Soukup, Michal B. - Soukupová, M. - Šrejber, Adam 2012: Bohemian finds of stove tiles with the...

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Introduction

Finds of stove tiles bearing the signature HANS BERMAN and the year(155X or 1562) are known from the territories of today’s Switzerland, Germany,Poland, Sweden (south), insular Denmark and Riga, Latvia (map of findsin Kamiński 2003, 72; Ansorge 2004, 86, fig. 5). Finds of this type of tile in Bohemiaand Moravia have not yet been published (with the exception of Bílina – Sýkora2006). On the basis of systematic evidence of earlier finds from Teplice, duringwhich stove tile types that were hitherto not described in Czech specializedliterature were distinguished, the stove tiles were compared with availableregional finds and specialized literature. Stove tile fragments from six Bohemianlocations were collected (fig. 1). The highest concentration of finds wasdiscovered in North Bohemia (Bílina, Krupka, Prosetice, Teplice), and otherfinds were taken from East Bohemia (Dvůr Králové nad Labem, Pecka).

Due to the fact that the majority of finds were in a fragmented condition,the ideal reconstruction of employed motifs was performed by assemblingall available fragments; analogous finds were used when required. Precisemeasurements revealed that the original format of individual stove tiles wasapproximately 290 ± 5 x 180 ± 5 mm, which corresponds to the dimensionstypically stated in specialized literature (170-190 x 280-300 mm). Unglazedfinds are the predominant form; fragments with various shades of green glazeare known only from two sites (Bílina, Teplice). The average depth of theframe chamber (if survived) in the studied assemblage of finds is 45 mm. Allfragments show signs of sooting on their inner side, allowing us to assumethat they were once part of a functioning stove.

Bohemian finds of stove tiles with the signature ”HANS BERMAN”

Kachle se signaturou „HANS BERMAN” z českých nálezů

Ofenkacheln mit der Signatur „HANS BERMAN” unter den böhmischen Funden

Michal B. Soukup – Markéta Soukupová – Adam Šrejber1)

Die Funde von Kacheln mit der Signatur HANS BERMAN und der Jahreszahl (155X und 1562) sind vom Gebiet der heutigenSchweiz, Deutschlands, Polens, Schwedens (Süden) dem Inselteil Dänemarks und aus Lettland (Riga) bekannt. Aus Böhmenund Mähren waren diese Kacheln mit einer einzigen Ausnahme noch nicht veröffentlicht. Bei der museologischen Verarbeitungalter Funde aus den Sammlungen des Regionalmuseums in Teplice wurden 2007 zwei Komplexe von Fragmenten der Kachelnmit Signatur HANS BERMAN 155X entdeckt. Im Verlauf der Verarbeitung konnten diese Kachelfragmente auf 6 böhmischenFundorten nachgewiesen werden. Die meisten fanden sich in Nordböhmen (Bílina, Krupka, Prosetice, Teplice), weitere stammenaus dem Ostteil des Landes (Dvůr Králové nad Labem, Pecka). Im Rahmen des verarbeiteten Fundkomplexes wurden auf denStirnseiten der Reliefkacheln oder auf ihren Fragmenten insgesamt 6 Motive aus einzelnen Berman-Zyklen nachgewiesen,und zwar sowohl alttestamentliche – „Adam und Eva und der Lebensbaum” (ohne Jahresangabe) als auch neutestamentliche –„Kreuzigungsgruppe” (2x Jahreszahl 155X), ferner Porträts – „Moritz von Sachsen” (ohne Jahresangabe), „August von Sachsen”(3x 155X) und ein „unbekannter Adeliger” (ohne Jahresangabe) sowie architektonische - „Illusionsarchitektur – Kirchenfenster”(1x Jahreszahl 155X).

Note 1:Acknowledgments: Thanks firstand foremost to MarcinMajewski (Stargard Museum),whose expert assistance wascrucial to the production of thistext; to Zdeněk Hazlbauer (†) forproviding specialized literature;to Milan Kuchařík (Labrys o. p. s.,Prague) for providing finds fromDvůr Králové; to Jiří Kalferst(Museum of East Bohemia in Hradec Králové) for lendingfinds from Pecka Castle; and to Jiří Roháček (Institute of Art History at the Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic)for professional consultations in the field of epigraphy. Thanks also to Jaromír Žegklitzfor his valuable advice andpatience in preparing the text forprinting.

05Soukup - Soukupova - Srejber 145_164_Archaia 08.02.12 20:16 Stránka 145

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STUDIES IN POST-MEDIEVAL ARCHAEOLOGY 4

Who was Hans Berman?

Information regarding the alleged roots of Hans Berman was publishedas early as the beginning of the 20th century (Thieme-Becker 1909, 423).This report stated that, according to written sources, Hans Berman workedin the Swiss canton of Uri, an assertion that was quickly challenged(Ambrosiani 1909, 71-72). A later theory suggested that Hans Berman was bornbetween 1510 and 1520 and that he died around the year 1570, though onlyon the basis of a dating of HANS BERMAN 1562 type stove tiles (hereinafterHB 1562 or HB 155X; Mielke 1982, 23). A number of individuals or entirefamilies with the surname Berman have been documented in the 16th century,especially in the Hesse region of Germany (Frankfurt am Main, Wetzlar,Marburg), leading to the theory that the producer was from Hesse (Mielke1982; see also Kamiński 1997, 232; Franz 1969, 89; Fritsch 1990, 279). On the basisof the concentration of finds in combination with written sources, theseworks speculate that Hans Berman had his workshops in the Hesse citiesof Frankfurt am Main (Mielke 1982, 27), Giessen (Mielke 1983, 51) and Marburg(summarized in Fritsch 1990, 278-281; map of finds in Ansorge 2004, 86, fig. 5).The growing amount of stove tile finds with the signature HANS BERMANthroughout the broad area of Central and Northern Europe as well as findsof tile moulds (e.g. Fritsch 1990, 278, fig. 3; Schoknecht 1990, 460, fig. 16: e;Hoppe 1991, 72, fig. 3) naturally raised questions about Hans Berman’sprofession. Over time a strong belief crystallized among researchers thatBerman was either a stove builder or a carver of primary wooden modelsor perhaps even the producer of ceramic moulds for the production of frontpanels of tile stoves (addressed in detail in Fritsch 1990, 283-286). In addition,the university museum in Marburg has a gingerbread (?) mould withthe signature HANS BERMAN that has also been ascribed to Hans Berman(Fritsch 1990, 279).

