T r n a v s k á u n i v e r z i t a v T r n a v e F i l o z o f i c k á f a k u l t a

U n i v e r s i t a s Ty r n a v i e n s i s F a c u l t a s P h i l o s o p h i c a

A N O D O SStudies of the Ancient World

10/2010

T R N A V A 2011

A N O D O SStudies of the Ancient World10/2010

Redakčná rada/Editors:Prof. PhDr. Mária Novotná, DrSc., Prof. Dr. Werner Jobst, doc. PhDr. Marie Dufková, CSc., prof. PhDr. Klára Kuzmová, CSc.

Redakcia/Editorial Staff: prof. PhDr. Klára Kuzmová, CSc.

Počítačová sadzba/Layout: Zuzana Turzová

© Trnavská univerzita v Trnave, Filozofická fakulta

Kontaktná adresa (príspevky, ďalšie informácie)/Contact address (contributions, further information):Katedra klasickej archeológie, Trnavská univerzita v Trnave, Hornopotočná 23, SK-918 43 Trnava+421-33-5939371; fax: +421-33-5939370 klasarch@truni.sk

Publikované s finančnou podporou Ministerstva školstva SR (Projekt VEGA č. 1/0408/09) a Pro Archaeologia Classica.Published with financial support of the Ministry of Education of the Slovak Republic (Project VEGA No. 1/0408/09) and the Pro Archaeologia Classica.

Za znenie a obsah príspevkov zodpovedajú autori.The authors are responsible for their contributions.

Tlač/Printed by: ForPress, s.r.o., Kmeťkova 1, 949 01 Nitra z tlačových podkladov Filozofickej fakulty Trnavskej univerzity v Trnave

Žiadna časť tejto publikácie nesmie byť reprodukovaná alebo rozširovaná v žiadnej forme - elektronicky či mechanicky, vrátane fotokópií, nahrávania alebo iným použitím informačného systému vrátane webových stránok, bez predbežného písomného súhlasu vlastníka vydavateľských práv.

No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form - electronic or mechanical, including photocopy, recording, or any information storage and retrieval system, including web pages, without the prior written permission from the copyright owner.

ISBN 978-80-8082-500-3ISSN 1338-5410

Obálka/Cover:Motív „Zázračného dažďa“ zo stĺpa Marka Aurélia v Ríme. V okienku: Detail osthotechu z Keseciku, Turecko (Foto: A. Baldiran).Motif of the „Miracle rain“ from the column of Marcus Aurelius in Rome. In the window: Detail of the osthotech from Kesecik, Turkey (Photo: A. Baldiran).Grafické spracovanie/Graphic elaboration: Mgr. Pavol Šima-JuríčekPočítačové spracovanie/Computer elaboration: PhDr. Ivan Kuzma

Proceedings of the International Conference

THE PHENOMENA OF CULTURAL BORDERS AND BORDER CULTURES ACROSS THE PASSAGE

OF TIME

(From the Bronze Age to Late Antiquity)

Dedicated to the 375th anniversary of Universitas Tyrnaviensis

Trnava, 22 - 24 October 2010

CONTENTS

PREFACE

BALDIRAN, A. An Osthotech with Hunting Scene in Çumra – Sırçalı Höyük ............................................................................................. 9

BARTUS, D. Roman Figural Bronzes From Brigetio: Preliminary Notes ................................................................................................ 17

BLAKOLMER, F. Ethnizität und Identität in der minoisch-mykenischen Ikonographie .........................................................................................29

BOUZEK, J. Frontiers in Pre-Roman Thrace ............................................................................................................................................... 41

CHALUPA, A. Mithraism in Ancient Syria: Persian Cult on the Borders of the Roman Empire ............................................................. 57

DAŞBACAK, C. An Essay on the Heating Costs of Roman Baths .................................................................................................................. 67

DIMITROVA, Y. Rodopi Mountain Between Thrace and Aegea Region: Some Elements of a Border Culture of Early Iron Age in Southern Bulgaria .................................................................. 71

DOKSANALTI, E. M. - MIMIROĞLU, İ. M. Giresun/Aretias - Kalkeritis Island ......................................................................................................................................... 85

DUBCOVÁ, V. Götter ohne Grenzen? Transfer der religiösen Ikonographie in der Bronzezeit – Alter Orient und die frühe Ägäis ....................................................................................................................................... 103

