Sports Injuries

Mahmut Nedim Doral • Jon KarlssonEditors

Sports Injuries

Prevention, Diagnosis, Treatmentand Rehabilitation

Second Edition

With 1739 Figures and 229 Tables

EditorsMahmut Nedim DoralDepartment of Orthopaedicsand Traumatology and Department ofSports MedicineHacettepe UniversityIstanbul, Turkey

Jon KarlssonDepartment of Orthopaedic SurgerySahlgrenska AcademyUniversity of GothenburgSahlgrenska University HospitalGothenburg, Sweden

ISBN 978-3-642-36568-3 ISBN 978-3-642-36569-0 (eBook)ISBN 978-3-319-03953-4 (print and electronic bundle)DOI 10.1007/978-3-642-36569-0

Library of Congress Control Number: 2015941018

Springer Heidelberg New York Dordrecht London# Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2012, 2015This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole orpart of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse ofillustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way,and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, orby similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed.The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in thispublication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exemptfrom the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use.The publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in thisbook are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor theauthors or the editors give a warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material containedherein or for any errors or omissions that may have been made.

Printed on acid-free paper

Springer-Verlag GmbH Berlin Heidelberg is part of Springer Science+Business Media(www.springer.com)

To my mother, to my wife ESRA, to CEYLA-COŞKU, andto my grandson OZAN —Mahmut Nedim Doral

“If you think in terms of a year, plant a seed; if in termsof ten years, plant trees; if in terms of 100 years, teachthe people” —Confucius

“The art of medicine consists in amusing the patient whilenature cures the disease.” —Voltaire

Foreword I

Looking back, the preparation of this book was an extremely exciting and longjourney which started during the fifth EFOST meeting in 2008. The firstedition of the book was a product of sleepless hours and the valuable effortof more than 300 scientists from all around the world. We are back with astronger staff presenting a more comprehensive and a higher level of science tothe reader. Similar to the first edition, we tried to integrate the eastern andwestern science in the lands of history where far eastern culture meets the west,both geographically and socioculturally.

Although we have come a long way since Watanabe performed the firstarthroscopy, I believe the human body still has many unexplored mysteriesforcing us to dig deeper into the vast well of science more and more every day.Each author in the book contributed their years of experience under this unifiedbelief. It is a fact that sports traumatology and sports-related injury surgery arerising branches of orthopedics since the required performance of high-levelathletes has inflated dramatically over the last decade. The fact that scientificimprovements in sports traumatology is turning into a whole new sector isespecially striking when one realizes the financial and global significance ofjust how much even one day of early recovery is vital for a team or anindividual’s career. Therefore, we aimed to prepare a practical guide for sportstraumatologists, clinicians, and physiotherapists by gathering current con-cepts, treatment modalities, surgical techniques, and rehabilitation protocolstogether as much as possible. In addition to proved classical treatmentmethods, contemporary techniques and innovative ideas were provided asclear as possible for the reader. My hope is that the articles in the “Future ofSports Traumatology” section will probe the readers’ imagination to createnew and original ideas.

The book in your hands is the great labor of people all around the world.I am grateful to everyone who provided me with encouragement, friendship,wisdom, and patience. I have to thank first Prof. Jon Karlsson. His unbeliev-able and meticulous dedication to editing and preparing the index for the bookin the last 3 years was extremely crucial to the success of our work.

Thereafter, I would like to express my gratitude to all national and interna-tional authors who poured their valuable experiences as well as the Springerteam – Gabriele Schroeder and her coworkers.

I would like to thank my wife, Esra, my daughter, Ceyla, my son-in-law,Coşku, and my precious parents for their lifelong support. Thanks to my

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teachers Prof. Dr. T. Göğ€us and Prof. Dr. R. Ege, who introduced Turkishorthopedics to the world, and my colleagues and my fellow scientists whotrusted me.

Special thanks to my executive assistant editor, Dr. G Dönmez, and to mycoworkers Dr. E. Turhan, Dr. G. Huri, and Dr. O. Bilge.

It will be the most valuable gift and the best source of motivation for me toknow that this work in your hands will guide you in some way by expandingyour vision.

It should not be forgotten that we orthopedic surgeons should evaluate theparts of the human body as a whole, not in components, as the human bodyworks with dynamic and static stabilizers. For example, we focus mostly onthe anterior cruciate ligament (ACL), but we should remember that there aremore ligaments other than the ACL in the knee joint.

Please keep in mind that science has no religion, no language, no race, nocolor, and no flag. Scientific observation is the central element of the scientificmethod.

My deepest regards,Dr. Mahmut Nedim DoralIstanbul, Turkey

viii Foreword I

Foreword II

Why a new book on sports-related injuries? And don’t we have enough books?And do we have enough readers for all these books?

I would like to answer these three questions simply by saying that this is aunique book. It is not only sports traumatology, arthroscopic techniques,advanced techniques and how to deal with injuries in well-equipped orthopae-dic clinics. This book has it all; it is about sports, sports-related injuries, how toavoid them and how to treat them. It also covers unusual issues like extremesports and how to deal with abdomen and chest injuries. It covers the entireathlete, not only injuries but also general health, heart conditions as well asknee injuries.

This is the main reason why this book is needed. We have worked on thisproject for many years now, and now we have this complete and unique book,a book that covers every aspect of the athlete’s life and career. This book istherefore like no other book; it is comprehensive, and it gives the reader abroad picture of sports-related injuries and diseases, how to prevent them andhow to treat them.

This is a good opportunity to thank everyone who has been involved andhelped us to carry this project through. First of all, I would like to thank myco-editor, Mahmut Nedim Doral, a writer, a doctor, a researcher and a verydear friend. Second, all the Section Editors and Associate Editors and all thosewho have contributed with their invaluable knowledge. I would also like tothank Springer Verlag, especially Gabrielle Schröder, Vasowati Shome andAudrey Wong for their help in putting the manuscripts together. I would alsolike to thank those who helped me with keeping track of all chapters, authorsand all corrections – Borgthór Ásgeirsson and Lára Lamb – for theirinvaluable help.

I hope the readers will enjoy the book!

Jon Karlsson, M.D., Ph.D.Gothenburg, Sweden

ix

Preface I

Sports medicine and sports traumatology have gained great social importancein the last 50 years.

Prevention comes first, but improvement in the treatment of sports injuriesis also of great benefit to general trauma patients with a range of commoninjuries and injuries caused by traffic accidents.

Competition is inherent in human nature and is a fact of life, including forreproduction and evolution in general. Civilized nations now look moretowards gaining prestige via the results of individual and team sports ratherthan from war activities to demonstrate their actual power and might.

During the Olympic Games in the holy district of Zeus in Olympia in824 BC, the war between the competing ancient Greek towns was stopped infavor of competition between the athletes. As the games evolved, the greatevent of the games was celebrated with running, jumping, throwing of discsand spears, boxing, wrestling, and chariot races.

As early as 2,500 years ago, sports medicine existed. Herodikos(or Herodicus) from Knidos (Cnidus), born in 500 BC, was famous for treatingOlympionikes (Olympia Winners) in Olympian Athletes. He lived 40 yearsbefore Hippokrates (Hippocrates) of Kos.

More than 1,000 years later, fighting competitions such as knight tourna-ments in Europe, with fencing tournaments, archery, crossbow shooting, spearthrowing, and so forth, evolved after the great wars.

With general technical developments and their evolution, all types ofindividual and team sports began to boom. At the same time, in parallel withthe increasing number of sports injuries, sports surgery and sports medicinefollowed with a tremendous evolution of new knowledge and new possibili-ties. Technical innovations such as arthroscopy and enormous research activ-ities due to the increased general welfare of the population as a result offinancial prosperity on the one hand and better physical conditions of thepopulation (e.g., good healthy nutrition over the whole year) on the otherhand may have been responsible for this progress and improvements in theresults. Fortunately, it is no longer true – as it was with our predecessors – tosay “They won’t come back!” when sports participants left the sportsgroundon a stretcher.

Competition in sports has become also a competition between nations.Thus, the overall medal ranking at the Olympic Games is the pride of nations

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and, in an unattended way, has been of a greater importance in the decadessince World War II.

Sports medicine doctors are also heavily involved in competitions nowa-days, even among themselves. Less than 40 years ago, a university professor oforthopedics stated “There is no need for sports medicine and especially sportstraumatology. We do that already.” How erroneous was this statement!

Look at this book! With more than 3,000 pages, it is a lexicon of sportsmedicine knowledge. But, there is also no doubt that the enormous increase incommon sports injuries, including from the new extreme sports, brings enor-mous costs to the healthcare system.

Receiving the best treatment with full recovery achieved in a short period oftime is important for professional athletes, players in expensive teams, recre-ational sportsmen, and, last but not least, the workers and their employerstogether with insurance companies because of the costs of injuries and flow-oneconomic consequences such as rents and so forth. The best, correct treatmentis ultimately cheaper, especially in the long run.

The paper is patient, the Patient is not. Study, learn, and prepare theintervention you plan to perform. Do it right the first time and do not wait tolearn from the complications later!

Riehen, Switzerland Werner M€uller

xii Preface I

Preface II

Sport Injury: Raising Political Awareness on a Nationaland International Level

If you ask politicians and decision-makers about the significance of sportsmedicine, the reply has often more to do with anti-doping issues than actualsports injuries. The treatment and rehabilitation of injured athletes is rarelydeemed a serious problem, except to those who in an athletic past may havethemselves sustained an injury in training or competition. The sports doctor’sdaily concern for treatment–and more importantly prevention–of sports inju-ries is an almost entirely undiscovered country to those in a position to helpmost. This obscurity belies the true extent and far-reaching consequences ofsports injuries that are currently near epidemic proportions. This reality wasacknowledged during a recent debate on this sports injuries “epidemic” at theeighth congress of the European Federation of Sports Medicine Associations(EFSMA) in Strasbourg in September 2013. J. Kornbeck, a representative ofthe Sport Unit of the European Commission and European Union, mentionedthat the EU policy decision-makers were simply not aware of the large-scaleproblem of sports injuries. Anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injuries in par-ticular were startlingly disproportionate in frequency and severity to thegeneral impression of political leaders and administrators. There is a definiteand pressing need to bring this subject into the political conversation. That weknow many of these injuries are preventable adds to the urgency in raisingawareness and creating a change for the better (Myklebust et al. 2003).

Fortunately, some forward-thinking international associations have begunto recognize the problem, and the first definitive steps are being taken in linewith VanMechelen’s four-stage approach (i.e., evaluating the magnitude of theproblem). The International Olympic Committee (IOC) deserves credit indriving this research forward under the auspices of Prof. Lars Engebretsen,who began to register specific types of sports injuries during the OlympicGames in 2004. Systematic data collection was limited to team sports inAthens, but by the 2008 Olympic Games of Beijing, sports injuries werebeing tracked in athletes across all events, and the system has become inte-grated into IOC policy (Junge et al. 2008). Engebretsen’s data demonstratedthat approximately 10 % of athletes sustained an injury while attending andcompeting at the Olympic Games. Similar initiatives have been undertaken in

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football (Champions League) (Ekstrand et al. 2013), alpine skiing (FIS WorldCup), and other sports revealing comparable or even worse findings.

Injuries recorded during these events and competitions, however, representonly the tip of the iceberg. Incidence of ACL injuries, for instance, has beenshown to rise significantly in populations at risk. When these and otherpreventable injuries are occurring in quantities that qualify them as seriouspublic health issues, it is time to act! We in the field of sports medicine mustraise public awareness of these problems, which are of great importance to thephysical and psychosocial well-being of our young athletes in both profes-sional and amateur arenas. The situation becomes especially vital when itcomes to injury prevention in youth sports, where society’s high duty of carehas not been upheld in protecting our most precious and vulnerable citizens.

There has been a steady growth inmajor high-level international, continental,and global competitions for youth. Such competitions have stimulated loftyperformance-oriented targets to which younger athletes can aspire. Sanctionedand overseen by various or individual international associations and federations,these events are seen as stepping stones in an athlete’s development towardhigh-performance competitions. Unfortunately, there are no mechanisms cur-rently in place that increase scientific knowledge of sports injuries and stimulateinjury monitoring and prevention in this young population.

One example – doubtless again the tip of the iceberg – of youth sports injurymay be seen in female gymnastics, one of the rare high-impact sports in whichoveruse injuries are as frequent if not more than acute injuries (O’Kane et al.2011). There is a dearth of scientific literature on injuries in the sport ofgymnastics. For those among us who have treated young gymnasts, the paucityof systematic injury surveillance and prevention programs in the field issurprising. We must therefore be vigilant to avoid compromising the futureof young athletes not only in their development through higher levels ofcompetition but more importantly their prospect of leading a healthy andpain-free life beyond sport. It is unacceptable that potentially preventableinjury be the cause of reduced physical capacity later in life. Raising awarenessof sports injuries within the greater community beyond sports and in thepolitical arena in particular will have far-reaching benefits for citizens of allages involved in physical activity.

The discussion has already begun, led by bodies such as the IOC andconcerned members like His Royal Highness the Grand Duke Henri of Lux-embourg. Curious about a visit by the former Minister of Sports to the OsloSports Trauma Research Centre, the Grand Duke was eager to learn moreabout the issue of sports injury rehabilitation and prevention. Following a tourof our newly created center in Luxembourg to gain a deeper insight into ourclinical and research programs (Frisch et al. 2009; Malisoux et al. 2013), theGrand Duke determined to place current research and understanding of sportsinjuries onto the agenda of Luxembourg’s official state visit to Norway(Fig. 1). This inclusion of sports medicine and specifically sports injuries onthe agenda of an official state visit may have been a first and illustrates whateasy steps can be taken by two small countries to raise awareness and initiateefforts to prevent the sports injury “epidemic” from growing. It also shows thatin our roles as sports physicians and surgeons, we must not limit ourselves to

xiv Preface II

“fixing” physical problems but become active more broadly in preventionthrough such professional collaboration and raising political awareness.

Therefore, gaining knowledge in the field of sports injuries, implementationof surveillance on a systematic basis, and promotion of prevention shouldbecome integral components of curricula not only in sports medicine andsurgery but also in the field of sports science in general. In this regard, it isto the eminent credit of Professors Mahmut NedimDoral and Jon Karlsson thatthis extensive new book catalogues the most current knowledge and up-to-dateevolutions in the field of sports injury. This work of over 2,000 pages willdoubtless become a milestone in orthopedic sports medicine.

Luxembourg Romain Seil, M.D., Ph.D.Jane Thornton, M.D., Ph.D.

References

Ekstrand J, H€agglund M, Kristenson K, Magnusson H, Waldén M (2013) Fewer ligamentinjuries but no preventive effect on muscle injuries and severe injuries: an 11-yearfollow-up of the UEFA Champions League injury study. Br J Sports Med 47:732–737

Fig. 1 Demonstration of an ACL injury prevention study with elite team handball players to the heads of state andpolitical leaders of Luxembourg and Norway at the Oslo Sports Trauma Research Centre, Oslo, Norway in May 2011

Preface II xv

Flørenes TW, Nordsletten L, Heir S, Bahr R (2012) Injuries among World Cup ski andsnowboard athletes. Scand J Med Sci Sports 22:58–66

Frisch A, Croisier JL, Urhausen A, Seil R, Theisen D (2009) Injuries, risk factors andprevention initiatives in youth sport. Br Med Bull 92:95–121

Junge A, Engebretsen L, Alonso JM, Renström P, Mountjoy M, Aubry M, Dvorak J (2008)Injury surveillance in multi-sport events: the International Olympic Committeeapproach. Br J Sports Med 42:413–421

Malisoux L, Frisch A, Urhausen A, Seil R, Theisen D (2013a) Injury incidence in a sportsschool during a 3-year follow-up. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc 21:2895–2900

Malisoux L, Frisch A, Urhausen A, Seil R, Theisen D (2013b) Monitoring of sportparticipation and injury risk in young athletes. J Sci Med Sport 16:504–508.

Myklebust G, Engebretsen L, Braekken IH, Skjølberg A, Olsen OE, Bahr R (2003) Preven-tion of anterior cruciate ligament injuries in female team handball players: a prospectiveintervention study over three seasons. Clin J Sport Med 13:71–78

O’Kane JW, Levy MR, Pietila KE, Caine DJ, Schiff MA (2011) Survey of injuries in Seattlearea levels 4 to 10 female club gymnasts. Clin J Sport Med 21:486–492

xvi Preface II

Preface III

Sports medicine has made tremendous strides over the past years. This haslargely been due to the renewed interest in exploring and replicating nativeanatomy. Take, for example, the anterior cruciate ligament (ACL); itstwo-bundle anatomy was described as early as 1836 by Dr. Weber Brothersin Gottingen, Germany. ACL reconstruction has been performed since theearly 1900s. However, this involved mostly single-bundle reconstruction, andmost techniques were rather nonanatomic. As early as 1938, Palmer proposedthe idea of double-bundle reconstruction in his thesis on ACL reconstruction.However, the significance of his work was unfortunately not recognized untilmany years later.

In the 1980s came the transition to arthroscopic surgery. The goal was toreduce recovery time and avoid large incisions. Despite these good intentions,with the increased complexity of the procedure, the focus shifted away fromanatomic reconstruction and moved toward standardized techniques to facil-itate easier and more efficient graft placement. It was such techniques that ledthe field of sports medicine away from the teachings of Weber, Palmer, andtheir colleagues. Anatomy was no longer a priority.

Initially, the results of the early arthroscopic techniques were promising, butas long-term follow-up data became available, a high rate of early osteoarthri-tis after primary ACL reconstruction was seen. This was followed by three-dimensional imaging studies showing that these early arthroscopic techniques,although fast and efficient, failed to place the ACL graft in its anatomiclocation. Kinematic studies confirmed they indeed did not restore normaldynamic knee function.

These findings lead to a new movement of “going back to anatomy.”Anatomic ACL reconstruction has since then gained incredible popularity.It changed the paradigm of ACL surgery and sports medicine as a whole.Anatomic ACL reconstruction restores the ACL to its native dimensions,collagen orientation, and insertion sites. The goal of anatomic ACL recon-struction is to replicate the knee’s normal anatomy and restore its normalkinematics, all while protecting long-term knee health.

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The same shift is being seen for many other procedures within orthopedicsports medicine. That is why this new book is so important. It presents thenewest teachings by the leaders in our field. I commend Dr. Jon Karlsson andDr. Mahmut Nedim Doral for putting this excellent book together.

Pittsburgh, PA, USA Freddie H. Fu, M.D.

