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FEDERAL UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY, OWERRI

P.M.B 1526. IMO STATE

A SEMINAR PRESENTATION

ON

STREAMING TECHNOLOGIES IN THIRD GENERATION (3G)

MOBILE TELECOMMUNICATION NETWORK.

BY

AGOMUO UCHECHUKWU GODSWILL

20091646606

THE DEPARTMENT OF INFORMATION MANAGEMENT

TECHNOLOGY

IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT FOR THE AWARD OF

BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY (B.TECH)

JULY, 2014

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DEDICATION

This work is dedicated to God Almighty that has been the source of my

strength an inspiration, to my dear Mother, Mrs Uloma Agomuo, my

siblings Mrs Ijeoma, Engr. Chukwuka and Kelechi for their

encouragement and support towards the development of this work, also

to my uncles and aunties for their financial support. God bless them

abundantly.

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

Foremost, I give God all the Glory for granting my family and me

adequate health and continuous protection and moral support

throughout the period of my education.

I also acknowledge my supervisor, a vibrant lecturer, Mr. Nwakanma

Cosmas I. for guiding and encouraging me right from the inception of

this paper. Not forgetting also my course adviser, Mr. Etus

Chukwuemeka for his pieces of advice.

And to all my course mates who in one way or the other contributed to

the success of this seminar paper, I say gracias to you all.

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ABSTRACT

Third Generation, 3G is currently the world’s best connection method when it

comes to mobile phones, and especially for mobile Internet telecommunications, it

is a generation of standards for mobile phones and mobile telecommunication

services fulfilling the International Mobile Telecommunications-2000 (IMT-2000)

specified by the International Telecommunication Union.]. This paper presents a

review on the 3G networks, streaming technologies involved, along with its

applications, merits and demerits and future scope. It is made of three chapters,

chapter one introduces the third generation mobile telecommunication network, it

shows the problems facing the previous generations which gave rise to this topic,

objectives of this paper are also stated, and also limitations which the technology

faces in supporting its propagation are also outlined under this chapter. Chapter

two presents the review of the literature which is a research work done in the field

of 3G networks. It also includes the basic concepts of 1G and 2G and also of the

future ahead of 3G that is 4G. This survey will explain in details the technologies

used in third generation 3G. Application services include wide-area wireless voice

telephone, mobile Internet access, video calls and mobile TV, all in a mobile

environment. To meet the IMT-2000 standards, a system is required to provide

peak data rates of at least 200 kbit/s. chapter three tends to states the conclusion,

recommendation and reference.

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

CERTIFICATION

DEDICATION

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

TABLE OF CONTENTS

ABSTRACT

CHAPTER ONE

1.0 INTRODUCTION…………………………………………………….……1

1.1 Background of Study…………………………………………………1

1.2 Statement of Problem………………………………………………...2

1.3 Objective of Seminar………………………………………………....2

1.4 Significance of Seminar………………………………………………3

1.5 Scope & Limitation of Seminar………………………………………3

CHAPTER TWO

2.0 LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 Historical Development……………………………………………………4

2.1.1 First Generation Network – 1G………………………………………4

2.1.2 Second Generation Networks - 2G ………………………………….5

2.1.3 Second and a Half Generation Networks - 2.5G ……………………6

2.1.4 Third Generation Networks – 3G ……………………………………7

2.2 Theories and Concepts of Streaming Technologies in 3G Mobile

Communication Systems.

2.2.1 GPRS – General Packet Radio Services……………………………8

2.2.2 EDGE – Enhanced Data rates for GSM Evolution……………….10

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2.2.3 FDMA – Frequency Distribution Multiple Access………………..12

2.2.4 TDMA – Time Distribution Multiple Access………………………13

2.2.5 CDMA – Code Division Multiple Access …………………………16

2.2.6 W-CDMA – Wideband Code Division Multiple Access…………..17

2.2.7 HSDPA - High Speed Downlink Packet Access…………………18

2.2.8 TD-SCDMA–Time Division-Synchronous Code Division

Multiple Access …………………………………………………..18

2.2.9 UMTS – Universal Mobile Telecommunications System…………19

2.3 Other Concepts of Technologies in 3G Mobile Communication

Systems

2.3.1 Industry Standards ………………………………………………….21

2.3.2 User Acceptance………………………………………………….....22

2.3.3 Pricing ……………………………………………………………....24

2.3.4 Applications of the Third generation ……………………………….25

2.3.4.1. Cost Saving and Improved Efficiency for Field Workers………....26

2.3.4.2. Seamless Interoperability with WLAN …………………………...27

2.3.4.3. Data Security ……………………………………………………...28

2.4 Related Works & Research Gaps

2.4.1 Wireless Mobile Communication - A Study of 3G Technology……28

2.4.2 Comparative study between the generations of mobile

communication 2G, 3G & 4G……………………………………….29

2.4.3 An Investigation of Third Generation (3G) Mobile Technologies

and Services…………………………………………………………30

2.5 Features of Third Generation Streaming Technologies

2.5.1 Mobile Internet –Browsing the Web from Mobile…………………31

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2.5.2 E-mail services……………………………………………………...33

2.5.3 Messaging services………………………………………………….34

2.6 Advantages and Disadvantages of 3G Mobile Communication

Network

2.6.1 Advantages of 3G:…………………………………………………..37

2.6.2 Disadvantages of 3G:…………………………………………….....37

CHAPTER THREE

3.0 CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

3.1 Conclusions………………………………………………………….38

3.2 Recommendations…………………………………………………...39

REFRENCES

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CHAPTER ONE

1.0 INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background of Study

First generation (1G), second generation (2G) or third generation (3G) of mobile

communication are the developments and technologies that take generations of

hard work and dedication and when they are used in today’s technological society

they create history. The third generation (3G) of mobile technology is one such

example of how simply and efficiently it transformed the concept of mobile

technology. 3G stands for the third generation of wireless communication

technology. It refers to pending improvements in wireless data and voice

communications through any of a variety of proposed standards.

The immediate goal is to raise transmission speeds from 9.5K to 2M bit/sec.

Mobile telephony allowed us to talk on the move. The internet turned raw data into

helpful services that people found easy to use. Now, these two technologies are

converging to create third generation mobile services.

Third generation (3G) came into existence because of the low speed and

incompatible technologies used on the previous generations. As a result of the

existence of third generation (3G) technology, many portal sites now offer

streaming audio and video services for accessing news and entertainment content

on the Internet from a PC.

In simple terms, third generation (3G) services combine high speed mobile access

with Internet Protocol (IP)-based services. Mobile phones have traditionally been

used for voice communications, but today can serve as the platform for a variety of

communication outputs including data and video. 3G is the third-generation of

mobile phone technology standards. The typical services associated with 3G

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include wireless voice telephony and broadband wireless data, all in a mobile

environment.

