Lecture Notes in Electrical Engineering 435

Sabyasachi SenGuptaAhmed F. ZobaaKarma Sonam SherpaAkash Kumar Bhoi Editors

Advances in Smart Grid and Renewable EnergyProceedings of ETAEERE-2016

Lecture Notes in Electrical Engineering

Volume 435

Board of Series editors

Leopoldo Angrisani, Napoli, ItalyMarco Arteaga, Coyoacán, MéxicoSamarjit Chakraborty, München, GermanyJiming Chen, Hangzhou, P.R. ChinaTan Kay Chen, Singapore, SingaporeRüdiger Dillmann, Karlsruhe, GermanyHaibin Duan, Beijing, ChinaGianluigi Ferrari, Parma, ItalyManuel Ferre, Madrid, SpainSandra Hirche, München, GermanyFaryar Jabbari, Irvine, USAJanusz Kacprzyk, Warsaw, PolandAlaa Khamis, New Cairo City, EgyptTorsten Kroeger, Stanford, USATan Cher Ming, Singapore, SingaporeWolfgang Minker, Ulm, GermanyPradeep Misra, Dayton, USASebastian Möller, Berlin, GermanySubhas Mukhopadyay, Palmerston, New ZealandCun-Zheng Ning, Tempe, USAToyoaki Nishida, Sakyo-ku, JapanBijaya Ketan Panigrahi, New Delhi, IndiaFederica Pascucci, Roma, ItalyTariq Samad, Minneapolis, USAGan Woon Seng, Nanyang Avenue, SingaporeGermano Veiga, Porto, PortugalHaitao Wu, Beijing, ChinaJunjie James Zhang, Charlotte, USA

About this Series

“Lecture Notes in Electrical Engineering (LNEE)” is a book series which reportsthe latest research and developments in Electrical Engineering, namely:

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More information about this series at http://www.springer.com/series/7818

Sabyasachi SenGupta • Ahmed F. ZobaaKarma Sonam Sherpa • Akash Kumar BhoiEditors

Advances in Smart Gridand Renewable EnergyProceedings of ETAEERE-2016

123

EditorsSabyasachi SenGuptaDepartment of Electrical EngineeringIndian Institute of Technology KharagpurKharagpur, West BengalIndia

Ahmed F. ZobaaDepartment of Electronic and ComputerEngineering, College of Engineering,Design and Physical Sciences

Brunel University LondonUxbridge, MiddlesexUK

Karma Sonam SherpaDepartment of Electrical and ElectronicsEngineering

Sikkim Manipal Institute of TechnologyRangpo, SikkimIndia

Akash Kumar BhoiDepartment of Electrical and ElectronicsEngineering

Sikkim Manipal Institute of TechnologyRangpo, SikkimIndia

ISSN 1876-1100 ISSN 1876-1119 (electronic)Lecture Notes in Electrical EngineeringISBN 978-981-10-4285-0 ISBN 978-981-10-4286-7 (eBook)https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-4286-7

Library of Congress Control Number: 2017937700

© Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. 2018This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or partof the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations,recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmissionor information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilarmethodology now known or hereafter developed.The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in thispublication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt fromthe relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use.The publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in thisbook are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor theauthors or the editors give a warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained herein orfor any errors or omissions that may have been made. The publisher remains neutral with regard tojurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

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Preface

Advances in Smart Grid and Renewable Energy is a compilation of papers pre-sented in the two-day International Conference on ‘Emerging Trends and Advancesin Electrical Engineering and Renewable Energy–ETAEERE 2016,’ organized bythe Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering (EEE) of Sikkim ManipalInstitute of Technology (SMIT), Majhitar, Sikkim, India, during December 17–18,2016. This was a very unique conference which combined renewable energy,electronics, computing, communication, systems, controls, and automations underone roof. Moreover, it is a matter of honor for SMIT to learn that Springer wasassociated with ETAEERE-2016 as a major publication sponsor for the event. Theproceedings of this conference come out with four different book volumes titledunder Lecture Notes in Electrical Engineering (LNEE). This volume offersstate-of-the-art chapters on energy management systems (EMS), renewable energyresources, micro-generation, green communications architectures and frameworks,green computing and education as well as energy-aware process optimization.

Eminent speakers like former Jadavpur University vice-chancellorProf. A Chakrabarti; Prof. A Rajaraman of IIT Chennai; Prof. Gyoo-Shee Chae ofBaekseok University, South Korea; Prof. Avinash Konkani of University of Virginia,USA; Prof. Kamani KK (the global economic advisor of Karnataka); Prof. Manjeshof Bangalore University; and Dr. Amitanshu Patnaik of DRDO Delhi shared theirknowledge and experience. The conference attended and presented by participantsfrom institutes such as IISc, IITs, NITs, NEHU, BIT, VIT, MIT Manipal, IIESTKolkata, and abroad deliberated on their research works. In addition, the paper pre-sentations were accompanied by 6 keynote addresses from leading academic andindustry researchers around the globe. The paper presentations were taken place in 3different tracks with 18 parallel sessions. Through the platform of ETAEERE-2016,we got the opportunity to promote the national campaign ‘Make In India’.

The review committee has done an excellent job in reviewing the articles andapproving the high-quality research articles to be published in the conferenceproceedings in the Lecture Notes in Electrical Engineering (LNEE), Springer. The

v

editors are thankful to all of the faculty and students of these various committes fortheir dedication in making this a very successful conference and also to the editorsand support staff at Springer for making the compilation possible. We sincerelyhope that this volume will inspire researchers.

