References - Elgaronline

371

References

Aall, P. R. (2007). The power of nonofficial actors in conflict management. In C. A. Crocker, F. O. Hampson, & P. R. Aall (Eds.), Leashing the Dogs of War: Conflict Management in a Divided World (pp. 477–495). Washington, DC: United States Institute of Peace.

Aall, P. (2015). Building interests, relationships and capacity: three roads to conflict management. In C. A. Crocker, F. O. Hampson, & P. Aall (Eds.), Managing Conflict in a World Adrift (pp. 409–428). Washington, DC: United States Institute of Peace, and Waterloo, Canada: Centre for International Governance Innovation.

Aall, P., & Crocker, A. C. (2016). Minding the Gap: African Conflict Management in a Time of Change. Waterloo, Canada: Centre for International Governance Innovation.

Ackermann, A. (1999). Making Peace Prevail: Preventing Violent Conflict in Macedonia. Syracuse, NY: Syracuse University Press.

Adler-Nissen, R. (Ed.) (2012). Bourdieu in International Relations: Rethinking Key Concepts in IR. New York: Routledge.

Aduda, L., & Bussmann, M. (2016). Einseitige Gewalt in Bürgerkriegen und deren Auswirkung auf Mediationangebot und -nachfrage [Unilateral violence in civil wars and its impact on mediation supply and demand]. Zeitschrift für Friedens- und Konfliktforschung, 5(2), 154–188.

AFP (1998, October 16). UN envoy launches new round of Cyprus shuttle diplomacy.Ager, A., & Strang, A. (2004). Indicators of Integration: Final Report (UK Home Office

Development and Practice Report No. 28). Retrieved from http://webarchive.nation alarchives.gov.uk/20110218141321/http:/rds.homeoffice.gov.uk/rds/pdfs04/dpr28.pdf.

Ager, A., & Strang, A. (2008). Understanding integration: a conceptual framework. Journal of Refugee Studies, 21(2), 166–191.

Aggestam, K. (2002). Mediating asymmetrical conflict. Mediterranean Politics, 7(1), 69–91.

Aggestam, K., & Svensson, I. (2018). Where are the women in peace mediation? In K. Aggestam & A. E. Towns (Eds.), Gendering Diplomacy and International Negotiation (pp. 149–168). Cham: Palgrave Macmillan.

Akpınar, P. (2016). The limits of mediation in the Arab Spring: the case of Syria. Third World Quarterly, 37(12), 2288–2303.

Akpınar, T. (2010). Türkiye’deki Suriyeli Mülteci Çocukların ve Kadınların Sosyal Politika Bağlamında Yaşadıkları Sorunlar [The problems of Syrian refugee children and women in Turkey in the context of social policy]. Balkan and Near Eastern Journal of Social Sciences, 3(3), 16–29.

Alba, R., & Nee, V. (1997). Rethinking assimilation theory for a new era of immigration. International Migration Review, 31(4), 826–874.

Alden, C. (2007). China in Africa: Partner, Competitor or Hegemon? London: Zed Books.Allansson, M., Melander, E., & Themnér, L. (2017). Organized violence, 1989–2016.

Journal of Peace Research, 54(4), 574–587.

M4670-WILKENFELD_9781788110693_t.indd 371 06/02/2019 14:15

Jonathan Wilkenfeld, Kyle Beardsley, and David Quinn - 9781788110709Downloaded from PubFactory at 05/10/2022 02:57:03PM

via free access

372 Research handbook on mediating international crises

Allee, T. L., & Huth, P. K. (2006). Legitimizing dispute settlement: international adjudica-tion as domestic political cover. American Political Science Review, 100(2), 219–234.

Allen, S. H., & Yuen, A. T. (2013). The politics of peacekeeping: UN Security Council oversight across peacekeeping missions. International Studies Quarterly, 58(3), 621–632.

Allison, G. (2017). Destined for War: Can America and China Escape Thucydides’s Trap? Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt.

Amanatullah, E. T., & Morris, M. W. (2010). Negotiating gender roles: gender differences in assertive negotiating are mediated by women’s fear of backlash and attenuated when negotiating on behalf of others. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 98(2), 256–267.

Amnesty International (2017). Who Are the Rohingya and Why Are They Fleeing Myanmar? Retrieved from https://www.amnesty.org/en/press-releases/2017/09/who-are-the-rohingya-and-why-are-they-fleeing-myanmar/.

Andersen-Rodgers, D. R. (2014). No table necessary? Foreign policy crisis management techniques in non-state actor-triggered crises. Conflict Management and Peace Science, 32(2), 200–221.

Andreoni, J., & Vesterlund, L. (2001). Which is the fair sex? Gender differences in altru-ism. Quarterly Journal of Economics, 116(1), 293–312.

Arnson, C. J., & Zartman, I. W. (2005). Rethinking the Economics of War: The Intersection of Need, Creed, and Greed. Washington, DC: Woodrow Wilson Center Press.

Arthur, P. (1999). Multiparty mediation in Northern Ireland. In C. A. Crocker, F. O. Hampson, & P. Aall (Eds.), Herding Cats: Multiparty Mediation in a Complex World (pp. 471–504). Washington, DC: United States Institute of Peace.

Assefa, H. (1987). Mediation of Civil Wars: Approaches and Strategies – The Sudan Conflict. Boulder, CO: Westview Press.

Augsburger, D. (1992). Conflict Mediation across Cultures: Pathways and Patterns. Louisville, KY: Westminster John Knox Press.

Avezov, X., van der Lijn, J., & Smi, T. (2017). African Directions towards an Equitable Partnership in Peace Operations. Stockholm: Stockholm Peace Research Institute.

Axelrod, R. (1997). The Complexity of Cooperation: Agent-Based Models of Competition and Collaboration. Princeton: Princeton University Press.

Azar, E. E. (1972). Conflict escalation and conflict reduction in an international crisis: Suez 1956. Journal of Conflict Resolution, 16(2), 183–201.

Babbitt, E. (2013). Principled Peace: Conflict Resolution in Intrastate Conflicts. Ann Arbor, MI: University of Michigan Press.

Babbitt, E., & Lutz, E. L. (Eds.) (2009). Human Rights and Conflict Resolution in Context: Columbia, Sierra Leone and Northern Ireland. Syracuse, NY: Syracuse University Press.

Backer, D., & Huth, P. (2014). The peace and conflict instability ledger: ranking states on future risks. In D. Backer, J. Wilkenfeld, & P. Huth (Eds.), Peace and Conflict 2014 (pp. 4–17). Boulder, CO: Paradigm Publishers.

Bakaki, Z. (2016). Deconstructing mediation: a case study of the Cod Wars. Negotiation Journal, 32(1), 63–78.

Bakaki, Z., Böhmelt, T., & Bove, V. (2016). Barriers to coordination? Examining the impact of culture on international mediation occurrence and effectiveness. Political Studies, 64(3), 492–512.



via free access

References 373

Balch-Lindsay, D., & Enterline, A. J. (2000). Killing time: the world politics of civil war duration, 1820–1992. International Studies Quarterly, 44(4), 615–642.

Bapat, N. (2005). Insurgency and the opening of peace processes. Journal of Peace Research, 42(6), 699–717.

Bapat, N. A. (2012). Understanding state sponsorship of militant groups. British Journal of Political Science, 42(1), 1–29.

Barın, H. (2015). Türkiye’deki Suriyeli Kadınların Toplumsal Bağlamda Yaşadıkları: Sorunlar ve Çözüm Önerileri [Syrian women in Turkey in social context in which they live: Problems and suggestions]. Göç Araştırmaları Dergisi, 1(2), 10–56.

Bartoli, A. (1999). Mediating peace in Mozambique: the role of the community of Sant’Egidio. In C. A. Crocker, F. O. Hampson, & P. Aall (Eds.), Herding Cats: Multiparty Mediation in a Complex World (pp. 245–274). Washington, DC: United States Institute of Peace.

Bartoli, A. (2009). NGOs and conflict resolution. In J. Bercowitz, V. Kremenyuk, & I. W. Zartman (Eds.), SAGE Handbook of Conflict Resolution (pp. 392–412). London: SAGE Publications.

Bass, G. J. (2004). Jus post bellum. Philosophy and Public Affairs, 32(4), 384–412.Beardsley, K. (2008). Agreement without peace? International mediation and time incon-

sistency problems. American Journal of Political Science, 52(4), 723–740.Beardsley, K. (2009). Intervention without leverage: the political determinants of weak

mediation. International Interactions, 35(3), 272–297.Beardsley, K. (2010). Pain, pressure and political cover: explaining mediation incidence.

Journal of Peace Research, 47(4), 395–406.Beardsley, K. (2011). The Mediation Dilemma. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.Beardsley, K. (2013). Using the right tool for the job: mediator leverage and conflict

resolution. Penn State Journal of Law and International Affairs, 2(1), 57–65.Beardsley, K., Cunningham, D., & White, P. (2016). Diplomacy, Peacekeeping, and the

Severity of Civil War (Working Paper). Retrieved from http://www.davidcunningham polisci.com/uploads/4/2/9/7/42974855/bcw_unsc_conflict_violence.pdf.

Beardsley, K., Cunningham, D., & White, P. (2017). Resolving civil wars before they start: the UN Security Council and conflict prevention. British Journal of Political Science, 47(3), 675–697.

Beardsley, K., & Greig, M. (2009). Disaggregating the incentives of conflict management: an introduction. International Interactions, 35(3), 243–248.

Beardsley, K., Quinn, D. M., Biswas, B., & Wilkenfeld, J. (2006). Mediation style and crisis outcomes. Journal of Conflict Resolution, 50(1), 58–86.

Beattie, J., Baron, J., Hershey, J. C., & Spranca, M. D. (1994). Psychological determinants of decision attitude. Journal of Behavioral Decision Making, 7(2), 129–144.

Bebchick, B. (2002). The philosophy and methodology of Ambassador Dennis Ross as an international mediator. International Negotiation, 7(1), 115–131.

Beber, B. (2012). International mediation, selection effects, and the question of bias. Conflict Management and Peace Science, 29(4), 397–424.

Beck, N., Gleditsch, K. S., & Beardsley, K. (2006). Space is more than geography: using spatial econometrics in the study of political economy. International Studies Quarterly, 50(1), 27–44.

Beckman, R. (2015). The Philippines v. China case and the South China Sea disputes.



via free access


In A. Billo & J. Huang (Eds.), Territorial Disputes in the South China Sea (pp. 54–65). London: Palgrave Macmillan.

Bellamy, A. J., & Williams, P. D. (2011). The new politics of protection? Cote d’Ivoire, Libya and the Responsibility to Protect. International Affairs, 87(4), 825–850.

Bellamy, A., Williams, P., & Griffin, S. (2010). Understanding Peacekeeping (2nd Ed.). Cambridge: Polity Press.

Bencherif, A., & Campana, A. (2017). Alliances of convenience: assessing the dynamics of the Malian insurgency. Mediterranean Politics, 22(1), 115–134.

Bennett, C. (1991). Review article: what is policy convergence and what causes it? British Journal of Political Science, 21(2), 215–233.

Benson, M., & Satana, S. N. (2009). Choosing sides: UN resolutions and non-neutrality. In J. Bercovitch & S. Gardner (Eds.), International Conflict Mediation (pp. 153–174). London: Routledge.

Bensted, R. (2011). A critique of Paul Collier’s “greed and grievance” thesis of civil war. African Security Review, 20(3), 84–90.

Berber, B. (2010). The (Non-)Efficacy of Multi-party Mediation in Wars since 1990. Unpublished manuscript. New York University.

Bercovitch, J. (1991). International mediation. Journal of Peace Research, 28(1), 3–6.Bercovitch, J. (2004). International Conflict Management (ICM) Dataset. Retrieved from

http://www.arts.canterbury.ac.nz/bercovitch/databases.shtml.Bercovitch, J. (2006). Mediation success or failure: a search for the elusive criteria.

Cardozo Journal of Conflict Resolution, 7, 289–445.Bercovitch, J. (2009). Mediation and conflict. In J. Bercovitch, V. A. Kremenyuk, & I. W.

Zartman (Eds.), The SAGE Handbook of Conflict Resolution (pp. 340–357). London: SAGE Publications.

Bercovitch, J., Anagnoson, J. T., & Wille, D. L. (1991). Some conceptual issues and empirical trends in the study of successful mediation in international relations. Journal of Peace Research, 28(1), 7–17.

Bercovitch, J., & DeRouen Jr., K. (2004). Mediation in internationalized ethnic conflicts: assessing the determinants of a successful process. Armed Forces and Society, 30(2), 147–170.

Bercovitch, J., & DeRouen Jr., K. (2005). Managing ethnic civil wars: assessing the determinants of successful mediation. Civil Wars, 7(1), 98–116.

Bercovitch, J., & Diehl, P. F. (1997). Conflict management of enduring rivalries: the frequency, timing, and short-term impact of mediation. International Interactions, 22(4), 299–320.

Bercovitch, J., & Elgström, O. (2001). Culture and international mediation: exploring theoretical and empirical linkages. International Negotiation, 6(1), 3–23.

Bercovitch, J., & Foulkes, J. (2012). Cross-cultural effects in conflict management: examining the nature and relationship between culture and international mediation. International Journal of Cross Cultural Management, 12(1), 25–47.

Bercovitch, J., & Gartner, S. S. (2006a). Is there method in the madness of mediation: some lessons for mediators from quantitative studies of mediation. International Interactions, 32, 329–354.

Bercovitch, J., & Gartner, S. (2006b). Empirical studies in international mediation. International Interactions, 32(4), 319–328.



via free access

References 375

Bercovitch, J., & Gartner, S. (Eds.) (2009). International Conflict Mediation: New Approaches and Findings. London: Routledge.

Bercovitch, J., & Houston, A. (1993). Influence of mediator characteristics and behavior on the success of mediation in international relations. International Journal of Conflict Management, 4(4), 297–321.

Bercovitch, J., & Houston, A. (2000). Why do they do it like this? An analysis of the factors influencing mediation behavior in international conflicts. Journal of Conflict Resolution, 44(2), 170–202.

Bercovitch, J., & Jackson, R. (2001). Negotiation or mediation? An exploration of fac-tors affecting the choice of conflict management in international conflict. Negotiation Journal, 17(1), 56–77.

Bercovitch, J., & Jackson, R. (2009). Conflict Resolution in the Twenty-First Century: Principles, Methods, and Approaches. Ann Arbor, MI: University of Michigan Press.

Bercovitch, J., & Langley, J. (1993). The nature of the dispute and the effectiveness of international mediation. Journal of Conflict Resolution, 37(4), 670–691.

Bercovitch, J., & Schneider, G. (2000). Who mediates? The political economy of interna-tional conflict management. Journal of Peace Research, 37(2), 145–165.

Berdal, M. (2000). Lessons not learned: the use of force in “peace operations” in the 1990s. International Peacekeeping, 7(4), 55–74.

Berlinger, J. (2017, November 28). Aung San Suu Kyi stripped of Oxford honor. CNN. Retrieved from http://www.cnn.com/2017/11/28/asia/aung-san-suu-kyi-oxford-honor/index.html.

Berti, B., & Paris, J. (2014). Beyond sectarianism: geopolitics, fragmentation, and the Syrian Civil War. Strategic Assessment, 16(4), 21–34.

Betzold, C. (2010). “Borrowing” power to influence international negotiations: AOSIS in the climate change regime. Politics, 30(3), 131–148.

Bianet (2017, June 1). Bakan Yılmaz: MEB Okullarında 169 Bin Suriyeli Öğrenci Var [Minister Yılmaz: 169 thousand Syrian students study at our schools]. Retrieved from https://m.bianet.org/bianet/egitim/187033-bakan-yil maz-meb-okull arinda-169 -bin -su r i y e li-ogrenci-var.

Biniaz, S. (2016). Comma but differentiated responsibilities: punctuation and 30 other ways negotiators have resolved issues in the international climate change regime. Michigan Journal of Environmental and Administrative Law, 6(1), 37–63.

Blau, P. M. (1977). Inequality and Heterogeneity: A Primitive Theory of Social Structure. New York: Free Press.

Blechman, B. M., & Ellis, W. P. (1992). The Politics of National Security: Congress and US Defense Policy. New York: Oxford University Press.

Bob, C. (2005). The Marketing of Rebellion: Insurgents, Media, and International Activism. New York: Cambridge University Press.

Böhmelt, T. (2009). International mediation and social networks: the importance of indirect ties. International Interactions, 35(3), 298–319.

Böhmelt, T. (2010). The impact of trade on international mediation. Journal of Conflict Resolution, 54(4), 566–592.

Böhmelt, T. (2011). Disaggregating mediations: the impact of multiparty mediation. British Journal of Political Science, 41(4), 859–881.



via free access


Böhmelt, T. (2012). Why many cooks if they can spoil the broth? The determinants of multiparty mediation. Journal of Peace Research, 49(5), 701–715.

Böhmelt, T. (2015a). Spatial dependencies and international mediation. In Oxford Bibliographies in International Relations. Retrieved from http://www.oxfordbibliogra phies.com.

