SCIENTOMETRIC ANALYSIS OF LEUKEMIA RESEARCH OUTPUT (1960-2011): AN INDIAN PERSPECTIVE

Asia Pacific Journal of Library and Information Science. Vol.3 No.2 (Jul –Dec 2013)

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SCIENTOMETRIC ANALYSIS OF LEUKEMIA RESEARCH OUTPUT

(1960-2011): AN INDIAN PERSPECTIVE

R. Jeyshankar (Ph.D.)

Asst.Prof. Dept. of LIS

Alagappa University, Karaikudi-630 003

Tamil Nadu, India

[email protected]

B. Ramesh Babu (Ph.D.)

Former Prof.,University of Madras

Chennai, India

[email protected]

ABSTRACT

This study analyses the Leukemia research output carried out during the year 1960 – 2011

the different parameters including authorship pattern, growth, Time Series Analysis

Degree of Collaboration Co-Authorship Index, Institutions’ contribution, most

productivity journals were analysed. The overall growth rate of literature output is found

to be positive with an increasing trend in leukemia research throughout the study period.

Two and more authored papers constitute majority of the contribution and degree of

collaboration had a maximum value of 0.96. The result shows that research development

activities are increasing in leukemia research in India.

Keywords: Authorship Pattern, Core Journals, India, Leukemia Research,Scientometrics,

Time Series, Relative Growth Rate, Research Productivity;

INTRODUCTION

The aim of Scientometrics is to provide quantitative characterizations of scientific activity. It is

part of the sociology of science and has application to science policy-making. It involves

quantitative studies of scientific activities, including other publications, and so overlaps

bibliometrics to some extent. The researchers in scientific disciplines form the bigger, but also

the most diverse, interest-group in scientometrics. Due to their primary scientific orientation,

their interests are strongly related to their specialty.

SCOPE AND OBJECTIVES OF THE PAPER

In this paper an attempt has been made to project the Indian research out put on the subject of

leukemia covering the period 1960 to 2011 and analysed by using the scientometric indicators.

The study has been designed with the following objectives:

i. To examine the growth of leukemia research output of India during 1960 to 2011;


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ii. To examine and analyse the authorship pattern in leukemia research and development in

India;

iii. To determine the Relative Growth Rate (RGR), Doubling Time (Dt) , Degree of

Collaboration (DC), and Co-Authorship Index (CAI) ; and

iv. To find out core journals, leading states and top research institutions in the field of

leukemia in India.

LEUKEMIA: CONCEPT EXPLAINED

Leukemia encompasses several types of blood cancers. The different types of leukemia are varied

in their presentation, age of onset, risk factors and outlook. There are four main types of

leukemia such as Acute lymphoblastic (lymphocytic) leukemia (ALL), Acute myeloid

(myelogenous) leukemia (AML), Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) and Chronic myeloid

(myelogenous) leukemia (CML). The basic tenet that is common in all leukemia includes the

fact that they all begin in cells in the bone marrow. The bone marrow normally is responsible for

generating the blood cells – red blood cells and white blood cells. One of the functions is to

produce myeloid cells or white blood cells. The growth and maturity of the bone marrow cells in

these functions is tightly regulated by the cellular DNA. When the cell undergoes a change due

to damage and changes in the DNA it becomes a leukemia cell and begins to proliferate

uncontrollably. The exact cause of leukemia is unknown. As the bone marrow cells become

leukemia they crowd the marrow and suppress other healthy cells. The rate of progression and

replacement of normal bone marrow cells is different with each type of leukemia (NIH Senior

Health, 2013).

Leukemia affects a large population of individuals worldwide. Around 274,930 people in the

United States are living with, or in remission from, leukemia. In the UK, around 7,600 people are

diagnosed each year with leukemia. There are several signs and symptoms of leukemia that are

common to all types. Specific blood tests and bone marrow tests are needed to make a diagnosis.

In acute leukemia common symptoms include: lack of energy, fatigue, anemia, prolonged fever,

night sweats, unexplained bruises and prolonged bleeding tendencies.