GOLUBOVIĆ, S. – MRĐIĆ, N. Territory of Roman Viminacium - From Celtic to Slavic Tribes ....................................................................................... 117

HLAVÁČOVÁ, S. Greek Heroes on the Borders of the Historical Periods ..................................................................................................... 127

KLONTZA-JAKLOVÁ, V. The Meaning of Time in Late Bronze Age Europe and its Reflection in Material Culture .......................................... 133

KOVÁCS, P. Sarmatian Campaigns During the First Tetrarchy ............................................................................................................. 143

KOVÁLIK, L. The Gate Wall and the Doors of Greek Propyla ................................................................................................................. 155

KUČERÁKOVÁ, K. The Upland Settlements of the Púchov Culture and Germanic Tribes Beyond the North-PannonianFrontier, in the Mountainous Part of Central Slovakia ...................................................................................................... 163

LAZAR, I. The Inhabitants of Roman Celeia - An Insight into InterculturalContacts and Impacts Trough Centuries ............................................................................................................................. 175

MUSILOVÁ, M. Bratislavaer Burg - Arx Boiorum im Lichte der neuesten archäologischen FundeArchäologische Forschung - Winterreithalle ................................................................................................................................187

NÁMEROVÁ, A. Relations Between Greeks and Scythians in Black Sea Area ....................................................................................................207

NOVÁKOVÁ, L. Funeral Rites and Cultural Diversity in Hellenistic Caria Based on Epigraphic and Archaeological Evidence ........................................................................................................... 213

ONDERKA, P. – DUFKOVÁ, M. Die meroitische Stätte in Wad Ben Naga, Republik Sudan ............................................................................................... 223

PAPOUŠEK, D. Centrality and Cosmopolitism in the Lukan Imagination of Paul of Tarsus:A Case of Jerusalem ................................................................................................................................................................ 247

POBEŽIN, G. Sources and History: Crossing From Archives to Historiography and Back The Development of Historiographical Method and Episteme in Respect of Using Archival Sources ................................................................................................................................... 255

POPOV, H. – JOCKENHÖVEL, A. At the Northern Borders of the Mycenaean World: Thracian Gold Mining from the Late Bronze and the Early Iron Age at Ada Tepe in the Eastern Rhodopes ......................................................................................... 265

ŠVAŇA, K. The influence of Roman provincial pottery manufacture on the production of the Suebic wheel-made pottery ....................................................................................................... 283

TRANTALIDOU, K. – BELEGRINOU, E. – ANDREASEN, N.Pastoral Societies in the Southern Balkan Peninsula. The Evidence From Caves Occupied During the Neolithic and Chalcolithic Era ......................................................... 295

VERČÍK, M. Die griechischen Bewaffnung im Lichte des kulturellen Austausches ............................................................................ 321

ZIMMERMANN, Th.Legal Aliens on Hattian Grounds? – Tracing the Presence of ‚Foreigners‘in 3rd Millennium Central Anatolia ....................................................................................................................................... 335

Preface

The publication of ANODOS 10/2010 contains 27 articles in English and German which were presented in the form of papers and posters at the international conference “The Phenomena of Cultural Borders and Border Cultures Across the Passage of Time (From the Bronze Age to Late Antiquity)” which was held in Trnava on the 22th - 24th of October 2010. The participants consisted of scholars from eleven countries (Turkey, Greece, Bulgaria, Serbia, Slovenia, Hungary, Austria, Germany, the Czech Republic, the USA and the Slovak Republic). Graduate and post-graduate students from Trnava participated in both the organization of the conference and the actual programme. The conference was organized on the occasion of the 375th anniversary of Universitas Tyrnaviensis (1635-1777), the first university in the territory of the Kingdom of Hungary, which then included the historical town of Trnava. The current renewed Trnava University in Trnava (1992), situated in the Slovak Republic, follows the ideas and academic identity of the original university.

At the same time, in 2010 it had been ten years since the Department of Classical Archaeo- logy at Trnava University had established the tradition of organizing international scientific conferences on specific themes in chronological sequence – from the Late Bronze Age to Late Antiquity. The idea came from Prof. Dr. Mária Novotná, the founder of the Department and of the Classical Archaeology study programme in Slovakia. The conferences have been held every two-three years so far (in 2000, 2003, 2005 and 2007) and they have had the following themes: Contacts between Middle Europe and the Mediterranean, Jewellery and Costume, Arms and Armour, and Cult and Sanctuary through the Ages. Contributions have been published in four volumes of Anodos - Studies of the Ancient World (1/2001, 3/2003, 4-5/2004-2005 and 6-7/2006-2007). Another conference of this kind was organized under the title “Trade and Production through the Ages” at Selcuk University in Konya (Turkey) in 2008, in co-operation with Selcuk University (our partner institution).