In the near future, third-generation mobile communication systems will extend the

scope of today’s Internet streaming solutions by introducing standardized

streaming services, targeting the mobile user’s specific needs. In addition to higher

data rates, these systems also will offer value-added applications supported by an

underlying network that combines streaming services with a range of unique

mobile specific services such as geographical positioning, user profiling, and

mobile payment.

1.2 Statement of Problem

The problems currently facing the streaming technologies in second generation

mobile communication technology cannot be over emphasized. These challenges

have been faced by users over time and sometimes have affected regions with

lower environmental conditions to support the propagation of this technology.

These problems are:

i. The use of very low bandwidth for transmission.

ii. Low security level in data encryption.

iii. Low mobile internet access.

iv. Low speed of capability in previous generations.

1.3 Objectives of Seminar

The objective of this seminar is to understand the technologies which make third

generation (3G) mobile communication networks reliable and efficient as

compared to the previous generations of wireless communication networks being

used presently. Specifically, our objectives shall be based on the following:

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i. Higher data transmission rates

ii. It has increased speed of capability.

iii. 3G uses packet-switching technology, which is more effective and

faster than the earlier circuit-switched systems,

iv. Offering multimedia applications and mobile internet access.

1.4 Significance of Seminar

The 3G technology is a fast growing technology and day by day more

advancement are taking place in this field. Though the maximum coverage and

customers who use such technology are concentrated in the western part of the

world and certain growing economies of Asia and Africa still have to experience

the magic of 3G in a wider sense, still experts believe that 3G for now is here to

stay and that the future for such technology is very bright and wide.

1.5 Scope and Limitation of Seminar

The scope of this seminar will be based on technologies streaming in today’s third

generation mobile communication environment such as Wideband, Time Division

Multiplexing Access and Code Division Multiplexing Access, Voice and High bit-

rate data, IP Technologies.

The study was limited by several factors of which some posed serious constraints

towards the development of this work. In the course of the research, I noticed that,

the time allocated for this research wasn’t enough to venture into more information

associated with this work. Secondly, Cost for the research of this work was on the

high side as a result of data rates incurred while researching and also borrowing of

materials from Bookshops and Libraries.

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CHAPTER TWO

2.0 LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 Historical Development

The development of wireless communication systems started in the 1930s with the

use of 'walkie-talkies' during the Second World War to enable foot soldiers to stay

in contact with the headquarters (Elliott and Philips, 2004). In 1946, AT&T Bell

introduced the first commercial radiotelephone service in the US, which allowed

communication between mobile users in cars and the public fixed network. In the

1960s, Bell Systems launched the Improved Mobile Telephone Service (IMTS),

which laid the basis for commercial-sector mobile communications. Developments

in microprocessor technologies in the late 1970s and early 1980s enabled the

introduction of the reliable wireless communications system, the so-called first

generation.

2.1.1 First Generation Network – 1G

The first generation wireless technologies, also known as 1G, were relatively

simple and used analogue signals. Mobile phone handsets based on 1G technology

were mainly used by government agencies and the military before this technology

came into general use in the business domain in the 1980s (Elliott and Philips,

2004). The systems in Europe and the USA had in common that they provided

coverage of a very large area by using only one transmitter mast. The coverage

area of a mast was fairly large, up to 150km, and required minimal infrastructure.

In order to connect via large distances, the base station as well as the mobile phone

had to transmit simultaneously at high power. This meant that the mobile phones

were larger than today’s handsets and used to be built into car boots.

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Moreover, due to the limited number of available frequency channels, only a small

number of subscribers could be connected to the mobile phone network (Walke et

al., 2003). First generation (1G) systems were based on analogue signals which are

radio transmissions sent in a wave-like form. The mobile device sends the waves to

a base station where the signal is reconstructed as accurately as possible and

relayed to its destination. Noticeable differences in quality occur due to errors

recreating the signal wave. In addition, analogue signals are relatively easy to

intercept, as they are transmitted in the clear.

2.1.2 Second Generation Networks - 2G

In the late 1980s and early 1990s, the popularity of wireless communications grew

and increased the demand for network capacity. Together with the disadvantages

of analogue 1G systems, this led to the development of the second generation

wireless system based on digital technology. Digital signals have different

transmission properties than analogue signals and use binary coding using

sequences of 0s and 1s to construct a signal's unique pattern. Digital signals use

digital samplers and codecs to convert analogue voice data into digital data. Digital

signals can be precisely duplicated by the receiving base station and send to its

destination. This process results in a lower error rate than analogue transmission

correction which results in clearer voice reception. In addition, digital traffic is

relatively simple to encrypt in order to prevent eavesdropping (Stallings, 2005).

GSM, the Global System for Mobile Communications, fundamentally differs from

the 1G system because of its use of cellular network architecture, which will be

explained in subsequent sections. GSM, also known as second generation network

or 2G, was first developed in the 1980s through a pan-European initiative,

involving the European Commission, telecommunications operators and equipment

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manufacturers. GSM is an open non-proprietary and interoperable digital standard

for cellular mobile systems operating in the 900 and 1800 MHz band. In 1986, a

number of different prototype systems put forward by companies and consortia

from different European countries were trailed and led to the agreement of the

main characteristics of the new system (Steele et al., 2001).

GSM is still in use to date by all European countries and has also been adopted in

other continents, such as Africa and South America. There are over 540 million

GSM subscribers in Europe, plus another 18 million Europeans using 3GSM

networks, which are the 3G service delivered over the evolved GSM core network

(GSM Europe, 2005). With GSM it was also made possible to send and receive

limited amounts of data via the Short Messaging Service (SMS) and mobile

internet browsing via the wireless Applications Protocol (WAP) (Elliot and Philips,

2004).

2.1.3 Second and a Half Generation Networks - 2.5G

2.5G technologies represent a state of development between 2G and 3G and have

overcome the limited data and primarily voice-centered services of the 2G

networks. In the 1990s and early 2000s higher transmissions rates and always-on

connectivity were enabled by General Packet Radio Services (GPRS). Data

transmission speeds were now 10 times faster with 115kbits per second and based

on packet- switching technology. Packet switching optimizes the use of bandwidth

available in a network and minimizes the time it takes for data to travel across the

network. The increased data transmission rates of 2.5G compared to earlier

systems helped to transfer data such as mobile internet content (Elliot and Philips,

2004).

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2.1.4 Third Generation Networks – 3G

Third generation mobile telephony (3G) is the successor to the 2G and 2.5G

systems. 3G improved previous systems by providing enhanced security and

encryption features, improvements in screen displays and the ability to handle

multimedia data, such as graphics and video streaming. Third generation mobile

telephony protocols support higher data rates, measured in kbps (kilobits per

second) or Mbps (megabits per second), intended for applications other than voice-

centric, which enables the support of greater voice and data customers. This

technology provides multimedia services at a transmission rate of 144kbps at the

high speed, 384kbps at the speed of walking and 2Mbps indoors (Mohr &

Konhäuser, 2000; TDSCDMA Forum, 2004).