LITERATURE REVIEW

In the recent years, many researchers have conducted scientometric analysis in different subject

fields. The following studies related to the objectives of this study have been reviewed:

Arunachalam (2000) mapped the life science research output in India based on Biological

Abstracts for the period 1992-1994 using different scientometric indicators. There are also other

kinds of research and technology development-mission oriented, industry oriented, country

specific, etc. Progress in these cannot be obviously measured by counting only the number of

publications. However, there was no work focusing on mapping the panorama of the

development of Food and Nutrition research in India in recent years. The purpose of this paper


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was to deal with it. The author states that since there is no way to get all the information about a

subject, he has to circle some information, such as literature, patents, conferences, surveys and so

on.

Keerti Bala Jain and Kumar (2011) studied the measurement of research productivity of Indian

scientists contributing to world soybean research for the period 1989 -2008 and concluded that

India obtains 2nd

rank in world publication output on soybean research after USA. Lotka’s law is

found almost applicable in the present study.

Rajendran, Jeyshankar, and Elango (2011) analyzed 633 research articles published in Journal of

Scientific and Industrial Research. They found that majority of papers were by multi-authors and

Indian authors. There was poor international collaboration by Indian authors.

Jeyshankar, Ramesh Babu, and Rajendran, (2011) analysed bibliographical details of 1282

research articles published by the scientists of CECRI during the period 2000-2009. From the

study it is found that 194 articles (15.13%) published in the year 2009 was the most productive

year. Collaborative research was dominant with the highest degree of collaboration being 0.98, in

the year 2005. Further, the study investigated authorship pattern, co-authorship pattern, highly

prolific authors and highly preferred journals by the scientists of CECRI.

METHODOLOGY

The study based on publication and citation data downloaded from SCOPUS database. A Sum

of 2120 records in leukemia from Covered period of sixty years spanning between 1960 and

2011, were obtained from the SCOPUS database were analysed .

DATA ANALYSIS AND DISCUSSION

Quantum of Publications

Table 1 reveals the quantum of leukemia research output from India. Totally 2120 research

papers were published during the period 1960-2011. The analysis shows the increasing trend in

the entire block year periods with an exception to 1982-1986 which shows the declining trend.

Table 1 Growth of Literature in Leukemia -India

Sl. No Block Year

output

No. of

Publications Percentage

Cumulative

Percentage

1 1960-1971 8 0.38 0.38

2 1972-1976 69 3.25 3.63

3 1977-1981 105 4.95 8.58

4 1982-1986 92 4.34 12.92

5 1987-1991 120 5.66 18.59


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6 1992-1996 152 7.17 25.75

7 1997- 2001 244 11.51 37.26

8 2002-2006 465 21.93 59.2

9 2007-2011 865 40.80 100

Total 2120 100

Growth Rate of Publications

The growth of publications was analysed by using two parameters namely Relative Growth Rate

and Doubling time (Mahapatra 1985)6. RGR is a measure to study the increase in number of

articles in a period of time. It is calculated as

RGR = (ln N2 - ln N1) / (t2-t1)

Whereas N2 and N1 are the cumulative number of publications in the years t2 and t1.

The relative growth rate and the doubling time (Dt) was calculated and the result are presented in

table 2.

The growth rate is found to be at maximum during the period 1992-1996 and the minimum

during 1982-1986. The average growth rate works out to be 1.12 and Dt is in fluctuation trend.

Table 2 Relative Growth Rate and Doubling Time

Sl. No Year No. of

records

Cumulative

total loge1 loge2 RGR Dt

1 1960-1971 8 8 2.08

2 1972-1976 69 77 2.08 4.34 0.45 1.52

3 1977-1981 105 182 4.34 5.20 0.17 4.01

4 1982-1986 92 274 5.20 5.61 0.08 8.43

5 1987-1991 120 394 5.61 5.98 0.07 9.50

6 1992-1996 152 546 5.98 6.30 0.07 10.57

7 1997-2001 244 790 6.30 6.67 0.07 9.34

8 2002-2006 465 1255 6.67 7.13 0.09 7.45

9 2007-2011 865 2120 7.13 7.66 0.10 6.58


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Figure 1 Relative Growth Rate