Distinguished Service ProfessorDavid Silver Professor and Chairman

Division of Sports Medicine, Head Team PhysicianDepartment of Athletics, Professor of

Physical Therapy, School of Health andRehabilitation Sciences, Professor of Health and

Physical Activity, School of EducationProfessor of Mechanical Engineering &

Materials Science, Swanson School of EngineeringUniversity of Pittsburgh School of Medicine and

University of Pittsburgh Medical Center

Past President, ISAKOS(International Society of Arthroscopy

Knee Surgery and Orthopaedic Sports Medicine)

Past President, AOSSM(American Orthopaedic Society for Sports Medicine)

xviii Preface III

Preface IV

In the past, there have been many textbooks written on sports-related injuries.However, the focus of these books was usually narrow, just focusing onthe limited anatomy such as knees, upper extremities, or specific sports.Prof. Mahmut Nedim Doral and Prof. Jon Karlsson and their team createdthe second edition of Sports Injuries in a comprehensive and organized fashioncovering all aspects of sports-related problems. In recent years, sports- andathletics-related problems became one of the most important and popularissues not only for athletes but also for all the population ranging fromyoung to old generations because from infants to aged generations, almostall people at least to a certain extent are involved in athletic activities on a dailybasis. In addition, therapeutically designed athletic training and rehabilitationfor the disabled population also became to be known as an important issue forthe general population. Epidemiological study clearly shows that sports-related injuries and problems are issues important to the entire medical care.On the basis of this issue, prevention of sports injuries and problems is verycritical and is very well highlighted in this textbook. Also, highly advancedrecent conservative and surgical treatment modalities are described in a timelyfashion. Although sports-related problems and injuries did not draw attentionuntil recently compared to the common orthopedic and surgical problems, it infact started at the beginning of medicine by Hippocrates and his teacherHerodicus. Also, the issue of the dramatic increase of young physicians whobecame interested in sports-related problems and significant progress was seenin sports medicine–related issues in recent years. International Society ofArthroscopy, Knee and Orthopaedic Sports Medicine will celebrate its20-year commemoration in the year 2015, and as a president of this society,

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I would like to express my genuine respect to Prof. Doral, Prof. Karlsson, andall the authors who contributed to this state-of-the-art encyclopedic memorablebook. I am sure that all the readers will enjoy reading this Bible-like textbookin sports medicine care.

Kobe, Japan Masahiro Kurosaka, M.D.

President of ISAKOS(International Society of Arthroscopy

Knee and Orthopaedic Sports Medicine)

Professor and Chairman of Orthopaedic SurgeryKobe University Graduate School of Medicine

xx Preface IV

Preface V

When I was asked to write a preface to this Second Edition, I was at the sametime delighted and afraid.

Delighted, as it is always a great honour to be asked to write a preface.Afraid, because I am still wary of not being able to convey how good thiswhole endeavour is.

Prof. Mahmut Nedim Doral, Prof. Jon Karlsson, and their team haveworked jolly hard at bettering what was already a great product. If it wasever possible, here comes the tangible truth: over 250 chapters, great authorsfrom all the continents, and up-to-date easy-to-digest clinically relevant infor-mation. A ponderous opus, bearing witness to the work of love necessary forthe careful planning and the long gestation necessary to select the topics,identify the right authors, and ‘oblige’ them to give their best.

It is often said that good surgeons know how to operate, better surgeonsknow when to operate, and outstanding surgeons know when not to operate.In this edition, much has been dedicated to the prevention of sports injuries.This, I believe, is the future, especially given the present and foreseeableconditions of healthcare even in the developed world, where cost containmentand value for money are becoming an ever-pervading mantra.

Common conditions are common, and they deserve much space. Neverthe-less, the book makes sure that the less-known issues which we come to face areadequately represented and that balanced opinions are given. I believe that thisgives a truly global approach to sports traumatology and makes me think ofthis as the reference benchmark textbook for both trainees and specialists.

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I can only look forward to the next edition: Knowing the editors, I am surethat they are already thinking about it!

Salerno, Italy Nicola Maffulli, M.D., M.S., Ph.D.,FRCP, FRCS(Orth), FFSEM

Professor of Musculoskeletal DisordersConsultant Trauma and Orthopaedic Surgeon

University of Salerno Medical School, Salerno, Italy

Honorary Professor of Sport and Exercise MedicineQueen Mary University of London

Barts and the London School of Medicine andDentistry, London, England

President, International MusclesLigaments and Tendons Society

xxii Preface V

Contents

Volume 1

Part I Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1

1 Collaboration with International Sports Federations . . . . . 3Lars Engebretsen

2 Clinical Challenges and Ethical Issues in Orthopedic SportsMedicine: Perspective from an Orthopedic Surgeon . . . . . . 7Myles R. J. Coolican and Kah Weng Lai

3 Measuring In Vivo Joint Motion and LigamentFunction: New Developments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21Savio L.-Y. Woo, Kathryn F. Farraro, Jonquil R. Flowers, andConnie Chen

4 Study Design, Reviewing, and Writing in Orthopedics,Arthroscopy, and Sports Medicine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33Mustafa Karahan, Taner G€uneş, Hakan Özsoy,Nikolaos K. Paschos, and Anastasios D. Georgoulis

5 Studies on Orthopedic Sports Medicine: New Horizons . . . 45Cuneyt Tamam and Gary G. Poehling

6 Surgery in Sports Traumatology: Research Pearls . . . . . . . 57Andreas B. Imhoff

Part II Shoulder Injuries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61

7 Accelerated Rehabilitation of Shoulder Injuriesin Athletes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63Knut Beitzel and Andreas B. Imhoff

8 Acute Posterior Dislocations and PosteriorFracture–Dislocations of the Shoulder . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73George M. Kontakis, Ioannis M. Stavrakakis, andIoannis V. Sperelakis

xxiii

9 Acromioclavicular Joint Injuries and Reconstruction . . . . 83Sepp Braun, Frank Martetschl€ager, and Andreas B. Imhoff

10 Anatomy and Portals in Shoulder Arthroscopy . . . . . . . . . 93Pedro Álvarez, M. R. Morro, J. R. Ballesteros, M. Llusa, andRamón Cugat

11 Arthroscopic Repair of Rotator Cuff Disorders . . . . . . . . . 115Miguel Ángel Ruiz Ibán, Jorge Díaz Heredia,Miguel García Navlet, Ricardo Cuellar, Jose Luis Ávila,Eduardo Sanchez Sãnchez Alepuz, and Sergi Sastre Solsona

12 Biceps Tendon Injuries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131Achilleas Boutsiadis, Filon Aganthagelidis,Dimitrios Karataglis, and Pericles Papadopoulos

13 Bone Deficiencies in Shoulder Instability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 147Wolfgang Nebelung, Frank Reichwein, and Sven Nebelung

14 Fractures of the Clavicle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 161Andreas Lenich and Andreas B. Imhoff

15 Arthroscopic Suture Bridge Rotator Cuff Repair: CurrentConcept of Transosseous Equivalent Technique . . . . . . . . . 169Mehmet Demirhan, Ata Can Atalar, Aksel Seyahi, andLutfu Ozgur Koyuncu

16 Humeral Avulsion of Glenohumeral Ligament Lesion . . . . 179Frank Reichwein and Wolfgang Nebelung

17 Internal Impingement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 185T. Sean Lynch and Michael A. Terry

18 Neglected Posterior Dislocations and TreatmentModalities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 193Gernot Seppel, Sepp Braun, and Andreas B. Imhoff

19 Nerve Entrapment Syndromes in the Shoulder:Diagnosis, Principles, and Different Techniques forNerve Decompression . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 205Laurent Lafosse, Gonzalo Samitier, Kalojan Petkin,Thibault Lafosse, and Ashish Gupta

20 Pathogenesis of Rotator Cuff Tears, Implicationson Treatment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 219Olaf Lorbach, Marc Tompkins, and Konstantinos Anagnostakos

21 Posterior Shoulder Pain and Arthroscopic Decompressionof the Suprascapular Nerve . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 231Kevin D. Plancher and Stephanie C. Petterson

22 Posterosuperior and Anterosuperior Impingement . . . . . . . 267Alessandro Castagna, Raffaele Garofalo, Eugenio Cesari, andMarco Conti

xxiv Contents

23 Prevention Strategies of Shoulder Injuries . . . . . . . . . . . . . 279Gabriele Severini, Angelo Cacchio, Vincenzo Campana, andGiuseppe Milano

24 Recurrent Dislocation of the Hypermobile Shoulder . . . . . 291Klaus Bak and Steven B. Cohen

25 Rehabilitation and Return to Sports After Conservativeand Surgical Treatment of Shoulder Injuries . . . . . . . . . . . 303Ann Cools, Kristof De Mey, and Annelies Maenhout

26 Rotator Cuff Repair Augmentation with Platelet-RichPlasma . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 313Pietro Randelli, Vincenza Ragone, Silvio Carminati,Marco Pisaniello, Filippo Randelli, and Paolo Cabitza

27 Scapulothoracic Disorders . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 323Miguel Ángel Ruiz Ibán, Jorge Díaz Heredia, Jose Luis Ávila,Francisco Serrano Sáenz de Tejada, Valencia Mora Mora, andMiguel García Navlet

28 Shoulder Anatomy and Biomechanics of the RotatorInterval . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 343John Eggers and Akin Cil

29 Shoulder Instability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 351Seung-Ho Kim

30 Superior Labrum Anterior and PosteriorLesions: Evaluation and Treatment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 365Gazi Huri, Yoon S. Hyun, Mustafa Karahan, andEdward G. McFarland

31 Sports Injuries of the Sternoclavicular Joint . . . . . . . . . . . . 383Cagatay Ulucay, Faik Altintas, and Turhan Ozler

32 Thoracic Outlet Compression Syndrome and Its SurgicalTreatment Modalities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 391Erdoğan Atasoy

33 Treatment of Shoulder Fractures Under ArthroscopicControl . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 417Stefan Buchmann and Andreas B. Imhoff

34 Nerve Entrapment Syndromes in the Shoulder, BrachialPlexus, and Thoracic Outlet Syndrome in Athletes . . . . . . . 425Laurent Lafosse, Ashish Gupta, Thibault Lafosse,Gonzalo Samitier, and Kalojan Petkin

Contents xxv

Part III Elbow and Wrist Injuries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 439

35 Anatomy and Biomechanics of the Wrist and Hand . . . . . . 441Seval Tanrıkulu, Şenol Bekmez, Akın Üz€umc€ugil, andG€ursel Leblebicioğlu

36 Arthroscopic Treatment of Intrinsic Ligament Injuriesof the Wrist . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 449Christophe L. Mathoulin, Mathilde Gras, andAbhijeet L. Wahegaonkar

37 Carpal Instabilities in Athletes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 471Emin Bal, Tahir Sadık S€ug€un, Murat Kayalar, and Sait Ada

38 Carpal Tunnel Syndrome and Tendon Pathologiesof the Wrist . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 483Georgoulis D. Anastasios, Paschos K. Nikolaos,Triantafyllidi Eleni, and Giotis Dimitrios

39 Common Elbow Fractures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 495Şenol Bekmez, Akın Üz€umc€ugil, F. Erkal Bilen,Volkan Öztuna, and Kemal Aktuğlu

40 Elbow Fractures: Surgical Approaches . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 503Saygin Kamaci and Akin Cil

41 Different Treatment Modalities in the NerveEntrapments of Upper Extremity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 513Claudio Rovesta, Maria Carmen Marongiu, AlessandroCorradini, and Luigi Adriano Pederzini

42 Elbow Anatomy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 527Francesc Malagelada, Miquel Dalmau-Pastor, Jordi Vega, andPau Golanó

43 Elbow Dislocations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 555F. Erkal Bilen, Akın Üz€umc€ugil, Şenol Bekmez, andVolkan Öztuna

44 Elbow Rehabilitation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 565Isabella Fusaro, Susanna Stignani K., Teresa Sforza,Graziano Bettelli, and Roberto Rotini

45 Lateral and Medial Elbow Tendinopathies . . . . . . . . . . . . . 587Eva Zeisig and Martin Fahlström

46 Medial and Lateral Instability of the Elbow . . . . . . . . . . . . 593Simon W. Young and Marc R. Safran

47 Nerve Entrapment of Upper Extremities in Sports . . . . . . . 603Grzegorz Adamczyk

48 Physical Examination of the Elbow . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 615Andreas Lenich and Andreas B. Imhoff

xxvi Contents

49 Sport-Related Elbow Problems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 627Luigi Adriano Pederzini, M. Prandini, F. Di Palma, andE. Delli Sante

50 Common Soft Tissue Injuries of the Hand . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 641Scott M. Tintle, David R. Steinberg, David J. Bozentka, andL. Scott Levin

51 Traumatic Athletic Injuries of the Hand . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 653Scott M. Tintle, David R. Steinberg, David J. Bozentka, andL. Scott Levin

52 Tricks in Elbow Arthroscopy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 665Luigi Adriano Pederzini, Emanuele Tripoli, Massimo Tosi,Fabio Nicoletta, and Tommaso Scuccimarra

53 Wrist Arthroscopy in Sports Injuries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 677Tommy Lindau and Kerstin Oestreich

Part IV Groin and Hip Injuries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 687

54 Anterior Inferior Iliac Spine, Subspine HipImpingement: Concept, Surgical Technique, andOutcomes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 689Onur Hapa, Emrah Açan, Chris Larson, Olcay Akdeniz, andHasan Havitçioğlu

55 Arthroscopic Treatment of FemoroacetabularImpingement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 695Itamar Botser and Marc R. Safran

56 Bone and Joint Problems Related to Groin Pain . . . . . . . . . 705Max Michalski and Lars Engebretsen

57 Common Reasons of Groin Pain in Sports . . . . . . . . . . . . . 723Ramón Cugat, Roberto Seijas, Oscar Ares, Xavier Cuscó, PedroÁlvarez, and Montserrat García-Balletbó

58 Differential Diagnostic Difficulties in Athletes withChronic Groin Pain: A Multidisciplinary Concern . . . . . . . 741Sam G. G. Smedberg and Harald P. Roos

59 Differential Diagnosis in Groin Pain: Perspective fromthe General Surgeon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 755Iskender Sayek

60 Groin Anatomy and Biomechanics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 761Grzegorz Adamczyk

61 Hip Labral Repair and Reconstruction in Athletes . . . . . . . 773M. Mustafa Gomberawalla, Murat Demirel, andMichael A. Terry

Contents xxvii

62 Biomechanics of Femoroacetabular Impingement . . . . . . . 783Mario Lamontagne, K. C. Geoffrey Ng, Giulia Mantovani, andDanilo S. Catelli

63 Hip Problems in Athletes and Current Indications forHip Arthroscopy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 797Jeffrey J. Nepple and Marc J. Philippon

Volume 2

Part V Knee Injuries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 807

64 Anterior Cruciate Ligament Augmentation in PartialRuptures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 809Rainer Siebold and Philippe Colombet

65 Anterior Cruciate Ligament Graft Selection andFixation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 817Daniel Andernord, Olof Westin, Jon Karlsson, andKristian Samuelsson

66 Anterior Cruciate Ligament Injuries andSurgery: Current Evidence and Modern Development . . . 823Raman Mundi, Harman Chaudhry, and Mohit Bhandari

67 Anterior Cruciate Ligament Injuries with ConcomittantMeniscal Pathologies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 831Yuichi Hoshino, Matthew Salzler, Kevin Jiang, andVolker Musahl

68 Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction withAutologous Quadriceps Tendon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 841Onur Tetik, G€urhan Dönmez, and Mahmut Nedim Doral

69 Allografts in Anterior Cruciate LigamentReconstruction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 851Antonios Kouzelis, Christos S. Georgiou, Alkis Saridis, andCharalampos Matzaroglou

70 Allografts in Posterior Cruciate LigamentReconstructions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 861Luís Duarte Silva, Hélder Pereira, Alberto Monteiro,Artur Pereira de Castro, Sérgio R. Piedade, Pedro Luís Ripoll,Joaquim Miguel Oliveira, Rui Luís Reis, andJoão Espregueira-Mendes

71 Alternative Techniques for Double-Tunnel AnatomicAnterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction . . . . . . . . . . . . 873Stefano Zaffagnini, Alberto Grassi, Giulio MariaMarcheggiani Muccioli, Tommaso Bonaninga,Cecilia Signorelli, Nicola Lopomo, Danilo Bruni, andMaurilio Marcacci

xxviii Contents

72 Anatomy and Biomechanics of the Knee . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 883Werner M€uller

73 Anteromedial Knee Instability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 909Gian Luigi Canata

74 Arthrofibrosis of the Knee . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 915Ugur Haklar, Egemen Ayhan, Tekin Kerem Ulku, andSinan Karaoğlu

75 Arthroscopic Patellar Instability Surgery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 933Mahmut Nedim Doral, Egemen Turhan, Gazi Huri,G€urhan Dönmez, Mustafa Karahan, Nurzat Elmalı,Onur Bilge, and Defne Kaya

76 Arthroscopic Repair of Partial Anterior CruciateLigament Tears: Perspective from an OrthopedicsSurgeon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 943Stephan Lorenz, Stefan Hinterwimmer, and Andreas B. Imhoff

77 Arthroscopic Repair of the Meniscus Tears . . . . . . . . . . . . . 951Ugur Haklar, Tekin Kerem Ulku, and Egemen Ayhan

78 Asymptomatic Meniscal Tears . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 965Niv Marom and Gideon Mann

79 Combined Anterior and Posterior Cruciate LigamentInjuries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 971B€ulent Aksoy, Cem Zeki Esenyel, and F. Erkal Bilen

80 Computer-Assisted Osteotomies for Genu VarumDeformity: Rationale, Surgical Technique, Outcome,and Return to Sports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 983Dominique Saragaglia and René-Christopher Rouchy

81 Costs and Safety of Allografts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 993Athanasios N. Ververidis and Konstantinos E. Tilkeridis

82 Current Concepts in the Treatment of Posterior CruciateLigament Injuries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1003Michael Ellman and Robert F. LaPrade

83 Degenerative Meniscal Tears: Meniscal Cysts . . . . . . . . . . . 1021Philippe Beaufils and Nicola Pujol

84 Different Techniques of Anterior Cruciate LigamentReconstruction: Guidelines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1033Wolf Petersen

85 Double-Tunnel Anatomic Anterior Cruciate LigamentReconstruction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1047Eiji Kondo and Kazunori Yasuda

Contents xxix

86 Factors Affecting Return to Sport After Anterior CruciateLigament Reconstruction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1059Alberto Gobbi, Georgios Karnatzikos, and Dnyanesh G. Lad

87 Knee Ligament Surgery: Future Perspectives . . . . . . . . . . . 1067Megan Wolf, Christopher D. Murawski, Bart Muller,Marcus Hofbauer, James Ward, and Freddie H. Fu

88 Graft Remodeling and Bony Ingrowth After AnteriorCruciate Ligament Reconstruction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1077Sven Scheffler and Roland Becker

89 Human Meniscus: From Biology to Tissue EngineeringStrategies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1089Hélder Pereira, Ibrahim Fatih Cengiz, Joana Silva-Correia,Joaquim Miguel Oliveira, Rui Luís Reis, andJoão Espregueira-Mendes

90 Knee Dislocations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1103Mark A. Bergin, James Ward, Bruno Ohashi, andVolker Musahl

91 Lateral Knee Pain . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1119Murat Bozkurt and Metin Dogan

92 Medial Collateral Ligament and Anterior CruciateLigament Synergy: Functional Interdependence . . . . . . . . . 1131John Nyland, Mahmut Nedim Doral, Yee Han Dave Lee,Jefferson Brand, Matthias Jacobi, Sukeshrao Sankineni,Alberto Gobbi, and Roland Jakob

93 Medial Side Instability and Reconstruction . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1145Iftach Hetsroni, Robert G. Marx, and Gideon Mann

94 Anatomic Anterior Cruciate LigamentReconstruction: Surgical Techniques . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1155Anne L. Versteeg, Bas A. C. M. Pijnenburg, andCharles H. Brown Jr.