Majhitar Karma Sonam SherpaSikkim, India Akash Kumar Bhoi

Mohammed Nasir AnsariAmit Kumar Singh

vi Preface

Editorial Board

Chief Patron

Prof.(Dr.) Somnath Mishra, Vice-Chancellor, Sikkim Manipal University

Patron

Prof.(Dr.) Ashis Sharma, Registrar, SMUProf.(Dr.) Amik Garg, Director, SMITProf.(Dr.) Sadasivan Thekkey Veetil, Joint Director, SMIT

Programme Chair

Dr. Rabindranath Bera, SMITDr. Karma Sonam Sherpa, SMITDr. Kalpana Sharma, SMITDr. H.K.D Sarma, SMITDr. Tejbanta Singh Chingtham, SMITDr. Utpal Deka, Physics, SMITDr. B.B Pradhan, SMITDr. Samarjeet Borah, Dept. of CA, SMITDr. Gobinda Chandra Mishra, SMITProf. Om Prakash Singh, SMIT

vii

Special Session Chairs

Dr. Sabyasachi Sen Gupta, IIT KharagpurDr. Samrat Paul, NEHU, ShillongDr. Swagatam Das, ISI, KolkataDr. Abhijit Chakrabarti, IIEST, ShibpurProf. Kamani K.K, Dept. of Higher Education, Govt. of Karnataka (GlobalEconomic Adviser)Dr. GS Chae, Baekseok University, South KoreaProf. Natarajan Gajendran, Editor IJST, President (iSee)Dr. Manjesh, Dept. of Electronic Science, Bangalore UniversityDr. Amitanshu Patnaik, DTRL, DRDO

International Advisory Committee

Dr. Avinash Konkani, AHFP, Clinical Engineer, University of Virginia HealthSystem, USADr. P. Sanjeevikumar, Dept. of EEE, University of Johannesburg, South AfricaDr. Ahmed Faheem Zobaa, BU, UKDr. Akhtar Kalam, VU, AustraliaDr. David YU, UWM, USADr. Atilla Elci, Chairman, Dept. of EEE, Aksaray University, TurkeyDr. Dmitri Vinnikov, TUT, EstoniaDr. Hussain Shareef, UKM, MalaysiaDr. Seshadev Sahoo, Purdue University, USADr. Anil Kavala, Sr. Engineer, Samsung Electronics, Seoul, South KoreaDr. Kamran Morovati, University of New Brunswick, CanadaDr. Joseph Olorunfemi Ojo, TTU, USADr. Mohamed A. Zohdy, OU, MIDr. Murad Al-Shibli, Head, EMET, Abu DhabiDr. Nesimi Ertugrul, UA, AustraliaDr. Omar Abdel-Baqi, UWM, USADr. Richard Blanchard, LBU, UKDr. Shashi Paul, DM, UK

National Advisory Committee

Dr. Sabyasachi Sen Gupta, IIT KharagpurProf. Kamani K.K, Dept. of Higher Education, Govt. of Karnataka (GlobalEconomic Adviser)

viii Editorial Board

Dr. Manjesh, Dept. of Electronic Science, Bangalore UniversityDr. Amitanshu Patnaik, DTRL, DRDODr. Swagatam Das, ISI, KolkataDr. Ajoy Kr. Ray, SMITDr. Ajeya Jha, SMITDr. Rabindranath Bera, SMITDr. Karma Sonam Sherpa, SMITDr. Kalpana Sharma, SMITDr. B.B Pradhan, SMITDr. H.K.D Sarma, SMITDr. Debabrata Pradhan, IIT KharagpurProf. C.J Thomas, SMITDr. Bidita Khandelwal, SMIMSDr. Sangeeta Jha, SMITDr. Vinod Kumar Sayal, SMITDr. Arun Baran Samaddar, Director, NIT SikkimDr. Gobinda Chandra Mishra, SMITDr. V K Manhoharr, CEO & MD, TechMaven Private LimitedDr. Anjan Kumar Ray, NIT SikkimDr. Ashok Kumar Pradhan, IIT KharagpurDr. Bhim Singh, IIT DelhiDr. Ganapati Panda, IIT BhubaneswarDr. Debashish Jena, NITK, IndiaDr. N.P. Padhy, IIT RoorkeeDr. C. Subramani, IIT RoorkeeDr. Patnaik S.K, Anna UniversityDr. G. Uma, Anna UniversityDr. Avik Bhattacharya, IIT RoorkeeDr. Smarajit Ghosh, Thapar UniversityDr. Sandeep Chakravorty, Baddi UniversityDr. Krishnendu Chakraborty, KGECDr. Urmila Kar, NITTTR, KolkataDr. Abhijit Chakrabarti, IIEST, ShibpurEr. Kunal Munshi, Managing Partner at Sunrator Technologies LLPEr. Bikash Rai, Assistant Engineering, Power & Energy Department, Govt. ofSikkim

Reviewer Committee

Dr. Ahmed Faheem Zobaa, Dept. of ECE, BU, UKDr. Avinash Konkani, AHFP, Clinical Engineer, University of Virginia HealthSystem, USA

Editorial Board ix

Dr. Atilla Elci, Chairman, EEE, Aksaray University, TurkeyDr. Kamran Morovati, CS, University of New Brunswick, CanadaDr. Karma Sonam Sherpa, HOD EEE, SMITDr. Chandrashekar Bhuiyan, CE, SMITDr. Seshadev Sahoo, ME, Purdue University, USADr. Akhtar Kalam, Leader–Smart Energy Research Unit, VU, AustraliaDr. Richard Blanchard, Renewable Energy, LBU, UKDr. Utpal Deka, Physics, SMITDr. Nitai Paitya, ECE, SMITDr. N.K. Bhattacharyya, Chemistry, SMITDr. A. Senthil Kumar, EEE, VEC, ChennaiDr. Samarjeet Borah, Dept. of CA, SMIT

Organizing Committee

(Sikkim Manipal Institute of Technology)

Overall InchargeProf. Karma Sonam Sherpa—ConvenorProf. Akash Kumar Bhoi—SecretaryProf. Mohammed Nasir Ansari—ConvenorProf. Amit Kumar Singh—Convenor

