Published by Department of Sociology College of Development Studies Covenant University Ota, Nigeria

First published 2014

All rights reserved. This book is printed in Nigeria and is protected by copyright. Written permission should be obtained from the Department of Sociology, College ofDevelopment Studies, Covenant University prior to any prohibited reproduction, storage in a retrieval system or transmission in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise.

©Department of Sociology, College of Business and Social Sciences, Covenant University 2014

ISBN: 978-978-52506-1-9

Printed and packaged in Nigeria by Cardinal Prints lbadan, 08056070621

Dedication Acknowledgemellts

Foreword Preface About the Contributors

Chapters

CONTENTS

SECTION ONE: INTRODUCTION Chapter 1: Industrial Development in Nigeria: Achieving The Brass Tacks

- Imhonopi, D.O. & Urim, U.M.

SECTION TWO: GENDER AND INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENT Chapter 2: Gender, Politics and Industrial Development in Nigeria

- Urim, U. M., Imhonopi, D. 0. & Ahmadu, F. 0.

iii iv v

vi vii

1

2

13

14

Chapter 3: Entrepreneurship Development and Women Empowerment: Whither Nigeria?

- Aluko, Y. A. 24 Chapter 4: Gender Equity and Industrial Development in Nigeria

- Yusuf, H. E. 37 Chapter 5: Gender Inequality and Its Effect on Industrial Development:

Lessons for and from Developing Countries -George, T. 0. & Chukwuedozie, 0. 47

Chapter 6: Industrialisation Elements and Social Development in Nigerian Children

- Etuk, G. R. & Ajake, U. E. 62

SECTION THREE: SECURITY AND INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENT Chapter 7: Stepping out of the Shadows: Achieving Industrial Development in an

Environment oflnsecurity in Nigeria

71

- Imhonopi, D. 0. Urim, U. M. & Kasumu, M. 72 Chapter 8: Exploring Arbitration as a Legal Forum for Industrial development in Nigeria

- Urim C. Y. 85 Chapter 9: Towards Internal Security and the Search for Industrial Development

in Nigeria - Kasumu, T. 95 Chapter 10: Security Challenges and Implications for Industrial Development in Nigeria

- Hussaini, M. L. 105 Chapter 11: Functional National Security: A Panacea for Attaining Sustainable

Industrial Development in Nigeria - Issah, M., Olatunji, A. & Yusuf, M. S. 116

Chapter 12: The Nexus of Security and Industrial Development in Nigeria - Adebayo, A. A. 132

xi

SECTION FOUR: ICT AND INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENT Chapter 13: Cyber Security and Industrial Development in Digital Nigeria

- Ndubueze, P. N. Chapter 14: Information Support Systems and the Growth ofNigerian Small

and Medium Enterprises: A Pathway to Industrialisation

·'. - Ibidunni, A. S., Olokundun, A. M. & Faiola, H. 0. Chapter 15: ICT and HRM in the Banking Sector: Stimulating Industrial Development

in Nigeria- Yousouph, R. 0. & Suleiman, S. R.

SECTION FIVE: INFRASTRUCTURAL TRANSFORMATION AND INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENT

Chapter 16: The Role of infrastructure on Industrial development in Nigeria - Ahmed, A. V.

Chapter 17: Infrastructural Transformation: An Imperative for Nigeria's Industrial

149

150

161

169

183

184

Development- IseOlorunkanmi, J. 0. 193 Chapter 18: Casual Workers in Construction Firms and Industrial Development in Nigeria

- Okafor, E. E & Bamidele, R. 205

SECTION SIX: POLITICAL LEADERSIDP AND INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENT 215 Chapter 19: Impact of the Political Leadership on Industrial Development in Nigeria:

Issues and Challenges of the National Economic Empowerment and Development Strategy (NEEDS) - Enwere, C. & Khalil-Babatunde, M.

Chapter 20: Investment Opportunities in Non-Oil Industry and Industrial Development in Nigeria: Politics of Corruption and Governance- Aminu, A. A.

Chapter 21: Leadership Crisis: A Drag on Industrial Development in Nigeria - Igbadumhe, F. A & Ewuoso, B. R.

SECTION SEVEN: EDUCATION AND INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENT Chapter 22: The Academy, Student Entrepreneurship and Industrial Development

in Nigeria- Akanle, Y., Adebisi, S. & Busari, D. A. Chapter 23: Strengthening Tertiary Education in Nigeria for Industrial Development

- Akinlotan, R. A.

SECTION EIGHT: ENTREPRENEURSHIP AND AND INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENT

Chapter 24: Entrepreneurship Education: A Pivotal Catalyst in Nigeria's Industrial

216

229

241

251

252

265

279

Development - Onyeukwu, P. E. & Igbokwe, A. 280 Chapter 25: Rethinking Entrepreneurial Education for Viable Industrial Development

in Nigeria- Olatunji, A., Issah, M. & Sakariyahu, 0. R. 287

Chapter 26: The Role of Small Scale Business in Poverty Alleviation: The Gains for Industrial Development in Nigeria- Micah, D. I. & Manzo, A. 304

Chapter 27: Youth Entrepreneurship and Sustainable Industrial Development in Nigeria - Kalejaiye, P. 0. & Ogunola, A. A. 317

xii

\...