95 Meniscal Allografts: Indications and Results . . . . . . . . . . . . 1183René Verdonk, Karl F. Almqvist, and Peter Verdonk

96 Meniscal Substitutes: Polyurethane MeniscusImplant: Technique and Results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1191René Verdonk, Peter Verdonk, and Eva Lisa Heinrichs

97 Meniscectomy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1199Mahmut Nedim Doral, Gazi Huri, Kadir B€uy€ukdoğan,Özg€ur Ahmet Atay, Alp Bayramoglu, and Egemen Turhan

98 Meniscus Reconstruction Using a New CollagenMeniscus Implant . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1211Maurilio Marcacci, Alberto Grassi, Giulio MariaMarcheggiani Muccioli, Marco Nitri, and Stefano Zaffagnini

xxx Contents

99 Meniscus Variations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1223Caglar Yilgor, Özg€ur Ahmet Atay, and Mahmut Nedim Doral

100 Medial Patellofemoral Ligament Reconstruction:Current Concepts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1237Masataka Deie and Mitsuo Ochi

101 Partial Anterior Cruciate Ligament Ruptures: KneeLaxity Measurements and Pivot Shift . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1245Bruno Ohashi, James Ward, Paulo Araujo, Mauricio Kfuri,Hélder Pereira, João Espregueira-Mendes, and Volker Musahl

102 Patellar Dislocations: Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1259Sinan Karaoğlu, Ugur Haklar, and Fatih Karaaslan

103 Patellar Tendinopathy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1271Peter U. Brucker and Andreas B. Imhoff

104 Posterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction:New Concepts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1281Waqas M. Hussain, Brett W. McCoy, Michael J. Griesser, andLutul Farrow

105 Perioperative and Postoperative Anterior CruciateLigament Rehabilitation Focused on Soft Tissue Grafts . . . 1295John Nyland, Jeff Wera, Kenneth G. W. Mackinlay, andDavid N. M. Caborn

106 Personalized Treatment Algorithms for AnteriorCruciate Ligament Injuries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1315Burak Demirağ and Cenk Ermutlu

107 Physiotherapy in Patellofemoral Pain Syndrome . . . . . . . . 1327Defne Kaya, John Nyland, Michael J. Callaghan, andMahmut Nedim Doral

108 Prevention of Knee Injuries in Soccer Players . . . . . . . . . . . 1339Eduard Alentorn-Geli, Jurdan Mendiguchía, andGregory D. Myer

109 Anterior Cruciate Ligament Injuries: PreventionStrategies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1357Grethe Myklebust and Kathrin Steffen

110 Primary Anterior Cruciate Ligament Repair in Athleteswith Mesenchymal Stem Cells and Platelet-Rich Plasma . . . 1369Alberto Gobbi, Dnyanesh G. Lad, Georgios Karnatzikos, andSukeshrao Sankineni

111 Proximal Tibiofibular Syndesmotic Disruptions in Sport . . 1377Madi El-Haj and Yoram A. Weil

112 Radiologic Criteria in Patellar Dislocations . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1387Paulo Renato Fernandes Saggin and David Dejour

Contents xxxi

113 Reconstruction of Neglected Tears of the ExtensorApparatus of the Knee . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1401Nicola Maffulli, Alessio Giai Via, and Francesco Oliva

114 Reconstruction of the Medial PatellofemoralLigament: A Surgical Technique Perspective from anOrthopedic Surgeon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1409Nicola Maffulli, Alessio Giai Via, and Francesco Oliva

115 Reconstruction of the Posterolateral Corner of the Knee . . 1417Colin J. Anderson, Nicholas I. Kennedy, and Robert F. LaPrade

116 Reconstruction of the Posteromedial Corner of the Knee . . . 1429Matthew T. Rasmussen, Christopher M. LaPrade, andRobert F. LaPrade

117 Structured Rehabilitation Model with Clinical OutcomesAfter Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction . . . . . . . 1439Roland Thomeé and Joanna Kvist

118 Rehabilitation of Complex Knee Injuries andKey Points . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1467Andrew Ockuly, Luke O’Brien, and Robert F. LaPrade

119 Return to Play After Acute Patellar Dislocation . . . . . . . . . 1479J. Paul Schroeppel, Jill Monson, and Elizabeth A. Arendt

120 Return to Play Decision-Making Following AnteriorCruciate Ligament Reconstruction: Multi-factorConsiderations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1491John Nyland, Kenneth G. W. MacKinlay, Jeff Wera, andRyan J. Krupp

121 Return to the Field for Football (Soccer) AfterAnterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction: Guidelines . . . 1503Polyvios Kyritsis, Erik Witvrouw, and Philippe Landreau

122 Revision Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction . . . . 1517Demetris Delos and Robert G. Marx

123 Anterior Cruciate Ligament Injuries Identifiable forPre-participation Imagiological Analysis: Risk Factors . . . 1525Hélder Pereira, Margarida Fernandes, Rogério Pereira,Henrique Jones, J. C. Vasconcelos, Joaquim Miguel Oliveira,Rui Luís Reis, Volker Musahl, and João Espregueira-Mendes

124 Role of Osteotomy for Knee Cartilage, Meniscus, andLigament Injuries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1537Joel Huleatt and Robert F. LaPrade

125 Single Versus Double Anterior Cruciate LigamentReconstruction in Athletes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1555Alberto Gobbi, Georgios Karnatzikos, and Dnyanesh G. Lad

xxxii Contents

126 Special Considerations for Multiple-LigamentKnee Injuries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1567Joel Huleatt, Andrew Geeslin, and Robert F. LaPrade

127 State of the Art in Anterior Cruciate Ligament Surgery . . . 1593Takeshi Muneta and Hideyuki Koga

128 Structured Rehabilitation Model for Patientswith Patellofemoral Pain Syndrome . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1605Thomas Rogers, Rumeal Whaley, Emily Monroe,Defne Kaya, and John Nyland

129 Anatomic Double-Tunnel Anterior Cruciate LigamentReconstruction: Evolution and Principles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1617Garth N. Walker, Anne L. Versteeg, Liang R. Cui,Carola F. van Eck, and Freddie H. Fu

130 Role of Biologicals in Meniscus Surgery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1637Sebastian Kopf and Roland Becker

131 Role of Growth Factors in Anterior CruciateLigament Surgery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1653Roberto Seijas, Pedro Álvarez, and Ramón Cugat

Volume 3

Part VI Ankle Injuries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1661

132 Anterior Ankle Impingement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1663Gino M. M. J. Kerkhoffs, Pau Golanó, and Peter A. J. de Leeuw

133 Arthroscopic-Assisted Broström-Gould Repair . . . . . . . . . . 1675Nicola Maffulli, Alessio Giai Via, and Francesco Oliva

134 Arthroscopy of the Ankle: New Approaches . . . . . . . . . . . . 1683Andrew J. Roche and James D. Calder

135 Arthrosurfacing in Talar Osteochondral Lesions . . . . . . . . 1701Mahmut Nedim Doral, Gazi Huri, Egemen Turhan,G€urhan Dönmez, and Defne Kaya

136 Chronic Ligament Injuries of the Ankle Joint . . . . . . . . . . . 1711Pieter d’Hooghe and Jon Karlsson

137 Distal Tibiofibular Syndesmotic Disruption(High Ankle Sprain): Missed Injury . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1727Joseph Lowe and Meir Nyska

138 Functional Anatomy of the Ankle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1743Murat Bozkurt, Nihal Apaydin, Safa Gursoy, andR. Shane Tubbs

139 Ligamentous Injuries of the Ankle: Sprained Ankle . . . . . . 1753Clayton C. Bettin, David R. Richardson, and Brian G. Donley

Contents xxxiii

140 Osteochondral Injuries of Talus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1763J. Paul, A. Barg, G. Pagensteert, V. Valderrabano, andAndreas B. Imhoff

141 Osteochondral Talus Defects: Treatment byBiodegradable Scaffolds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1773Mahmut Nedim Doral, Onur Bilge, Peter Verdonk,G€urhan Dönmez, and G€uray Batmaz

142 Proprioceptive and Functional Exercises AfterAnkle Surgery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1779Defne Kaya, Inci Yuksel, Egemen Turhan, Mehmet Aşık, andMahmut Nedim Doral

143 Syndesmosis Injuries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1793Marieke M. de Vaal, Wouter van Zuuren, Michel P. J. van denBekerom, and Bas A. C. M. Pijnenburg

144 Tendinopathies Around the Foot and Ankle . . . . . . . . . . . . 1805David Ou-Yang and Patrick Yoon

145 Tendon and Ligament Pathologies Around the Foot andAnkle: Types of Braces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1819Onur Bilge, Mahmut Nedim Doral, Nazim Karalezli, andMustafa Yel

146 Natural Course of the Ankle Injury: Based on VolleyballExperience . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1829Grzegorz Adamczyk

Part VII Cartilage Pathologies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1843

147 Adipose Tissue and Progenitor Cells for CartilageFormation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1845Fabio Valerio Sciarretta and Claudio Ascani

148 Arthroscopic Autologous Chondrocyte Implantationfor the Treatment of Cartilage Defects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1857Mats Brittberg

149 Epidemiology of Cartilage Injuries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1867Sverre Løken, Lars-Petter Granan, Einar Andreas Sivertsen, andAsbjørn Årøen

150 Next-Generation Cartilage Solutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1877Norimasa Nakamura, Alberto Gobbi, andGeorgios Karnatzikos

151 Platelet-Rich Plasma in the Treatment of CartilageDefects and Early Osteoarthritis of the Knee . . . . . . . . . . . 1895Alberto Gobbi, Georgios Karnatzikos, and Dnyanesh G. Lad

xxxiv Contents

152 Rehabilitation After Knee Cartilage Transplantationwith Autologous Chondrocytes or Stem Cells . . . . . . . . . . . 1905Georgios Karnatzikos, Sotirios Vlachoudis, andAlberto Gobbi

153 Scaffold-Free Endogenous Healing of the ArticularCartilage Lesion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1913Mislav Jelic, Lovorka Grgurevic, and Slobodan Vukicevic

154 Second- and Third-Generation CartilageTransplantation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1927Alberto Gobbi, Georgios Karnatzikos, and Dnyanesh G. Lad

155 Second-Generation Autologous ChondrocyteImplantation: What to Expect . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1937Elizaveta Kon, Giuseppe Filardo, Giulia Venieri,Giulia Tesei, and Maurilio Marcacci

156 Surgical Treatment of Osteochondral Defects in the Kneewith Polyvinyl Alcohol-Hydrogel Implants . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1945Fabio Valerio Sciarretta

157 Surgical Treatment of Osteochondral Defects of theKnee with Mosaicplasty Technique . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1957Aravind Athiviraham, Pradeep Kodali, and Anthony Miniaci

Part VIII Stress Fractures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1965

158 Diagnosis and Treatment of Stress Fractures . . . . . . . . . . . 1967Aharon S. Finestone and Charles Milgrom

159 Epidemiology and Anatomy of Stress Fractures . . . . . . . . . 1983Aharon S. Finestone and Charles Milgrom

160 Imaging of Stress Fractures: Specific Sites of Injuries . . . . 1993Iris Eshed, Tuvia Schlesinger, Eugene Kots, and Gideon Mann

161 Imaging of Stress Fractures and Involved Risk ofIonizing Radiation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2009Iris Eshed, Tuvia Schlesinger, Eugene Kots, andGideon Mann

162 Jones Fracture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2021Niel P. Davis, Louise E. Gartner, and Christopher J. Pearce

163 Sesamoid Stress Fractures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2035Michael R. Carmont

164 Stress Fractures Around Hip . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2043Mehmet Arazi

Contents xxxv

165 Stress Fractures: Introduction, Risk Factors,and Distribution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2051Gideon Mann, Iftach Hetsroni, Naama Constantini, Eran Dolev,Ezequiel Palmanovich, Alex Finsterbush, Eran Keltz,Omer Mei-Dan, Iris Eshed, Niv Marom, Eugene Kots, andMeir Nyska

166 Stress Fractures: Specific Site Involvement, Prevention,and the Role of Female Recruits in Military Service . . . . . . 2067Gideon Mann, Eran Dolev, Ezequiel Palmanovich,Alex Finsterbush, Eran Keltz, Omer Mei-Dan, Iris Eshed,Niv Marom, Eugene Kots, Meir Nyska, Iftach Hetsroni, andNaama Constantini

167 Stress Fractures: Diagnosis, Differential Diagnosis,and Treatment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2091Gideon Mann, Iftach Hetsroni, Naama Constantini,Eran Dolev, Ezequiel Palmanovich, Alex Finsterbush, Eran Keltz,Omer Mei-Dan, Iris Eshed, Niv Marom, Eugene Kots, andMeir Nyska

168 Navicular Stress Fractures of the Foot . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2103Gideon Mann, Iftach Hetsroni, Naama Constantini,Eran Dolev, Ezequiel Palmanovich, Alex Finsterbush,Eran Keltz, Omer Mei-Dan, Iris Eshed, Niv Marom, andMeir Nyska

Part IX Muscle and Tendon Injuries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2115

169 Achilles Tendinopathies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2117Susan N. Ishikawa, Brian G. Donley, David R. Richardson,and G. Andrew Murphy

170 Achilles Tendon Surgery: Perspective from anOrthopedic Surgeon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2127Hajo Thermann and Christoph Becher

171 Acute Hamstring Muscle Injury: Types, Rehabilitation,and Return to Sports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2137Carl M. Askling and Bryan C. Heiderscheit

172 Advantages of Endoscopy-Assisted Repair for AchillesTendon Ruptures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2149Akın Turgut, Adnan Sevencan, and Mahmut Nedim Doral

173 Anesthesia Managements for Sports-RelatedMusculoskeletal Injuries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2159Filiz Üz€umc€ugil, Fatma Saricaoglu, and Ülk€u Aypar

174 Compartment Syndromes of Thigh and Lower Leg . . . . . . 2171Roland M. Biedert

xxxvi Contents

175 Nonsurgical Treatment of Achilles Tendinopathy . . . . . . . . 2187Karin Gr€avare Silbernagel

176 Endoscopy and Percutaneous Suturing in the AchillesTendon Ruptures and Proprioceptive Physiotherapy . . . . . 2201Mahmut Nedim Doral, Egemen Turhan, Gazi Huri,Onur Bilge, G€urhan Dönmez, Defne Kaya, Erkan Alkan, andMustafa Fevzi Sargon

177 Exertional Rhabdomyolysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2211Eran Keltz, Fahmi Yousef Khan, and Gideon Mann

178 Functional Tissue Engineering for Tendinopathies:What’s New on the Horizon? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2227Kai-Ming Chan, Sai-Chuen Bruma Fu, and Shu-HangPatrick Yung

179 Lower Extremity Muscle Injuries in ProfessionalFootball Players: Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2237Pedro Álvarez, Marta Rius, and Ramón Cugat

180 Minimally Invasive Surgery for Achilles TendonPathologies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2251Nicola Maffulli, Francesco Oliva, and Alessio Giai Via

181 Muscle Injuries: Strains, Contusions, and Ruptures . . . . . . 2263G€urhan Dönmez, Ugur Dilicikik, Sedat Tolga Aydoğ,Mustafa K€urşat Evrenos, Onur Tetik, Murat Demirel, andMahmut Nedim Doral

182 Prevention of Hamstring Muscle Injuries in Sports . . . . . . 2281Jurdan Mendiguchía, Eduard Alentorn-Geli, KristianSamuelsson, and Jon Karlsson

183 Surgery of Muscle Injuries in Sports: When and Why? . . . 2297Henrique Jones, Pedro Costa Rocha, and Manuel Virgolino

184 Tendinopathies in Sports: From Basic Researchto the Field . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2307Paul W. Ackermann

185 Total Achilles Tendon Ruptures: Current Trends . . . . . . . . 2321Pieter d’Hooghe, Katarina Nilsson-Helander,Nicklas Olsson, and Jon Karlsson

186 Ultrasound-Guided Injections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2335Terry L. Whipple

187 Usage of Growth Factors in Acute Muscle Injuries . . . . . . . 2343Chih-Hwa Chen, Chih-Hsiang Chang, and Chian-Her Lee

188 Platelet-Rich Plasma in Muscle Injuries: When andHow It Can Be Used . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2353Robi Kelc and Matjaz Vogrin

Contents xxxvii

Part X Osteoarthritis and Sports/Arthroplasty . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2359

189 Arthroscopic Treatment of Knee Osteoarthritisin Athletes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2361Kevin D. Plancher, A. S. M. Dunn, Jeffrey Alwine, andStephanie C. Petterson

190 Focal Joint Resurfacing and Osteochondral Allograftingfor Osteochondral Lesions of the Hip . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2391Brian S. Parsley, Aravind Athiviraham, Wael Barsoum, andAnthony Miniaci

191 Degenerative Knee Assessment: Physical Examinationand Outcome . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2405Caroline Debette, Philippe Neyret, Robert A. Magnussen,Elvire Servien, and Sébastien Lustig

192 Inlay Joint Resurfacing and High Tibial Osteotomy inMiddle-Aged Athletes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2411Tahsin Beyzadeoglu, Ayberk Onal, and Murat Menderes Caglar

193 Joint Resurfacing of the Shoulder and Knee in Athletes . . 2419Aravind Athiviraham, Pradeep Kodali, and Anthony Miniaci

194 Lateral Unicompartmental Knee Replacement andReturn to Sports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2433Kevin D. Plancher and Stephanie C. Petterson

195 Sports and High Tibial Osteotomy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2451Michel Bonnin, Tarik Ait Si Selmi, and David Shepherd

196 Periprosthetic Soft Tissue Balance in Hip Arthroplasty . . . 2461Caglar Yilgor, Gokhan Demirkiran, and Omur Caglar

197 Sports After Total Hip Arthroplasty . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2467Michael D. Ries

198 Sports After Total Knee Prosthesis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2475Ibrahim Akkawi, Danilo Bruni, Francesco Iacono, GiovanniFrancesco Raspugli, Alberto Grassi, Michele Gagliardi,Stefano Zaffagnini, and Maurilio Marcacci