PublicityProf. Pradeep Kumar MallickProf. Himangshu Pal

Hall and Stage ArrangementsProf. ShabbiruddinProf. Sandip Kumar Gupta

Caterings and RefreshmentProf. Sunam SahaProf. Roshan Pradhan

TransportProf. Arunava TikaderProf. Arijit Ghosh

Help Desk and RegistrationProf. Chitrangada RoyProf. Dibyadeep Bhattacharya

x Editorial Board

SponsorshipProf. Saikat ChatterjeeProf. Anirban Sengupta

Guest HospitalityProf. Moumi PanditProf. Bijay RaiProf. Rahul Kumar

PrintingProf. Pratik PradhanProf. Rajiv Pradhan

Student Organizing Committee

(Sikkim Manipal Institute of Technology)

Yupphung Keimba LimbuKunglho LepchaSagar PradhanAvinash GuptaAvinash PradhanTshering Sangmo SherpaSisir ChettriDeepika ChettriSuyog PradhanShristi ShrestaPankaj KumarBiswas PradhanRitika PradhanAruna ChettriAshish LamichaneyNeeta LamichaneyAshutosh MukherjeeAmit KR. SinghGyan ShreeDheeraj KumarRaval Parth PradipSrihari KSaurabh BhowmikMadhura Pardhe

Editorial Board xi

Contents

Clustered Prosumer Penalty Framework on Smart Grid . . . . . . . . . . . . 1Sreenithya Sumesh, Vidyasagar Potdar and Aneesh Krishna

Critical Evaluation of Offline MPPT Techniques of Solar PV forStand-Alone Applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13Mohammad Asim, Mohd Tariq, M.A. Mallick, Imtiaz Ashraf,Supriya Kumari and Akash Kumar Bhoi

Design of Permanent Magnet Synchronous Generator for WindEnergy Conversion System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23Abhishek Sahu, Sanjeev Gupta, Vinod Kumar Singh, Akash Kumar Bhoi,Amik Garg and Karma Sonam Sherpa

Design and Development of Buck-Boost Regulator for DC Motor Usedin Electric Vehicle for the Application of Renewable Energy . . . . . . . . . 33Manjesh, K.C. Manjunatha, Akash Kumar Bhoi and Karma Sonam Sherpa

The Particle Swarm Optimization Algorithm for Maximum PowerExtraction of Solar PV Array . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39B. Dhanalakshmi and N. Rajasekar

Analysis of Voltage Stability in Radial Distribution System forHybrid Microgrid . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49Kuldip Singh, Swetalina Bhuyan, M. Narendra Kumar and Satyasis Mishra

PV-Fed Eleven-Level Capacitor Switching Multi-Level Inverter forGrid Integration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57K. Mohana Sundaram, P. Anandhraj and V. Vimalraj Ambeth

Daylight Harvesting Concepts and Its Application: A Review . . . . . . . . 65Amiya Ranjan Behera, Siddhartha and Jyoti Devi

Smart Switching Algorithm Between IC and PO Algorithms forGrid-Connected PV System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83A. Ambikapathy, Gajendra Singh and Prabhakar Tiwari

xiii

A Novel Educational Proposal and Strategies Toward PromotingCloud Computing, Big Data, and Human–Computer Interaction inEngineering Colleges and Universities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93Prantosh K. Paul and Mrinal Kanti Ghose

Why Green Computing and Green Information Sciences HavePotentialities in Academics and iSchools: Practice andEducational Perspectives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103Prantosh K. Paul and Mrinal Kanti Ghose

Annual Energy, Exergy, and Environmental Benefits of N HalfCovered Concentrated Photovoltaic Thermal (CPVT)Air Collectors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113Rohit Tripathi and G.N. Tiwari

An Experimental Realization of Grid-Connected PV System withMPPT Using dSPACE DS 1104 Control Board . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125Neeraj Priyadarshi, Amarjeet Kumar Sharma and Shrikshitish Priyam

Cascaded Voltage Control of Three-Phase Four-Leg Inverter for OFFGrid Solar Photovoltaic Applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135Ikkurti Sai Chaitanya and Hanumath Prasad Ikkurti

Study on the Effect of Tilt on the Variation of Aperture AreaShading in a Linear Fresnel Reflector Field for TwoDifferent Configurations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 147Gaurab Bhowmick and Subhasis Neogi

Design Analysis and Implementation of MPPT Using PSIM . . . . . . . . . 157R. Shivrudraswamy, Aditya Nandan Shukla and C.B. Chandrakala

Kinematical Synthesis and Numerical Analysis of Rail-BasedDual-Axis Solar Tracking System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 167Arun A. Yadav, Chetan O. Yadav and Paladugula V. Ramana

Application of Artificial Intelligence-Based Techniques in Controllingthe STATCOM Used for Compensation for Voltage Dips inDFIG-Based Grid-Connected Wind Power System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 177Bineeta Mukhopadhyay and Rajib Kumar Mandal

Micro-grid for Village Empowerment Using Solar PV-OperatedMicro-hydel Power Plant . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 191T.K. Rana and S. Chakraborty

A Design for High-Torque, Low-Speed Vertical AxisWind Turbine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 203Rajesh Dommeti, Avinash Kathi and Mallikarjunarao Pasumarthi

Single-Stage Boost Inverter Topologies for Nanogrid Applications . . . . . 215P. Sriramalakshmi and V.T. Sreedevi

xiv Contents

Investigation of Failure and Degradation Types of Solar PV Plants ina Composite Climate: Abstract After 4–6 Years of FieldOperation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 227Bhaveshkumar V. Dobaria, Vikrant Sharma and Alpesh Adeshara

A New Switching Pattern Scheme-Based Compact Integrated 15-LevelSmart Inverter for Micro-grid System UsingFuzzy Logic Controller . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 237Kshatriya Vamshi Krishna Varma, Kalahasti Sirisha and A. Ram Kumar

