to around 120,000 ha in 1994 (Primavera 2000). The massive loss

of mangroves could also be translated to a grave loss of biodiversity and source of income for

thousands of coastal communities especially that large population subsist in coastal fisheries.

This alarming rate of decline of mangroves prompted the Philippine government to undertake

mangrove rehabilitation programs and even encourages multilateral agencies to take

necessary efforts in restoring the rapidly declining mangrove forest. Heavy funds from

external organizations were channelled to the Philippine government to catalyse the

mangrove rehabilitation and strengthen preservation campaign. However, mangrove

rehabilitation efforts were met with mixed successes and failures stories. Several projects

failed or had very poor survival due to inappropriate site and species selection and most if not

all utilizes only a single species of Rhizophora (Primavera and Esteban 2008, Samson and

Rollon 2008).

With the intensive efforts of mangrove rehabilitation in the past decades, the recent

estimate of Philippine mangrove cover showed significant improvement accounted to

256,185 ha (Long and Giri 2011). The estimate however did not account for the percentage of

plantation areas and the natural forest covers. Apparently, several private firms in the

Philippines incorporated mangrove planting activity an integral part of CSR and business

operations. However, most projects don’t have any long term management plan, appropriate

technical design and institutional support mechanism. Thus, most CSR mangrove projects

resulted to low survival and stunted growth. This case study presents the KPG streamlined

private-public partnership by linking the company’s CSR into an effective mangrove

rehabilitation and management scheme. The KPG has been implementing the CSR mangrove

project since 2009 primarily to help in the rehabilitation of mangrove forest and strengthen

the sustainability of coastal development, gives alternative livelihood to the community, and

streamlined the CSR mangrove project into effective mangrove rehabilitation and

management strategy.

4

The project site

Olango Island is part of Mactan Island political jurisdiction located at Visayas group

of islands in central Philippines (Figure 1). It lies between the Bohol Strait to the south and

the Camotes Sea to the north and bounded in the east with Olango Channel and Hilutungan

Channel in the west. Geographically, the island has low topographic relief and with a

maximum elevation of not more than 9 m at its highest point. A total of 4,482 hectares of

extensive sandy beach, rocky shoreline, inshore flats, seagrass beds, coral reefs, mangrove

forest, mudflats, and salt marsh grass surround Olango and its satellite islets. The wetland is

comprised of 424 ha mangrove, 33 ha mudflats, and some 53 ha of shallow areas that serve as

a bird feeding grounds. In the northern tip of the island located the Olango Island Wildlife

Sanctuary (OIWS) that covers an area of 1,030 ha and host large concentration of resident

and migratory birds. This made the island recognized as the first Ramsar site in the

Philippines which is a wetland of international importance. There are 97 species of birds

documented in OIWS, 48 of which are migratory species while the rest are resident birds of

the island (Flores 2002). The wildlife sanctuary serves as feeding and roosting site for birds

traveling the East Asian to Australasian Flyway that stretches from Alaska and Russia in the

north to Australia and New Zealand in the south.

Figure 1. Map showing the Philippines, central Visayas and

Olango Island. (N – natural forest, P – planted forest).

Philippines

Cebu

Bohol

Olango Island

5

The island hosts 19 species of mangroves with Sonneratia alba and Avicennia marina

dominated the natural forest while Rhizophora stylosa in plantation forest. Based on the study

conducted by Barnuevo et al. (2012), a remarkable difference between natural and planted

mangroves was observable in terms of structural characteristics and composition. Planted

mangrove areas showed high plant densities, slender stems, and narrower canopy cover and

strikingly composed of monospecific R. stylosa species while natural mangrove stand on the

other hand is dominated by S. alba and A. marina. Apparent threats to mangroves involve

anthropogenic pressures from human settlements, firewood gathering and gleaning of antique

shells within mangrove areas. Despite the laws and policies promulgated to protect and

preserve the mangrove areas, indiscriminate cutting still persist. If these apparent threats

continue, this will imperils the feeding grounds of the resident and migratory birds in the long

run.

CSR as a strategy for mangrove rehabilitation

Climate change and environmental degradation has become an important issue for

governments and societies throughout the world (Sandhu 2010). The causes and effects of

climate change have led to social, economic, environmental and political debates. There is

now a growing awareness of the intensity of the environmental change of the planet and also

of the centrality of the human effort in provoking that change (Sandhu 2010, Dunphy et al.,

2007).