199 Sports and Knee Arthroplasty: How to Deal with theExtensor Mechanism . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2481Elcil Kaya Bicer and Hakkı Sur

200 Sports Participation and Risk of Ankle Osteoarthritis . . . . 2491Eduard Alentorn-Geli, Kristian Samuelsson, andJon Karlsson

201 Sports Participation and Risk of Hip Osteoarthritis:A Critical Review of the Literature . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2499Eduard Alentorn-Geli, Kristian Samuelsson, andLluís Puig-Verdié

xxxviii Contents

202 Sports Participation and Risk of KneeOsteoarthritis: A Critical Review of the Literature . . . . . . . 2513Eduard Alentorn-Geli, Brian J. Cole, and Ramón Cugat

203 Treatment of Pain in Total Knee Arthroplasty FavoringPost-op Physical Activity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2533Francesco Benazzo, Matteo Ghiara, andStefano Marco Paolo Rossi

204 Unicompartmental Knee Replacement and Returnto Sports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2541Sébastien Lustig, Robert A. Magnussen, Eralp Kacmaz,Elvire Servien, and Philippe Neyret

Volume 4

Part XI Pediatric Sports Injuries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2549

205 Anterior Cruciate Ligament Injuries in Children . . . . . . . . 2551Romain Seil and Franck Chotel

206 Elbow Injuries in Pediatric Pitchers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2567Darin D. Tessier, Anthony J. Scillia, and E. Lyle Cain

207 Meniscal Injuries and Discoid Lateral Meniscus inAdolescent Athletes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2577Eric J. Sarkissian and Theodore J. Ganley

208 Medial Patellofemoral Ligament Reconstruction inAdolescence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2589Rainer Siebold

209 Patellofemoral Problems in Adolescent Athletes . . . . . . . . . 2597Eric J. Wall and Amy E. Pohlman

210 Pediatric Anterior Cruciate Ligament Injuries andCombined Cartilage Problems: Current Concepts . . . . . . . 2613Henrique Jones, Pedro Costa Rocha, andManuel Virgolino

211 Physeal Injuries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2625Salih Marangoz and Mehmet Cemalettin Aksoy

212 Physical Abuse of Adolescent and Young Athletes . . . . . . . 2635Mehmet Cemalettin Aksoy and Duygu Yazgan Aksoy

213 Prevention of Childhood Sports Injuries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2643Moshe Yaniv and Ronen Sever

214 Shoulder Injuries in Pediatric Athletes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2657Albert Martin Pendleton and Mininder Singh Kocher

Contents xxxix

215 Thoracolumbar Injuries in Pediatric Athletes: Diagnosis,Treatment, Rehabilitation, and Prevention . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2671Adad Baranto

Part XII Sport-Specific Injuries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2701

216 On-the-Field Management of American FootballInjuries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2703Charles T. Crellin, Karen Gustafson, Jack Spittler,Sourav K. Poddar, and Jonathan T. Bravman

217 Boxer’s Knuckle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2721Caroline van der Zee, Frederik J. T. van Oosterom, andBas A. C. M. Pijnenburg

218 Cricket Injury Epidemiology, Mechanisms,and Prevention . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2729Chakra Raj Pandey

219 Olympic Sports and Prevention . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2739Lars Engebretsen, Kathrin Steffen, and Torbjørn Soligard

220 Prevention in Soccer Injuries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2751Haluk H. Öztekin

221 Rugby and Associated Sports Injuries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2759Ziad Dahabreh and Myles R. J. Coolican

222 Soccer and Associated Sports Injuries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2771Lucio S. Ernlund, Bruno Sbrissia, and Fabiano Kupczik

223 Handball Injuries: Epidemiology and InjuryCharacterization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2781Lior Laver and Grethe Myklebust

Part XIII Extreme Sports and Motorsport Injuries . . . . . . . . . . . 2807

224 Biathlon: Acute Trauma and Overuse Injuries . . . . . . . . . . 2809Alexander C. Disch

225 Driver as a High-Level Athlete . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2817Fatih K€uç€ukdurmaz

226 Epidemiology and Medical Coverage of Motocrossand Supercross Races . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2825Victoria B. Duthon, Philippe Masouye, and Jacques Menetrey

227 F1 Power Boat Accidents: Different Viewpoints . . . . . . . . . 2835Francesco de Boccard

228 Motocross Injuries: Incidence, Management,and Prevention . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2841Alberto Gobbi

xl Contents

229 Ironman Triathlon: Medical Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . 2853Bruce Hamilton and Stephen Targett

230 Motorsport Injuries: Current Trends andTreatment Concepts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2859Laszlo Gorove, Zsigmond Göndöcs, and Laszlo T. Hetzman

231 Mountain Bike Injuries: An Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2871Michael R. Carmont

232 Personal Watercraft Injuries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2881Stephen Targett and Celeste Geertsema

233 Ultramarathon Running Injuries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2889Bernd Volker Scheer and D. Andrew Murray

Part XIV The Field of Play and Pitchside Managementof Sports Emergencies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2899

234 Acute Heart Conditions, Sudden Death on the Field,and Prevention . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2901Mats Börjesson

235 Cervical Spine Care in Sports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2911Selim Ayhan and Ahmet Alanay

236 Environment and Fluid Homeostasis at the Pitchside . . . . . 2925Lisa Marie Geheb Vopat and Pierre d’Hemecourt

237 Head Injuries in Sports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2935Paul McCrory

238 Pitch-Side Management of Limb Injuries: Fractures andDislocations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2953Michael R. Carmont

239 Planning the Medical Aspects of a Sports Event . . . . . . . . . 2963David McDonagh

240 Spine Injuries on the Field . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2971Meric Enercan, Ahmet Alanay, and Azmi Hamzaoglu

241 Collapse in Athletes: Etiology and Management . . . . . . . . . 2981Jonathan Hanson

242 Thorax and Abdominal Injuries on the Field . . . . . . . . . . . 2999Andrew Pountney and David McDonagh

243 Traumatic Dental Injuries in Sports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3015Erhan Dursun, G€urhan Dönmez, Ugur Dilicikik,Ceyda Kanli Dursun, and Mahmut Nedim Doral

244 Hemorrhage and Wound Care at the Event Side . . . . . . . . 3023Michael R. Carmont and David McDonagh

Contents xli

Part XV Future of Sports Traumatology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3031

245 Tissue-Engineered Approach to Tendon and LigamentReconstruction: Current Trends . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3033Thorsten M. Seyler, Daniel N. Bracey, Sandeep Mannava,Gary G. Poehling, and Patrick W. Whitlock

246 Animation and Surgical Simulation in OrthopedicEducation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3047Theodore S. Wolfson, Kivanc Israel Atesok, Cosku Turhan,Jay D. Mabrey, Kenneth A. Egol, and Laith M. Jazrawi

247 Bioactive Radiofrequency Effects on Ligament andTendon Injuries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3065Terry L. Whipple and Diana Villegas

248 Biomaterials in Musculoskeletal Conditions:Classification, Design, and Regulatory Aspects . . . . . . . . . . 3075Halil Murat Aydın, Nuri H€unkar Kutlu, Altug Yucekul, andLevent Mete Özg€urb€uz

249 Biomechanical Measurement Methods to Analyzethe Mechanisms of Sport Injuries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3085Serdar Arıtan

250 Biomedical Engineering and OrthopedicSports Medicine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3097Filiz Ateş, Nurettin Heybeli, and Can A. Yucesoy

251 Clinical Relevance of Gene Therapy and Growth Factorsin Sports Injuries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3111Alan Ivkovic, Andreja Vukasovic, Tahsin Beyzadeoglu, andGamze Torun Köse

252 Effects of Advancement on Biomechanics and Biologyon Active Performance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3123Nevzat Selim Gokay, Elizaveta Kon, Ibrahim Yilmaz, andAlper Gokce

253 Concussion in Sports Traumatology: Future Trends . . . . . 3143Marcus Hofbauer, Bart Muller, James Ward,Christopher D. Murawski, Megan Wolf, Christina Kunec,Michael Collins, and Freddie H. Fu

254 Injury Prevention in Different Sports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3151John Nyland, Defne Kaya, and Robert P. Wessel

255 Innovation in Sports Medicine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3161Bart Muller, Marcus Hofbauer, Christopher D. Murawski,Megan Wolf, and Freddie H. Fu

256 Input of Second Opinion in Orthopedic Sports Medicine . . . 3171Hans H. Paessler

xlii Contents

257 Strategies for Searching the Internet for OrthopedicSurgeons: Tips and Tricks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3181Fatih K€uç€ukdurmaz, Terry L. Whipple, Murat Bozkurt, andDaniel G. Kipnis

258 Nanotechnology in Sports Medicine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3195Cem Bayram, Cansel Işıklı, and Emir Baki Denkbaş

259 Orthopedic Research in the Year 2025 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3203Savio L.-Y. Woo, Kwang E. Kim, and Kathryn F. Farraro

260 Future of Cell-Based Therapies in OrthopedicSports Medicine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3217Arnold I. Caplan

261 Platelet-Rich Plasma: From Laboratory to the Clinic . . . . . 3223Burkay Utku, G€urhan Dönmez, Kadir B€uy€ukdoğan,Yiğitcan Karanfil, Rozi Dzoleva Tolevska, Feza Korkusuz, andMahmut Nedim Doral

Part XVI Industry and Orthopedic Sports Medicine . . . . . . . . . 3251

262 Biomaterials in Orthopedics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3253Ismet Koksal

263 Implant Strategies in Orthopedics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3263Ismet Koksal

264 Instrumentation for Arthroscopy and Sports Medicine . . . 3273Kerstin Lautemann, Martin Leonhard, Regina Stern, andJennifer Heda

265 Bridge Between Industry and Orthopedics . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3293Stephanie C. Petterson, Joseph Bellapianta, andKevin D. Plancher

Part XVII Miscellaneous . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3301

266 Tumors Mimicking Sports Injuries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3303Mehmet Ayvaz, Senol Bekmez, and Nicola Fabbri

Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3311

Contents xliii

About the Editors

Prof. Mahmut Nedim DoralChief of the Department of Orthopaedicsand Traumatology, Founding Chief of theDepartment of Sports MedicineHacettepe UniversityIstanbulTurkey

Prof. Mahmut Nedim Doral, M.D., is interna-tionally recognized for his expertise in orthope-dic sports medicine. He has authored over150 scientific articles in peer-reviewed journalsand over 15 book chapters in internationally

published books; he also acts as a referee for four national and five interna-tional journals. His last book, Sports Injuries: Prevention, Diagnosis, Treat-ment and Rehabilitation, was published by Springer in 2011. For over30 years, Dr. Doral’s major research interests have been in sports injuriesand rehabilitation, arthroscopic and endoscopic surgery, basic science researchin tendon injuries, and knee arthroplasty.

He is the chairman of the Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology andthe Department of Sports Medicine at the Hacettepe University Medical School.

Dr. Doral is the medical chief and health system organizer of GalatasaraySports Club Youth Teams.

He has been the director of the Hacettepe University Sports MedicineCenter since 1995. He has been board member (2003–2009), program com-mittee member (2004–2012), and membership committee chairman(2007–2011) of the International Society of Arthroscopy, Knee Surgery &Orthopaedic Sports Medicine (ISAKOS). He is also a past member of thescientific committee of European Society of Sports Traumatology Knee Sur-gery and Arthroscopy (ESSKA). He currently serves in the Executive Councilof the Turkish National Olympic Committee; as executive committee chair ofand newsletter editor at the Asia Pacific Orthopaedic Associations; and also asnewsletter editor at the European Federation of Orthopaedic SportsTraumatology (EFOST).

Dr. Doral served as president of the Turkish Society of Orthopaedics &Traumatology (TOTBID) (2010–2011). He was the past president of EFOST

xlv

(2000–2003), Asia-Pacific Knee Society (APKS/Knee Section of APOA)(2004–2006), and the Turkish Society of Sports Traumatology, Arthroscopyand Knee Surgery (2002–2004), and past chief of the Medical CommitteeTurkish Federation of National Basketball Team. He is the founder and pastpresident of the Turkish Society of Sports Traumatology. He was honored asdistinguished visiting professor by the University of Pittsburgh School ofEngineering in 2006 and Kentucky University in 2009.

Prof. Jon KarlssonProfessor, Academic HeadDepartment of OrthopaedicsSahlgrenska Academy, University of GothenburgSahlgrenska University HospitalGothenburgSweden

Prof. Jon Karlsson, M.D., Ph.D., was born inIceland, where he graduated from the medicalschool in Reykjavik in 1978 and moved to Goth-enburg, Sweden, in 1981. He defended his Ph.D.

thesis on “Chronic Lateral Ankle Instability” at the Gothenburg University in1989 and was appointed associate professor in 1990. He has been seniorconsultant in the Orthopaedic Department of the Sahlgrenska UniversityHospital since 1991 and clinical head during 1997–2001. Since 2001,Dr. Karlsson has been the academic head at the Sahlgrenska Academy. Inthat capacity, he mentored 32 Ph.D. theses and was appointed chief of theorthopedic research laboratory. He is author of more than 300 peer-reviewedpapers and 26 books on orthopedics and sports traumatology. He wasappointed professor of orthopedics and sports traumatology in 1998. He waspresident of the Swedish Association of Sports Medicine in 1999–2001.

Since 2008, Dr. Karlsson has been editor-in-chief of KSSTA (Knee Surgery,Sports Traumatology, Arthroscopy), the official journal of the European Soci-ety of Sports Traumatology Knee Surgery and Arthroscopy (ESSKA). He hasbeen program chairman of the biannual ESSKA congress for 2006, 2008, and2010 and board member of the International Society of Arthroscopy, KneeSurgery & Orthopaedic Sports Medicine (ISAKOS) since 2005. He iscurrently secretary of the ISAKOS Executive Board.

Active in sports, Dr. Karlsson played basketball and is currently thecaretaking physician of the Swedish soccer team IFK Gothenburg.

xlvi About the Editors

Co-Editors

René Verdonk Faculty of Medicine, Ghent State University, Ghent, Belgium

Gideon Mann Service of Sports Injuries, Department of Orthopaedic Sur-gery, Meir Medical Centre, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel

xlvii

Kivanc Israel Atesok Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto,Toronto, ON, Canada

Alberto Gobbi Orthopaedic Arthroscopic Surgery International (O.A.S.I.)Bioresearch Foundation, Gobbi Onlus, Milan, Italy

Andreas B. Imhoff Department of Orthopaedic Sports Medicine, Klinikumrechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany

xlviii Co-Editors

Philippe Neyret Centre Albert Trillat, Service de Chirurgie Orthopédique,Hôpital de la Croix-Rousse, University of Lyon, Lyon, France

John Nyland Kosair Charities College of Health and Natural Sciences,Spalding University, Louisville, USA

Co-Editors xlix

Kevin D. Plancher Orthopaedic Foundation for Active Lifestyles, Stamford,CT, USA

Plancher Orthopaedics and Sports Medicine, New York, NY, USA

Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Albert Einstein College of Medicine,New York, NY, USA

Edward M.Wojtys Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, MedSport, Univer-sity of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA

l Co-Editors

Savio L.-Y. Woo Department of Bioengineering, Musculoskeletal ResearchCenter, Swanson School of Engineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh,PA, USA

Co-Editors li

Executive Assistant Editor

G€urhan Dönmez Faculty of Medicine, Department of Sport Medicine,Hacettepe University School of Medicine, Ankara, Sihhiye, Turkey

liii

Assistant Editors

Onur Bilge Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, and Departmentof Sports Medicine, Konya NE University, Meram School of Medicine,Konya, Turkey

Murat Demirel Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, BayındırHospital, Ankara, Turkey

lv

Nurettin Heybeli Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Traumatology,Trakya University School of Medicine, Kanuni Sultan Suleyman Educationand Research Hospital, Edirne, Turkey

Gazi Huri Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Hacettepe Uni-versity, Ankara, Turkey

Division of Shoulder Surgery, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, JohnsHopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA

Defne Kaya Department of Physical Therapy and Rehabilitation, Faculty ofHealth Science, Biruni University, İstanbul, Turkey

lvi Assistant Editors

Feza Korkusuz Department of Sports Medicine, Faculty of Medicine,Hacettepe University School of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey

VolkerMusahl Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of PittsburghMedical Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA

Kristian Samuelsson Department of Orthopaedics, Institute of Clinical Sci-ences, The Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Göteborg,Sweden

Assistant Editors lvii

Egemen Turhan Faculty of Medicine, Department of Orthopaedics andTraumatology, Hacettepe University School of Medicine, Ankara, Sihhiye,Turkey

Cosku Turhan Sony Pictures Imageworks, Los Angeles, CA, USA

lviii Assistant Editors

Section Editors

Part I: Introduction

Jose Huylebroek Sports Medicine Department, Clin Parc Leopold, Brussels,Belgium

Egemen Turhan Faculty of Medicine, Department of Orthopaedics andTraumatology, Hacettepe University School of Medicine, Ankara, Sihhiye,Turkey

lix

Part II: Shoulder Injuries

Andreas B. Imhoff Department of Orthopaedic Sports Medicine, Klinikumrechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany

Gazi Huri Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Hacettepe Uni-versity, Ankara, Turkey

Division of Shoulder Surgery, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, JohnsHopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA

lx Section Editors

Part III: Elbow and Wrist Injuries

Luigi Adriano Pederzini Orthopaedic and Arthroscopic Department, NewSassuolo Hospital, Sassuolo, Modena, Italy

G€ursel Leblebicioğlu Faculty of Medicine, Department of Orthopaedics andTraumatology, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey

Section Editors lxi

Part IV: Groin and Hip Injuries

Ramón Cugat Mutualidad de Futbolistas, Real Federacion Espanola deFutbol, Barcelona, Spain

Garcia Cugat Foundation & CEU Cardenal Herrera University, Alfara delPatriarca, Valencia, Spain

Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Sports Medicine and Trauma, HospitalQuiron Barcelona, Artroscopia gc, S.L., Barcelona, Spain

Facultad de Medicina, Universitat Internacional de Catalunya, Barcelona,Spain

Karl F. Almqvist Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Ghent UniversityHospital, Gent, Belgium

lxii Section Editors

Part V: Knee Injuries

René Verdonk Faculty of Medicine, Ghent State University, Ghent, Belgium

Robert F. LaPrade The Steadman Clinic and Steadman Philippon ResearchInstitute, Vail, CO, USA

Stefano Zaffagnini Clinica Ortopedica e Traumatologica II, Laboratorio diBiomeccanica e Innovazione Tecnologica, Università di Bologna, Bologna,Italy

Section Editors lxiii

Part VI: Ankle Injuries

Brian G. Donley Center for Foot and Ankle Surgery, Orthopaedic Surgery,Lutheran Hospital, Cleveland, OH, USA

James D. Calder Department of Trauma and Orthopaedic Surgery, TheFortius Clinic, and Chelsea and Westminster Hospital, London, UK

