1

RAS BUDRAN

CERAMIC REPORT

2008 season (June 1 - July 4)

Rexine Hummel

The pottery from the 2008 season came from loci in the eastern half of the

circular, stone structure at Ras Budran. The structure, a fortified anchorage and mining

camp, was dated to the Late Old Kingdom based on the pottery excavated from the floor

of the structure’s courtyard in the 2004 season. 1

METHODOLOGY

The focus of this season’s ceramic analysis was to clarify the classification of fabrics that

began in the 2004 season. All pottery fragments were collected and put into bags labeled

with their appropriate grid, square and locus. Each bag was then sorted into groups of

diagnostic and non-diagnostic sherds. The non-diagnostic (usually undecorated body

sherds) were classified by fabric and counted. Every diagnostic sherd (rims, bases and

decorated sherds) was also classified by fabric, described in detail, drawn and entered

into a database under its grid and locus number. The subdivided grid layer of the floor

allowed for precise fine-tuning of occupational pottery scatters. Combined with the one

hundred percent sampling of sherds, a complete view could be obtained of the eastern

half of this unusual site.

PRESERVATION OF THE SHERDS.

The sherds from the sand layers above the floor were heavily encrusted with salt and

calcium accretions. Most of the sherds from the floor were abraded and worn while those

from the ancient hearths often showed signs of burning. Sherds from some particular

hearths retained a greasy feel as well as a remarkably strong meat smell.

FABRICS

The vessel fabrics fall into two groups: (a) local fabrics from the Sinai and (b) fabrics

imported from the Nile Valley in Egypt.

Local

Sinai A is a locally-made clay that is characterized by its abundant large, flat, slate

inclusions. The matrix of the fabric is relatively well-levigated and dense and ranges in

colour from pinky-orange (Munsell-5YR 6/4) to buff (Munsell 2.5YR 7/6). The core

when visible is buff-coloured. The shale inclusions are often seen popping through the

surface giving a decorative effect, somewhat like a terrazzo floor. This may have been

intentional or just a product of local materials, but nonetheless attractive. The surface

sometimes appears to have a white coating and it is unclear whether this is a result of the

firing process, or the potter smearing water mixed with clay over the surface when he is

1 Mumford, BASOR 342, pp 1-55, 2006

2

finished producing the jar. The fired clay is soft and very light weight, and is used

exclusively to make large neckless jars with wide shoulders and a rounded base. The

porous fabric is perfect for keeping liquids cool.

Sinai B is also a locally-made clay that is characterized by the presence of abundant

angular sand. The fabric is very poorly fired and tends to crumble easily. This ware is

used exclusively for manufacturing bread moulds or basins and represented 3.87 % of the

total 2008 assemblage. This fabric is divided into four groups that are recognized by their

inclusions.

Sinai B1 is the most common ware and is characterized by the presence of abundant

angular quartz sand and occasional long chaff. The matrix can be yellow, or pale brown,

with no core. The fabric is tempered with abundant quartz sand, and occasionally some

long chaff.

Sinai B2 is distinguished by the presence of abundant black and clear sand grains.

Sinai B3 is characterized by the predominance of black angular rocks in addition to

regular quartz sand.

Sinai B4 is characterized by the presence of some large slate particles along with

abundant angular sand.

Egyptian Fabrics

Nile Silt vessels were imported from the Nile Valley in the form of jars and large open

vessels that were coated with a thick red slip. Some of these vessels have large black

patches on the red surface that I suspect are the product of an uneven presence of oxygen

during the firing. The entire surface appears to be burnished including the black areas.

Nile Silt fabrics represent 7.72 % of the ceramic assemblage.

NS 1 is a fairly dense and medium, hard fabric. The fracture is usually red-brown or

dark brown in colour with no core, or dark brown with a wide rust core and few visible

inclusions other than some fine grits, voids and mica. (Vienna System B1)

NS 1a is a variant that has obvious short chaff inclusions.