The conference in 2010 and the publication of its proceedings have been financially supported by the Ministry of Education of the Slovak Republic (Project VEGA No. 1/0408/09) and by the voluntary association Pro Archaeologia Classica.

Editors

Trnava, 25 November 2011

Anodos. Studies of the Ancient World 10/2010, 207-211.

207

Relations Between Greeks and Scythians in Black Sea Area

Andrea Námerová

Keywords: Black Sea Coast, Greek Colonial Cities, Black Sea Area, Pontos, Scythia, Epigraphical Memories, Written Remains

Abstract: The founding of the settlements on the Black Sea Coast by the Greeks dates back to the 7th and the 6th century B.C. It was a part of the so-called great Greek colonization. Most of the cities in north and west Pontos area have been founded by colonists from Miletus. Cities in this territory have become the key economic and political units, playing a significant role in the area of the continental Greece1. The Greek population came more often into contact with neighbouring tribes and founding of new trade centers took place in the area during this process. Scythians as well as Thracians have become the main trading partners for Greeks and their neighbours in the eastern Mediterranean. Bosphorus kingdom with its center in the city Pantikapaion was a significant trade area. The trade was oriented on ceramics, food, but also slaves. Written sources provide mainly epigraphic records (records of ownership) of various Greek colonial cities, but also reports from ancient authors. As far as the location is concerned, we will concentrate on today‘s Crimea area, northern Black Sea Coast, adjacent steppess and the Sea of Azov. This area is a part of today´s Ukraine and Russia. The main purpose of our article is to analyze the contacts between Greeks and Scythians in the Black Sea Area.

In the 8th and 7th cenury B.C., the settlements of Scythian tribes were located in the eastern steppes between Don and Danube river, the northern Black Sea Coast and in the North Caucasus. The Crimea peninsula, known as the last area with Scythian population before it was driven out by stronger growing influence of neighbouring tribes, was not yet at that time (7th century B.C.) under their influence. After the year 585 B.C., when the Scythians were coming back from Asia after their invasions to Assyria, Medes Empire and Egypt, they again occupied the northern steppes of Caucasus and the region of Pontus. They left behind monuments of material culture which point to the relations between Scythians and neighbouring ethnic groups.

The most common findings proving the contacts between the Greek and Scythian culture in the area of Pontus and steppe areas are daily use products or articles used for religious rituals and other ceremonial occasions. These were ceramic pots or dishes manufactured from various metal materials. Cauldrons, vessels with or without wing handles, amphorae, phiale and rhytons were found in graves2. Rhytons were mostly made of precious metals like silver and gold or sometimes electron. In many cases the products might have been imports from Greeks and the customers were probably from the aristocratic class of Scythian population3.

Ceramics in nomadic communities were found mostly in Scyhtians barrows. Vessels were initially made in Oriental style. The best known sites with finds in this style are Bel‘skoe Trachtemirovskoe near the Dnieper River and Nemirovskoe the river Bug4. The graves contained amphoras, oinoché, which are usually dated from the 7th – to the 6th century B.C.5 Most frequent depictions on the products made of ceramics contained animals and hunting

1 Tsetskhladze 1998, 10.2 Jacobson 1995, 188.3 Jacobson 1995, 188.4 Vachtina 2007, 24.5 Jacobson 1995, 189; Vachtina 2007, 23-4.

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scenes. The highest number of Greek products in Scythian graves have been found in the river Tjas‘min. Individual ceramic products come mainly from the northern Ionian cities. Based on their location in barbaric areas, we can conclude that the relationships between the Scythian Nomads and Greeks developed as soon as at that time6.

Black glazed pottery is the typical product found in Scythian graves with its origin dating back to the second half of the 5th century and the 4th century B.C. Various types of vessels have been found in the graves. The most common findings include - Kylix, Skyphos, Kantharos. Kantharos from the steppe area have been represented through as a 35 piece collection7. Most of them are unddecorated. Their presence in the graves can bee see to the beginning of the 3rd century. There are 22 documented pieces of Kylix from public burials8. They probably came from the Athenian workshops where they were produced in the 5th century and the 4th century B.C. The center of their production was later moved to the Black Sea Area 9.