Fig. 1. Map of the CzechRepublic – finds of HB typestove tiles. 1 – Bílina; 2 – Tepliceand Prosetice; 3 – Krupka; 4 – Pecka; 5 – Dvůr Králové nad Labem.Obr. 1. Mapa České republiky – nálezy kachlů typu HB. 1 – Bílina; 2 – Teplice a Prosetice;3 – Krupka; 4 – Pecka; 5 – DvůrKrálové nad Labem.


Note 2:We intentionally omit square stovetiles with a ”cut off” upper partof the arcade in an entirely identicalrendering with a simple inscriptionof the year 1568 (Strauss 1966,Taf. 35: 1, 5). We believe that theserequire separate treatment andthat their affiliation with HB typestove tile needs to be supportedby thorough proof.

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BOHEMIAN FINDS OF STOVE TILES WITH THE SIGNATURE”HANS BERMAN”

Michal B. Soukup – Markéta Soukupová – Adam Šrejber/ p. 145 – 164 /

It is obvious that transporting finished stovetiles over long distances would make no sense,as the shipping costs would have exceededthe price of the product itself. This problemis reduced substantially in the case of tradingin moulds. It is possible to presume that HansBerman could have produced both moulds andhis own tiles in Hesse, where he likely hadworkshops. While he naturally distributed thestove tiles in this region, the moulds wereproduced for ”export” purposes (see Fritsch1990, 285-286). These moulds could have easilyspread throughout the whole of Europe alongwith other goods that circulated in enormousvolumes between Hanseatic trading cities.

We consider it extremely significantthat stove tiles HB 155X and HB 1562 havean almost identically rendered Renaissancearcade framing the main motif. If finds of stovetiles and moulds with practically the samearcade are registered over the broad area,it is necessary to ask yet another questionconcerning the production of the negativemoulds. Published mould fragments fromarchaeological finds are always one-piece. Butas the central motifs vary, we believe that theintermediate stage for the production of these”final moulds” were ceramic models (positives)composed of two parts. The primary piece wasa wooden model used by the workshop toproduce a large number of ceramic models forserial production. A potential archaeological findof a positive model could theoretically indicatethe location of one of Berman’s workshops.

With regard to the individual motifs employed on the panels of tilesit is highly likely that a series of Old and New Testament motifs, illusivearchitecture and portraits of individuals were mainly used for broaderdistribution. Heraldic stove tiles produced on the basis of a specificcommission were an exception (Fritsch 1990, 286).

Although a wide range of moulds and stove tiles is ascribed to HansBerman and his workshop, the only two types2) with certainty are thosesigned HANS BERMAN with the year 155X or 1562. The years 1551 and 1557are also listed, though this evidently involves an error in reading the finaldigit. The year 1558 likewise appears, but this is only another variationon the reading of 155X (see Löbke 1990). On the basis of consultations withthe epigraphist Jiří Roháček, we are of the opinion that the final characterin the year 155X does not correspond to a concrete digit, as in the relevantperiod digits had a fixed form and none of them were stylized as an X.The inscription of the year 1565 is similarly problematic. F. Jaennicke allegedlydiscovered a fragment with the date 1565 in the museum in the Hesse cityof Wiesbaden (Jaennicke 1874, 938-939), though the inventory (Mielke 1982, 49)

Fig. 2. HB 155X type stove tile(format 290 ± 5 x 180 ± 5 mm) –reconstruction of arcade on thebasis of fragments from Bílina,Krupka and Teplice. Drawingby M. Soukup.Obr. 2. Kachel typu HB 155X(formát 290 ± 5 x 180 ± 5 mm) –rekonstrukce arkády na základězlomků a fragmentů z Bíliny,Krupky a Teplic. Kresba M.Soukup.


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lists all of the Wiesbaden specimens recorded by the author as type HB 1562.It is therefore possible that the original reading of the year was incorrect.In our opinion the occasionally listed year 1527 is a poor reading of the form1562, as is the impression, for example, created by a photograph of the stovetile from the collection in the town of Wismar published by Ambrosiani (1909,70). Our stance is the same with regard to the year 1563 mentioned by Strauss(1983, 25). It cannot be ruled out that the significance of the year is symbolicto a considerable extent and that the moulds were produced over the courseof a number of years. For example, Mielke (1982, 27) in the case of the year1562 speculates on a connection with the coronation of Maxmilian II as Romanking, the ceremony which just happened to have occurred in Frankfurt amMain (shortly before Maxmilian had been crowned the king of Bohemia).Proof of the long-term production of HB 1562 stove tiles is found in a specimenwhose central part features a label with the year 1566 (Mielke 1982, 41, no. 46).We intuitively assume that the HB 155X tiles are chronologically earlier thanthe HB 1562 type. In agreement with the other authors we also considerthe number to be an indication of the year. If we assume that productionof the HB 1562 moulds began in 1562, then the HB 155X type was produceduntil 1561 at the latest. Using the same line of reasoning, the earliest possibledating of HB 155X products is logically the year 1550.

Finds of HB 155X type moulds are not known (only type HB 1562);furthermore, it seems that both types of tiles in find assemblages are mutuallyexclusive (see Ansorge 2004, 86, fig. 5). As finds of moulds do not come closeto covering all of the employed motifs on stove tiles, it is necessary to workmainly with tile finds.