NS 2 is also fairly dense but not so much as NS 1. This fabric is characterized by the

number and size of the inclusions. There is much variety but fine to medium chaff and

fine to medium sand are present in varying quantities. (Vienna System B2)

NS 3 is more coarse and porous than the above but contains conspicuous chaff temper. It

is usually, coarse and soft. (Vienna System Nile C)

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Fabric C is a dark brown or red-brown fabric that is characterized by its speckled

appearance, caused by the presence of abundant fine decomposed limestone. It resembles

Marl C in the ‘Vienna System’. This ware is used to make jars that are often coated with

a red slip. Only 12 fragments of this fabric were found in 2008 at Tell el-Budran.

Fabric D is a dark brown fabric (Munsell 10YR 5/3, 5YR 5/3), usually with a wide

black core that is very, dense, noticeably hard, and heavy. Its lack of visible inclusions

other than some mica, fine grits or very fine, short chaff also makes it easy to recognize.

It appears so far only in jars, usually with a thick light brown slip and forms only 5.76 %

of the sherd assemblage. A very hard, totally black or dark gray fabric appears to be

related to this fabric but fired in a reducing atmosphere. The surface is coated with a

cream slip. This fabric appears to be imported from the Nile Valley and most closely

resembles the 19th Dynasty ‘mixed clay’ described by Bourriau.2 Rzeuska describes

short-necked jars at Saqqara that have wide shoulders, rounded bases and are made of a

very hard fabric called (P60).3 However, she mentions the presence of large inclusions in

the Saqqara fabric that are absent in the Ras Budran examples. From the evidence at

Saqqara it appears that very hard fabrics are not unusual in the Late Old Kingdom.

Fabric E is a very fine dense paste that ranges in colour from pale brown to light red. It

is used to manufacture thin-walled small jars and carinated bowls. These are slipped red

and burnished to a fine finish. Three variants of Fabric E occur at Ras Budran.

Fabric E1 is a very fine, dense paste that is light brown with a yellow core. (Munsell

5YR 5/6) It has no visible inclusions.

Fabric E2 is a red variant (Munsell 5YR 5/6) of this fabric occurs with abundant very

fine white flecks of limestone evenly distributed along with occasional grains of quartz. It

resembles Marl A that is common at Thebes. Four diagnostics occur (1 bowl and 3

incised body sherds). The surface of some of these sherds exhibits burnished, black

patches on red slip decoration.

Fabric E3 is a pale brown variant (Mumsell 5YR 6/6) with a buff core (Munsell 7.5YR

6/3) and tempered with conspicuous fine to medium black rock particles as well as some

sand grains or white particles. Buff core. (Munsell 7.5YR 6/3).

FREQUENCY OF FABRICS

Total Sherds (body sherds and diagnostic sherds), 5295

Total of Sinai Fabrics: 4324 (81.66%)

Total of Nile Imported Fabrics: 766 (14.47%)

2 Bourriau et al., 2000, p 19 3 Rzeuska, 2005, p 173

4

0

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

3000

3500

4000

4500

Sinai A Sinai B Nile Silt Fabric D Fabric E Fabric C

Chart: 1 Frequency of fabrics at Ras Budran

Sinai Local Fabrics

Sinai A (jars) 4324

Sinai B (bread moulds, trays) 205

Nile Valley sherds, (jars, bowls) Nile Silt 409

Fabric D 305

Fabric E 40

Fabric C 12

CORPUS OF FORMS

The number of different ceramic forms at Ras Budran is very small, although this is not

unexpected in a desolate encampment where everything must be brought in. Most

interesting are the types of vessels that are absent. Beer jars and other kinds of narrow

jars that are so prevalent at other late Old Kingdom sites are missing here. Although some

Nile silt bowls were found in the 2004 season only 2 rim sherds of bowls were identified

this season. This is undoubtedly connected to the smaller section of the floor that was

excavated in 2008. The Ras Budran 2008 ceramic assemblage consists predominantly of

jars and bread moulds. The diet must have been restricted to bread, with gruel or soups

that could be boiled, and any fish or animal product that could be grilled over an open

fire. The site’s close proximity to the shore would allow for daily fishing.