The vessels could be used in various ways. It is worth mentioning that they have been preserved in relatively good condition. Unlike the women‘s burrials were found mostly damaged ceramics 10. According to previous studies the recipients of the ceramics were probably Scythians from aristocratic class 11. The city of Olbia played the most significant role in transporting the vessels to the Scythians12. Most of the findings come from the Scythian city Kamenskoje Gorodište and from across the steppe area on the left bank of the Dnepr River. Six such vessels were found in the area of Solocha, Rogačik, Pervomaevka, Dneprorudnyj and Ol‘gino. Kantharoi were distributed to the region of Kamenka, but also to the Crimea Peninsula settlements13.

Another popular product type was the red figured pottery. Almost all the fragments from the Black Sea Area date back to the 4th century B.C. and several pieces to the 5th century B.C.14.The products include pelikos, kraters and krateriskos, lekythoi, lekanidoi, askoi, skyphoi, cups and various other types of pottery of a more unidentifiable shapes and styles. This type of ceramics can be divided into several groups according to the style of its author. Red figured painted vases can be divided into several chronological groups15. Traditional Russian literature introduces the division of the pottery into several groups. Modern Western literature developed and accepted the following chronology by the authors - J. Boardman and J. D. Beazley: Archaic period (530-475 B.C.), Classical period (475-320 B.C.), which is divided into sub-groups - the Early Classic period (480-450 B.C.), Classical (450-425 B.C. ) and late Classical I. (425-370 B.C.) and II. (370-320 B.C)16. In the 4th century B.C. Kerch style took place in the pottery manufacturing. Among the most famous authors of this style Amazons Painter, Painter Q and Painter Askos Griffin are worth mentioning. The great popularity of the Kerch vases, but also other red figured pottery in the Black Sea Area, can be proved by numerous findings in the area of cities as Olbia, Pantikapaion, Peninsula Chersonesos etc. This type of pottery was also used by Scythians 17. The motifs came from a mixed Greek and Scythian tradition.

Toreutics products served as accessories to ceramic vessels. The largest expansion of the manufacturing of these products in the Black Sea Area was in the 4th and 3rd century B.C. These

6 Vachtina 2007, 35.7 Gavriljuk 2008, 247.8 Gavriljuk 2008, 239.9 Gavriljuk 2008, 254.10 Gavriljuk 2008, 254.11 Bunjatan 1985, 96-100.12 Belin de Ballu 1972, 48. 13 Gavriljuk 2006, 181. 14 Baravčuk 2010, 171.15 Baravčuk 2010, 171.16 Beazly 1963; Boardman 1975; 1989. 17 Fialko 2004, 150.

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toreutic works can also be referred to as Greco-Scythian Art18. Products of excellent quality were either made by master craftsmen serving on the courts of Scythian aristocrats or they were brought directly from Greek workshops. Pieces made by the master craftsmen can be compared with toreutic products in Thrace, but the works made for Scythians bore signs of the local stylistic requirements. Motifs were therefore only partially based on Greek mythology. A typical Scythian feature of these toreutic works was the animal depiction. Utensils were made of more various metal materials. Bronze, silver, gold and electron were the most frequently used materials19.

The slave trade played an important role in the manufacture and in the Greek economy in general. It was a crucial part of the economy of the northern Greek cities in Pontius Area. As a result of colonization, there was an inrease in demand for labor in the Greek city-states in the Black Sea Area during the 7th and 6th century B.C. Slaves were used for various types of manual labor (serving as soldiers, in mining etc.)20. Through barter trade they obtained wine, salt, corn and other crops. Export of human labour from barbaric areas was significant for Greek economy. Demand for slaves in the labor market depended on the Greek colonial cities and their workshops, which exported their goods to Scythian customers.