Part VII: Cartilage Pathologies

Alberto Gobbi Orthopaedic Arthroscopic Surgery International (O.A.S.I.)Bioresearch Foundation, Gobbi Onlus, Milan, Italy

lxiv Section Editors

Feza Korkusuz Department of Sports Medicine, Faculty of Medicine,Hacettepe University School of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey

Part VIII: Stress Fractures

Gideon Mann Service of Sports Injuries, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery,Meir Medical Centre, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel

Mehmet Arazi Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Traumatology,Farabi Klinik, Konya, Turkey

Section Editors lxv

Part IX: Muscle and Tendon Injuries

Kai-Ming Chan Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, The Chi-nese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Shatin, Hong Kong

Onur Bilge Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, and Departmentof Sports Medicine, Konya NE University, Meram School of Medicine,Konya, Turkey

lxvi Section Editors

Part X: Osteoarthritis and Sports/Arthroplasty

Philippe Neyret Centre Albert Trillat, Service de Chirurgie Orthopédique,Hôpital de la Croix-Rousse, University of Lyon, Lyon, France

Michael D. Ries Tahoe Fracture and Orthopaedic Clinic, Carson City, NV,USA

University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA

Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of California, San Francisco,San Francisco, CA, USA

Section Editors lxvii

Part XI: Pediatric Sports Injuries

Romain Seil European Society of Sports Traumatology, Knee Surgery andArthroscopy (ESSKA); Département de l’Appareil Locomoteur, CentreHospitalier de Luxembourg, Clinique d’ Eich; Luxembourg Olympic MedicalCenter, and Sports Medicine Research Laboratory, CRP-Santé, Strassen,Luxembourg

Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Saarland, Homburg/Saar, Germany

Allen F. Anderson Tennessee Orthopaedic Alliance, Nashville,TN, USA

lxviii Section Editors

Part XII: Sport-Specific Injuries

Terry L. Whipple American Self, Plastic Surgery and Orthopaedics, PLC, andOrthopaedic Research of Virginia, Richmond, VA, USA

Chakra Raj Pandey Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology,Grande International Hospital and Medicare National Hospital and ResearchCentre, Kathmandu, Nepal

Section Editors lxix

Part XIII: Extreme Sports and Motorsport Injuries

Michael R. Carmont The Princess Royal Hospital, Shrewsbury and TelfordNHS Trust, Telford, United Kingdom

Northern General Hospital, Sheffield Teaching Hospitals NHS FoundationTrust, Sheffield, United Kingdom

Fatih K€uç€ukdurmaz Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology,Bezmialem Vakif University, Istanbul, Turkey

lxx Section Editors

Part XIV: The Field of Play and Pitchside Managementof Sports Emergencies

Michael R. Carmont The Princess Royal Hospital, Shrewsbury and TelfordNHS Trust, Telford, United Kingdom

Northern General Hospital, Sheffield Teaching Hospitals NHS FoundationTrust, Sheffield, United Kingdom

David McDonagh The Princess Royal Hospital, Shrewsbury and TelfordNHS Trust, Telford, United Kingdom

Northern General Hospital, Sheffield Teaching Hospitals NHS FoundationTrust, Sheffield, United Kingdom

Department of Emergency Medicine, University Hospital Trondheim,Trondheim, Norway

Medical Commission Fédération Internationale de Bobsleigh et deTobogganing (FIBT), OSKP, St. Olavs Hospital, Trondheim, Norway

Section Editors lxxi

Ahmet Alanay Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, AcibademUniversity Faculty of Medicine, Acibadem Comprehensive Spine Center,Acibadem Maslak Hospital, Maslak, Istanbul, Turkey

Part XV: Future of Sports Traumatology

Savio L.-Y. Woo Department of Bioengineering, Musculoskeletal ResearchCenter, Swanson School of Engineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh,PA, USA

lxxii Section Editors

Edward M.Wojtys Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, MedSport, Univer-sity of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA

Mehmet Aşık Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Faculty ofCapa, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey

Section Editors lxxiii

Part XVI: Industry and Orthopedic Sports Medicine

Kevin D. Plancher Orthopaedic Foundation for Active Lifestyles, Stamford,CT, USA

Plancher Orthopaedics and Sports Medicine, New York, NY, USA

Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Albert Einstein College of Medicine,New York, NY, USA

Kivanc Israel Atesok Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto,Toronto, ON, Canada

lxxiv Section Editors

Part XVII: Miscellaneous

Mahmut Nedim Doral Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology andDepartment of Sports Medicine, Hacettepe University, Istanbul, Turkey

Section Editors lxxv

Contributors

Emrah Açan Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Dokuz Eyl€ul University,İzmir, İnciraltı, Turkey

Paul W. Ackermann Karolinska Institute, Department of MolecularMedicine and Surgery, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden

Sait Ada Orthopaedics and Traumatology, EMOT Hospital, İzmir, Turkey

Grzegorz Adamczyk Department of Orthopedics, Centrum MedyczneGamma, Warsaw, Poland

Filon Aganthagelidis Blue Cross, Euromedica Clinic, OrthopaedicDepartment, Thessaloniki, Greece

Olcay Akdeniz Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Dokuz Eyl€ul University,İzmir, İnciraltı, Turkey

Ibrahim Akkawi Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, Bologna, Italy

B€ulent Aksoy Bahçeşehir University, Istanbul, Turkey

Mehmet Cemalettin Aksoy Faculty of Medicine, Department ofOrthopedics and Traumatology, Sihhiye, Ankara, Turkey

Kemal Aktuğlu Department of Orthopaedics Surgery and Traumatology,Ege University Hospital, Izmir, Turkey

Ahmet Alanay Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, AcibademUniversity Faculty of Medicine, Acibadem Comprehensive Spine Center,Acibadem Maslak Hospital, Maslak, Istanbul, Turkey

Eduard Alentorn-Geli Department of Orthopaedic Surgery andTraumatology, Parc de Salut Mar, Hospital del Mar & Hospital de l’Esperança,Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona (UAB), Barcelona, Spain

Erkan Alkan Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, HacettepeUniversity, Ankara, Turkey

Karl F. Almqvist Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Ghent UniversityHospital, Gent, Belgium

Faik Altintas Orthopaedics and Traumatology Department, YeditepeMedical Faculty, Kozyatagi, Istanbul, Turkey

lxxvii

Pedro Álvarez Chair of Medicine and Regenerative Surgery, GarciaCugat Foundation & CEU Cardenal Herrera University, Alfara del Patriarca,Valencia, Spain

Facultad de Medicina y Ciencias de la Salud, Universitat Internacional deCatalunya, Barcelona, Spain

Mutualidad de Futbolistas, Real Federacion Espanola de Futbol, Barcelona,Spain

Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Sports Medicine and Trauma, HospitalQuiron Barcelona, Artroscopia gc, S.L., Barcelona, Spain

Facultad de Medicina, Universitat Internacional de Catalunya, Barcelona,Spain

Jeffrey Alwine Plancher Orthopaedics and Sports Medicine, New York,NY, USA

Orthopaedic Foundation, Stamford, CT, USA

Konstantinos Anagnostakos Department of Orthopedic Surgery, SaarlandUniversity, Homburg (Saar), SL, Germany

Georgoulis D. Anastasios Department of Trauma and Orthopaedic Surgery,University of Ioannina, Ioannina, Greece

Daniel Andernord Vårdcentralen Gripen, Karlstad, Sweden

Primary Care Research Unit, County Council of V€armland, Karlstad, Sweden

Department of Orthopaedics, Institute of Clinical Sciences, The SahlgrenskaAcademy, University of Gothenburg, Göteborg, Sweden

Colin J. Anderson Department of Orthopedic Surgery, School of Medicine,University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, USA

Nihal Apaydin Department of Anatomy, Ankara University MedicineFaculty, Sihhiye, Ankara, Turkey

Paulo Araujo Department of Biomechanics, Medicine and Rehabilitation ofLocomotor System – Ribeirao Preto Medical School – São Paulo University,Brazil, São Paulo, Brazil

Mehmet Arazi Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Traumatology,Farabi Klinik, Konya, Turkey

Elizabeth A. Arendt Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University ofMinnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA

Oscar Ares Chair of Medicine and Regenerative Surgery, GarciaCugat Foundation & CEU Cardenal Herrera University, Alfara del Patriarca,Valencia, Spain

Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Sports Medicine and Trauma, HospitalQuiron Barcelona, Artroscopia gc, S.L., Barcelona, Spain

lxxviii Contributors

Facultad deMedicina, Universitat Internacional de Catalunya, Barcelona, Spain

Orthopaedic Surgery and Trauma, Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, Barcelona,Spain

Serdar Arıtan Biomechanics Research Group, Faculty of Sport Sciences,Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey

Asbjørn Årøen Oslo Sports Trauma Research Center, The NorwegianSchool of Sport Sciences, Oslo, Norway

Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Akershus University Hospital,Lørenskog, Norway

Claudio Ascani Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Azienda Sanitaria Roma C,Rome, Italy

Mehmet Aşik Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Faculty ofCapa, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey

Carl M. Askling The Swedish School of Sport and Health Sciences and theSection of Orthopaedics and Sports Medicine, Department of MolecularMedicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institutet, GIH, Stockholm, Sweden

Ata Can Atalar Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, IstanbulUniversity, Istanbul Medical Faculty, Fatih, Istanbul, Turkey

Erdoğan Atasoy Department of Surgery, Kleinert Kutz and Associates HandCare Center, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY, USA

Özg€ur Ahmet Atay Faculty of Medicine, Department of Orthopaedics andTraumatology, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Sihhiye, Turkey

Filiz Ateş Biomedical Engineering Institute, Boğaziçi University, Çengelköy,Istanbul, Turkey

Kivanc Israel Atesok Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto,Toronto, ON, Canada

Etobicoke, ON, Canada

Aravind Athiviraham The Joseph Barnhart Department of OrthopaedicSurgery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA

Halil Murat Aydın BMTCalsis Health Technologies Co., Sarayköy, Ankara,Turkey

Environmental Engineering Department & Bioengineering Division andCenter for Bioengineering, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey

Sedat Tolga Aydoğ Sports Medicine Center, Acibadem Fulya Hospital,İstanbul, Turkey

Egemen Ayhan Orthopaedics and Traumatology Department, Liv Hospital,Istanbul, Turkey

Contributors lxxix

Selim Ayhan Department of Neurosurgery, Malatya State Hospital, Malatya,Turkey

Ülk€u Aypar Department of Anesthesiology and Reanimation, HacettepeUniversity School of Medicine, Ankara, Sihhiye, Turkey

Mehmet Ayvaz Faculty of Medicine, Department of Orthopedics andTraumatology, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Sihhiye, Turkey

Klaus Bak Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Division of Shoulder andElbow Surgery, Copenhagen University Herlev, Herlev, Denmark

Emin Bal Orthopaedics and Traumatology, EMOT Hospital, İzmir, Turkey

J. R. Ballesteros Departamento de Anatomía y Embriología Humana.Facultad de Medicina., Universidad de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain

Servicio de Cirugía Ortopédica y Traumatología, Hospital Clínic deBarcelona, Barcelona, Spain

Adad Baranto Department of Orthopaedics, Institute of Clinical Sciences atthe Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg and SahlgrenskaUniversity Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden

A. Barg Orthopaedic Department, University Hospital Basel, Basel,Switzerland

Wael Barsoum Department Orthopedic Surgery & Sports Health, ClevelandClinic Foundation, Garfield Heights, OH, USA

G€uray Batmaz Department of Orthopadics and Traumatology, HacettepeUniversity, Ankara, Sihhiye, Turkey

Cem Bayram Nanotechnology and Nanomedicine Division, HacettepeUniversity, Institute of Graduate Studies in Science, Ankara, Turkey

Alp Bayramoglu Faculty of Medicine, Department of Anatomy, AcibademUniversity School of Medicine,

Philippe Beaufils Orthopaedic Department, Versailles Hospital, Le Chesnay,France

Christoph Becher Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Hannover MedicalSchool, Hannover, Germany

Roland Becker Klinik f€ur Orthop€adie und Unfallchirurgie, St€adtischeKlinikum Brandenburg, Hochstrasse, Brandenburg an der Havel, Germany

Knut Beitzel Department of Orthopaedic Sports Medicine, TechnicalUniversity Munich, Munich, Germany

Şenol Bekmez Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Dr. SamiUlus Training and Research Hospital, Ankara, Altindag, Turkey

Joseph Bellapianta Orthopaedic Foundation, Stamford, CT, USA

Plancher Orthopaedics and Sports Medicine, New York, NY, USA

lxxx Contributors

Francesco Benazzo Clinica Ortopedica e Traumatologica, FondazioneIRCCS Policlinico San Matteo di Pavia, Università degli Studi di Pavia,Pavia, Italy

Mark A. Bergin University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA

Graziano Bettelli Shoulder and Elbow Unit, Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli,Bologna, Italy

Clayton C. Bettin Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and BiomedicalEngineering, University of Tennessee – Campbell Clinic, Memphis, TN, USA

Tahsin Beyzadeoglu Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Beyzadeoglu SportsMedicine Clinic, Istanbul, Turkey

Physiotherapy and Rehabilitation, Halic University, Istanbul, Turkey

Mohit Bhandari Division of Orthopaedic Surgery, McMaster University,Hamilton, ON, Canada

Elcil Kaya Bicer Faculty of Medicine, Department of Orthopedics andTraumatology, University of Ege, Bornova, Izmir, Turkey

Roland M. Biedert Orthopedics & Sport Traumatology, Sportclinic VillaLinde AG, Swiss Olympic Medical Center Magglingen-Biel, Biel,Switzerland

F. Erkal Bilen Head of Shoulder and Elbow Unit, Orthopaedic Surgery,Istanbul Memorial Hospital, Istanbul, Marmara, Turkey

Onur Bilge Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, and Departmentof Sports Medicine, Konya NE University, Meram School of Medicine,Konya, Turkey

Tommaso Bonaninga II Clinica Ortopedica e Traumatologica, IstitutoOrtopedico Rizzoli, Bologna, Italy

Michel Bonnin Centre Orthopédique Santy, Lyon, France

Mats Börjesson Astrand laboratory, Swedish School of Sports and HealthSciences (GIH), Stockholm, Sweden

Department of Cardiology, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm,Sweden

Itamar Botser Orthopedic Sports Medicine, Stanford Sports Medicine,Stanford University, Redwood City, CA, USA

Achilleas Boutsiadis Stavroupoli Thessaloniki, Greece

David J. Bozentka University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA

Murat Bozkurt Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, YildiriumBeyazit University, Faculty of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey

Department of Orthopedics and Traumatology, Ankara Atat€urk Training andResearch Hospital, Ankara, Turkey

Contributors lxxxi

Daniel N. Bracey Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Wake Forest Schoolof Medicine, Medical Center Boulevard, Winston–Salem, NC, USA

Molecular Medicine and Translational Science Program, Medical CenterBoulevard, Wake Forest University, Winston–Salem, NC, USA

Jefferson Brand Fellowship-Trained Sports Medicine Specialist, HeartlandOrthopedic Specialists, Alexandria, MN, USA

Sepp Braun Department of Orthopaedic Sports Medicine, Klinikum rechtsder Isar, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany

Jonathan T. Bravman Department of Orthopaedics, Division of SportsMedicine and Shoulder Surgery, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, USA

Mats Brittberg Cartilage Research Unit, University of Gothenburg, RegionHalland Orthopaedics, Kungsbacka Hospital, Kungsbacka, Sweden

Charles H. Brown Jr. International Knee and Joint Centre, Abu Dhabi,United Arab Emirates

Peter U. Brucker Department of Orthopaedic Sports Medicine, Klinikumrechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany

Danilo Bruni II Clinica Ortopedica e Traumatologica, Istituto OrtopedicoRizzoli, Bologna, Italy

Stefan Buchmann Department of Orthopaedic Sports Medicine, Klinikumrechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany

Kadir B€uy€ukdoğan Faculty of Medicine, Department of Orthopaedics andTraumatology, Hacettepe University School of Medicine Ankara, Sihhiye,Turkey

Paolo Cabitza Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche per la Salute, Universitàdegli Studi di Milano, IRCCS Policlinico San Donato, Milano, Italy

David N. M. Caborn JPG – Shea Orthopaedic Group, Orthopedic Surgery,University of Louisville, Kentucky OneHealth, Louisville, KY, USA

Angelo Cacchio Department of Health Sciences, University of L’Aquila,L’Aquila, Italy

Murat Menderes Caglar Sportomed Physical Therapy and RehabilitationCenter, Istanbul, Turkey

Omur Caglar Faculty of Medıcıne, Department of Orthopaedıcs andTraumatology, Hacettepe Unıversıty, Ankara, Sihhiye, Turkey

E. Lyle Cain American Sports Medicine Institute, Andrews Sports Medicineand Orthopaedic Center, Birmingham, AL, USA

James D. Calder Department of Trauma and Orthopaedic Surgery, TheFortius Clinic, and Chelsea and Westminster Hospital, London, UK

lxxxii Contributors

Michael J. Callaghan Centre for Rehabilitation Science, University ofManchester, Manchester, UK

Vincenzo Campana Department of Orthopaedics, Catholic University ofRome, Rome, RM, Italy

Gian Luigi Canata Centre of Sports Traumatology, Koelliker Hospital,Institute of Sports Medicine, Torino, Italy

Arnold I. Caplan Department of Biology, Skeletal Research Center, CaseWestern Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA

Silvio Carminati Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche per la Salute,Università degli Studi di Milano, IRCCS Policlinico San Donato, Milano, Italy

Michael R. Carmont The Princess Royal Hospital, Shrewsbury and TelfordNHS Trust, Telford, UK

Northern General Hospital, Sheffield Teaching Hospitals NHS FoundationTrust, Sheffield, UK

Alessandro Castagna Shoulder and Elbow Service, IRCCS HumanitasInstitute, Rozzano, Milano, Italy

Unit for Surgery of the Shoulder, Istituto Clinico Humanitas, Rozzano,Milano, Italy

Danilo S. Catelli School of Human Kinetics, University of Ottawa, Ottawa,ON, Canada

Ibrahim Fatih Cengiz 3B’s Research Group – Biomaterials, Biodegradablesand Biomimetics, Headquarters of the European Institute of Excellence onTissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, University of Minho, Taipas,Guimarães, Portugal

ICVS/3B’s – PT Government Associated Laboratory, Guimarães, Portugal

Eugenio Cesari Shoulder and Elbow Service, IRCCS Humanitas Institute,Rozzano, Milano, Italy

Kai-Ming Chan Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology,The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Shatin,Hong Kong

Chih-Hsiang Chang Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Chang GungMemorial Hospital at Linkou, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University,Taoyuan, Taiwan

Harman Chaudhry Division of Orthopaedic Surgery, McMaster University,Hamilton, ON, Canada

Chih-Hwa Chen Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Taipei MedicalUniversity Hospital, School of medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei MedicalUniversity, Taipei, Taiwan

Contributors lxxxiii

Connie Chen Department of Bioengineering, Musculoskeletal ResearchCenter, Swanson School of Engineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh,PA, USA

