Session 1 - AZ Academy

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El-Zayat Ahmed

Session 1

Relative Clauses

(1)who-whom-which-that

تشيرthat/whoإلى فاعل عاقل ويأتي بعدها فعل مبني للمعلوم ex. I met my pen friend who/ that lives in London. Teachers are people who/that work at schools.

إلي مفعول عاقل في حالة المبنى للمجهول ويأتي بعدها فعل ويمكن that/whoكما تشير *

. be .to.vحذفهما مع ex. I saw the criminal who/that was caught yesterday. = I saw the criminal caught yesterday.

Dear ……….,

I’m so happy to meet and see you here. You will study

Relative Clauses with some ideas in grammar through

questions.

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تشيرthat/whom/whoعلوم ويأتي بعدهم إلى مفعول عاقل في حالة المبني للم

. فاعل ويمكن حذفهمex. The man who/whom/that you met with me yesterday is my uncle. =The man you met with me yesterday is my uncle.

: إذا جاء قبلها أي من التعبيرات التاليةwhomيمكن أن يأتي فعل بعد *All of, most of , none of, both of, neither of, either of, any of, one of, some

of, many of , much of ex.The house was full of boys, ten of whom were my cousins.

تشيرthat/whichإلى فاعل غير عاقل ويأتي بعدهما فعل : ex. The dog which/that chased me belongs to my neighbours.

كما تشيرthat/hwhic إلى مفعول غير عاقل في حالة المبني للمجهول ويأتي

. v.to beبعدهما فعل ويمكن حذفهما مع مراعاة حذف ex. I prefer the goods which/that are made in Egypt. =I prefer the goods made in Egypt.

تستخدمwhich/whom/who فقط وليس thatعتراضية في حالة الجمل اال . ex. Ismail Yassen, who is still a famous actor, died in 1970s. (Not: that is) ex. Aswan, which is the south of Egypt, is very hot. (Not: that is…)

بالنسبة لحروف الجر معthat/whom/who:

: نهاية الجملة الموصولة بل تأتي بعدهما في)that/who(ال تأتي حروف الجر قبل كل من *ex. This is my friend who I play tennis with. (Not: with who….) ex. This is the motorbike that I go to school on. (Not: on that…)

: which/whomيمكن أن تأتي حروف الجر قبل أو بعد كل من

ex. This is my friend whom I play tennis with. =This is my friend with whom I play tennis. ex. This is the motorbike which I go to school on. =This is the motorbike on which I go to school.

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(2) whose

تحل محل الملكية للعاقل وغير العاقل ويتبعها اسم يخص االسم الذي قبلها

. وتحل محل) بعدها فعل مطلقاأي ال يأتي (بالملكية (Noun+’s/my-his-her-its-our-your-their…)

-I saw an old man. His son was kidnapped. =I saw an old man whose son was kidnapped. -She lives in a house with a high roof. =She lives in a house whose roof is high.

(3) where حيث/حيثما/المكان الذي وتعود على المكان وال بد ان يأتي بعدها فاعل أو ) حيثما/حيث(تستخدم بمعنى

).أي ال يأتي بعدها فعل مطلقا(مفعول -This is my room. I sleep in it. =This is my room where I sleep. -She went to Cairo University. She studied Arabic language there. =She went to Cairo University where she studied Arabic language.

الحظ أن : . where) = حرف جر مناسب للمكان+which) ( which....+ حرف جر مناسب للمكان(

-This is the room where I sleep. =This is the room in which I sleep. =This is the room which I sleep in.

يمكن أن تستخدم whichمع المكان بدون حروف جر في حاالت معينة . ex.This is the house which we built. (Not: the house where….)

ال تستخدم حروف جر تعود على المكان قبل أو بعد where . ex. I went to the room in which I sleep. (Not: the room in where….) = I went to the room which I sleep in. (Not: the room where ….in).

(4) when حين/حينما؛عندما/الوقت الذي وال بد أن يأتي بعدها فاعل ) حينما/حين/الوقت الذي(تحل محل الوقت أو الزمن بمعنى

):أي ال يأتي بعدها فعل مطلقا(

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-2012 is the year when Rodayna was born. -Friday is the day when we don’t go to school. -Two o’clock is the time when I return home from school.

==> When = + which.

= which +

-2012 is the year in which Rodayna was born. =2012 is the year which Rodayna was born in. -Friday is the day on which we don’t go to school. =Friday is the day which we don’t go to school on. -Two o’clock is the time at which I get up. =Two o’clock is the time which I get up at.

Omission of relative pronouns يمكن حذف كل منwhom-which-who إذا جاء بعدهم فاعل.

-This is the woman who I helped. =This is the woman I helped. في حالة الصفة والموصوف يتم حذف الضميرto beونوضع الصفة قبل الموصوف

-The girl who is polite should be respected. -The polite girl should be respected.

يمكن استخدام.inf+ to بدال من عبارة الوصل إذا كان ضمير الوصل في الجملة

: يحل محل الفاعل مع تعبيرات مثل

-The first/ the second…../the last/ the only….. -I was the first person who left the ship. =I was the first person to leave the ship.

يمكن استخدام.inf+ to بدال من عبارة الوصل للداللة على الغرض مثل :

-He has some books that he needs/wants to read. =He has some books to read.

يمكن أن تعود which مما يعني أو مما يؤدي ( على ما قبلها كله وتعطي معنى.(.....

ex. She lost her husband, which frustrated her a lot.

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Exercises based on grammar

1- Choose the correct answer: 1- The house(that-which-a&b-where) I was brought up in was made from mud bricks. 2- Nine o’clock is the time(when-which-where-b&c) my children go to bed at. 3- Nine o’clock is the time at(when-which-where-b&c) my children go to bed. 4- Nince o’clock is the time(when-at which-at that-a&c) my children go to bed. 5- Spring is the season(when-in which-which-where) is full of green colour and flowers. 6- The house(where-in which-whose-who’s) door is belongs to my uncle. 7- The old man(whose-who’s-that’s-with) hands shake is my grandfather. 8- The old man(whose-who’s-that’s-with) the shaking hands is my grandfather. 9- the engineer(who-whose-that-a&c) designs are ecofriendly has become very popular. 10- The engineer(who-whose-that-a&c) designs ecofriendly factories has become very popular. 11- This is the man whose flat (bought- I bought-I bought it-buying) 12- This is the girl(who-that-no pronoun-a,b&c) my brother wants to marry. 13- The man(is carrying-carrying-who is carrying-carried) a black bag is my new neighbour. 14- The bridge(built-building-is built-is building) across the Nile is very important. 15- Sama was the third student(to enter-that entered-a&b-was entered)the class. 16- I have a lot of goals (which I want to achieve- which I want to achieve them-to

achieve-a&c) 17- I have three cousins, two of(whom-whose-who-that) are pilots. 18- The man(which-that-who-whose) clothes are made of wool feels warm. 19- Cairo, (whom-which-when-where)we live, is the largest city in Egypt. 20- From here we can see the mountain(whose-which-who-what) we climbed. 21- The house(where-who-what-which) is on the top of the hill was built 5 years ago. 22- Our exports, (where-whose-which-that) include cotton and metal goods, come

from all over Egypt. 23- A supermarket is a large shop(which-when-what-where) you can buy many

different things. 24- A supermarket is a large shop(which-when-what-where) you can buy many

different things from. 25- Please, arrange a time(which-where-whose-when) we can meet for a few hours. 26- Please, arrange a time at(which-where-whose-when) we can meet for a few hours. 27- I spent three hours reading the reports(whose-that-who-who’s) Radwa had sent. 28- The neighbours(which-who-what-where) have just moved into the next flat

are a newly-married couple. 29- The first one(whose-that-what-when) I spoke to today was you, Ahmed. 30- These are the people(who-which-whose-whom) car has been stolen. 31- Is that the flat(where-which-when-what)was advertised in the paper last week?

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32- We are talking about the car(who-which-where-when) has an open roof. 33- Yara, (who-that-whose-whom)is both polite and beautiful, is popular with all her friends. 34- What is the name of the school(where-whose-which-who) your son learns? 35- What is the name of the school(where-whose-which-who) your son attends? 36- The couple(whose-what-which-who) I had met at the station took me to dinner. 37- For me, home is a place(who-where-when-that) I feel relaxed in. 38- Siwa, (which-where-that-when)is an oasis in the Western Desert, is very beautiful. 39- Dr Mustafa, (whose-which-who-that) grandfather was a poor farmer, is a

famous surgeon. 40- We met a woman(that-which-who-whose) husband went to school with my father. 41- Isn’t that the woman(whose-where-which-who) jewels had been stolen? 42- Cars, (where-which-that-in which) are modern, are very expensive. 43- Egypt is the land(who-whose-where-which) people of different cultures can

live peacefully. 44- Hawaii, (where-who-that-which) consists of 8 principal islands, is a favourite vacation spot. 45- The house(where-who-what-which) I grew up was very small. 46- Do you remember the day(which-who-where-when) we moved to the new house? 47- The man(is taken-taken-taking-is taking) to hospital doesn’t have dangerous injuries. 48- I’m saving up for the mobile phone(where I saw-which I saw it-where I saw

it-that I saw) advertised on TV. 49- Omar is the fifth(reach-to reach-is reaching-reached) the office. 50- Rodayna, (who-whom-whose-that) dislikes are the same as mine, is my best friends. 51- The necklace(which lost-that loses-she lost-that lost) at the party was made of glass. 52- That flat(where-which-whose-with) the green balcony is mine. 53- Have you tried the coffee(Sama prepares it-which Sama prepares it-Sama

prepare-which Sama prepares) ? 54- The man whom you(have greeted him-are greeted-greeted him-greeted) is my teacher. 55- My parents, (who-whom-that-whose) help is necessary to me, are old people. 56- The drinks(sold-are sold-which sell-sells) in this café are all high quality. 57- This is a story(which-for which-in which-at which) a group of boys are

shipwrecked on an island. 58- Rokaya has a cousin(worked-working-is working-works) in this office. 59- Leen was the only classmate(attends-that attend-to attend-she attends) my

sister’s wedding. 60- Over there is the mechanic’s(where-whom-whose-who) I usually have my car checked. 61- The woman(with-who-that-whose) the blue blouse is my aunt. 62- This is the production manager(whose-who-that-whom) pay is the highest in the company. 63- The place(to that-which-what-to which) we went yesterday is just around the corner. 64- The final(which played-it played-played-was played) yesterday was boring. 65- The player(who-that-with-whose) that most popularity in Egypt is Salah.

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66- They live in a flat(that overlook-overlooks-overlooking-overlooked) the Nile. 67- He admires the English team (which Salah plays-Salah plays-which Salah

plays for it-Salah plays for) 68- I admire the officer(to help-helped-helping-is helping) the old man cross the

street over there. 69- Can you suggest a time at(that-which-where-when) I can visit you? 70- Messi was the last player(was left-left-he left-to leave) the playground. 71- That is the French tourist(that-whose-whom-who)stay needs to be extended. 72- “August is the month when I go to Alexandria.” This means (August is the

month which I go to Alexandria-August is the month at which I go to Alexandria-August is the month which I go to Alexandria in-August is the month on which I go to Alexandria)

73- “My car is the one with the silver colour.” This means (I have one silver car- There is only one silver car that we can see right now-There’s only one car we can see-I have more than one car)

74- I have met some old friends, two of them are doctors. (I have only two friends who are doctors-I have only two old friends who are doctors-I have a lot of old friends-I have some old friends, two of whom are doctors.)

75- “Old people need our help.” This means (it is old people that need our help-we need old people who can help us-old people never need our help-it is us who need old people’s help)

Writing Skills

“Paragraph Writing” *What is a paragraph ?

1. A paragraph is a series of sentences that talk about a specific subject. 2. It doesn't really matter how many sentences a paragraph has, but a good

paragraph consists of 5-7 sentences. There is a topic sentence, 3 supporting

sentences, and a conclusion sentence. 3. A paragraph starts on an indented line. 4. The lines that a paragraph should include in are at least three to five, not more.

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What are the characteristics of a good paragraph? * Unity :

Unity in the paragraph means oneness of idea. A good paragraph possesses unity when all the sentences develop the main idea. Unity in the paragraph is achieved by the use of : a topic sentence with its controlling idea/supporting details, and a clinching (=closing / conclusion)sentence.

*Coherence The word "coherence" means " holding together". Sentences must be linked to one another to ensure a smooth progression of ideas from one sentence to another.

Parts of a paragraph

Topic sentences Supporting Sentences Concluding Sentence الجملة الختامیة جمل تدور حول الموضوع الجملة الرئیسیة

1-Topic Sentence (=Introduction sentence)

The topic sentence is the first sentence of a paragraph. It states the main idea of the paragraph.

Questions & Answers •What do we leave at the beginning of the first line of a paragraph? -A space of about five letters. •What is a topic sentence? - The topic sentence is the first sentence in a paragraph. • What does a topic sentence do? - It introduces the main idea of the paragraph. • How do I write a topic sentence? - Summarize the main idea of your paragraph. - Make clear , what your paragraph will be about.

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2-Supporting Sentences (Body):

The supporting sentences explain more about the topic sentence by showing some facts, statistics, or examples regarding the topic. Supporting sentences are used to develop the topic sentence.

Questions & Answers • What are the supporting sentences? - They come after the topic sentence and make up the body of a paragraph. • What do supporting sentences do? - They give details to develop and support the main idea of the paragraph. • How do I write supporting sentences? - You should give supporting facts, details, and examples. 3- Concluding Sentence(=Closing Sentence):

A concluding sentence is the end of the paragraph. It ties all ideas given in the paragraph and emphasizes the main idea one last time. In the concluding sentence, the writer usually restates their topic sentence or summarizes the main points of the paragraph.

Questions & Answers • What is a closing (concluding) sentence? - A closing sentence is the last sentence in a paragraph. • What does a closing sentence do? - It restates the main idea of a paragraph. • How do I write a closing sentence? -Restate the main idea of the paragraph using different words.

Types of a paragraph What are the types of paragraphs? The most important types of paragraphs are: descriptive, narrative,

expository, and persuasive.

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Types of paragraph

Descriptive Narrative expository Persuasive إقناعیة تفسیریة قصصیة وصفیة

1-Descriptive Paragraph:

This type of paragraph describes the topic. A descriptive paragraph usually appeals to the five senses of touch, smell, sight, sound, and taste. This type of paragraph can be more artistic and may not follow grammatical standards. 2-Narrative Paragraph:

This type of paragraph narrates a story. We can call it a mini short story. It includes a sequence of topic sentences like a clear start, middle of the topic, and an end to the paragraph.

3 Expository (how-to) Paragraph: An expository paragraph defines something or gives instructions. It may

also explain a process and influence the reader step by step. This expository paragraph usually needs research, but it's also possible to rely on the writer's knowledge and experience. 4-Persuasive Paragraph:

A persuasive paragraph seeks to make the readers admit a writer's point of view or know his/her position. Persuasive paragraphs are often used by the teachers because it is beneficial when building an argument. Also, it makes a writer research and collect some facts on the topic.

paragraph (transitions)

besides, moreover, as well, even though…….

Choose the correct answer: 1. What is the first sentence of a paragraph called?

- The introduction sentence -The topic sentence - The closing sentence -The supporting sentence

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2. What is a paragraph?

- A series of sentences that talk about various subjects,

- Made up of only one sentence.

- A series of sentences that talk about a specific subject.