Third generation (3G) technologies were first introduced in Japan in 2001 and

spread to Europe and the USA in 2002. UMTS (Universal Mobile

Telecommunications System) is the third generation mobile system technology

mainly used in Europe and also in Japan. It uses the GSM infrastructure and

UMTS/GSM dual-mode phones sold in Europe are able to make and receive calls

on both networks. Elliott and Philips (2004) describe as aims of all 3G networks

the following:

a) World-wide connectivity and roaming throughout Europe, Japan and North

America.

b) High data transmission rates and broad bandwidth, suitable for multimedia

content.

c) Efficient spectrum utilization (Philips and Elliot, 2004).

Beyond 3G, it is predicted that mobile networks and the wireless communication

landscape will be based on various technologies, offering seamless mobility with

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cellular networks (Frodigh, 2001; Honkasalo, Pehkonen, Niemi, & Leino, 2002;

Hurel, Lerouge, Evci, & Gui, 2003; Wisely & Mitjana, 2003). Fourth generation

(4G) services will enable broadband wireless communication at home, at the office

and on the move. In other words, new networks will make the services provided by

the Web and the Internet as well as a variety of other services such as multimedia

and entertainment available to mobile users (Chevillat & Schott, 2003).

2.2 Theories and Concepts of Streaming Technologies in 3G Mobile

Communication Systems.

2.2.1 GPRS – General Packet Radio Services

General packet radio service (GPRS) gives GSM subscribers access to data

communication applications such as e-mail, corporate networks, and the Internet

using their mobile phones. The GPRS service uses the existing GSM network

and adds new packet-switching network equipment. See Figure 1.

Existing GSM networks use circuit-switched technology to transfer information

(voice or data) between users. However, GPRS uses packet switching, which

means there is no dedicated circuit assigned to the GPRS mobile phone (Chevillat,

P. R., & Schott, W. 2003). A physical channel is established dynamically, only

when data is being transferred. Once the data has been sent, the resource (a

timeslot on the air interface) can be re-allocated to other users for more efficient

use of the network.

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When packet-switched data leaves the GPRS/GSM network, it is transferred to

TCP-IP networks such as the Internet or X.25. Thus, GPRS includes new

transmission and signaling procedures as well as new protocols for interworking

with the IP world and other standard packet networks. This is a standard for

wireless communications which runs at speeds up to 115kbps (kilo bits per

second), compared with current GSM (Global systems for mobile communication)

systems’ 9.6kbps (Kumar, S. 2004). GPRS, which supports a wide range of

bandwidths, is an efficient use of limited bandwidth and it is particularly suited for

sending and receiving small burst of data, such as e-mail and web browsing.

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2.2.2 EDGE – Enhanced Data rates for GSM Evolution

Enhanced Data rates for GSM Evolution (EDGE) is a radio based high-speed

mobile data standard which acts as an enhancement for General Packet Radio

Service (GPRS) networks. EDGE (also known as EGPRS) is a superset to GPRS

and can function on any network with GPRS deployed on it, provided the carrier

implements the necessary upgrades (Wisely & Mitjana, 2003). EDGE is a

technology that gives GSM the capacity to handle services for the third generation

of mobile telephony. EDGE provides three times the data capacity of GPRS. Using

EDGE, operators can handle three times more subscribers than GPRS; triple their

data rate per subscriber, or add extra capacity to their voice communications.

EDGE uses the same TDMA (Time Division Multiple Access) frame structure,

logic channel and 200kHz carrier bandwidth as today's GSM networks, which

allows existing cell plans to remain intact (Kumar, S. 2004).

Beyond GPRS, EDGE takes the cellular community one step closer to UMTS. It

provides higher data rates than GPRS and introduces a new modulation scheme

called 8-PSK. EDGE is also being adopted by the TDMA community for their

migration to UMTS.

EDGE is the next step in the evolution of GSM and IS- 136. The objective of the

new technology is to increase data transmission rates and spectrum efficiency and

to facilitate new applications and increased capacity for mobile use. With the

introduction of EDGE in GSM phase 2+, existing services such as GPRS and high-

speed circuit switched data (HSCSD) are enhanced by offering a new physical

layer. The services themselves are not modified. EDGE is introduced within

existing specifications and descriptions rather than by creating new ones. From no

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contract cell phone plans to prepaid and pay as you go phones, EDGE will enhance

your cell phone experience.

EDGE can also provide an evolutionary migration path from GPRS to UMTS by

implementing now the changes in modulation that will be necessary for

implementing UMTS later (Chevillat & Schott, 2003). The idea behind EDGE is to

eke out even higher data rates on the current 200 kHz GSM radio carrier by

changing the type of modulation used, whilst still working with current circuit (and

packet) switches.

Implementation of EDGE by network operators has been designed to be simple.

Only one EDGE transceiver unit will need to be added to each cell. With most

vendors, it is envisaged that software upgrades to the BSCs and Base Stations can

be carried out remotely. The new EDGE capable transceiver can also handle

standard GSM traffic and will automatically switch to EDGE mode when needed

(Walke et al., 2003).

EDGE capable terminals will also be needed- existing GSM terminals do not

support the new modulation techniques and will need to be upgraded to use EDGE

network functionality. Some EDGE capable terminals are expected to support high

data rates in the downlink receiver only (i.e. high dates rates can be received but

not sent), whilst others will access EDGE in both uplink and downlinks (i.e. high

data rates can be received and sent). The later device types will therefore need

greater terminal modifications to both the receiver and the transmitter parts.

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2.2.3 FDMA – Frequency Distribution Multiple Access

FDMA is the process of dividing one channel or bandwidth into multiple

individual bands, each for use by a single user (Fig. 1). Each individual band or

channel is wide enough to accommodate the signal spectra of the transmissions to

be propagated (MobileIN. 2004). The data to be transmitted is modulated on to

each subcarrier, and all of them are linearly mixed together.

Fig 1. FDMA divides the shared medium bandwidth into individual channels. Subcarriers

modulated by the information to be transmitted occupy each subchannel.

The best example of this is the cable television system. The medium is a single

coax cable that is used to broadcast hundreds of channels of video/audio

programming to homes. The coax cable has a useful bandwidth from about 4 MHz

to 1 GHz. This bandwidth is divided up into 6-MHz wide channels. Initially, one

TV station or channel used a single 6-MHz band. But with digital techniques,

multiple TV channels may share a single band today thanks to compression and

multiplexing techniques used in each channel (Walke et al., 2003).

This technique is also used in fiber optic communications systems. A single fiber

optic cable has enormous bandwidth that can be subdivided to provide FDMA.

Different data or information sources are each assigned a different light frequency

for transmission. Light generally isn’t referred to by frequency but by its

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wavelength (λ). As a result, fiber optic FDMA is called wavelength division

multiple access (WDMA) or just wavelength division multiplexing (WDM).