Although the focus of this paper is on the sherds from the floor most of the

fragments found in the sand above the floor (loci 2 and 3) were homogenous both in

fabric and form with those found on the floor (loci 4 and 5). In cases where the diagnostic

fragments from the sand are larger and better preserved than those from the floor, the

larger pieces have been drawn and used in the figures below.

Local

Sinai A

The large numbers of local jars and bread moulds present suggest that they were

manufactured nearby. Lumps of raw clay with signs of working have been found.

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However, there is not yet any archaeological evidence of a kiln inside the stone structure.

The production site may have been close to the clay source and thus outside the walls.

JARS

Jars made of the Sinai Fabric A are ubiquitous on the site, fragments of which

form 81.66% of the total number of sherds found this season. The forms of these locally-

made jars show remarkable uniformity with each other as well as a great similarity to

particular jars that occur on Late Old Kingdom sites in Egypt. This similarity could be

explained by the Royal workshops sending potters to the Sinai to meet the expedition’s

ceramic needs. Needless to say this would be much easier than transporting a full supply

of prepared pottery. The large, neckless jars with wide shoulders are handmade, a fact

that is reflected in the rims that can vary in thickness and form on the same vessel. The

rims do, however, appear to exhibit a standard aperture of nine centimetres. The fabric of

the jars is very light weight, is porous to keep liquids cool but would break readily if

handled roughly. The shape of the vessel does not lend itself to pouring easily and so far

no dippers have been found. Their size and shape would make them excellent for storing

water.

Some of these jars have obscure signs incised into the exterior wall after they have been

fired. Unfortunately, these marks have only been found on sherd fragments and are

incomplete.

Plate 1 1:1 Rim of Jar, RB 662. Prov: Unit 6, Locus 3. Rim diam: 9 cm.

Surface: fires to cream colour with red and black rock particles appearing on the exterior. The

sherd is heavily encrusted with accretions.

Parallels: Kanawati and Abder-Raziq, 2000, Pl. 70:2. (Saqqara, 6th Dynasty), Rzeuska, 2005, Fig.

3. (Saqqara, Late Old Kingdom)

1:2 Rim of Jar, RB 650. Prov: Unit 6, Trench 5, Locus 3. Rim diam: 9 cm.

Surface: the cream-coloured surface is flaking badly but a vertical incised line is visible on the

shoulder.

1:3 Rim of Jar, RB 677. Prov: Unit 7, Grid N-9 (SE), Locus 4. Rim diam: 9 cm.

Surface: fires to cream colour with red and black rock particles appearing on exterior.

Parallel: Rzeuska, 2005, Fig. 8. (Saqqara, Late Old Kingdom), The shape of the rim as well as the

wide-shouldered body resembles the Ras Budran example.

1:4 Rim of Jar, RB 673. Prov: Unit 7, Grid N-9 (SW), Locus 5. Rim diam: 9 cm.

Surface: fires to cream colour with red and black rock particles appearing on exterior.

Parallel: Kanawati and Abder-Raziq, 2000, Pl. 70:2. (Saqqara, 6th Dynasty)

1:5 Base of Jar, RB 562. Prov: Unit 7, Grid N-8 (SW), Locus 5. This is a typical Late Old Kingdom

base for large store jars.

Surface: Uncoated, extra clay blobs are visible on the inside where the clay was pinched.