Besides the signature with the year, HB type tiles are characterizedprimarily by a singular and constant type of Renaissance arcade framingthe central motif (with the lone exception presented by Strauss – 1983,Taf. 46: 3). It involves the two pilasters, composed of five independentprofiled segments. The spandrels contain stylized flowers. The arch itselfis the most important distinguishing feature. It is composed of intertwinedpomegranate leaves with a stylized halved pomegranate fruit in its centrewith visible seeds (fig. 2). The pomegranate has been a symbol of fertilityand vitality since ancient times (Blažíček – Kropáček 1991, 73); it is oftenmentioned in the Bible and is believed to have been part of the decorationon the columns of Solomon’s Temple in Jerusalem. Jewish tradition teachesthat the pomegranate is a symbol of justice. Speculation that Hans Bermanwas Jewish (or a converted Jew) likewise appears in literature (e.g. Mielke1982, 23). The employed decoration reputedly demonstrates the Swiss originof the tiles, as the fruits of this southern plant appear there frequentlyin Renaissance painting and in the patterns of contemporary fabrics (Franz1969, 89). Nevertheless, this conjecture was based on the erroneousidentification of Hans Berman as a Swiss stove builder. Fritsch (1990, 284)believes that HB 155X and HB 1562 types are so similar that it was enoughfor the workshop to simply replace the year on the moulds and continueto use them.

The range of motifs employed on HB type stove tiles is unbelievablyextensive; finds from Europe include complete cycles of biblical tales fromthe Old Testament (The Creation of Eve, Adam and Eve at the Treeof Knowledge) and New Testament (The Annunciation of the Virgin Mary,The Passion of Christ, Salome with the Head of John the Baptist, etc.), portrait


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tiles of German emperors and princes, French and Spanish kings, tournamentscenes and coats of arms (a detailed overview in Mielke 1982). The actualtechnological processing of the tiles understandably varies; merely forthe sake of interest though, finds include unglazed stove tiles, green and,to a lesser extent, brown glazed tiles (see the catalogue in Mielke 1982)and even in sporadic cases tiles glazed with multiple colours (Hoffmann 2001,161, fig. 16: 88).

Certain authors also attribute the production of additional typesof moulds and stove tiles with different signatures to the workshops of HansBerman, his sons Georg and Thomas and son-in-law Peter, includingthe signatures HANS HEFN, GORG B..., TOMVS HA....., PETER KITS(Mielke 1983, 46), HBM from 1611-1612 (Fritsch 1990, 281), and even severalspecimens without signatures but with some of the characteristic decorativeelements (see Fritsch 1990, 280-281; personal communication with M. Majewski).Worthy of consideration in this sense is a square crown cornice-tilediscovered during archaeological excavations in Bílina, the front panelof which apparently depicts the married couple Moritz von Sachsenand Agnes von Hessen; the arch is again made up of interwovenpomegranate leaves (Sýkora 2006, 164, fig. 12: 11). Stephan (1990, 78-91)even labels several unsigned stove tiles of an entirely different type as”in the style of Hans Berman”, apparently on the basis of certainsimilarities in the Renaissance arcade. However, there is no evidence thatthey actually came from Hans Berman’s workshop.

A stove built from original HB 1562 type stove tiles from the Schwyz sitecan be seen today in the Bern History Museum (Franz 1969, fig. 266; Mielke1982, 44; photo in Thier 1994, 46 – erroneously listed site of Schattdorf).Another specimen, originally from Schattdorf, was (at least until 2006) foundin the National Museum in Zurich (Mielke 1982, 50; photo in Ziegler 2006,214 – with an erroneous identification and dating of 1502 instead of 1562;Franz 1969, fig. 265).

Catalogue of finds

Bílina, Teplice district, Želivského 52(Regional Museum in Teplice, archaeology sub-collection – Institute of Archaeologycollection, inv. no. AU6161, AU6183, AU6214; Archaeology Museum collection,inv. no. AM184746-47.)

Rescue archaeological excavations were conducted in 1996-97 by theInstitute of Archaeological Care of Monument of Northwest Bohemia in Mostprior to the planned demolition of a building. Among other, the excavationsuncovered the cellar space of a two-part burgher house from the 15th century(Sýkora 2006). An assemblage of HB type stove tile fragments was retrievedfrom the backfill layers. According to the head of the excavations these layerswere produced exclusively on the given lot; the relocation of backfill fromremote sites is not anticipated.

The excavations conducted by M. Sýkora (trench 1B, layer 2 and 3) produceda total of three green glazed HB type stove tile fragments with a motif fromthe ”Crucifixion group” (two of which can be glued together), five green glazed(two glued together) fragments with an ”illusory architecture – church


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window” motif, one of which bears an inscriptionof the year 155X, and six green glazed fragmentsfrom framing. The author combined the twomotifs under a single catalogue item (Sýkora 2006,165, fig. 13: 20). Also found were four unglazedfragments (two can be glued together) with thesame ”illusory architecture – church window”motif as the aforementioned glazed fragments(Sýkora 2006, 163, fig. 11: 7).

The minimum number of specimens fromwhich the tiles could come can be established attwo for the unglazed version of the ”illusorywindow” motif and one for the glazed version.The glazed ”Crucifixion group” motif involvesa single specimen. We will not attempt toestablish the number of specimens from whichthe framing fragments could come.

It is highly likely that these stove tiles canbe connected with the burgher house located onthe site at the onset of the Early Modern period.A great number of Bílina town books havesurvived for the Early Modern period (heldat the Teplice branch of the State RegionalArchives in Litoměřice). As the oldest preservedbook was kept from 1520, it is possible that theowner of this house at the time could be trackeddown in the future.

These excavations were preceded in thesame year (1996) by the activities of A. Rusó from the Regional Museum inTeplice, which were abruptly terminated (Rusó 1998; Sýkora 2006, 136).The excavations produced three larger fragments of the same versionof HB type stove tiles (one green glazed with the motif of ”Adam and Eveat the Tree of Knowledge”), but it will be necessary to wait until the findreport is processed and published.

Dvůr Králové nad Labem, Trutnov district, náměstí T. G. Masaryka 83(Labrys o. p. s, Praha.)