Böhmelt, T. (2015b). The spatial contagion of international mediation. Conflict Management and Peace Science, 32(1), 108–127.

Böhmelt, T. (2016). The importance of conflict characteristics for the diffusion of inter-national mediation. Journal of Peace Research, 53(3), 378–391.

Bond, K., & Ghosn, F. (2015). Cultural similarity and mediation offers in interstate conflicts, 1945–1995. International Negotiation, 20(2), 269–290.

Borger, J., & Beaumont, P. (2017, December 7). Defiant Trump confirms US will recognise Jerusalem as capital of Israel. The Guardian. Retrieved from https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2017/dec/06/donald-trump-us-jerus alem-israel-capital.

Boschee, E., Lautenschlager, J., O’Brien, S., Shellman, S., Starz, J., & Ward, M. (2015). ICEWS Coded Event Data (Version 10). Harvard Dataverse.

Boudreau, C. (2009a). When do cues eliminate differences between sophisticated and unsophisticated citizens? Journal of Politics, 71(3), 964–976.

Boudreau, C. (2009b). Making citizens smart: when do institutions improve unsophisti-cated citizens’ decisions? Political Behavior, 31(2), 287–306.

Bourbeau, P. (2017). The practice approach in global politics. Journal of Global Security Studies, 2(2), 170–182.

Boutellis, A., & Zahar, M.-J. (2017). A Process in Search of Peace: Lessons from the Inter-Malian Agreement. New York: International Peace Institute.

Bove, V., & Ruggeri, A. (2016). Kinds of blue: diversity in UN peacekeeping missions and civilian protection. British Journal of Political Science, 46(3), 681–700.

Bowles, H. R., Babcock, L., & McGinn, K. L. (2005). Constraints and triggers: situational mechanics of gender in negotiation. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 89(6), 951–965.

Bragg, B. (2016). Specifying and Systematizing How We Think about the Gray Zone. Boston, MA: NSI Inc. Retrieved from http://nsiteam.com/social/wp-content/uploads/2016/12/CP-1-Definition-of-Gray-06-27-2016-Final.pdf.

Bragg, B. (2017). Gray Zone Conflicts, Challenges, and Opportunities: Integration Report. Arlington, VA: Strategic Multi-layer Assessment (SMA). Retrieved from http://nsiteam.com/social/wp-content/uploads/2017/07/Integration-Report-Final-07-13-2017-R. pdf.

Braithwaite, A., Dasandi, N., & Hudson, D. (2014). Does poverty cause conflict? Isolating the causal origins of the conflict trap. Conflict Management and Peace Science, 33(1), 45–66.

Branch, A. (2011). Displacing Human Rights: War and Intervention in Northern Uganda. New York: Oxford University Press.

Brands, H. (2016, February 5). Paradoxes of the gray zone. Foreign Policy Research Institute. Retrieved from http://www.fpri.org/articles/2016/02/paradoxes-gray-zone.

Brandt, P. T., Mason, R. D., Gurses, M., Radin, D., & Petrovsky, N. (2008). When and how the fighting stops: explaining the duration and outcome of civil wars. Defence and Peace Economics, 19(6), 415–434.



via free access

References 377

Brautigam, D. (2009). The Dragon’s Gift: The Real Story of China in Africa. New York: Oxford University Press.

Brecher, M. (1993). Crises in World Politics: Theory and Reality. Oxford: Pergamon Press.Brecher, M. (2008). International Political Earthquakes. Ann Arbor, MI: University of

Michigan Press.Brecher, M. (2016). The World of Protracted Conflicts. London: Lexington Books.Brecher, M., & Wilkenfeld, J. (1982). Crises in world politics. World Politics, 34(3),

380–417.Brecher, M., & Wilkenfeld, J. (1997, 2000). A Study of Crisis. Ann Arbor, MI: University

of Michigan Press.Brecher, M., Wilkenfeld, J., Beardsley, K., James, P., & Quinn, D. (2017). International

Crisis Behavior Data Codebook (Codebook No. Version 12). Retrieved from http://sites.duke.edu/icbdata/data-collections/.

Brun, A. (2016). Conference diplomacy: the making of the Paris Agreement. Politics and Governance, 4(3), 115–123.

Bryant, L. (2016, December 7). NATO Chief urges allies to maintain sanctions against Russia. VOA. Retrieved from https://www.voanews.com/a/nato-chief-urges-allies-main tain-sanctions-russia/3627171.html.

Buchanan, B. (2016). The Cybersecurity Dilemma: Hacking, Trust, and Fear between Nations. New York: Oxford University Press.

Buhaug, H., & Gleditsch, K. S. (2008). Contagion or confusion? Why conflicts cluster in space. International Studies Quarterly, 52(2), 215–233.

Burg, S. L., & Shoup, P. (1999). The War in Bosnia-Herzegovina: Ethnic Conflict and International Intervention. New York: Routledge.

Burns, W. J., Flournoy, M., & Lindborg, N. (2016). U.S. Leadership and the Challenges of “State Fragility” (Report of the Fragility Study Group). Washington, DC: Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, Center for a New American Security, and the United States Institute of Peace.

Burton, J. W. (1979). Deviance, Terrorism and War: The Process of Solving Unsolved Social and Political Problems. New York: St. Martin’s Press.

Business Insider (2017, July 25). This is why NATO is worried about Baltic troops defecting to Russia. Retrieved from https://www.businessinsider.com/this-why-nato-worried-about-baltic-troops-defecting-russia-2017-7.

Bussmann, M., & Aduda, L. (2017). Remedy or Reaction? Mediation and the Dynamics of Civilian Victimization in Intrastate Conflicts in Africa (Working Paper). University of Greifswald.

Bussmann, M., & Schneider, G. (2016). A porous humanitarian shield: the laws of war, the Red Cross, and the killing of civilians. Review of International Organizations, 11(3), 337–359.

Butler, M. J. (2007). Crisis bargaining and third-party mediation: bridging the gap. International Negotiation, 12(2), 249–274.

Byers, M., & Michael, B. (1999). Custom, Power and the Power of Rules: International Relations and Customary International Law. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Campbell, K. M. (1986). Soviet Policy towards South Africa. Basingstoke: Macmillan.Canna, S., & Popp, G. (Eds.) (2016). The Characterization and Conditions of the Gray

Zone: A Virtual Think Tank Analysis (ViTTa). Boston, MA: NSI Inc. Retrieved from



via free access


https://nsiteam.com/the-characterization-and-condi tions-of-the -gray-zone -a-vir tual-th ink-tank-analysis-vitta/.

Carment, D., & Hoffman, E. (2017). Conclusion. In D. Carment & E. Hoffman (Eds.), International Mediation in a Fragile World (pp. 103–105). London: Routledge.

Carment, D., & James, P. (1995). Internal constraints and interstate ethnic conflict: toward a crisis-based assessment of irredentism. Journal of Conflict Resolution, 39(1), 82–109.

Carment, D., James, P., & Taydas, Z. (2006). Who Intervenes?: Ethnic Conflict and Interstate Crisis. Columbus, OH: Ohio State University Press.

Carment, D., & Rowlands, D. (2003). Twisting one arm: the effects of biased interveners. International Peacekeeping, 10(3), 1–23.

Carment, D., Samy, Y., & El Achkar, S. (2009). Protracted conflict and crisis mediation: a contingency approach. In J. Bercovitch & S. Gartner (Eds.), International Conflict Mediation: New Approaches and Findings (pp. 216–239). London: Routledge.

Carnevale, P. (1995). Property, culture, and negotiation. In D. Messick & R. Kramer (Eds.), Negotiation as a Social Process (pp. 309–323). Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE Publications.

Carnevale, P. J. (2002). Mediating from strength. In J. Bercovitch (Ed.), Studies in International Mediation: Essays in Honor of Jeffrey Z. Rubin (pp. 25–40). New York: Palgrave Macmillan.

Carnevale, P. J., & Arad, S. (1996). Bias and impartiality in international mediation. In J. Bercovitch (Ed.), Resolving International Conflicts: The Theory and Practice of Mediation (pp. 39–53). Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner.

Carnevale, P., & Choi, D. W. (2000). Culture in the mediation of international disputes. International Journal of Psychology, 35(2), 105–110.

Carnevale, P. J. D., O’Connor, K., & McCusker, C. (1993). Time pressure in negotiation and mediation. In O. Svenson & A. J. Maule (Eds.), Time Pressure and Stress in Human Judgment and Decision Making (pp. 117–127). New York: Plenum.

Carnevale, P. J., & Pruitt, D. G. (1992). Negotiation and mediation. Annual Review of Psychology, 43(1), 531–582.

Carpenter, C. (2010). Governing the global agenda: “gatekeepers” and “issue adoption” in transnational advocacy networks. In D. D. Avant, M. Finnemore, & S. K. Sell (Eds.), Who Governs the Globe (pp. 202–237). New York: Cambridge University Press.

Carpenter, C. (2011). Vetting the advocacy agenda: network centrality and the paradox of weapons norms. International Organization, 65(1), 69–102.

Carter Center (2013). Syria Countrywide Conflict Report #1. Atlanta, GA: The Carter Center. Retrieved from https://www.cartercenter.org/resources/pdfs/peace/conflict_res olution/syria-conflict/nationwidereport-aug-20-2013.pdf.

Cederman, L.-E., Gleditsch, K. S., Salehyan, I., & Wucherpfennig, J. (2013). Transborder ethnic kin and civil war. International Organization, 67(2), 389–410.

Çelik, A. B. (2015). Resolving internal displacement in Turkey: the need for reconciliation. In M. Bradley (Ed.), Displacement, Reconciliation and Justice (pp. 195–222). Montreal: McGill-Queen’s University Press.

Cetinyan, R. (2002). Ethnic bargaining in the shadow of third-party intervention. International Organization, 56(3), 645–677.

Chaliand, G. (2014). A Global History of War: From Assyria to the Twenty-First Century. Oakland, CA: University of California Press.



via free access

References 379

Channel 24 Ukraine (2017, November 17). Video with Medvedchuk’s request to Putin for the exchange of prisoners is a statement, states an ex-deputy of the State Duma [Видео с просьбой Медведчука к Путину об обмене пленными является постановкой, – экс-депутат]. Retrieved from https://24tv.ua/ru/video_s_prosboj_medved chu ka_k_putinu_ob_obmene_plennymi_javljaetsja_postanovkoj__jeks_deputat_gosd_n890711.

Channel News Asia (2017, May 28). Secession fears cloud Myanmar peace talks: Government. Retrieved from https://web.archive.org/web/20170528131235/http://www.channelnewsasia.com/news/asiapacific/secession-fea rs-cloud -myan mar -peace-ta lk s-go v ernment-8890362.

Channel One Russia (2016). A film about the events on the Maidan, shown on French TV, sparked a sharp reaction from the Ukrainian Foreign Ministry [Фильм о событиях на Майдане, показанный по французскому ТВ, вызвал резкую реакцию МИДа Украины]. Retrieved from https://www.1tv.ru/news/2016-02-02/2195film_o_sob ytiyah_na_maydane_pokazannyy.

Chapman, T. L. (2011). Securing Approval: Domestic Politics and Multilateral Authorization for War. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.

Chapman, T. L., & Reiter, D. (2004). The United Nations Security Council and the rally “round the flag” effect. Journal of Conflict Resolution, 48(6), 886–909.

Chen, F. R. (2017). Disentangling bias: national capabilities, regime type, and interna-tional conflict mediation. Conflict Management and Peace Science. Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.1177/0738894216689560.

Chikhi, L., & Felix, B. (2013, January 16). Sahara Islamists take hostages, spreading Mali War. Reuters. Retrieved from https://www.reuters.com/article/us-sahara-crisis/sahara-islamists-take-hostages-spreading-mali-war-idU SBRE90F1JJ20130116.

Choudhury, S. R., & Gamble, H. (2018, March 1). An Iranian hacking group is expanding operations in the Middle East, report says, CNBC. Retrieved from https://www.cnbc.com/2018/03/01/iran-based-hacking-group-expanding-spying-operations-in-middle-east.html.

Churruca Mugurruza, C., & de la Cruz Ayuso, C. (2011). Human security and peace-building: the case of internally displaced people. In W. Benedek, M. C. Ketteman, H. Montag, M. Möstl, & P. Santos Pereira (Eds.), Human Security Perspectives (pp. 53–69). Graz: University of Graz.

Cioffi-Revilla, C., & Lai, D. (1995). War and politics in ancient China, 2700 B.C. to 722 B.C.: measurement and comparative analysis. Journal of Conflict Resolution, 39(3), 467–494.

Clarke, K. A. (2007). A simple distribution-free test for non-tested model selection. Political Analysis, 15(3), 347–363.

Clarke, R. A., & Knake, K. (2010). Cyber War: The Next Threat to National Security and What to Do about It. New York: Harper Collins.

Clayton, G. (2013). Relative rebel strength and the onset and outcome of civil war media-tion. Journal of Peace Research, 50(5), 609–622.

Clayton, G., & Gleditsch, K. S. (2014). Will we see helping hands? Predicting civil war mediation and likely success. Conflict Management and Peace Science, 31(3), 265–284.

CNN (2013, January 24). By the numbers: women in the U.S. military. Retrieved from https://edition.cnn.com/2013/01/24/us/military-women-glance/index.html.



via free access


Coady, D., Parry, I., Sears, L., & Shang, B. (2017). How large are global fossil fuel subsi-dies? World Development, 91, 11–27.

Cohen, R. (1996). Cultural aspects of international mediation. In J. Bercovitch (Ed.), Resolving International Conflicts: The Theory and Practice of Mediation (pp. 107–128). Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner.

Colaresi, M., & Thompson, W. R. (2002). Strategic rivalries, protracted conflict, and crisis escalation. Journal of Peace Research, 39(3), 263–287.

Coley, J. (2013). Theorizing issue selection in advocacy organizations. Sociological Perspectives, 56(2), 191–212.

Collier, P. (2000). Economic Causes of Civil Conflict and Their Implications for Policy. Washington, DC: World Bank Group. Retrieved from https://siteresources.worldbank.org/DEC/Resources/econonmic_causes_of_civ ilwar.pdf.

Collier, P., Hoeffler, A., & Soderbom, M. (2004). On the duration of civil wars. Journal of Peace Research, 41(3), 256–276.

Comer, L. B., & Jolson, M. A. (1991). Perceptions of gender stereotypic behavior: an exploratory study of women in selling. Journal of Personal Selling and Sales Management, 11(1), 43–59.

Cooley, A., & Ron, J. (2002). The NGO scramble: organizational insecurity and the politi-cal economy of transnational action. International Security, 27(1), 5–39.

Copley, S. (2015, March 3). Some 12,000 Russian soldiers in Ukraine supporting rebels: U.S. commander. Reuters. Retrieved from https://www.reuters.com/article/us-ukraine-russia-soldiers-idUSKBN0LZ2FV20150303.

Corbetta, R., & Melin, M. M. (2018). Exploring the threshold between conflict man-agement and joining in biased interventions. Journal of Conflict Resolution, 62(10), 2205–2231.

Correlates of War Project (2017). State System Membership List. Retrieved from http://correlatesofwar.org.

Council on Foreign Relations (2017). The UN Security Council. Retrieved from https://www.cfr.org/backgrounder/un-security-council.

Crescenzi, M. J. C. (2007). Reputation and interstate conflict. American Journal of Political Science, 51(2), 382–396.

Crescenzi, M. J. C. (2018). Of Friends and Foes: Reputation and Learning in World Politics. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Crescenzi, M. J. C., Kadera, K. M., Mitchell, S. M., & Thyne, C. L. (2011). A supply side theory of mediation. International Studies Quarterly, 55(4), 1069–1094.

Crocker, C. A. (1992). High Noon in Southern Africa: Making Peace in a Rough Neighborhood. New York: W. W. Norton.

Crocker, C. A., Aall, P., & Hampson, F. O. (2014). A global security vacuum half-filled: regional organizations, hybrid groups and security management. International Peacekeeping, 21(1), 1–19.

Crocker, C. A., Hampson, F. O., & Aall, P. (Eds.) (1999, 2003). Herding Cats: Multiparty Mediation in a Complex World. Washington, DC: United States Institute of Peace.

Crocker, C. A., Hampson, F. O., & Aall, P. (Eds.) (2004). Taming Intractable Conflicts: Mediation in the Hardest Cases. Washington, DC: United States Institute of Peace.

Crocker, C. A., Hampson, F. O., & Aall, P. (Eds.) (2005). Grasping the Nettle: Analyzing Cases of Intractable Conflict. Washington, DC: United States Institute of Peace.



via free access

References 381

Crocker, C. A., Hampson, F. O., & Aall, P. R. (Eds.) (2011). Rewiring Regional Security in a Fragmented World. Washington, DC: United States Institute of Peace.

Crocker, C. A., Hampson, F. O., & Aall, P. (2017). Challenges of Mediating Fragmented Conflict Parties. Unpublished paper prepared for the FBA Research Workshop on Mediation for Prevention and Peacemaking.