As governments and people awaken to the urgency of this problem, industries

throughout the world are being pressured to be more environmentally benign (Desjardins

1999). Adapting to climate change is no longer an issue for governments to resolve

alone. The private sector needs to be better involved in decision making. As a result, many

business companies incorporated to their activities and business operations the environmental

and social projects as part of the CSR. There are already several private sectors that are

willing to invest substantial amounts of funds into mangrove rehabilitation, and the success of

these efforts varies greatly, and is often limited in scale and time (Ertemeijer and Bualuang

2002). With the recognition of the business sector’s role and responsibilities in addressing the

issue on climate change and environmental degradation, business actions were

conceptualized leading to the formation of the World Business Council for Sustainable

Development (WBCSD) (WBCSD 1998, Sandhu 2010). The conception of corporations as

merely economic entities is being replaced by a view that places corporations in a broader

economic, social, and environmental context – referred to as the “triple bottom line.” Based

on the definition of WBCSD, CSR is the continuing commitment by business to behave

ethically and contribute to economic development while improving the quality of life of the

workforce and their families as well as of the local community and society at large. The CSR

is now viewed as a process with the aim to embrace responsibility for the company's actions

and encourage a positive impact through its activities on the environment, consumers,

employees, communities, stakeholders and all other members of the public sphere who may

also be considered as stakeholders.

In response to this vital role that a business sectors could contribute in the

environmental conservation and sustainable development, the KPG incorporated to its

business operations the CSR KPGreen Earth mangrove project that primarily aimed at

helping the rehabilitation of the mangrove areas through community involvement,

strengthening the sustainability of coastal development through resource stewardship, and

promotion of the investment of funds and efforts into locally relevant approach in mangroves

and coastal resources management.

6

Linking the private-public partnerships (PPP) through CSR

Partnership with government offices and the community. Spurred by the realization

of the mangrove values and increasing environmental concerns, much efforts has gone into

rehabilitating degraded or deforested mangrove areas (Saenger and Siddiqi 1993, Alongi

2002). Along with the recognition of the business sector’s role in addressing the

environmental issues, KPG together with the affiliated Kanepackage (KP) companies

incorporated to its CSR environmental program dubbed “KPGreen Earth” mangrove project.

KP is a Japanese packaging firm, has committed to include mangrove rehabilitation program

in its environmental activities since 2009. The CSR projects enjoined and partnered with

different institutions and organizations. Prior to the project implementation, series of

consultations with the concerned government offices were initiated primarily to seek help in

the identification of the suitable mangrove area for rehabilitation. KPG linked and built

partnership with the Department of Environment and Natural Resources (DENR) Region 7,

Local Government Units (LGUs), academic institutions, Peoples Organization (POs), and the

community by entering into Memorandum of Agreement (MOA). All parties agreed to get

involved in the mangrove rehabilitation, monitoring, and maintenance of the plantation to

ensure high success. At the implementation phase, the PO and local people was mobilized

and capacitated as the resource managers since they are directly responsible for day-to-day

resource decisions and are key actors of the project. They were mobilized to rehabilitate the

identified mangrove areas, and manage the plantation. PO is a group of people which may be

an association, cooperative, federation, or other legal entity established by the community to

undertake collaborative actions to address community concerns and needs and mutually share

the benefits from the endeavour.

The common practices of many CSR mangrove projects in the Philippines don’t have

long term considerations and management plan (pers. observation). Furthermore, most are

done only as short term planting activities particularly during foundation or anniversary week

celebration. In the past experiences, mangrove projects without the long term management

destined to fail and often resulted to low survival (Primavera and Esteban 2008) whereas

those that highly consider management have a higher success rate (Katon et al. 1998,

Primavera and Esteban 2008, Severino et al. 2007). With these experiences, KPG crafted and

considered the long term management plan and protection of the plantation by strengthening

the community participation. The PO was employed as forest rangers of the plantation and in

return receives a minimum amount of cash incentives as honorarium from the company for

the protection and management of the plantation.