Sinai B

BREAD MOULDS

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Between the fourth and sixth dynasties two main pottery types of bread moulds

predominated on Old Kingdom sites such as Giza,4 Abusir5 and Saqqara6. They were

used to bake two different kinds of loaves often depicted in tomb scenes7 and described

as bd3 pots and ‘prt trays. The bd3 pot was an open thick- walled bowl with a beveled

rim, an exterior ridge and a thick crude bulbous base. The mould was probably shaped

over a lump of wood or stone to ensure a smooth interior while the exterior was left

rough, showing the potter’s finger marks. In tomb scenes the pots appeared to be stacked

over an open fire to be preheated. Two of these moulds pressed rim to rim created a small

furnace. Hundreds of fragments of these bd3 moulds were found discarded at Giza near

bakeries that baked bread for the workmen building the pyramids.

The ‘prt tray was a shallow flat-based basin with low vertical walls. Both types of bread

moulds are found in abundance on most Old Kingdom sites. These two forms remained

unchanged into the First Intermediate period and are found all over Egypt as far away as

the Dakhleh Oasis and the Sinai reflecting a strong central authority. The bd3 bread

moulds, which predominate at Ras Budran are type A1 in the typology made by Helen

Jaquet Gordon8 and date to the sixth dynasty. There exists a great deal of evidence that

the bread moulds were recycled and used as small containers, crucibles, or small furnaces

for copper work. 9 At Ras Budran, Grids A-7 and A-8 contained an exceptionally, large

number of fragments of bd3 bread moulds suggesting a possible activity area for bread-

making or some secondary use of these vessels connected to the copper industry.

The best, preserved examples of bread moulds were found in the sand just above the floor

but are exact replicas of the fragments on the floor.

1:6 Bread mould, RB 660. Prov: Unit 7, Trench V, Locus 3. Rim diam: 18 cm. (inside)

Surface: Interior smoothed, rough exterior.

Parallel: Wodzińska, 2007, fig. 11.38 (Giza, 4th to 6th Dynasties)

1:7 Bread mould, RB 659. Prov: Unit 7, Trench V, Locus 3. Rim diam: 17 cm.

Surface: Interior smoothed, rough exterior

1:8 Bread mould, RB 513. Prov: Unit 7, Locus 2. Rim diam: 15 cm.

Surface: Interior smoothed, rough exterior

1:9 Bread tray, RB 706. Prov: Unit 7, Trench V, Locus 3. (above M-9 (SW)

Surface: uncoated, rough exterior

One intact basin or ‘prt bread mould was found in the western half of the structure10

during the 2004 season.

4 Lehner, 2007, p 280 5 Bárta, 1996, p 153 6 Rzeuska, 2004, p 19 7 Bárta, 1995 fig. 3, wall scene of bread baking using bd3 moulds stacked over a fire from the Tomb of Ti

at Saqqara. , Fig.2 scene of bread baking in ‘prt moulds from the Tomb of Khentika at Saqqara. 8 Jaquet-Gordon, 1981, Fig. 2:6 and 7 9 Lehner, 2007, p 280 10 see Mumford, 2006, Fig. 19:24 and 25.

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Nile Silt

It appears likely that vessels manufactured from Nile Silt were sent from Egypt, probably

with the mining expedition. These vessels could carry commodities such as wine, beer,

and various oils, that could not be readily obtained at Ras Budran.

JARS 2:1 Rim of Jar. RB 515. Prov: Unit 7, Trench IV, Locus 3. Rim diam: 9 cm. Fabric NS 1.

Surface: Red Slip on exterior and extending over rim for about 6cm. of interior. A groove is

incised horizontally on the exterior at the shoulder.

Parallels: Bárta ,1996, Plate I Type: CE-VI. (Abusir, 5th Dynasty) Hope and McFarlane, 2006,

Fig. 11: BbIII.2bxii (Akhmim, Old Kingdom)

2:2 Rim of Jar, RB 627 Prov: Unit 6, Grid D-8 (SE), Locus 5. Rim diam: 10 cm. Fabric: NS 2.