- A series of paragraphs about one main idea or point.

3. When do you use supporting details or supporting sentences?

- Never use these in paragraphs because they are for essays only.

- Before the first sentence at the introduction.

- After the topic sentence and before the closing sentence.

- After the last sentence because it helps you summarize the paragraph.

4. How many sentences does a paragraph nearly have?

- 5-7 - 6-8 -3-4 -9-10

5. How many topics should a paragraph cover?

- One -Two -Three -Five

6. What is smooth and logical flow of sentences in a paragraph called?

- Unity-Emphasis-Coherence-Incoherence.

7. Which of the following would be the best topic for an argument paragraph?

- Green is my favorite color - War can lead to many deaths.

- The new law was a wise decision. -Lions eat meat.

8. Which paragraph tells a story?

- Descriptive paragraph. -Persuasive paragraph.

- Expository paragraph. -Narrative paragraph.

9. How should the topic sentence of a paragraph be?

- As broad and general as possible.

- Always about science.

- Broad enough to explicate the topic.

- Something the writer is interested in.

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10. How many sentences should be there to form a paragraph?

- Two sentences are enough for being called a paragraph.

- At least three sentences must be there.

- At least five sentences are required for a paragraph.

- It doesn't really matter how many sentences are there.

11. Which is an example of cause-and-effect sentence? یجةجملة سبب ونت

- Sama used to play video games for hours, that's why her eyesight has become weaker.

- Sama played video games and the Internet slowed down.

- Sama stopped playing video games when she started school.

- Sama bought a new game after Rody did.

12. A transition is ……………

- signal words that help organize a paragraph, using time order or listing order.

- a series of sentences about one main idea, or point.

- the sentences that express the main point, or idea, of a paragraph.

- reasons, examples, and other details that support the main point of the paragraph.

13. A topic sentence is………..


- a sentence with signal words that increase effectiveness of organization.

- a way to conclude the paragraph so the reader knows what the enu paragraph was about.

- the sentence that expresses the main point, or idea, of a paragraph..

14. A supporting detail sentence is………

-a series of paragraphs about one main idea, or point.

- signal words that help organize a paragraph, using time order or listing order.


- a way to conclude the paragraph so the reader knows what the paragraph was about.

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15. Choose the best topic sentence:

….....On the contrary of some species of dogs, they do not need a lot of exercise

every day. Crowds and loud noises do not make them nervous. They do not mind

being alone for hours. Above all this, they are known to be patient and loving with

children. If you are a city- dweller, I recommend this breed of dog.

- Bulldogs are a good choice of dog for people who live in cities.

- Every family should have a dog.

- Not all dogs are happy living in the city.

- All species of dogs are pretty much alike-they're all the same.

16. Read the following paragraph, then choose the correct topic sentence.

Malaysians spend more than $50 million a year to buy imported fruits. Much of

this money can be kept in the country if Malaysians consume more local fruits of

which there are more than twenty varieties. Except for durians, mangoes and

rambutans, Malaysians generally like imported fruits.

- Malaysians spend more than $50 million a year to buy imported fruits.

- Much of this money can be kept in the country if Malaysians consume more local

fruits of which there are more than twenty

- Except for durians, mangoes and rambutans, Malaysians generally like imported fruits. varieties.

- None of the above.


…….He always takes the time to listen to the details of my complaints. When I

was in the hospital, he came to visit me. He always makes sure I get the medication I

need. Several of my friends now go to see him, and they like him as much as I do!

- I love my father.

- Seeing a doctor has become very expensive.

- I am very happy with my doctor.

- It is hard to find a good doctor.

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18. Choose the supporting sentence(s) for this topic sentence:

I have to look for another job.

- I am lucky that I still have a job.

- The commute is very long.

- As we now have another child, my salary isn't enough for our family.

- b & c


The way a bird flies often shows what it is doing. When it is flying to warmer

places for winter, it flies straight. When it is catching insects, it moves about in

many directions.

- The way a bird flies often shows what it is doing.

- When it is flying to warmer places for winter, it flies straight.

- When it is catching insects, it moves about in many directions.



…… Most people who earn the minimum salary are trying to support

families with it. No one working full-time and earning the minimum salary makes

enough money to pay for their necessities. If we raise the minimum salary,

families will have more money to spend, and therefore other businesses will make

more money. For so many reasons, it is the best thing to do.

- This economy is especially hard for small business owners.

- It is due time to raise the minimum salary.

- We must worry about jobs, not salaries.

- Parents in Cairo have a lot of expenses.


Parents should not allow young children to cross this busy road on their own.

- Cars are always speeding down that avenue.

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- Last year, two children were injured while crossing that street.

- There are many good restaurants on that street.

- a & b


Heavy rain stops many of our activities. Games, sports, picnics and other

outdoor activities are interrupted by rain. Heavy rain also prevents fishermen from

going out to sea.

- Games, sports, picnics and other outdoor activities are interrupted by rain.

- Heavy rain also prevents fishermen from going out to sea.

- Heavy rain stops many of our activities.



Most students need to learn good ways to study.

- Sometimes cheating homework in a group can be helpful.

- Studying instead of sleeping doesn't help learning or test scores.

- Making friends is important to happiness and success.

- Many high-paying jobs require a university degree.

2- Read the following passage, then answer the questions: No part of our environment has escaped the effects of pollution. All over the

world, our land, air and water have been contaminated by an increasing number of waste materials and substances that issue daily from factories, homes and vehicles. In some cases, this waste is only an eyesore, which spoils the beauty of our surroundings, while in other cases, it is a serious threat to our health and can result in death.

Some of the most dangerous waste substances are, without a doubt, those produced by factories, industrial waste often contains toxic substances that can kill plant and animal life. When there is no proper government control, factories allow these substances to pour into rivers, while their chimneys fill the atmosphere with

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poisonous fumes, sometimes in areas no more that a few kilometres from heavily populated cities.

In towns and cities, the use of fossil fuels (oil,coal,and gas) for heating results in large amounts of carbon dioxide filling the atmosphere.

But, each of us is guilty of polluting our environment to some extent. How much longer can we allow this pollution to continue? Scientists tell us that the increased amount of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere may soon have disastrous effects. They fear that it will raise average temperatures around the world and cause the polar ice caps to melt. If this happens, they say the level of the world’s oceans will rise by four to six metres, and vast populated areas of our planet will be covered by water. Can we afford to make such risks by continuing to pollute our environment. Choose the correct answer from a,b,c or d: 1-Which part of the environment is affected by pollution?

a-no part b-each part c-Water d-Air 2-What causes pollution to the environment?

a-Animals and planes b-Birds and bicycles c-factories, homes and vehicles d-Computers and printers

3-What happens when there is no proper government control on factories? a-They dump their toxics in rivers b-They send their waste to homes c-They cause governments to die d-They cause the water level in rivers to rise

4-What do chimneys do to the atmosphere? a-They poison plants and animals b-They emit fossil fuels into the atmosphere c-They pour their waste into rivers and seas d-They fill the atmosphere with poisonous fumes

5-What is the cause of global warming? a-The waste from animals b-The melting of ice caps c-The increased amount of carbon dioxide d-The waste in our homes

6-Who is blamed for polluting the environment? a-The government b-The factories c-Chimneys d-Each of us

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7-It’s ugly to see………….. . a-a street free of pollution and smoking b-a factory full of population c-our surrounding full of contamination d-many trees on both sides of trees

8-In addition to eyesore, waste may result in………… a-man’s health b-man’s death c-man’s wealth d-man’s breath

9-The underlined pronoun “their” refer to……… a-factories b-vehicles c-scientists d-people

10-What is the best title to the passage? a-Contamination and our heath b-Population and water c-The rise in water d-Carbon dioxide and global warming

Translations A-Translate into English:

.التحديات كافة قهر من االعاقة ذوي تمكن االرادة وقوة العزيمة -١ Determination and will power enable disabled people to conquer all challenges.

.الجريمة معدل وزيادة الفوضي انتشار الي يؤدي القانون غياب -٢ The absence of law leads to the spread of chaos and an increase in the rate of crime.

.أعتقد ما علي السنة في دوالر مليار عشر إحدي يقارب السياحة من مصر دخل متوسط -٣ The average income of Egypt from tourism is about eleven billion dollars a year, I think.

.الناس من األالف أرواح إنقاذ في ويسهم السير حوادث من يحد بحزم المرور قواعد تطبيق -٤ Enforcing traffic rules strictly limits road accidents and contributes to saving the

souls of thousands of people. .المجاالت شتي في أبنائها وبإنجازات بحضارتها أمة كل تفتخر -٥

Every nation boasts about its civilization and its sons' achievements in all fields.

Choose the correct Arabic translation : 1-Wasting water is a big problem that has appeared recently, especially with the

problem of water shortage: Some careless people use it foolishly without any sense of duty or responsibility.

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بعض الناس . إن إهدار الماء مشكلة كبيرة ظهرت مؤخراً و خاصة مع مشكلة قصر الماء . أ ون أي إحساس بالواجب أو المسئوليةالحريصين يستخدموا الماء بحماقة بد

بعض الناس . إن إهدار الماء مشكلة كبيرة ظهرت متاخرا وخاصة مع مشكلة نقص الماء . ب . المهملين يستخدموا الماء بحماقة بإحساس بالواجب أو المسئولية

بعض الناس . إن إهدار الماء مشكلة كبيرة ظهرت مؤخرا و خاص مع مشكلة نقص الماء . ج مهملين يستخدموا الماء بحماقة بدون أي إحساس بالواجب أو المسئولية ال

بعض الناس . إن إهدار الماء مشكلة كبيرة ظهرت متأخراً و خاصة مع مشكلة نقص الماء . د . المهملين يستخدموا الماء بحماقة بدون أي إحساس بالواجب أو االحتمالية

2- When you make friends, you must be aware that many friends are only for fun, but when you need some advice, you should only ask wise people.

عندما تكون صداقات ، يجب أن تكون على علم بأن الكثير من األصدقاء لن تجدهم فقط في . أ .المرح ولكنك عندما تحتاج لنصيحة يجب أن تسأل فقط الحكماء

كون صداقات ، يجب أن تكون على علم بأن الكثير من األصدقاء ستجدهم فقط في ب ، عندما ت .المرح ولكنك عندما تحتاج لنصيحة يجب أن تسأل فقط الحكماء

عندما تكون صداقات ، يجب أن تكون على علم بأن الكثير من األصدقاء هم فقط في المرح -ج . فقط ولكنك عندما تحتاج النصيحة يجب أال تسأل الحكماء

عندما تكون صداقات ، يجب أن تكون على علم بأن الكثير من األصدقاء ستجدهم وحيد في . د . المرح ولكنك عندما تحتاج لنصيحة يجب أن تسأل فقط الحكماء

3. The whole world was waiting impatiently for the refloating of the ship stuck in the Suez Canal . After a week of hard work , the salvage teams succeeded in pulling it off and the world's most important maritime passage was eventually unlocked .

.a لقد كان العالم بأسره ينتظر بكل صبر إعادة تعويم السفينة العالقة في قناة السويس ، وبعد .ق اإلنقاذ في سحبها وتم فتح الممر البحري األكثر أهمية في النهاية أسبوع من العمل الشاق نجحت فر

.b كان العالم كله ينتظر بكل الصبر إعادة تعويم السفينة العالقة في قناة السويس ، بعد أسبوع . . من العمل الشاق ، نجحت فرق اإلنقاذ في سحبه و أخيرة وتم فتح الممر السعيد األكثر أهمية

.cلعالم بأسره ينتظر بفارغ الصبر إعادة تعويم السفينة العالقة في قناة السويس ، وبعد لقد كان ا أسبوع من العمل الشاق نجحت فرق اإلنقاذ في سحبها وأخيرا تم فتح الممر البحري األكثر أهمية

. d ، وبعد لقد كان العالم بأسره ينتظر بفارغ الصبر إعادة تعويم السفينة العالقة في قناة السويس . أسبوع من العمل الشاق نجحت فرق اإلنقاذ في سحبها وتم فتح الممر التجاري األكثر أهمية في النهاية

Session One

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Choose the correct English translation : و هم . المواطنون الصالحون هم من يكرسوا أنفسهم و وقتهم و اموالهم من أجل رفاهية عائالتهم . ١

ة بأنفسهم عندما يكون بلدهم في خطرأيضا على استعداد للتضحيa. Good citizens are those who devote themselves, their time and their for the

welfare of their families. They are also ready to recognise money themselves when their country is in danger.

b. Good citizens are those who decorate themselves, their time and their oney for the welfare of their families. They are also ready to sacrifice themselves when their country is in danger.

c. Good citizens are those who devote themselves, their time and their money for the welfare of their families. They are also ready to sacrifice themselves when their country is in danger.

d. Good citizens are those who devote themselves, their time and their money for the welfare of their families. They are also ready to scary themselves when their country is in danger.

ال تستمر الحياة على نفس الشكل ، ولكنها أحيانا أوقات سعيدة وجميلة نستمتع بها ، وأوقات .٢ . أخرى عصيبة ال نريدها أن تحدث مرة أخرى

a. Life doesn't have the same shape all the time, but it has happy and beautiful times which we enjoy but hard times which we don't want to came back again.

b. Life doesn't have the same model all the time, but it has happy and beautiful times which we enjoy and pleasant times which we didn't want to come back again.

c. Life doesn't have the same shop all the time, but it has happy and beautiful times which we enjoy and hard times which we want to come back again.

d. Life doesn't have the same mood all the time, but it has happy and beautiful times which we enjoy and hard times which we don't want to come back again.

بأسره في العالم رخاء و قوه األكثر الدولة مصر تصبح أن مخلص مصري كل يتطلع:-٣A:Every loyal Egyptian look forward to Egypt become the most powerful and

prosperous nation in the family world. B:Every loyal Egyptian looks forward to Egypt become the most powerful and

prosperous nation in the whole world. C:Every loyal Egyptian looks forward to Egypt becoming the most powerful and

prosperous nation in the whole world. D:Every loyal Egyptian looks forward to Egypt becomes the most powerful and

prosperous nation in the whole world.

Session Two

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Session 2

1-Tag Question

Omar will arrive at 12 o’clock, won’t he?

Sama can’t speak three languages, can she?

Ahmed isn’t careful, is Ahmed? (X) Ahmed isn’t careful, is he? (√)

He works in a secondary school, does not he? (X) He works in a secondary school, doesn’t he? (√)

)am( )aren’t( : I am waiting for the bus, aren’t I?

Dear ……….,

In this session, you will study Tag Question. Then

answer the questions .

Yours

3

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)p.p+has ( )hasn’t( : Aya has been busy, hasn’t she?

)has( )doesn’t( : Aya has a lot of friends, doesn’t she? األصح Aya has a lot of friends, hasn’t she? ضعيفة

)has to( )sn’tdoe( : Rodayna has to be at school in time, doesn’t she?

)has got to( )hasn’t( : Rodayna has got to be at school in time, hasn’t she?

)p.p+have ( )haven’t( : The boys have watched the match, haven’t they?

)have( )don’t( :

They have lunch at three, don’t they? (√) They have lunch at three, haven’t they?ضعيفة

)have to( )don’t( : We have to finish the report today, don’t we?

)have got to( )haven’t( : We have got to finish the report today, haven’t we?

)p.p+had ( )hadn’t( : Before lunchtime, Mai returned home, hadn’t she?

)had( )didn’t( : They had lunch at three, didn’t they?