0

1

2

3

0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5

Figure 2 Doubling Time

Table 3 Forms of Publications

Sl. No Forms No. of

Publications Percentage

1 Journal Articles 1524 71.89

2

Conference

Paper 33 1.56

3 Editorials 34 1.60

4 Erratum 6 0.28

5 Letters 248 11.70

6 Note 26 1.23

7 Reviews 149 7.03

8 Short Survey 84 3.96

Total 2120 100.00


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Table 3 displays the types of documents found in the collected records. It is evident that journal

is the most preferred medium of publication out of other forms. The largest number (1524) of the

journal articles 971.89%) used for publication indicates a continued trend of relying primarily on

this form of publication. Of the total research literature output in leukemia, 11.70 per cent is in

the form of Letters, followed by 7.03 per cent in the form of Reviews, while other types perform

a poor show with negligible numbers.

Time Series Analysis

Table 4 reveals the estimated growth and the dip of the output. A straight-line equation is

adopted as statistical measure to forecast the trend pattern studied by Daya Sridhar (2010).

Table 4 Leukemia Research Output Trend: Time Series Analysis

Sl. No Year Count (Y) X X2 XY

1 1960-1971 8 0 0 0

2 1972-1976 69 1 1 69

3 1977-1981 105 2 4 210

4 1982-1986 92 3 9 276

5 1987-1991 120 4 16 480

6 1992-1996 152 5 25 760

7 1997-2001 244 6 36 1464

8 2002-2006 465 7 49 3255

9 2007-2011 865 8 64 6920

Total 2120 36 204 13434

Straight line equation is:

Y c=a +b X

∑Y=Na +b ∑X

∑XY=a∑X+b∑X2

2120=9a+36b

13434=2120a+204b

a=6.95 b=62.54.

Estimated literature in 2015 is when

X=2015-1960=44

6.95+62.54*44=6.95+2751.76=2758.71

Estimated Literature in 2020 is when X=2020-1960=49

6.95+62.54*49=6.95+3064.46=3071.41

From the above calculation, it can be inferred that the future trend on leukemia will have

increasing trend in the year 2015 and may gain an increasing trend in 2020. The pattern of


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growth of leukemia output also show similar differences in the calculation and the estimated

trend.

Authorship Pattern

Table 5 reveals the incidence of numbers of author(s) per publications among the contribution.

The pattern of authorship found in the literature output in leukemia research ranges from the

single author to as many 61 multiple authors in single terms. The research publications by three

authors are found to be at a Maximum with a score of 23.30 per cent of the total output, closely

followed by four authored publications forming 21.04 per cent, making a much less difference

between the two categories.

A single authored publication from form 6.37 per cent and was at the fifth position among the

categories. It is to be noted that starting from single authored papers and running up to three

authored papers, there is an increasing trend in each of the categories, while in the categories of

four and above authors per publication, a decline in the productivity count is noticed.

Table 5 Number of Author(s) Per Publications

Sl. No Authors Count Per cent

1 1 135 6.37

2 2 295 13.92

3 3 494 23.30

4 4 446 21.04

5 5 247 11.65

6 6 192 9.06

7 7 105 4.95

8 8 69 3.25

9 9 49 2.31

10 10 39 1.84

11 11 16 0.75

12 12 8 0.38

13 13 9 0.42

14 14 1 0.05

15 15 1 0.05

16 16 1 0.05

17 18 3 0.14

18 19 1 0.05

19 20 4 0.19

20 22 1 0.05

21 33 1 0.05


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22 35 1 0.05

23 47 1 0.05

24 61 1 0.05

Total 2120 100.00

Table 6 Types of Authorship

Table 6 shows that among the single, double and multiple authored publications, multiple

authorship forms 79.67 per cent of the total research literature output registering in impressive

majority while double authorship forms 13.92 per cent. Single authored publications record a

score of 6.42 per cent which is found to be smaller when compared to the other categories of

authorship.

Degree of Collaboration

The Degree of Collaboration of authors by year wise is shown in Table 7. Extent or degree of

collaboration can be ascertained by the formula by K.Subramanian(1983). His mathematical

formula ascertained in calculating author’s degree of collaboration in a discipline. The degree of

collaboration among authors is the ratio of the number of collaborative publications to the total

number of publication published in a discipline during certain period of time.