Surface: Uncoated

2:3 Rim of Jar, RB 649, Prov: Unit 6, Grid D-8 (SE), Locus 4. Rim diam: 10 cm. Fabric: NS 1.

Surface: the sherd is abraded and burned but red slip is visible on the exterior.

Parallel: Kanawati and Abder-Raziq, 2000, Saqqara, 6th Dynasty)

2:4 Rim of Jar, RB 570, Prov: Unit 7, Grid N-8 (NE) Locus 4. Rim diam: 10 cm. Fabric: NS 1. This

rim is the only one of its type that was found and resembles in some ways the form of the Old

Kingdom type of beer jar. Handmade with finger marks visible on the interior,

Surface: Black slip burnished horizontally.

Parallels: Reisner, 1955, Fig. 85:27- 3-787, (Giza, Old Kingdom). Kanawati and Abder-Raziq,

2000, Pl. 70:5, (Saqqara, 6th Dynasty). Hope and McFarlane, 2006, Fig. 7:AIVa.2ai, (Akhmim,

Old Kingdom).

2:5 Shoulder of Jar, RB Prov: Unit 6, Grid B-7 (NE), Locus 5. Neck diam: 9 cm. Fabric: NS 1a. (black

as the result of being fired in a reducing atmosphere).

Surface: traces of pale brown slip.

2:6 Base of Jar, RB 598. Prov: Unit 6, Grid A-7/B-7 (SE), Locus 4. Fabric: NS 2. Handmade.

Surface: Abraded but traces of black slip.

2:7 Base of Jar, RB 641. Prov: Unit 6, Grid B-8 (SW), Locus 5. Fabric: NS 2.

Surface: very abraded,

BREAD MOULDS

A small group of rims resembling the shapes of bread moulds are manufactured from

Nile Silt. Because of the fragmentary nature of these sherds it is difficult to ascertain

whether they are flat-based flower pots, rims of deep ‘prt trays or rims of the typical bd3

moulds. In general, however, the imported bread moulds have wider rims and slightly

thinner walls than their counterparts made locally but are otherwise the same. Large

bread moulds have parallels at Giza where they have found bd3 rims with 35 cm.

diameters.

2:8 Rim of pot, RB 540. Prov: Unit 7, Grid I-8, Locus 5. Rim diam: 30 cm. Fabric: NS 2.

Surface: Smooth interior.

2:19 Rim of pot, RB 517. Prov: Unit 6, Locus 2. Rim diam: 19 cm. Fabric: NS 2.

Surface: Traces of red slip on interior.

2:10 Bread mould, RB 693. Prov: Unit 7, Grid L-9 (SE), Locus 5. Rim: missing. Fabric: NS 3.

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Surface: Smooth interior, rough exterior.

Fabric C

Only fragments of jar bodies remain of this fabric. (see incised sherds)

Fabric D

RB 705, Fabric D Jar

JARS

Fabric D appears to be very specialized and was probably used for jars that

carried a particular substance from Egypt. Most of the fragments of these jars were found

clustered in a single area around Grid M-9.

3:1 Rim of Jar, RB 705. Prov: Unit 7, Trench V, Locus 3. (immediately above Grid M-9, SW). Rim

diam: 9 cm

Surface: Thick cream slip. Two parallel marks were deeply incised on the shoulder of the jar, pre-

firing.

Parallel: Rzeuska, 2005, Fig: 8. (Saqqara, Late Old Kingdom). The fabric of the Saqqara example

is described as very hard and is called mixed clay P. 60

3:2 Rim of Jar, RB 567. Prov: Unit 6, Grid G-7 (SE) locus 4. Rim diam: 10 cm.

Surface: Traces of reddish-brown slip (Munsell 10R 4/4)

Parallel: Rzeuska, 2005, Fig: 2. (Saqqara, Late Old Kingdom.) The fabric of this large jar is also

very hard and is called mixed clay P. 60

Fabric E

Forty sherds were found in this ware of which only four were diagnostic; a rim, a base

and two body sherds with incised marks. The body sherds were thin-walled with re-

slipped, burnished surfaces. Some of the exterior surfaces had black patches as well.