One phase of the rescue archaeological excavations of the houseat náměstí T. G. Masaryka (Masaryk Square) no. 83 in the town of DvůrKrálové nad Labem was conducted by Labrys o. p. s. in the autumn of 2009,during which the remains of a burgher house were uncovered. The smallassemblage of stove tiles retrieved from the vault backfill included oneunglazed fragment of an HB type stove tile (fig. 3). Due to the fact thatarchaeological excavations are ongoing at this site it is likely that additionalfragments of this type of stove tiles will be discovered duringthe comprehensive processing of the finds. The lone fragment known thusfar is probably from the motif of ”Adam and Eve at the Tree of Knowledge”.The classification as an HB type stove tile was made on the basisof the characteristic arch composed of joined pomegranate leaves and columns.

Fig. 3. Dvůr Králové nad Labem,fragment of HB type stove tile(”Adam and Eve at the Tree of Knowledge” motif). Labrys o. p. s.Photo by M. Kuchařík.Obr. 3. Dvůr Králové nad Labem,zlomek kachle typu HB (motiv „Adam a Eva u stromupoznání”). Labrys o. p. s.Foto M. Kuchařík.




Krupka, Teplice district, Husitská 231(Regional Museum in Teplice, archaeology sub-collection – Teplice collection, inv.no. AT118644, AT118652, AT118655, AT118675, AT118677, AT118690, AT118695,AT118706, AT119246, AT119252, AT119254, AT119258-59, AT119266, AT119271,AT119273-76, AT119278, AT119281-82, AT119304, AT119307, AT119309, AT119314,AT119322, AT134276, AT134284, AT134286, AT134289, AT134292-94, AT134298,AT134302, AT134304-05, AT134310-14, AT134317, AT134323, AT134335, AT134364,AT134374, AT134386, AT134536-38, AT134541, AT134545, AT134547-49, AT134553-54,AT134559-60, AT134562-64, AT134567, AT134569, AT134571-72, AT134574-76,AT134581-82, AT134584-85, AT134587, AT134589,AT134590, AT134593, AT134600-01, AT134607-08,AT134688, AT134691-93, AT134696-98, AT134704-05, AT134716, AT134720-21; porcelain and potterysub-collection, inv. no. UHPK5071 and UHPK5086.)

Following the large fire in the town of Krupkaon 4 August 1904, amateur archaeologist AntonHerrmann Fassl Sr. conducted excavations at theburned house of Fridrich Sobotka between11 September and 9 December of the same year.Fassl’s handwritten excavation site diaries fromthe years 1898-1915 (held by the Departmentof Archaeology at the Regional Museum in Teplice)indicate that he dug at the site for a total of 26 daysand that he paid the owner of the propertyin cash for the finds he discovered. Except forthe regular inventory of finds, the excavationswere not documented in any other manner; hence,nothing is known about the find situation. Onlyonce (on 11 September 1904) did Fassl mentionthe backfill near an unspecified cellar fromwhich certain finds were taken. The survivingassemblage of finds is not homogeneous –it contains mainly fragments of pottery and stovetiles dated to the 15th-19th centuries.

The excavations produced only unglazedfragments of HB type stove tiles, some of whichcould be joined into larger pieces. The greatestnumber of fragments belonged to the ”Crucifixiongroup” motif (at least 32 fragments – fig. 4; fig. 5), followed by ”Augustvon Sachsen” (at least 20 fragments – fig. 6; fig. 7) and ”Moritz von Sachsen”(at least 14 pieces – fig. 8). The assemblage also contains a large numberof Renaissance arcade fragments (at least 30). Although the HB 155X typefragment bearing the ”Moritz von Sachsen” motif is not documented in thefind collection, due to the nature of the assemblage we automatically assumeit was represented.

The minimum number of specimens from which the stove tiles couldcome can be established at five for the ”Crucifixion group” motif, four forthe ”August von Sachsen” motif and two for the ”Moritz von Sachsen” motif.

Fridrich Sobotka’s house and garden were located on the northeast partof the deserted All Saints’ Church, part of the Franciscan monastery founded 151

Fig. 4. Krupka, fragment of HBtype stove tile (”Crucifixiongroup” motif). Regional Museumin Teplice, archaeology sub-collection, inv. no.AT134276+AT134284+AT134286+AT134289+AT134294+AT134311+AT134312. Fig. 4-7 photo by M. Cestrová.Obr. 4. Krupka, fragment kachletypu HB (motiv „skupinaUkřižování”). Regionálnímuzeum v Teplicích, podsbírkaarcheologie, inv. č.AT134276+AT134284+AT134286+AT134289+AT134294+AT134311+AT134312. Obr. 4-7 foto M. Cestrová.


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Fig. 5. Krupka, fragment of HBtype stove tile (”Crucifixiongroup” motif). Regional Museum

in Teplice, archaeologysub-collection, inv. no.AT134292+AT134293+AT134374(glued together).Obr. 5. Krupka, fragment kachleHB (motiv „skupina Ukřižování”).Regionální muzeum v Teplicích,podsbírka archeologie, inv.č. AT134292+AT134293+AT134374(slepeno).

Fig. 6. Krupka, fragment of HB type stove tile (”August von Sachsen”motif). Regional Museum in Teplice, porcelain and pottery sub-collection,inv. no. UHPK5071.Obr. 6. Krupka, fragment kachle typu HB (motiv „August von Sachsen”).Regionální muzeum v Teplicích, podsbírka porcelán a keramika, inv. č. UHPK5071.

Fig. 7. Krupka, fragment of HB type stove tile (”August von Sachsen”motif). Regional Museum in Teplice, porcelain and pottery sub-collection,inv. no. UHPK5086.Obr. 7. Krupka, fragment kachle typu HB (motiv „August von Sachsen”).Regionální muzeum v Teplicích, podsbírka porcelán a keramika, inv. č. UHPK5086.




in 1474. The church itself, believed to be older, belonged to the monasteryuntil the 17th century; the entire grounds were later taken over by the Jesuits.When the town of Krupka took over the facility in 1787, the buildings on thegrounds, including the church, were taken to pieces for building materials(Vlček – Sommer – Foltýn 1997, 317-318; extracts from primary sourcesin Hallwich 1868). Due to the nature of the assemblage it cannot be ruled outthat some of the finds were dumped here from another location that cannotyet be identified. The discovered HB type stove tiles canbe connected with either the furnishings of one of the nearbyburgher or aristocratic houses or with the furnishingsof the Franciscan monastery with the All Saints’ Church,which had been repaired after a fire sometime before1555 (Vlček – Sommer – Foltýn 1997, 318).