The degree of collaboration (collaboration coefficient) among authors is measured

mathematically as;

Nm

C=

Nm + Ns

Where,

C= degree of collaboration

Nm= number of multi authored papers

Ns= number of single authored papers

The degree of collaboration for different years calculated as per the equation proposed by

Subramanian and is presented in table 7 the degree of collaboration over the years varies from

0.93 to 0. 96 the mean value is found to be 0.96.

Sl. No Authorship Count Percent

1 Single 136 6.42

2 Double 295 13.92

3 Multiple 1689 79.67

Total 2120 100


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Table 7 Degree of Collaboration

Sl. No Year 1 au 2 au 3 au 3+ au DC Total

1 1960-1971 2 1 2 3 0.75 8

2 1972-1976 7 16 22 24 0.90 69

3 1977-1981 14 25 43 24 0.87 106

4 1982-1986 7 10 58 21 0.93 96

5 1987-1991 5 21 27 65 0.96 118

6 1992-1996 8 19 30 94 0.95 151

7 1997- 2001 16 29 62 135 0.93 242

8 2002-2006 32 64 82 284 0.93 462

9 2007-2011 45 110 168 545 0.95 868

Total 136 295 494 1195 0.94 2120

Table 7 reveals that the degree of collaboration in authorship trend works out to be 0.75 and

above. Thus the degree of collaboration gives a picture of extent of collaborations among the

authors.

Co-Authorship Index

Co-Authorship Index (CAI) is obtained by calculating proportionately the Publication by single,

two and multi authored papers (Garg & Padhi, 1999).

Nij /Nio

CAI = ---------*100

Noj /Noo

Where,

Nij =Number of papers having authors in block i

Nio =Total output of block i

Noj = Number of papers having j authors for all blocks.

Noo =Total number of papers for all authors and all blocks

CAI=100 indicates that a countries co-authorships effort for a particular type of Authorship

correspondents to the world average.CAI>100 reflects higher than Average co-authorship effort

and CAI <100 shows lower than average Co-authorship effort by that country for a given type of

authorship pattern.

For calculating the co-authorship index for authors, countries have been replaced with block. For

this study, the authors have been classified into three blocks. Vz. Single, Two, and multiple

authors and period of the study has been divided into 8 blocks from 1960 to 2011.


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Table 8 Co-Authorship Index (CAI)

Sl.

No Year

Single

Author CAI

Two

Authors CAI

More than

Two

Authors

CAI Total

1 1960-1971 2 389.71 1 89.83 5 78.45 8

2 1972-1976 7 158.14 16 166.64 46 83.68 69

3 1977-1981 14 205.88 25 169.49 67 79.34 106

4 1982-1986 7 113.66 10 74.86 79 103.29 96

5 1987-1991 5 66.05 21 127.89 92 97.86 118

6 1992-1996 8 82.59 19 90.43 124 103.07 151

6 1997-2001 16 29.00 86.12 197 102.18 242.00 242

7 2002-2006 32 107.97 64 99.55 366 99.44 462

8 2007-2011 45 80.81 110 91.07 713 103.10 868

Total 136 295 1689 2120

Table 9 reveals the distribution of quantum of pages output of the Publications. The quantum of

pages in leukemia literature published in English languages from various states. The research

literature output in various forms of documents has been categorized in to different ranges right

from 1 to 10 pages category, then with increment of 10 categories up to 20 Pages. Besides this

the last category marked as more than 21 pages.

Table 9 Distribution of Quantum of Pages

Sl. No Pages Count Percent

1 1 378 17.83

2 2 387 18.25

3 3 277 13.07

4 4 222 10.47

5 5 188 8.87

6 6 131 6.18

7 7 102 4.81

8 8 70 3.30

9 9 54 2.55

10 10 45 2.12

11 11-15 75 3.54

12 16-20 10 0.47

13 Above 21 181 8.54

Total 2120 100.00


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Core Journals

The concept of core journals has been derived from Bradford’s Law. It describes how the

literature on a particular subject is scattered in the journals. According to Garfield “Bradford’s

Law is one of several statistical expressions, which try to describe the workings of science by

mathematical means”. This law is considered as the best known of the entire Bibliometric

concept.