(

S. c

CJ

SEJ

Ch

Ch

SECTION NINE: HUMAN RESOURCE MANAGEMENT AND AND INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENT 331

Chapter 28: The Place of Human Resource Management in Underpinning Industrial Development in Nigeria - Kalejaiye, P. 0. & Ogunola, A. A. 332

Chapter 29: Personnel Management Via Public Relations in GT Bank: A Catalyst for Industrial Development in Nigeria- Igbinoba, A. 0. & Olukunmi, G. I. 350

Chapter 30: Organisational Citizenship Behaviours (OCB): A Key to Industrial Development in Nigeria - Olowookere, E. I. 369

SECTION TEN: HEALTH AND INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENT 379 Chapter 31: Health Financing for Industrial Development in Nigeria- Imhonopi, G. B. 380 Chapter 32: Health and industrial development in Nigeria- Olawande, T. I. 391 Chapter 33: Healthcare System and the Quest for Industrial Development in Nigeria:

Issues in Political Economy - Muoghalu, C. 399 C~ter 34: Sexuality in Indigenous Migration within Urban Sprawl in Nigeria:

J -r Implications for Industrial Development - Amoo, E. 0., Adetoro, G. W. & Ola-David, 0. 415

SECTION ELEVEN: YOUTH AND INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENT 429 Chapter 35: Challenges to Youth Involvement in Industrial Development in Nigeria

- Aliyu, T. & Mahmoud, K . 0. 430 Chapter 36: Youth Empowerment and Industrial Development in Nigeria

- Adedire, S. A. 439

SECTION TWELVE: RELIGION AND INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENT 451 Chapter 37: Jesus Dictum: 'Swear Not' (Matt 5: 33-37) and Oath Taking in Public

Office in Nigeria: Implications for Industrial Development- Ojo, 0. P. 452 Chapter 38: The Imperatives of Ethics in the Threshold of Nigeria 's Quest

for Industrial Development - Essien, D. E. 471

SECTION THIRTEEN: MEDIA AND SUNDRY TOPICS ON INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENT 497

Chapter 39: Industrialisation and the Quest for Socioeconomic Development in Nigeria: Issues and Challenges - Adefolaju, T. 498

Chapter 40: Implementation of the Millennium Development Goals and Its Implications for Sustainable Industrial Development in Nigeria- Oluwagbohunmi, J. A. 511

Chapter 41: The Implications of Unemployment for Industrial Development- Oye, A. J. 524 Chapter 42: The Press and Industrialisation: Stories From Nigeria: A Content

Analytical Study- Aririguzoh, S. A. 534

Index 55!'

xiii

rom http://

:onference on

report series 34

SEXUALITY IN INDIGENOUS MIGRATION WITHIN URBAN SPRAWL IN NIGERIA: IMPLICATIONS FOR INDUSTRIAL

DEVELOPMENT

Amoo, E. 0., Adetoro, G. and Ola-David, 0.

Chapter Synopsis ~ligration and other forms of mobility though informed by variety of social, economic or political motives, the emotional, affective and sexual liaisons, attachments and expectations could also be ~werful. The study examined the impact of sexual activities among migrants on sustainable mdustrial development in Nigeria. Data for this study were extracted from 2012 survey on migrants and industrial activities in city's suburbs of Nigeria. A two-level analytical procedure (univariate and multivariate analyses) was employed. The univariate focuses on demographic profile of the migrants while the multivariate analysis was devoted to the testing of hypothesis formulated. The 1ender dichotomy shows more male (62.7%) migrated than female (37.3%) and 44% of them are within age group 25-34 years. The study revealed that 28.3% of the migrants worked or owned cottage firms while 71.7% belong to other category of employment. Sexual indicator shows that almost 60.0% of the migrants are either singles, live alone without spouses or cohabiting. This practice of sexual mixing and the kind of interdependence observed could aggravate risky sexual behaviour and incidence of sexual transmitted infections. The study concluded that high risk of HIV/AIDS among the current and prospective working population could exacerbate the burden of sicknesses/diseases at different levels in the short run and decreases the chance for industrial development in the long run. The study, therefore, recommended intensive sexual counselling for all migrants both at the rural and urban areas to instil responsible sexual behaviour before and during transitioning and after reaching their destinations.

Introduction The rationality in labour transfer from the rural sector to the urban sector dates back to time immemorial most especially due to the fact that urban wage is an embodiment of rural wages·plus additional premiums (Lewis, 1954 ). Hitherto, the welfare-enhancing opportunities of the rural- to-urban migration syndrome may seem logical or at least not doubted as illustrated by several literature (Anderson & Smith, 2001; Easterly, 2003 ; Nicola & Russell, 2009; Olurinola, Fadayomi, Amoo & Ola-David, 2014; Ranis, 2004; Todaro, 2009). However, sexual sacrifices or sexual opportunities among migrants which are associated with high risk sexual outcomes such as premarital sex, cohabitation, unprotected sex, HIV/ AIDS and other debilities, with loss of potential for productivity, have not been satisfactorily

d from http:!/

nal conference on

nical report series 34

SEXUALITY IN INDIGENOUS MIGRATION WITHIN URBAN SPRAWL IN NIGERIA: IMPLICATIONS FOR INDUSTRIAL

DEVELOPMENT

Amoo, E. 0., Adetoro, G. and Ola-David, 0.