Modeling of Energy Consumption in Foundries by IntegratingRenewable Energy Sources: Kolhapur Foundry Sector . . . . . . . . . . . . . 249Dhanashri P. Patil, Nilkanth N. Shinde and Mahesh M. Wagh

Analysis of Ripple Voltage at the Output of Five-Phase Converter withFive-Phase Inverter Drive for Renewable Energy Applications . . . . . . . 259Manjesh

A Novel Six-Switch Power Converter for Single-Phase Wind EnergySystem Applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 267K. Kumar, K.R. Prabhu, N. Ramesh Babu and P. Sanjeevikumar

Fuzzy Logic-Based Pitch Angle Controller for PMSG-Based WindEnergy Conversion System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 277Ramji Tiwari, N. Ramesh Babu and P. Sanjeevikumar

Experimental Investigation of VFD-Fed Scalar Control of InductionMotor for Pumping Application . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 287Vishnu Kalaiselvan Arun Shankar, Subramaniam Umashankar,Shanmugam Paramasivam, Padmanaban Sanjeevikumarand K.N. Dileep Sailesh

Comparison Between PI Controller and Fuzzy Logic-Based ControlStrategies for Harmonic Reduction in Grid-Integrated Wind EnergyConversion System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 297Ramji Tiwari, N. Ramesh Babu, R. Arunkrishna and P. Sanjeevikumar

Direct-Coupled Permanent Magnet DC Motor-Driven SolarPhotovoltaic Water Pumping System—A Literature Review . . . . . . . . . 307R. Sivapriyan, S. Umashankar, P. Sanjeevikumar and Atif Iqbal

Decoupled Active and Reactive Power Control of Cascaded H-BridgePV Inverter for Grid-Connected Applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 315V. Sridhar, S. Umashankar and P. Sanjeevikumar

Contents xv

Fuzzy-Based Microgrid Energy Management System UsingInterleaved Boost Converter and Three-Level NPC Inverter withImproved Grid Voltage Quality . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 325Swaminathan Ganesan, V. Ramesh, S. Umashankarand P. Sanjeevikumar

Impact of Power Quality Disturbances on Grid-Connected Double FedInduction Generator . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 339Karthik Tamvada, S. Umashankar and P. Sanjeevikumar

Health Monitoring System of Solar Photovoltaic Panel: An Internet ofThings Application . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 347Prutha M. Badave, B. Karthikeyan, S. M. Badave, S.B. Mahajan,P. Sanjeevikumar and Gurjit Singh Gill

Design and Implementation of Solar-Powered Low-Cost Model forGreenhouse System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 357Shrivardhan Suryawanshi, Sudha Ramasamy, S. Umashankarand P. Sanjeevikumar

Sustainable Organic Farming in Sikkim: An Inclusive Perspective . . . . 367Jitendra Kumar, Meghan Pradhan and Niti Singh

Investigations of Microgrid Stability and Optimum Power SharingUsing Robust Control of Grid Tie PV Inverter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 379G. Swaminathan, V. Ramesh, S. Umashankar and P. Sanjeevikumar

Design and Graphical Analysis of 8-kW Off-Grid Solar PhotovoltaicPower System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 389Nikhil Kumar Yadav and Dharmendra Kumar Singh

An Internet of Things to Maximum Power Point Tracking Approachof Solar PV Array . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 401Himanshu Manghani, J. Prasanth Ram and N. Rajasekar

Energy Storage Considerations for High Renewable PowerPenetration: A Case Study . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 411James R. Doyle and Hannah Johlas

Development and Implementation of Renewable Energy PotentialGeospatial Database Mapping in India for Cloud SDIUsing Open Source GIS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 419Rabindra K. Barik, K. Muruga Perumal, P. Ajay-D-Vimal Rajand S. Rajasekar

A Robust Controller Design for Standalone Microgrid SystemFeeding Composite Loads . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 429Md. Asif Hasan, Raj Kumar Mishra and Md. Ashique Hassan

xvi Contents

Maximum Power Point Tracking of Direct-Drive PMSG withHigh-Efficiency Boost Converter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 437J. Barsana Banu, M. Balasingh Moses and S. Ganapathy

PEM Fuel Cell System Identification and Control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 449Pinagapani Arun Kumar, Mani Geetha, K.R. Chandranand P. Sanjeevikumar

Lightweight Microwave Absorber from Industrial Waste Fly AshCenosphere . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 459Pritom J. Bora, K.J. Vinoy, Kishore, Praveen C. Ramamurthyand Giridhar Madras

Concrete Solar Collector . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 467Pratik M. Waghmare, Shrishail B. Sollapur and Shweta M. Wange

Power Quality Improvement of Microgrid with CascadedController-Based PMSG Used in Wind Turbines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 477W.J. Praiselin and J. Belwin Edward

Experimental Investigation and Fabrication of Biogas Digester . . . . . . . 485Jeetendra Bhandari, Premendra Mani Pradhanand Rohit Kumar Choudhary

Validation of an Inverter Topology for TransformerlessGrid-Connected Photovoltaic System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 495Asim Datta, Rishiraj Sarker, Sanjay Debbarma and Amit Kumar

Harvesting Insolation Using Mo–W–Sulfide CompoundNanoparticle Semiconductor as Photocatalyst: A PollutionControlling Material . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 505Debabrat Kalita, Lakhi Chetia and Gazi A. Ahmed

Visible Light Harvesting Titania-Coated Diatom Frustules withSuperior Photocatalytic Activity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 515Lakhi Chetia, Debabrat Kalita and Gazi A. Ahmed

A Review on Grid Codes and Reactive Power Management in PowerGrids with WECS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 525K.V. Ramana Reddy, N. Ramesh Babu and P. Sanjeevikumar

PEM Fuel Cell Modeling Using Genetic Algorithm—A NovelApproach . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 541K. Priya, Sashang Roy Choudhury, K. Sathish Kumar and N. Rajasekar