Franck Chotel Department of Pediatric Orthopaedic Surgery, LyonUniversity Hospital for Mother and Children, Université Claude BernardLyon, Bron, Luxembourg

Akin Cil Department of Orthopaedics, Division Head Shoulder, Elbow andSports Medicine, Truman Medical Centers, Sports Medicine Section,University of Missouri-Kansas City, Kansas City, MO, USA

Steven B. Cohen Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Thomas JeffersonvUniversity/Rothman Institute, Philadelphia, PA, USA

Brian J. Cole Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Cartilage RestorationCenter at Rush, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA

Michael Collins Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University ofPittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA

Philippe Colombet Centre de Chirurgie Orthopédique et Sportive,Bordeaux-Mérignac, Mérignac, France

Naama Constantini Department of Orthopedic Surgery, The Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel

Marco Conti Shoulder and Elbow Service, IRCCS Humanitas Institute,Rozzano, Milano, Italy

Myles R. J. Coolican Consultant Orthopaedic and Trauma Surgeon, SydneyOrthopaedic Research Institute, Chatswood, NSW, Australia

Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Royal North Shore Hospital, Sydney,NSW, Australia

Ann Cools Department of Rehabilitation Sciences and Physiotherapy, GhentUniversity, Ghent, Belgium

Alessandro Corradini Department of Orthopaedic Clinic, University ofModena, Modena, Italy

Charles T. Crellin Department of Orthopedics, CU Sports Medicine,University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, USA

Ricardo Cuellar Hospital Universitario Donostia, San Sebastian, Spain

Ramón Cugat Mutualidad de Futbolistas, Real Federacion Espanola deFutbol, Barcelona, Spain

Garcia Cugat Foundation & CEU Cardenal Herrera University, Alfara delPatriarca, Valencia, Spain

Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Sports Medicine and Trauma, HospitalQuiron Barcelona, Artroscopia gc, S.L., Barcelona, Spain

Facultad deMedicina, Universitat Internacional de Catalunya, Barcelona, Spain

lxxxiv Contributors

Liang R. Cui Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of PittsburghMedical Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA

Xavier Cuscó Chair of Medicine and Regenerative Surgery, GarciaCugat Foundation & CEU Cardenal Herrera University, Alfara del Patriarca,Valencia, Spain

Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Sports Medicine and Trauma, HospitalQuiron Barcelona, Artroscopia gc, S.L., Barcelona, Spain

Ziad Dahabreh Clinical Knee Fellow in Knee Surgery, Sydney OrthopaedicResearch Institute, Chatswood, NSW, Australia

Miquel Dalmau-Pastor Department of Pathology and Experimental Thera-peutics (Human Anatomy Unit), University of Barcelona, Laboratory ofArthroscopic and Surgical Anatomy, L’Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona,Spain

Niel P. Davis Royal Cornwall Hospital, Truro, Cornwall, UK

Francesco de Boccard Official F1H2O Racing Medical Consultant, Torino,Italy

Artur Pereira de Castro DESPORSANO Sports Clinic, Lisboa, Portugal

Peter A. J. de Leeuw Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Academic Med-ical Center, University of Amsterdam, DE, Amsterdam, The Netherlands

Kristof De Mey Department of Rehabilitation Sciences and Physiotherapy,Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium

Marieke M. de Vaal Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, ZiekenhuisAmstelland, Amstelveen, AM, The Netherlands

Francisco Serrano Sáenz de Tejada Hospital Asepeyo, Coslada, Madrid,Spain

Caroline Debette Centre Albert Trillat, Service de Chirurgie Orthopédique,Hôpital de la Croix-Rousse, University of Lyon, Lyon, France

Masataka Deie Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Hiroshima University,Hiroshima, Japan

David Dejour Department of Knee Surgery & Sports Traumatology, Lyon-Ortho-Clinic; Clinique de la Sauvegarde, Lyon, France

Demetris Delos Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Hospital for SpecialSurgery, New York, NY, USA

Burak Demirağ Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, UludağUniversity Faculty of Medicine, Bursa, Turkey

Murat Demirel Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, BayındırHospital, Ankara, Turkey

Mehmet Demirhan Department of Orthopedics and Traumatology, KocUniversity School of Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey

Contributors lxxxv

Gokhan Demirkiran Faculty of Medıcıne, Department of Orthopaedıcs andTraumatology, Hacettepe Unıversıty, Ankara, Sihhiye, Turkey

Emir Baki Denkbaş Faculty of Science, Chemistry Department, HacettepeUniversity, Ankara, Turkey

Pierre d’Hemecourt Division of Sports Medicine, Boston Children’sHospital, Boston, MA, USA

Pieter d’Hooghe Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Aspetar Orthopaedicand Sports Medicine Hospital, Doha, Qatar

Jorge Díaz Heredia Unidad de Hombro y Codo, Hospital UniversitarioRamón y Cajal, Madrid, Spain

Ugur Dilicikik Department of Sports Medicine, Kanuni Sultan S€uleymanEducation and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey

Giotis Dimitrios Department of Trauma and Orthopaedic Surgery, Univer-sity of Ioannina, Ioannina, Greece

Alexander C. Disch Spine Unit Center for Musculoskeletal Surgery,Charité – University Hospital Berlin, Berlin, Germany

Metin Dogan Department of Orthopedics and Traumatology, Ankara Atat€urkTraining and Research Hospital, Ankara, Turkey

Eran Dolev Orthopedic Department, Meir Medical Centre, Kfar Saba, Israel

Brian G. Donley Center for Foot and Ankle Surgery, Orthopaedic Surgery,Lutheran Hospital, Cleveland, OH, USA

G€urhan Dönmez Faculty of Medicine, Department of Sport Medicine,Hacettepe University School of Medicine, Ankara, Sihhiye, Turkey

Mahmut Nedim Doral Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology andDepartment of Sports Medicine, Hacettepe University, Istanbul, Turkey

A. S. M. Dunn Plancher Orthopaedics and Sports Medicine, New York,NY, USA

Orthopaedic Foundation, Stamford, CT, USA

Ceyda Kanli Dursun Department of Periodontology, Faculty of Dentistry,Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey

Erhan Dursun Department of Periodontology, Faculty of Dentistry,Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey

Victoria B. Duthon Division of Orthopaedic Surgery, Department ofSurgery, University Hospital of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland

John Eggers Truman Medical Centers, University of Missouri Kansas City,Kansas City, MO, USA

Kenneth A. Egol Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, New York UniversityHospital for Joint Diseases, New York, NY, USA

lxxxvi Contributors

Triantafyllidi Eleni Department of Trauma and Orthopaedic Surgery,University of Ioannina, Ioannina, Greece

Madi El-Haj Department of Orthopaedics, Hadassah Hebrew UniversityHospital, Jerusalem, Israel

Michael Ellman Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Rush UniversityMedical Center, Chicago, IL, USA

Nurzat Elmalı Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Dr. L€utfiKırdar Kartal Education and Research Hospital, İstanbul, Turkey

Meric Enercan Istanbul Spine Center, Florence Nightingale Hospital,Sisli/Istanbul, Turkey

Lars Engebretsen Department of Sports Medicine and Oslo Sports TraumaResearch Center, Norwegian School of Sport Sciences, Oslo, Norway

IOC Medical & Scientific Department, Lausanne, Switzerland

Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway

Cenk Ermutlu Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, İstanbulTraining and Research Hospital, İstanbul, Turkey

Lucio S. Ernlund Knee and Shoulder Institute, Curitiba, PR, Brazil

Cem Zeki Esenyel Department of Orthopedics and Traumatology, VakifGureba Training and Research Hospital, Fatih, Istanbul, Turkey

Iris Eshed Orthopedic Department, Meir Medical Centre, Kfar Saba, Israel

Department of Diagnostic Imaging, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer,Israel

João Espregueira-Mendes 3B’s Research Group – Biomaterials, Biode-gradables and Biomimetics, Headquarters of the European Institute of Excel-lence on Tissue Engineering and RegenerativeMedicine, University ofMinho,Taipas, Guimarães, Portugal

Clínica Espregueira–Mendes F.C. Porto Stadium – FIFA Medical Centre ofExcellence, Porto, Portugal

Orthopedic Department, Centro Hospitalar Póvoa de Varzim, Vila do Conde,Portugal

ICVS/3B’s – PT Government Associated Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães,Portugal

Orthopaedic Department, Hospital S. Sebastião, Feira, Portugal

Mustafa K€urşat Evrenos Department of Plastic and ReconstructiveSurgery, Celal Bayar University School of Medicine, Manisa, Turkey

Nicola Fabbri Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Memorial SloanKettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA

Contributors lxxxvii

Martin Fahlström Department of Clinical Sciences, ProfessionalDevelopment, Rehabilitation Medicine, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden

Kathryn F. Farraro Department of Bioengineering, MusculoskeletalResearch Center, Swanson School of Engineering, University of Pittsburgh,Pittsburgh, PA, USA

Lutul Farrow Cleveland Clinic Sports Health Center, Garfield Heights,OH, USA

Margarida Fernandes FIFA Medical Centre of Excellence, ClínicaEspregueira-Mendes F.C. Porto Stadium, Porto, Portugal

Paulo Renato Fernandes Saggin Instituto de Ortopedia e Traumatologia dePasso Fundo, Passo Fundo, RS, Brazil

Giuseppe Filardo Biomechanics Laboratory, Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli,Bologna, Italy

Aharon S. Finestone Foot and Ankle Unit, Orthopaedics Department, AssafHaRofeh MC, Zerifin, Israel

Alex Finsterbush Unit of Sports Medicine, Department of Orthopedics,Hadassah University Hospital, Jerusalem, Israel

Jonquil R. Flowers Department of Bioengineering, MusculoskeletalResearch Center, Swanson School of Engineering, University of Pittsburgh,Pittsburgh, PA, USA

Freddie H. Fu Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of PittsburghSchool of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA

Sai-Chuen Bruma Fu Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology,The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Shatin,Hong Kong

Isabella Fusaro Physical Therapy and Rehabilitation Unit, IstitutoOrtopedico Rizzoli, Bologna, Italy

Michele Gagliardi University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy

Theodore J. Ganley Orthopaedic Surgery, The Children’s Hospital ofPhiladelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA

Montserrat García-Balletbó Chair of Medicine and Regenerative Surgery,Garcia Cugat Foundation & CEU Cardenal Herrera University, Alfara delPatriarca, Valencia, Spain

Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Sports Medicine and Trauma, HospitalQuiron Barcelona, Artroscopia gc, S.L., Barcelona, Spain

Department of Regenerative Medicine Hospital Quiron Barcelona, WGBBioregeneracion, Barcelona, Spain

Miguel García Navlet Hospital Asepeyo, Coslada, Madrid, Spain

lxxxviii Contributors

Raffaele Garofalo Shoulder and Elbow Service, IRCCSHumanitas Institute,Rozzano, Milano, Italy

Louise E. Gartner National University Hospital, Singapore

Celeste Geertsema Sports Medicine, Aspetar Orthopaedic and SportsMedicine Hospital, Doha, Qatar

Andrew Geeslin School of Medicine, Western Michigan University,Kalamazoo, MI, USA

Christos S. Georgiou Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, UniversityHospital of Patras, Rio, Greece

Anastasios D. Georgoulis School of Medicine, Department of Orthopedics,University of Ioannina, Ioannina, Greece

Matteo Ghiara Clinica Ortopedica e Traumatologica, Fondazione IRCCSPoliclinico San Matteo di Pavia, Università degli Studi di Pavia, Pavia, Italy

Alessio Giai Via Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Universityof Rome “Tor Verata”, Rome, Italy

Alberto Gobbi Orthopaedic Arthroscopic Surgery International (O.A.S.I.)Bioresearch Foundation, Gobbi Onlus, Milan, Italy

Nevzat SelimGokay Esenyurt University School of Health, Istanbul, Turkey

Alper Gokce Nisantasi University School of Health, Istanbul, Turkey

Pau Golanó Laboratory of Arthroscopic and Surgical Anatomy, HumanAnatomy & Embriology Unit, Department of Pathology and ExperimentalTherapeutics (c/Feixa Llarga s/n (Campus Bellvitge)), University ofBarcelona, L’Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain

School of Medicine, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University ofPittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA

M. Mustafa Gomberawalla Feinberg School of Medicine, Department ofOrthopaedic Surgery, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA

Zsigmond Göndöcs Hungarian Ambulance Service, Budapest, Hungary

Laszlo Gorove Hungarian Air Ambulance Nonprofit Ltd., Budaörs,Budapest, Hungary

Lars-Petter Granan Oslo Sports Trauma Research Center, The NorwegianSchool of Sport Sciences, Oslo, Norway

Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Oslo UniversityHospital, Oslo, Norway

Mathilde Gras Institut de la Main, Clinique Jouvenet, Paris, France

Alberto Grassi II Clinica Ortopedica e Traumatologica, Istituto OrtopedicoRizzoli, Bologna, Italy

Contributors lxxxix

Lovorka Grgurevic Laboratory for Mineralized Tissues, Center for Trans-lational and Clinical Research, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb,Zagreb, Croatia

Michael J. Griesser Performance Orthopaedics and Sports Medicine,Clinton Memorial Hospital, Wilmington, OH, USA

Taner G€uneş School of Medicine, Department of Orthopedics,Gaziosmanpasa University, Tokat, Turkey

Ashish Gupta Clinique Générale d’Annecy, Alps Surgery Institute, Annecy,France

Safa Gursoy Department of Orthopaedics, Ankara Ataturk Training andResearch Hospital, Ankara, Turkey

Karen Gustafson Department of Orthopedics, CU Sports Medicine, Univer-sity of Colorado, Aurora, CO, USA

Ugur Haklar Orthopaedics and Traumatology Department, BahcesehirUniversity Medical Faculty, Liv Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey

Bruce Hamilton High Performance Sport NZ, Millennium Institute of Sportand Health, Auckland, New Zealand

Azmi Hamzaoglu Istanbul Spine Center, Florence Nightingale Hospital,Sisli/Istanbul, Turkey

Jonathan Hanson Broadford hospital Skye, Broadford, Skye, Scotland, UK

Onur Hapa Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Dokuz Eyl€ul University,İzmir, İnciraltı, Turkey

Hasan Havitçioğlu Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Dokuz Eyl€ulUniversity, İzmir, İnciraltı, Turkey

Jennifer Heda KARL STORZ GmbH & Co. KG, Tuttlingen, Germany

Bryan C. Heiderscheit Department of Orthopedics and Rehabilitation,University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA

Eva Lisa Heinrichs Tissue Therapies Europe, Tissue Therapies Europe Ltd –Global Med Affairs, Daresbury Cheshire, UK

Iftach Hetsroni Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Meir Medical Centre,Kfar Saba, Israel

Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel

Laszlo T. Hetzman Hungarian Air Ambulance Nonprofit Ltd., Budaörs,Budapest, Hungary

Nurettin Heybeli Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Traumatology,Trakya University School of Medicine, Kanuni Sultan Suleyman Educationand Research Hospital, Edirne, Turkey

xc Contributors

Stefan Hinterwimmer Department of Orthopaedic Sports Medicine,Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universit€at M€unchen, M€unchen,Germany

Marcus Hofbauer Department of Trauma Surgery, Medical University ofVienna, Vienna, Austria

Yuichi Hoshino Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Kobe Kaisei Hospital,Kobe, Japan

Joel Huleatt The Steadman Clinic and Steadman Philippon Research Insti-tute, Vail, CO, USA

Gazi Huri Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, HacettepeUniversity, Ankara, Turkey

Division of Shoulder Surgery, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery,Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA

Waqas M. Hussain ORA Orthopedics, Moline, IL, USA

Yoon S. Hyun Division of Shoulder Surgery, The Department of OrthopaedicSurgery, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA

Francesco Iacono Codivilla-Putti Research Centre, Bologna, Italy

Andreas B. Imhoff Department of Orthopaedic Sports Medicine, Klinikumrechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany

Cansel Işıklı Nanotechnology and Nanomedicine Division, HacettepeUniversity, Institute of Graduate Studies in Science, Ankara, Turkey

BMT Calsis Health Technologies, Çankaya, Ankara, Turkey

Susan N. Ishikawa Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and BiomedicalEngineering, University of Tennessee – Campbell Clinic, Memphis, TN, USA

Alan Ivkovic Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University Hospital SvetiDuh, Zagreb, Croatia

Matthias Jacobi Orthopadie am Rosenberg, St. Gallen, SG, Switzerland

Roland Jakob Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Hopital Cantonal,Fribourg, Switzerland

Laith Miguel Jazrawi Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, New York Uni-versity Hospital for Joint Diseases, New York, NY, USA

Mislav Jelic Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Clinical Hospital Center,School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia

Kevin Jiang Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Pittsburgh,Pittsburgh, PA, USA

Henrique Jones Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Knee and SportsTraumatology, Montijo Orthopaedic Clinic, Lusofona University, Lisbon,Portugal

Contributors xci

Eralp Kacmaz Albert Trillat Center, Lyon North Univerity, Lyon, France

Saygin Kamaci Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, HacettepeUniversity, Sihhiye, Ankara, Turkey

Fatih Karaaslan Department of Orthopedics, Bozok University MedicalFaculty, Yozgat, Turkey

Mustafa Karahan Department of Orthopedics and Traumatology, Faculty ofMedicine, Acibadem University, Maltepe, Istanbul, Turkey

Nazim Karalezli Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Depart-ment of Sports Medicine, Konya Necmettin Erbakan University, MeramFaculty of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey

Yiğitcan Karanfil Department of Sports Medicine, Faculty of Medicine,Hacettepe University School of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey

Sinan Karaoğlu Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, MemorialKayseri Hospital, Kayseri, Turkey

Dimitrios Karataglis Blue Cross, Euromedica Clinic, Orthopaedic Depart-ment, Thessaloniki, Greece

Jon Karlsson Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Sahlgrenska Academy,University ofGothenburg, SahlgrenskaUniversityHospital, Gothenburg, Sweden

Georgios Karnatzikos Orthopaedic Arthroscopic Surgery International(O.A.S.I.) Bioresearch Foundation, Gobbi Onlus, Milan, Italy

Defne Kaya Department of Physical Therapy and Rehabilitation, Faculty ofHealth Science, Biruni University, İstanbul, Turkey

Murat Kayalar Orthopaedics and Traumatology, EMOT Hospital, İzmir,Turkey

Robi Kelc Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University Medical CenterMaribor, Maribor, Slovenia

Eran Keltz Orthopedic Surgery Department, Rambam Health Care Campus,Haifa, Israel

Nicholas I. Kennedy Steadman Philippon Research Institute, Vail, CO, USA

Gino M. M. J. Kerkhoffs Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, AcademicMedical Center, University of Amsterdam, DE, Amsterdam, The Netherlands

Mauricio Kfuri Department of Biomechanics, Medicine and Rehabilitationof Locomotor System – Ribeirao Preto Medical School – São Paulo Univer-sity, Brazil, São Paulo, Brazil