Chapter Synopsis Migration and other forms of mobility though informed by variety of social, economic or political motives, the emotional, affective and sexual liaisons, attachments and expectations could also be powerful. The study examined the impact of sexual activities among migrants on sustainable industrial development in Nigeria. Data for this study were extracted from 2012 survey on migrants and industrial activities in city's suburbs of Nigeria. A two-level analytical procedure (univariate and multivariate analyses) was employed. The univariate focuses on demographic profile of the migrants while the multivariate analysis was devoted to the testing of hypothesis formulated. The gender dichotomy shows more male (62.7%) migrated than female (37.3%) and 44% of them are within age group 25-34 years. The study revealed that 28.3% of the migrants worked or owned cottage firms while 71.7% belong to other category of employment. Sexual indicator shows that almost 60.0% of the migrants are either singles, live alone without spouses or cohabiting. This practice of sexual mixing and the kind of interdependence observed could aggravate risky sexual behaviour and incidence of sexual transmitted infections. The study concluded that high risk of HIV/AIDS among the current and prospective working population could exacerbate the burden of sicknesses/diseases at different levels in the short run and decreases the chance for industrial development in the long run. The study, therefore, recommended intensive sexual counselling for all migrants both at the rural and urban areas to instil responsible sexual behaviour before and during transitioning and after reaching their destinations.

Introduction The rationality in labour transfer from the rural sector to the urban sector dates bas;k to .t~;ne immemorial · ; most especially due to the fact that urban wage is an embodiment of rural wages plus additional premiums (Lewis, 1954). Hitherto, the welfare-enhancing opportunities of the rural-to-urban migration syndrome may seem logical or at least not doubted as illustrated by several literature (Anderson & Smith, 2001; Easterly, 2003; Nicola & Russell, 2009; Olurinola, Fadayomi, Amoo & Ola-David, 2014; Ranis, 2004; Todaro, 2009). However, sexual sacrifices or sexual opportunities among migrants which are associated with high risk sexual outcomes such as premarital sex, cohabitation, unprotected sex, HIV I AIDS and other debilities, with loss of potential for productivity, have not been satisfactorily

~ j

416 Trajectory to industrial Development in Nigeria

exhausted in existing research. Migration is a cross-cutting phenomenon that is informed by a vanety of socioeconomic or political motives. The emotional and sexual connections, attachments and expectations cannot be overemphasised (Nicola & Russell, 2009). Today, virtually all the developing world is characterised by increasing migration, proliferation of sexual demean ours and low productiVlty ·(Ambert, Jassey & Thomas, 2007; Bam, Thapa, Newman, Bhatt & Bhatta, 2013; Edberg, Cleary& Vyas, 2011; Nkasa-Kyeremateng & Attua, 20 13; Pinyosinwat, 2009; Sudhinaraset, Mmari, Go & Blum, 2012; Verma, 20 10). Empirical evidence and policy initiatives have shown that social issue around population control, reproductive and sexual health and rights are of prime importance ora veritable means of tackling global and local problems in sustainable development (Crush, Williams& Peberdy, 2005; International Organisation for Migration (IOM), 2005; Mosca, Rijks, & Schultz. 20 13). While it is necessary to examine how the issues of sexual and reproductive health and rights impact on different segments of the economy, it is more exigent to verify the impact of sexual behaviour among migrants and its import on the engine of economic productivity (i.e. the industrial sector).

The growth in poverty both at the rural and urban levels, orchestrated by massive unemployment has pushed more people out ofhouseholds in search of means oflivelihoods. The ensuing movement could be beneficial or detrimental, resulting in the classification of migration as possessing two· edged effects both at the sending (origin) and the receiving places (destination). At the origin. workforce is reduced culminating in reduction in total output. Notwithstanding, the long run remittances from the migrants could cushion the hardship created at home-front. At the place of destination. surplus labour, cheap wages or low capital income is inevitable and until much of the surplus is absorbed, further growth in industry is unachievable. However, the spread of epidemic cannot be separated from human mobility, likewise deficient industrial development (among other things) is one of the consequences ofhuman debility. In economic terms, healthy labour are indispensable in the drive for sustainable industrial development. Sick labour engender costly premature retirements. loss of skilled staff, absenteeism, high medical bills due to diseases and loss of GDP (ILO, 2003). Despite, the interrelationships between migration, sexuality and industrial development has not been widely explored. Thus, this chapter examined the impact of sexual issues among migrants on industrial development at both places of origin and destination.

Objectives of the Study The study examined the impact of sexual behaviour among the migrants on industrial development in Nigeria. It provided answers to the questions: Does migration influence the spread ofSTis/HIV AIDS and does it play any part in the development of small and medium enterprises?