Renewable Energy Capacity Estimation for Indian Energy SectorUsing Energy Demand Forecasting Through Fuzzy Time Series . . . . . . 551Shibabrata Choudhury, Aswini Kumar Patra, Adikanda Paridaand Saibal Chatterjee

Contents xvii

Performance Analysis of Combined Biogas-Diesel RunDual-Fuel Engine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 559Diwakar Gurung, Ankur Rajvanshi, S. Lalhriatpuiaand Premendra Mani Pradhan

Photovoltaic System-Based Marx Multilevel Converter for HybridModulation Strategy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 567Akbar Ahmad and P. Samuel

Thermal Performance Analysis of a Box-Type Solar Cooker withFinned Pot: An Experimental Approach . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 575Jayashree Nayak, Sudhansu S. Sahoo, Ranjan K. Swain, Antaryami Mishraand Sanju Thomas

Design of Energy Efficient Voltage Multiplier Circuit for RF EnergyHarvesting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 583Asmita Rajawat and P.K. Singhal

Integrated Model of Renewable Energy Sources Feeding Both AC andDC Load . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 593Sisir Chettri, Suyog Pradhan, Karma Sonam Sherpaand Saikat Chatterjee

Investigating Effects of Shading on Performance of Solar ConversionDevices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 605K.J. Shruthi, P. Giridhar Kini, C. Viswanatha, Mohan Divekarand A. Amruthakala

An Unrestricted Placement of Wind Turbines Toward Maximizing theEnergy Output Using Teacher-Artificial Bee Colony Algorithm . . . . . . . 613Jaydeep Patel, Vimal Savsani, Vivek Patel and Rajesh Patel

Fault Diagnosis in Smart Distribution System Using Smart Sensorsand Entropy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 623Mangal Hemant Dhend and Rajan Hari Chile

Topologies of a DC–DC Converter for Micro-grid Application andImplementation of Parallel Quadratic Boost Converter . . . . . . . . . . . . . 633T. Arunkumari, V. Indragandhi and S. Sreejith

Quantum Streaming Instabilities in Multi-component Plasma withDust Particles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 645U. Deka, K. Choudhury and P.K. Karmakar

5.8-GHz Antenna Array Design for Satellite Solar Power Station . . . . . 659Deepak Kumar and Kalpana Chaudhary

Development of Wireless Data Acquisition and Control System forSmart Microgrid . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 667Lipi Chhaya, Paawan Sharma, Govind Bhagwatikar and Adesh Kumar

xviii Contents

Real-Time Implementation of Maximum Power Point Methods forPhotovoltaic Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 675Akbar Ahmad and Paulson Samuel

Deterministic Node Deployment for Connected Target CoverageProblem in Heterogeneous Wireless Sensor Networks forMonitoring Wind Farm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 683M. Vergin Raja Sarobin and R. Ganesan

Kinetic Instability of the Ion Acoustic Mode in Permeating Plasmaof Electron–Positron and Ion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 695U. Deka and K. Shah

Comparative Study and Yield Productivity of Nano-paint andNano-fluid Used in a Passive-Type Single Basin Solar Still . . . . . . . . . . 709Amrit Kumar Thakur, Deepak Agarwal, Prashant Khandelwaland Saty Dev

Contents xix

About the Editors

Prof. (Dr.) Sabyasachi SenGupta received his undergraduate degree fromCalcutta University (B.E. College) in the year 1974 and his M.Tech and Ph.D.degrees from IIT Kharagpur. He is currently working as Professor in theDepartment of Electrical Engineering, IIT Kharagpur. Professor S. SenGupta wasthe Vice-Chancellor, West Bengal University of Technology till June 2012. He isthe Chairman, Eastern Regional Committee, AICTE and also member of All IndiaCouncil for Technical Education. He has guided six Ph.D. students (three ongoing)with more than 30 M.Tech students for their thesis work and taught differentcourses in UG and PG level. His primary research focus is on Elementary ParticlePhysics and Newtonian Dynamics. He was also past member of National SteeringCommittee of NaMPET, MoDIT. He convened Second National Power ElectronicsConference (NPEC05) at IIT Kharagpur, December 2005 and performed asselection committee member of several IITs, NITs and several government andprivate technical institutes. He has published several research papers and attendedinvited lectures on various topics. Professor S. SenGupta is engaged with severalsponsored research and industrial consultancy projects as Principal Investigator. Hehas also filed two patents in connection with the SMES-UPS project.

Ahmed F. Zobaa received his B.Sc. (Hons), M.Sc., and Ph.D. degrees in electricalpower and machines from Cairo University, Egypt. Also, he received aPostgraduate Certificate in Academic Practice from University of Exeter, UK. Hewas an instructor, a teaching assistant, and an assistant professor at Cairo Universityduring 1992–2007. He moved to UK as a Senior Lecturer in renewable energy atUniversity of Exeter in 2007. He was Associate Professor (on leave) at CairoUniversity during 2008–2013. He was promoted to Full Professor (on leave) atCairo University in 2013. Currently, he is a Senior Lecturer (Associate Professor) inpower systems, an M.Sc. Course Director—Sustainable Electrical Power—and aFull Member of the Institute of Energy Futures at Brunel University London, UK.His main areas of expertise are power quality, (marine) renewable energy, smartgrids, energy efficiency, and lighting applications. Dr. Zobaa is the Editor-In-Chiefof the International Journal of Renewable Energy Technology and Technology and

xxi

Economics of Smart Grids and Sustainable Energy. He is also an Editorial Boardmember, Editor, Associate Editor, and Editorial Advisory Board member for manyinternational journals. Dr. Zobaa is a registered Chartered Engineer, CharteredEnergy Engineer, European Engineer, and International Professional Engineer. Heis also a registered member of the Egypt Syndicate of Engineers and the EgyptianSociety of Engineers. He is a Senior Fellow of the Higher Education Academy ofUK. He is a Fellow of the Institution of Engineering and Technology, the EnergyInstitute of UK., the Chartered Institution of Building Services Engineers, theInstitution of Mechanical Engineers, the Royal Society of Arts, the AfricanAcademy of Sciences, and the Chartered Institute of Educational Assessors. He is asenior member of the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers. Also, he is amember of the International Solar Energy Society, and the European PowerElectronics and Drives Association.