Pecka, Jičín district, Castle no. 1(Museum of East Bohemia, archaeology sub-collection,without inv. no.)

One fragment of an HB stove tile fragment (fig. 9) wasobtained from the Czech Hiking Club in 1974 whenterrain modifications were made beneath the palacewing of the castle. The characteristic arch and columnswere used to classify the fragment as an HB typestove tile.

Unfortunately, more detailed information is lacking.In general we can place the construction of the stovebuilt from the HB type stove tiles into the timeof the Renaissance reconstruction of the castle conductedunder the Škopeks of Bílé Otradovice, who took controlof the castle in 1543. 153

Fig. 8. Krupka, fragment of HBtype stove tile (”Moritz von Sachsen” motif).Regional Museum in Teplice,archaeology sub-collection, inv. no. AT134545+AT134575+AT134582+ AT134589 (gluedtogether). Photo by M. Soukupová.Obr. 8. Krupka, fragment kachletypu HB (motiv „Moritz vonSachsen”). Regionální muzeumv Teplicích, podsbírka archeologie,inv. č. AT134545+AT134575+AT134582+AT134589 (slepeno).Foto M. Soukupová.

Fig. 9. Pecka, fragment of HB type stove tile.Museum of East Bohemiain Hradec Králové. Photo by M. Soukupová.Obr. 9. Pecka, zlomekkachle typu HB. Muzeumvýchodních Čech v HradciKrálové. Foto M. Soukupová.


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Prosetice (today a Teplice city quarter), Teplice district, formerfarmstead (?)(Regional Museum in Teplice, archaeology sub-collection – Teplice collection, acq.no. B19-22/74.)

In 1927 an employee of the museum in Teplice, R. Christen, obtained(by means of unspecified fieldwalking) an assemblage of artefacts of variousages, including one fragment of an unglazed HB type stove tile (fig. 10).A card that reads ”Prosetitz – Meierhof” is attached to another fragmentin the assemblage; perhaps these two fragments were from the samefind site.

It is highly likely that the stove tile can be connected with the furnishingsof the aforementioned farmstead. The feudal farmstead in Prosetice probablyexisted in some form as far back as the Middle Ages, when it belongedto the domain held by the Benedictine convent in Teplice. The buildingdevelopment at the site is now exclusively modern; the existence of the farmsteadis recalled only by the name of ”Dvorská” Street. The Teplice domain wasimproved significantly in the years 1543-1569 under Volf of Vřesovice, and itis possible that he had the stove with the HB type tiles installed in Prosetice.

Teplice, Teplice district, Zámecké náměstí (southwest corner?)(Regional Museum in Teplice, archaeology sub-collection – Teplice collection, inv.no. AT119144, AT119148, AT119160, AT119163-64, AT119166, AT119181, AT119183,AT119207, AT119219, AT119499, AT119521, AT190427, AT190435, AT190438-50,AT190452-60, AT190464-67.)

A public water line was built in Teplice in November and Decemberof 1903. The well-known Teplice collector and amateur archaeologist A. H. Fasslvisited the site during the excavation work and purchased discoveredfragments of artefacts stemming from different periods. More detailsconcerning the find contexts are not known and could not even be verifiedwhen gas lines were installed in approximately the same location in 2006(observed by M. Soukup). According to Fassl the HB type stove tile fragmentsand other artefacts were found ”vor dem Thore,” i.e. most likely in front of the BílinaGate (already defunct by then) in the direction away from the square.

Fig. 10. Prosetice, fragment of HBtype stove tile. Regional Museumin Teplice, archaeology sub-collection, acq. no. B19-22/74.Photo by M. Cestrová.Obr. 10. Prosetice, zlomek kachletypu HB. Regionální muzeumv Teplicích, podsbírkaarcheologie, přír. č. B19-22/74.Foto M. Cestrová.


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All of the discovered fragments are covered with a green glaze. The mostnumerous fragments are those with the ”Crucifixion group” motif (at least14 fragments). Seven fragments can be attributed to the ”August von Sachsen”motif and two to the ”unknown aristocrat” motif (fig. 11). At least 17 fragmentsfeature Renaissance arcades without the possibility of determining the motif.A fragment with a coat of arms (inv. no. AT190436) with a leaping lion cantheoretically be included with the HB type stove tiles (the coat of arms is nextto the left leg of a missing figure), though unfortunately we are not ableto connect it with the characteristic Renaissance arcade. The affiliationof the Crucifixion group motif with HB 155X type stove tiles is documented;while the year is missing on the other fragments, we can confidently assignthem to the given stove tile type. A. H. Fassl’s reading of the dateon the fragment as 1557 has been proven incorrect (see above; fig. 12).

The minimum number of specimens associated with the ”August vonSachsen” motif is two; this number is the same for the ”unknown aristocrat”motif. At least four specimens feature the Crucifixion group motif.

The stove tiles can be connected with a certain degree of likelihoodto the furnishings of some of the neighbouring burgher and aristocratichouses.

We also associate two of the museum boxes with fragments erroneouslylabelled Krupka to the assemblage from Teplice. Besides the inserted card

Fig. 11. Teplice, fragment of HBtype stove tile (”unknownaristocrat” motif). RegionalMuseum in Teplice, archaeologysub-collection, inv. no. AT190440.Photo by M. Soukup.Obr. 11. Teplice, fragment kachletypu HB (motiv „neznámýšlechtic”). Regionální muzeumv Teplicích, podsbírkaarcheologie, inv. č. AT190440.Foto M. Soukup.