Literature Review The concern for sustainable industrial development is justified as it constitutes the intersection of economic, social and environmental sustainability. Strategies towards poverty reduction and environmental sustainability have been driven across most spectra. However, in the wake of the ongoing discussions on a Post-20 15 development framework, it is recognised that issues concerning social development and sustainability should be given considerable attention due to overarching impact social issues have on development. Social issues around population control as well as reproductive and sexual health and rights are also of prime importance in sustainable development. Besides, with the characterisation of fragile states and conflict-prone areas, political and economic situations lead to increasing migration across borders (de Haan, 2000; de Haas, 2008). Further on this, the Rio+ 20 UN Conference on Sustainable Development mooted laudable proposals for executing

sustainable c [OWGSDG] 2012;)

It has b the demand population government pay requisit the most vt

informed sc on the post­how sexual andlocalpr how the iss the industri

Stu die mostlybytl with the hi changes it11 with the du and emplo services (1 men, deplG and nutritil

Johns communit: well as ab minority g the longer also opine future eng of discuss health, en addition, i the rights 2014).

Thet high prev the regi01 Edberg, ( Mayadas HIVinfe associate Africa. female p dynamic

med by a variety 1ttachments and I the developing low productivity jberg, Cleary & :, Mmari, Go & 1at social issues mportance or a tsh, Williams & iks, & Schultz, ~alth and rights cpact of sexual :. the industrial

memployment, ing movement >ssessing two­At the origin, un remittances •f destination, the surplus is nic cannot be her things) is ispensable in ~retirements,

(ILO, 2003). :has not been migrants on

levelopment fSTis/HIV/

~rsection of uction and vake of the concemmg verarching as well as 1elopment. . economic Further on ~executing

Sexuality in Indigenous Migration Within Urban Sprawl in Nigeria... 417

sustainable development goals (Goals Open Working Group on Sustainable Development Goals [OWGSDG], 2014; International Dialogue on Population and Sustainable Development [IDPSD], 1012;)

It has been noted that as population swells, its concentration as well as its migration impacts on the demand on water, energy, food and environmental resources. Also, the proliferation of a young population comes with its peculiarities, placing pressure on development resources of various governments as well as global institutions (IDPSD, 2012). These concerns surround the need to pay requisite attention to issues that border on the sexual and reproductive rights of all, especially the most vulnerable women (Pemunta, 2011) and young people (McMichael, 2008). This has infonned some of the items on the Millennium Development Goals as well as further discussions on the post-20 15 development agenda. Empirical evidence and policy initiatives are replete on how sexual and reproductive health and rights are perceived as a veritable means of tackling global and local problems in sustainable way (Mosca, Rijks & Schultz, 20 13). Thus, it is crucial to examine how the issues of sexual and reproductive health and rights impact on different sectors including the industrial sector of the economy- which is the engine of economic productivity.

Studies indicate that most of the projected growth in world population will be accounted for mostly by the growth in developing countries (and mostly by the poor)- which are generally countries with the highest rates of natural increase in the world. The intense pressure posed by demographic changes impacts on local and global development resources. It also leaves governance authorities with the duty to provide adequately for the growing population, promote equality of opportunity, and employ measures to mitigate inequality of income and welfare as well as access to social services (UN-Habitat, 201 0). The reality of poverty, rural-urban migration of youths and older men, depletes agricultural productivity, leading to feminisation of agriculture, insecurity of food and nutrition insecurities (IDPSD, 2012).

Johnson (2006) observed that the issues surrounding the integration of new migrants into a community such as those faced by refugees included equity of access to healthcare services; as well as ability of health and social care services to respond to the specific needs of the relevant minority groups. Further reiterating the notion of integration for new migrants, Johnson stressed the longer-term issue of parity of health outcomes and life expectancy or disease experience. He also opined that poor health has several implications for the well-being of recent migrants and their future engagements in the society within which they are engaged. Much as is evident in the wake of discussions on a post-2015 development agenda, the linkages in issues concerning education, health, employment youth, population dynamics, have been shown to be grossly interrelated. In addition, to this, the core areas of concern centers on sustainable development goals which include the rights and responsibilities of adolescents, sexual and reproduction health and rights (OWGSDG, 2014).

There are some studies that link migrant status and the proliferation ofHIV/AIDS in areas of high prevalence, also noting the long-term effect on industrial productivity and social welfare in the regions (See Ambert, Jassey, & Thomas, 2007; Bam, Thapa, Newman, Bhatt, & Bhatta,· 2013;_ Edberg, Cleary, & Vyas, 2010; Nkasa-Kyeremateng & Attua, 2013; Pinyosinwat, 2009; Segal & Mayadas, 2005; Verma, 2010). Notably, Crush, Williams & Peberdy (2005) examined the rates of HIV infection in migrants and non-migrant populations with a view to accentuating the risk factors associated with HIV I AIDS as well as observed transmission mechanisms in rural areas of Southern Africa. The study observed that there is higher risk of infection among migrant men and ·their female partners. The study, however, discovered a research gap in the sexual orientation and dynamics of women in rural South Africa. Also, in a study of the EU/EEAregions, European Centre

..