)had to( )didn’t( : We had to finish the report yesterday, didn’t we?

)needn’t( )need( : You needn’t drive so fast, need you?

.)inf+d’( )would(

)wouldn’t/would( : He’d prefer to have fish, wouldn’t he?

)p.p+’d( ) p.p+had(

)hadn’t/had( : He’d bought a new car, hadn’t he?

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)’d rather( )wouldn’t/would( : He’d rather go out, wouldn’t he? She’d rather not do the shopping, would she?

: person-student-child-doctor-teacher, engineer-farmer….

: في السؤال المذيل حسب السياق)she/he( فإننا نستخدم الضمير أو مؤنثإذا كان واضحا أن الكالم عن مذكر- A person in a white blouse found my keys, didn’t she? A doctor with a white moustache has examined me, hasn’t he?

في السؤال )they(إذا لم يكن واضحا من السياق أن الكالم عن مذكر أو مؤنث ، فإننا نستخدم الضمير - : المذيل لإلشارة إلى هذه األسماء حتى عندما تكون في صيغة مفرد

A teacher has told you to improve your handwriting, haven’t they? A student gave this mobile to the head teacher, didn’t they?

)they( : someone/somebody/anyone/anybody/everyone/everybody/no one/nobody

Someone has called you, haven’t they? Everyone is at home, aren’t they?

)it( : something/anything/everything/nothing

Something has happened, hasn’t it? Everything is OK, isn’t it?

)that/this( )it( That is your pen, isn’t it?

: )she/he( يعود على عاقل يكون الضمير في السؤال المذيل )that/this(الفاعل إذا كان - That is my son Ahmed, isn’t he? That girl is my daughter, isn’t she?

: )they( يكون الضمير في السؤال المذيل )those/these(الفاعل إذا كان - These are our friends, aren’t they?

: تبقى كما هي في السؤال المذيل)there(الفاعل إذا كان - There’s something wrong, isn’t there? There weren’t any problems, were there? -Tag Question with Compound & complex sentences

: If she works hard, she will succeed in life and work, wont’ she? When I arrived home, Nada was asleep in bed, wasn’t she?

: الحظ أن الجملة الثانوية ال تؤثر على السؤال المذيل من ناحية النفي واإلثبات -

If Omar doesn’t have enough time, Aya will help me, won’t she?

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)I/we( : I think Omnia is late, isn’t she? (Not: don’t I) We believe that he works in a bank, doesn’t he? (Not: don’t we) I believe he can win the race, can’t he? I don’t believe he can win the race, can he?

I /we : Omar thinks that he is right, doesn’t he? They believe that life in the countryside is simple, don’t they?

:مل األمر المثبت يمكن أن تستخدم الصيغ التالية في السؤال المذيلعد جب-١……….., will you? …….., would you? ……….,can you? …….could you? -Give me a hand, will you? -Get me something to drink , can you?

األمـر المثبـت فـي الـسؤال المـذيل العطـاء جمـل )won’t-can’t you(كما يمكن اسـتخدام - : مزيد من التأكيد والحزم

-Keep silence, can’t you? :المذيل في السؤال )will you(تستخدم ) ال تفعل(نفي عد جمل األمر المب-٢

-Don’t lie to me again, will you? :المذيل في السؤال )ought to(ال يستخدم حرف الجر في -٣

-You ought to be here in time, oughtn’t you? (Not: Oughtn’t you to?) : المثبت بعد الجمل التي تحتوي على ظروف وكلمات تعطي معنى النفي مثل المذيلنستخدم السؤال -٤

never-no-nobody-hardly-scarcely-seldom-rarely-little -You never tell lies, do you? (Not: don’t you?) -It’s no use trying to fix this mobile, is it? (Not : isn’t it?) -There’s little we can do to help her, is there? (Not: isn’t there?) -Nobody arrived, did they? (Not: didn’t they?)

: تعطي معنى النفي لكن السؤال المذيل يكون منفي)to+adj+too(الصيغة -٥-She is too young to get married, isn’t she? (Not: is she?)

:)shall we( يكون السؤال المذيل )Let’s(إذا بدأت الجملة بـ -٦-Let’s go fisihing, shall we?

:المتحدث يريد أن يعرف شيئا(يرتفع الصوت في السؤال المذيل إذا كان المقصود سؤال حقيقي -٧-The train arrives at seven, doesn’t it?

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:صوت في السؤال المذيل إذا كان المتحدث متأكد أن ما يقوله صحيحينخفض ال-٨-It is a good idea, isn’t it?

: )isn’t it(إذا جاءت الصفة منفردة نستخدم كما في المحادثات -١٠

-Fantasitc, isn’t it? -Horrible, isn’t it? : الجزء األول من الجملة الحظ في الصيغة التالية يكون السؤال المذيل على-١١

-It + be+adj صفة _+ sentence جملة -It’s very important that we eat healthy food, isn’t it?


1- Choose the correct answer: 1- Leen is a clever doctor, (is Leen-isn’t Leen-is she-isn’t she)? 2- Taha hasn’t got any sisters, (has Taha-hasn’t Taha-has he-hasn’t he) ? 3- My sister(work-works-worked-didn’t work) hard, doesn’t she? 4- My sister(work-works-worked-didn’t work) hard, did she? 5- Ali has bought a new digital camera, (has-has not-hasn’t-b&c)he? 6- Roaa is a clever student, isn’t(she-Roaa-her-hers)? 7- I did not arrive late, did(you-I-we-my) ? 8- We take exercise to keep fit, (do-does-don’t-doesn’t)we? 9- We don’t eat much to keep fit, (do-does-don’t-doesn’t) we? 10- A lion eats meat, (do-does-don’t-doesn’t) it? 11- A lion doesn’t eat grass, (do-does-don’t-doesn’t) it? 12- The girl ate fish for lunch, (did-didn’t-was-wasn’t) she? 13- The girl didn’t eat cheese for lunch, (did-didn’t-was-wasn’t)she? 14- Ibrahim(is-isn’t-was-wasn’t) in the office, wasn’t he? 15- I am very late, (am I-am not I-aren’t you-aren’t I)? 16- I am not very late, (am I-am not I-are you-aren’t I) ? 17- Maha has gone back home, (has-hasn’t-does-doesn’t) she? 18- Omar has breakfast before leaving home, (has-hasn’t-doesn’t-b&c) he? 19- Samar(has-doesn’t have-has had-hasn’t had) a drink during the break, doesn’t she? 20- Samar(has-doesn’t have-has had-hasn’t had) a drink during the break, does she?

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21- Samar(has-doesn’t have-has had-hasn’t had) a drink during the break, hasn’t she? 22- Samar(has-doesn’t have-has had-hasn’t had) a drink during the break, has she? 23- She has to wear the school uniform, (has-does-hasn’t-doesn’t) she? 24- She has got to wear the school uniform, (has-does-hasn’t-doesn’t) she? 25- We(have-don’t have-have had-a&b) a break between lessons, do we? 26- We(have-don’t have-have had-haven’t had) a break between lessons, haven’t we? 27- We(have-don’t have-have had-haven’t had) a break between lessons, don’t we? 28- We(have-don’t have-have had-haven’t had) a break between lessons, do we? 29- We have to arrive at work in time, (don’t-haven’t-do-have) we? 30- We have got to arrive at work in time, (don’t-haven’t-do-have) we? 31- You had a meal with some friends, (had-had not-did-didn’t) you? 32- You didn’t have a meal with some friends, (had-hadn’t-did-didn’t) you? 33- You had had a meal with some friends before going back home, (had-hadn’t-

did-didn’t) you? 34- You hadn’t had a meal with some friends before going back home, (had-

hadn’t-did-didn’t) you? 35- She(needs-doesn’t need-needed-needn’t) help with her homework, does she? 36- She(needs-doesn’t need-needed-needn’t) help her daughter with her

homework, need she? 37- She(needs-doesn’t need-needed-needn’t) someone to help with her homework, doesn’t she? 38- She(needs-doesn’t need-needed-needn’t) help with her homework, didn’t she? 39- She’s watering the flowers, (is-isn’t-doesn’t-hasn’t) she? 40- She’s never late for work, (is-isn’t-doesn’t-hasn’t)she? 41- She’s always late for work, (is-isn’t-doesn’t-hasn’t) she? 42- She has enough free time, (is-isn’t-doesn’t) she? 43- She’s interesting jobs to do at home, (is-isn’t-doesn’t-has not)she? 44- She’d rather stay at home to relax, (had-hadn’t-would-wouldn’t) she? 45- She’d rather not go out, (had-hadn’t-would-wouldn’t) she? 46- She had a tiring day, (had-did-didn’t-wouldn’t)she? 47- She’d had tiring day before she finally went home, (had-hadn’t-didn’t-

wouldn’t) she?

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48- Some boys broke the window, didn’t(some boys-he-they-them)? 49- A bird’s built its nest here, hasn’t(it-he-she-they)? 50- Two birds have built their nest here, haven’t(it-he-she-they)? 51- A child is crying next door, (isn’t he-isn’t she-aren’t they-isn’t it)? 52- Someone brought you a present, (weren’t you-weren’t they-didn’t they-

haven’t you)? 53- A typical Egyptian farmer with traditional earrings is working on a farm, (isn’t

she-is he-aren’t they-are they)? 54- Somebody has stolen my mobile, (hasn’t he-hasn’t she-have they-haven’t they)? 55- Something went wrong with my car, (did it-didn’t it-did they-didn’t they) ? 56- This is your sister Sama, (isn’t this-isn’t she-isn’t it-is she)? 57- That is my old motorbike, (isn’t this-isn’t she-isn’t it-is she)? 58- These are the pens you want, (aren’t they-aren’t these-isn’t it-is it)? 59- There was a policeman in front of the supermarket, (wasn’t he-wasn’t there-

was he-was there)? 60- Noha called me as soon as dad had got out of hospital, (did she-didn’t she-had

he-hadn’t he)? 61- If they were rich, they would donate money for children, (were-weren’t-

would-wouldn’t)they? 62- I think Zamzam will come first, (do I -don’t I -will she- won’t she)? 63- I don’t think Zamzam will come first, (do I -don’t I -will she-won’t she)? 64- I think Zamzam won’t come first, (do I -don’t I -will she-won’t she)? 65- Khalid believes I am rich, (doesn’t he-does he-am I -aren’t I)? 66- Help me with the housework, (will-would-can-a,b&c)you? 67- Don’t shout at your sister, (will-would-can-a,b&c)you? 68- They ought to help their neighbours, (ought to-oughtn’t to-oughtn’t-ought) they? 69- The man must have lost his money, (must-mustn’t-did-didn’t)? 70- Ayman never wastes his time, (does-doesn’t-does not-b&c)he? 71- He’s too fat to play football, (has he-hasn’t he-is he-isn’t he)he? 72- Let’s have a cold drink, (can we-can you-shall we-shall you)? 73- Nobody has arrived yet, (has he-hasn’t he-have they-haven’t they)?

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74- A person with a false beard was arrested, (wasn’t she-wasn’t he-weren’t they-were they) ?

75- There are some apples in the basket, (hasn’t it-isn’t it-are there-aren’t there)? 76- She seldom has lunch outdoors, (has she-hasn’t she-does she-a&c)? 77- Look at my sister’s baby. Cute, (will you-would you-is it-isn’t it) ?

Writing Skills “Essay (Paper) Writing”

*What is an essay (a paper) ?

An essay a (paper) is a short formal piece of writing deals with a single subject. *What is a thesis statement (a topic statement):

The thesis (or topic) statement accurately states the main idea of the essay. It sets limits on the topic. The thesis works as a road map for the whole essay, showing the readers what you have to say and which main points you will use to support your idea.

*What does an essay consist of? / What are the main parts of an essay? In general, an essay has three parts:

1-Introduction: The introduction is the first paragraph of your essay. This is where you

introduce your topic (thesis) for the first time. You can give a very brief summary of your essay in the introductory paragraph. Generally, the introduction is not very long, about 4-6 lines. In the introduction, try to draw and keep the readers' attention. To do so, you can start with a quote,a proverb, a definition or a question. 2-Body (Middle Section / Bulk):

The body is the main part of your essay between the introduction and the conclusion. It includes the most vital and important content of the essay. The body of the essay can extend to two or more paragraphs according to the content. It is important to organize your thoughts and content. Write the information in a systematic flow so that the reader can understand.

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3-Conclusion (Closing): The conclusion is the last paragraph of the essay. Sometimes a conclusion will

just restate the introductory paragraph but make sure the words and syntax (structures) are different. You can end your essay by providing some moral. Make sure you complete your essay with the conclusion, leave no hanging points. *What is a hook?

A hook is an opening statement in an essay that attempts to grab the reader’s attention so that they want to read on. *What are the main types of an essay?

Like the main types of a paragraph, there are four important types of essays:

Types of Essay (paper)

Descriptive Narrative Expository Persuasive إقناعي تفسیري قصصي وصفیة

-What are the best steps of essay writing?

1- Create a thesis statement (Choose a topic). 2-Make an outline. 3-Begin with the body, not the introduction. 4-Begin each paragraph with a topic sentence. 5-Conclude your essay. 6-Write your introduction. 7-Revise and proofread.

Choose the correct answer: 1- An essay is………..

-a series of sentences about one main topic. - a series of paragraphs about one main idea, or point. - the sentence that expresses the main point, or idea, of a paragraph. - an excellent way to get a lot of information down on paper.

2- How many paragraphs should you have in your essay? - Two paragraphs are enough for being called an essay. - At least four paragraphs must be there.

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- At least five paragraphs are required for an essay. - It doesn't really matter how many paragraphs are there.

3- What is the first paragraph of an essay called? - Conclusion -Body Paragraphs - Introduction - Exposition

4- What is the last paragraph of an essay called? - Introduction -Thesis Statement - Body Paragraphs -Conclusion

5- What are the middle paragraphs of an essay called? - Body Paragraphs -Conclusions - Introductions -Topic Sentences

6- How do you separate paragraphs? -A space - An indent - You don't separate paragraphs. - There is only supposed to be one paragraph.

7- The introductory paragraph has three parts. Which of the following NOT part of the introductory paragraph?

- thesis -direct quote -background -hook 8- What is the main idea of an essay called?

- citation -topic sentence - introduction -thesis

9- What are the parts of a paragraph? - topic sentence, background sentences, thesis - hook, background sentences, thesis - topic sentence, supporting sentences, closing sentence - hook, background sentences, closing sentence

10- To……… is to rewrite another writer's words and ideas into your own words.

- paraphrase -summarise -include - conclude 11- When you think that the words of the other writer are too difficult,……. them.

- paraphrase -summarise -include - conclude 12- How would you plan to link the paragraphs to each other in an essay

writing? - I write a lot of ideas in each paragraph. - By making sure that each paragraph links to the introduction. - By stating different key points in each paragraph - By making sure that each paragraph links to the conclusion .

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13- What is the most effective way of trying to use the linking words in essay writing?

- Overusing transition words and expressi1ons that are simple - Using transition words and expressions between each sentence . - Learning only a few linking words and phrases to use. - Learning a lot of transition words and phrases to use.

14- Which one of these points do you include in an introduction? - Introduce topic areas in one or two sentences. - Final results. - Evidence. - Moral.

