Apartheid 1960-1994

Dr. Laura GrahamPJS 150-10

Tufts University

SummaryApartheid era 1960-70sChanges in 1980sResistance in 1980s-1990sPolitical Transition 1989-1994

Early Resistance Revolutionary violence

began circa 1960: Umkhonto we Sizwe, Poqo, African Resistance Mvmt.

Steve Biko’s SAS/ Black Consciousness movement

Student protests led to 575 deaths

Biko killed by police Biko’s death & those at

student protests led to guerrilla warfare

The changing tide… 1960 PM Harold

MacMillan gives “Winds of Change” speech

1960s-70s UN takes action against SA

OAU est. Liberation Cmte

US, Europe voted to condemn apartheid in UN, but continued business investments in SA

Apartheid in Crisis 1978-89

1978 recession Decolonization US Civil Rights Mvmt Afrikaner Solidarity

dissolves PW Botha becomes

party leader in 1978 African trade unions 1984 Constitution

1980s Resistance 1983 UDF

Boycotts, protests and political violence increased

Clashes between UDF and Inakatha

Chief Mangosuthu Buthelezi

State of EmergencyJune 20, 1985 State of EmergencyPolice had unfettered powersReestablish control = arrest, detention of blacks

Torture and assassination of anti-apartheid activists

SA forces invaded neighboring statesSabotage attributed to ANCChurch leaders joined resistance movement

The Political Transition1989-1994

Background to Negotiations

4 factors led to change: weak economy, demographics, interdependence, and end of CW.

Mbeki and van Zyl Slabbert expressed support for negotiated settlement

Kobie Coetsee and Nelson Mandela meetings

Mandela demands: legalize ANC; release political prisoners; end state of emergency; withdraw troops from townships

FW de Klerk began negotiations with Mandela

Constitution MakingConvention for a Democratic South AfricaPurpose: create interim constitutionBegan Dec 20, 1991300 delegates; 8 political parties, 10 homeland officials.

Declaration of IntentCODESA negotiations broke down; followed by several months of violence.

CODESA replaced by Multiparty ForumNov-Dec 1993 Interim Constitution approved & ratified

Interim ConstitutionLiberal Democratic ConstitutionIdeas borrowed from US and W. EuropeRigid: required 2/3 majority both housesEstablish a Constitutional CourtBill of Rights11 official languages

1994 Election Held April 1994 Two main parties: ANC and

National Party Presidential candidates: De

Klerk and Mandela 86 percent of electorate

voted. Nelson Mandela won

presidential election; ANC won majority of parliamentary seats 252 (62.5%); NP 82 seats (20.39%); IFP 43 seats (10.54%)

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=grh03-NjHzc

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