418 Trajectmy to Industrial Development in Nigeria

for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC) in 2013 established evidence of post-migration HIV incidence in the region. It was concluded that since many migrants may travel to and fro between their place of primary residence and place of origin, it is tedious to pinpoint the actual location of infection. The inadequacy of published data on HIV surveillance among migrants has hitherto limited empirical research in this field, even in advanced European regions. This purports a worse data availability scenario for developing countries.

Increasing global integration has heightened the extent of internal as well as international migration, thus raising issues about migrants' welfare. For all migrants as well as individuals migrating from conflict-prone regions to neighbouring countries as refugees, it has been established that improvements in access to healthcare impacts positively on the life expectancy, productivity and quality oflife (McLaughlin, 2009). In developing countries especially, access to health insurance, equitable and accessible healthcare are risk factors to migrants (McLaughlin, 2009). McLaughlin also discussed the findings that indicate interconnections between migration and health and sustainable industrial development as a process with far-reaching underlying factors whose intensities differ across geographical boundaries. According to McLaughlin (2009), refugees' and other transnational migrants' health is influenced by their previous health conditions, living spaces, working conditions, access to healthcare, language barrier, access to social services, among other things. Other reports indicated that mobility has undoubted potential to create physical and socio-cultural separation between a mobile person, his family and his community on one hand, and his background experience such as the moral codes and norms can continue governing the person's conduct (United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees [UNHCR], Great Lakes Initiative Against HIV/AIDS (GLIA) & World Bank, 2008; GLIA & UNHCR, 2004).

Mehrjerdi, Hosseinzadeh, Mansoori and Deylamizadeh (2013) found high risk sexual behaviour among Afghan refugees in Iran related to factors such as lack of access to condom, low-level of knowledge about safe sex and long-time dependence on drug use. Birukila et al, (2013) using a New Zealand survey, examined HIV-related risk factors among black African migrants and refugees. Also, the study identified low condom use, relating with more than one sexual partner, lack of voluntary testing for HIV, and previous STI diagnosis. The lowering of life expectancy shortens productive life and deters future contribution to industrial productivity and economic growth. Parrado, Flippen and McQuiston (2004) link migration, risky sexual behaviour and risk of HIV infection, noting that migrant men staying apart from their families were more likely to use the services of commercial sex workers, the more time spent in new location and as their hourly wages increased. Verma, Saggurti, Singh and Swain (20 1 0) also considered the relationship between regular use of alcohol and sexual risk in migrant populations living within proximate areas in 14 districts ofhigh HIV prevalence in India. The study found a significant association between incoherent condom use during paid and unpaid sex and the practice of alcohol use among female sexual workers and their clients. Other study also linked alcohol use with risky sexual behaviour (GLIA & UNHCR, 2004).

VanVeen et al, (2009), using cross-sectional data, studied the pattern of transmission ofHIV and sexually transmitted infections among a large migrant group in Netherlands, taking into consideration their demographic and sexual characteristics and their sexual mixing with different ethnic groups. The finding of the study indicates a large extent of disassortative sexual risk behaviour among migrant groups. In the conflict-prone regions and the neigbouring countries in sub-Saharan Africa, close attention is been given to efforts towards improving behaviours within refugee communities- which are mostly at risk of exposure to HIV infection. Woodward et al (2011), however identified limited research on refugee communities and urban sprawl, their health outcomes and effect on sustainable development. Woodward et al. also found that peer education served to

Improve cross-sec

Intc econom1 heighten in them: migratio populati· generall: env1ronr and ther linkages were fOl and are 1 identify opportur The rev intercon; therefon commun

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-migration HIV md fro between :tual location of hitherto limited ts a worse data

1s international as individuals

een established :y, productivity ealth insurance, ). McLaughlin md health and hose intensities ees' and other paces, working g other things. socio-cultural

1is background mduct (United 1st HIV/AIDS

mal behaviour t, low-level of 2013) using a ; and refugees. trtner, lack of ancy shortens )wth. Parrado, rrv infection, 1e services of ;es increased. ·egular use of ;tricts ofhigh tcondom use cers and their HCR, 2004). ssion ofHIV , taking into vith different sk behaviour sub-Saharan thin refugee et al (20 11 ), lth outcomes on served to

Sexuality in Indigenous Migration Within Urban Sprawl in Nigeria.. . 419

improve knowledge exposure and practices in Guinea using logistic regression odds ratio for a cross-sectional survey of refugee camps.

Internal migration from rural places of low economic opportunities to urban places ofhigher economic opportunities has led to the development of urban sprawls and shantytowns. Moreover, heightened occurrences of conflict, wars and civil disturbances in some countries have led to increases in the number of new forced migrants and refugees (TAMPEP, 2006). Noting the perception that migration encourages proliferation of communicable infections, migrants are seen as the 'bridge population' linking high and low prevalence groups (Kamla & Majumder, 2009). Also, they are generally seen as objects of economic deprivation, political and social discrimination as well of environmental degradation (de Haan, 2000). Given the concern for sustainable health outcomes and the prevalence ofHIV infection in India, Kamla and Majumder, (2009) empirically investigated linkages between migration, alcohol consumption and risk sexual behaviour in India. Migrant workers were found among vulnerable occupations such as truck driving and hospitality (hotel) business and are prone to sexually transmitted infections. Bam, Thapa, Newman, Bhatt and Bhatta (2013) identify poor socioeconomic status, caste-related discrimination and lack of employment opportunities as factors inducing migration in India (see also Dahal, Pokharel & Birendra, 2013). The review of literature reveals the need for more studies in sub-Saharan Africa on the interconnections among migration, risky sexual behaviour and HIV/AIDs acquisition. This study is therefore apt in seeking measures to improve HIV prevention, life expectancies among migrant communities, and ultimately sustainable industrial development outcomes.