Prof. (Dr.) Karma Sonam Sherpa has completed his B.E. (ElectricalEngineering) from MREC, Jaipur, and M.Tech (Power Electronics and MachineDrives) from IIT Kharagpur in the year 1996 and 2003, respectively. He is adoctorate from Sikkim Manipal University. He has been serving SMIT, Sikkim forthe last 18 years. Presently, Prof. K.S. Sherpa is Dean (Research and Development).He is head and professor in the Department of Electrical and ElectronicsEngineering. His areas of research are DC power conversion and nonlineardynamics, voltage stability and load management in power distribution systems andelectromagnetic levitation systems. He is life member of ISTE, IEI and SystemSociety of India (SSI). His areas of interests are Electric Power Distribution System,Power Electronics and Electrical Drives. Professor K.S. Sherpa is a member ofAcademic Senate since and University Research Committee (2013 onwards). Hehas published several papers in national and international journals and conferences.

Akash Kumar Bhoi has completed his B.Tech (Biomedical Engineering) fromTAT, Bhubaneswar and M.Tech (Biomedical Instrumentation) from KarunyaUniversity, Coimbatore in the year 2009 and 2011, respectively. He is pursuingPh.D. (Biomedical Signal Processing) from Sikkim Manipal University, India. Heis working as R&D Faculty Associate and Assistant Professor in the Department ofElectrical and Electronics Engineering at Sikkim Manipal Institute of Technology(SMIT), India since 2012. He is member of ISEIS and IAENG, Associate memberof UACEE and Editorial Board member of IJAEEE, IJAEEE, ITSI-TEEE, IJECCE,and IJCTT, and Reviewer of IJET, IJCT, IJBSE, IJMI, AJBLS. His areas ofresearch are biomedical signal processing, medical image processing, sensors andtransducers, and medical instrumentation. He has published several papers innational and international journals and conferences.

xxii About the Editors

Clustered Prosumer Penalty Frameworkon Smart Grid

Sreenithya Sumesh, Vidyasagar Potdar and Aneesh Krishna

Abstract The smart grid regulators and retailers generally have a legally bindingcontract on purchasing energy from prosumers (energy producers). A hefty portionof them incorporate incentives strategies for energy effectiveness in their legalcontract. In the event that the prosumers that supply energy meet or go past itsobjective, they will get a financial motivation, regularly an extent of the investmentfunds in energy rate that customers get. On the off chance that it misses the markregarding the objective, it might be liable to a punishment. Thus, smart grid reg-ulators reward well-performed prosumers or prosumer community groups usingmoney earned from penalized poorly performed prosumers or prosumer communitygroups. Dissemination of punishments (penalties) assumes an essential part inprosumers. This can prompt fortifying existing non-dynamic energy sharing pro-sumers to end up dynamic prosumers. This paper proposes a performance-basedpenalty function technique that decidedly influences the way of the prosumers’ stateof mind, along these lines bringing about a predictable energy sharing conduct.

Keywords Smart grid � Prosumer � Incentive � Penalty � Regulator

1 Introduction

Smart grid is a bidirectional energy information infrastructure. To enable thisenergy exchange, the idea of goal-oriented prosumer community groups [1] hasbeen introduced in the literature. Different prosumer community groups have

S. Sumesh (&) � A. KrishnaDepartment of Computing, Curtin University, Bentley, Australiae-mail: s.sumesh@postgrad.curtin.edu.au

A. Krishnae-mail: a.krishna@curtin.edu.au

V. PotdarSchool of Information Systems, Curtin University, Bentley, Australiae-mail: v.potdar@curtin.edu.au

© Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. 2018S. SenGupta et al. (eds.), Advances in Smart Grid and Renewable Energy,Lecture Notes in Electrical Engineering 435, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-4286-7_1

1

different minimum energy thresholds to join the group. Also, the groups havedifferent energy targets to achieve. Goal-oriented prosumer groups have severaladvantages over other techniques of forming energy sharing communities such asVPPs or microgrids. VPPs and microgrids are not flexible as they are fixed in itsarchitecture. It is very complex to add new prosumers or remove any prosumer fromthe grid. Whereas, goal-oriented prosumer community groups are very flexible asnew members could be easily added into the group. The prosumers in each groupshare energy to achieve some goal.

There are different frameworks introduced in [1–5] intending to fulfilling thepurpose of these groups. Defining and characterization framework aims at formingthe different prosumer community groups based on the minimum and maximumenergy threshold that individuals can share. To add the new prosumers to theexisting groups, another framework was designed for the recruitment of the pro-sumers. The new prosumers are added into the groups based on their energy sharingpattern. As different prosumers have different goals, a mutual goal definitionframework aims at solving the problem of managing multiple goals. With an aim toidentify the outstanding prosumers regarding energy sharing, member assessmentand ranking framework was introduced in the literature. All the frameworksmentioned above work in an integrated manner to achieve the goal of prosumercommunity groups. However, for the continuous and positive growth of thesegroups, there exists no penalty framework. The prosumers in the group who do notactively participate and their energy sharing remains negative should be penalized.This penalty would act as a driving force to motivate them to produce enoughenergy.