15- Which one of these points is included in the body of an essay? - Final results. - Summary of the topic - Thesis statement - A topic sentence in each paragraph that states the main idea

16- What does a conclusion include? - Summarizing your major points - Describing the topic - The positive and the negative points - The descriptive points

17- What do you need to include in a conclusion? - Introduce new details -New ideas c. The thesis statement. -Restating the thesis statement

18- The first sentence of your introductory paragraph is called the - concrete detail -thesis - conclusion -attention grabber (hook)

19- You should include ……… throughout your essay. - transition words -paragraphs -theses -closings

20- The first sentence of the conclusion paragraph should.......... - include a quote - grab your readers attention

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- restate your thesis - summarize your body paragraphs

21- Your attention grabber االفتتاحیة الجذابة (hook) should. - state your thesis - make your reader become involved in the essay - summarize what you will be writing about - warn your reader from the essay

22- Thesis statements represent the main idea of the………. - first paragraph -body - conclusion -essay

23- What term is used to describe a "how-to" essay? - Persuasive -Descriptive -Expository -Narrative

24- A useful technique for persuasive writing is……. - element of surprise -poor writing - creativity -emotional appeals عد العاطفيالب

25- A………… is some sort of a story. - descriptive -expository -narrative -persuasive

26- …….. writing explains things. - Descriptive -Expository -Narrative -Persuasive

27- ………. writing is intended to influence others. - Descriptive -Expository -Narrative -Persuasive

28- The purpose of a......... essay is to use vivid details to give the reader a mental image of a person, place, thing, event, or idea.

- descriptive -expository -narrative -persuasive 29- which of these is not a characteristic of a good essay?

- Formal style -Brevity -Personal touch -Fakeness 30- Which of these should be avoided in a good essay?

- Formal words -Slang -Unity - Brevity 31- Which of these is not a type of essay?

-Personal essay -Narrative essay - Descriptive essay -Argumentative essay

32- Which of these essays tells a story? - Argumentative essays -Descriptive essays

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- Reflective essays -Narrative essays 33- ..... must be avoided in a summary.

- Facts -Ideas -Repetitions - Verbs 34- It is recommended that you write the ... .. paragraph last.

- introduction -thesis -body -conclusion 35- What is the first thing you should do when needing to write an essay?

- A promise. - Choose a topic. - A decision. - No mistakes.

36- You should first write the ……. . of your essay. - moral -sentence -body -conclusion

37- An essay is………….. - a type of writing that has too many paragraphs - a song with a story - a poem that has many stanzas - a type of writing that requires research

38- The introductory paragraph of an essay requires …………. - The topic, thesis, and main idea - The supporting details - The reason for the essay, the topic, and thesis - a and b

39- After you write the main idea of paragraphs,………….. -include the thesis to remind the reader. the main idea. - make sure the supporting details are shown through the main idea. - use opinion to show why your thesis is right. - include supporting details with examples and specific details

40- The conclusion of an essay should…… a. include last minute ideas and thoughts for the future. b. have a restatement of the thesis and thoughts for the future. c. be a recap of the whole essay. d. be only two sentences.

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2- Read the following passage, then answer the questions: Think about some of the things that you use every day : phones, computers,

bags, toothbrushes, pens and toys. These are all probably made of plastic, or have plastic in them. Plastic is easy and cheap to make, so it is not surprising that so many things are made from it. However, it is thought that half of the plastic that we use is only used once before it is thrown away.

Experts think that since the 1950s, a billion tons of plastic has been thrown away. Some plastic can be recycled and some plastic can be burned to produce energy. However, most plastic ends up on tips or in the world's oceans.

Think about drinking straws. Plastic straws were invented in the 1960s. The problem is that 500 million straws are used every day in the USA alone! Most of these are made from a plastic that will never biodegrade. If the straws go into our oceans, the plastic breaks into small pieces. Animals and fish think that this is food and often eat it, but plastic cannot be digested and is toxic for fish. It is not healthy for us to eat fish that have eaten plastic.

And it is not only straws that cause problems, Around 35 billion plastic water bottles are thrown away every year in the US, and around 500 billion plastic bags are used each year around the world. As long as plastic is cheap and easy to buy, the problem will remain.

Unless something is done about the problem soon, some experts predict that by 2050, there will be more plastic in the ocean than fish. It is for that reason that some people wish that plastie had never been invented. Choose the correct answer : 1. The main idea of the passage is………

- Plastic : pros and cons -Plastic is a cheap material. - How to produce plastic -The biggest country to use plastic

2. How can we make use of the plastic we use? - We can use it once only. -We can burn it to get energy. - It can be used to feed fish. -We can throw it into the ocean.

3. Many things are made from plastic because it is……… to make. -degradable -easy and cheap -harmful - digested

4. What is the problem with most of the plastic we use? - It is so expensive -It can be recycled. - It is used only once. -It is biodegradable

5. What happened to the animals that eat plastic ? …………. - They can grow up normally -They die immediately - They are as healthy as other animals -They are unhealthy for man to eat

6. The synonym of the underlined verb "biodegrade" is ……….. . - compare -complete -compete -decompose

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7. The underlined pronoun "them" refers to………. - phones and computers only -bags and toothpaste only - pens and toys only -all things made of plastic

8. The antonym of the underlined word "toxic" is ………. . - delicious -poisonous -harmless -harmful

9. By 2050, without solving the problems, …….. - marine animals will increase - the number of fish will increase - marine animals will decrease -all fish will disappear

10. The first paragraph can be summarized as……… -Plastic is used in most of our daily things. - People have replaced plastic with glass. - Plastic has many disadvantages. - People should replace plastic with glass.

Translations - Translate into English:

.العربية ألمتنا الثقافية الهوية علي بأخري أو بطريقة العولمة تؤثر أن يخشي- ١ It is feared that globalization will-in a way or another-influence the cultural

identity if our Arab Nation. .أكبر إهتمامنا نوليها أن وعلينا الواعدة الرياضية المواهب من الكثير مصر لدي- ٢

Egypt has lots of promising sports talents and we must give greater interest to them.

.الشاملة اإلقتصادية التنمية تحقيق بغرض األجنبي االستثمار من المزيد لجذب مصر تخطط- ٣ Egypt plans to attract a lot more foreign investment with the purpose of

making comprehensive economic development. .التكنولوجيا وسائل تقدمت مهما التعليمية العملية في الزاوية حجر دوماً المعلم سيبقي- ٤

A teacher will always remain the corner stone in the educational process however advanced the means of technology are.

.الثالث العالم بلدان وخاصة الفساد من العالم دول كل تعاني- ٥ All of the world's countries suffer from corruption, particularly the third

world countries.

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Choose the correct Arabic translation : 1-One of the main solutions for many problems in modern Egypt is turning the

desert into green land which doesn't mean only to grow lands, but also

building new societies.

أحد الحلول الرئيسية للعديد من المشكالت في مصر الحديثة هو تحويل الصحراء ألرض . أ

.خضراء وهذا ال يعني فقط زراعة األرض، ولكن أيضا بناء مجتمعات جديدة

ية لعدد من المشكالت في مصر الحديثة هو تحويل الصحراء األرض خضراء أحد الحلول الرئيس . ب

. وهذا يعني فقط زراعة أراضى زراعية ، ولكنه بناء مجتمعات جديدة

أحد الحلول الرئيسية لعدد من المشكالت في مصر الحديثة هو تحويل الصحراء ألرض خضراء . ج

. اء مجتمعات جديدة وهذا ال يعني فقط زراعة أراضي رملية ، ولكنه بن

ألرض خضراء أحد الحلول الرئيسية للعديد من المشكالت في مصر الحديثة هو تحويل الصحراء -د

.وهذا ال يعني فقط زراعة أراضي صحراوية ، ولكنه بناء مجتمعات جديدة

2-Science fiction is one of the best ways to express the future and the style of life

in it . It is thought science fiction works predicted a lot of inventions many

years before their real existence .

من المعتقد أن . الخيال العلمى أحد أفضل الطرق للتعبير عن المستقبل و أسلوب الحياة الحقيقي . أ

. بل وجودها بشكل حقيقيأعمال الخيال العلمي تنبأت بالكثير من الدعوات ق

من المعتقد أن أعمال . الخيال العلمى أحد الطرق لالستفسار عن المستقبل و أسلوب الحياة به . ب

الخيال العلمي تنبأت بالكثير من االختراعات قبل وجودها بشكل حقيقي

معتقد أن أعمال الخيال العلمي أحد أجود الطرق للتعبير عن المستقبل و تقاليد الحياة به ، من ال . ج

. الخيال العلمي تنبأت بالكثير من االختراعات قبل وجودها بمظهر حقيقي

الخيال العلمى أحد أفضل الطرق للتعبير عن المستقبل وأسلوب الحياة به ، و من المعتقد أن أعمال . د

.الخيال العلمي تنبأت بالكثير من االختراعات قبل وجودها بشكل حقيقي

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3. If we give our deserts due care , we can increase our national income and solve

many of our problems . Desert reclamation increases the cultivated land and

creates new jobs for our youth .

. من مشاكلنا إذا أعطينا صحارينا العناية السببية ، يمكننا زيادة دخلنا القومي وحل العديدa. .أ

.يزيد استصالح الصحراء من مساحة األرض المزروعة ويخلق وظائف جديدة لشبابنا

، نا القومي وحل العديد من مشاكلناإذا أعطينا صحارينا العناية الواجبة ، يمكننا زيادة دخل b . .ب

.فيزيد استصالح الصحراء من مساحة األرض المزروعة ويختلق وظائف جديدة لشبابنا

إذا أعطينا صحارينا العناية الواجبة ، يمكننا زيادة دخلنا القومي وحل العديد من مشاكلنا ، c. .ج

د وظائف جديدة لشبابنا وجِفاستصالح الصحراء يزيد من مساحة األرض المزروعة وي .

إذا أعطينا صحارينا العناية الواجبة ، يمكننا زيادة دخلنا القومي وحل العديد من مشاكلنا ، d. .د

. د وظائف جديدة لشبابنا وجصالح الصحراء يزيد من مساحة األرض المزروعة ويفاست

Choose the correct Arabic translation : سوف تحتاج مركباتنا لنوع جديد تماما من . في المستقبل ، ستنضب إمدادات العالم من البترول - ١

. ۲۰۵۰محل البترول بحلول يعتقد الخبراء أن الطاقة الشمسية ربما تكون حلت . الطاقة

a-In the future, the world's supplies of oil will dry up. Our vehicles won't need a

completely new form of energy. Experts believe that lunar energy have

replaced oil by 2050.

b-In the future, the world's supplies of oil will dry up. Our vehicles will need a

completely new form of energy. Experts believe that solar energy may have


c.In the future, the world's supplies of oil will look up. Our vehicles will be needed

a completely new form of energy. Experts believe that solar energy may have


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d.In the future, the world's supplies of oil will dry up. Our vehicles will need a

completely new from of energy. Experts believe that solar energy may have

been replaced by oil by 2050.

قام الدكتور أحمد زويل بتأسيس مدينة زويل للعلوم و التكنولوجيا ليعبر عن حبه لبلده مصر - ٢

. . القاهرةجامعة وهي تعتبر جامعة و مركز أبحاث علمية مقرها . لها وامتنانه

a.Dr. Ahmed Zewail set up Zewail City of Science and Technology to depress his

love towards his country and gratefulness to it. It is considered as a university

and a scientific research centre basic in Cairo University.

b.Dr. Ahmed Zewail set off Zewail City of Science and Technology to express his

love towards his country and restrictness to it. It is considered as a university

and a scientific research centre based in Cairo University.

c.Dr. Ahmed Zewail set up Zewail City of Science and Technology to express his

love towards his country and gratefulness to it. It is considered as a university


d.Dr. Ahmed Zewail set up Zewail City of Science and Technology to express his

love towards his village and brightness to it. It is considering as a university


. تحقيقه ىال الناس جميع يسعى الذي هي الهدف السعادة أن في شك من ما- ٣

A:There`s a doubt in that happiness is the goal which seek all people to achieve it.

B:There`s no doubt that happiness is the goal which all people want to achieve.

C:There`s no doubt in that happiness is the goal which all people seek to achieve it.

D:There`s no doubt in that happiness is the goal which we seek all people to

achieve it.

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Session 3

The Past Simple: Active & Passive Active form:

)ed( * When I was seven, I wrote a poem which won a prize.

يستخدم

*Five minutes ago, I finished the report for my boss.

*I always met friends when I was on holiday. التاريخ

*The Pharaohs ruled in Egypt in the past. استخدام

ago /just now/the other day/last week/once/yesterdayستخدموي

Passive form: were-wasP.P

+ was/were + p. p + + by + Active: I changed my last novel six times. Passive: My last novel was changed six times.

Dear ……….,

In this session you are going to, study The Past Simple .

Yours

3

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didn’tواستخدم )p.p+ not+ were/was( Active: They didn’t write the exercise. Passive: The exercise wasn’t written.

Used to تستخدم. inf+ used to

used to +inf = it was my habit to …= I no longer + =would + *Ahmed used to get up early.

تستخدم *I used to smoke . *(I no longer smoke now).

*He always studied hard when he was a student. *He used to study hard when he was a student. Negation: النفي

used to )never used to/didn’t use to( *He didn’t use to need much sleep. (He does now) *He never used to need much sleep. (He does now) Questions: السؤال

(Wh. Word ) Did + + use to + …?*Did you use to play with dolls? *Where did you use to live?

used to *We visited Dubai twice that year.

خالصـــــة

The past simple

*I finished my homework last night. اخلالصة

The Past Perfect : Active & Passive Active form:

had + p.p يستخدم

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*I had studied English before I moved to London. يستخدم

After As soon as

*After I had completed the exam, I felt so relieved. Before By the time

*Before he got the job, the manager had interviewed him. Having

+p.p

*Having finished the report, the secretary typed it onto the computer.

till

until

*He wasn’t allowed to vote until he had been 18.

يستخدمbecause

Because

*I was very tired because I had studied too much.

when

*When I got to the station, the train had left.

*When I got to the station, the train left.

*When I had got to the station, the train left.

Than No sooner Hardly When

had + +P.P Scarcely

*No sooner had I put the phone down than it rang again. *She had no sooner graduated than she got a job.

,

,

,

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خدميستتاريخ + BY(

*Not until + *It wasn’t until that *It was only when that *It wasn’t until he had gone to many shops that he bought the T-shirt. Passive form:

+ had + been+ p.p + + by + Active: As soon as he had taken the photograph, it was shown to his friend. Passive: As soon as the photograph had been taken, it was shown to his friend.


1- Choose the correct answer: 1- Noha had (write-wrote-written-been written) an essay before she went to bed. 2- An essay had(write-wrote-written-been written) before Noha went home. 3- Had you(sent-been send- been sending-send) the email by the time you left the office? 4- Had the email(sent-been sent-been sending-send) by the time you left the office? 5- By the end of last January, I (have-had-had been-be) taken the mid-year exam. 6- By the end of last January, the mid-year exam(have-had-had been-be) taken. 7- As soon as I(had read-have read-was reading-had been reading) the report, I

knew it was great. 8- As soon as the report(had read-have read-was reading-had been read) , I knew

it was great. 9- My brother had returned home(at-in-by-after) lunchtime. 10- After I (have taken-had taken-had been taken-taking) the medicine, I felt better. 11- After(have taken-had taken-had been taken-taking)the medicine, I felt better. 12- After the medicine(have taken-had taken-had been taken-taking) , I felt better. 13- I didn’t feel better until I (have taken-had taken-had been taken-taking)the medicine. 14- Having(taken-being taken-been taken-taking)the medicine, I felt better. 15- Having(taken-being taken-been taken-taking), the medicine made me feel better. 16- It wasn’t (until-when-because-as) I had taken the medicine that I felt better.