Data and Methods There are relatively dearth of data and literature on indigenous migration and health matters especially the issue related to HIV I AIDS and industrial development. Data for this study were extracted from 2012 survey on migrants and industrial activities in city's suburbs ofNigeria. The study examined the impact of sexual activities among migrants on sustainable industrial development in sub-Sahara Africa using suburbs of Lagos, Nigeria, as a case study. The target population were internal migrants both men and women who work in the 'city extension'. The locations were chosen purposively due to proximity and cost. Besides, the State is regarded as the centre of industrial activities in the country (Raji, 1988; Fatoba, Ogunkunle & Olawepo, 2012). Screening questions on the usual place of origin, place of birth and years of migration to the location preceded all interviews as an attempt to identify the eligible respondents. Overall, 1912 respondents were covered. The migrants were grouped into six age groups: under 15, 15-24, 25-34, 35-44, 45-54 and those who were 55 years and above. A two-level analytical procedure (univariate and multivariate analyses) was employed. The univariate focuses on demographic profile of the sampled population while the multivariate analysis was devoted to the testing of hypothesis formulated. Only one model was formulated to test the influence of migrants' socio-demographic variables and sexual behaviour on participation in small and medium enterprises (captured as cottage industry). The model was patterned as shown below:

f y, } Ln t (l _- y, ) = Po + 13! x1 + P2X: ... P).:Xn ............... (t)

Where,

f3o, 13! ... P:.: are the unknown parameters of the model estimated by likelihood techniques in

SPSS and is the outcome variable. It represents the log-odds of participating in informal sector. A

.............

420 Trajectory to Industrial Development in Nigeria

change in the value of any X will indicate the likelihood of change in given that other Xs are constant.

L r y~ } Results~ n \1-1~1 Jssion Background Information on the Internal Migrants .J:able 1 shows the characteristics of the internal migrants as covered in the data. About 44% of the migrants were within the age group of25-34 years. Other age groups by their magnitud ~reflect that 27.9%, 15.08%, 6.0% and 4.7% falls within age groups 15-24, 35-44; those that were less than 15 and 45-54 years respectively. The age group with the least number of respondents was 55+. The result also shows that higher number of people migrated at their prime age of life specifically age 25-34 years than any other age group. Therefore, people within this age group had high propensity to move to areas where they can maximise their potential in terms of gainful employment or at least be absorbed into the labour force. Among the respondents, 51.2% reported that they were single, while 40.9% and 7.9% were married and cohabiting respectively.

Table 1. Bac Variables Variables Freouencv Percent Age Group Current Job sector

Under 15 109 6.0 Others 937 82.3 15-24 years 507 27.9 Informal Sector 201 17.7 25-34 years 790 43.5 Work Situation at Origin 35-44 years 274 15.0 Others 1533 83.9 45-54 years 85 4.7 Informal Sector 295 16.1 55 and above 52 2.9 Current Work Situation Gender Cottage industry (SME) 519 28.3 Male 1192 62.7 Others 1314 71.7 Female 708 37.3 Reason for migrating Marital Status Education 559 29.4 Single 969 51.2 Search for work 524 27.6 Cohabiting 150 7.9 Job transfer/ opportunity 342 18 Married 774 40.9 Marriage arrangement 321 16.9 Education (Origin) Other family reasons 86 4.5 Primary Education 494 26.8 Others 68 3.6 Secondaryffechnical School 848 45.9 Tertiary Education 449 24.3 Current Living Arrangement Others 55 3.0 Living Alone 646 34.4

Region of origin Living with Spouse 628 33.5

North 321 16.8 Living with Others 603 32.1

South East 410 21.4 South-South 647 33.8 Have more than one sexual partner South West 262 13.7 Yes 1123 58.7

Lagos 272 14.2 No 789 41.3

Current Place of Residence Aware ofHIV/AIDS' Transmission Urban 786 41.1 Yes 1341 70.1

Semi-Urban 1126 58.9 No 571 29.9

Source: Authors' Computation, 2014

:her Xs are

44% of the reflect that ess than 15 . s 55+. The ifically age propensity tt or at least vere single,

Percent

82.3

17.7

83.9

16.1

28.3

71.7

29.4

27.6

18 16.9

4.5

3.6

34.4

33.5

32.1

58.7

41.3

70.1

29.9

Sexuality in Indigenous Migration Within Urban Sprawl in Nigeria... 421

The current employment status was categorised in terms of nature of work namely: (1) unemployed (2) engagement in cottage industry and (3) other types of employment. The variable was later recoded as (1) engaged in cottage industry and (0) other form of employment. This is to ascertain the proportion that participated in cottage industry, the codes that were later used in the binary regression analysis. The result showed that almost 28.3% of the migrants worked or owned cottage firms while 71.7% belonged to other category of employment. The result also indicated that about 34.4% reported that they lived alone in their current place of residence, while 33.5% and 32.1% lived with their spouses and others relations (Table 1 ) .