Written sources by ancient authors, but also inscriptions coming from the Black Sea Area, serve as a proof of an ongoing slave trade between the Greeks and the neighbouring tribes21. The first author to touch the topic of slave trade was Thucydides, who mentions the island of Chios in his writings 22. Slaves were needed to work in the great production of wine. The slave market is also mentioned in the writings of a native from the Chios Island - Theopompos23. The inscription dating back to the 6th century B.C. in which we find the information, that due to the great number of slaves working on the island, the Athenians could enjoy excellent quality of their wines, has its origin on Chios as well. According to Vinogradov, who analyzed the private documents of Olbia city from the 6th century B.C., we can assume that Olbia was location from where the great number of slaves of Scythian ethnicity were imported to satisfy the demand for slave labour24. An amphora from the Chios Island was found on Olbia as another proof to attest the assumption. Apart from this, there is a list of owners from Olbia with Greek names including the index of slaves from the 6th century B.C. Furthermore, we know about the slave trade in the Black Sea Area from authors as Polybios, Strabo, Pliny the Elder, Herodotus, but also Varro25. The slaves came mainly from the Scythian tribes. Perhaps the best example for demonstration of the Scythian slave labour comes from Athens. The Scythians served as military troops in the meetings of the Athenian aeropagus. In the 5th – 4th century B.C. their number increased from 300 to 1000 men26. Trade between Greeks and Scythians flourished which is reflected on the number of Greek products found in Scythia. They were even depicted on Greek pottery and Scythians created them themselves too. Signatures as Scythas or Kolchos were found on the Athenian amphorae27. For Scythians it was generally cheaper to exchange slaves for other products. 144 drams was paid for a slave from Scythia28. Scythians were not the only ethnic group in the Black Sea Area to provide slaves to the Greeks. This applied also to slaves

18 Bouzek 1990, 117.19 See the catalogue: Rolle et al. 1991, 355-423.20 Gavriľjuk 2003, 76.21 Erol 2008, 85-6.22 Thuc. History of the Peloponnesian War. Book 8. Chapter 40. Section 1.23 Theopomp. Philippika. F 122.24 Vinogradov 1998, 154-78.25 Polybius. The Histories. Book 4, Chapter 38, Section 4 -6; Strabo. Geography. Book 7, Chapter 13, Section 12; Herodotus.

The Histories. Book 5, Chapter 6; Varro. Ling. Book 9. Chapter 93; Plin. (E). NH. Book 6. Chapter 5.26 Vos 1963, 93-127.27 Moore et al. 1986, 12.28 Erol 2008, 93.

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brought from Thrace, Phrygia, or to Greeks from the Chios Island. The slaves were usually named depending on the country they came from. Due to the increased demand for slaves and easy profits, piracy took place in the area. Strabo describes how pirates attacked a ship carrying cargo from the Chios Island29.

Slaves were, however, not the only matter of Scythian trade and the source for their contacts with Greek colonies. The rivers in the area and the Black Sea itself served as fishing resources. Fishing in the Black Sea is recorded in written documents, the results of paleoecological studies and the actual fish depictions on findings of material nature, especially in the areas inhabited by nomadic tribes30. Pictures of fish had been used in the art of nomads before they occupied the territory of the steppe areas and near the Black Sea 31. Pictures of fish had been used in the art of nomads before they occupied the territory of the steppe areas and near the Black Sea. Despite their rare occurrence in the art, they can be found on the findings associated with Eurasian Nomads, the Pazyrik culture in the Altai mountains. Fish was depicted as a tattoo on the hand of a man found in the grave 2 in Pazyryk32 and it can be found on the horse seat felt cover from the grave No. 1 in the tomb complex Ak-Alakha as well33.

The first proofs of a more wide use of fish depictions, that can be associated with Scythians, come from the Black Sea Area and they were created as late as in the 5th century B.C.34. Few decorative items with the fish motif, which served mostly as an ornament on the shield, were found in the tombs. In the 4th century B.C. fishing itself became an important part of the Scythian economy. Several fishbones from the end of the 5th and the beginning of the 4th century B.C.35 were found nearby the river banks of Dnieper and Don in the area of the former Scythian settlements. The beginnings of fishing in the area can be associated with later business contacts with the Greeks. The trade centers were located mainly in the vicinity of the Dnieper and Don river and Scythians got soon used to the consumption of fish. Fishing and fish trading helped to develop relations between the Greek and Scythian world.

ConclusionThe main task of our short article was to highlight the relations of Greece with the

population of the Black Sea Scythians, the „boundary“ between them and their cultural and economic conflicts. This is reflected in several aspects. We chose few findings of Greek pottery from the Scythian graves from various periods and various species to highlight the contacts of the two cultures. This can be explained by the daily use of certain types of vessels by nomadic tribes, or their use for ritual and ceremonial purposes. As far as the major areas of the economy and Scythian contacts with Greece are concerned, we have focused mainly on the slave trade and fishing.