Fig. 12. Teplice, fragment of HBtype stove tile with the date155X. Regional Museum in Teplice, archaeology sub-collection, inv. no. AT190439.Photo by M. Cestrová.Obr. 12. Teplice, zlomek kachletypu HB s datací 155X.Regionální muzeum v Teplicích,podsbírka archeologie, inv. č. AT190439. Foto M. Cestrová.



with the legend ”Teplitz – Schlossplatz, alter Kloster”, it has been shown thatsome of the fragments can be joined with those in correctly labelled boxes.We have since determined that the erroneous classification of finds occurredduring the systematic recording performed by F. Gabriel in 1987. As the fragmentsweren’t processed even to the minimal possible extent, today it often occursthat one glued together artefact has several inventory numbers. FragmentsAT190441 from the Teplice site can be joined with fragments with the inventorynumber AT119499, others with fragments with the inventory numberAT119160 and labelled as ”Krupka”.

Overview of identified motifs

Drawing reconstructions of employed motifs were performed on the basisof preserved fragments (see below). Practically the entire surface of the frontpanel was reconstructed in the case of fragments with the Crucifixion groupmotif; moreover, numerous analogies also exist. Nearly the entire surfaceis also reconstructed in the case of the ”August von Sachsen” motif; what’s

more, the fragments connect well to one another.There is no connection between the lowerand upper part of the stove tile with the ”Moritzvon Sachsen” motif and, therefore, the reconstructionis merely hypothetical. But due to the numberof fragments in the assemblage we believeour assumption is correct. In addition to thestove tile fragments themselves, the drawingreconstruction for the ”illusory architecture –church window” motif also utilizes numerousanalogies. Only two fragments are known thusfar for the ”unknown aristocrat” motif; the sameis true for the ”Adam and Eve at the Treeof Knowledge” motif, which also has numerousanalogies. A sufficient number of fragmentswere available for the reconstruction of the frameitself (arcade).

Moritz von Sachsen (fig. 13)Minimum number of specimens: 2 unglazed (Krupka).

Iconography: A standing man in Renaissanceattire wearing a beret and holding folded gloves.An elector’s coat of arms by the man’s right legfeatures a Renaissance shield with an imperial-rank figure in one field and a regional-dynasticfigure in the other (fig. 14). This is the officialcoat of arms of the Electorate of Saxony. The firstfield symbolizes the rank of elector that membersof the House of Wettin obtained along with thetitle of duke. Divided into black and silver parts,the field contains two crossed red swords156

Fig. 13. HB 155X type stove tile(format 290 ± 5 x 180 ± 5 mm) – reconstruction of ”Moritz von Sachsen” motif on the basisof potsherds and fragments fromKrupka. Drawing by M. Soukup.Obr. 13. Kachel typu HB 155X(formát 290 ± 5 x 180 ± 5 mm) – rekonstrukce motivu „Moritzvon Sachsen” na základě zlomkůa fragmentů z Krupky. Kresba M. Soukup.


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indicating the hereditary rank of the Saxon dukes as archmarshals of the HolyRoman Empire and hence the bearers of the imperial sword during the coronationceremony of emperors (Jäger 1889, 612). The second field features the symbolof the Duchy of Saxony – ten alternating black and gold stripes with an obliquegreen crown with lozenges (mirror view – cf. below).

The depicted figure represents Saxon Elector Moritz von Sachsen (1521-1553;for a detailed description of his life see Rogge 2009, 207 et seq.), who alsoserved as archmarshal (a hereditary function of the Saxon dukes): the redcrossed swords were the symbol of this office. The marshal had the specialrole of bearer of the imperial sword during the coronation of emperors. Partof the Holy Roman Empire, the Electorate of Saxony was established whenEmperor Charles IV in the Golden Bull of 1356 granted the elector title alongwith the office of the imperial vicariate to the duke of Saxe-Wittenberg fromthe House of Ascania. After the Wittenberg branch of the House of Ascaniadied out, the elector title along with the territory of the original Duchyof Saxe-Wittenberg passed in 1423 to Margrave Frederick IV of Messein fromthe House of Wettin and his descendants. Wittenberg as part of the originalduchy with the elector title passed to the Ernestine line of the family, whichthen lost it after defeat in the Schmalkaldic War and the Capitulationof Wittenberg (Fikrie 1901; Fikrie 1904, 669-670).

It is theoretically possible that the mould was made before 1553, whenMoritz von Sachsen died and his brother August became the new elector,an occasion that saw a change in the use of the symbol. In this case the year155X would correspond to the period of 1550-1553. Nevertheless, it is stillpossible that the mould was made after Moritz’s death (cf. endnote no. 3below).

Artwork models: An accurate artwork model is not known. A very similar(though mirror view) image is the half-figure of Elector Moritz in the paintingfrom the workshop of Lucas Cranach the Younger3) – especially the renderingof the beret, beard and ear; Moritz also holds folded gloves in this work.

Analogies: No analogies were found in published tiles. The renderingof the figure does not differ from the standard known from otherrepresentations on HB 155X or HB 1562 type stove tiles.

Fig. 14. Krupka, fragment of HBtype stove tile (”Moritz von Sachsen” motif). RegionalMuseum in Teplice, archaeologysub-collection, inv. no. AT134581+AT134590(glued together). Photo by M. Cestrová.Obr. 14. Krupka, zlomek kachletypu HB (motiv „Moritz vonSachsen”). Regionální muzeumv Teplicích, podsbírka archeologie,inv. č. AT134581+AT134590(slepeno). Foto M. Cestrová.

Note 3:”Kurfürst Moritz von Sachsen(1521-1553) und seine GemahlinAgnes (1527-1555)” – the originalis held at the StaatlicheKunstsammlungen Dresden,Gemäldegalerie Alte Meister, inv. no. Gal. Nr. 1945. The painting wasn’t completeduntil 1559 (!).


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August von Sachsen (fig. 15)Minimum number of specimens: 4 unglazed (Krupka), 2 green glazed (Teplice).