Crocker, C. A., Hampson, F. O., & Aall, P. (2018). International Negotiation and Mediation in Violent Conflict: The Changing Context of Peacemaking. London: Routledge.

Croson, R., Marks, M., & Synder, J. (2008). Groups work for women: gender and group identity in social dilemmas. Negotiation Journal, 24(4), 411–427.

Crossman, L. (2014). Myanmar’s Rohingya Refugees: The Search for Human Security (Master’s thesis). Georgetown University, Washington, DC.

CSS (2012). Nepal’s Faltering Peace Process and Swiss Engagement (No. 125). ETH Zurich: CSS Analysis in Security Policy. Retrieved from http://www.css.ethz.ch/public ations/pdfs/CSS-Analysis-125-EN.pdf.

Cunningham, D. E. (2006). Veto players and civil war duration. American Journal of Political Science, 50(4), 875–892.

Cunningham, D. E., Gleditsch, K. S., & Salehyan, I. (2013). Non-state actors in civil wars: a new dataset. Conflict Management and Peace Science, 30(5), 516–531.

Cunningham, K. G. (2013). Actor fragmentation and civil war bargaining: How internal divisions generate civil conflict. American Journal of Political Science, 57(3), 659–672.

Cunningham, K. G. (2014). Inside the Politics of Self-Determination. New York: Oxford University Press.

Curle, A. (1971). Making Peace. London: Tavistock Publications.Dandy, J., & Pe-Pua, R. (2015). The refugee experience of social cohesion in Australia:

exploring the roles of racism, intercultural contact, and the media. Journal of Immigrant and Refugee Studies, 13(4), 339–357.

de Soto, A. (1999). Ending violent conflict in El Salvador. In C. A. Crocker, F. O. Hampson, & P. Aall (Eds.), Herding Cats: Multiparty Mediation in a Complex World (pp. 345–386). Washington, DC: United States Institute of Peace.

de Waal, A. (2015). The Real Politics of the Horn of Africa: Money, War and the Business of Power. Cambridge: Polity Press.

Demmers, J. (2016). Theories of Violent Conflict. London: Routledge.Denoon, D. H. (Ed.) (2015). China, the United States, and the Future of Central Asia. New

York: New York University Press.Depledge, J. (2005). Against the grain: the United States and the global climate change

regime. Global Change, Peace and Security, 17(1), 11–27.Depledge, J. (2006). The opposite of learning: ossification in the climate change regime.

Global Environmental Politics, 6(1), 1–22.Depledge, J. (2008). Striving for no: Saudi Arabia in the climate change regime. Global

Environmental Politics, 8(4), 9–35.DeRouen Jr., K. (2003). The role of the UN in international crisis termination, 1945–1994.

Defense and Peace Economics, 14, 251–260.DeRouen Jr., K., & Bercovitch, J. (2012). Trends in civil war mediation. In J. Hewitt,

J. Wilkenfeld, & T. R. Gurr (Eds.), Peace and Conflict 2012 (pp. 59–70). Boulder, CO: Paradigm Publishing.



via free access


DeRouen Jr., K., Bercovitch, J., & Pospieszna, P. (2011). Introducing the Civil Wars Mediation (CWM) dataset. Journal of Peace Research, 48(5), 663–672.

DeRouen Jr., K., & Chowdhury, I. (2018). Mediation, peacekeeping and civil war peace agreements. Defence and Peace Economics, 29(2), 130–146.

DeRouen Jr., K., Ferguson, K. M., Norton, S., Park, Y. H., Lea, J., & Streat-Bartlett, A. (2010). Civil war peace agreement implementation and state capacity. Journal of Peace Research, 47(3), 333–346.

DeRouen Jr., K., & Möller, F. (2013). The short-term effects of mediation on low-intensity civil wars. Negotiation Journal, 29(4), 413–438.

Dewey, J. (1922). The Middle Works of John Dewey, 1899–1924: Human Nature and Conduct. (J. Boydston, Ed.) (Vol. 14). Carbondale, IL: Southern Illinois University Press.

Diehl, P. F. (2006). Just a phase? Integrating conflict dynamics over time. Conflict Management and Peace Science, 23(3), 199–210.

Diehl, P. F., & Balas, A. (2014). Peace Operations (2nd Ed.). Cambridge: Polity Press.Diehl, P. F., & Druckman, D. (2018). Multiple peacekeeping missions: analyzing

the interdependence of peace operation missions. International Peacekeeping, 25(1), 28–51.

Diehl, P. F., & Regan, P. (2015). The interdependence of conflict management approaches. Conflict Management and Peace Science, 32(1), 99–107.

Diken (2017, January 16). Başdanışman Malkoç: Suriyelilerin yüzde 80’i kalacak gibi görünüyor [President’s Chief Advisor Malkoç: 80% of Syrians seem to stay]. Retrieved from http://www.diken.com.tr/cumhurbaskani-basdanis mani - malkoc-suriy elilerin-yuzde-80i-kalacak-gibi-gorunuyor/.

Dimitrov, R. S. (2010). Inside Copenhagen: the state of climate governance. Global Environmental Politics, 10(2), 18–24.

Dimitrov, R. S. (2016). The Paris agreement on climate change: behind closed doors. Global Environmental Politics, 16(3), 1–11.

Dixit, J. N. (2002). India–Pakistan in War and Peace. New York: Routledge.Dixon, W. J. (1996). Third-party techniques for preventing conflict escalation and promot-

ing peaceful settlement. International Organization, 50(4), 653–681.Dobbin, F., Simmons, B., & Garrett, G. (2007). The global diffusion of public policies:

social construction, coercion, competition, or learning? Annual Review of Sociology, 33(1), 449–472.

Dobbins, J., McGinn, J. G., Crane, K., Jones, S. G., Lal, R., Rathmell, A., & Timilsina, A. R. (2003). America’s Role in Nation Building: From Germany to Iraq. Santa Monica, CA: RAND Corporation.

Dolowitz, D., & Marsh, D. (2000). Learning from abroad: the role of policy transfer in contemporary policy-making. Governance, 13(1), 5–24.

Doran, C. F. (2015). The power cycle, territorial security, and peace in the twenty-first century. In C. A. Crocker, F. O. Hampson, & P. Aall (Eds.), Managing Conflict in a World Adrift (pp. 63–82). Washington, DC: United States Institute of Peace.

Dowd, C., & Raleigh, C. (2013). The myth of global Islamic terrorism and local conflict in Mali and the Sahel. African Affairs, 112(448), 498–509.

Downes, A. B. (2004). The problem with negotiated settlements to ethnic civil wars. Security Studies, 13(4), 230–279.



via free access

References 383

Downes, A. B. (2006). Desperate times, desperate measures: the causes of civilian victimi-zation in war. International Security, 30(4), 152–195.

Doyle, M. W., & Sambanis, N. (2000). International peacebuilding: a theoretical and quantitative analysis. American Political Science Review, 94(4), 779–801.

Doyle, M. W., & Sambanis, N. (2006). Making War and Building Peace: United Nations Peace Operations. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.

Drezner, D. W. (2003). The hidden hand of economic coercion. International Organization, 57(3), 643–659.

Druckman, D. (1977). Boundary role conflict: negotiation as dual responsiveness. Journal of Conflict Resolution, 21(4), 639–662.

Druckman, D. (1994). Determinants of compromising behavior in negotiation. Journal of Conflict Resolution, 38(3), 507–556.

Druckman, D. (1997). Dimensions of international negotiations: structures, processes, and outcomes. Group Decision and Negotiation, 6(5), 395–420.

Druckman, D. (2001). Turning points in international negotiation: a comparative analy-sis. Journal of Conflict Resolution, 45(4), 519–544.

Druckman, D., & Wall, J. A. (2017). A treasure trove of insights: sixty years of JCR research on negotiation and mediation. Journal of Conflict Resolution, 61(9), 1898–1924.

Dudouet, V. (2008). Nonviolent Resistance and Conflict Transformation in Power Asymmetries. Berghof Research Center for Constructive Conflict Management. Retrieved from http://edoc.vifapol.de/opus/voll texte/2011/2586/pdf/dudouet_hand-book.pdf.

Dudouet, V. (2010). Mediating Peace with Proscribed Armed Groups (Special Report No. 239). Washington, DC: United States Institute of Peace.

Duman, Y. (2016). Rojava: Bir Demokratik Özerklik Deneyimi [Rojava: An Experience of Democratic Autonomy]. Istanbul: İletişim Yayınları.

Dupont, C. (2006). La Négociation post-moderne [Post-modern Negotiation]. Stadtschlaining, Austria: European Peace University.

Dziatkowiec, P. (2017). The Inside Story: The Impact of Insider Mediators on Modern Peacemaking. Geneva: Centre for Humanitarian Dialogue.

Eck, K., & Hultman, L. (2007). One-sided violence against civilians in war: insights from new fatality data. Journal of Peace Research, 44(2), 233–246.

Eckel, C., De Oliveira, A. C. M., & Grossman, P. J. (2008). Gender and negotiation in the small: are women (perceived to be) more cooperative than men? Negotiation Journal, 24(4), 429–445.

Eder, T. S. (2014). China–Russia Relations in Central Asia: Energy Policy, Beijing’s New Assertiveness and 21st Century Geopolitics. Berlin: Springer VS.

Eisenberg, N., & Lennon, R. (1983). Sex differences in empathy and related capacities. Psychological Bulletin, 94(1), 100–131.

Elkins, Z., & Simmons, B. (2005). On waves, clusters, and diffusion: a conceptual frame-work. Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, 598(1), 33–51.

Elkus, A. (2015). 50 shades of gray: why the gray wars concept lacks strategic sense. War on the Rocks. Retrieved from https://warontherocks.com/2015/12/50-shades-of- gray-why-the-gray-wars-concept-lacks-strategic-sense/.

Ellerby, K. (2013). (En)gendered security? The complexities of women’s inclusion in peace processes. International Interactions, 39(4), 435–460.



via free access


Elster, J. (2000). Ulysses Unbound: Studies in Rationality, Precommitment, and Constraints. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Entassar, N. (2009, January 29). The Kurdish factor in Iran–Iraq relations. The Middle East Institute. Retrieved from http://www.mei.edu/content/kurdish-factor-iran-iraq-relations.

Eralp, P., Quinn, D., & Wilkenfeld, J. (2012). Delivering peace: options for mediators in African intrastate crises. In J. J. Hewitt, J. Wilkenfeld, T. R. Gurr, & B. Heldt (Eds.), Peace and Conflict 2012 (pp. 85–98). Boulder, CO: Paradigm Publishers.

Erdoğan, M. (2014). Türkiye’deki Suriyeliler: Toplumsal Kabul ve Uyum [Syrians in Turkey: Social Acceptance and Integration]. Ankara: Hacettepe University Migration and Politics Research Center.

European Commission (2016). Commission makes immediate proposal to implement EU–Turkey agreement: 54,000 places allocated for resettlement of Syrians from Turkey (Press Release). Retrieved from http://europa.eu/rapid/press-release_IP-16-981_en.htm.

Faure, G. O. (2017). China and Central Asia: negotiating cooperation for mutual benefits? In M. Troitskiy & F. O. Hampson (Eds.), Tug of War: Negotiating Security in Central Asia (pp. 53–68). Waterloo, Canada: Centre for International Governance Innovation.

Faure, G. O., & Zartman, I. W. (Eds.). (2010). Negotiating with Terrorists. New York: Routledge.

Favretto, K. (2009). Should peacemakers take sides? Major power mediation, coercion and bias. American Political Science Review, 103(2), 248–263.

Fearon, J. D. (1995). Rationalist explanations for war. International Organization, 49(3), 379–414.

Fearon, J. D. (1998). Commitment problems and the spread of ethnic conflict. In D. A. Lake & D. Rothchild (Eds.), The International Spread of Ethnic Conflict (pp. 107–126). Princeton: Princeton University Press.

Fearon, J. D. (2002). Selection effects and deterrence. International Interactions, 28(1), 5–30.

Fearon, J. D. (2004). Why do some civil wars last so much longer than others? Journal of Peace Research, 41(3), 275–301.

Fearon, J. D., & Laitin, D. D. (2003). Ethnicity, insurgency, and civil war. American Political Science Review, 97(1), 75–90.

Feenstra, R. C., Inklaar, R., & Timmer, M. P. (2015), The next generation of the Penn World Table. American Economic Review, 105(10), 3150–3182, available for download at http://www.ggdc.net/pwt.

Fey, M., & Ramsay, K. W. (2010). When is shuttle diplomacy worth the commute? Information sharing through mediation. World Politics, 62(4), 529–560.

Fidler, D. P. (2017, December 18). Year in review: the Trump administration disrupts US cyber diplomacy. Council on Foreign Relations. Retrieved from https://www.cfr.org/blog/year-review-trump-administration-disrupts-us-cy ber-diplomacy.

Financial Times (1999) 14 June.Finkelstein, N. G. (2007). The Camp David II negotiations: how Dennis Ross proved the

Palestinians aborted the peace process. Journal of Palestine Studies, 36(2), 39–53.Finnemore, M., & Hollis, D. B. (2016). Constructing norms for global cybersecurity.

American Journal of International Law, 110(3), 425–479.Fisher, R., & Ury, W. L. (1981). Getting to Yes: Negotiating Agreement without Giving in.

London: Penguin.



via free access

References 385

Fiske, S. T., Cuddy, A. J. C., Glick, P., & Xu, J. (2002). A model of (often mixed) stereotype content: competence and warmth respectively follow from perceived status and compe-tition. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 82(6), 878–902.

Fjelde, H., & Hultman, L. (2014). Weakening the enemy: a disaggregated study of violence against civilians in Africa. Journal of Conflict Resolution, 58(7), 1230–1257.

Fletcher, T. (2016). Naked Diplomacy: Power and Statecraft in the Digital Age. London: William Collins.

Flynn, D. (2016). Foreign Approaches to Gray Zone Conflict Briefing. National Intelligence Council.

Fortna, V. P. (2003). Peacekeeping and the duration of peace after civil and interstate wars. International Studies Review, 5(4), 97–114.

Fortna, V. P. (2004). Does peacekeeping keep peace? International intervention and the duration of peace after civil war. International Studies Quarterly, 48(2), 269–292.

Fortna, V. P. (2008). Does Peacekeeping Work? Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.

Fortune (2017). Most Powerful Women: These Are the Women CEOs Leading Fortune 500 Companies (Annual Report). Retrieved from http://fortune.com/most-powerful-women/.

Francis, D. (2010). From Pacification to Peacebuilding: A Call to Global Transformation. London: Pluto Press.

Franzese, R., & Hays, J. (2007). Spatial econometric models of cross-sectional interde-pendence in political science panel and time-series-cross-section data. Political Analysis, 15(2), 140–164.

Frazier, D., & Dixon, W. J. (2006). Third-party intermediaries and negotiated settlements, 1946–2000. International Interactions, 32(4), 385–408.

Freier, N. et al. (2016). Outplayed: Regaining Strategic Initiative in the Gray Zone. U.S. Army War College, Carlisle Barracks, PA.

Fretter, J. M. (2001). Effective Mediation in International Disputes: A Comparative Analysis of Mediation by the United Nations and Regional Organisations 1945–1995 (Doctoral thesis). University of Canterbury.

Friman, H. R. (2015). Conclusion: exploring the politics of leverage. In The Politics of Leverage in International Relations (pp. 201–218). Basingstoke, UK: Palgrave Macmillan.

Fuentes Julio, C., & Drumond, P. (Eds.) (2018). Human Rights and Conflict Resolution. London: Routledge.

Gabiam, N. (2006). Negotiating rights: Palestinian refugees and the protection gap. Anthropological Quarterly, 79(4), 717–730.

Ganguly, R. (1998). Kin State Intervention in Ethnic Conflicts: Lessons from South Asia. Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE Publications.

Garamone, J. (2014, July 17). U.S. officials: Russia increasing support for Ukraine rebels. Retrieved from https://www.defense.gov/News/Article/Article/602896/.

Garkisch, M., Heidingsfelder, J., & Beckmann, M. (2017). Third sector organizations and migration: a systematic literature review on the contribution of third sector organi-zations in view of flight, migration and refugee crises. VOLUNTAS: International Journal of Voluntary and Nonprofit Organizations, 28(5), 1839–1880.

Gartner, S. S. (2011a). On behalf of a grateful nation: conventionalized images of loss and individual opinion change in war. International Studies Quarterly, 55(2), 545–561.



via free access


Gartner, S. S. (2011b). Signs of trouble: regional organization mediation and civil war agreement durability. Journal of Politics, 73(2), 380–390.

Gartner, S. S. (2013). Deceptive results: why mediation appears to fail but actually succeeds. Penn State Journal of Law and International Affairs, 2(1), 27–37.

Gartner, S. S. (2014). The influence of directive strategies on settlement duration. International Negotiation, 19(2), 201–220.

Gartner, S. S., & Bercovitch, J. (2006). Overcoming obstacles to peace: the contribution of mediation to short-lived conflict settlements. International Studies Quarterly, 50(4), 819–840.