BOWLS 3:3 Rim of Bowl, RB 522. Prov: Unit 7, Grid M-7 (NW), Locus 5. Rim diam: 20 cm. Fabric: E2.

Surface: red slip burnished, the interior has been blackened (soot?).

9

Parallel: Rzeuska, 2005, Fig.9. (Saqqara. Late Old Kingdom)

INCISED POT MARKS

Many of the body sherds, both local and imported, bore obscure irregular markings

incised in the outer surface. The great majority of pot marks appear on jars. Although we

thought they had been incised pre-firing in 2004, it now appears on closer examination

that most of them were incised post-firing. There is a plan to restudy these marks in

future seasons.

Incised pot marks are extremely common in the predynastic and early dynastic period

when they are thought to have indicated the owner or origin of the commodity in the

vessels. Incised pot marks continued throughout the Old Kingdom. The Giza Plateau

Mapping Project has collected 400 vessels that bear incised marks, most of which occur

on jars and secondly on bread moulds. At Ras Budran the great majority of pot marks

appear on jars. Only one vessel, a bread mould from the 2004 season bears a legible

hieroglyphic inscription, a coarsely incised Neb-Tewy (Lord of the two lands).

Sinai A (total 22)

3:4 Body of Jar, RB 557. Prov: Unit 7, Grid J-8 (NE), Locus 4.

Surface: pot mark incised into the exterior surface.

3:5 Body of Jar, RB 703. Prov: Unit 7, Grid l-9 (NW), Locus 4.

Surface: Deeply incised pot mark pre-firing.

Nile Silt (total 2)

3:6 Body of Jar, RB 645. Prov: Unit 6, Grid B-8 (SE), Locus 4. Fabric: NS 2

Surface: Red slip with black patches, polished. Pot mark incised on surface.

3:7 Body of Jar, RB 555. Prov: Unit 7, Grid O-8 (SW), Locus 5. Fabric: NS 1

Surface: Red slip with black patches, polished. Pot mark incised post-firing into the surface.

Fabric C (total 2)

3:8 Body of Jar, RB 549. Prov: Unit 7, Grid N-7 (NE), Locus 5.

Surface: Pale green slip. C A ‘cross’ incised into surface.

3:9 Body of Jar, RB 671. Prov: Unit 7, Grid N-9 (NE), Locus 5.

Surface: Cream slip. A line incised into exterior.

Fabric D (total 4)

3:10 Body of Jar, RB 579. Prov: Unit 7, Grid M-8 (NW), Locus 5.

Surface: White slip. Line incised into surface.

3:11 Body of Jar, RB 696. Prov: Unit 7, Grid M-9 (SE), Locus 4.

Surface: Thick cream slip. A line incised into exterior.

See also RB 705 (Pl.3:1) with deeply incised marks on shoulder, pre-fired

Fabric E (total 2)

3:12 Body of Jar, RB 520. Prov: Unit 7, Grid J-7 (NE), Locus 5. Fabric E3.

Surface: red slip with frequent black patches. Burnished. Some lines incised post-firing.

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3:13 Body of Jar, RB 637. Prov: Unit 6, Grid C-8 (NE,) Locus 4. Fabric E3.

Surface: Red slip with black patches. Incised lines on surface.

DATING OF THE RAS BUDRAN CORPUS

The Ras Budran ceramic assemblage includes many typical Late Old Kingdom

markers. Most important amongst these are the bell-shaped bread bd3 moulds. The wide-

shouldered jars also find parallels in the Old Kingdom in the Memphis area. The one

spout found in the 2004 season in addition to the fine, red, carinated bowls fit into this

time period. None of the other pottery shapes at floor level or in the level just above

contradict the Late Old Kingdom / First Intermediate Period date.