One of the older FDMA systems is the original analog telephone system, which

used a hierarchy of frequency multiplex techniques to put multiple telephone calls

on single line. The analog 300-Hz to 3400-Hz voice signals were used to modulate

subcarriers in 12 channels from 60 kHz to 108 kHz. Modulator/mixers created

single sideband (SSB) signals, both upper and lower sidebands. These subcarriers

were then further frequency multiplexed on subcarriers in the 312-kHz to 552-kHz

range using the same modulation methods. At the receiving end of the system, the

signals were sorted out and recovered with filters and demodulators.

Original aerospace telemetry systems used an FDMA system to accommodate

multiple sensor data on a single radio channel. Early satellite systems shared

individual 36-MHz bandwidth transponders in the 4-GHz to 6-GHz range with

multiple voice, video, or data signals via FDMA. Today, all of these applications

use TDMA digital techniques (Barnes, S. J. 2003).

2.2.4 TDMA – Time Distribution Multiple Access

TDMA is a digital technique that divides a single channel or band into time slots.

Each time slot is used to transmit one byte or another digital segment of each

signal in sequential serial data format. This technique works well with slow voice

data signals, but it’s also useful for compressed video and other high-speed data

(MobileIN. 2004).

A good example is the widely used T1 transmission system, which has been used

for years in the telecom industry. T1 lines carry up to 24 individual voice telephone

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calls on a single line (Fig. 2). Each voice signal usually covers 300 Hz to 3000 Hz

and is digitized at an 8-kHz rate, which is just a bit more than the minimal Nyquist

rate of two times the highest-frequency component needed to retain all the analog

content.

Fig 2. This T1 digital telephony frame illustrates TDM and TDMA. Each time slot is

allocated to one user. The high data rate makes the user unaware of the lack of

simultaneity.

The digitized voice appears as individual serial bytes that occur at a 64-kHz rate,

and 24 of these bytes are interleaved, producing one T1 frame of data. The frame

occurs at a 1.536-MHz rate (24 by 64 kHz) for a total of 192 bits. A single

synchronizing bit is added for timing purposes for an overall data rate of 1.544

Mbits/s. At the receiving end, the individual voice bytes are recovered at the 64-

kHz rate and passed through a digital-to-analog converter (DAC) that reproduces

the analog voice (Barnes, S. J. 2003).

The basic GSM (Global System of Mobile Communications) cellular phone system

is TDMA-based. It divides up the radio spectrum into 200-kHz bands and then

uses time division techniques to put eight voice calls into one channel. Figure 3

shows one frame of a GSM TDMA signal. The eight time slots can be voice

signals or data such as texts or e-mails. The frame is transmitted at a 270-kbit/s rate

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using Gaussian minimum shift keying (GMSK), which is a form of frequency shift

keying (FSK) modulation.

Fig 3. This GSM digital cellular method shows how up to eight users can share a 200-kHz

channel in different time slots within a frame of 1248 bits.

2.2.5 CDMA – Code Division Multiple Access

Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA) is another pure digital technique. It is

also known as spread spectrum because it takes the digitized version of an analog

signal and spreads it out over a wider bandwidth at a lower power level (MobileIN.

2004). This method is called direct sequence spread spectrum (DSSS) as well (Fig.

4). The digitized and compressed voice signal in serial data form is spread by

processing it in an XOR circuit along with a chipping signal at a much higher

frequency (Sehovic, A. 2003). In the cdma IS-95 standard, a 1.2288-Mbit/s

chipping signal spreads the digitized compressed voice at 13 kbits/s.

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Fig 4. Spread spectrum is the technique of CDMA. The compressed and digitized voice

signal is processed in an XOR logic circuit along with a higher-frequency coded chipping

signal. The result is that the digital voice is spread over a much wider bandwidth that can

be shared with other users using different codes.

The chipping signal is derived from a pseudorandom code generator that assigns a

unique code to each user of the channel. This code spreads the voice signal over a

bandwidth of 1.25 MHz. The resulting signal is at a low power level and appears

more like noise. Many such signals can occupy the same channel simultaneously.

For example, using 64 unique chipping codes allows up to 64 users to occupy the

same 1.25-MHz channel at the same time. At the receiver, a correlating circuit

finds and identifies a specific caller’s code and recovers it.

The third generation (3G) cell-phone technology called wideband CDMA

(WCDMA) uses a similar method with compressed voice and 3.84-Mbit/s chipping

codes in a 5-MHz channel to allow multiple users to share the same band (Sehovic,

A. 2003).

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2.2.6 W-CDMA – Wideband Code Division Multiple Access

Wideband Code Division Multiple Access, WCDMA is a step further in the

CDMA technology. It uses a 5 MHz wide radio signal and a chip rate of 3.84

Mcps, which is about three times higher than the chip rate of CDMA2000 (1.22

Mcps). The main benefits of a wideband carrier with a higher chip rate are:

i. Support for higher bit rates

ii. Higher spectrum efficiency thanks to improved trunking efficiency

(i.e. a better statistical averaging)

iii. Higher QoS(Quality of Service)

Further, experience from second-generation systems like GSM and cdmaOne has

enabled improvements to be incorporated in WCDMA. Focus has also been put on

ensuring that as much as possible of WCDMA operators’ investments in GSM

equipment can be re- used. Examples are the re-use and evolution of the core

network, the focus on co-siting and the support of GSM handover. In order to use

GSM handover the subscribers need dual mode handsets. This is a third generation

3G technology, defined by ITU’s IMT-2000 specification that is used by UMTS

and NTT DoCoMo’s FOMA network. WCDMA makes use of many core CDMA

technologies created by Qualcomm, though not as many as do regular CDMA

carrier networks. WCDMA networks are not compatible with regular CDMA

networks and devices. They merely share some of the same core technologies.

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2.2.7 HSDPA - High Speed Downlink Packet Access

HSDPA- (High-Speed Downlink Packet Access) is an evolution of Wideband

Code Division Multiple Access (WCDMA), optimized for packet switched data

applications (Sehovic, 2003). HSDPA provides impressive enhancements over

WCDMA on the downlink (also referred to as the forward link) promising 14.4

Mbps peak data rate, resulting in a better end user experience. Subscribers with

HSDPA service are able to receive emails with large attachments, from the web or

download multimedia or text files faster than ever. High-Speed Uplink Packet

Access (HSUPA) will provide end users with a DSL-like experience and enable

lower latency services such as VoIP, multiplayer interactive gaming, push-to-talk

and more (Sigurdson, J., & Ericsson, P. 2003). The first HSUPA (High-Speed

Uplink Packet Access) deployment was in 2007.

2.2.8 TD-SCDMA – Time Division-Synchronous Code Division Multiple

Access.

TD-SCDMA, or Time Division-Synchronous Code Division Multiple Access, is a

3G mobile telecommunications standard that supports data transmission at speeds

up to 2Mbps. It has been adopted by ITU and by 3GPP as part of UMTS Release 4,

and is hence becoming a global standard. The standard combines time division

multiple access TDMA with an adaptive, synchronous-mode code division

multiple access CDMA component (TD-SCDMA Forum. 2004). The TDD scheme

allows dynamically adjusting the number of timeslots used for downlink and

uplink, the system can more easily accommodate asymmetric traffic with different

data rate requirements on downlink and uplink. Also, using the same carrier

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frequency for uplink and downlink means that the channel conditions are the same

in both directions, and the base station can deduce the downlink channel

information from uplink channel estimates (TD-SCDMA Forum. 2004).