The reasons for migrations varied from respondent to respondents. While 29.4% of the respondents claimed they migrated due to educational reasons, 27.6%, 18.0% and 16.9% migrated in search of job, job transfer and marriage respectively. Very few migrated for other family purposes and some other reasons which accounted for 4.5% and 3.6% (see Table 1).

Regional variations show that the highest number of migrants (33.8%) was from the South­South political zone of the country compared to other zones. Lagos was treated as a single region due to proportionate larger migrants from the state. South-East, South West and the North accounted for 21.4%, 13.7% and 16.8% respectively. The result of the analysis also indicated that the rural­urban dichotomy is in ratio of 59:4. This implies that almost 60% of migrants are from rural areas of the country while only 41% usually move from urban areas (Table 1 ). This finding agrees with other discoveries in the literature that patterns of migration in developing countries are usually from rural to urban areas (Adepoju, 2004; Fadayomi, 1998). The result established that more males migrated than the female folks (62.7%- males and 37.3%- females) as shown in Table 1.

The highest educational qualification owned by most of the migrants was secondary and technical school qualifications (45.9%), followed by primary school certificates (26.8%) and close to it was Tertiary education (24.3%).

Sexuality among migrants That migrants are more susceptible to sexual risk is not new as evident by several literature (Kamla & Majumder, 2009; Mehrjerdi, Hosseinzadeh, Mansoori and Deylamizadeh, 2013; Parra do, Flippen and McQuiston, 2004; van Veen et al, 2009; Verma, Saggurti, Singh and Swain, 201 0). Similarly, that the concomitant effects of the risk can affect level of economic participation especially in industry calls for concern. Unfortunately, till now, data on migrant sexual activities and industrial development are not available especially with regards to indigenous migrants. Where seemingly available, the data are too weak and analytical models too limited to provide clear insights into the relationship. Thus, researchers have not been clear or conclusive in this area. Thus, the findings from this survey were intermediated with literature and authors' conjectures. However, specific economic activities or occupation have been linked to increase in sexually transmitted infections among migrants (Crush, Williams & Peberdy, 2005; Dahal, Pokharel & Birendra, 2013; Parrado, Flippen & McQuiston, 2004; van Veen et al, 2009). In the actual context of migration, the migrant vacates his/her place of origin transiting to the place of destination. Where the migrant is married, the spouse is not only left behind but with some levels of economic burdens. In the -course of striving for livelihood, the spouse could be exposed to certain sexual overtures among the community members. Also, taking into cognizance that poverty is a potential bait for sexual exploitation in developing countries, the absence of the breadwinner automatically increases the load on the family members thereby opening them up to precarious conditions and making them more vulnerable to unsafe sexual behaviour (Crush, Williams & Peberdy, 2005).

Specifically, irrespective of the marital status of the migrant, migration induces sexual mixing among migrants and the immediate acquaintances in the place of destination (mostly in the urban

"'

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422 Trajectory to Industrial Development in Nigeria

centres). Sexual mixing is conceptualised in this context as the extent to which people have sexual partners across social groups or networks. It is basically characterised by the practice of multiple sexual relationships or described as secretive or illicit sexual relationships (Catania, 1996). Simply put, the characteristics and result of sexual mixing culminates in sexual relationship with grave consequen~es on STis!HIV/AIDS incidences. Where these diseases exist or continue to spread, economic activity will be adversely affected.

The result from the data analysis shows that only 40.9% of the migrants were currently married and living with their spouses (Table 1 ). It also revealed that larger proportion of the migrants were either single (51.2%), cohabiting (6.7%) or ever married but not currently with their spouses (1.2%) as shown in Table 1. Evidences abound that migrant men who stay apart from their families are more likely to use the services of commercial sex workers, the more time they spend in the new location (Parrado, Flippen & McQuiston, 2004; Puri & Busza, 2004). This could also be aggravated if their hourly wages increase. In the case of singles, the kind of freedom or interdependence they are exposed to also could aggravate the extent of risky sexual behaviour among them. Risky sexual behaviour and risk of sexual transmitted infections (STis) are more pronounced among the younger age population (mostly singles) irrespective of the place of residence. The risk could also be more predominant in the urban areas where they could be possibly exposed to sexual issues fuelled by the proliferation of unguarded social media devices (Amoo, Adetoro & Olawole-Isaac, 2013). The result also revealed that more than half of the respondents interviewed (58. 7%) have more than one sexual partners while almost one-third demonstrated inadequate knowledge about HIV/AIDS transmission. The overall estimate indicated that up to 76.6% of the total sampled population were singles or not living with their spouses as at the time of the survey (see Table 1). Most often, the unemployed or underemployed migrants (product of surplus labourer) in the cities who could not be engaged or gainfully-engaged do not return to their origins but remain in the cities adopting available strategy for sustenance including sexual sacrifices.