Iconography: A standing man in Renaissance attire with a hat on his head.A short sword hangs at the man’s side. The coat of arms by his right legis a Renaissance shield bearing the regional-dynastic figure of the Duchyof Saxony (fig. 16). The field of coat of arms bears ten alternating stripesin the imperial colours of gold and black and the mirror image of the greencrown with lozenges – such mirror image can also be found on other stovetiles depicting this specific symbol (cf. Tymonová 2005, 462-3). This coatof arms is based on the coat of arms of the House of Ascania from LowerSaxony; after the family died out in 1423 the Duke of Saxony title wastransferred to the House of Wettin. The crown with lozenges most likelyrefers to the period when the Saxe-Wittenberg dukes surrenderedthe hereditary territory of Saxe-Lauenburg in the 13th century.4) The fixeddepiction of the Renaissance shield conforms with a dating to the middleof the 16th century. Both coats of arms were used separately and togetherin period state heraldry (e.g. on coins and stone border markers).

The individual depicted is clearly August von Sachsen (1526-1586;Rogge 2009, 219 et seq.), the brother of Moritz von Sachsen. August became

Fig. 15. HB 155X type stove tile (format 290 ± 5 x 180 ± 5 mm)– reconstruction of ”August von Sachsen” motif on the basis of potsherds and fragments from Krupka and Teplice. Drawing by M. Soukup.Obr. 15. Kachel typu HB 155X (formát 290 ± 5 x 180 ± 5 mm)– rekonstrukce motivu „August von Sachsen” na základězlomků a fragmentů z Krupky a Teplic. Kresba M. Soukup.

Fig. 16. Teplice, fragment of HB type stovetile (”August von Sachsen” motif).Regional Museum in Teplice, archaeologysub-collection, inv. no. AT190438. Photo by M. Soukup.Obr. 16. Teplice, zlomek kachle typu HB(motiv „August von Sachsen”). Regionálnímuzeum v Teplicích, podsbírka archeologie,inv. č. AT190438. Foto M. Soukup.

Note 4:http://www.freistaat.sachsen.de/wappen_signet.htm


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elector after the death of his brother in 1553and began to use the symbol of the electorate(see above).

Artwork models: An accurate artwork modelis not known. Elector August (entire figure) wasagain painted by Lucas Cranach the Younger.5)

The form of the hat (which is higher and decoratedwith a flower) corresponds to certain degreeto the rendering on the stove tile; the same holdstrue for the sword hanging at his left side. The beardisn’t elongated as in the previous case, and he isholding folded gloves in his right hand.

Analogies: No accurate analogies were foundin published materials. Majewski (2007, 77,fig. 11) published a stove tile with a portrait ofAugust (not an HB type though) in which theappearance of the elector is very close to ourrendering. Again, it is possible to say thatthe rendering of the figure does not differ fromthe standard known from other representationson HB 155X or HB 1562 type stove tiles.

Unknown aristocrat (fig. 17)Minimum number of specimens: 2 green glazed(Teplice).

Iconography: Torso of an aristocrat witha sword at the waist. A more detailedidentification is not possible.

Adam and Eve at the Tree of Knowledge (?)(fig. 3)Minimum number of specimens: 1 unglazed(Dvůr Králové), 1 green glazed (Bílina).

Iconography: The head of Adam and branches of an apple tree ina Renaissance arcade are located on a fragment of the left upper cornerof the front panel.

Artwork models: The model cannot be determined due to the sizeof the preserved fragment. The composition with the Tree of Knowledge,with Adam on the left side of the image and Eva on the right, is foundin numerous works from the workshop of Lucas Cranach the Elderand the Younger, or Albrecht Dürer. We present one example of these worksfrom 1537.6)

Analogies: The search for an analogy is again hampered by the small sizeof the fragment. Mielke (1982, 29, fig. 3) presents Adam and Evein a somewhat different composition with an inscription band. A greenglazed fragment found at Burg Hohnstein located approximately 15 km fromHřensko in the Děčín district is an accurate analogy (Strauss 1966, Taf. 33: 3).

Fig. 17. HB 155X type stove tile (format 290 ± 5 x 180 ± 5 mm) – reconstruction of ”unknown aristocrat” motif on the basis of potsherds and fragments from Teplice. Fig. 17-19 drawings by M. Soukup.Obr. 17. Kachel typu HB 155X (formát 290 ± 5 x 180 ± 5 mm) – rekonstrukce motivu „neznámý šlechtic” na základě zlomkůa fragmentů z Teplic. Obr. 17-19 kresba M. Soukup.

Note 5:”Kurfürst August von Sachsen(1526-1586)” – the original is heldat the Kunsthistorisches MuseumWien, Gemälde Galerie, inv. no. GG 3252. The paintingwas made after August becameelector (1553).

Note 6:Lucas Cranach the Younger,”Adam and Eve” – the original is held at the StaatlicheKunstsammlungen Dresden,Gemäldegalerie Alte Meister, inv. no. Gal. Nr. 1916 A, AA.


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Crucifixion group (fig. 18)Minimum number of specimens: 5 unglazed (Krupka), 4 green glazed (Teplice),1 green glazed (Bílina).

Iconography: The central iconographic motif is the Crucifixion; Christon the cross (the inscription IИRI above his head), the Virgin Mary (right)and St John the Baptist (left) below the cross in a typical Renaissance nichewith an inscription on the base. Mielke’s (1982, 28, no. 27) claim that thisinvolves St Mary Magdalene (cf. J 19,25-27) cannot be accepted (see alsoKamiński 2007, 85).

Artwork models: HB was clearly inspired by the works of Lucas Cranachthe Elder and the Younger, and Albrecht Dürer (for references to the paintingssee Kamiński 1997, 232-233). The most similar in our opinion is AlbrechtDürer’s woodcut that was printed by A. Koberger in Nuremberg in 1500.7)

Fig. 18. HB 155X type stove tile(format 290 ± 5 x 180 ± 5 mm) – reconstruction of ”Crucifixiongroup” motif on the basis of potsherds and fragments fromBílina, Krupka and Teplice.Obr. 18. Kachel typu HB 155X(formát 290 ± 5 x 180 ± 5 mm) – rekonstrukce motivu „skupinaUkřižování” na základě zlomkůa fragmentů z Bíliny, Krupkya Teplic.

Note 7:Part of the print ”BirgittaSuecica, Reuelationes sancteBrigitte” issued by FlorianWaldauf.


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A print by Lucas van Leyden from 1514 (Christ on the Cross between Maryand John, London, British Museum) is likewise worthy of consideration.