The TD-SCDMA standard is currently utilized in China and uses a variety of

frequency bands between 1785 MHz and 2220 MHz. For wireless local loop, it can

be deployed using the frequency band between 1900 MHz and1920 MHz. Voice

data are transmitted at 8 kbps. Possible data rates for switch circuit services such as

video are 12.2, 64, 144, 384 and 2048 kbps. Packet data rate transmissions are

either 9.6, 64, 144, 384 and 2048 kbps. The data bits are spread with the CDMA

channelization code into spread bits (chips). The chip rate of TD-SCDMA is

1.28Mcps.

TDMA uses a 5 ms frame for repetitive transmissions. This frame is subdivided

into 7 time slots, which can be flexibly assigned to either several users or to a

single user who may require multiple time slots. Each carrier consists of the uplink

and downlink which share the same 1.6 MHz carrier frequency band with the

seven timeslots per frame and 16 codes per timeslot

2.2.9 UMTS – Universal Mobile Telecommunications System

Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS), standardized by the

3GPP, is the 3G mobile communication technology successor to GSM and GPRS.

UMTS combines the W-CDMA, TD-CDMA, or TD-SCDMA air interfaces,

GSM's Mobile Application Part (MAP) core, and the GSM family of speech

codec’s (MobileIN, 2004). UMTS offers teleservices (like speech or SMS) and

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bearer services, which provide the capability for information transfer between

access points. It is possible to negotiate and renegotiate the characteristics of a

bearer service at session or connection establishment and during ongoing session

or connection (MobileIN, 2004). Both connection oriented and connectionless

services are offered for Point-to-Point and Point-to-Multipoint communication.

Bearer services have different quality of service (QoS) parameters for maximum

transfer delay, delay variation and bit error rate (Lindemann, C., Lohmann, M., &

Thummler, A. 2003). Offered data rate targets are:

i. 144 kbits/s satellite and rural outdoor

ii. 384 kbits/s urban outdoor

iii. 2048 kbits/s indoor and low range outdoor

UMTS network services have different quality of service QoS classes for four

types of traffic:

i. Conversational class (voice, video telephony, video gaming)

ii. Streaming class (multimedia, video on demand, webcast)

iii. Interactive class (web browsing, network gaming, database

access)

iv. Background class (email, SMS, downloading)

UMTS will also have a Virtual Home Environment (VHE). It is a concept for

personal service environment portability across network boundaries and between

terminals. Personal service environment means that users are consistently

presented with the same personalized features, User Interface customization and

services in whatever network or terminal, wherever the user may be located.

UMTS also has improved network security and location based services.

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2.3 Other Concepts of Technologies in 3G Mobile Communication Systems

2.3.1 Industry Standards

The importance of common industry standards with 3G networks has been

emphasized in many studies (see e.g., Curwen, 2000; Grundström & Wilkinson,

2004; Harrison & Holley, 2001; Kumar, 2004). The mobile phone industry is

currently using many standards [e.g. Japanese PDC (Personal Digital

Communication), European GSM, American CDMA], which has made it difficult

for users traveling to utilize their phones worldwide. The evolution of 3G is

expected to simplify this because in Europe there are only two standards

competing; the WCDMA (Wideband Code Division Multiple Access) which will

become the European UMTS (Universal Mobile Telecommunications System) and

the CDMA2000 (Code Division Multiple Access). Although the WCDMA and the

CDMA2000 are regarded as the two main standards (MobileIN, 2004) in the

world, there are other variants of 3G such as NTT DoCoMo’s Freedom of Mobile

Multimedia Access (FOMA) and the Chinese TD-SCDMA (Time Division-

Synchronous Code Division Multiple Access), which are also competing for

market share. As the TD-SCDMA developed by Siemens and its Chinese partners

has suffered technical problems it is not to date ready for commercialization

(Hillman, 2004). The WCDMA standard is said to dominate the global market for

the next five years (Sehovic, 2003). However, 3G networks still require large

investment efforts in for example in base stations, in order to provide promised

transfer speeds (Robins, 2003). With standardization it is possible to meet one of

the basic goals of 3G; to provide global access for the same services. This means

creating a truly single, worldwide standard. The International Telecommunication

Union (ITU) is working on 3G international standardization through its project

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IMT-2000 (International Mobile Telecommunications) that aims at setting the

global standard for 3G. Thus, it is expected that in the coming years we will have a

worldwide standard for 3G.

2.3.2 User Acceptance

Before discussing the applications and services related to 3G networks, it is

important to consider user acceptance of 3G services and to classify different user

needs. Generally speaking, in designing 3G applications and planning profitable

business models, the end-users’ needs and wants should be in the hot spot (Fenton

et al., 2001; Gerstheimer & Lupp, 2004). The main challenge when exploring user

needs and wants lies in the intersection of unknown future customers’ needs and

wants and new technology that is not even available for many users. Therefore, it

is suggested that service developers can only meet the needs and wants with a

profound understanding of the mobile communication system, ranging from voice-

centric services to multimedia- centric services (Gerstheimer & Lupp, 2004).

Furthermore, their study suggests that an interpretative-creative approach should

be used when designing 3G services rather than taking linear or analytic problem

solving approaches. Therefore designers should examine users’ needs and

requirements, with concrete reference to situation-oriented and social-spatial

contexts; concentrating on open parameters like ‘user’, ‘place’, ‘process’, and

‘time’ (Figge, 2004; Gerstheimer & Lupp, 2004). To get the big picture, it is

essential to understand the different situations in which consumers and business

users use mobile services. First, we can distinguish the different types of presence

people typically have. Presence can be broadly defined as reachability, availability,

and willingness to communicate with other users. Presence is one of the central

factors in designing mobile services (Camarillo & Garcia-Martin, 2004: 303).

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Presence data includes information about whether users are online or not, if they

are idle or busy, and various other information users have given to the presence

service such as information about their communication means and capabilities

concerning their mobile terminals, for example. At a basic level, presence

information can be classified to at home, at work and mobile (on the move)

(Dholakia & Dholakia, 2004).

To begin with, at home users are typically connected with at least two types of

networks. More and more households have fixed Internet access (LAN) that allows

relatively fast Internet connection speed (starting from 256 kbps). Thus, it is

expected that households with fixed Internet access will use mobile devices

(classified in this paper as phones and PDAs, but excluding laptops) differently

than households without fixed Internet access. For instance, mobile terminals can

be used to get online access, either directly from mobile terminal or in connection

with another terminal such as laptop or PC. With the help of 3G, mobile terminals

as mentioned can offer faster connection speeds than some LAN connections.