SUMMARY

All the vessels found at Ras Budran, both those imported and those made of local

clays, resemble the typical forms from the Nile Valley. This similarity of forms reflects a

ceramic tradition that was probably developed in the Memphite area and came to

dominate pottery production within Egypt until the end of the Old Kingdom.11 Egyptian

potters may have been sent with the expedition to Ras Budran to take care of the ceramic

needs of the camp using the local clays. A similar situation exists in the Dakhleh Oasis

where Colin Hope has suggested that potters were sent from the capital with the early

settlers.12

WORKS CITED

Bárta, Miroslav, 1995

Bárta, Miroslav, ‘Archaeology and Iconography: bd3 and ‘prt bread moulds and

“Speisetischszene” development in the Old Kingdom’ in Studien Zur

Altägyptischen Kultur, band 22, Hamburg, 1995 (21-35)

Bárta, Miroslav, 1996

Bárta, Miroslav, ‘Class-Type Interpretation of the Pottery, Pottery Finds from the

Pyramid Temple of the King Raneferef and their Significance’ in Památky

archeolické LXXXVII, Praha, 1996 (137-160)

Bourriau et al, 2000

Bourriau, J. D. Smith, L. M. V. and Nicholson, P. T. New Kingdom Pottery Fabrics; Nile

Clay and Mixed Nile/Marl Clay Fabrics from Memphis and Amarna, The Egypt

Exploration Society, London, 2000

Hope, Colin, 1999

Hope, Colin, ‘ Pottery manufacture in the Dakhleh Oases’ in (eds) C. S. Churcher and A.

J. Mills, Reports from the Survey of the Western Desert of Egypt, 1977 – 1987,

Monograph 2. Oxbow Monograph 99. 1999. (215-243)

11 Hope , 1999, p 224 12 Hope, 1999, p 224

11

Hope and McFarlane, 2006

Hope, Colin and McFarlane, Ann, Akhmim in the Old Kingdom Part II: The Pottery,

Decoration Techniques and Colour Conventions. The Australian Centre for

Egyptology, Studies 7, Aris and Phillips Ltd. Oxford, England

Jacquet-Gordon, 1981

Jacquet-Gordon, ‘A Tentative typology of Egyptian Bread Moulds1981’ in Studien zur

altägyptischen Keramik (ed) D. Arnold, Mainz: Phillip von Zabern, 1981 (11-24)

Kanawati and Abder-Raziq, 2000

Kanawati, N, and Abder-Raziq, M. The Teti Cemetery at Saqqara, Vol. VI, The Tomb of

Nikauisesi, Aris and Phillips Ltd. Wiltshire UK, 2000

Lehner Mark, 2007

Lehner, Mark, ‘Introduction to the Preliminary Ceramic Report’ in (eds) Lehner, M and

Wetterstrom, W. Giza Reports, The Giza Plateau Mapping Project Vol. 1 AERA,

Boston, 2007 (279-282)

Mumford, Gregory, 2000

Mumford, Gregory, ‘Tell Ras Budran (Site 345): Defining Egypt’s Eastern Frontier and

Mining Operations in South Sinai during the Late Old Kingdom (Early EB

IV/MB I)’ in BASOR 342, 2000. (1-55)

Wodzińska, Anna, 2007

Wodzińska, Anna, ‘Preliminary Ceramic Report’ in (eds) Lehner, M and Wetterstrom,

W. Giza Reports, The Giza Plateau Mapping Project Vol. 1 AERA, Boston, 2007

(283-324)

Rzeuska, Teodozja, 2004

Rzeuska, Teodozja, ‘Saqqara West 1998’ in BCE XXII, 2004 (19-21)

Rzeuska, Teodozja, 2005

Rzeuska, Teodozja, ‘The Pottery 2004’ in Polish Archaeology in the Mediterranean XVI,

Warsaw, 2005 (172-179)

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