Mangrove management through the community participation and monitoring. Monitoring is well known to be an important facilitator of long term sustainable management

of resources (Gibson et al., 2005). It has been suggested that these systems empower local

participants while promoting conservation. The wide range of strategies to empower local

people include intensifying local participation, linking them to local education, feeding

information back to communities, purposely selecting participants, paying for monitoring

services, marketing monitored resources, and inserting local people into broader politics

(Constantino et al. 2012). Furthermore, it is being highlighted that linking the monitoring

activities to the decisions of local people may help make monitoring more relevant locally

and hence sustainable (Danielsen et al. 2005). In developed countries this has been facilitated

by citizen-scientist programs, in which professional scientists develop a coordinated network

of volunteers, many of whom may have no specific scientific training, who undertake

research-related tasks such as observation, measurement or computation (Greenwood 2007).

The monitoring of trends in the status of species or habitats is routine in developed countries,

7

where it is funded by the state or large NGOs and often involves large numbers of skilled

amateur volunteers (Danielsen et al. 2009). In contrast, far less monitoring of natural

resources takes place in developing countries like the Philippines, where state agencies have

small budgets and with fewer or lacking skilled professionals. Additionally, the

socioeconomic conditions prevent the development of a culture of volunteerism.

Through the lessons learned from the success and failure stories of many mangrove

projects (Primavera and Esteban 2008), KPG designed a management and monitoring scheme

that primarily involved the participation of the local people and the community. Full time

project personnel with technical knowledge and basic trainings on mangrove ecology and

biology was employed to initiate awareness campaigns, strengthen local capabilities,

establish linkage with government units, monitor the project implementation and conduct

periodic assessment and evaluation of the plantation. In addition, baseline data was also

established by conducting the mangrove community structure in the old growth forest using

ground and aerial survey. The community-based approach which was already widely

accepted in several conservation and rehabilitation efforts (Danielsen et al. 2008, Salmo et al.

2007, Sudtongkong and Webb 2008, Primavera and Agbayani 1997, Ertemeijer and Bualuang

2002, Katon et al. 1998, Biswas et al. 2009) was adapted. As a strategy, the local people were

mobilized to become the resource managers and stewards of their coastal resources. They are

directly responsible for day-to-day resource decisions and are key actors in the planning and

implementation process (sensu Katon et al 1998). They were engaged and capacitated

through lectures and planning workshops in partnership with the DENR. This was

complemented by a series of informal meetings and discussions to craft and streamline the

management scheme relevant and applicable to the community. At the start, the locals have

hesitations due to unpaid projects and delayed payments of the previous mangrove projects of

other institutions and organizations.

Prior to the CSR project, there was no mangrove monitoring activity in the area done

by the local people. Mangrove protection is being covered under the laws, policies, and

decrees of the Philippine government regulated and overseen by the DENR who has the

direct supervision of the area. Globally, the Philippines is one of the countries with the most

number of laws promulgated to protect mangrove (Primavera 2000). However despite of the

existing laws, indiscriminate cutting still persist in Olango Island and elsewhere in the

country. Based on personal communication with the locals, cutting of trees were done usually

during night time leaving several patches of cleared areas inside the forest. This is alarming if

this scenario exacerbated especially that the area harbours feeding grounds of migratory birds

and associated diverse fauna. In the 1960s, the Philippine mangrove declined rapidly. From

the initial estimate of 450,000 ha in 1918 (Brown and Fischer 1920), it dramatically reduced

to 120,000 ha in 1995 (Primavera 2000) and further dropped to 109,700 ha in 2003 (FAO

2003). Mangrove degradation was aggravated in the 1960s due to the adoption of

government’s policy intensifying aquaculture productions that encourage clearing of vast

mangrove areas.

The KPG CSR project brought the company closer to the people and the community

at large. With the establishment of a holistic relationship with the community, the local

people through the PO were employed as forest rangers. The routine tasks of the PO were the

regular monitoring of the mangrove plantation by removing the attached plastics, seagrasses

and other floating debris to the planted seedlings. As incentives, the KPG is giving minimum

amount to the locals as their monthly honorarium for the management and protection of

mangroves. The community monitoring activity increases the awareness and appreciation of

the locals to the importance of mangroves. In addition, mangrove nursery was established

rearing the species of A. marina and S. alba. This was the first mangrove nursery established

in Olango through the initiative of KPG and managed by PO members in partnership with the

8

DENR. The nursery reared seedlings will be used to enrich the plantation. Also, the PO

leader was requested to accompany the technical personnel of KPG in conducting the

evaluation and assessment of the plantation. Basic demographic variables like survival,

mortality, recruitment, and growth rate among others were periodically assessed. Through

this participation of the local representative, basic biological monitoring can be delegated to

the community in the long run. According to Danielsen et al. (2008), locally based

monitoring is particularly relevant in developing countries, where it can lead to rapid

decisions to solve the key threats affecting natural resources, can empower local communities

to better manage their resources and can refine sustainable-use strategies to improve local

livelihoods.