Gartner, S. S., & Premack, B. (2013). Mitigating conflicts of interest in regional gov-ernmental organization civil war mediation. Wisconsin International Law Journal, 31, 785–817.

Gartner, S. S., & Tannehill, A. A. (2008). Negotiating with the dragon: The People’s Republic of China and international dispute settlement duration. Tamkang Journal of International Affairs, 12(4), 69–99.

Garwood-Gowers, A. (2012). China and the “Responsibility to Protect”: the implications of the Libyan intervention. Asian Journal of International Law, 2(2), 375–393.

GCHQ (2016, April 11). The Cyber Threat. Retrieved from https://www.gchq.gov.uk/features/cyber-threat.

Gelpi, C. (1999). Alliances as instruments of intra-allied control. In H. Haftendoorn, R. O. Keohane, & C. A. Wallander (Eds.), Imperfect Unions: Security Institutions over Time and Space (pp. 107–139). Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Gent, S. E., Crescenzi, M. J. C., Menninga, E. J., & Reid, L. (2015). The reputation trap of NGO accountability. International Theory, 7(3), 426–463.

Gent, S. E., & Shannon, M. (2010). The effectiveness of international arbitration and adjudication: getting into a bind. Journal of Politics, 72(2), 366–380.

Gent, S. E., & Shannon, M. (2011a). Bias and the effectiveness of third-party conflict management mechanisms. Conflict Management and Peace Science, 28(2), 124–144.

Gent, S. E., & Shannon, M. (2011b). Decision control and the pursuit of binding conflict management: choosing the ties that bind. Journal of Conflict Resolution, 55(5), 710–734.

Gerges, F. A. (2012). Obama and the Middle East: The End of America’s Moment? New York: St. Martin’s Press.

Ghanaian Chronicle (2003, January 23). West Africa: Prospects for Ivorian peace talks dim after Accra summit. Africa News. Retrieved from Nexis Uni.

Gibbs, D. N. (1997). Is peacekeeping a new form of imperialism? International Peacekeeping, 4(1), 122–128.

Gilady, L., & Russett, B. (2002). Peacemaking and conflict resolution. In W. Carlsnaes, T. Risse, & B. A. Simmons (Eds.), Handbook of International Relations (pp. 392–408). London: SAGE Publications.

Gilardi, F. (2012). Transnational diffusion: norms, ideas, and policies. In W. Carlsnaes, T. Risse, & B. Simmons (Eds.), Handbook of International Relations (pp. 453–477). Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE Publications.

Glaser, C. L. (1997). The security dilemma revisited. World Politics, 50(1), 171–201.Glaser, C. L. (2010). Rational Theory of International Politics: The Logic of Competition

and Cooperation. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.



via free access

References 387

Glaser, T. (1992). A Conversation on Peacemaking with Jimmy Carter. Washington, DC: National Institute for Dispute Resolution.

Gleditsch, K. S., & Beardsley, K. (2004). Nosy neighbors: third-party actors in Central American conflicts. Journal of Conflict Resolution, 48(3), 379–402.

Gleditsch, K. S., Salehyan, I., & Schultz, K. (2008). Fighting at home, fighting abroad: how civil wars lead to international disputes. Journal of Conflict Resolution, 52(4), 479–506.

Gleditsch, N. P., Wallensteen, P., Eriksson, M., Sollenberg, M., & Strand, H. (2002). Armed conflict 1946–2001: a new dataset. Journal of Peace Research, 39(5), 615–637.

Gloppen, S. (2005). Roads to reconciliation: a conceptual framework. In E. Skaar, S. Gloppen, & A. Suhrke (Eds.), Roads to Reconciliation (pp. 17–50). Lanham, MD: Lexington Books.

Göç İdaresi (2015). Geçici Korumanın Unsurları [Temporary Protection Components]. Retrieved from http://www.goc.gov.tr/icerik6/gecici-koru man in-un sur lari _409 _558 _10 95_icerik.

Göç İdaresi (2016). 2016 Tükiye Göç Raporu [2016 Turkey Migration Report]. Retrieved from http://www.goc.gov.tr/files/files/2016_goc_raporu_.pdf.

Goetz, A. M., & Jenkins, R. (2015). Agency and accountability: promoting women’s participation in peacebuilding. Feminist Economics, 22(1), 211–236.

Golan, M. (1976). The Secret Conversations of Henry Kissinger. New York: Bantam.Goldenberg, I., & Smith, J. (2017, March 7). U.S.–Russia competition in the

Middle East is back. Foreign Policy. Retrieved from http://foreignpolicy.com/2017/03/07/u-s-russia-competition-in-the-middle-east-is-back/.

Goldstone, J. A., Bates, R. H., Epstein, D. L., Gurr, T. R., Lustig, M. B., Marshall, M. G., & Woodward, M. (2010). A global model for forecasting political instability. American Journal of Political Science, 54(1), 190–208.

Grant, R. W., & Keohane, R. O. (2005). Accountability and abuses of power in world politics. American Political Science Review, 99(1), 29–43.

Greenwood, L., & Baker, M. C. (2015). Is the balance getting better? An update on the issue of gender diversity in international arbitration. Arbitration International, 31(3), 413–423.

Greig, J. M. (2001). Moments of opportunity: recognizing conditions of ripeness for international mediation between enduring rivals. Journal of Conflict Resolution, 45(6), 691–718.

Greig, J. M. (2005). Stepping into the fray: when do mediators mediate? American Journal of Political Science, 49(2), 249–266.

Greig, J. M., & Diehl, P. F. (2005). The peacekeeping–peacemaking dilemma. International Studies Quarterly, 49(4), 621–645.

Greig, J. M., & Diehl, P. F. (2006). Softening up: making conflicts more amenable to diplomacy. International Interactions, 32(4), 355–384.

Greig, J. M., & Diehl, P. F. (2012). International Mediation. Cambridge: Polity Press.Greig, M., & Regan, P. (2008). When do they say yes? An analysis of the willingness

to offer and accept mediation in civil wars. International Studies Quarterly, 52(4), 759–781.

Ground Truth Solutions (2017). Refugee, Asylum-Seeker, Migrant Survey Turkey. Retrieved from http://groundtruthsolutions.org/our-work/countries/turkey/.



via free access


Guehenno, J.-M. (2015). The Fog of Peace: A Memoir of International Peacekeeping in the 21st Century. Washington, DC: Brookings Institution Press.

Güney, Ü., & Konak, N. (2016). Bolu’da Suriyeli ve Iraklı Sığınmacılar: Milliyetçilik, Erillik ve Vatandaşlık Temelinde Öteki Algısı [Syrian and Iraqi refugees in Bolu: Other perceptions on the basis of nationalism, masculinity and citizenship]. Alternatif Politika, 8(3), 505–535.

Gurr, T. R. (1990). Ethnic warfare and the changing priorities of global security. Mediterranean Quarterly, 1(1), 82–98.

Gurses, M., Rost, N., & McLeod, P. (2008). Mediating civil war settlements and the duration of peace. International Interactions, 34(2), 129–155.

Hamid, S. (2017, January 19). Obama’s good intentions in the Middle East meant nothing. Foreign Policy. Retrieved from http://foreignpolicy.com/2017/01/19/obamas-good-intentions-in-the-middle-east-meant-nothing/.

Hamilton, K., Brahmbhatt, M., & Liu, J. (2017). Multiple Benefits from Climate Change Mitigation: Assessing the Evidence. London: Grantham Research Institute on Climate Change and the Environment.

Hampson, F. O. (1996). Nurturing Peace: Why Peace Settlements Succeed or Fail. Washington, DC: United States Institute of Peace.

Hampson, F. O., & Troitskiy, M. (Eds.) (2017). Tug of War: Negotiating Security in Central Asia. Waterloo, Canada: Centre for International Governance Innovation.

Hanlon, J. (Ed.) (2016). Mozambique News Reports and Clippings. Retrieved from http://www.open.ac.uk/tech nology/mozambique/sites/www.open.ac.uk.technology.mozam bique/files/files/Mozambique_332-21July2016_Mediation-begins.pdf.

Hansen, L., & Nissenbaum, H. (2009). Digital disaster, cyber security, and the Copenhagen School. International Studies Quarterly, 53(4), 1155–1175.

Hara, F. (1999). Burundi: a case of parallel diplomacy. In C. A. Crocker, F. O. Hampson, & P. Aall (Eds.), Herding Cats: Multiparty Mediation in a Complex World (pp. 139–158). Washington, DC: United States Institute of Peace.

Harbom, L., Högbladh, S., & Wallensteen, P. (2006). Armed conflict and peace agree-ments. Journal of Peace Research, 43(5), 614–631.

Harbom, L., Melander, E., & Wallensteen, P. (2008). Dyadic dimensions of armed conflict, 1946–2007. Journal of Peace Research, 45(5), 697–710.

Hare, P. J. (1999). Angola: the Lusaka peace process. In C. A. Crocker, F. O. Hampson, & P. Aall (Eds.), Herding Cats: Multiparty Mediation in a Complex World (pp. 643–662). Washington, DC: United States Institute of Peace.

Harrell-Bond, B. (1986). Imposing Aid: Emergency Assistance to Refugees. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Hartzell, C. A. (1999). Explaining the stability of negotiated settlements to intrastate wars. Journal of Conflict Resolution, 43(1), 3–22.

Hartzell, C., & Hoddie, M. (2003). Institutionalizing peace: power sharing and post-civil war conflict management. American Journal of Political Science, 47(2), 318–332.

Haspeslagh, S. (2013). “Listing terrorists”: the impact of proscription on third-party efforts to engage armed groups in peace processes – a practitioner’s perspective. Critical Studies on Terrorism, 6(1), 189–208.

Hegre, H., Hultman, L., & Nygård, H. M. (2011). Simulating the effect of peacekeeping operations 2010–2035. In J. Salerno, S. J. Yang, D. Nau, & S. K. Chai (Eds.), Social



via free access

References 389

Computing, Behavioral-Cultural Modeling and Prediction (pp. 325–332). SBP 2011. Lecture Notes in Computer Science, vol. 6589. Berlin: Springer.

Henriksen, D. (2013). NATO’s Gamble: Combining Diplomacy and Airpower in the Kosovo Crisis, 1998–1999. Annapolis, MD: Naval Institute Press.

Hepburn, C., & Ward, J. (2011). Self-interested low-carbon growth in G-20 emerging markets. Global Journal of Emerging Market Economies, 3(2), 195–222.

Heras, N. (2017). Gray Zones in the Middle East. Washington, DC: Center for New American Security. Retrieved from https://www.cnas.org/publications/reports/gray-zones-in-the-middle-east.

Herbolzheimer, K. (2015). The Peace Process in Mindanao, the Philippines: Evolution and Lessons Learned. Oslo: Norwegian Peacebuilding Resource Centre.

Herbolzheimer, K. (2016). Innovations in the Colombian Peace Process. Oslo: Norwegian Peacebuilding Resource Centre.

Hewitt, J. J. (2012). The peace and conflict instability ledger: ranking states on future risks. In J. J. Hewitt, J. Wilkenfeld, & T. R. Gurr (Eds.), Peace and Conflict 2012 (pp. 5–24). Boulder, CO: Paradigm Publishers.

Hill, S. M. (2005). United Nations Disarmament Processes in Intra-State Conflict. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.

Hinnenbusch, R., & Zartman, I. W. (2016). UN Mediation in the Syrian Crisis: From Kofi Annan to Lakhdar Brahimi. New York: International Peace Institute.

Hoffman, E. (2010). The Mediator’s Handbook for Durable Peace. Retrieved from http://www.ciian.org/assets/forms/durablepeacehandbook.pdf.

Hoffman, E. (2014). An Analysis of the Negotiations between the Government of Myanmar and the Kachin Independence Organization. Retrieved from http://www.arts.canterbury.ac.nz/bercovitch/docs/hoffman.pdf.

Hoffman, E., & Bercovitch, J. (2011). Examining structural components of peace agree-ments and their durability. Conflict Resolution Quarterly, 28, 399–426.

Hoffman, F. (2016). The contemporary spectrum of conflict: protracted, gray zone, ambig-uous, and hybrid modes of war. In 2016 Index of U.S. Military Strength. Retrieved from http://index.heritage.org/military/2016/essays/contemporary-spectrum-of-conflict/.

Hoffman, M., & Hofmann, M. O. (2018). Challenges and opportunities in gray zone “combat”. In M. Hoffman (Ed.), Advances in Cross-Cultural Decision Making: Proceedings of the AHFE 2017 International Conference on Cross-Cultural Decision Making (pp. 156–166). Los Angeles, CA: Springer.

Hofstede, G. (1980). Culture and organizations. International Studies of Management and Organization, 10(4), 15–41.

Högbladh, S. (2011). Peace Agreements 1975–2011 – Updating the UCDP Peace Agreement Dataset (States in Armed Conflict No. 99). Uppsala University, Department of Peace and Conflict Research.

Högbladh, S. (2012). Peace Agreement Dataset Codebook (Version 2.0). Uppsala University, Department of Peace and Conflict Research.

Högbladh, S., Peterson, T., & Themnér, L. (2011). External Support in Armed Conflict 1975–2009: Presenting New Data. Presented at the 52nd Annual International Studies Association Convention, Montreal, Canada.

Höglund, K., & Svensson, I. (2009). Mediating between tigers and lions: Norwegian peace diplomacy in Sri Lanka’s civil war. Contemporary South Asia, 17(2), 175–191.



via free access


Holsti, O. R. (1989). Crisis decision making. In P. E. Tetlock, J. L. Husbands, R. Jervis, P. C. Stern, & C. Tilly (Eds.), Behavior, Society and Nuclear War (Vol. 1). Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Holzinger, K., & Knill, C. (2005). Causes and conditions of cross-national convergence. Journal of European Public Policy, 12(5), 775–796.

Hopmann, P. T. (1995). Two paradigms of negotiation: bargaining and problem solving. Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, 542(1), 24–47.

Hopmann, P. T. (1996). The Negotiation Process and the Resolution of International Conflicts. Columbia, SC: University of South Carolina Press.

Hopmann, P. T. (2001). Bargaining and problem solving: two perspectives on interna-tional negotiation. In C. Crocker, F. Hampson, & P. Aall (Eds.), Turbulent Peace: The Challenges of Managing International Conflict (pp. 445–468). Washington, DC: United States Institute of Peace.

Hopmann, P. T. (forthcoming). When is “enough” enough? Settling for suboptimal agreement. In I. W. Zartman (Ed.), How Negotiations End: Negotiators’ Behavior in the Endgame. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Howard, L. M., & Stark, A. (2018). How civil wars end: the international system, norms, and the role of external actors. International Security, 42(3), 127–171.

Huang, R. (2016). Rebel diplomacy in civil war. International Security, 40(4), 89–126.Huber, K. (2004). The HDC in Aceh: Promises and Pitfalls of NGO Mediation and

Implementation. Washington, DC: East-West Center.Hufbauer, G. C., Schott, J. J., & Elliot, K. A. (1990). Economic Sanctions Reconsidered

(2nd Ed.). Washington, DC: Institute for International Economics.Hultman, L. (2013). UN peace operations and protection of civilians: cheap talk or norm

implementation? Journal of Peace Research, 50(1), 59–73.Hultman, L., Kathman, J., & Shannon, M. (2013). United Nations peacekeeping

and civilian protection in civil war. American Journal of Political Science, 57(4), 875–891.

Hultman, L., Kathman, J., & Shannon, M. (2014). Beyond keeping peace: United Nations effectiveness in the midst of fighting. American Political Science Review, 108(4), 737–753.

Hultman, L., & Muvumba Sellström, A. (2017). Mediating Atrocities: How Diplomatic Interventions Shape Rebel Behavior (Working Paper). Uppsala University.

Hume, C. (1994). Ending Mozambique’s Civil War: The Role of Mediation and Good Office. Washington, DC: United States Institute of Peace.

Hunt, L. (2013, November 13). Cambodia cheers ICJ ruling on Preah Vihear. The Diplomat. Retrieved from https://thediplomat.com/2013/11/cambodia-cheers-icj-rul ing-on-preah-vihear/.

Huth, P. K., Croco, S. E., & Appel, B. J. (2011). Does international law promote the peace-ful settlement of international disputes? Evidence from the study of territorial conflicts since 1945. American Political Science Review, 105(2), 415–436.

ICISS (2001). The Responsibility to Protect. Ottawa: International Commission on Intervention and State Sovereignty.

İdiz, S. (2015, May 20). Attacks on Syrians in Turkey increasing. Al Monitor. Retrieved from https://www.al-monitor.com/pulse/originals/2015/05/turkey-attack-on-syrians-in-country-on-the-rise.html.



via free access

References 391

Iji, T. (2017). The UN as an international mediator: from the post–cold war era to the twenty-first century. Global Governance: A Review of Multilateralism and International Organizations, 23(1), 83–100.

Ikle, F. C. (1971). Every War Must End. New York: Columbia University Press.Informnapalm (2016, September 17). Russian military intervention in Ukraine:

Overview, evidence, map. Retrieved from https://informnapalm.org/en/russian -mil itary-intervention-ukraine-overview-evidence-map/.