Table 10 Core Journals

Sl. No Name of the Journal Count Percentage

1 Indian Journal of Cancer 135 6.37

2

Indian Journal of Pathology and

Microbiology 102 4.81

3

Indian Journal of Hematology and Blood

Transfusion 89 4.20

4 Leukemia Research 83 3.92

5 Indian Pediatrics 76 3.58

6 Journal of Association of Physicians of India 72 3.40

7 Indian Journal of Pediatrics 66 3.11

8 Leukemia and Lymphoma 56 2.64

9 American Journal of Hematology 47 2.22

10 Pediatric Hematology and Oncology 34 1.60

11 Indian Journal of Medical Research 32 1.51

12 Cancer Letters 28 1.32

13 Annals of Hematology 25 1.18

14

Indian Journal of Dermatology, Venereology

and Leprology 23 1.08

15 Journal of the Indian Medical Association 21 0.99

16 Others 1231 58.07

Total 2120 100

Table 10 reveals the list of core journal in leukemia research field as recorded in the secondary

database Biological Abstracts from 1960-2011. Of the total 2120 journals producing leukemia

research literature, it is the Journal of leukemia that ranks first with 6.37 per cent of the total

periodical literature output during the period under study. Second in the rank among the core

journals is Indian Journal of Pathology and Microbiology, a journal exclusively for leukemia.

Table 11 reveals the State of origin of publication in leukemia research. 14 States in the world

are contributing the research in leukemia and among them New Delhi ranks first place in the


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world output followed by Chandigarh and third one in the rank is Maharashtra. Here it is

interesting to note that Tamil Nadu come in the fifth place in research output table.

Table 11 Research Output of Leukemia State-Wise

Sl. No State Output Percent

1 New Delhi 756 35.66

2 Chandigarh 312 14.72

3 Maharashtra 279 13.16

4 Uttar Pradesh 182 8.58

5 Tamil Nadu 127 5.99

6 Andhra Pradesh 122 5.75

7 Karnataka 121 5.71

8 West Bengal 77 3.63

9 Kerala 72 3.40

10 Gujarat 43 2.03

11 Pondicherry 22 1.04

12 Madhya Pradesh 3 0.14

13 Goa 3 0.14

14 Rajasthan 1 0.05

Total 2120 100

The data in table 12 reveals the highly preferred journals of leukemia. Out of the 1524 articles,

237 articles have been published in “Journal of the National Cancer Institute”, 165 in “New

England Journal of Medicine”, and 119 in “Blood” and so on. The most of the leukemia

researcher preferred Indian journals compare to foreign journals.

Table 12 Preferred the Journal

Sl. No Name of the Journal Count Rank

1 Journal of the National Cancer Institute 237 1

2 Blood 189 2

3 New England Journal of Medicine 165 3

4

Proceedings of the National Academy of

Sciences 110 4

5 Cancer Research 104 5

6 Virology 102 6

7 American Journal of Transplantation 97 7

8 Journal of Clinical Immunology 64 8

9 Oral Oncology 59 9

10 Bone Marrow Transplantation 52 10

11 Leukemia 49 11


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12 Cancer Letters 46 12

13 Annals of Oncology 45 13

14 Critical Reviews in Oncology/Hematology 44 14

15 Drug Metabolism Reviews 42 15

16 Pediatric Blood and Cancer 41 16

17 British Journal of Haematology 40 17

18 Leukemia 39 18

19 American Journal of Hematology 37 19

20 Clinical Pharmacokinetics 33 22

Table 13 Distribution of Organization-Wise Leukemia Research Literature Output

Table 13 reveals the institution-wise distribution of the leukemia research literature output. The

research literature contributed by R&D institution with 47.78 per cent at the most followed by

universities with 25.05 per cent and colleges with 27.17 per cent.

In order to analyze the performance of the top 10 institutions in India in the leukemia research

relevant entries were separated and subjected to detailed analysis. The top 10 research

institutions in India are found tabled in 14. Further it may be inferred that the Post Grad. Inst.

Med. Educ. Res., Chandigarh stands first with 276 Cancer Centre Institute, followed by Cancer

Research Institute, Parel, Bombay with 67 and Christian Medical College Hospital, Vellore

stands third with 61 research output.