Dissemination of rewards and penalties shows a crucial part in retaining pro-sumers. It is one of the vital main thrusts for motivating prosumers. Motivatingprosumers can occur in various forms; first of all, it is a key to bring issues to lightof the energy sharing procedure among prosumers by publicizing about theguidelines and rules and the feed-in tariff methods. Moreover, it promotes monetarywelfares to green energy distribution. This can lead to invigorating existingnon-dynamic energy sharing prosumers to end up dynamic prosumers. Besides, tobuild the size of dynamic prosumers, one conceivable technique is to publicize foradded rewards, for example, exceptional offers for greater energy providers. Theprosumer inspiration emphatically influences the way of the prosumers’ state ofmind, subsequently bringing about a steady energy sharing conduct. So in order toinitiate the energy sharing process and to enhance their performance in the energysharing procedure, it is necessary to motivate the prosumers.

2 Requirements

This section represents the conceptual process where requirements are elicited andprioritized. The following conditions are laid down for the proposed solution:

2 S. Sumesh et al.

1. Determine the energy behavior profile:

The solution should prepare the prosumers’ daily energy generation profiles. In fact,prosumers’ daily energy profiles show that the hourly energy variations are the mostuseful choice to capture the prosumers’ features for generating significant PCGs andempowering significant exchange of energy between them.

2. Based on the similarity of the prosumer’s behavior, we grouped prosumers tocreate prosumer community group (PCG):

The framework should guarantee that the prosumers having the energy profiles withrelated energy conducts are grouped in the same PCG. Making PCGs withhomogeneous energy profiles will make it easy for the prosumer communitycoordinator to manage such groups rather than managing the groups havingextremely diverse prosumers.

3 Design Rationale

This section provides a design rationale to fulfill the requirements that are outlined(Fig. 1).

4 Overview of the Prosumer Penalty Frameworkin Energy Sharing Network

In many past study on prosumer involvement [1–5], each prosumer was straight-forwardly associated with the smart grid. This structure encourages direct exchangeof energy among prosumers and the utility grid. Because of their unreliable andinefficient behavior, these individual prosumers are regularly rejected from thewholesale energy market. This is one of the detriments of the older structure. Notjust the prosumers’ individual frameworks are very smaller, however, all the morecritically, their supplying is capricious as it relies upon fluctuating atmospheresituations [5, 6]. To overcome this situation, these individual prosumers that havesimilar behavior are joined in the form of a prosumer community group (PCG).Here, a PCG is defined as a collection of distributed energy resources with acombined capability. PCGs can communicate with the energy market furthermorenegotiate with the other prosumer community groups. Thus, a PCG is motivated tosatisfy the demand of energy of its individuals while detaching from the main grid[6]. In the PCG architecture [3, 6], prosumer community coordinator manages thepower flow information, analyzes it, and makes appropriate decisions for control-ling each prosumer in different PCGs.

The constant motivation of prosumers is important to urge them to stay dynamicand to enhance their part. The basic power for this inspiration is the award (reward)

Clustered Prosumer Penalty Framework on Smart Grid 3

or other nonmonetary motivating forces. A portion of the nonmonetary prizesincorporates social appreciation, status and ubiquity in production, and efficientsharing of green energy [7].

Due to the unexpected change, involved in climate and uncertain prosumerbehaviors, prosumers could not meet the required target. In that case, prosumercommunity group coordinator imposes some penalty and then requests the requiredenergy from other prosumers within their group, or it has to reduce their powerconsumption to achieve a minimum energy target required by the utility companies.

Fig. 1 Design of penalty calculation for prosumers

4 S. Sumesh et al.

In some cases, those simple groups may not able to meet the minimum energythreshold. If the group of prosumers in a group cannot attain the least amount ofenergy [7] demanded by the utility companies, then they are allowed to request therequired energy from other prosumer community groups. The prosumer groups thatsupply lower amount of energy than agreed should pay a higher penalty to theutility grid. These behaviors can affect unfavorably all the members of the prosumergroups.

In a prosumer classification [6], the prosumers who supply energy between 1 and5 kWh over the domestic solar panels added to one community group, and thosewho provide energy between 6 and 10 kWh added to another community and so on.All the communities and prosumer should satisfy a minimum energy supply targetvalue. The number of prosumers of the communities can change according to theirminimum energy supply objective. If one of the communities fails to meet the goal,then either it can request to other communities that have the surplus energy supplyor it has to reduce their power consumption. In either way, the community has topay a penalty.

If the other community who has surplus energy has accepted their request, thenthey can do energy sharing. This energy sharing is called inter-PCG energy sharing[3], where the PCGs having excess energy than the threshold energy limit can sharetheir energy with the other PCGs who could not meet the threshold energy limitafter paying the penalty imposed by the PCG coordinator as analogous to intra-PCGenergy sharing. In intra-PCG local energy distribution [3], those prosumers thathave excess energy than threshold energy limit can share their energy with thoselocal prosumers within the community who could not achieve the threshold energylimit after paying the penalty imposed by the PCG coordinator. For assessing thisenergy sharing [3], we should think through several components: How much sur-plus energy the prosumer or PCG will share, how much more energy the prosumerPCG need to meet the threshold energy limit. In this case, in spite of the fact that theenergy sharing not only rises the aggregate energy of the buying prosumer or PCGbut it also makes social support inside the group by helping those prosumers orPCGs, who can get punishments because of the break of agreement. In this way, theselling prosumer or PCG who sells their energy to the companion buying prosumeror PCG, who required energy to meet their requirement, ought to be dealt fairly.

Key objectives of the energy sharing process:

• Aims to maintain energy offered by individual prosumers• Aims to keep energy provided by the prosumer community groups• Aims to satisfy the shortage of energy of its members• Aims to fulfills the demands of energy buyers• Aims to achieve higher incentives• Aims to decrease the cost related with penalty.

Clustered Prosumer Penalty Framework on Smart Grid 5

5 Performance Metrics and Performance Mechanismsfor Prosumer Motivation

A performance metric [8] is that which determines prosumer’s behavior and per-formance. It can measure prosumer’s activities and performance based on howmuch energy they are generating and supplying. Here, we concentrate on theperformance-based mechanisms for prosumer motivation that utilize financialpenalties for those prosumer or PCGs who are not supplying enough energy to theutility grid.