Fahmi Yousef Khan Department of Medicine, Hamad General Hospital,Doha, Qatar

Kwang E. Kim Department of Bioengineering, Musculoskeletal ResearchCenter, Swanson School of Engineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh,PA, USA

xcii Contributors

Seung-Ho Kim Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Madi Hospital,Gangnam-gu, Seoul, South Korea

Daniel G. Kipnis Center for Teaching and Learning and Scott MemorialLibrary, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA

Mininder Singh Kocher Division of Sports Medicine, Harvard MedicalSchool, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA, USA

Pradeep Kodali HMC Doctors, Sugar Land, TX, USA

Hideyuki Koga Department of Joint Surgery and Sports Medicine, GraduateSchool of Medical Science, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Bunkyo–ku, Tokyo, Japan

Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Tokyo Medical and Dental UniversityHospital, Bunkyo–ku, Tokyo, Japan

Ismet Koksal Social Security Institution, Balgat/Ankara, Turkey

Elizaveta Kon Biomechanics Laboratory, NaBi Laboratory, IstitutoOrtopedico Rizzoli, Bologna, Italy

Eiji Kondo Department of Advanced Therapeutic Research for SportsMedicine, Hokkaido University, Graduate School of Medicine, Sapporo,Hokkaido, Japan

George M. Kontakis Department of Orthopaedics and Trauma, UniversityHospital of Heraklion, Heraklion, Crete, Greece

Sebastian Kopf Section Sports Traumatology & Arthroscopy, Center forMusculoskeletal Surgery, Charité – University Medicine Berlin, Berlin,Germany

Feza Korkusuz Department of Sports Medicine, Faculty of Medicine,Hacettepe University School of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey

Gamze Torun Köse Department of Genetics and Bioengineering, YeditepeUniversity, Faculty of Engineering and Architecture, Istanbul, Turkey

Eugene Kots Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Meir Medical Center,Kfar Saba, Israel

Antonios Kouzelis Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University Hospitalof Patras, Rio, Greece

Lutfu Ozgur Koyuncu Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology,American Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey

Ryan J. Krupp Division of Sports Medicine, Department of OrthopaedicSurgery, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA

SportsHealth Program, Norton Orthopaedic Specialists, Louisville, KY, USA

Fatih K€uç€ukdurmaz Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology,Bezmialem Vakif University, Istanbul, Turkey

Contributors xciii

Christina Kunec Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Pitts-burgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA

FabianoKupczik Cajuru University Hospital – PUCPR, Curitiba, PR, Brazil

Nuri H€unkar Kutlu BMT Calsis Health Technologies Co., Sarayköy,Ankara, Turkey

Joanna Kvist Division Physiotherapy, Department of Medical and HealthSciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden

Polyvios Kyritsis Orthopaedic and SportsMedicine Hospital, Aspetar, Doha,Qatar

Dnyanesh G. Lad Orthopaedic Arthroscopic Surgery International (O.A.S.I)Bioresearch Foundation, Gobbi Onlus, Milan, Italy

Laurent Lafosse Clinique Générale d’Annecy, Alps Surgery Institute,Annecy, France

Thibault Lafosse Clinique Générale d’Annecy, Alps Surgery Institute,Annecy, France

Kah Weng Lai Sydney Orthopaedic Research Institute, Chatswood, NSW,Australia

Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, National University Hospital, Singapore,Singapore

Christopher M. LaPrade Department of BioMedical Engineering,Steadman Philippon Research Institute, Vail, CO, USA

Mario Lamontagne School of Human Kinetics, University of Ottawa,Ottawa, ON, Canada

Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON,Canada

Werner M€uller Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Basel,Basel, Switzerland

Philippe Landreau Orthopaedic and Sports Medicine Hospital, Aspetar,Doha, Qatar

Robert F. LaPrade The Steadman Clinic and Steadman, Philippon ResearchInstitute, Vail, CO, USA

Chris Larson Minnesota Orthopedic Sports Medicine Institute at Twin CitiesOrthopedics, Edina, MN, USA

Kerstin Lautemann KARL STORZGmbH&Co. KG, Tuttlingen, Germany

Lior Laver Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Sports Medicine Unit,“Meir” Medical Center and Tel–Aviv University Hospital, Kfar–Saba, Israel

Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Division of Sports Medicine, DukeUniversity Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA

xciv Contributors

G€ursel Leblebicioğlu Faculty of Medicine, Department of Orthopaedics andTraumatology, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey

Chian-Her Lee Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Taipei Medical Univer-sity Hospital, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei MedicalUniversity, Taipei, Taiwan

Yee Han Dave Lee Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Changi GeneralHospital, Singapore

Andreas Lenich Department of Orthopaedic and Sports Medicine, KlinikumRechts der Isar/University of Munich, Munich, Germany

Martin Leonhard KARL STORZ GmbH & Co. KG, Tuttlingen, Germany

L. Scott Levin University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA

Tommy Lindau Pulvertaft Hand Centre, Kings Treatment Centre, RoyalDerby Hospital, Derby, UK

M. Llusa Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain

Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Sports Medicine and Trauma, HospitalQuiron Barcelona, Hospital Quiron Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain

Sverre Løken Orthopaedic Department, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo,Norway

Oslo Sports Trauma Research Center, The Norwegian School of SportSciences, Oslo, Norway

Nicola Lopomo II Clinica Ortopedica e Traumatologica, Istituto OrtopedicoRizzoli, Bologna, Italy

Olaf Lorbach Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Saarland University,Homburg (Saar), SL, Germany

Stephan Lorenz Department of Orthopaedic Sports Medicine, Klinikumrechts der Isar, Technische Universit€at M€unchen, M€unchen, Germany

Joseph Lowe Head (Emeritus) Sports Injury Unit, Division of OrthopaedicSurgery, Hadassah Medical Center, Hebrew University School of Medicine,Jerusalem, Israel

Jose Luis Ávila Hospital Maz, Zaragoza, Spain

Sébastien Lustig Centre Albert Trillat, Service de Chirurgie Orthopédique,Hôpital de la Croix-Rousse, University of Lyon, Lyon, France

T. Sean Lynch Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Feinberg School ofMedicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA

Jay D. Mabrey Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Baylor UniversityMedical Center, Dallas, TX, USA

Kenneth G. W. Mackinlay Division of Sports Medicine, Department ofOrthopaedic Surgery, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA

Contributors xcv

Annelies Maenhout Department of Rehabilitation Sciences and Physiother-apy, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium

Nicola Maffulli Department of Musculoskeletal Disorders, School ofMedicine and Surgery, University of Salerno, Salerno, Italy

Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Centre for Sports andExercise Medicine, Mile End Hospital, Queen Mary University of London,London, UK

Robert A. Magnussen Department of Orthopaedics, Sports Health andPerformance Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA

Francesc Malagelada Barts and The London NHS Trust, London, UK

Gideon Mann Service of Sports Injuries, Department of OrthopaedicSurgery, Meir Medical Centre, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel

SandeepMannava Department of Orthopaedic Surgery,Wake Forest Schoolof Medicine, Medical Center Boulevard, Winston-Salem, NC, USA

GiuliaMantovani School of Human Kinetics, University of Ottawa, Ottawa,ON, Canada

Salih Marangoz Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Koc University, School ofMedicine, Sarıyer, Istanbul, Turkey

Maurilio Marcacci II Clinica Ortopedica e Traumatologica, IstitutoOrtopedico Rizzoli, Bologna, Italy

Niv Marom Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Meir University HospitalMedical Center, Kfar-Saba, Israel

Maria Carmen Marongiu Department of Orthopaedic Clinic, University ofModena, Modena, Italy

Frank Martetschl€ager Department of Orthopaedic Sports Medicine, Tech-nical University of Munich, Munich, Germany

Robert G. Marx Foster Center for Clinical Outcome Research, Hospital forSpecial Surgery, New York, NY, USA

Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, NY, USA

Philippe Masouye Department of Anesthesia, Intensive Care and Pharma-cology, University Hospital of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland

Christophe L. Mathoulin Institut de la Main, Clinique Jouvenet, Paris,France

CharalamposMatzaroglou Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, UniversityHospital of Patras, Rio, Greece

Brett W. McCoy Southwest Orthopaedics Inc., Parma, OH, USA

xcvi Contributors

Paul McCrory The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health,University of Melbourne, Melbourne Brain Centre – Austin Campus, Heidel-berg, VIC, Australia

David McDonagh The Princess Royal Hospital, Shrewsbury and TelfordNHS Trust, Telford, UK

Northern General Hospital, Sheffield Teaching Hospitals NHS FoundationTrust, Sheffield, UK

Department of Emergency Medicine, University Hospital Trondheim,Trondheim, Norway

Medical Commission Fédération Internationale de Bobsleigh et de Toboggan-ing (FIBT), OSKP, St. Olavs Hospital, Trondheim, Norway

Edward G. McFarland Division of Shoulder Surgery, The Department ofOrthopaedic Surgery, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA

OmerMei-Dan Orthopedics Department, Sports Devision, Hip PreservationService, University of Colorado Medical School, Boulder, CO, USA

Jurdan Mendiguchía Department of Physical Therapy, Zentrum Rehab andPerformance Center, Barañain, Navarre, Spain

Jacques Menetrey Swiss Olympic Medical Center, Division of OrthopaedicSurgery, Department of Surgery, HUG, University Hospital of Geneva,Geneva, Switzerland

Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland

Max Michalski Department of Biomedical Engineering, SteadmanPhilippon Research Institute (SPRI), Vail, CO, USA

Giuseppe Milano Department of Orthopaedics, Catholic University ofRome, Rome, RM, Italy

Charles Milgrom Department of Orthopaedics, Hadassah University Hospi-tal, Jerusalem, Israel

Anthony Miniaci Department Orthopedic Surgery & Sports Health, Cleve-land Clinic Foundation, Garfield Heights, OH, USA

Emily Monroe Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Northwestern Univer-sity, Chicago, IL, USA

Jill Monson University Orthopaedic Therapy Center, Minneapolis,MN, USA

Alberto Monteiro Clínica Espregueira-Mendes F.C. Porto Stadium, FIFAMedical Centre of Excellence, Porto, Portugal

Valencia Mora Mora Unidad de Hombro y Codo, Hospital UniversitarioRamón y Cajal, Madrid, Spain

M. R. Morro Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Barcelona, Barcelona,Spain

Contributors xcvii

Giulio Maria Marcheggiani Muccioli II Clinica Ortopedica eTraumatologica, Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, Bologna, Italy

Bart Muller Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Pittsburgh,Pittsburgh, PA, USA

Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Academic Medical Center, University ofAmsterdam, Amsterdam, NH, Netherlands

Raman Mundi Division of Orthopaedic Surgery, McMaster University,Hamilton, ON, Canada

Takeshi Muneta Department of Joint Surgery and Sports Medicine, Gradu-ate School of Medical Science, Tokyo Medical and Dental University,Bunkyo–ku, Tokyo, Japan

Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Tokyo Medical and Dental UniversityHospital, Bunkyo–ku, Tokyo, Japan

Christopher D. Murawski Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Universityof Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA

G. Andrew Murphy Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and BiomedicalEngineering, University of Tennessee – Campbell Clinic, Memphis, TN, USA

D. Andrew Murray SportScotland Institute of Sport, Stirling, UK

VolkerMusahl Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of PittsburghMedical Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA

Division of Sports Medicine, Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Pittsburgh,Pittsburgh, PA, USA

Gregory D. Myer Division of Sports Medicine, Cincinnati Children’sHospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA

Grethe Myklebust Department of Sports Medicine, Oslo Sport TraumaResearch Center, Norwegian School of Sport Sciences, Norwegian Universityof Sport and Physical Education, Oslo, Norway

Norimasa Nakamura Department of Orthopaedics, Osaka Health ScienceUniversity, Osaka, Japan

Department of Rehabilitation Science, Osaka University Center for AdvancedMedical Engineering and Informatics, Osaka, Japan

Sven Nebelung Universit€atsklinikum Aachen, Klinik f€ur Orthop€adie,Aachen, Germany

Wolfgang Nebelung Marienkrankenhaus D€usseldorf Kaiserswerth,D€usseldorf, Germany

Jeffrey J. Nepple Associate Professor Department of Orthopaedic Surgery,Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA

Philippe Neyret Centre Albert Trillat, Service de Chirurgie Orthopédique,Hôpital de la Croix-Rousse, University of Lyon, Lyon, France

xcviii Contributors

K. C. Geoffrey Ng Department of Mechanical Engineering, University ofOttawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada

Fabio Nicoletta Orthopaedic and Arthroscopic Department, New SassuoloHospital, Formigine, MO, Italy

Paschos K. Nikolaos Department of Trauma and Orthopaedic Surgery,University of Ioannina, Ioannina, Greece

Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Davis,CA, USA

Katarina Nilsson-Helander Department of Orthopaedics, KungsbackaHospital, Kungsbacka, Sweden

Marco Nitri Biomechanics Laboratory, Sports Traumatology Department,Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, Bologna, Italy

John Nyland Kosair Charities College of Health and Natural Sciences,Spalding University, Louisville, USA

Meir Nyska Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Meir Medical Center,Jerusalem, Israel

The Sackler School of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Kfar Saba, Israel

Luke O’Brien Howard Head Sports Medicine, Vail, CO, USA

Mitsuo Ochi Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Hiroshima University,Hiroshima, Japan

Andrew Ockuly Orthopaedic Surgery, St. Mary’s Medical Center, BlueSprings, MO, USA

Kerstin Oestreich Department of Peadiatric Plastic Surgery, BirminghamChildrens Hospital, Birmingham, UK

Bruno Ohashi Center for Orthopaedics and Traumatology of Brasilia,Brasilia, DF, Brazil

Francesco Oliva Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Universityof Rome “Tor Verata”, Rome, Italy

Joaquim Miguel Oliveira 3B’s Research Group – Biomaterials, Biodegrad-ables and Biomimetics, Headquarters of the European Institute of Excellenceon Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, University of Minho,Taipas, Guimarães, Portugal

ICVS/3B’s – PT Government Associated Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães,Portugal

FIFA Medical Centre of Excellence, Clínica Espregueira–Mendes F.C. PortoStadium, Porto, Portugal

Nicklas Olsson Department of Orthopaedics, Institute of Clinical Sciences atSahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Göteborg, Sweden

Contributors xcix

Ayberk Onal Orthopedics and Traumatology, Yeditepe University Hospital,Istanbul, Turkey

David Ou-Yang Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Minne-sota, Minneapolis, MN, USA

Levent Mete Özg€urb€uz BMT Calsis Health Technologies Co., Sarayköy,Ankara, Turkey

Turhan Ozler Orthopaedics and Traumatology Department, YeditepeMedical Faculty, Kozyatagi, Istanbul, Turkey

Hakan Özsoy Memorial Ankara Hospital, Department of Orthopaedics andTraumatology, Ankara, Turkey

Haluk H. Öztekin Private Center for Orthopaedics and Traumatology, İzmir,Turkey

Volkan Öztuna Department of Orthopaedics Surgery and Traumatology,Mersin University School of Medicine, Mersin, Turkey

HansH. Paessler Center of Knee and Foot Surgery, Atos-Klinik, Heidelberg,Germany

G. Pagensteert Orthopaedic Department, University Hospital Basel, Basel,Switzerland

F. Di Palma Orthopaedic and Arthroscopic Department, New SassuoloHospital, Sassuolo, Modena, Italy

Ezequiel Palmanovich Orthopedic Department, Meir Medical Centre, KfarSaba, Israel

Chakra Raj Pandey Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology,Grande International Hospital and Medicare National Hospital and ResearchCentre, Kathmandu, Nepal

Pericles Papadopoulos 1st Orthopaedic Department, Aristotelian Universityof Thessaloniki, “G. Papanikolaou” General Hospital, Exohi Thessaloniki,Greece

Brian S. Parsley The Joseph Barnhart Department of Orthopaedic Surgery,Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA

Nikolaos K. Paschos Sports Medicine, University of Ioannina, Ioannina,Greece

School of Medicine, Department of Orthopedics, University of Ioannina,Ioannina, Greece

J. Paul Orthopaedic Department, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland

Christopher J. Pearce Department of Trauma and Orthopaedic Surgery,Jurong Healthcare (Alexandra Hospital), Singapore

Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, Singapore

c Contributors

Luigi Adriano Pederzini Orthopaedic and Arthroscopic Department, NewSassuolo Hospital, Sassuolo, Modena, Italy

Albert Martin Pendleton Pediatric Orthopedic Associates, Children’sHospital of Atlanta, Atlanta, GA, USA

Hélder Pereira 3B’s Research Group – Biomaterials, Biodegradables andBiomimetics, Headquarters of the European Institute of Excellence on TissueEngineering and Regenerative Medicine, University of Minho, Taipas,Guimarães, Portugal

ICVS/3B’s – PT Government Associated Laboratory, Guimarães, Portugal

Clínica Espregueira–Mendes F.C. Porto Stadium – FIFA Medical Centre ofExcellence, Porto, Portugal

Orthopedic Department, Centro Hospitalar Póvoa de Varzim, Vila do Conde,Portugal

Rogério Pereira FIFA Medical Centre of Excellence, Clínica Espregueira-Mendes F.C. Porto Stadium, Porto, Portugal

Wolf Petersen Department for Orthopaedic and Trauma Surgery, MartinLuther Hospital, Berlin, Grunewald, Germany

Kalojan Petkin Clinique Générale d’Annecy, Alps Surgery Institute,Annecy, France

Stephanie C. Petterson Orthopaedic Foundation, Stamford, CT, USA

Marc J. Philippon Center for Outcomes-Based Orthopaedic Research,Steadman Philippon Research Institute, Vail, CO, USA

Sérgio R. Piedade Orthopaedic and Traumatology Department of FCM/UNICAMP, Univerisdade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, Brazil

Bas A. C. M. Pijnenburg Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, ZiekenhuisAmstelland, Amstelveen, AM, The Netherlands

Marco Pisaniello Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche per la Salute,Università degli Studi di Milano, IRCCS Policlinico San Donato, Milano, Italy

Kevin D. Plancher Orthopaedic Foundation for Active Lifestyles, Stamford,CT, USA

Plancher Orthopaedics and Sports Medicine, New York, NY, USA

Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Albert Einstein College of Medicine,New York, NY, USA

Sourav K. Poddar Department of Orthopedics, CU Sports Medicine, Uni-versity of Colorado, Aurora, CO, USA

Gary G. Poehling Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Wake Forest Schoolof Medicine, Medical Center Boulevard, Winston-Salem, NC, USA

Contributors ci

Amy E. Pohlman Division of Orthopaedic Surgery, Cincinnati Children’sHospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA

Andrew Pountney Emergency Medicine and Pre Hospital Care, Mid York-shire Hospitals NHS Trust, Wakefield, UK

M. Prandini Orthopaedic and Arthroscopic Department, New SassuoloHospital, Sassuolo, Modena, Italy

Lluís Puig-Verdié Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Traumatology,Parc de Salut Mar, Hospital del Mar & Hospital de l’Esperança, UniversitatAutonoma de Barcelona (UAB), Barcelona, Spain