The outcomes and opportunities of KPG CSR mangrove project

With the realizations of the importance of mangrove in maintaining the balance and

overall integrity of coastal ecosystem, mangrove planting activities attracted much attention

from different sectors (Primavera and Esteban 2008; Walters 2005; Walters 2004). Many

mangrove rehabilitation projects in Philippines met with mixture of success and failure

stories. The recent estimate of Philippine mangrove cover showed a remarkable increase from

120,000 ha in 1994 (Primavera 2000) to 256,185 ha in 2011 (Long and Giri 2011). This

increase in the mangrove cover is attributed by the mangrove rehabilitation programs in the

country. Ecological restoration of mangrove forests is feasible and has been done on a large

scale in various parts of the world and can be done cost effectively (Lewis 2005).

Planting of mangroves particularly R. stylosa has been practiced in Olango several

decades ago. Based on the study conducted by Barnuevo et al (2012) in Olango Island, there

is remarkable difference in natural and planted mangroves in terms of structural

characteristics and composition. Plantation site showed high plant densities, slender stems,

and narrower canopy cover and strikingly composed of monospecific R. stylosa species

(Table 1). In addition, very few plants were recruited as competition for space, light, and

nutrient is very intense. Natural mangrove stand on the other hand was dominated by S. alba

and A. marina. Mean DBH in natural forest was significantly higher compared to plantation

site and the individual tree height varied widely signifying the broad range of plant’s age.

From this baseline information, it is suggested that future rehabilitation efforts should be

shifted towards the utilization of multi-species to include A. marina and S. alba since they are

ubiquitous in the area. Initially, only the three species of Rhizophora were utilized by KPG

project. The findings led to the establishment of mangrove nursery using A. marina and S.

alba which is being maintained and managed by the locals. The nursery-reared seedlings will

serve as species enrichment of the plantation.

In the past practices, the species of R. stylosa was ardently planted by government

organizations, NGOs, academic institutions (Primavera and Esteban 2008) and business

companies that incorporated mangrove planting activities as part of their CSR. This is the

most preferred species of choice for planting due to convenience of collection, propagules

availability throughout the year, and it doesn’t require a labor-intensive nursery period.

However, ecologically monospecific plantation can have adverse impacts to mangrove

associated biodiversity (Samson and Rollon 2008, Primavera and Esteban 2008).

Monospecific plantation is being challenged by scientists and researchers in the country. In

2003, the Philippine Association of Marine Science (PAMS) recommended the use of locally

adapted and existing mangrove species such as A. marina and S. alba in seaward zones, and

Rhizophora species in more sheltered areas (Primavera and Esteban 2008).

9

Through the years of the implementation of the CSR project, it provided the locals a

supplementary and or alternative source of livelihood through planting mangroves, protection

and monitoring of the plantation, and nursery maintenance. There were instances that

fishermen reduced their fishing time and efforts and shifted their time to planting and

monitoring of the plantation. Through this diversification, the fishing pressure was reduced.

Furthermore, the women were motivated by having a source of income aside from their

routine household chores and selling of fisheries products. In addition to increasing the

awareness of the locals on the importance of mangroves, it promotes sense of resource

stewardship to manage the natural resources where their daily subsistence depends.

Assessment of the KPG mangrove plantation was conducted following English et al

(1994). Permanent monitoring plots were established and marked. The results on the basic

demographic parameters of the three and two year old mangrove plantation are shown in

Table 2. Average heights of the plantations are 70.8±12cm and 62.2±2.2cm for three and two

year old respectively with annual growth increment of 22.0±2.5cm per year. Average survival

rate was at 87.78±5.6% while mortality rate was at 12.22±5.6%. Recruitment of seedlings

particularly A. marina showed mean density at 1,270.0 seedlings ha-1. The survival rate of

this project is relatively high and comparable to some externally funded mangrove

rehabilitation projects in the Philippines from 1957 to 2006 (Primavera and Esteban 2008).