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17- I had hardly taken the medicine(that-when-before-b&c)I felt better. 18- No sooner(I had taken-had I taken-I was taken- was I taken) the medicine than

I felt better. 19- Leen looked over the moon as she(was passing-was passed-had passed-had

been passing)his final exam. 20- He didn’t answer my call as he(was-was being-had just-had just been)taken

out a bad tooth at the dentist’s. 21- He didn’t answer my call as a bad tooth(was-was being-had just-had just

been)taken out of his mouth at the dentist’s. 22- As soon as the teacher(finishes-have finished-had finished-had been finished)

the lesson, the students started to ask their questions. 23- As soon as the lesson(finishes-have finished-had finished-had been finished),

the students started to ask their questions. 24- When she went back school, she found she(wrote-had written-has written-had

been written) the wrong composition the day before. 25- As soon as I came home, my brother(was borrowing-had borrowed-has

borrowed-borrowed)my car. 26- After they(would win-win-winning-had won) the match, the players celebrated

with the fans. 27- By the time I arrived at school, the bell(didn’t ring-had been rung-had already

rung-b&c). 28- They couldn’t go swimming because their siwmsuits(forget-have forgotten-

had forgotten-had been forgotten)at home. 29- They couldn’t go swimming because they(forget-have forgotten-had

forgotten-had been forgotten) their swimsuits at home. 30- I didn’t see Esraa. When I arrived at her house, she(had gone-had been going-

went-goes) out. 31- She started cleaning when the guests (were left- have left-had been leaving-had left). 32- By the age of ten, I(have learnt-was learning-had learnt-had been learnt) to swim. 33- Hatem was relieved to hear that he (was passing-had passed-had been passed-

has been passed) his exams. 34- She was tired because she(is-was-had been-has been) late to bed the night before. 35- After Dicken’s father had died, his mother(hadn’t sent-hasn’t sent-didn’t send-

had sent) him to school.

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36- It was only(before-after-until-when) Esraa had passed her exam that she travelled abroad.

37- Sara couldn’t buy a new mobile(until-as-no sooner-hardly) the shop had shut. 38- Yara was over the moon(while-till-after-then) she had passed her final exams. 39- Just after(clean-cleaning-had cleaned-has cleaned)her flat, Malak visited her cousin. 40- He checked what his secretary(was written-written-have written-had written)

in the report. 41- When we got to the show, all the seats (had taken-had been taken-had been

taking-have taken) 42- Their wedding cake(had-has been-have been-had been) made by his mother. It

was beautiful. 43- I couldn’t believe it. I (had-have been-had been-will be) chosen to play for the

National Team. 44- As soon as I met him, I knew I (was seeing-see-have seen-had seen)him

somewhere before. 45- When he returned home, he found that this mobile phone(had been-was-has

been-had)disappeared. 46- Before(leaving-left-had left-leave)for London, he had paid off all his debts. 47- It was only when I(has finished-have finished-was finishing-had

finished)studying that I went to bed. 48- After they(had completed-completing-completed-complete) the task, they will

have some fun. 49- No sooner(have-had-did-was)I started watching TV than the telephone rang. 50- No sooner(have-had-did-was) I start watching TV than the telephone rang. 51- Having(opens-opened-have opened-opening)the present, the present surprised me. 52- Having(opens-opened-been opened-opening) , a card fell off the present. 53- By the time she finished writing her report, she(had been drinking-was

drinking-had drunk-had been drunk) six cups of tea. 54- After(being-was being-had been-has been)injected, the patient felt better. 55- (Hardly-Before-After-No sooner) had we furnished decorating the house when

we moved into it. 56- Scarcely had the thief seen the policeman before he(escape-had escaped-

escaping-escaped). 57- They(were had-had been-had-were having)a great time when they were in Fayoum.

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58- (No sooner-After-Before-Scarcely) had I saved a lot of money than I bought a car. 59- (Homework had done-Homework had been done-She had been done-She had

done) before she went to bed. 60- “Having bought grandpa’s newspaper, I went home”. What does this mean?

(After I had gone home, I bought the papers for my grandpa-Before I went home, I had bought the papers for my grandpa-Soon after going home, I bought the papers for my grandpa-On going home, I bought the papers for my grandpa)

61- “She had scarcely typed the email when she left”. This means (she left just before typing the email-she left while typing the email-she left just after typing the email-she didn’t write the email until she left)

62- “First, I did my homework. Then, I went to bed”. What does this mean? (Having been done, my homework went to bed-Having done, I went to bed-Before doing my homework, I went to bed-Doing my homework, I went to bed)

63- “After I had planted the tree, I watered it”. This mean (Having planted a tree, it was watered-Having been planted, the tree was watered-Having been planted, I watered the tree-a,b&c)

64- “I had breakfast and went out”. Which of the following sentences gives the same meaning? (Breakfast was eaten before going out-Having been fed, I went out-Having had my breakfast, I went out-I went out until I had breakfast)

65- “He refused to accept the invitation as he had no free time”. What does this mean? (Having had no time, he refused to accept the invitation-Having had some time, he accepted the invitation-After having some time, he refused to accept the invitation-Before having some time, he refused to accept the invitation)

66- “Having been injected, I felt much better”. This means (I was injected before feeling better-I was injected after feeling better-once I felt better, I was injected-once I felt better, I had been injected)

67- “Before going home, I’d done the shopping”. I mean to say that (Having done the shopping, I had gone home-Having done the shopping, I went home-I didn’t do the shopping till I went home-Having been done, the shopping went home)

68- Rodayna(was watched-had been watched-had watched-watched) a good film last night.

69- What I’d done was wrong and I (was being-was-had been-has been) ashamed of me.

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70- This time yesterday, I (had been eating-had eaten-ate-have eaten) all the sandwiches in my lunchbox already.

71- (Using-Used-Being used-Be used)some old wood, my father made a nice cupboard.

72- (Polishing-Having polished-Having been polished-To be polished), my shoes looked almost new.

73- I waited patiently for two hours until the train (had arrived-had been arriving-had been arrived-has arrived)

74- Boiled for nearly half an hour, the eggs(had been-were being-were-has been) ready to eat.

75- (Cooking-Cooked-Having cooked-Be cooked) on coal, the shoulder of lamb tasted wonderful.

Writing Skills “Email Writing”

*What are the main parts of an email ?

1- Sender (from line): The email address of the person who sent the message appears here. Most

email services display the person’s name before their email address to make it easier to identify them. 2 Recipient (To line):

If you are receiving the message, your email address probably won't appear here. Instead, you might see wording like "to me." 3 Subject line:

The subject line could be the most important part of the email. It tells recipients what the email is about. A good subject line summarizes the email and makes it sound important enough for the reader to open.

4 Openers / Salutation / Greeting: Your email salutation, or greeting, should match the tone you're trying to set in

the rest of your email. Don't skip this part unless you are emailing back and forth quickly with someone in a virtual conversation.

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5 Body The email body contains the message of the email. Effective emails keep their

email bodies short and add more extensive information to the attachments. For formal emails, such as messages to an employer or emails to your teacher, it's best to avoid common email abbreviations.

6 Closings The closing you choose should match the tone of the rest of the email, Formal

closings include "Sincerely" and "Thank you," while more friendly messages can use "Talk to you soon!" or "See you later!"

7 Signature/ sign-off Friendly emails might sign off with the sender's name. But many business

email accounts have signature sections that include the sender's position, company and even company logo. These extended signatures are helpful when reaching out to clients or employees from other companies.

*What are the main differences between formal and informal

emails?

Formal email Informal email

Style

Formal writing is straight to the point, less detailed, and are written in a passive tone.

Informal writing uses descriptive words and is written with an active voice.

Salu

tation

-Dear + title + name -Dear Sir, -Dear Sir or Madam, - Dear Madam,

Hi + name Hello + name Hey + name

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language

- Do not use contractions like: ال تستخدم اختصارات مثل

can't / don't / I'm / they're.... - Do not use abbreviated words

ال تستخدم كلمات مختصرة مثل ASAP/ LOL ... Do not use imperatives

ال تستخدم صیغة األمر مثلStop / Go ahead

You can use contractions / abbreviated words and imperatives

الموجزة یمكنك استخدام االختصارات والكلمات وصیغة األمر

sign-o

ff Regards / Yours Sincerely /

- Thank you / Yours faithfully / Best wishes

Bye / See you later / Talk to you later!

Important notes : user name یمسفي عنوان البرید اإللكتروني ی@ الجزء الذي یسبق - domain name في عنوان البرید اإللكتروني یسمي@ الجزء الذي یتبع - password وuser name ـ لفتح البرید اإللكتروني تحتاج ل -

Choose the correct answer: 1. The word 'email' stand for......... mail.

- black - Electronic -Electric -everywhere 2. Which could be a valid E-mail address?

- http://www.education.gov -letter://www.education.gov - mail://www.education.gov [email protected]

3. What is a '.com' in a web address mean? - Comedy -Communication - Command -Commercial

4. What is used to separate the two parts of an email address? - @ - * - // - #

5.The….... is the part of an e-mail message that contains the address of the sender and recipient.

- body -header - footer -closing 6. You can send a/ an . ……….. with an e-mail.

- attachment -SMS -letter -envelope

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7.The first part of your email address before the @' is called your………….. - username -password -domain name -address

8. The second part of your email address after the @is called your……… - username -password -domain name -address

9. To sign into your account, you will need your username and your…….. - title. -password -domain name -address

10. An inbox is where you can find….…. mail - trash -deleted -sent -received

11. In an email message, the……….-line is where you type the email address of the recipient.

- to -from -subject -into 12. An attachment can be........

- digital photos -documents -jewellery -a &b 13. You should never………….

- write impolite things to the person you are emailing - attach unnecessary files to your email message - ask for or give out personal information - all of the above

14. A good rule to follow is to………. - reread your message before you send it - write things that make sense - use a spellcheck - all of the above

15. You should check your inbox ………….. - every single minute of the day -when you are told to - often -when the mailbox is full

16. Before you send an email, ……….. - make sure you have the correct email address - reread the email and correct any errors - make sure your message will not make anyone feel bad - all of the above

17. Your closing of an email when you open with: (Dear Sirs / Dear Sir or Madam; /1To whom it may concern) should be..?

- Take care, - Bye, -Yours faithfully, -Hi

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18. In an informal email you could write. …….. - Yes, I've got your message. - I have received your email about.. - No abbreviations - all the above

19. lf you don't know the person's name in a formal email, you could write…….. - Yo! -Dear Sir, - Dear Madam, -Dear Sir / Madam,

20. If you close your email with 'Yours sincerely', you could have opened with...? - Dear Mr, -Dear Mum, -Dear Rania, - Hi Guys,

21. To give options, which linking word should you use in this sentence: "I like watching TV …….. listening to music in my spare time.

a. and b. or else c. besides that d. as well 22.When you know the person well and have an informal business relationship

use ……… to close an email. -Yours sincerely, -Yours faithfully, -Best wishes, -Bye,

2- Read the following passage, then answer the questions: What is the future of medicine? Many people believe that technology will

be used a lot more to help people in the future. Technology has already been used in medicine for many years. A pacemaker is a small device that can help people with heart problems. People can have them put into their chests to help them to beat regularly. Small devices can also be put into people's ears. They are connected to the brain and help deaf people to hear.

Many complex operations are also being done using technology. These devices have cameras that help the surgeon to see parts of the body that are very small, and they help to reduce the amount of the body that has to be cut in an operation. This helps the patient to recover more quickly.

People who have lost an arm or a leg can also use modern technology. They can have an electronic leg or arm, which can be moved like a normal limb. In the future, more electronic parts of the body might be made in this way.

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Soon it is believed that tiny robots, which are small than a millimetre across, will be injected inside people's bodies. Medicines can then be carried by the robots to the parts of the body that need them, so there will fewer side effects.

Robots are also being used to clean hospital rooms. They are very efficient at killing germs and they help to reduce infections. Other robots are used in hospitals to mix medicines or to carry heavy patients who e walk. They may not look like human doctors or nurses, but one day we will probably be used to seeing robots in our hospitals. Choose the correct answer : 1. The best title for the passage is………

- Electric machines - Electronic organs - Medical technology -Hospitals rooms

2. In the future, technology will - be used widely in medicine -be used only in hospitals - replace doctors and nurses -replace hospitals and clinics

3. How can robots reduce infections ? - They can kill the patients. -They can clean hospitals. - They can help nurses. -They can carry patients.

4. The antonym of the word "complex" is………. - sample -simple -complication -complicated

5. Which of the following can summarise the last paragraph? - Robots at hospitals -Hospital rooms are clean - No germs at hospitals -Robots may increase infection

6. A/ An………. is a small device that helps people with heart problems. - limb -organ -earing -pacemaker

7. The underlined pronoun "they" refers to ………. - rooms -germs -robots -infections

8. The synonym of the underlined word "efficient" is………. - productive -expert -cooperative - flexible

9. Modern technology helps to…. the part that has to be cut in the operation. - cover -raise -increase -reduce

10. Pacemakers can be used to help patients to have………… heart beats. - special -regular -familiar -irregular

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Translations Translate into English:

.أمة أي في الحضارة بناة هم للعلم المتحمسون الطالب -١ Science enthusiastic students are the builders of civilization in any nation.

.الفتن وإشعال واإلشاعات األكاذيب نشر في االجتماعي التواصل مواقع البعض يستغل -٢ Some exploit social networking sites in spreading lies and rumours and in

burning strife. .بخطوة يبدأ ميل األلف مشوار أن يعي أن الطموح الشباب علي -٣

Ambitious young people must realize that a 1000-mile walk starts with a step. الكربون أكسيد ثاني انبعاثات تقليل هو الحراري االحتباس لمشكلة الوحيد الحل -٤

.لجويا الغالف في The only solution to the problem of global warming is to reduce Carbon

dioxide emissions into the atmosphere. .تخصصه مجال في خريج كل ليعمل العمل بسوق التعليم يرتبط أن يجب -٥

Education should be associated with work market so that every graduate works in the field of their specialty.

Choose the correct Arabic translation : 1-We all know that we cannot separate out work life totally from our personal life.

They both are affected by each other whether we accept it or not. Do you agree with me?

فكالهما يتأثر . ميعا أننا نستطيع أن نفصل كال الحياة العملية عن الحياة الشخصية نعرف ج . أ هل تختلف معي ؟. باآلخر سواء قبلنا ذلك أم ال

فكالهما . نعرف جميعا أننا ال نستطيع أن نفصل كليا الحياة العملية عن الحياة الشخصية . ب هل تتفق معي ؟. يتأثر باآلخر سواء قبلنا ذلك أم ال

فكالهما . نعرف جميعا أننا ال نستطيع أن نفصل كليا الحياة العلمية عن الحياة الشخصية . ج ؟عيهل تتفق م. يتأثر باآلخر سواء قبلنا ذلك أم ال

فكالهما . نعرف جميعا أننا ال نستطيع أن نفصل جزئيا الحياة العملية عن الحياة الشخصية . د هل تتفق معي ؟. ال يتأثر باآلخر سواء قبلنا ذلك أم

2- Man is always so greedy that he imagines that he can possess everything he wants whether he needs it or not and this leads to a great loss in the end.