Nicola Pujol Orthopaedic Department, Versailles Hospital, Le Chesnay,France

Vincenza Ragone Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche per la Salute,Università degli Studi di Milano, IRCCS Policlinico San Donato, Milano, Italy

Filippo Randelli Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche per la Salute,Università degli Studi di Milano, IRCCS Policlinico San Donato, Milano, Italy

Pietro Randelli Department of Medical Surgical Sciences, University ofMilano, IRCCS Policlinico San Donato, Milan, Italy

Matthew T. Rasmussen Department of BioMedical Engineering, SteadmanPhilippon Research Institute, Vail, CO, USA

Giovanni Francesco Raspugli Orthopedics and Traumatology Specializa-tion School, Laboratory of Biomechanics and Technology Innovation,Bologna, Italy

FrankReichwein Marienkrankenhaus D€usseldorf Kaiserswerth, D€usseldorf,Germany

Rui Luís Reis Clínica Espregueira–Mendes F.C. Porto Stadium, FIFAMedical Centre of Excellence, Porto, Portugal

Orthopaedic Department, Hospital de S. Sebastião, Feira, Portugal

ICVS/3B’s – PT Government Associated Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães,Portugal

3B’s Research Group – Biomaterials, Biodegradables and Biomimetics, Head-quarters of the European Institute of Excellence on Tissue Engineering andRegenerative Medicine, University of Minho, Taipas, Guimarães, Portugal

David R. Richardson Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and BiomedicalEngineering, University of Tennessee – Campbell Clinic, Memphis, TN, USA

Michael D. Ries Tahoe Fracture andOrthopaedic Clinic, CarsonCity, NV,USA

University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA

Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of California, San Francisco,San Francisco, CA, USA

cii Contributors

Pedro Luís Ripoll Ripoll y De Prado Sport Clinic -FIFA Medical Centre ofExcellence, Murcia, Spain

Marta Rius Orthopaedic Surgery, Artroscopia G.C., Fundación García–Cugat. Hospital Quirón Barcelona (Spain), Universitat Internacional deCatalunya, Barcelona, Spain

García–Cugat Foundation for Biomedical Research, Barcelona, Spain

Pedro Costa Rocha Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Portuguese AirForce Hospital, Lisbon, Portugal

Andrew J. Roche Department of Trauma and Orthopaedic Surgery, TheFortius Clinic, London, UK

Thomas Rogers Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Division of SportsMedicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA

Harald P. Roos Skåne University Hospital, Lund, Sweden

Department of Orthopedics, Lund University, Lund, Sweden

Stefano Marco Paolo Rossi Clinica Ortopedica e Traumatologica,Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo di Pavia, Università degli Studidi Pavia, Pavia, Italy

Roberto Rotini Shoulder and Elbow Unit, Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli,Bologna, Italy

René-Christopher Rouchy Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and SportTraumatology, Grenoble South Teaching Hospital, Grenoble, Échirolles,France

Claudio Rovesta Department of Orthopaedic Clinic, University of Modena,Modena, Italy

Miguel Ángel Ruiz Ibán Unidad de Hombro y Codo, Hospital UniversitarioRamón y Cajal, Madrid, Spain

Marc R. Safran Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Stanford UniversitySchool of Medicine, Redwood City, CA, USA

Orthopedic Sports Medicine, Stanford Sports Medicine, Stanford University,Redwood City, CA, USA

Matthew Salzler Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Pitts-burgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA

Gonzalo Samitier Clinique Générale d’Annecy, Alps Surgery Institute,Annecy, France

Kristian Samuelsson Department of Orthopaedics, Institute of ClinicalSciences, The Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Göteborg,Sweden

Contributors ciii

Sukeshrao Sankineni Sports Medicine, OASI Bioresearch FoundationGobbi NPO, Orthopaedic Arthroscopic Surgery International, Milan, Italy

E. Delli Sante Orthopaedic and Arthroscopic Department, New SassuoloHospital, Sassuolo, Modena, Italy

Dominique Saragaglia Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and SportTraumatology, Grenoble South Teaching Hospital, Grenoble, Échirolles,France

Mustafa Fevzi Sargon Faculty of Medicine, Department of Anatomy,Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey

Fatma Saricaoglu Department of Anesthesiology and Reanimation,Hacettepe University School of Medicine, Ankara, Sihhiye, Turkey

Alkis Saridis Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University Hospital ofPatras, Rio, Greece

Eric J. Sarkissian Orthopaedic Surgery, Stanford University MedicalCenter, Palo Alto, CA, USA

Iskender Sayek Emeritus, Hacettepe University School of Medicine,Ankara, Sihhiye, Turkey

Bruno Sbrissia Cajuru University Hospital – PUCPR, Curitiba, PR, Brazil

Bernd Volker Scheer Team Axarsport, Alicante, Spain

Sven Scheffler Sporthopaedicum, Charite Universitatsmedizin, Berlin,Germany

Tuvia Schlesinger The Sheri and Arnold Schlesinger Radiation ProtectionInformation, Training and Research Center, Ariel University, Ariel, Israel

J. Paul Schroeppel Department of Orthopedics and Sports Medicine,University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas, KS, USA

Fabio Valerio Sciarretta Orthopedic Department, Clinica Nostra Signoradella Mercede, Rome, Italy

Anthony J. Scillia New Jersey Orthopaedic Institute, Wayne, NJ, USA

Tommaso Scuccimarra Orthopaedic and Arthroscopic Department, NewSassuolo Hospital, Pescara, Italy

Roberto Seijas Chair of Medicine and Regenerative Surgery, Garcia CugatFoundation & CEU Cardenal Herrera University, Alfara del Patriarca, Valen-cia, Spain

Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Sports Medicine and Trauma, HospitalQuiron Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain

Facultad de Medicina y Ciencias de la Salud, Universitat Internacional deCatalunya, Barcelona, Spain

civ Contributors

Romain Seil European Society of Sports Traumatology, Knee Surgery andArthroscopy (ESSKA); Département de l’Appareil Locomoteur, CentreHospitalier de Luxembourg, Clinique d’ Eich; Luxembourg Olympic MedicalCenter, and Sports Medicine Research Laboratory, CRP-Santé, Strassen,Germany

Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Saarland, Homburg/Saar, Germany

Tarik Ait Si Selmi Centre Orthopédique Santy, Lyon, France

Gernot Seppel Department of Orthopaedic Sports Medicine, Klinikumrechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany

Elvire Servien Centre Albert Trillat, Service de Chirurgie Orthopédique,Hôpital de la Croix-Rousse, University of Lyon, Lyon, France

Adnan Sevencan Department of Sports Medicine/Department of Orthopae-dics of Osmangazi, Eskişehir Osmangazi University Hospital, Eskişehir,Turkey

Ronen Sever Department of Pediatric Orthopedics, Dana Children’s Hospi-tal, Tel Aviv Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel

Gabriele Severini Facoltà di Medicina e chirurgia, Università Cattolica delSacro Cuore, Rome, RM, Italy

Aksel Seyahi Department of Orthopedics and Traumatology, Koc UniversitySchool of Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey

Thorsten M. Seyler Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Wake ForestSchool of Medicine, Medical Center Boulevard, Winston–Salem, NC, USA

Molecular Medicine and Translational Science Program, Medical CenterBoulevard, Wake Forest University, Winston–Salem, NC, USA

Teresa Sforza Physical Therapy and Rehabilitation Unit, Istituto OrtopedicoRizzoli, Bologna, Italy

David Shepherd Centre Orthopédique Santy, Lyon, France

Rainer Siebold HKF – Specialized Hip–Knee–Foot Surgery, Center for Hip,Knee and Foot Surgery, ATOS Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany

Institute for Anatomy and Cell Biology, Ruprecht–Karls University Heidel-berg, Heidelberg, Germany

Cecilia Signorelli II Clinica Ortopedica e Traumatologica, IstitutoOrtopedico Rizzoli, Bologna, Italy

Karin Gr€avare Silbernagel Department of Physical Therapy, University ofDelaware, Newark, DE, USA

Luís Duarte Silva Clínica Espregueira–Mendes F.C. Porto Stadium, FIFAMedical Centre of Excellence, Porto, Portugal

Orthopedic Department ULS–Guarda, Guarda, Portugal

Contributors cv

Joana Silva-Correia 3B’s Research Group – Biomaterials, Biodegradablesand Biomimetics, Headquarters of the European Institute of Excellence onTissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, University of Minho, Taipas,Guimarães, Portugal

ICVS/3B’s – PT Government Associated Laboratory, Guimarães, Portugal

Einar Andreas Sivertsen Orthopaedic Department, Martina Hansen’sHospital, Sandvika, Norway

Sam G. G. Smedberg Helsingborg/Ängelholm Hospital, Helsingborg,Sweden

Lund University, Lund, Sweden

Helsingborg, Sweden

Eduardo Sanchez Sãnchez Alepuz Unión de Mutuas, Valencia, Spain

Torbjørn Soligard IOC Medical & Scientific Department, Lausanne,Switzerland

Sergi Sastre Solsona Hospital Clinic, Barcelona, Spain

Ioannis V. Sperelakis Department of Orthopaedics and Trauma, UniversityHospital of Heraklion, Heraklion, Crete, Greece

Jack Spittler Department of Orthopedics, CU Sports Medicine, Universityof Colorado, Aurora, CO, USA

Ioannis M. Stavrakakis Department of Orthopaedics and Trauma, Univer-sity Hospital of Heraklion, Heraklion, Crete, Greece

Kathrin Steffen Department of Sports Medicine, Oslo Sport TraumaResearch Center, Norwegian School of Sport Sciences, Norwegian Universityof Sport and Physical Education, Oslo, Norway

IOC Medical & Scientific Department, Lausanne, Switzerland

David R. Steinberg University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA

Regina Stern KARL STORZ GmbH & Co. KG, Tuttlingen, Germany

Susanna Stignani K. Physical Therapy and Rehabilitation Unit, Terme diS.Petronio–Antalgik, Bologna, Italy

PhysioMedica, Faenza, Italy

Shouldertech, Forlì, Italy

Tahir Sadık S€ug€un Orthopaedics and Traumatology, EMOTHospital, İzmir,Turkey

Hakkı Sur Faculty of Medicine, Department of Orthopedics andTraumatology, University of Ege, Bornova, Izmir, Turkey

Cuneyt Tamam Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Wake Forest School ofMedicine, Medical Center Boulevard, Winston-Salem, NC, USA

cvi Contributors

Seval Tanrıkulu Faculty of Medicine, Department of Orthopaedics andTraumatology, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey

Stephen Targett Sports Medicine Department, Qatar Orthopaedic and SportsMedicine Hospital, Doha, Qatar

Michael A. Terry Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Feinberg School ofMedicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA

Giulia Tesei Biomechanics Laboratory, Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, Bologna,Italy

Darin D. Tessier Brookwood Sports Medicine, Birmingham, AL, USA

Onur Tetik Department of Orthopedics and Traumatology, Koc University,School of Medicine, İstanbul, Turkey

Hajo Thermann HKF – Specialized Hip-Knee-Foot Surgery, Centre for Hip,Knee and Foot Surgery, ATOS Clinic Center Heidelberg, SportsTraumatology, Heidelberg, Germany

Roland Thomeé Sahlgrenska Academy, Institute of Neuroscience and Phys-iology Section of Health and Rehabilitation, Unit of Physiotherapy, Universityof Gothenburg, Göteborg, Sweden

Konstantinos E. Tilkeridis Department of Orthopaedics, General UniversityHospital, Democritus University of Thrace, Alexandroupolis, Greece

Scott M. Tintle Walter Reed National Military Medical Center, Bethesda,MD, USA

Rozi Dzoleva Tolevska University Clinic for Orthopaedic Surgery, Skopje,Republic of Macedonia

Marc Tompkins Department of Orthopedic Surgery, University of Minne-sota, Minneapolis, MN, USA

Massimo Tosi Orthopaedic and Arthroscopic Department, New SassuoloHospital, Campogalliano, MO, Italy

Emanuele Tripoli Orthopaedic and Arthroscopic Department, New SassuoloHospital, Sassuolo, Modena, Italy

R. Shane Tubbs Pediatric Neurosurgery, Children’s Hospital, Birmingham,AL, USA

Akın Turgut Department of Sports Medicine/Department of Orthopaedics ofOsmangazi, Eskişehir Osmangazi University Hospital, Eskişehir, Turkey

Egemen Turhan Faculty of Medicine, Department of Orthopaedics andTraumatology, Hacettepe University School of Medicine, Ankara, Sihhiye,Turkey

Cosku Turhan Sony Pictures Imageworks, Los Angeles, CA, USA

Tekin Kerem Ulku Orthopaedics and Traumatology Department, CamlicaErdem Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey

Contributors cvii

Cagatay Ulucay Orthopaedics and Traumatology Department, YeditepeMedical Faculty, Kozyatagi, Istanbul, Turkey

Burkay Utku Department of Sports Medicine, Faculty of Medicine,Hacettepe University School of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey

Akın Üz€umc€ugil Faculty of Medicine, Department of Orthopaedic Surgeryand Traumatology, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Sıhhiye, Turkey

Filiz Üz€umc€ugil Department of Anesthesiology and Reanimation, HacettepeUniversity School of Medicine, Ankara, Sihhiye, Turkey

V. Valderrabano Orthopaedic Department, University Hospital Basel, Basel,Switzerland

Michel P. J. van den Bekerom Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, OnzeLieve Vrouwe Gasthuis, Amsterdam, HM, The Netherlands

Caroline van der Zee Department of Plastic, Reconstructive & HandSurgery, Onze Lieve Vrouwe Gasthuis, Amsterdam, The Netherlands

Carola F. van Eck Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University ofPittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA

Frederik J. T. van Oosterom Department of Plastic, Reconstructive & HandSurgery, Medisch Centrum Alkmaar, Alkmaar, Netherlands

Wouter van Zuuren Medisch Centrum Alkmaar, Alkmaar, JD, TheNetherlands

J. C. Vasconcelos FIFA Medical Centre of Excellence, Clínica Espregueira-Mendes F.C. Porto Stadium, Porto, Portugal

Jordi Vega Hospital Quiron, Barcelona, Spain

Giulia Venieri Biomechanics Laboratory, Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli,Bologna, Italy

Peter Verdonk Antwerp Orthopaedic Center, Monica Hospitals Antwerpen,Antwerpen, Belgium

Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Traumatology, Ghent UniversityHospital, Ghent, Belgium

René Verdonk Faculty of Medicine, Ghent State University, Ghent, Belgium

Anne L. Versteeg Department of Orthopaedics Surgery, University MedicalCenter Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands

Athanasios N. Ververidis Department of Orthopaedics, General UniversityHospital, Democritus University of Thrace, Alexandroupolis, Greece

Diana Villegas Alpha Orthopaedics, Inc., Hayward, CA, USA

cviii Contributors

Manuel Virgolino Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Portuguese Air ForceHospital, Lisbon, Portugal

Sotirios Vlachoudis High School of Special Education of Thessaloniki,Sports and Physical Education, Thessaloniki, Greece

Matjaz Vogrin Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University MedicalCenter Maribor, Maribor, Slovenia

Lisa Marie Geheb Vopat Division of Sports Medicine, Boston Children’sHospital, Boston, MA, USA

Andreja Vukasovic Department of Histology and Embryology, School ofMedicine, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia

Slobodan Vukicevic Laboratory for Mineralized Tissues, Center for Trans-lational and Clinical Research, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb,Zagreb, Croatia

Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, Zagreb,Croatia

Abhijeet L. Wahegaonkar Institute for Orthopedics & Rehabilitation, Pune,India

Department of Orthopedics and Traumatology, B.V.D.U. Medical College &Hospitals, Pune, India

Garth N. Walker University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh,PA, USA

Eric J.Wall Division of Orthopaedic Surgery, Cincinnati Children’s HospitalMedical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA

James Ward Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of PittsburghMedical Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA

Yoram A. Weil Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Orthopaedic TraumaService, Hadassah Hebrew University Hospital, Jerusalem, Israel

Jeff Wera Division of Sports Medicine, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery,University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA

Robert P. Wessel Division of Sports Medicine, Department of OrthopaedicSurgery, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA

Olof Westin Department of Orthopaedics, Institute of Clinical Sciences,The Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Göteborg, Sweden

Department of Orthopaedics, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Mölndal,Sweden

Rumeal Whaley Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Division of SportsMedicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA

Contributors cix

Terry L. Whipple American Self, Plastic Surgery and Orthopaedics, PLC,and Orthopaedic Research of Virginia, Richmond, VA, USA

Patrick W. Whitlock Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Division ofPediatric Orthopedics Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center,University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA

Erik Witvrouw Orthopaedic and Sports Medicine Hospital, Aspetar, Doha,Qatar

Megan Wolf Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of PittsburghSchool of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA

Theodore S. Wolfson Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, New YorkUniversity Hospital for Joint Diseases, New York, NY, USA

Savio L.-Y. Woo Department of Bioengineering, Musculoskeletal ResearchCenter, Swanson School of Engineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh,PA, USA

Moshe Yaniv Department of Pediatric Orthopedics, Dana Children’sHospital, Tel Aviv Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel

Kazunori Yasuda Department of Sports Medicine and Joint Surgery,Hokkaido University, Graduate School of Medicine, Sapporo, Hokkaido,Japan

Duygu Yazgan Aksoy Internal Medicine, Endocrinology and Metabolism,Department of Internal Medicine, AcıbademUniversity, Oran, Ankara, Turkey

Mustafa Yel Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Department ofSports Medicine, Konya Necmettin Erbakan University, Meram Faculty ofMedicine, Konya, Turkey

Caglar Yilgor Faculty of Medicine, Department of Orthopaedics andTraumatology, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Sihhiye, Turkey

Ibrahim Yilmaz ClinPharm, Tekirdag State Hospital, Turkish RepublicMinistry of Health, Tekirdag, Turkey

Patrick Yoon Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Minnesota,Minneapolis, MN, USA

Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Hennepin County Medical Center,Minneapolis, MN, USA

Simon W. Young Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Stanford UniversitySchool of Medicine, Redwood City, CA, USA

Altug Yucekul Department of Orthopedics and Traumatology, Faculty ofMedicine, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey

Can A. Yucesoy Biomedical Engineering Institute, Boğaziçi University,Çengelköy, Istanbul, Turkey

cx Contributors

Inci Yuksel Department of Physical Therapy and Rehabilitation, Faculty ofHealth Science, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Samanpazari, Turkey

Shu-Hang Patrick Yung Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology,The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Shatin,Hong Kong

Stefano Zaffagnini Clinica Ortopedica e Traumatologica II, Laboratorio diBiomeccanica e Innovazione Tecnologica, Università di Bologna, Bologna,Italy

Eva Zeisig Department of Surgical and Perioperative Sciences,Orthopeadics, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden

Contributors cxi