However, with the diffusion of 3G networks, we should expect 3G phones to be

used in combination with personal computers. For example, many mobile

operators in Europe (e.g. Vodafone, Orange, T-Mobile, O2) already offer 3G data

cards that allow fast access to Internet services via laptops, and are able to utilize

also GPRS connection when 3G is not available (ZDNet UK, 2004). The idea is

that data cards provide a broadband wireless link to the Internet or company

network (like WLAN) allowing users to do the same computer activities on the

road as in the office. At work, users typically also have fixed Internet access that is

used to access many informative services related to work. However, more people

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are relying on mobile terminals to manage their daily activities. With the diffusion

of smart phones, computers and mobile terminals are more and more used in

combination. As smart phones can be synchronized with laptops and table

computers, followed by their ability to send and receive e-mails and use of other

company related services, the line between different terminals is faded.

The third option, mobile, means that the services users can access are limited due

to network constraints. On the go users mainly rely on mobile networks that to date

offer limited data transmission speeds, although the rise of the 3G network and

Wireless Local Area networks (WLAN) provide faster data transmission. The most

important development in relation to mobile users and the services they need relate

to the networks’ ability to provide the same services globally. As mobile users are

increasingly traveling worldwide, it is important to develop networks and services

that can be accessed with one mobile terminal. This has been mentioned as one of

the main challenges mobile network development will face in the coming years

(e.g., Birchler et al., 2003).

In conclusion, mobile data services undoubtedly have the most value for users on

the go, or for users who are not currently able to access the services the Internet

provides via other means such as fixed Internet connection (LAN) or wireless local

area network (WLAN).

2.3.3 Pricing

Pricing of the 3G services is definitely one of the biggest challenges facing

telecommunication companies (e.g., Buellingen & Woerter, 2004; Fenton et al.,

2001). Setting the right price for service usage is difficult. Private use of mobile

data services is heavily dependent upon pricing issues. Multimedia centric services

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(e.g. MMS), for example, has suffered around the world (excluding Asia) from

high pricing policy. Although many mobile operators are offering discounts for

MMS services such as sending multimedia messages for free during weekends

(Sonera, 2004b), they have not yet reached the mobile operators’ expectations.

Mobile operators have used two types of pricing policies in offering mobile data

services (Lindemann, Lohmann, & Thuemmler, 2003). First, pricing can be based

on a fixed price, also called flat-rate pricing (Geng & Whinston, 2001), typically

ranging from 15-25€ per month in Europe. With fixed pricing operators usually

offer 100Mbps transfers per month. This means that a user can send and receive

normal sized documents (e.g. Powerpoint presentations) 50 times per month. As

usage exceeds 100Mbps in a month, the price increases often dramatically. Fixed

pricing is the most common pricing strategy for mobile data services (Lindemann

et al., 2003). Usage based pricing (or dynamic pricing) regulates usage by

imposing a fee based on the amount of data send and received. In addition, as

shown in Lindgren, Jedbratt & Svensson (2002: 181), users seem to be prepared to

pay for mobile services, but only to the services they actually use, as opposed to

fixed monthly subscriptions. Although fixed pricing from users viewpoint has

many advantages, mobile operators have had to control data transmission to avoid

overcapacity in certain times (e.g. during evenings). This relates to the fact that the

more users are accessing the network at the same time, meaning the transmission

speed is slower.

2.3.4 Applications of the Third generation

There are various applications of the 3G technology in modern times. The

important thing to notice is that these ever-changing and advanced technologies are

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developed for customers, so that the customer could lead a better and a

comfortable life,

2.3.4.1. Cost Saving and Improved Efficiency for Field Workers

Increased bandwidth associated with 3G technology enables a whole new set of

graphic-rich applications to field-workers, which can save time and money

(Lindemann et al., 2003). For example, city building officer can download building

blueprints and other architectural drawings instead of driving back to the office to

retrieve these documents. Hence, using 3g is time as well as cost saving. In the

area of social services, nowadays, more and more social workers rely on laptops

and PDAs combined with wireless access which have witnessed immediate

benefits such as more time in the field with clients, more accurate data on reports

arising from information being entered on-site rather than hours later in an office,

reduced transit time and improved client-interviews. Using 3G services, additional

applications can be implemented such as instant transfer of images and video clips

with caseworker reports for children in crisis. Crisis situations are what first

responders deal with everyday, hence immediate availability of best quality

information is critical to enable them manage incidents effectively.

Having rapid access to photos, government documents and criminal justice

databases can assist in life and death situations. With 3G, full screen, full color

images are available clearly improving accuracy of identification.

An additional advantage is that it takes less download time. Other first responders

such as firefighters and Emergency Medical Services (EMS), can also benefit from

3G technology. Firefighters can download detailed blueprints of buildings to

identify safest exit routes, utilize Global Positioning System (GPS) devices to

locate personnel within a building and biometrics to monitor vital signs of workers.

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Emergency Medical Technicians (EMTs) can communicate via video with trauma

centers to diagnose and treat patients.

2.3.4.2. Seamless Interoperability with WLAN

Since many hospitals are starting to utilize WLAN’s that only have a coverage area

of 300 feet, it is critical for EMT’s to maintain a seamless connection once they

leave the hospital campus (France Telecom R&D. 2004). Through a technology

feature known as mobile IP, 3G technology can interact with WLAN’s so that

EMT’s can maintain a seamless and secure connection without logging on and off

after leaving the coverage area of a particular WLAN.

2.3.4.3. Data Security

The highest security is required by Federal Agencies who identify four major

objectives:

a) Availability: preventing denial of service attacks.

b) Authentication: assured identity of the user.

c) Confidentiality: protection of user data.

d) Integrity: protection from changing data.

3G CDMA2000 technology has the necessary capabilities to meet all these federal

security requirements. Encryption protects each wireless data session and prevents

unauthorized access to user traffic. It also protects session from hijacking and

unlawful tampering with the user traffic. Through mutual authentication of the

mobile user and network, the identity of user is ensured and network attacks are

prevented. Till now, there are no known CDMA2000 interception devices (Figge,

2004; Gerstheimer & Lupp, 2004).

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Since 3G facilitates the most rigorous standards of security, it is the perfect

technology for meeting the new increased demands on all levels of government.

Since one of the first steps in a terrorist alert is identifying the threat, having

immediate access to best quality data is crucial. Several cities are investigating the

use of mobile high-speed data to transmit digital images during major events such

as a cricket match. Images may be compared to a database of known terrorists

using facial recognition technology.

Wireless data and handheld devices can assist first responders to identify a

bioterrorist alert. GIS technology can be used to track plumes, spread of a

hazardous substance during a suspected bioterrorist alert. Wireless technology

including biometrics can be used at border crossings to identify criminals trying to

enter the country or Radio Frequency Identification technology (RFID) to track

cargo and identify its contents.

Since 9/11, there has been a compelling need to improve security as well as to

improve and streamline public services which can be achieved by using 3G high-

speed mobile data.