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كان اإلنسان دائما طماع جدا لدرجة يتخيل أنه يستطيع أن يستفيد من كل شيء يريده ، سواء. أ .يحتاجه أو ال ، وهذا يؤدي لخسارة كبيرة في النهاية

اإلنسان دائما طماع جدا لدرجة أنه يتخيل أنه يستطيع أن يضع كل شيء يريده ، سواء كان . ب .ال ، وهذا يؤدي لخسارة كبيرة في النهاية يحتاجه أو

لك كل شيء يريده ، سواء اإلنسان دائما طماع جدا لدرجة أنه يعتبر أنه ال يستطيع أن يمت. ج . ال ، وهذا يؤدي لخسارة كبيرة في النهاية كان يحتاجه أو

اإلنسان دائما طماع جدا لدرجة أنه يتخيل أنه يستطيع أن يمتلك كل شيء يريده ، سواء كان . د . يحتاجه أو ال ، وهذا يؤدي لخسارة كبيرة في النهاية

33-It's probably a good idea for people who live close to mobile phone masts to get their health checked frequently . That will help to show any possible bad effects radio waves might have on their health on the long run

يفحصوا صحتهم ربما من األفضل لألشخاص الذين يعيشون بالقرب من أبراج الهواتف المحمولة أن -أبشكل متكرر ، وسيساعد ذلك في إظهار أي تأثيرات سلبية محتملة لموجات الراديو على

. صحتهم على المدى الطويلربما تكون فكرة جيدة لألشخاص الذين يعيشون بالقرب من أبراج الهواتف المحمولة لفحص - ب

موجات الراديو على صحتهم غالباً ، وسيساعد ذلك في إظهار أي تأثيرات سيئة محتملة ل . صحتهم على المدى الطويل

من األفضل لألشخاص الذين يعيشون بالقرب من الهواتف المحمولة أن يفحصوا صحتهم بشكل -جمتكرر ، وسيساعد ذلك في العرض الخاص بأي تأثيرات سيئة محتملة لموجات الراديو على

.صحتهم على المدى الطويليعيشون بالقرب من أبراج الهواتف المحمولة أن يفحصوا صحتهم ربما من األفضل لألشخاص الذي -د

بشكل متكرر ، وسيساعد ذلك في إظهار أي تأثيرات سيئة محتملة لموجات الراديو على . صحتهم على المدى الطويل

Choose the correct English translation : ع ، وتجاهل حقوقها وحريتها إهدار المرأة نصف المجتمع ، فعندما نهتم بها نهتم بنصف المجتم. ١

فهل تعتقد انه من المنطق أن نفعل أيا منهما ؟. لحقوق نصف المجتمع a. Woman is half of the society. When we give her interest, we give interest to half

of the society. Ignoring her rights and freedom is a waste of half of the society's rights. Do you think it is logical to either any of them?

b. Woman is half of the society. When we give her interest, we give interest to half of the ability. Ignoring her rights and freedom is a waist of half of the society's rights. Do you think it is logical to do any of them?

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c. Woman is half of the society. When we give her interest, we give interest to o half of the society. Supporting her rights and freedom is a waste of half of the society's rights. Do you think it is logical to do any of them?

d. Woman is half of the society. When we give her interest, we give interest to half of the society. Ignoring her rights and freedom is a waste of half of the society's rights. Do you think it is illegal to do any of them?

ول العالم بسن القواعد والقوانين لحماية حقوق جميع المواطنين بال تقوم الحكومات في كل د. ٢ بدون اتباع هذه القوانين والقواعد ، لن ينعم الجميع بحياة مريحة.استثناء

a. The governments in all the world countries set rules and laws to protect all their citizens' rights without exertion. Without following these rules and laws, all people will have a comfortable life.

b. The governments in all the world countries set rules and laws to protect all their citizens' rights without exception. Without following these rules and laws, all people won't have a comfortable life.

c. The governments in all the world countries set roles and laws to protect all their citizens' rights without exception. Without following these rules and laws, all people won't have a comfortable life.

d. The governments in all the world countries set rules and laws to protest all their citizens' rights with exception. With following these rules and laws, all people wouldn't have a comfortable life.

حتى يصل البد أن يتحلى الطالب الناجح بالصبر والعزيمة وأن تكون لديه خطه قابلة للتطبيق- ٣ . لهدفه المنشود ، فلن يتحقق النجاح أبداً بالصدفة أو بالعمل العشوائي غير المخطط له

A: A successful student must be patience, determination, and they must have a viable plan in order to reach their desired goal. Success will never be achieved by chance or by random, unplanned action.

B: The successful student must have patient, determination, and a reliable plan so that to reach his desired goal. Success will never be achieved by chance or by random, unplanned action.

C: A successful student must have patience, determination, and they must have a viable plan in order to reach their desired goal. Success will never be achieved by chance or by random, unplanned action.

D: A successful student must have patience, determination, and they must have a theoretical plan in order to reach their desired goal. Success will never be achieved by chance or by organised, unplanned action.

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Session 4

1-The Present Continuous Tense

Form The present continuous

Affirmation -They are playing tennis in the club right now.

Negation -They aren’t playing football in the club right now.

Yes/NO Q. -Are they playing tennis in the club right now?

Wh-’Q, -What are they doing in the club right now?

Passive -Tennis is being played in the club right now(by Ahmed)

Time expressions -now/at the (this) moment –still-at present –currently-tomorrow-in the future-next …………….

Dear ……….,

In this session you are going to, study Present continuous

tense but in detail. Yours

3

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* Usage :

Omar is taking a shower, so he can’t answer the phone. What are you doing?

today-tonight-these days-this month-this year-this decade…. Ali is taking the final exams these days. I’m reading “King Lear” today. –Are you still working in London?

-always()constantly

…am/is/are + always / constantly/ never …+ (inf.+ing) You are always coming to school late, Moataz. Samar is constantly taking about herself. They’re always complaining.

In the picture, everybody is having fun.

My sister is getting married next month.

Lions are eating meat. (x) --> eat.

Mum is getting up early every day. (x) --> gets.

خ The first train to Cairo is leaving at six tomorrow. (x) --> leaves.

I am loving my mother. (x) --> love.

Mariam hasn’t finished feeding the baby yet. = Mariam is still feeding the baby.

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Types of Verbsأنواع األفعال 1-Stative Verbs:

seem-dislike-hate-love-be

He is being happy. (x) --> is.

2-Dynamic (Action) Verbs: etc..write-help-build-visit-play

3-Verbs that are both Dynamic and Stative:

taste-smell-see-have-be

Most Important Stative Verbs التقريرية األفعالهمأ

1-Feeling and emotions :

care یھتم desireیرغب dislikeیكره/hate impressیبھر like یحب

love یحب mind یمانع miss یشتاق لـ need یحتاج please یسعد

prefer بفضل satisfy یشبع want یرید wish یتمنى

2-Measurement : consist of contain یحتوي على costتبلغ تكلفتھ deserveیستحق fit یالئم/یناسب

include یشمل measure لھ مقاس suit یناسب weigh = have weight یبلغ وزنھ

3-Possession : belong یخص own یمتلك have owe یدین possess یمتلك

4-Senses : feel یعطي ملمس hear یسمع recognize see یرى

smell یعطي رائحھ taste یعطي مذاق

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5-States/Qaulities :

appear یظھر/یبدو seem یبدو exist یوجد look یبدو

resemble sound یبدو

6-Thoughts & Opinions :

agree یوافق believe یعتقد concernیھم(T) deny ُینكر depend یعتمد على

disagree یرفض doubt یشك في feel (have an opinion) یظن/یعتقد

forget ینسى imagineیتخیل know یعرف matter یھم I mean یقصد-یعني

remember suppose یفترض suspect think (have an opinion) understand

I m p o r t an t Uses Verb Stative usage Dynamic meaning

1-be

am/is/are/was/were یوجد/یكون -Nada is being very ill. (x) -Nada is very ill. (√)

am/is/are/was/were+being.یصبج -Nada is boring. (√) =She is boring by nature. -Nada is being boring. (√) =She is temporarily boring.

لحدیث عن أحداث أو تصرفات كفعل أساسي في األزمنة المستمرة ویأتي بعده اسم أو صفة لbeیستخدم الفعل -١

. ولیس عن مشاعر-He was being very silly. (=He was behaving in a silly way). -Sara is being stupid. (=Sara is doing stupid things)

: كفعل أساسي في األزمنة المستمرة للحدیث عن مشاعرbeال یستخدم الفعل -٢-I am being sad now. (x) -I am sad now. (√)

2-feel

feel یعتقد- یعطي ملمس -I am feeling he is right. (x) -I feel he is right. (√) -The floor is feeling smooth.(x) -The floor feels smooth. (√)

feel یشعر -He is feeling better today.√ -I am feeling hot. (√) -She was feeling very tired yesterday. (√)

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3-have

have/has/had یمتلك -He is having a villa. (x) -He has a villa. (√) -She was having a bike. (x) -She had a bike. (√)

have=eat/drink/spend -I am having a nice time.(√) =I am spending a nice time. -We were having fish. (√) =We were eating fish.

4-look look یبدو -Mum is looking tired. (x) -Mum looks tired. (√)

look ینظر/یبحث

-I am looking at the screen.√

-She was looking for a pen.√

5-measure

measure یبلغ مقاسھ -This room is measuring four metres long. (x) -This room measures four

metres long. (√)

measure یقیس -He is measuring the length of

the room. (√)

-I was measuring the diameter

of the circle. (√)

6-see

see یرى -He is seeing some fish in the clear water. (x) -He sees some fish in the

clear water. (√)

see یقابل -I am seeing some friends in

the club tomorrow. (√)

-She has been seeing the

dentist in the afternoon. (√)

7-smell

smell یعطي رائحة-لھ رائحة -This meat is smelling delicious. (x) -This meat smells delicious.

√

smell یشم

-I am smelling the cake. (√)

-Sama was smelling the new

bottle of perfume. (√)

8-taste

taste یعطي مذاق-لھ مذاق -This soup is tasting salty. (x)

-This soup tastes salty. (√)

taste یذوق-یتذوق

-Mum is tasting the soup.√

-The chef was tasting the rice.√

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9-think

think یعتقد -I am thinking she is ill. (x)

-I think she is ill. (√)

think یفكر -I am thinking about the best

solution to this problem. (√)

10-weigh

weight یبلغ وزنھ -This apple is weighing 70 grams. (x) -This apple weighs 70

grams.(√)

weigh یزن -the butcher is weighting the

meat. (√)

-Ali was weighing the bag of

rice. (√)


1- Choose the correct answer: 1- Salma and I (am-am being-are-are being) cleaning the kitchen. 2- The kitchen (is cleaning-is being cleaned-are cleaning-are being cleaned) 3- What(is doing-is being done-are you doing-b&c)in the kitchen? 4- Is Nada (feeding-being fed-feeds-fed) the baby? 5- Is the baby(feeding-being fed-feeds-be fed)? 6- Rodayna is revising for the exams(at the moment-at that moment-so far-the other day) . 7- Karim can’t go out with us. He (is revising-is being revised-was revising-was

revised) for his exams. 8- My car isn’t available today. It(was checking-was being checked-is checking-

is being checked)at the garage. 9- Sending letters is no longer common. Not many people (communicates-

communicated-are communicating-communicating) using them. 10- Sama (study-studied-is studying-was studying)to be a doctor. I think she will

achieve her goal. 11- You (always used-are always using-were always using-a&b) my charger,

Ahmed. That’s annoying. 12- It is arranged. I (am travelling-am being travelled-going to travel-am going

travel) to New York next Friday.

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13- Cows(are eating-are being eaten-have eaten-eat)grass, not meat. 14- I can’t drink this tea. It (taste-is tasting-tastes-is tasted)too sweat. 15- My plane(take-takes-is taking -is being taken)off at 6:55 tomorrow. 16- (He comes-Does he come-He is coming-Is he coming)with us tonight? 17- Children(are loving-are being loved-love-are loved)kittens. 18- Why(are you-aren’t you-you are-you aren’t)doing your homework? What a lazy boy! 19- Your work(is checking-is to check-has checked-is being checked)right now. 20- We(are giving-give-going to give-are given)a party next Sunday. 21- The number of applicants(increasing-is increasing-being increased-be

increased)throughout the whole period. 22- I(do not read-reads-am not reading-has read)any books right now. 23- I really (like-don’t like-am liking- am not liking) staying on my own. It makes

me feel lonely. 24- I can see that the amount of this waste(reduce-reduces-is reducing-are

reducing)gradually. 25- (Are you listening-You are listened-Are you listened-You are listening) to the

radio or can I turn it off? 26- Our deep freezer(is repairing-is being repaired-was repairing-was being

repaired)at the moment. 27- Our deep freezer(is repairing-is being repaired-was repairing-was being

repaired)at that moment. 28- Nada(looks-is looking-is looked-is being looked) like her mother. 29- (Are you thinking-Are you being thought-Are you thought-Do you think)

people should work in their 70s or 80s? 30- I have to change my tight shoes. These(kill-are killing-killed-were killing)me. 31- Coming to Sharm for holiday has been a great idea. I (love-am loved-am

loving-am being loved)it here. 32- Ahmed , you (interrupt always-always interrupt-always are interrupting-are

always interrupting) me when I speak. Stop it, please! It’s so irritating. 33- I (am hating-hate-hated-am hated) people who never really listen to what I say. 34- Look! This person(wear-wears-is wearing-b&c) a hat because the sun is so strong.

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35- No on of us (are riding-is riding-ride-is ridden) a bike. You cannot ride a bike in this field.

36- Everyone (has-have-is having-are having) fun. It is such a beautiful day. 37- Nobody(runs-is being run-run-is running). They are not in a hurry. 38- Some people(are holding-are hold-hold-holds) a bottle of water in their hand.

It’s hot and they’re thirsty. 39- I (stands-am standing-Is stood-has stood) behind the camera. You cannot see

me. This is not a selfie. 40- He(likes-is liking-dislikes-disliking) talking about his personal life. He cares

about his privacy. 41- They(never helps-always help-are never helped-are never helping)me and I

am sad about it. 42- I (mean-am meaning-am meant- a&b)what I say! Do you hear me? 43- Shadwa (always come-comes always-is always coming-always is coming) to

class late. That’s very careless. 44- This shirt (is fitting-isn’t fitting-fits-doesn’t fit) you. Try another one. 45- I(see-am seeing-had seen-am seen)Dr Mustafa tonight as arranged. 46- Rodayna (realises-doesn’t realise-is realising-isn’t realising) everything quite

clearly. She is intelligent. 47- We (believing-are believing-believes-believe) this situation is temporary. 48- You(always loses-lose always-are always losing-are always lost) your mobile

phones. That’s careless of you. 49- He(hear-hears-is hearing-is heard)strange noises now and then. 50- (Does he walks?-Is he being walked-Does he walk-Is he walking)or running? 51- I (imagine-am imagining-am imagined-a&c) my vacation on the beach. 52- She (never tell-never tells-is never told-is always telling) the truth and it is annoying. 53- The situation(depend-depends-is depending-is depended)on your decision. 54- I do not like her because she (always complains-always complain-is never

complaining-is constantly complaining) about everything.

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55- They(always get-always gets-are always getting-always are getting) up early in the morning and they like it.