Inkster, N. (2016). Information warfare and the US presidential election. Survival, 58(5), 23–32.

Inman, M., Kishi, R., Wilkenfeld, J., Gelfand, M., & Salmon, E. (2014). Cultural influ-ence on mediation in international crises. Journal of Conflict Resolution, 58(4), 685–712.

International Crisis Group (2013). A Tentative Peace in Myanmar’s Kachin Conflict (Asia Briefing No. 140). Yangon/Jakarta/Brussels: International Crisis Group. Retrieved from https://www.crisisgroup.org/asia/south-east-asia/myanmar/tenta tive- p e ace-myanmar-s-kachin-conflict.

International Crisis Group (2015). Mali: An Imposed Peace? (Africa Report No. 226). Brussels: International Crisis Group.

International Crisis Group (2017a). Central Asia’s Silk Road Rivalries (Report No. 245). Brussels: International Crisis Group. Retrieved from https://www.crisisgroup.org/europe-central-asia/central-asia/245-central-asias-silk -road-rivalries.

International Crisis Group (2017b). Islam et Politique Au Mali: Entre Réalité et Fiction (Africa Report No. 249). Brussels: International Crisis Group. Retrieved from https://d2071andvip0wj.cloudfront.net/249-islam-et-politique-au-mali-entre-realite-et-fiction.pdf.

Jackson, E. (1952). Meeting of Minds: A Way to Peace through Mediation. New York: McGraw-Hill.

Jakobsen, P. V. (2012). Nordic Approaches to Peace Operations: A New Model in the Making. London: Routledge.

James, C., & Sluga, G. (2015). Women, Diplomacy and International Politics since 1500. London: Routledge.

Jenne, E. K., & Popovic, M. (2017). Managing internationalized civil wars. In Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Politics. Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780190228637.013.573.

Jenne, N. (2017). The Thai–Cambodian border dispute: an agency-centered perspective on the management of interstate conflict. Contemporary Southeast Asia, 39(2), 315–347.

Jerusalem Post (2017, December 6). Kurdistan region’s diplomacy with Baghdad pays off in Paris. Retrieved from http://www.jpost.com/Middle-East/Kurdis tan -Regions-diplomacy-with-Baghdad-pays-off-in-Paris-517149.

Jervis, R. (1976). Perception and Misperception in International Politics. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.

Jo, H. (2015). Compliant Rebels: Rebel Groups and International Law in World Politics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Jo, H., & Simmons, B. A. (2016). Can the International Criminal Court deter atrocity? International Organization, 70(3), 443–475.

Joint Strategy Review (2015). Not at Peace and Not at War: An Exploration of “Gray Conflicts.” Joint Strategy Review Study.



via free access


Jubilut, L. L. (2017, November 6). Refugees are victims of the crisis, not the creators. World Economic Forum. Retrieved from https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2017/11/the-refugee-crisis-or-a-crisis-for-refugees.

Kaag, J., & Kreps, S. (2012). Pragmatism’s contributions to international relations. Cambridge Review of International Affairs, 25(2), 191–208.

Kahneman, D., & Frederick, S. (2002). Representativeness revisited: attribute substitution in intuitive judgment. In T. Gilovich, D. Kahneman, & D. Griffin (Eds.), Heuristics and Biases: The Psychology of Intuitive Judgment (pp. 49–81). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Kahneman, D., Slovic, P., & Tversky, A. (Eds.) (1982). Judgement under Uncertainty: Heuristics and Biases. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Kahneman, D., & Tversky, A. (1979). Prospect theory: an analysis of decision under risk. Econometrica, 47(2), 263–291.

Kalyvas, S. N. (2003). The ontology of “political violence”: action and identity in civil wars. Perspectives on Politics, 1(3), 475–494.

Kamrava, M. (2013). Qatar: Small State, Big Politics. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.

Kandogan, Y. (2012). An improvement to Kogut and Singh measure of cultural distance considering the relationship among different dimensions of culture. Research in International Business and Finance, 26(2), 196–203.

Karakus, D. C., & Svensson, I. (2017). Between the bombs: exploring partial ceasefires in the Syrian Civil War, 2011–2017. Terrorism and Political Violence. Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.1080/09546553.2017.1393416.

Karim, S., & Beardsley, K. (2017). Equal Opportunity Peacekeeping: Women, Peace, and Security in Post-Conflict States. New York: Oxford University Press.

Karpyak, O. (2014, August 6). Will the volunteer battalions become the core of the new army [Станут ли добровольческие батальоны ядром новой Армии]. BBC. Retrieved from http://www.bbc.com/ukrainian/ukraine.

Kathman, J. (2010). Civil war contagion and neighboring interventions. International Studies Quarterly, 54(4), 989–1012.

Kathman, J. D. (2011). Civil war diffusion and regional motivations for intervention. Journal of Conflict Resolution, 55(6), 847–876.

Kaufmann, C. (1996). Possible and impossible solutions to ethnic civil wars. International Security, 20(4), 136–175.

Kello, L. (2013). The meaning of the cyber revolution: perils to theory and statecraft. International Security, 38(2), 7–40.

Kelman, H. C. (1996). Negotiation as interactive problem solving. International Negotiation, 1(1), 99–123.

Kelman, H. C. (2007). The Israeli–Palestinian peace process and its vicissitudes: insights from attitude theory. American Psychologist, 62(4), 287–303.

Kemp, L. (2016a). Bypassing the “ratification straitjacket”: reviewing US legal participa-tion in a climate agreement. Climate Policy, 16(8), 1011–1028.

Kemp, L. (2016b). Framework for the future? Exploring the possibility of majority voting in the climate negotiations. International Environmental Agreements: Politics, Law and Economics, 16(5), 757–779.

Kemp, L. (2017a). Better out than in. Nature Climate Change, 7, 458–460.



via free access

References 393

Kemp, L. (2017b). US-proofing the Paris climate agreement. Climate Policy, 17(1), 86–101.

Kennedy, J., & Riga, L. (2013). A liberal route from homogeneity? US policymakers and the liberalization of ethnic nationalists in Bosnia’s Dayton Accords. Nationalism and Ethnic Politics, 19(2), 163–186.

Kennedy, R. (1969). Thirteen Days: A Memoir of the Cuban Missile Crisis. New York: W. W. Norton.

Keynoush, B. (2016). Saudi Arabia and Iran: Friends or Foes? New York: Palgrave Macmillan.

Khadiagala, G. M. (2017). Whither peacebuilding? A reflection on post-conflict African experiences. International Journal of African Renaissance Studies, 12(1), 91–106.

Kiel, C. (2014). Private Diplomats, Mediation Professionals, and Peace Activists: Can Non-governmental Actors Bring Peace to Civil Wars? New Orleans, LA: University of New Orleans.

Kirschner, S. A., & Stein, J. V. (2009). The pieces of peacemaking: understanding imple-mentation of civil war settlements. Civil Wars? 11(3), 279–301.

Kıvılcım, Z. (2016). Legal violence against Syrian female refugees in Turkey. Feminist Legal Studies, 24(2), 193–214.

Kleiboer, M. (1996). Understanding success and failure of international mediation. Journal of Conflict Resolution, 40(2), 360–389.

Kleiboer, M. (2002). Great power mediation: using leverage to make peace. In J. Bercovitch (Ed.), Studies in International Mediation: Essays in Honor of Jeffrey Z. Rubin (pp. 127–140). New York: Palgrave Macmillan.

Kolb, D. M. (2009). Too bad for the women or does it have to be? Gender and negotiation research over the past twenty-five years. Negotiation Journal, 25(4), 515–531.

Koremenos, B., Lipson, C., & Snidal, D. (2001). The rational design of international institutions. International Organization, 55(4), 761–799.

Krain, M. (2005). International intervention and the severity of genocides and politicides. International Studies Quarterly, 49(2), 363–387.

Kratochwil, F.V. (1989). Rules, norms, and decisions. On the conditions of practical and legal reasoning in international relations and domestic affairs. VRÜ Constitution and Law Overseas, 23(1), 87–89.

Krause, J., Krause, W., & Bränfors, P. (2018). Women’s participation in peace negotiations and the durability of peace. International Interactions 44(6), 985–1016.

Kress, M., & Szechtman, R. (2009). Why defeating insurgents is hard. Operations Research, 57(3), 578–585.

Kreutz, J. (2010). How and when armed conflicts end: introducing the UCDP Conflict Termination dataset. Journal of Peace Research, 47(2), 243–250.

Kreutz, J., & Brosché, J. (2013). A responsibility to talk: mediation and violence against civilians. Canadian Foreign Policy Journal, 19(1), 26–38.

Kulik, C. T., & Olekalns, M. (2011). Negotiating the gender divide: lessons from the negotiation and organizational behavior literatures. Journal of Management, 38(4), 1387–1415.

Kumbun, J. (2017, October 12). Nationwide ceasefire agreement is a forlorn hope.



via free access


The Irrawaddy. Retrieved from https://www.irrawaddy.com/opinion/guest-column/nationwide-ceasefire-agreement-forlorn-hope.html.

Kurban, D., Yükseker, D., Çelik, A. B., Ünalan, T., & Aker, A. T. (2006). Confronting Forced Migration: Restitution of Citizenship Rights after Forced Migration. Istanbul: TESEV.

Kurlantzick, J. (2018, January 19). The Rakhine state crisis – and Myanmar’s other severe problems. Council on Foreign Relations. Retrieved from https://www.cfr.org/blog/rakhine-state-crisis-and-myanmars-other-severe-problems.

Kydd, A. (2000). Trust, reassurance, and cooperation. International Organization, 54(2), 325–357.

Kydd, A. (2003). Which side are you on? Bias, credibility, and mediation. American Journal of Political Science, 47(4), 597–611.

Kydd, A. (2006). When can mediators build trust? American Political Science Review, 100(3), 449–462.

Kydd, A. (2010). Rationalist approaches to conflict prevention and resolution. Annual Review of Political Science, 13(1), 101–121.

Kydd, A. H., & Strauss, S. (2013). The road to hell? Third-party intervention to prevent atrocities. American Journal of Political Science, 57(3), 673–684.

Laidi, Z. (1990). The Superpowers and Africa: The Constraints of a Rivalry, 1960–1990. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.

Lanz, D., & Gasser, R. (2013). A Crowded Field: Competition and Coordination in International Peace Mediation (Mediation Arguments No.2). Hatfield, South Africa: Centre for Mediation in Africa.

Lanz, D., Sguaitamatti, D., & Siegfried, M. (2009). Towards Realizing the Strengths and Mitigating the Challenges of NGO Mediators. Zurich: Center for Security Studies, ETH Zurich and Bern: Swisspeace.

Lapaev, Y. (2018, February 8). “Who is fighting against us in Donbas?” [Хто воюэ проти нас на Донбасі?]. Tyzhden. Retrieved from http://tyzhden.ua/Society/209169.

Larson, D. W. (2015). Misperception, overconfidence, and communication failure between rising and status-quo states. In C. A. Crocker, P. Aall, & F. O. Hampson (Eds.), Managing Conflict in a World Adrift (pp. 255–268). Washington, DC: United States Institute of Peace.

Laub, Z. (2017). Who’s Who in Syria’s Civil War. Council on Foreign Relations. Retrieved from https://www.cfr.org/backgrounder/whos-who-syrias-civil-war.

Lawson, S. (2013). Beyond cyber-doom: assessing the limits of hypothetical scenarios in the framing of cyber-threats. Journal of Information Technology and Politics, 10(1), 86–103.

Lax, D. A., & Sebenius, J. K. (1991). Thinking coalitionally: party arithmetic, process opportunism, and strategic sequencing. In H. P. Young (Ed.), Negotiation Analysis (pp. 153–193). Ann Arbor, MI: University of Michigan Press.

Lax, D. A., & Sebenius, J. K. (2006). 3-D Negotiation: Powerful Tools to Change the Game in Your Most Important Deals. Cambridge, MA: Harvard Business Press.

Le Monde (2018, February 12). Au Mali, le premier ministre promet de sécuriser le centre du pays [In Mali, the prime minister promises to secure the center of the country]. Retrieved from http://www.lemonde.fr/afri que/article/2018/02/12/au-mali-le-premier-ministre-promet-de-securiser-le-centre-du-pays_5255478_3212.html.



via free access

References 395

Leander, A., & Waever, O. (Eds.) (2018). Assembling Exclusive Expertise: Knowledge, Ignorance and Conflict Resolution in the Global South. New York: Routledge.

LeBaron, M. (2003). Bridging Cultural Conflicts: A New Approach for a Changing World. New York: John Wiley and Sons.

Lecocq, J. S. (2002). That Desert Is Our Country: Tuareg Rebellions and Competing Nationalisms in Contemporary Mali (1946–1996) (Ph.D. dissertation). University of Amsterdam.

Lee, C., & Strang, D. (2006). The international diffusion of public sector downsizing: net-work emulation and theory-driven learning. International Organization, 60(4), 883–909.

Leed, M. (2015). Square pegs, round holes, and gray zone conflicts: time to step back. Georgetown Journal of International Affairs, 16(2), 133–143.

Lektzian, D., & Souva, M. (2007). An institutional theory of sanctions onset and success. Journal of Conflict Resolution, 51(6), 848–871.

Leng, R. J., & Regan, P. M. (2003). Social and political cultural effects on the outcomes of mediation in militarized interstate dispute. International Studies Quarterly, 47(3), 431–452.

Leon, B. (2015, March 22). UN envoy says Libya talks will continue despite clashes. Al-Jazeera. Retrieved from http://www.aljazeera.com/news/2015/03/envoy-libya-talks-continue-clashes-150322185325299.html.

Levkowitz, J. (2015). Picking up the Pieces: Mediation Strategies in Fragmented Conflicts (Mediation Arguments No. 9). Hatfield, South Africa: Centre for Mediation in Africa.

Levy, J. S., & Thompson, W. R. (2010). Causes of War. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley and Sons.

Licklider, R. (1995). The consequences of negotiated settlements in civil wars, 1945–1993. American Political Science Review, 89(3), 681–690.

Lie, T. G., Binningsbo, H. M., & Gates, S. (2006). Post-Conflict Justice and Sustainable Peace. Presented at the PAC Workshop, Nicosia, Cyprus.

liga News (2014, June 16). In the Donbas, ATO forces are opposed by 15–20 thousand militants – Parubiy [В Донбассе силам АТО противостоят 15–20 тысяч боевиков – Парубий]. Retrieved from http://news.liga.net/news/politics/2165694v_donbasse_nak hodyatsya_15_20_tysyach_boevikov_parubiy.htm.

Lim, R. G., & Carnevale, P. J. (1990). Contingencies in the mediation of disputes. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 58(2), 259–272.

Lindblom, C. E. (1959). The science of “muddling through.” Public Administration Review, 19, 79–88.

Lindsay, J. R. (2013). Stuxnet and the limits of cyber warfare. Security Studies, 22(3), 365–404.

Lintner, B. (2017, May 22). Peace process in pieces in Myanmar. Asia Times. Retrieved from http://www.atimes.com/article/peace-process-pieces-myanmar/.

Lipson, C. (1984). International cooperation in economic and security affairs. World Politics, 37(1), 1–23.

Lode, K. (2002). Mali’s peace process: context, analysis and evaluation. In C. Barnes (Ed.), Accord 13: Owning the Process – Public Participation in Peacemaking (pp. 56–63). London: Conciliation Resources.

Londoño Lázaro, M. C. (2003). The effectiveness of international mediation. The current debate. International Law: Revista Colombiana de Derecho Internacional, 2(1), 319–341.



via free access


Lundgren, M., & Svensson, I. (2014). Leanings and dealings: Exploring bias and trade leverage in civil war mediation by international organizations. International Negotiation, 19(2), 315–342.

Lutz, E. L., Babbitt, E., & Hannum, H. (2003). Human rights and conflict resolution from the practitioners’ perspectives. Fletcher Forum of World Affairs, 27(1), 173–193.

Lynch, M. (2015, September/October). Obama and the Middle East: Rightsizing the U.S. role. Foreign Affairs. Retrieved from https://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/middle-east/obama-and-middle-east.

Mabon, S. (2013). Saudi Arabia and Iran: Power and Rivalry in the Middle East. London: I. B. Taurus.

MacGinty, R. (2008). Indigenous peace-making versus the liberal peace. Cooperation and Conflict, 43(2), 139–163.

Mackreath, H., & Sağdıç, H. G. (2017). Türkiye’de Sivil Toplum ve Suriyeli Mülteciler. Istanbul: Yurttaşlık Derneği.

MacLeod, L. A. H. (2007). Constructing Peace: Lessons from UN Peacebuilding Operations in El Salvador and Cambodia. Lanham, MD: Lexington Books.

Madon, S., & Sahay, S. (2002). An information-based model of NGO mediation for the empowerment of slum dwellers in Bangalore. Information Society, 18, 13–19.

Malejacq, R. (2017). From rebel to quasi-state: governance, diplomacy and legitimacy in the midst of Afghanistan’s wars. Small Wars and Insurgencies, 26, 4–5.