Binary logistic illustrating the likelihood of migrants involving in cottage firms The binary logistic regression result shows that adults are more likely to migrate than children. Persons within age groups 25-34 and 35-44 have higher propensity (p-value = 0.007 and 0.000) to move and they are more likely to be found in the informal industries than those below age 15. The odds ratio ranges between 30.5% and 42% as shown in Table 2. This age group is popularly referred to as the productive age, prime age or active age group in the labour force. Many individuals in this group would rather prefer engaging in informal sector, establish their own business rather than remaining unemployed or unabsorbed in the formal sector. However, it is important to note that the reason for migration of persons within age 45 years and above may not necessarily meant for catching up with economic opportupities; the movement might be as a result of preparation for retirement where most older people usually prefer going back to the rural areas (most often, their place of origin) to spend the remaining parts of their life. Usually, preference is given to serene environment that is quite far away from the noise and busy life of the urban centres. Furthermore, married migrants are more likely to settle in the informal sector, if they are unable to settle on time in the formal sector. The finding is seemingly corroborating earlier findings that the single are more predominant in the informal sector of street trading but in addition, supporting the fact that only the married individuals are the leading participants in cottage industries (Amoo, Ola-David,

)

Ogunrinola & Fadayomi, 2012; Olurinola, Fadayomi, Amoo & Ola-David Oluyomi, 2014). The result revealed that married migrants are 1.89 times (p-value = 0.01 0) more likely to be found in the informal sector than single migrants (Table 2). Female migrants are 0.65 times (P-value= 0.009) less likely to be in the informal sector compared to their counterparts who are males (Table 2). This

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Sexuality in Indigenous Migration Within Urban Sprawl in Nigeria... 423

is in line with the fact that more men migrate than females, so there is high possibility that male migrants will get involved in the informal sector much more than the female.

More people who originated from the rural areas are 1.67 times more likely to be found in the cottage firms compared to those who originated from urban areas (P-value = 0.003) as indicated in Table 2. This established empirical findings that migrants from rural areas most times lack the skills required for jobs in the urban areas and one best way of earning a living is to get absorbed in the informal sector. Migrants from South East region and Lagos state are 4.32 and 3.56 times more likely to be in the informal sector than migrants from the North (Table 2).

Table 2. Binar~ logistic illustrating the likelihood of migrants involving in cottage firms Selected Variables Odds Ratio S.E. P- value

Age Group Under 15 RC 15-24 16.51 17.066 0.007 25-34 30.45 31.648 0.001 35-44 42.05 44.191 0.000 45-54 27.92 30.017 0.002 55+ 29.75 32.762 0.002 Marital Status Single RC Engaged 1.15 0.336 0.622 Married 1.89 0.464 0.010 Others 1.08 0.819 0.917 Gender Male RC Female 0.65 0.109 0.009 Place of Residence Urban RC Rural 1.67 0.292 0.003 Reason For Leaving Origin Education RC Search for work 5.17 1.135 0.000 Job transfer/ opportunity 4.91 1.215 0.000 Marriage arrangement 4.59 1.350 0.000 Other family reasons 5.56 2.054 0.000 Others 6.03 2.149 0.000 Region North RC South East 4.32 1.074 0.000 South-South 1.08 0.244 0.725 South West 1.00 0.306 0.989 Lagos 3.56 0.945 0.000 Living Situation at Current Residence Alone RC Spouse 0.90 0.208 0.661 Others 0.85 0.151 0.344 Education (Origin) Primary Education RC Secondary/Technical schools 0.95 0.154 0.747 Tertiary Education 0.13 0.029 0.000 Others 3.18 1.282 0.004 Constant 0.00 0.003 0.000 Source: Authors' Computation, 2014.

n I -11

424 Trajectory to Industrial Development in Nigeria

Conclusion and Recommendations The perception that young people migrate in search of job was confirmed by this study but that blue­collar jobs were available for them could not be substantiated owing to the proportion of unemployed and those in cottage industries. The greater interdependence migrants enjoy, especially the younger group could enhance initiation of sexual behaviour, consensual or coercive sexual relatiQnships and increasing number of sexual partners (as the case may be). The emerging negative fmotional or sexual health outcomes can serve as catalysts for increased risk ofHIV I AIDS. Although, the study could not convincingly establish statistically linkage between the risk ofHIV I AIDS and industrial development and this is due to paucity of data on the subject matter. However, owing to the practice of multiple sexual partnership observed and the relatively higher number of respondents without adequate knowledge about HIV I AIDS transmission, the migrants could be vulnerable to the risk of STis or HIV I AIDS and this may likely threaten their future participation in economic activity. It is believed that high risk ofHIV I AIDS among the current and prospective working population decreases the chance for industrial development in the long run. In the short run, it exacerbates the burden of sicknesses/diseases at the individual, family and community levels. The study therefore recommends intensive sexual counselling for all migrants both at the rural and suburbs of the cities to instil responsible sexual behaviour before, during transition and after reaching their destinations.

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