56- The price of the meal(include-is including-isn’t including-includes)the drinks. 57- The manager(involve-involves-is involving-is involved) me into this work plan. 58- My car(always break-always breaks-is always breaking-is never breaking)

down. I got tired of it. 59- Nowadays, I (teach-am teaching-am being taught-taught) how to drive a car

by a very good driving instructor. 60- Mona (is working-works-has worked-have worked) at Ain Shams Hospital on

Thursdays and Fridays. 61- Professor Ibrahim really knows his subject. He (give-gives-is giving-was

giving) a lecture on social media at university every Wednesday. 62- Professor Ibrahim really knows his subject. He (give-gives-is giving-was

giving) a lecture on social media at university next Wednesday. 63- The sun (shine-shines-is shining-was shining) and there are a lot of people in Old Montreal. 64- Everyone(enjoy-is enjoyed-are enjoying-is enjoying) this beautiful spring weather. 65- I can see some people who (are walking-are being walked-walked-are walked)

their dogs. Their dogs are on a leash.

Writing Skills “Punctuation”

1-Capital letters : )I(

- I play football every week. :

- Most people like ice cream. - Where do you come from?

- Her name is Sama.

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- The capital of Egypt is Cairo. - I want to visit Luxor and Aswan.

- The Red Sea is in the east of Egypt. - I visited Lake Nasser which is in Aswan. -The Pacific Ocean is the largest ocean in the world. We enjoyed the boat trip on the River Nile. - I know that France is in Europe.

- We visited the Cairo Tower last week. - The Sphinx is in Giza.

-He is Egyptian. - She is British.

-I speak English and French well. - The language of Spain is Spanish.

:

-We do not go to school on Friday (Fri.).

-I was born in March. :

- TV - OK - CD

-I read a lot about Queen Elizabeth. - They say that Dr Mustafa is clever.

- Maha said, “My mother is a doctor.” : !- ?-.

- My father is a teacher. He works hard. - What a lovely dress! It is great on you. - What makes you so angry? Has anybody annoyed you?

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2 The apostrophe ('):

-I am= I'm - is not = isn't - We have = We've )s( )s(

- The boys' room - The boy's room

-Hundreds of years = 100's of years - :)apostrophe(

- the 1960s (Not: the 1960's)

- Count the h's in this sentence.

3 The comma (,): )please(

- Please, open the door. - Open the door, please.

- Rodayna, I want you to work harder. I want you to work harder, Rodayna.

- Yesterday, I visited my grandmother. -Last Sunday, we celebrated my sister's birthday.

)”.“…(

- Leen says, “I'm very busy these days.” - "I'm very busy these days", says Leen.

- )”.“……( ),( :

- Sama asked, "Did you have a great time?". - "Did you have a great time?" asked Sama.

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)and( ) and(

- Mum asked me to buy flour, sugar, butter, milk, eggs and cheese. - She studies Arabic, English, French, science and maths.

- She is very good, isn’t she?

Yes - No - Sure - sorry excuse me -well ... -Yes, my father is a teacher. -Sorry, your request was rejected.

- and - but - for - or - nor - so - yet - however -The match was over, but the excited fans refused to leave. -Mr Ashraf explained the lesson twice, yet Aya still didn't understand.

),(

- after, before, as soon as, when, while, although, in spite of, as, because, since, if, ... - While I was playing football, I got a cramp. -Because Mai got up late, she missed the first lecture.

- ),(

-I got a cramp while I was playing football. ) ,( )ing( )p.p(

:.)inf+To(

-Having done enough revision, he was sure to pass the exam. -Destroyed in an accident, the car became useless.

) ,(

- I think this person is ignorant, not stupid. ),(

- Fortunately, Unfortunately, Luckily, Unluckily, Finally, Unexpectedly, Surprisingly ....

- Surprisingly, he agreed to help us. ) ,(

- I live in Edfu, Aswan.

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) ,(

- February 22, 2011, was the happiest day in my life; I got married. ),.…,( :

-That Friday, which happened to be my birthday, was the only day when I was free. -The weather was fine in the park. The grassy land, on the other hand, was very wet. -My only sister, Amira, helps mum with the housework.

- ),.…,(

) :that (

-The book that I borrowed from you is excellent. -The oranges that fell out of the basket are damaged now. -She believes that she will win the race.

) space ( ) ,(

2- Read the following passage, then answer the questions : One of the most amazing and influential libraries in the world is the

Bibliotheca Alexandrina. It opened in 2002 and can hold eight million books. But we have had libraries for thousands of years. Probably the oldest library that you can still visit is al-Qarawiyyin Library in Morocco. The daughter of a trader established the library in 859 CE. However, people had collected books a long time before this.

Archaeologists have found writing on collections of papyrus in Amarna and Thebes from around 1300 BCE. The Ancient Greeks had libraries where they kept thousands of original books (they did not want copies). The famous Library of Alexandria opened in around 300 BCE. The aim of this library was to have one of each of the world's books, although books were then made of papyrus or leather.

Before 1450, people had written books by hand. Then, people started printing books for the first time. Many universities also started to open, and most of these had important libraries. The rulers of many countries understood the importance of books to people's education and began to open national libraries. Now there are many very famous national libraries around the world. The British Library opened in 1753 as part of the British Museum and is one of the largest libraries in the world. It keeps one of all the books, magazines, newspapers and maps printed in Britain. By 1988, there were so many of these that it had to move to a new, bigger building.

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Today, you can also use digital libraries, where thousands of books and magazines are available to people online. An example is the Egyntian Knowledge Bank (www.ekb.eg) which has dictionaries, encyclopedias, videos and all kinds of books online. People have been very enthusiastic about this digital library since it opened in 2016. Choose the correct answer : 1-What is the best title for this passage?

- The history of writing -Alexandria Library - The history of public libraries -The start of the British Library

2-Why do you think people used to write their books by hand? - Because there was bad printing - Because they didn't want to have copies. - Because printing damaged valuable documents. - Because they had no printing at that time.

3- is the oldest library that exists now and can be visited. - Alexandria Library -The British Library - Al-Qarawiyyin Library -Thebes Library

4- The libraries in the Ancient Greeks time didn't keep…….. - papyrus book -copied books - original books -foreign books

5- Libraries in the future will be……… -digital and electronic banks -bigger and wider -encyclopedias and books -ordinary and traditional

6- The underlined pronoun "these" refers to ....... - Books, magazines and maps -Ancient Egyptian books - Papyrus books -public libraries.

7-You can log in EKB to…….. -read a book -read a magazine -read periodicals -a, b & c

8- People are enthusiastic about the digital libraries because……… -they can find all the books they need only - they can watch videos only - they have a wide range of audio and visual materials - they have the right to log out

9- The antonym of the underlined word "influential" is…….. - powerful -ineffective -painful -painless

10. The main idea of the last paragraph is……….. - Digital libraries replaced traditional ones. - Traditional libraries are more useful to learners. - Egypt has a digital library. - Many dictionaries are in Alexandria Library.

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Translations -Translate into English:

.الطالب لدي اإلبتكارو اإلبداعو التفكير مهارات تنمية الي التعليم إصالح يهدف -١The reform of education aims at developing the students' skills of thinking, creativity and inventiveness.

.المعجزات وصنع الصعبة التحديات قهر علي القدرة المصرية المرأة لدي -٢The Egyptian women have the ability / potential to conquer difficult challenges and make miracles.

.مؤخراً مصر شهدتها التي األحداث أهم أحد هو للشباب العالمي ىنتدمال -٣World Youth Forum is one of the most important events that Egypt has witnessed lately.

.عام كل الناس من العديد وفاة في القارص البرد أو الشديد الحر يتسبب -٤Extreme heat or freezing cold causes the death of many people every year.

أجل من تضحيات من تقدمه لما المختلفة المناسبات في المرأة تكريم علي الدولة تحرص -٥ .والوطن األسرة

The state is careful to honour women on different occasions for the sacrifices they make for family and nation. Choose the correct Arabic translation: 1-We all should agree that the development of the educational system is a flexible

ongoing process that needs thinking outside the box, so we should be patient and boost it.

يجب أن نتفق جميعا على أن تطوير النظام التعليمي عملية مرنة مستمرة تحتاج لتفكير داخل . أ . لصندوق ، ومن ثم يجب علينا أن نتخلى عن الصبر وأن نساندها ا

يجب أن نتفق جميعا على أن تطوير النظام التعليمي عملية مرنة مستمرة تحتاج لتفكير خارج . ب . الصندوق ، ومن ثم يجب علينا أن نتحلى بالصبر وأن نساندها

ملية مرونة مستمرة ال تحتاج لتفكير يجب أن نتفق جميعا على أن تطوير النظام التعليمي ع. ج . خارج الصندوق ، ومن ثم يجب علينا أن نتحلى بالصبر وأن نساندها

يجب أال نتفق جميعا على أن تطوير النظام التعليمي عملية مرنة مستمرة تحتاج لتفكير خارج . د . الصندوق ، ومن ثم يجب علينا أال نتحلى بالصبر وأن نساندها

2-We should bring up our children to be positive and never support or defend any point of view unless they are sure that it will make a difference .

ينبغي علينا تربية أبنائنا على أن يكونوا إيجابيين وأال يساندوا أو يدافعوا عن أي وجهة نظر إذا . أ . سوف تحدث فراق كانوا متأكدين من أنها

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ينبغي علينا تربية أبنائنا على أال يكونوا إيجابيين وأن يساندوا أو يدافعوا عن أي وجهة نظر ما . ب . لم يكونوا متأكدين من أنها سوف تحدث فارق

ينبغي علينا تربية أبنائنا على أن يكونوا إيجابيين وأال يساندوا أو يدافعوا عن أي وجهة نظر ما . ج . نوا متأكدين من أنها سوف تحدث فرقالم يكو

ينبغي علينا تربية أبنائنا على أن يكونوا إيجابيين وأال يساندوا أو يدافعوا عن أي وجهة نظر ما . د .لم يكونوا متأكدين من أنها سوف ال تحدث فراق

3-To be good citizens in the future, children need to grow in an atmosphere of love and family warmth. They also need to get good education in order to get the qualifications needed for success in both private and family life.

لكي يصبح األطفال مواطنين صالحين في المستقبل ، فإنهم يحتاجون إلى النمو في غالف جوي -أهم يحتاجون أيضاً إلى الحصول على تعليم جيد من اجل الحصول من الحب والدفء األسري ، و

. على المؤهالت الالزمة للنجاح في كل من الحياة الخاصة والعائليةلكي يصبحوا مواطنين صالحين في المستقبل ، يحتاجون األطفال إلى التنشئة في جو يسوده - ب

م جيد من أجل الحصول على الحب والدفء األسري وهم يحتاجون أيضا إلى الحصول على تعلي . المؤهالت الالزمة للنجاح في كل من الحياة الخاصة والعائلية

لكي يصبح األطفال مواطنين صالحين في المستقبل ، فإنهم يحتاجون إلى النمو في جو من الحب -جوالدفء األسري ، وهم يحتاجون أيضا إلى الحصول على تعليم جيد من أجل الحصول على

. الزمة للنجاح في الحياة الخاصةالمؤهالت الحتى يصبح األطفال مواطنين صالحين في المستقبل ، فإنهم يحتاجون إلى النمو في غالف جوي -د

من الحب والدفء األسري ، وهم يحتاجون أيضاً إلى الحصول على تعليم جيد من أجل الحصول . على المؤهالت الالزمة للنجاح في كل من الحياة العائلية

Choose the correct English translation : ما ال شك فيه أن كل مصرى وطني ومخلص يتطلع لجعل مصر الدولة األكثر رخاء م. ١

. وقوة و تقدما بين جميع دول العالم a. There is no doubt that every loyal and patriotic Egyptian looks forward to

making Egypt the most prosperous and advanced country among the whole world countries.

b. There is doubt that every loyal and patriotic Egyptian looks forward to making Egypt the most prosperity and advanced country among the hole world countries.

c. There is no doubt that every loyal and patriotic Egyptian locks forward to making Egypt the most welfare and advanced country among the hole world countries.

d. There is not doubt that every royal and patriotic Egyptian looks forward to make Egypt the most welfare and advanced country among the whole world countries.

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بالرغم أن لكل شخص هدف مختلف عن أهداف الناس اآلخرين ، إال أننا نتفق جميعا . ٢ولكن ما هي السعادة التي نسعى لتحقيقها ؟ وهنا . على أن هدفنا المشترك هو السعادة

. نختلف مرة أخرىa. Although every person has a different aim from the other people's aims, we all

agree that our common aim is happiness. But, what is happiness and how we can rich it? Here, we were different again.

b. Although every person has a different aim about the other people's names, we all agree that our common aim is happiness. But, what is happiness and how we can reach it? Here, we are different again.

c. Although every person have a different aim from the other people's aims, we all disagree that our common aim is happiness. But, what is happiness and how we can reach it? Here, we are different again.

d. Although every person has a different aim from other people's aims, we agree that our common aim is happiness. But, what is happiness and how we can reach it? Here, we are different again.

المرء متفائال وعلى ثقة بأن الغد أفضل من اليوم ، فال شك في أن يجب أن يكون -٣التفاؤل من سمات الشخص الطبيعي ، وعلى النقيض فإن الشخص المتشائم يعاني من خلل

. نفسيA: One should be optimistic and confident that tomorrow is better than today.

There is no doubt that optimism is a quality of a normal person. On the contrary, a pessimistic person suffers from a psychological disorder.

B: One should be optimistic and confident that tomorrow is better than today. There is no doubt that optimism is a character of a normal person. On the other hand, a pessimistic person suffers from a physical disorder.

C: One should be optimistic and confident that tomorrow is better than today. There is doubt that pessimism is a quality of a normal person. On the contrary, a pessimistic person suffers from a psychological disorder.

D: One should be optimistic and confidant that tomorrow is better than today. There is no doubt that optimism is a quality of a normal person. On the contrary, a pessimistic person suffers from a psychological disorder.

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Session 5

The Future Perfect Tense will + have + p.p

Form Active Passive Affirmation -He will have decorated

the house by next August. -The house will have been decorated by next August.

Negation -He won’t have decorated the house by six o’clock.

-The house won’t have been decorated by six o’clock.

Wh-’Q, -When will he have decoration the house?

-When will the house have been decorated?

* Usage :

by the time/this time/before/by My son Ahmed will have started school by next October. Before midnight tomorrow, Rokaya will have studied unit 16. This time next year, our company will have achieved great success.

Dear ……….,

In this session you are going to, study The Perfect Tense.

Yours

3

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before/by

for + period of time In 2025, Mona will have lived in her house for ten years. Next Monday, I will have stayed in Aswan for a week.

:

after/as soon as once/when/ the moment + When you leave the office, I will have sent the emails. When you leave the office, I will send the emails. Before / By the time+ By the time I go home, I'll have visited two friends.

( Notes for advanced level)

:

- This time (tomorrow/ next Monday / next week .... etc.) )

- In (a year's / four months'/ five weeks' / an hour's/ten minutes'/....) time

This time next Friday, I will have moved into my new flat. - This time next Friday, I will be moving into my new flat.

) by ( :

By the year 2025, we will be able to send text messages by the power of thought. By 2040, people will use renewable sources of energy.

:

-expect to have+p.p ( مبني للمعلوم ) ...

We expect to have built Line 5 by the end of next year.

-….am/is/are + expected to have been +p.p …. مبنى للمجھول .

Line 5 is expected to have been built by the end of next year.