Table 14 Leukemia Research literature output –India: Top 10 Institutions

Sl. No Institutions Published

1 Post Grad. Inst. Med. Educ. Res., Chandigarh 276

2 Regional Cancer Centre, Trivandrum 67

3 Christian Medical College Hospital, Vellore 61

4 Kidwai Memorial Institute, Bangalore 56

5 Sanjay Gandhi Postgraduate Institute of Medical Sciences,

Lucknow 55

6 Cancer Research Institute, Parel, Bombay 52

7 King George's Medical College, Lucknow 43

Sl. No Organization Count Percent

1 R&D Institutions 1013 47.78

2 Universities 576 27.17

3 Colleges 531 25.05

Total 2120 100


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8 Tata Mem. Cent., Bombay 20

9 All India Inst. Med. Sci., New Delhi 13

10 Chittaranjan National Cancer Institute, Calcutta 12

MAJOR FINDINGS AND DISCUSSIONS

A total of 2120 records in leukemia research output covered in SCOPUS database in

India during the period 1960-2012. The average growth rate of literature output in

leukemia research, works out to be 43.33 per cent. The growth rate is found to be

maximum in the block 2007-2011 and at its minimum in the block 1982-1986.

The value of CAI for two authored papers was the highest with 295 and the value of CAI

for single authored papers was 136, which indicated that the collaborative research is

increasing in the leukemia research.

Out of twenty nine states in India, only 20 states contributed 2120 records, of which

33.66 per cent research has been contributed by New Delhi.

Totally 2120 research papers were published in the period 1960-2011. The analysis

always shows the increasing trend except during 1982-1986 which shows the declining

trend.

The growth rate is found to be at a maximum during the period 1992-1996 and the

minimum during the period 1982-1986.

Of the total research literature output in leukemia, 11.70 per cent is in the form of Letter

followed by 7.03 per cent in the form of reviews article while other types perform a poor

show with negligible numbers.

The pattern of authorship found in the literature output in leukemia research ranges from

the single author to as many 61 multiple authors in single terms.

The single, double and multiple authored publications 79.67 per cent 13.92 per and 6.42

per cent respectively.

The degree of collaboration in authorship trend works out to be 0.75 and above. Thus the

degree of collaboration gives a picture of extent of collaborations among the authors.

Of the total 2120 journals producing leukemia research literature, it is the Journal of

leukemia that ranks first with 6.37 per cent of the total periodical literature output during

the period under study.

14 States in the world are contributing the research in leukemia and among them New

Delhi ranks first place followed by Chandigarh and in third rank is Maharashtra. It is

interesting to note that Tamil Nadu has come in the fifth place in research output table in

the world.

It is found that the research literature contributed by R&D institution with 47.78 per cent

at the most followed by universities with 25.05 per cent and colleges with 27.17 per cent.


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CONCLUSION

From the forgoing analysis of the various facets of leukemia study facilities to form irrefutable

conclusions. This analysis indicated pattern of different peripherals of the study such as future

trend of literature, coverage period and the frequency of published records, emphasis on core

journals and global standing of the various states and outreach activities of institutions involved

in leukemia literature. This is the first attempt to apply Scientometric techniques to analyse

leukemia research in India. More research is needed for the purpose of evaluating leukemia

research particularly in other Asian countries. Such studies would be helpful in assessing the any

research area output. National and International collaborative projects will produce improved

research output and exchange of information in any subject.

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Arunachalam, Subbaiah (2000). National mapping of Science- India: Life Science. Information

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Keerti Bala Jain and Kumar, S (2011). Indian Contributions to World Soybean Research:

Measurement of Research Productivity of Soybean Scientists. 8th

International Caliber.

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Mahapatra, M (1985). On the validity of the theory of exponential growth of scientific literature.

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IASLIC Conference, Bangalore (pp. 61-70). Bangalore.

NIH Senior Health. (2013). Leukemia. http://nihseniorhealth.gov/leukemia/whatisleukemia/01.

html

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SCIENTOMETRIC ANALYSIS OF LEUKEMIA RESEARCH OUTPUT (1960-2011): AN INDIAN PERSPECTIVE

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