Mandell, B. S., & Tomlin, B. W. (1991). Mediation in the development of norms to manage conflict: Kissinger in the Middle East, Journal of Peace Research, 28(1), 43–55.

Maness, R. C., Valeriano, B., & Jensen, B. (2017). Coding Manual for v1.1 of the Dyadic Cyber Incident and Dispute Dataset, 2000–2014. Unpublished manuscript. Retrieved from https://drryanmaness.wixsite.com/cyberconflcit/cyber-conflict-dataset.

Manzo, V. (2012). Deterrence and escalation in cross-domain operations. JFQ: Joint Force Quarterly, 66, 8–14.

Maoz, Z., & Terris, L. G. (2006). Credibility and strategy in international mediation. International Interactions, 32(4), 409–440.

Marcus, J. (2014, August 28). Ukraine crisis: T-72 tank shoots hole in Russian denial. BBC News. Retrieved from http://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-28961080.

Marinov, N. (2005). Do economic sanctions destabilize country leaders? American Journal of Political Science, 49(3), 564–576.

Marshall, M. G., & Cole, B. R. (2011). Global Report 2011: Conflict, Governance and State Fragility. Vienna, VA: Center for Systemic Peace. Retrieved from http://www.systemicpeace.org/vlibrary/GlobalReport2011.pdf.

Marshall, M. G., & Cole, B. R. (2014). Global Report 2014: Conflict, Governance and State Fragility. Vienna, VA: Center for Systemic Peace. Retrieved from http://www.systemicpeace.org/vlibrary/GlobalReport2014.pdf.

Marshall, M. G., & Elzinga-Marshall, G. (2017). Global Report 2017: Conflict, Governance and State Fragility. Vienna, VA: Center for Systemic Peace. Retrieved from http://www.systemicpeace.org/vlibrary/GlobalReport2017.pdf.

Marshall, M. G., Gurr, T. R., & Jaggers, K. (2017). Polity IV Project: Political Regime Characteristics and Transitions, 1800–2016. Vienna, VA: Center for Systemic Peace. Retrieved from http://www.systemicpeace.org/inscrdata.html.



via free access

References 397

Martin, H. (2006). Kings of Peace, Pawns of War: The Untold Story of Peace-Making. New York: Continuum Books.

Mason, S. (2009). Insider Mediators: Exploring Their Key Role in Informal Peace Processes. Retrieved from https://www.berghof-foundation.org/fileadmin/redaktion/Publications/Other_Resources/MED_Insider_Mediators.pdf.

Mason, T. D., & Fett, P. J. (1996). How civil wars end: a rational choice approach. Journal of Conflict Resolution, 40(4), 546–568.

Mason, T. D., Gurses, M., Brandt, P. T., & Quinn, J. M. (2005). When and Why Civil Wars Recur: Conditions for a Durable Peace after Civil Wars? Unpublished paper. University of North Texas.

Mason, T. D., Gurses, M., Brandt, P. T., & Quinn, J. M. (2011). When civil wars recur: conditions for durable peace after civil wars. International Studies Perspectives, 12(2), 171–189.

Massé, C. (2018). Au Mali, triple assaut français près de la frontière algérienne. Libération. Retrieved from http://www.liberation.fr/planete/2018/02/16/au-mali-tr ip le-assaut-francais-pres-de-la-frontiere-algerienne_1630358.

Massey, S. (2006). Multi-party mediation in the Guinea-Bissau civil war. In O. Furley & R. May (Eds.), Ending Africa’s Wars: Progressing to Peace (pp. 83–98). Aldershot: Ashgate Publishing.

Mattes, M. (2012). Reputation and alliance design. International Organizations, 66(4), 679–707.

Mattes, M., & Savun, B. (2009). Fostering peace after civil war: commitment problems and agreement design. International Studies Quarterly, 53(3), 737–759.

Mazarr, M. J. (2015a, December 22). Struggle in the gray zone and world order. War on the Rocks. Retrieved from http://warontherocks.com/2015/12/struggle-in-the-gray- zone-and-world-order/.

Mazarr, M. J. (2015b). Mastering the Gray Zone: Understanding a Changing Era of Conflict. Advancing Strategic Thought. Carlisle Barracks, PA: United States Army War College Press. Retrieved from https://ssi.armywarcol lege.edu/pdffiles/PUB1303. pdf.

McDermott, R. (2002). Experimental methods in political science. Annual Review of Political Science, 5(1), 31–61.

Meier, P. (2014). Crowdsourcing to map conflict, crises, and humanitarian responses. In D. A. Backer, J. Wilkenfeld, & P. K. Huth (Eds.), Peace and Conflict 2014 (pp. 122–140). Boulder, CO: Paradigm Publishers.

Melander, E., Pettersson, T., & Themnér, L. (2016). Organized violence, 1989–2015. Journal of Peace Research, 53(5), 727–742.

Melin, M. M. (2011). The impact of state relationships on if, when, and how conflict management occurs. International Studies Quarterly, 55(3), 691–715.

Melin, M. M. (2013). When states mediate. Penn State Journal of Law and International Affairs, 2(1), 78–90.

Melin, M. M. (2015). Escalation in international conflict management: a foreign policy perspective. Conflict Management and Peace Science, 32(1), 28–49.

Melin, M. M., Gartner, S. S., & Bercovitch, J. (2013). Fear of rejection: the puzzle of unaccepted mediation offers in international conflict. Conflict Management and Peace Science, 30(4), 354–368.



via free access


Melin, M. M., & Svensson, I. (2009). Incentives for talking: accepting mediation in international and civil wars. International Interactions, 35(3), 249–271.

Mendeloff, D. (2018). Punish or persuade? The compellence logic of International Criminal Court intervention in cases of ongoing civilian violence. International Studies Review, 20(3), 395–421.

Menninga, E. J. (2015). Multiparty Mediation: Identifying Characteristics of the Mediation Dream Team (Dissertation). University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill Graduate School.

Menninga, E., & Reid, L. (n.d.). Mediation and Context-Specific Peace Agreements (Working Paper).

Mercer, J. (1996). Reputation and International Politics. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.

Meseguer, C. (2005). Policy learning, policy diffusion, and the making of a new order. Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, 598(1), 67–82.

Middle East Review (1999). Cyrus Review. Middle East Review. World of Information.Miller, G. J. (2005). The political evolution of principal–agent models. Annual Review of

Political Science, 8, 203–225.Mills, G., & McNamee, T. (2009). Mission improbable: international interventions, the

United Nations, and the challenge of conflict resolution. In B. D. Schaefer (Ed.), ConUNdrum: The Limits of the United Nations and the Search for Alternatives (pp. 57–93). Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield.

Minorities at Risk Project (2009). Minorities at Risk Chronologies. College Park, MD: Center for International Development and Conflict Management. Retrieved from http://www.mar.umd.edu/chronology.asp?groupId=9 302.

Mitchell, C. R. (1988). The motives of mediation. In C. R. Mitchell & K. Webb (Eds.), New Approaches to International Mediation (pp. 34–46). New York: Greenwood Press.

Mitchell, C. R. (1993). External peace-making initiatives and intra-national conflict. In M. I. Midlarsky (Ed.), The Internationalization of Communal Strife (3rd Ed., Vol. 35, pp. 274–296). London: Routledge.

Mitchell, C. R. (1995). Asymmetry and strategies of regional conflict reduction. In I. W. Zartman & V. A. Kremenyuk (Eds.), Cooperative Security: Reducing Third World Wars (pp. 25–58). New York: Syracuse University Press.

Mitchell, S. M., & Hensel, P. R. (2007). International institutions and compliance with agreements. American Journal of Political Science, 51(4), 721–737.

Mitchell, S. M., & Owsiak, A. P. (2017). The International Court of Justice. In R. M. Howard & K. A. Randazzo (Eds.), Handbook of Judicial Behavior (pp. 445–466). New York: Routledge.

Mnookin, R. H., & Kornhauser, L. (1979). Bargaining in the shadow of the law: the case of divorce. Yale Law Journal, 88(5), 950–997.

Mohamed, A. A. et al. (2016). Examining our differences. In People’s Knowledge Editorial Collective (Eds.), People’s Knowledge and Participatory Action Research: Escaping the White-Walled Labyrinth (pp. 33–43). Rugby, UK: Practical Action Publishing.

Möller, F., DeRouen Jr., K., Wallesteen, P., & Bercovitch, J. (2007). The limits of peace: third parties in civil wars in Southeast Asia, 1993–2004. Negotiation Journal, 23, 373–391.



via free access

References 399

Moore, C. W. (2014). The Mediation Process: Practical Strategies for Resolving Conflict. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley and Sons.

Morgan, T. C. (1994). Untying the Knot of War: A Bargaining Theory of International Crises. Ann Arbor, MI: University of Michigan Press.

Morgan, T. C., & Schwebach, V. L. (1997). Fools suffer gladly: the use of economic sanc-tions in international crises. International Studies Quarterly, 41(1), 27–50.

Moxnes, E., & Van der Heijden, E. (2003). The effect of leadership in a public bad experi-ment. Journal of Conflict Resolution, 47(6), 773–795.

Mukomel, V. (2017, May 4). Migration of Ukrainians to Russia in 2014–2015. E-International Relations. Retrieved from http://www.e-ir.info/2017/05/04/migra tion -of -ukrainians-to-russia-in-2014-2015/.

Nagel, R. (2017). Talking with the Shameless? Sexual Violence and Conflict Management in Civil War (Working Paper).

Nanda, V. P. (2013). The future under international law of the responsibility to protect after Libya and Syria. Michigan State University College of Law International Law Review, 21(1), 1–42.

Nash, J. (1950). The bargaining problem. Econometrica, 18(2), 155–162.Nash, J. (1953). Two-person cooperative games. Econometrica, 21(1), 128–140.Nathan, L. (1999). When push comes to shove: the failure of international mediation in

African civil wars. Track Two, 8(2), 1–23.Nathan, L. (2008). The challenge of local ownership of SSR: from donor rhetoric to

practice. In T. Donais (Ed.), Local Ownership and Security Sector Reform (pp. 19–35). Zurich: LIT Verlag.

Neary, L. (Interviewer), & Mitchell, G. (Interviewee). (2008, April 6). Northern Ireland’s Good Friday Accord, 10 Years On. National Public Radio (NPR). Retrieved from https://www.npr.org/ templates/story/story.php?storyId=89418366.

Nelken, M. L. (2005). The myth of the gladiator and law students’ negotiation styles. Cardozo Journal of Conflict Resolution, 7(1), 1–26.

Nets-Zehngut, R., & Bar-Tal, D. (2007). The intractable Israeli–Palestinian conflict and possible pathways to peace. In J. Kuriansky (Ed.), Beyond Bullets and Bombs: Grassroots Peacebuilding between Israelis and Palestinians (pp. 3–14). Westport, CT: Praeger Publishers.

New York Times (2015, September 30). Who is fighting whom in Syria. Retrieved from https://www.nytimes.com/2015/10/01/world/middleeast/the-syria-conflicts-overlapp i n g -a gendas-and-competing-visions.html.

Oberg, M., Moller, F., & Wallensteen, P. (2009). Early conflict prevention in ethnic crises, 1990–1998: a new dataset. Conflict Management and Peace Science, 26(1), 67–91.

Oberthür, S., & Groen, L. (2017). The European Union and the Paris Agreement: leader, mediator, or bystander? Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Climate Change, 8, 1–8.

Office of the Director of National Intelligence (2017). Background to “Assessing Russian Activities and Intentions in Recent US Elections”: The Analytic Process and Cyber Incident Attribution. Retrieved from https://www.dni.gov/files/documents/ICA_2017_01.pdf.

Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights (2015). Report on the Human Rights Situation in Ukraine 01 December 2014 to 15 February 2015. Retrieved from http://www.ohchr.org/Documents/Countries/UA/9thOHCHRreportUkraine.pdf.



via free access


Ohlson, T. (2008). Understanding causes of war and peace. European Journal of International Relations, 14(1), 133–160.

Olearchyk, R. (2014, April 15). Ukraine’s oligarchs accused of double dealing over separatism. Financial Times. Retrieved from https://www.ft.com/con tent/ 76d548 cc-c4 a9-11e3-b2fb-00144feabdc0.

Olekalns, M., & Kulik. C. (2009). Sugar “n” Spice and All Things Nice: Gender and Strategy Choices in Negotiation. Unpublished paper. Retrieved from http://works.bepress.com/mara_olekalns/8/.

Olson Lounsbery, M., & DeRouen Jr., K. (2016). The viability of civil war peace agree-ments. Civil Wars, 18(3), 311–337.

Olsson, L., & Gizelis, T. I. (Eds.) (2015). Gender, Peace and Security: Implementing UN Security Council Resolution 1325. New York: Routledge.

OnePlusOne Ukraine (2014). Courageous hearts. Heroes of the Maidan [Храбрые сердца. Герои Майдана]. Retrieved from https://1plus1.ua/ru/horobri-sercya/video/hrabrye-serdca-geroi-majdana.

Onuf, N. (2013). Making Sense, Making Worlds: Constructivism in Social Theory and International Relations. London: Routledge

O’Reilly, M., Suilleabhain, A. O., & Paffenholz, T. (2015). Reimagining Peacemaking: Women’s Role in Peace Processes. New York: International Peace Institute.

OSCE (2018). Special Monitoring Mission to Ukraine. Retrieved from http://www.osce.org/special-monitoring-m ission-to-ukraine.

Ott, M. C. (1972). Mediation as a method of conflict resolution: two cases. International Organization, 26(4), 595–618.

Owen, M. (2017, July 7). Rojava as home to over two million IDP. Peace in Kurdistan. Retrieved from https://peaceinkurdistancampaign.com/2017/07/07/rojava-as-home- to-over-two-million-idps/.

Owsiak, A. P. (2014). Conflict management trajectories in militarized interstate disputes: a conceptual framework and theoretical foundations. International Studies Review, 16(1), 50–78.

Owsiak, A. P., & Frazier, D. V. (2014). The conflict management efforts of allies in interstate disputes. Foreign Policy Analysis, 10(3), 243–264.

Özpınar, E., Çilingir, Y. S., & Düşündere, A. T. (2016). Syrians in Turkey: Unemployment and Social Cohesion. Ankara: Economic Policy Research Foundation of Turkey.

Paffenholz, T. (2014). Civil society and peace negotiations: beyond the inclusion–exclu-sion dichotomy. Negotiation Journal, 30(1), 69–91.

Paffenholz, T. (2015). Civil society and conflict management. In C. A. Crocker, F. O. Hampson, & P. Aall (Eds.), Managing Conflict in a World Adrift (pp. 345–360). Washington, DC: United States Institute of Peace and Waterloo, Canada: Centre for International Governance Innovation.

Paffenholz, T. (2018). Women in peace negotiations. In K. Aggestam & E. Towns (Eds.), Gendering Diplomacy and International Negotiation (pp. 169–191). Cham: Palgrave Macmillan.

Paffenholz, T., Ross, N., Dixon, S., Schluchter, A., & True, J. (2016). Making Women Count – Not Just Counting Women: Assessing Women’s Inclusion and Influence on Peace Negotiations. Geneva: Inclusive Peace & Transition Initiative (The Graduate Institute of International and Development Studies) and UN Women.



via free access

References 401

Paffenholz, T., & Spurk, C. (2006). Civil Society, Civic Engagement, and Peacebuilding (Social Development Papers No. 36). Retrieved from http://siteresources.worldbank.org/INTCPR/Resources/WP36_web.pdf.

Pahlavi, P. (2017). Grey zone strategies. In J. Poborsa & F. Dawood (Eds.), Canadian Defence at 150 and Beyond (pp. 40–43). Toronto: The NATO Association of Canada.

Paor, R. D. (2017). Climate change and arbitration: annex time before there won’t be a next time. Journal of International Dispute Settlement, 8(1), 179–215.

Pape, R. A. (1997). Why economic sanctions do not work. International Security, 22(2), 90–136.

Paris, R. (2004). At War’s End: Building Peace after Civil Conflict. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Parlevliet, M. (2018). The transformative potential of human rights in conflict resolution. In P. Drumond & C. F. Julio (Eds.), Human Rights and Conflict Resolution: Bridging the Theoretical and Practical Divide (pp. 18–40). New York: Routledge.

Peace Accords Matrix (2017). Northern Ireland Good Friday Agreement. Kroc Institute for International Peace Studies, University of Notre Dame. Retrieved from https://peaceac cords.nd.edu/accord/northern-ireland-go od-friday-agreement.

Pearson, C. M., & Clair, J. A. (1998). Reframing crisis management. Academy of Management Review, 23(1), 59–76.

Pew Research Center (2009). Survey of Ukrainians. Retrieved from http://www.pewglobal.org/2009/11/02/end-of-communism-chee red-but-now-with-more-reservations/.

Philips, T., Holmes, O., & Bowcott, O. (2016, July 12). Beijing rejects tribunal’s ruling in South China Sea case. The Guardian. Retrieved from https://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/jul/12/philippines-wins-south-china-sea -case-against-china.

Phillimore, J. (2011). Refugees, acculturation strategies, stress and integration. Journal of Social Policy, 40, 575–593.