Analogies: Identical pieces were published by Mielke (1982, 36, no. 27) –Alsfeld, Riga, Schattdorf, Burg Hattstein sites; Strauss (1966, Taf. 27: 1) –Wismar site; Kamiński (1997, 237) – Kołbacz site. The Crucifixion is one of themost widespread motifs.

Illusory architecture – church window (fig. 19)Minimum number of specimens: 2 unglazed (Bílina), 1 green glazed (Bílina).

Iconography: A Gothic window with three vertical fields ending abovein tracery with stylized glass fill (rounded discs).

Analogies: Peine (2001, 62, Abb. 18, left) presents a whole specimen withthe identical design from the Soest site.

Fig. 19. HB 155X type stove tile(format 290 ± 5 x 180 ± 5 mm) – reconstruction of ”illusoryarchitecture – church window”motif on the basis of potsherdsand fragments from Bílina.Obr. 19. Kachel typu HB 155X(formát 290 ± 5 x 180 ± 5 mm) – rekonstrukce motivu „iluzivníarchitektura – kostelní okno” na základě zlomků a fragmentůz Bíliny.


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Conclusion

We managed to document that tiled stoves featuring tiles withthe signature HANS BERMAN 155X were also popular in Bohemia in the middleof the 16th century. Hans Berman’s moulds for the production of the frontpanels of stove tiles were traded throughout Central and Northern Europe.The highest concentration of finds comes from Hanseatic cities in Germanyand Poland. Of Berman’s extensive cycles containing Old and New Testamentmotifs, portrait stove tiles and depictions of illusory architecture, the mostnumerous finds from Bohemia are those from the ”Crucifixion group” (Bílina,Krupka, Teplice) and portrait tiles with Moritz von Sachsen and Augustvon Sachsen (Krupka). Stove tiles with the signature HANS BERMAN arefound mainly in connection with Renaissance reconstructions of largeresidences and town houses. While some of the finds of stove tiles made fromBerman’s moulds come from current archaeological excavations, the majoritywere identified among museum collections that had gone unnoticed foryears. In our opinion it is only a matter of time before the source baseexpands.

Translation by David J. Gaul

Resumé:

Nálezy kachlů se signaturou HANS BERMAN (dále jen kachle typu HB) a letopočtem (155X nebo 1562) jsou známyz území dnešního Švýcarska, Německa, Polska, Švédska (jih), ostrovních částí Dánska a Lotyšska (Riga). Z území Čecha Moravy doposud nebyl tento typ kachlů znám. Nyní se podařilo shromáždit zlomky kachlů ze šesti českých lokalit(Bílina, Krupka, Prosetice, Teplice, Dvůr Králové nad Labem, Pecka). V rámci studovaného souboru nálezů bylo načelních vyhřívacích stěnách reliéfních kachlů nebo jejich zlomků identifikováno celkem šest motivů z jednotlivýchbermanovských cyklů: motivy biblické starozákonní („Adam a Eva u stromu poznání” – bez letopočtu) i novozákonní(„skupina Ukřižování” – 2x letopočet 155X), portrétní („Moritz von Sachsen” – bez letopočtu, „August von Sachsen”– 3x letopočet 155X a „neznámý šlechtic” – bez letopočtu) a architektonické („iluzivní architektura – kostelní okno” –1x letopočet 155X).

Hans Berman byl nejspíše hesenský kamnář a výrobce matric na výrobu kachlů. Měl své dílny ve Frankfurtu nadMohanem, Marburgu či Giessenu. V odborné literatuře jsou bez pochybností doloženy typy kachlů HB s letopočty 155Xnebo 1562. Mimoto se uvádí též 1527, 1551, 1557, 1565 – zde se však jedná o chyby ve čtení čísel.

Pro kachle typu HB je, kromě signatury a letopočtu, charakteristický především ojedinělý a prakticky neměnný typrenesanční arkády, který tvoří orámování ústředního motivu – dva pilastry složené vždy z pěti samostatnýchprofilovaných segmentů. Samotný oblouk je pak nejdůležitějším poznávacím znamením – je složen ze spletených listůgranátovníku a v jeho středu se nachází stylizované rozkrojené granátové jablko s viditelnými jádry. Použitáornamentika odkazuje na švýcarský původ, neboť plody této jižní rostliny se zde objevují velmi často v renesančnímmalířství a ve vzorech soudobých tkanin.

Motivika kachlů typu HB je neuvěřitelně bohatá a v evropském prostoru lze z jednotlivých nálezů vyskládat ucelenécykly biblických příběhů Starého zákona (Stvoření Evy, Adam a Eva u stromu poznání) a Nového zákona (ZvěstováníPanně Marii, cyklus Utrpení Kristovo, Salome s hlavou Jana Křtitele), portrétní kachle německých císařů a knížat,francouzských a španělských králů, turnajové scény a motivy erbovní.

Dílně Hanse Bermana, jeho synů Georga a Thomase a zetě Petera je přičítána také výroba dalších typů matric, kterémají odlišné signatury, např. HANS HEFN, GORG B..., TOMVS HA..., PETER KITS, nebo např. HBM z let 1611-1612.


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České nálezy kachlů typu HB ve většině případů pochází ze špatně dokumentovaných nálezových situací. Regulérníarcheologické výzkumy byly prováděny pouze v Bílině a ve Dvoře Králové. Ostatní kachle či jejich zlomky pocházejí zestarých výzkumů či ojedinělých nálezů bez bližších nálezových okolností, proto je jejich zařazení do sociálního kontextupředmětem dalšího bádání. Můžeme však předpokládat, že kachle se signaturou HANS BERMAN byly vyráběnykamnáři, kteří disponovali kadluby získanými dálkovým obchodem.

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Michal B. SoukupArcheologický ústav AV ČR, Praha, v. v. i.Letenská 4118 01 Praha [email protected]

Markéta SoukupováDolejšova 729417 05 Osek u [email protected]

Adam ŠrejberKrajský úřad Ústeckého krajeVelká hradební 3118/48400 02 Ústí nad [email protected]


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