The following requirements are set down for the proposed solution

1. Analyze the performance (amount of energy supplied) report.2. Establish threshold energy limit (performance target) that provides PCGs or

prosumers about the threshold energy level (minimum level of energy supply)anticipated by utility grid.

3. Determine those PCGs or prosumers who fail to accomplish the thresholdenergy level.

4. Compute penalties for keeping up or enhancing their performance.

Firstly, amount of energy supplied is analyzed in order to observe PCG’s orprosumer’s performance. Secondly, targets are established for providing informa-tion about the amount of energy supply anticipated by the utility grid. The targetcharacterizes the exact level of performance that a prosumer or a PCG shouldaccomplish in a specific period. It is used directly to lead a prosumer without apenalty and offers PCGs or prosumer to achieve the desired outcomes. Once per-formance targets have been defined retailers or utility grid can review the perfor-mance report to monitor PCGs or prosumers who fail to meet the performance goal.Finally, financial penalties are applied to improve the PCG’s or prosumer’s inspi-ration in order to accomplish the specific targets.

6 Specific Objectives of the Research

(a) Describe the penalty formulas(b) Ensure a reasonable magnitude for the penalty(c) Presentation of penalties in several different equivalent units(d) Develop an algorithm and MATLAB code for the penalty formula(e) Observation, results, and discussion.

6 S. Sumesh et al.

6.1 Penalty Formulas

6.1.1 Linear Penalty Formula

It calculates penalties for those PCGs or prosumers who are not supplying therequested amount of energy that means their performance is lower than the spec-ified target. It is easy to comprehend and oversee. This penalty function varieslinearly according to the supply of energy.

P xð Þ ¼Target �

PM

i¼0xi

� �

M

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ffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi

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6.1.2 Quadratic Penalty Formula

It also calculates penalties for PCGs or prosumers who are not satisfying theperformance (supplying the minimum amount of energy demanded by the utilitycompany). As compared to the linear formula, this penalty function [8] increasesmore slowly as performance goes astray from target, thus brings about an increasedslope. So there will be little incentive around the target. Thus it is more favorable toprosumers and PCGs than utility grid regulators.

P Xð Þ ¼Target �

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6.2 Ensure a Reasonable Magnitude for the Penalty

While setting up the proper formulas for penalty calculations, utility company orregulator should follow certain points. The calculated penalty value should catchPCG’s or prosumer’s attention. It should offer an adequate inspiration to achieve thesought result. Then again, calculated penalty value ought not to be unbalanced to the

Clustered Prosumer Penalty Framework on Smart Grid 7

expenses. In order to guarantee that the penalty value will stay inside a sensiblebound, most such methods incorporated a cap on the maximum penalty [9–11].

6.3 Presentation of Penalties

Depending on the circumstances, penalty values are specified in a few diverseproportional units [7]. For instance, it can be represented as dollars, pennies pershare, and percent of aggregate income. In any case, penalty calculations are leastdifficult when calculated as dollars, as different proportional units are officiallymind boggling.

6.4 Algorithm: Prosumer Penalty Framework

Input: 500 prosumers with their energy supply performance to grid on an averagewinter day and an average summer dayOutput: Display the penalty of each prosumer in each cluster.

1. Load the 500 prosumer’s energy behavior profiles in the form of time seriesdata.

2. Cluster these prosumers into four clusters using k-means clusteringalgorithm.

3. Set the target of each prosumer in each cluster.4. Set the maximum penalty to each prosumer (max_penalty hourly).5. Calculate the standard deviation of each prosumer energy supply in each

cluster during the given 48 hour time series6. Calculate the penalty rate for each prosumer on average daily basis

whose energy supply is less than the target.7. For each prosumer, i, compute the average daily energy they have to

supply.8. For each prosumer daily average energy supplied < target, calculate their

penalty9. Display the daily penalty of each prosumer during the 24-hour duration.

6.5 Verification and Results

Research studies on PCGs [1, 7–9] are deficient in addressing the key aspects ofdeveloping penalty framework in managing prosumers. This opening motivated usto address the key challenges of developing penalty frameworks for prosumers andprosumer community groups to manage them in the smart grid. None of the existing

8 S. Sumesh et al.

works [1–5] address any motivational schemes to grow or sustain PCGs that shouldbe incentive driven. In this section, by applying different values for each parameter,we verify the proposed prosumer penalty framework for prosumers and PCG. Forthis, we extensively used MATLAB to verify the concepts we used in developingpenalty frameworks for prosumers and prosumer community groups.

In this section, we discussed the experimental setting used to test the proposedframework and illustrated the simulation parameters used for the verification.

As shown in Table 1, the key simulation parameters of the verification are theprosumer energy data set. Obtaining a prosumer energy data set is challenging asactual energy data are publicly inaccessible. Therefore, to produce the prosumerenergy data set, we model the average prosumers’ energy generation data during the48-h time series (winter periods) in Australia. Here, our concern is only with the solarenergy generation profiles which are prominent in the Australian domestic environ-ments compared to the other renewable energy sources. In this section, wefirst discussthe generation of prosumer energy data set. In this section, the theoretical aspects usedby the proposed framework are evaluated. Firstly, we verify the time series clustering[1] and the penalty calculation of the hourly energy sharing behaviors of 500 pro-sumers. The time series data set that we used results in four clusters. Figures 2, 3, 4,and 5 illustrate the penalty profiles owed to each prosumer in each cluster on anaverage winter day.

Table 1 Simulation parameters used to test the penalty frameworks for prosumers and prosumercommunity groups

Simulation parameter Value

Number of prosumers’ energy profiles 500

Minimum number of prosumers anticipated in each PCG 70

Target energy expected from each prosumer community 100

Prosumers0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

Tota

l pen

alty

104

0

0.5

1

1.5

2

2.5cluster1Fig. 2 Cluster 1

Clustered Prosumer Penalty Framework on Smart Grid 9