Pinfari, M. (2011). Time to agree: is time pressure good for peace negotiations? Journal of Conflict Resolution, 55(5), 683–709.

Pomerantsev, P. (2015, December 29). Fighting while friending: the gray war advantage of ISIS, Russia, and China. Defense One. Retrieved from http://www.def e n se one.com/ id eas/2015/12/fighting-while-friending-gray-war-adv antage-isis-russia-and-china/124787/.

Pospieszna, P., & DeRouen Jr., K. (2017). Civil war mediation and rebel use of violence against civilians. Armed Forces and Society, 43(3), 500–522.

Potter, E. H. (2002). Cyber Diplomacy: Managing Foreign Policy in the Twenty-First Century. Montreal: McGill-Queen’s University Press.

Pouliot, V., & Cornut, J. (2015). Practice theory and the study of diplomacy: a research agenda. Cooperation and Conflict, 50(3), 297–315.

Press, D. G. (2005). Calculating Credibility: How Leaders Assess Military Threats. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.

Princen, T. (1992). Intermediaries in International Conflict. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.

Pruitt, D. G. (2000). The tactics of third-party intervention. Orbis, 44(2), 245–254.Pruitt, D. G. (2002). Mediator behavior and success in mediation. In J. Bercovitch (Ed.),

Studies in International Mediation: Essays in Honor of Jeffrey Z. Rubin (pp. 41–54). New York: Palgrave Macmillan.



via free access


Pruitt, D. G. (2005). Whither Ripeness Theory (Working Paper No. 25). George Mason University: Institute for Conflict Analysis and Resolution.

Pruitt, D. G., & Johnson, D. F. (1970). Mediation as an aid to face saving in negotiation. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 14(3), 239–246.

Pruitt, D. G., & Kim, S. H. (2004). Social Conflict: Escalation, Stalemate, and Settlement (3rd Ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill.

Pruitt, D. G., & Olczak, P. V. (1995). Beyond hope: approaches to resolving seemingly intractable conflict. In B. B. Bunker & J. Z. Rubin (Eds.), Conflict, Cooperation, and Justice: Essays Inspired by the Work of Morton Deutsch (pp. 59–92). San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass.

Putnam, R. D. (1988). Diplomacy and domestic politics: the logic of two-level games. International Organization, 42(3), 427–460.

Quandt, W. B. (1986). Camp David: Peacemaking and Politics. Washington, DC: Brookings Institution Press.

Quandt, W. B., & Armacost, M. H. (2001). Peace Process: American Diplomacy and the Arab–Israeli Armed Conflict since 1987. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.

Quinlivan, J. T. (2003). Burden of victory: the painful arithmetic of stability operations. RAND Review, 2(27), 28–29.

Quinn, D., Wilkenfeld, J., Eralp, P., Asal, V., & McLauchlin, T. (2013). Crisis managers but not conflict resolvers: mediating ethnic intrastate conflict in Africa. Conflict Management and Peace Science, 30(4), 387–406.

Quinn, D., Wilkenfeld, J., Smarick, K., & Asal, V. (2006). Power play: mediation in symmetric and asymmetric international crises. International Interactions, 32(4), 441–470.

Raiffa, H. (1982). The Art and Science of Negotiation. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.

Raiffa, H. (1995). Analytical barriers. In K. Arrow, R. H. Mnookin, L. Ross, A. Tversky, & R. Wilson (Eds.), Barriers to Conflict Resolution (pp. 132–148). New York: W. W. Norton.

Rajamani, L. (2016). Ambition and differentiation in the 2015 Paris Agreement: interpretative possibilities and underlying politics. International and Comparative Law Quarterly, 65(2), 493–514.

Raleigh, C., & Dowd, C. (2017). Armed Conflict Location and Event Data Project (ACLED) Codebook 2017. Retrieved from https://www.acleddata.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/01/ACLED_Codebook_2017.pdf.

Ralston, S. (2011). Pragmatism in international relations theory and research. Eidos, 14, 72–105.

Ramirez, S. L. (2018). Mediation in the shadow of an audience: how third parties use secrecy and agenda-setting to broker settlements. Journal of Theoretical Politics, 30(1), 119–146.

Ramsbotham, O. (2017). When Conflict Resolution Fails. Cambridge: Polity.Rapoport, A. (1960). Fights, Games, and Debates. Ann Arbor, MI: University of Michigan

Press.Rashid, S. (2017). Preventive diplomacy, mediation and the responsibility to protect

in Libya: a missed opportunity for Canada? In D. Carment & E. Hoffman (Eds.), International Mediation in a Fragile World (pp. 32–45). New York: Routledge.



via free access

References 403

Rauchhaus, R. W. (2006). Asymmetric information, mediation, and conflict management. World Politics, 58(2), 207–241.

Raymond, G. (1994). Democracies, disputes, and third-party intermediaries. Journal of Conflict Resolution, 38(1), 24–42.

RBC (2016). Biden told about secret actions in the US in response to Russian cyberat-tacks [Байден рассказал о тайных действиях в США в ответ на «кибератаки России]. Retrieved from https://www.rbc.ru/rbcfreenews/586f28ab9a79475842b721cf.

Regan, P. M. (2002). Civil Wars and Foreign Powers: Outside Intervention in Intrastate Conflict. Ann Arbor, MI: University of Michigan Press.

Regan, P. M. (2010). Interventions into civil wars: a retrospective survey with prospective ideas. Civil Wars, 12(4), 456–476.

Regan, P. M. & Aydin, A. (2006). Diplomacy and other forms of intervention in civil wars. Journal of Conflict Resolution, 50(5), 736–756.

Regan, P. M., Frank, R. W., & Aydin, A. (2009). Diplomatic interventions and civil war: a new dataset. Journal of Peace Research, 46(1), 135–146.

Regan, P. M., & Rodwan, M. A. (2002). Interventions and civil conflicts. World Affairs, 165(1), 42–54.

Regan, P. M., & Stam, A. C. (2000). In the nick of time: conflict management, mediation timing, and the duration of interstate disputes. International Studies Quarterly, 44(2), 239–260.

Regnier, P. (2011). The emerging concept of humanitarian diplomacy: identification of a community of practice and prospects for international recognition. International Review of the Red Cross, 93(884), 1211–1237.

Reid, L. (2017). Finding a peace that lasts: mediator leverage and the durable resolution of civil wars. Journal of Conflict Resolution, 61(7), 1401–1431.

Rettberg, A., & Nasi, C. (forthcoming). Negotiations in Colombia with the FARC. In I. W. Zartman (Ed.), How Negotiations End: Negotiators’ Behavior in the Endgame. New York: Cambridge University Press.

Reuters (1998, December 29). EU talks seen behind Cyprus missiles move.Reuters (2010). UPDATE 1 – Morocco, Polisario still at odds on W. Sahara – UN.Reuters (2018, January 13). Islamic State affiliate claims deadly attack on U.S.

troops in Niger. Retrieved from https://www.reuters.com/article/us-niger-security/islamic-state-affiliate-claims-deadly-attack-on-u-s-troops-in-niger-idUSKBN1F20L3.

RFI (2018, January 25). Mali: L’ONU hausse le ton contre Bamako. [Mali: UN raises the tone against Bamako]. Retrieved from http://www.rfi.fr/afriq ue/20 180 125-mali-onu-hausse-le-ton-contre-bamako.

Richmond, O. (1998). Devious objectives and the disputants’ view of international media-tion: a theoretical framework. Journal of Peace Research, 35(6), 707–722.

Rid, T. (2013). Cyber War Will Not Take Place. New York: Oxford University Press.Roberts, J., Quinn, D., & Beardsley, K. (2017). ICB Non-state Actors. Retrieved from

https://sites.duke.edu/icbdata/data-collections/.Romita, P. (2011). The UN Security Council and Conflict Prevention: A Primer. New York:

International Peace Institute. Retrieved from http://www.ipinst.org/wp-content/uploads/publications/e_pub_conflictprevention_oct 2011.pdf.

Ron, J., Ramos, H., & Rodgers, K. (2005). Transnational information politics: NGO human rights reporting, 1986–2000. International Studies Quarterly, 49(3), 557–587.



via free access


Roser, M. (2016). War and Peace. Retrieved from https://ourworldindata.org/war-and-peace/.

Ross, D. (2007). Statecraft: How to Restore America’s Standing in the World. New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux.

Ross, M. H. (2007). Cultural Contestation in Ethnic Conflict. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Rothchild, D. (1997). Managing Ethnic Conflict in Africa: Pressures and Incentives for Cooperation. Washington, DC: Brookings Institution Press.

Rowlands, D., & Carment, D. (1998). Moral hazard and conflict intervention. In M. Wolfson (Ed.), The Political Economy of War and Peace (pp. 267–286). London: Kluwer.

Rubin, J. Z. (1980). Experimental research on third-party intervention in conflict: toward some generalizations. Psychological Bulletin, 87(2), 379–391.

Rubin, J. Z. (1992). International mediation in context. In J. Bercovitch & J. Z. Rubin (Eds.), Mediation in International Relations: Multiple Approaches to Conflict Management (pp. 249–272). New York: St. Martin’s Press.

Russett, B., Oneal, J. R., & Davis, D. R. (1998). The third leg of the Kantian tripod for peace: international organizations and militarized disputes, 1950–85. International Organization, 52(3), 441–467.

Rygiel, K., Baban, F., & Ilcan, S. (2016). The Syrian refugee crisis: the EU–Turkey “deal” and temporary protection. Global Social Policy, 16(3), 315–320.

Sambanis, N. (2000). Partition as a solution to ethnic war: an empirical critique of the theoretical literature. World Politics, 52(4), 437–483.

Sambanis, N., & Schulhofer-Wohl, J. (2009). What’s in a line? Is partition a solution to civil war? International Security, 34(2), 82–118.

Samuels, B. (2018). DHS cyber chief: Russia “successfully penetrated” some state voter rolls. The Hill. Retrieved from http://thehill.com/policy/cybersecurity/372 816-russia-successfully-penetrated-voter-rolls-in-some-states-report.

Sarkees, M. R. (2000). The Correlates of War data on war: an update to 1997. Conflict Management and Peace Science, 18(1), 123–144.

Sartori, A. E. (2005). Deterrence by Diplomacy. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.Sasse, G. (2017, November 6). What is the public mood like in Crimea? Carnegie Europe.

Retrieved from http://carnegieeurope.eu/strategiceurope/74635.Saunders, H. H. (1985). We need a larger theory of negotiation: the importance of pre-

negotiating phases. Negotiation Journal, 1(3), 249–262.Saunders, H. H. (1996). Prenegotiation and circum-negotiation: arenas of the peace

process. In C. Crocker, F. Hampson, & P. Aall (Eds.), Managing Global Chaos (pp. 419–432). Washington, DC: United States Institute of Peace.

Saunders, H. H. (1999). A Public Peace Process. New York: St. Martin’s Press.Saunders, H. H. (2009). Dialogue as a process for transforming relationships. In

J. Bercowitz, V. Kremenyuk, & I. W. Zartman (Eds.), SAGE Handbook of Conflict Resolution (pp. 376–391). London: SAGE Publications.

Savun, B. (2008). Information, bias, and mediation success. International Studies Quarterly, 52(1), 25–47.

Schelling, T. (1960). The Strategy of Conflict. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.Schelling, T. (1966). Arms and Influence. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.



via free access

References 405

Schmidt, H. (2005). When (and Why) Do Brokers Have to Be Honest? Impartiality and the Effectiveness of Third-Party Support for Negotiated Civil War Settlements, 1945–1999. Paper presented at the 63rd Annual National Conference of the Midwest Political Science Association, Chicago, IL, April 7–10.

Schmidt, S. (2014). Foreign military presence and the changing practice of sovereignty: a pragmatist explanation of norm change. American Political Science Review, 108(4), 817–829.

Schrodt, P. (2012). CAMEO: Conflict and Mediation Event Observations Event and Actor Codebook. Retrieved from http://data.gdeltproject.org/documentation/CAMEO.Manual.1.1b3.pdf.

Schrodt, P. A., & Gerner, D. J. (2004). An event data analysis of third-party mediation in the Middle East and Balkans. Journal of Conflict Resolution, 48(3), 310–330.

Schwartz, B., Ward, A., Monterosso, J., Lyubomirsky, S., White, K., & Lehman, D. R. (2002). Maximizing versus satisficing: happiness is a matter of choice. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 83(5), 1178–1197.

Schweller, R. L. (1994). Bandwagoning for profit: bringing the revisionist state back in. International Security, 19(1), 72–107.

Scobell, A. (2012). Learning to rise peacefully? China and the security dilemma. Journal of Contemporary China, 21(76), 713–721.

Sechser, T. S. (2005). Why Can the U.S. Deter but Not Compel. Presented at the 101st Annual Meeting of the American Political Science Association, Washington, DC.

Sechser, T. S. (2006). The Hegemon’s Curse: Compellent Threats and the Paradox of Power. Presented at the 102nd Annual Meeting of the American Political Science Association, Philadelphia, PA.

Sechser, T. S. (2010). Goliath’s curse: coercive threats and asymmetric power. International Organization, 64(4), 627–660.

Security Council Report (2015). Horizon-Scanning Briefings. Retrieved from http://www.securitycouncilreport.org/un-security-council-working-methods/atf/cf/% 7B65BF CF 9 B- 6D 27-4E9C-8CD3-CF6E4FF96FF9%7D/working_methods_horizon_scanning.pdf.

Şeker, B. D., & Sirkeci, I. (2015). Challenges for refugee children at school in eastern Turkey. Economics and Sociology, 8(4), 122–133.

Sengupta, S. (2015, June 14). UN’s Syria envoy looks to revive talks. New York Times. Retrieved from https://www.nytimes.com/2015/04/15/world/middleeast/uns-syria-env oy-looks-to-revive-talks.html.

SGDD (2017). Göçmen Sağlığı Eğitim Merkezleri [Migrant Health Education Centres]. Retrieved from http://sgdd.org.tr/gocmen-sagligi-egitim-merkezleri/.

Shea, N. (2016). Nongovernment organisations as mediators: making peace in Aceh, Indonesia. Global Change, Peace and Security, 28(2), 177–196.

Sher, G. (2006). The Israeli–Palestinian Peace Negotiations, 1999–2001: Within reach. New York: Routledge.

Shrivastava, B. K., & Agarwal, M. (2003). Politics of intervention and the Bosnia-Herzegovina conflict. International Studies, 40(1), 69–84.

Simmons, B., & Elkins, Z. (2004). The globalization of liberalization: policy diffusion in the international political economy. American Political Science Review, 98(1), 171–189.



via free access


Simon, H. A. (1956). Rational choice and the structure of the environment. Psychological Review, 63(2), 129–138.

Simon, H. A. (1957). Administrative Behavior: A Study of Decision-Making Processes in Administrative Organizations (2nd Ed.). New York: Free Press.

Siniver, A. (2006). Power, impartiality and timing: three hypotheses on third party media-tion in the Middle East. Political Studies, 54(4), 806–826.

Sisk, T. D. (2009). International Mediation in Civil Wars: Bargaining with Bullets. New York: Routledge.

Smith, A., & Stam, A. (2003). Mediation and peacekeeping in a random walk model of civil and interstate war. International Studies Review, 5(4), 115–135.

Smith, J. D. (1994). Mediator impartiality: banishing the Chimera. Journal of Peace Research, 31(4), 445–450.

Solomon, R. (2000). Exiting Indochina: US Leadership of the Cambodia Settlement and Normalization with Vietnam. Washington, DC: United States Institute of Peace.

South, A. (2012). Prospects for Peace in Myanmar: Opportunities and Threats (PRIO Paper). Retrieved from http://file.prio.no/publication_files/prio/South-Prospects-for-Peace-in-Myanmar-PRIO-Paper-2012.pdf.

St. John, T., Behn, D, & Langford, M. (2017). Glass Ceilings and Arbitral Dealings: Explaining the Gender Gap in Investment Arbitration. Paper presented at the Gender on the International Bench, PluriCourts-iCourts Workshop, Oslo, March 23–24.

Stamato, L. (1992). Voice, place, and process: research on gender, negotiation, and conflict negotiation. Mediation Quarterly, 9(4), 375–386.

Starkey, B., Boyer, M. A., & Wilkenfeld, J. (2015). International Negotiation in a Complex World (4th Ed.). Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield.

State Statistics Committee of Ukraine (2001). All-Ukrainian Population Census 2001. Retrieved from http://2001.ukrcensus.gov.ua/eng/results/general/nationality/.

Stedman, S. J. (1997). Spoiler problems in peace processes. International Security, 22(2), 5–53.

Stein, J. G. (2013). Threat perception in international relations. In L. Huddy, D. O. Sears, & J. S. Levy (Eds.), The Oxford Handbook of Political Psychology (2nd Ed., pp. 364–394). New York: Oxford University Press.

Stephens, J. B. (1988). Acceptance of mediation initiatives: a preliminary framework. In C. R. Mitchell & K. Webb (Eds.), New Approaches to International Mediation (pp. 52–73). New York: Greenwood Press.