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1- Choose the correct answer: 1- My daughter(will be finishing-won’t be finished-will have finished-won’t

have finished) her exams until next weekend. 2- I expect we(will have been done-will have done-will be done-will be doing)

all the work by five o’clock this evening. 3- Magdi(will have-will have been-will be done-will be doing) finished work by

eight o’clock tonight. 4- The clear sky makes me think that it(will be-is being-is going to be-will have

been) another sunny day. 5- Scientists(won’t discover-will have discovered-has discovered-will have been

discovered) a cure for most diseases by 2050. 6- I think several species of plants and animals(will be-will have been-will have-

have) disappeared by 2150. 7- Mr Ashraf(going to finish-will be finished-will have finished-will have been

finished) checking our exam answers by Monday. 8- We(will have been-will be-are going to be-are being) in Cairo for five years next month. 9- She (will be-will have-would have-will have been) started her new business by

the time we meet again. 10- You won’t need to call them as they(arriving-going to arrive-will be arrived-

will have arrived) by lunchtime. 11- They(will have-will be had-had had-will have had) dinner by the time we get

there. There will be no food left. 12- A few centuries from now, I hope wars(will have-will have been-had-will be)

become a thing from the past. 13- (Will she be-Will she have-Have she-Is she) got home by dinnertime? 14- In a year’s time, he(has been-had-will have-have) taken some more serious sort of job. 15- You(will have-will be -had-have) done a lot of your work by the end of this

month. You will be free then.

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16- She(won’t be finished-won’t have finished-hadn’t finished-isn’t finished) work by seven, so I don’t expect she will accept the dinner invitation.

17- (Were you done-Will you be done-Are you done- Will you have done)everything by nine?

18- She(will have been got-will have got-have got-will be got) her university degree by December next year.

19- If he doesn’t hurry, they(will leave-will be left-will have left-have already left)

before he comes. He won’t be able to meet them. 20- My brother (will have completed-will be completed-will have been completing-

will have complete) his studies by the time I have travelled to the USA. 21- My uncle(will have buying-will be buying-will have bought-will be bought) a

new house already by the time I return from Japan. 22- You(will have read-won’t have read-have read-didn’t read) the book before

the next class, won’t you? 23- How many reports(will you be-will you have-have you-will you have to)

completed by tomorrow? 24- By the time I’m 22, I (will be got-will have got-will have been got-will be

getting) my degree. I hope I will get a good job. 25- By 2026, the population of Egypt(will have been grown-would grow-will be

grown-will have grown) to about 120 million. 26- Many of these vegetables(would have-will have been-will be-will have)

become corrupt before we cook them. 27- By the time I’m 25, I hope I (find-will find- will have found-am finding) a good job. 28- By the age of 40, I (probably have got-probably will-‘ll probably-‘ll probably

have got) married. 29- Ahmed’s birthday(will have been-is being-is going to be-will be) after two

weeks, on 26th April. 30- Five percent of the desert(will have reclaimed-will have been reclaimed-will

reclaim-would be reclaimed) by 2100. 31- In 2026, the population of Egypt(will be grown-will grow-has grown-have

grown) to about 120 million.

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32- After I (finishes-will finish-am going to finish-have finished) all my jobs at the office, I will go home to have a nap.

33- My wife and I are good at languages, so our daughter(will become-is going to become- is becoming-will have become) good at languages too.

34- I (am staying-shall stay-am going to stay-stay) with my aunt during my next two-week holiday in Alexandria. She has invited me.

35- She has made up her mind. She (is going to change-is changing-will change-changes) the curtains.

36- Leave the baby here and I (will look-will have looked-am going to look-am looking) after her.

37- I (will have read-won’t have read-won’t have been read-will be read) that book by the time you get here. It is very long.

38- I’ve sharpened the knife as I (will be cut-will have cut-cutting-am going to cut) the meat.

39- Rodayna (is going to visit-will visit-had visited-shall visit) her family in Assuit as planned.

40- When you arrive, I (won’t- will have-am going to-am) started work. 41- In my opinion, Malak(is going to join-is joining-joins-will join) the Faculty of

Medicine. She is an excellent student. 42- Our company (is sending-will send-is sent-going to send) a delegation to the

international economic conference. 43- By 2030, he (will have bought-will have been bought-will be bought-will be

buying) a house in Cairo. He has got a promise that his father will do so. 44- I am sure that tomorrow you (will be forgotten-won’t forget-won’t have

forgotten-will have forgotten) all about these rules. You will break them again. 45- Before you leave home, your belongings (will have been collected-will have

collected-will collect-will be collecting). 46- Next year, he (will have been-will be-is going to be-is being) a farmer for 20 years. 47- By the time I’m a father, students(will attend-will have attended-will be

attended-will have been attended) much better schools.

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48- By November, all the leaves (will have been-will have-will be-have) fallen off the trees in our garden.

49- Being intelligent, I think Ahmed (will be come-is going to come-is coming-will have come) first in the next final exam.

50- By the time I’m 25, I hope I (will have been had-will be had-will have-have had) a good job.

51- By the age of 20, I expect I (will have been-will be-would have been-might be) at university for two years.

Writing Skills “Punctuation” Part (2)

4-The period/full stop (.) :

- I went to the market. -When you have a cold, you should rest in bed.

- Send this file to Mr Ayman, Ola. -Don’t shout at your sister.

- Telephone Number = Tel, No. -September = Sept. -Page =P. -Monday = Mon.

5-The question mark (?):

: :

What, Where, When, Why, Which, Who, Whom, Whose, How -Where is my tablet, mum? -How many close friends do you have? -Would you like to have a cold drink?

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- ) Do ( :

-Do your homework.

6-The exclamation mark / Exclamation point(!):

: :

-What a terrifying animal! -Help! - I love you! :

Stop! Police! :

- Oh, my God! -Wow! - Great! :

Ha! Ha! Ha!! (.)الحظ ان عالمة التعجب في نھایة الجملة تحل محل النقطة

You are my best friend! .الحظ ان عالمة التعجب ستخدم في أضیق الحدود في الكتابات الرسمیة

7-Colon (:) ):lists (

- I put the following things into the shopping bag: apples, tomatoes, a carton of milk and a bottle of oil.

):descriptive titles (

- Treasure Island: An Adventure Novel - Education: An Investment in the Future of the Country

):proportion ( - The ratio of girls to boys in my school is 2:1.

- It is 02:15. 8- Semi-colon(;)

:

- I opened the door; it was cold outside.

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:

- I met people from England; London, Canada; Toronto, France; Paris.

9- Quotation marks / Speech marks (“……..”):

-"I don't mind fish," said Omar. "But I prefer chicken."

10-Hyphen(-)

*sub-part * twentieth-century cinema * six-year-old children

2-Read the following passage, then answer the questions : Until recently, saolas (حیوان ثدیى نادر) remained one of Earth's best-kept

secrets. Upon discovering this animal in the wild, scientists just as quickly recognized this unique species as endangered. Immediate steps are being taken, in the form of establishing national parks, to ensure the survival of the species. Villagers in Vietnam and Laos have spotted saolas only on rare occasions. Although saolas physically resemble miniature antelopes, DNA testing confirmed they are separate species, previously unknown to mankind.

Biologically, saolas are related to cows and bison. Their name means spinning wheel posts," referring to the animals' long horns that sweep back over the neck. Their most distinguishing feature, aside from the horns, are massive scent glands s in their cheeks. Saolas mark their territory منطقة with musk المسك from these glands. Seientists are uncertain exactly how many of the animals exist today, Nearly twenty years ago, an adult female was captured and sent to a zoo in Laos. The saola stood about waist-high with 18.inch horns.

This interesting mammal appears to have little fear of humans and was observed to be approachable in zoo settings. Their reaction to dogs. however, gives a clue as to possible predators. Unfortunately, observations of saolas have been limited, as those captured have died shortly thereafter. Causes of each death have not been fully determined, although at least two have succumbed to infection. Choose the correct answer : 1-Saolas' reactions showed that they may be………. animals.

-domestic -wild -tame -gentle 2- Saolas always have………….. smell.

- bad -stingy - nasty - good 3- Scientists' knowledge about saolas is………..

-unlimited -great -little -huge

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4- The last paragraph…………. - provides examples of keeping a saola in captivity. - offers ways to save saolas from extinction. - describes how saolas are unique animals. - shows endangered saolas are.

5- Saolas remained one of the Earth's best kept secrets as……….. - they keep a lot of information -man knows little about them - they don't have good memory -man doesn't capture them

6- According to the passage, saolaos are……….. -harmful to people -kind to people - fearless of people -fond of people

7. The best title for this passage is………. - A wildlife secret -Saolas 'meat - Saolas' speed -A common animal

8. From biological point of view, soalas are related to ........ - dogs -crows -antelopes -Bison

9. The underlined word "immediate" means……… - instantly -slowly -quietly -slightly

10. DNA testing confirmed ... - saolas are popular animals - soalas are domestic animals - Man did not know them in the past - Man used them to help in farms

Translation -Translate into English:

.ومعاناتهم الناس آالم تخفيف الي جهد كل نثمن أن يجب -١We must appreciate every effort that aims at easing pains and suffering of people.

.العام اإلنفاق في التخفيضات من للمزيد تخطط أن الحكومة علي يجب -٢The government should plan a lot more cuts in public spending.

.كريمة حياة قادمةال األجيال وتحيا لنحيا الصعاب نقهر أن سوي خيار من أمامنا ليس -٣We have no choice, but conquer difficulties so that we lead a decent life, and so do the coming generations.

.عزمنا يكسر شيئاً ندع أال وعلينا الهين باألمر ليست الوطن تعمير وإعادة بناء معركة -٤The battle of building and reconstructing of the nation is not an easy matter, and we must let nothing break our spirit.

.البكاء علي وتجبرك القلب تفطر ،للعواطف مثيرة قصصاً الشهداء أمهات تحكي -٥Martyrs' mothers tell stories, which are moving; they break your heart and force you to cry.

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Choose the correct Arabic translation : 1- Cultures have different customs to deal with a child's teeth fall-out . In Korea ,

they throw the lost teeth up on a house roof . ففي كوريا يتم إلقاء السنة . كان للثقافات عادات مختلفة في التعامل مع سقوط أسنان الطفل . أ

. سطح منزل المفقودة على ففي كوريا يتم إلقاء السنة . للثقافات عادات مختلفة في التعامل مع سقوط أسنان الطفل . ب

. المكسورة على سطح منزل ففي ال يتم إلقاء السنة المفقودة . للثقافات عادات مختلفة في التعامل مع سقوط أسنان الطفل . ج

. خلف سطح منزل يتم إلقاء السنة ففي كوريا. ي التعامل مع سقوط أسنان الطفل للثقافات عادات مختلفة ف. د

. المفقودة على سطح منزل 2- Living in a big city has become an unhealthy and harmful life nowadays .

There's nothing except streets full of fumes and noise which affect , people's health and nerves .

ال يوجد شيء باستثناء شوارع مليئة . أصبحت الحياة في مدينة كبيرة حياة غير صحيحة وضارة . أ .بعوادم السيارات والضوضاء التي تدعم صحة الناس وأعصابهم

ال يوجد شيء بإستثنا ء شوارع . أصبحت المعيشة في مدينة كبيرة حياة غير صحية وضارة . ب .ء التي تؤثر صحة الناس وأعصابهممليئة بعوادم السيارات والضوضا

يوجد كل شيء بإستثناء شوارع . أصبحت المعيشة في مدينة كبيرة حياة غير صحية وضارة . ج . الضوضاء التي تؤثر على صحة الناس وأعصابهمةمليئة بعوادم السيار

وادم ال يوجد شيء إال شوارع مليئة بع. أصبحت الحياة في مدينة كبيرة حياة صحية وضارة . د .السيارات التي تؤثر على صحة الناس وأعصابهم

3- To enjoy the quality of being right and fair , you should have justice . Justice is one of the basic values in all social systems . All prophets and heavenly books called for justice .

. a العدل من القيم األساسية في . لكي تتمتع بجودة الحق واإلنصاف يجب أن تتمتع بالعدالة . كل األنبياء والرسل السماوية دعت إلى العدل. جميع األنشطة االجتماعية

.b لكي تتمتع بسمة الحق واإلنصاف ، يجب أن تتمتع بالعدالة ، فالعدل من القيم األساسية في . ية ، ولقد دعا كل األنبياء ، والكتب السماوية إلى العدلجميع االجتماع

.c العدالة من القيم القاعدية في . لكي تتمتع بكمية الحق واإلنصاف ، يجب أن تملك بالعدالة . . كل األنبياء والكتب السماوية دعت إلى العدل . االشتراكية ظمةجميع األن

.dالعدل من القيم األساسية في . جب أن تتمتع بالعدالة لكي ال تتمتع بجودة الحق واإلنصاف ، ي .كل األنبياء والكتب السماوية دعت إلى العدل . جميع األنظمة االجتماعية

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Choose the correct English translation : توفير حياة كريمة للمواطن هو الدور الرئيسي للحكومة ، لذلك فهي تسعى جاهدة لتحويل .١

. ألرض خضراء ، وهذا سيؤدي لزيادة األرض الزراعية وبناء مجتمعات جديدةء رمال الصحرا

a. Providing the citizen with a comfortable life is the mine role of the government,

so it did its best to turn the desert sand into green land. This leads to decrease

the farming land and build new communities.

b. Providing the citizen with a comfortable life is the main role of the people, so

they do its best to turn the desert sand into green land. This leads to increase

the farming land and build new communities.

c. Providing the citizen with a comfortable life is the main role of the government,

so it saves its best to turn the desert sand into yellow land. Tmis leads to

increase the farming land and build new communities.

d. Providing the citizen with a comfortable life is the main role of the government,

so it does its best to turn the desert sand into green land. This leads to

increasing the farm land and building new communities.

سوف . لكل منا حلمه الخاص به ، بالنسبة لي عندما أنهى دراستي ، أريد أن أصبح طبيبا مشهورا . ٢

.لمرضى ، ولن أحصل على أموال من الفقراء أساعد ا

a. Each one of us has his own dream. For me, when I leave school, I want to be a

famous doctor. I won't help ill people and I won't take money from poor people.

b. Each one of us has their own dream. For me, when I leave school, I want to be a

famous doctor. I will help ill people and I won't take money from poor people.

c. Each one of us has his own dream. For me, when I leave school, I want to be a

famous doctor. I will help well people and I won't take money from poor people.

d. Each one of us had his own dream. For me, when I left school, I want to be a

famous doctor. I will help ill people and I won't take money from poor people.

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إن األحالم ال تتحقق من تلقاء نفسها ، لكن العمل المنظم نحو الهدف المنشود هو السبيل الوحيد - ٣

النجاح ، فليكن لك حلمك الذي يناسب قدراتك وخطط جيدا لتحقيقه مهما كانت

. التحديات

a. Dreams do not come true by themselves, but organized work towards the

desired goal is the only path to success. Have your own dream that suits your

capabilities and plan well to achieve it, whatever the challenges.

b. Dreams do not come true from meeting themselves, but organized work

towards the desired goal is the only path to success. Let you have your dream

that suits your capabilities and plan well to achieve it, whatever the challenges.

c. Dreams do not achieve by themselves, but organized work towards the desired

goal is the only pass to success. Have your own dream that suits

d. your capabilities and plan well to achieve it, whatever the challenges.

e. Dreams do not come true by itself, but organized work towards the desired goal

is the only path to success. Have your own dream that suits your capabilities

and plan well to achieve it, whatever the challenges.

Session 1 - AZ Academy

Documents

Transcript of Session 1 - AZ Academy