Mgr. Andrea NámerováTrnava University in TrnavaDepartment of Classical ArchaeologyHornopotočná 23SK-918 43 Trnavaandrea.namerova@gmail.com

29 Strabo. Geography. Book 11, Chapter 5, Section 6.30 Bekker-Nielsen et al. 2005. 31 Rudenko 1953, 247; Polosmak 2001, 221.32 Rudenko 1953, 247..33 Polosmak 2001, 221.34 Gavriľjuk 2005, 112.35 Gavriľjuk 2005, 110.

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1. ANODOS. Studies of the Ancient World 1/2001. Proceedings of the International Sym‑ posium The Mediterranean and Central Europe in Contacts and Confrontations. From the Bronze Age to the Late Antiquity. Trnava 2001, A4, 231 pages. ISBN 80‑89074‑02‑2.

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2. ANODOS. Studies of the Ancient World 2/2001. In Honour of Mária Novotná. Trnava 2002, A4, 338 pages. ISBN 80‑89074‑40‑5.

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3. ANODOS. Studies of the Ancient World 3/2003. Proceedings of the International Symposium Ancient Jewellery and Costume in Course of Time. From the Bronze Age to the Late Antiquity. Trnava 2004, A4, 229 pages. ISBN 80‑8082‑006‑6.

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4. ANODOS. Studies of the Ancient World 4-5/2004-2005. Proceedings of the International Symposium Arms and Armour through the Ages. From the Bronze Age to the Late Antiquity. Trnava 2006, A4, 262 pages. ISBN 80‑8082‑109‑7.

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5. ANODOS. Studies of the Ancient World 6-7/2006-2007. Proceedings of the International Symposium Cult and Sanctuary through the Ages. From the Bronze Age to the Late Antiquity. Trnava 2008, A4, 520 pages. ISBN 978‑80‑8082‑228‑6.

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6. ANODOS. Studies of the Ancient World 8/2008. In Honour of Werner Jobst. Trnava 2010, A4, 400 pages. ISBN 978‑80‑8082‑384‑9.

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7. ANODOS. Studies of the Ancient World 9/2009. In Honour of Marie Dufková. Trnava 2010, A4, 143 pages. ISBN 978‑80‑8082‑385‑6.

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Price: 12 EUR

9. ANODOS - Supplementum 2. Probleme und Perspektiven der Klassischen und provinzial‑römischen Archäologie. Trnava 2002, A4, 79 pages. ISBN 80-89074-36-7.

Price: 12 EUR

Anodos. Studies of the Ancient World 10/2010.

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10. ANODOS - Supplementum 3. Stadt und Landschaft in der Antike. Trnava 2003, A4, 196 pages. ISBN 80‑89074‑76‑6.

Price: 20 EUR

11. ANODOS - Supplementum 4. Forschungen und Methoden vom Mittelmeerraum bis zum Mitteleuropa. Trnava 2007, A4, 124 pages. ISBN 978-80-8082-167-8.

Price: 15 EUR

12. ANODOS - Supplementum 5. Rüstung und Waffen in der Antike. Trnava 2011, A4, 124 pages. ISBN 978‑80‑8082‑435‑8.

Price: 10 EUR

13. KeLemANTIA - BrIgeTIO. Tracing the Romans on the Danube. Guide 2003, 62 pages. ISBN 80‑89074‑61‑8.

Price: 10 EUR

14. KeLemANTIA - BrIgeTIO. Auf den Spuren der Römer an der Donau. Wegweiser 2003, 62 pages. ISBN 80‑89074‑62‑6.

Price: 10 EUR

15. BOHUSLAV NOVOTNÝ (1921-1996). Biografia. Bibliografia. Spomienky. Trnava 2004, 95 pages. ISBN 80‑8082‑011‑2.

Price: 10 EUR

16. Klasická archeológia a exaktné vedy. Výskumné metódy a techniky I. Trnava 2008. A4, 123 pages. ISBN 978‑80‑8082‑229‑3.

Price: 10 EUR

17. Klasická archeológia a exaktné vedy. Výskumné metódy a techniky II. Trnava 2010. A4, 199 pages. ISBN 978‑80‑8082‑317‑7.

Price: 16 EUR