This high survival is attributed by the suitability of the site for mangrove rehabilitation and

the involvement of the local people in the management of the plantation. Recruitment data

showed significant post-planting recruits particularly A. marina. The plantation offered a

micro-environment favouring the settlement and growth of A. marina. Research on upland

tropical and subtropical areas has shown that sites planted with one or a few tree species are

subsequently rapidly invaded by many natural forest species and show increasing species

richness with age (Lugo 1992, Walters 2000).

Characteristics Natural Forest Plantation forest

No. of species (in sampled plot) 9 4

Density (per ha) 2927 673

Tree density per ha (% composition) 1272.22 (15.65) 2385.71 (24.81)

Sapling density per ha (/% composition) 3661.11 (45.03) 5114.29 (53.19)

Seedling density per ha (% composition) 3197.22 (39.32) 2114.29 (21.99)

Ave. BA (m2/ha) 2602.90 603.21

Ave. height (m) 2.75 3.58

Lowest branch height (cm) 0.80 1.38

Canopy width (cm) 1.46 1.41

Diversity (H') 0.62 0.52

Evenness (J') 0.65 0.75

Table 1. Structural characteristic of mangroves comparing the natural and planted

forest. March 2012 (from Barnuevo et al. 2012)

10

Table 2. Demographic parameters of the mangrove

plantation in Olango Island. January 2013.

Parameters Value (±sd)

Density (no. ha-1

) 35233.0±9759.8

Mean height (cm) (3 years) 70.8±10.2

(2 years) 62.6±2.2

Annual growth increment (cm) 22.1±1.8

Mean girth (cm) (3 years) 4.0±1.3

(2 years) 3.0±0.3

Recuitment density (no. ha-1

) 1740.0±1270.6

Mortality density (no. ha-1

) 4470.0±2514.5

Survival rate (%) 87.78±5.6

Mortality rate (%) 12.22±5.6

In addition to the persistent cutting of trees, apparent threat to mangroves is the

collection of antique gastropod shells buried beneath mangrove soils valued at PhP 14.0 per

kilo. The collection process is highly disturbance and detrimental to young mangrove cohorts.

They dug the soil up to one meter depth turning the mass of soil upside-down leaving several

impoundments (Figure 2). This shell collection impaired the recruitment and succession of

the degraded areas. With the existence of the plantation, this disturbance was abated due to

the regular monitoring and protection of the local people. This is one case where

anthropogenic disturbance was addressed through the community participation. Researchers

and policymakers are finding conservation strategies that lead to successful biological

outcomes, while accounting for the needs of rural coastal inhabitants who depend on the

resource (Sudtongkong and Webb 2008). And based on the lessons from the KPG CSR,

business companies’ corporate responsibility can be an effective strategy in mangrove

rehabilitation provided it has long term management consideration and active community

involvement.

Figure 2. Photo showing the

impoundment in the

mangrove plantation arising

from the collection of

antique shells valued at PhP

14.0/caltex. This impaired

the settlement and

succession of recruits in the

area.

11

Lessons learned and way forward

The issue on climate change and environmental degradation has become the central

topic of many scientific and political debates. Addressing this issue is no longer a sole

responsibility for governments to resolve alone, the private sector needs to be better involved

in decision making. With the increasing concerns on this global threat, businesses and

industries throughout the world are being pressured to be more environmentally benign. And

as a result many businesses have now positioned themselves accountable to the sustainable

utilization of natural resources and sustainable development. In the Philippines, several

business companies already incorporated the environmental and social activities as part of

CSR projects and business operations agenda. The case of KPG CSR mangrove project

showed a positive outcome and proves that CSR can be effective strategy in mangrove

rehabilitation. Primarily, it streamlined CSR mangrove by having long term management

plan through community involvement and empowerment and capacity-building.

Although far from completely successful, the KPG CSR project has been able to give

additional livelihood income to the community, raised environmental awareness, and gained

cooperation in the replanting of 26.3 ha managed by the local people.

Acknowledgments

This is a product of a concerted effort of Kanepackage Group of Companies. The

researchers are grateful to the KP employees for the vibrant support of the KP Green Earth

project and to Saitama University for the technical support. The Department of Environment

and Natural Resources Region 7 is duly recognized for the full support extended to KP CSR

activities. The local communities of Olango and Peoples Organizations played valuable role

and offered remarkable effort to KP environmental project and activities.

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