2.4 Related Works and Research Gaps

2.4.1 Wireless Mobile Communication - A Study of 3G Technology

Amit Karbhari Mogal (2010) emphasized that 3G technologies are considered to be

the evolution of existing mobile communications. There is strong evidence to

suggest that the main outcome of using 3G networks and services will be to get

access to the same services with faster data connection speed. Furthermore, he

stated that it seems that the success of 3G lies in its ability to serve not only mobile

users but in providing access to the Internet with data cards inserted in laptops.

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On the contrary, he did not state the demerits of the third generation network. The

limitations facing the various applications under this technology. He didn’t also

discuss exclusively the other generations of mobile technologies such as the fourth

generations (4G) and the fifth generations (5G) of mobile communication. This has

made this article not so concise as a result of the authors inability to outline these

facts.

2.4.2 Comparative study between the generations of mobile communication

2G, 3G & 4G

Rajasweta Datta and Niharika (2013) pointed out that the study of mobile

technologies shows that 2G provide services that are good and high data speed at

low cost ,and call rates are at low tariff but the data speed is comparatively low .

But that 3G provide high rate of data access and some exclusive services that were

not provided by previous versions like 3G video calling. He also showed that the

smart phones are more compatible to 3G services as the applications on a smart

phone require high data speed. Furthermore, 4G seems to be a very promising

generation of wireless communication that will change the people’s life to wireless

world. There are many striking attractive features proposed for 4G which ensures a

very high data rate, global roaming.

The study was a comparatively study of the three generations architecture and the

services provided by three of them. on various factor one generation stand better

than the other in technical advancement, data speed and services 4G stand

promising but the launch is still awaited .In present day 3G provide best service but

in high tariff as compared to 2G. As the advancement in generation goes the

technology become more complex and band utilization increases.

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However, Rajasweta Datta and Niharika did not introduce industry standards of the

third generation (3G) in their article, also the benefits and application of these

technologies in this generation was not also stated.

2.4.3 An Investigation of Third Generation (3G) Mobile Technologies and

Services

Heikki Karjaluoto (2006) investigated the technologies in the third 3G and stated

that the objective of his paper was to evaluate the underlying paradigms of third

generation (3G) mobile services. Given the success of second generation (2G)

mobile communications systems and services, the third generation mobile

networks and applications are faced with a lot of expectations such as providing

ubiquitous access to online services via mobile terminals.

However, 3G technologies and applications have encountered obstacles that have

hindered both the technology development and user acceptance. His paper reviews

existing literature related to 3G and develops a framework that presents the factors

that contribute to the success of 3G. The findings provide insight into the

development and marketing of 3G services.

In the light of these, there are areas which this author excluded in his article,

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2.5 Features of Third Generation Streaming Technologies

In general terms, 3G services comprise of wide bandwidth services such as

enhanced communication (e.g. messaging, e-mail, video), browsing the Web

(Robins, 2003; Symbian Glossary, 2004), and location-specific information

(Barnes, 2002) like informing users about the availability of stores, restaurants, gas

stations, free parking lots and so on near them (Kanter, 2003). In addition,

business users will have a direct access to company networks while traveling or

working outside office. From marketing point of view, identifying and designing

these services and setting an appropriate price is said to be the core marketing task

related to 3G (Robins, 2003). Although it can be concluded that the most

successful 3G services probably belong to one of these categories, it is impossible

to predict in detail exactly what is going to happen in the mobile marketplace.

Next, we will go through the most common mobile data services and ponder their

ability to serve as the most successful 3G services.

2.5.1 Mobile Internet –Browsing the Web from Mobile

A wide range of authors from various disciplines ranging from technology to

business have argued that the 3G will enable mobile access to the Internet (e.g.,

Barnes,2003: 13; Dziong, Khan, Medepalli, & Nanda, 2002; Harmer & Friel,

2001), or in other words, aim to merge cellular networks and the Internet meaning

that mobile users can have ubiquitous access to all the services that the Internet

provides from messaging to browsing (Camarillo & Garcia-Martin, 2004: 5). The

term mobile Internet, or Internet in mobile, refers to gaining access to the Internet

using a handheld, wireless device like a mobile phone or PDA. As 2G networks

have been mainly voice-centric with low data transmission capacity (Harmer &

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Friel, 2001), 2,5G and 3G will speed up data transmission speeds. However, in 3G

networks the data transmission speed is depended upon the number of users

accessing the network at the same point of time. Thus, in reality 3G networks

rarely offer the theoretical maximum speed. Another question relates to the users

need to browse the Web from mobile. Besides the most used mobile Internet

services in 2,5G, namely news and entertainment (Buellingen & Worter, 2004), the

question of whether there are any other online services that are preferably used

from mobile rather than from other devices such as laptops which have larger

screens and also easier to use interfaces with large keyboards, remains open.

However, the question of whether users are willing to browse the Internet from

mobile phone or PDA becomes unimportant as terminals are only devices, and

finally the user judges the terminals and chooses the one he or she prefers. For

instance, by using 3G data card users can browse the Internet via their laptop or via

a mobile device. The purpose of use dictates the terminal in the end.

Research has suggested that the most attractive WAP applications are news,

entertainment, ticketing and reservations, as well as banking (Buellingen &

Worter, 2004). These are actually among the most common online services used

with computers as well (e.g. Karjaluoto, Mattila, Pento, 2002). To conclude, while

many 3G services are operated via the Internet, browsing the Internet from mobile

phones or PDAs will not be a mobile version of fixed-line access (Lindgren,

Jedbratt, & Svensson, 2002: 4). In fact, people do not use the Internet in the same

way from mobile terminals as they do when accessing the Internet via larger

screens from computers. France Telecom Research & Development (2004)

predicts that mobile Internet offers the advantage of always being near at hand, and

of being a personal tool. On this basis possible successful services might be

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services developed for traveling purposes like ticketing, checking schedules, traffic

reports and related services.

2.5.2 E-mail services

E-mail service was rated as the number one preferred mobile service by the

Swedes in 2001 (Lindgren, Jedbratt, & Svensson, 2002: 180), followed by banking

and use of encyclopedia. E-mail services can be categorized into Web-style HTML

e-mail services and plain text e-mail services. HTML e-mail services provide more

flexibility with the format and appearance while plain text e-mail comprises of a

letter-style message (AMA, 2004). Although e-mail has become a widely accepted

and accessible communications medium during the recent years (e.g. Hahn, 1998),

there is lack of research about the use of e-mail from mobile devices. For many

Internet users, both private and business users, e-mail has been the most common

way of exchanging information, documents, and communication (Cho, Byun &

Sung, 2003). Although e-mail is cheap, easy to access and is asynchronous in

nature (Cho, Byun & Sung, 2003), e-mail services have suffered from the receipt

of unsolicited messages or even spam. The fear of receiving unsolicited messages

and spam on mobile devices may slow the adoption of e-mail services among

mobile users. Secondly, as the first mobile virus news has been reported in media

(BBC News, 2003), mobile users might want to protect their mobile devices by

avoiding using e-mail services.

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2.5.3 Messaging services

Mobile messaging, referring to short message service (SMS) and multimedia

message service (MMS), is expected to be the most utilized mobile service in the

future. It is estimated that step-by-step consumers as well as business users will

upgrade their messaging from sending simple text messages to multimedia

messages including pictures and video clips (e.g., Hurel et al., 2003; Sigurdson &

Ericsson, 2003). Although 3G networks will make bandwidth hungry services such

as sending, receiving, and downloading video clips possible (e.g., Rainisto, 2004),

there are notable cultural differences in adopting multimedia messaging services.

For example, while the European market has not adopted multimedia messaging to

large extent, due to various reasons such as pricing policy and relatively complex

usage, Asians have eagerly adopted MMS (e.g., Sigurdson & Ericsson, 2003).

On average, while a typical user in Europe sends one to two MMS messages per

month, an Asian takes and sends 20-30 MMS messages. Besides SMS and MMS

services, instant messaging (IM) on the Internet is one of the most popular services

especially among youngsters (Camarillo & Garcia-Martin, 2004: 331). The instant

messaging service has the potential to be utilized widely among mobile users as the

service allows users to send content (e.g. a text message, html page, a picture, a file

containing a song, a video clip, or other file) to another user in near-real time

(Camarillo & Garcia-Martin, 2004: 331). This instant messaging service is

combined with presence service, giving the possibility to see if other users are

available and reachable.

The aim of the 3G is to allow for more coverage and growth with minimum

investment (Wisely, D. E., & Mitjana, B. T. 2003). High Bandwidth, Higher

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Speed, Price, Always Online Devices, Associated Costs, Power Requirements,

Functions, Getting Information, all these characteristics of 3G technologies are

look at more in next sections.

2.5.4. High Bandwidth- The measure of transmission capacity is one of the selling

points of 3G. This allows you quick and easy access to all of your favorite online

multimedia and Internet tools, just like you were at home on a computer. You can

pay bills, book dinner reservations, update social networking pages and check

emails, all on- the-go.

2.5.5. Higher Speed- With 3G technology, you get to enjoy data transmission

speed leading up to 2Mbps, considering that you have a phone in stationary mode.

It also gives you high degree of connectivity and higher networking, plus

resistance to noise. The technology has enhanced the bit rate, allowing service

providers to give high speed internet facilities, higher call volumes and host of the

multimedia applications that can be given to the customers. All the services can be

given to the customers based on the data quantity transmitted and not on the time

used for the service. The services rendered to clients are cheaper overall.

2.5.6. On Price - Despite the new speeds and features of 3G technology, the

prices of handsets and mobile units are relatively the same. The most recent

models, however, may be priced higher compared to those featuring 2.5G.

2.5.7. Always-Online Devices - Another feature of 3G technology is that it can

utilize packet-based Internet protocol connectivity. This means your mobile device

will always be online and ready for Internet access. However, you will not actually

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pay for the connection until you start sending or receiving data packets, such as

sending an email or looking at a webpage.

2.5.8. Power Requirements- In addition to being more expensive, 3G handsets

also require more power than most 2G models.

2.5.9. Associated Costs- To support 3G technology, updates need to be made to

the current cellular infrastructure. According to 3G Internet, this means installing

new 3G equipment at ideally every current cellular base station and acquiring new

frequencies for 3G transmissions.

2.5.10. Getting Information - This is one of the best features of 3G technology.

You can also watch the latest news and headlines, getting data like the weather,

sports and economic details. You get to acquire the latest scores in an ongoing

cricket match and other favorite sports.

2.6 Advantages and Disadvantages of 3G Mobile Communication Network

Third-generation, or 3G, technology is a wireless network technology that is

commonly utilized in smart phones like iPhones and Blackberries. While its

predecessor, second- generation (2G) technology, was formulated around voice

applications (like talking, call-waiting and voicemail), 3G technology puts a strong

emphasis on Internet and multimedia services, such as web browsing, video

conferencing and downloading music. And while there are several advantages to

3G, the technology also comes with its disadvantages.

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2.6.1 Advantages of 3G:

i. Overcrowding is relieved in existing systems with radio spectrum

ii. Bandwidth, security and reliability are more

iii. Provides interoperability among service providers

iv. Availability of fixed and variable rates

v. Support to devices with backward compatibility with existing networks

vi. Always online devices – 3G uses IP connectivity which is packet based

vii. Rich multimedia services are available.

2.6.2 Disadvantages of 3G:

i. The cost of cellular infrastructure , upgrading base stations is very high

ii. Needs different handsets.

iii. Roaming and data/voice work together has not yet been implemented

iv. Power consumption is high

v. Requires closer base stations and are expensive

vi. Spectrum-license costs, network deployment costs and handset

subsidies subscribers are tremendous

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CHAPTER THREE

3.0 RECOMMENDATIONS AND CONCLUSION

3.1 Recommendations

We would recommend that the use of the third generation mobile communication

technologies be deployed to various part of an economy to boost economic growth

through the use of the several applications and services which the third generation

(3G) offers. It has been proved that the third generation of mobile communication

is packed with several benefits which has transformed and increased the users

appetite in subscribing to these technologies and services in order to achieve their

desires and also overcome the problems which presents itself from the previous

generations of mobile communication.

Also, the future of 3G is impressive; there are even more improved technologies to

be exploited. Furthermore, the world is switching to the fourth and fifth

generations of mobile wireless networks which has the features of the previous

technology and additional features which makes it unique.

3.1 Conclusion

Third generation (3G) technology is considered to be the evolution of existing

mobile communications. In the light of the discussion in this paper, there is strong

evidence to suggest that the main outcome of using 3G networks and services will

be to get access to the same services with faster data connection speed. 3G is a

wireless industry term for a collection of international standards and technologies

aimed at increasing efficiency and improving the performance of mobile wireless

networks. 3G wireless services offer enhancements to current applications,

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including greater data speeds, increased capacity for voice and data and the advent

of packet data networks versus today's switched networks.

Furthermore, it seems that the success of 3G lies in its ability to serve not only

mobile users but in providing access to the Internet with data cards inserted in

laptops. Moreover, as long as the price of the network time is high in 3G, operators

cannot wait fast diffusion of data centric mobile services. The features and options

that are offered by 3G is path breaking and will slowly reach the audience

throughout the world over. More advancements are taking place even as we read

this survey and technologies like 4G are coming into form which will further

widen the range of such technologies. Developing countries like India and China

still are waiting for the 3G revolution to enter their wireless markets and still there

is a lot of scope of such technologies in these countries.

Google’s recently launched 3G compatible ‘Nexus 1’ is pitted by the experts as the

super phone and is pitted to beat the likes of i-phone, whether this happens or not

we have to see, in the meantime there are various other phones which are coming

in the market with 3G compatibilities and looking at this trend one could surely say

that the market of 3G is very wide and has a lot of scope for the future.

47 | P a g e

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