Stevenson, J. A. (2015). The Influence of Nationalism on Russian Security Policy: The Logics of (Dis)-Order and Terrorism in the Shift from Nation-State to Nation-Civilization. College Park, MD: START. Retrieved from https://www.start.umd.edu/sites/default/files/publications/local_attachments/START_The In fluenceofNationalis monRussianSecurityPolicy_Oct2015.pdf.

Stevenson, J. A., Bragg, B., & Pagano, S. (2017). Violating Normal: How International Norms Transgressions Magnify Gray Zone Challenges (NSI Concept Paper). Arlington, VA: Strategic Multi-layer Assessment (SMA).

Stewart, F. (Ed.) (2008). Horizontal Inequalities and Conflict: Understanding Group Violence in Multiethnic Societies. London: Palgrave MacMillan.

Stinnett, D. M., Tir, J., Schafer, P., Diehl, P. F., & Gochman, C. (2002). The Correlates



via free access

References 407

of War Project Direct Contiguity Data, Version 3. Conflict Management and Peace Science, 19(2), 58–66.

Stuhlmacher, A. F., Gillespie, T. L., & Champagne, M. V. (1998). The impact of time pressure in negotiation: a meta-analysis. International Journal of Conflict Management, 9(2), 97–115.

Svensson, I. (2005). Do Mediators Go Where They Are Needed the Most? Selective Mediators in Internal Armed Conflict. Presented at the American Political Science Association, Washington, DC.

Svensson, I. (2007a). Bargaining, bias and peace brokers: how rebels commit to peace. Journal of Peace Research, 44(2), 177–194.

Svensson, I. (2007b). Mediation with muscles or minds? Exploring power mediators and pure mediators in civil wars. International Negotiation, 12(2), 229–248.

Svensson, I. (2009). Who brings which peace? Biased versus neutral mediation and institutional peace arrangements in civil wars. Journal of Conflict Resolution, 53(3), 446–469.

Svensson, I. (2013). Research on bias in mediation: policy implications. Penn State Journal of Law and International Affairs, 2(1), 17–26.

Svensson, I. (2016). Conflict and peace. In D. Yamane (Ed.), Handbook of Religion and Society (pp. 467–484). Handbooks of Sociology and Social Research. Berlin: Springer.

Svensson, I., & Lindgren, M. (2013). Peace from the inside: exploring the role of the insider-partial mediator. International Interactions, 39(5), 698–722.

Svensson, I., & Wallensteen, P. (2010). The Go-between: Jan Eliasson and the Styles of Mediation. Washington, DC: United States Institute of Peace.

SwissPeace (2016). Perspectives on the Myanmar Peace Process 2011–2015. Retrieved from http://www.swis speace.ch/fileadmin/user_upload/pdf/Media tion/20 16_Myan mar _sw iss peace_EN.pdf.

Szayna, T. S., Watts, S., O’Mahony, A., Frederick, B., & Kavanagh, J. (2017). What Are the Trends in Armed Conflicts, and What Do They Mean for U.S. Defense Policy? Santa Monica, CA: RAND Corporation. Retrieved from https://www.rand.org/pubs/research_reports/RR1904.html.

Taub, A. (2015, March 23). We just got a glimpse of how oligarch-funded militias could bring chaos to Ukraine. Vox. Retrieved from https://www.vox.com/2015/3/23/8279397/kolomoisky-oligarch-ukraine-militia.

Taulbee, J., Kelleher, A., & Grosvenor, P. (2014). Norway’s Peace Policy: Soft Power in a Turbulent World. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.

Terris, L. G., & Maoz, Z. (2005). Rational mediation: a theory and a test. Journal of Peace Research, 42(5), 563–583.

Themnér, L., & Wallensteen, P. (2013). Armed conflict, 1946–2012. Journal of Peace Research, 50(4), 509–521.

Thomas, J. (2014). Rewarding bad behavior: how governments respond to terrorism in civil war. American Journal of Political Science, 58(4), 804–818.

Thompson, A. (2006). Coercion through IOs: The Security Council and the logic of information transmission. International Organization, 60(1), 1–34.

Thornton, P. (1985). The Indo-Pakistani conflict: Soviet mediation in Tashkent. In S. Touval & I. W. Zartman (Eds.), International Mediation in Theory and Practice (pp. 141–171). Boulder, CO: Westview Press.



via free access


Tillerson, R. (2017, November 29). The Cyber Diplomacy Act of 2017: Giving cyber the importance it needs at the State Department. Lawfareblog.com. Retrieved from https://www.lawfareblog.com/cyber-diplo macy-act-20 17-giv ing-cy ber-imp orta nce-i t- n e eds-state-department.

Ting-Toomey, S., & Oetzel, J. (2001). Managing Intercultural Conflict Effectively (Vol. 6). Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE Publications.

Tir, J., Shafer, P., Diehl, P., & Goertz, G. (1998). Territorial change, 1816–2008: Procedures and data. Conflict Management and Peace Science, 61(1), 89–97.

Toft, M. D. (2002). Indivisible territory, geographic concentration, and ethnic war. Security Studies, 12(2), 82–119.

Toft, M. D. (2007). Getting religion? The puzzling case of Islam and civil war. International Security, 31(4), 97–131.

Tomz, M. (2007). Reputation and International Cooperation. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.

Toros, H. (2008). “We don’t negotiate with terrorists!” Legitimacy and complexity in terrorist conflicts. Security Dialogue, 39(4), 407–426.

Touval, S. (1975). Biased intermediaries: theoretical and historical considerations. Jerusalem Journal of International Relations, 1(1), 51–69.

Touval, S. (1982). The Peace Brokers: Mediators in the Arab–Israeli Conflict, 1948–1979. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.

Touval, S. (1989). Multilateral negotiation: an analytic approach. Negotiation Journal, 5(2), 159–173.

Touval, S. (1992). The superpowers as mediators. In J. Bercovitch & J. Z. Rubin (Eds.), Mediation in International Relations (pp. 232–248). New York: St. Martin’s Press.

Touval, S. (1994). Why the UN fails. Foreign Affairs, 73(5), 44–57.Touval, S. (2002). Mediation in the Yugoslav Wars: The Critical Years, 1990–1995.

Basingstoke, UK: Palgrave.Touval, S. (2003). Mediation and foreign policy. International Studies Review, 5(4), 91–95.Touval, S., & Zartman, I. W. (1985). Introduction: mediation in theory. In S. Touval & I.

W. Zartman (Eds.), International Mediation in Theory and Practice (pp. 7–17). Boulder, CO: Westview Press.

Touval, S., & Zartman, I. W. (2001). International mediation in the post-Cold War era. In C. Crocker, F. O. Hampson, & P. Aall (Eds.), Turbulent Peace: The Challenges of Managing International Conflict (pp. 427–443). Washington, DC: United States Institute of Peace.

Trobst, K. K., Collins, R. L., & Embree, J. M. (1994). The role of emotion in social support provision: gender, empathy and expressions of distress. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 11(1), 45–62.

Troitskiy, M. (2017). Negotiating Russia’s status in post-Soviet Eurasia. In M. Troitskiy & F. O. Hampson (Eds.), Tug of War: Negotiating Security in Central Asia (pp. 19–34). Waterloo, Canada: Centre for International Governance Innovation.

Turkish Probe (1999). S-300s – An end to the endless dispute in Cyprus.Tversky, A., & Kahneman, D. (1974). Judgment under uncertainty: heuristics and biases.

Science, 185(4157), 1124–1131.UCDP (2014). UCDP Battle-Related Deaths Dataset v.52014 (Uppsala Conflict Data

Program). Uppsala University. Retrieved from http://www.ucdp.uu.se.



via free access

References 409

UN Department of Public Information (1996). Former Yugoslavia – UNPROFOR. Retrieved from http://www.un.org/Depts/DPKO/Missions/unprof_b.htm.

UN News Center (2016, 19 October). Interview: ‘A surge in the diplomacy for peace would be my priority’ – UN Secretary-General-designate. Retrieved from https://news.un.org/en/story/2016/10/543222-interview-surge-diplomacy-peace-would-be-my-priority-un-secretary-general.

UN News (2017, January 10). At Security Council, UN chief Guterres makes case for new efforts to build and sustain peace. Retrieved from https://news.un.org/en/ story/2017/01/549122-security-council-un-chief-guterres-makes-case-new-efforts-bui ld-and-sustain#.WnTAya6nH3h.

UN Women (2012). Women’s Participation in Peace Negotiations: Connections between Presence and Influence. New York: United Nations Entity for Gender Equality and the Empowerment of Women. Retrieved from https://reliefweb.int/sites/reliefweb.int/files/resources/03AWomenPeaceNeg.pdf.

Unian (2017, November 29). Minsk talks on Donbas: Date for POW swap to be appointed soon. Retrieved from https://www.unian.info/politics/2270439-minsk-talks-on-donbas-date-for-pow-swap-to-be-appointed-soon.html.

United Nations (1992). United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change. Retrieved from https://unfccc.int/resource/docs/convkp/conveng.pdf.

United Nations (1998). Kyoto Protocol to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change. Kyoto, Japan.

United Nations (2003). Completed Peacekeeping Operations: United Nations Observer Group in Central America. Retrieved from http://www.un.org/depts/DPKO/Missions/onuca.htm.

United Nations (2006). UN Resolution 1674. United Nations Security Council S/RES/1624.

United Nations (2012). United Nations: Guidance for Effective Mediation (UN Doc A/66/811). United Nations. Retrieved from https://peacemaker.un.org/sites/peacemaker.un.org/files/GuidanceEffectiveMediation_UNDPA2012%28english%29_0.pdf.

United Nations (2017). UN Security Council, 7918th Meeting on United Nations Peacekeeping Operations: Peacekeeping Operations Review (UN Doc S/PV.7918).

United Nations Development Programme (2012). MDG Country Progress Snapshot: Myanmar. Retrieved from http://mdgs.un.org/unsd/mdg/Resources/Static/Products/Progress2012/Snapshots/MMR.pdf.

United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (2015). Paris Agreement (No. FCCC/CP/20). Paris, France.

United Nations General Assembly (2015, June 16). Comprehensive Review of the Whole Question of Peacekeeping Operations in All Their Aspects. A/70/95-S/2015/446, 33.

United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (2018a, February 22). Amnesty International Report 2017/18 – Ukraine. RefWorld. Retrieved from http://www.refworld.org/docid/5a993840a.html.

United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (2018b). Syrian Regional Refugee Response. Inter-agency Information Sharing Portal. Retrieved from https://data2.unhcr.org/en/situations/syria/location/113.

United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (n.d.). Figures at a Glance. Retrieved from http://www.unhcr.org/figures-at-a-glance.html.



via free access


United Nations Secretary-General (1992). An Agenda for Peace: Preventive Diplomacy, Peacemaking, and Peace-Keeping (UN Doc A/47/277). United Nations. Retrieved from http://www.un-documents.net/a47-277.htm.

United Nations, & World Bank (2018). Pathways for Peace: Inclusive Approaches to Preventing Violent Conflict. Washington, DC: World Bank. Retrieved from https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/handle/10986/28337.

United States Agency for International Development (2005). Fragile States Strategy. Washington, DC: USAID.

Valeriano, B., Jensen, B., & Maness, R. C. (2018). Cyber Strategy: The Evolving Character of Power and Coercion. New York: Oxford University Press.

Valeriano, B., & Maness, R. (2014). The dynamics of cyber conflict between rival antago-nists, 2001–11. Journal of Peace Research, 51(3), 347–360.

Valeriano, B., & Maness, R. (2015). Cyber War versus Cyber Realities: Cyber Conflict in the International System. New York: Oxford University Press.

Van Evera, S. (2001). Causes of War: Power and the Roots of Conflict. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.

Van Metre, L., Gienger, V. G., & Kuehnast, K. (2015). The Ukraine–Russia Conflict: Signals and Scenarios for the Broader Region (Special Report 366). Washington, DC: United States Institute of Peace.

Villellas, M., Urrutia, P., Villellas, A., & Fisas, V. (2016). Gender in EU Conflict Prevention and Peacebuilding Policy and Practice. WOSCAP Enhancing EU Peacebuilding Capabilities. Retrieved from http://www.woscap.eu/documents/131298403/13 1553554/Scoping+Study+-+Gender.pdf/ebda2ef3-ac44-4555-b721-ec159246b f4d.

Vinnychuk, I., & Ziukov, S. (2013). Shadow economy in Ukraine: modelling and analysis. Business Systems and Economics, 3(2), 141–152.

Voeten, E. (2001). Outside options and the logic of Security Council action. American Political Science Review, 95(4), 845–858.

Voeten, E. (2005). The political origins of the UN Security Council’s ability to legitimize the use of force. International Organization, 59(3), 527–557.

von Feigenblatt, O. E. (2009). Human security and the responsibility to protect: a holistic approach to dealing with violent conflict in Southeast Asia. Journal of Social Sciences, 11(1), 27–40.

Votel, J. L. (2015), Statement of General Joseph L. Votel, U.S. Army Commander United States Special Operations Command before the House Armed Services Committee Subcommittee on Emerging Threats and Capabilities March 18, 2015. Retrieved from http://docs.house.gov/meetings/AS/AS26/20150318/103157/HMTG-114-AS26-Wstate-VotelUSAJ-20150318.pdf.

Votel, J. L. (2017). Statement of General Joseph L. Votel Commander U.S. Central Command before the House Armed Services Committee on the Posture of U.S. Central Command 15 March 2017. Retrieved from http://docs.house.gov/meetings/AS/AS00/20170329/105692/HHRG-115-AS00-Wstate-VotelJ-20170329.pdf.

Votel, J., Cleveland, C., Connett, C., & Irwin, W. (2016). Unconventional warfare in the gray zone. Joint Forces Quarterly, 8(Q1), 101–109.

Vuković, S. (2011). Strategies and bias in international mediation. Cooperation and Conflict, 46(1), 113–119.



via free access

References 411

Vuković, S. (2014a). International mediation as a distinct form of conflict management. International Journal of Conflict Management, 25(1), 61–80.

Vuković, S. (2014b). Three degrees of success in international mediation. Millennium Journal of International Studies, 42(3), 966–976.

Vuković, S. (2015). International Multiparty Mediation and Conflict Management: Challenges of Cooperation and Coordination. London: Routledge.

Vuković, S. (forthcoming). Mediating closure: driving toward mutually enticing opportu-nities (MEOs). In I. W. Zartman (Ed.), How Negotiations End: Negotiators’ Behavior in the Endgame. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Vuong, Q. H. (1989). Likelihood ratio tests for model selection and non-nested hypoth-eses. Econometrica, 57(2), 307–333.

Wade, F. (2017, June 7). Aung San Suu Kyi had a plan to bring peace to Myanmar. But convincing others hasn’t been so easy. Time. Retrieved from http://time.com/4805031/myanmar-burma-suu-kyi-peace-process/.

Walker, S., & Salem, H. (2014, March 1). Russian parliament approves troop deployment in Ukraine. The Guardian. Retrieved from https://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/mar/02/russia-parliament-approves-military -ukraine-vladimir-putin.

Wall Jr., J. A., & Callister, R. R. (1995). Conflict and its management. Journal of Management, 21(3), 515–558.

Wall Jr., J., & Druckman, D. (2003). Mediation in peacekeeping missions. Journal of Conflict Resolution, 47(5), 693–705.

Wall Jr., J. A., Druckman, D., & Diehl, P. F. (2002). Mediation by international peacekeep-ers. In J. Bercovitch (Ed.), Studies in International Mediation: Essays in Honor of Jeffrey Z. Rubin (pp. 141–164). New York: Palgrave.

Wallensteen, P., DeRouen Jr., K., Bercovitch, J., & Moller, F. (2009). Democracy and mediation in territorial civil wars in Southeast Asia and the South Pacific. Asia Europe Journal, 7(2), 241–264.

Wallensteen, P., & Svensson, I. (2014). Talking peace: international mediation in armed conflicts. Journal of Peace Research, 51(2), 315–327.

Walter, B. F. (2002). Committing to Peace: The Successful Settlement of Civil Wars. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.

Walter, B. F. (2003). Explaining the intractability of territorial conflict. International Studies Review, 5(4), 137–153.

Walter, B. F. (2006). Building reputation: why governments fight some separatists but not others. American Journal of Political Science, 50(2), 313–330.

Walter, B. F. (2009a). Bargaining failures and civil war. Annual Review of Political Science, 12(1), 243–261.

Walter, B. F. (2009b). Reputation and Civil War: Why Separatist Conflicts Are So Violent. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Walter, B. F. (2013). Civil wars, conflict resolution, and bargaining theory. In W. Carlsnaes, T. Risse, & B. M. Simmons (Eds.), Handbook of International Relations (pp. 656–672). Los Angeles, CA: SAGE Publications.

Walter, B. F., & Synder, J. (1999). Civil Wars, Insecurity, and Intervention. New York: Columbia University Press.

Walton, R. E., & McKersie, R. B. (1965). A Behavioral Theory of Labor Negotiations: An Analysis of a Social Interaction System. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.



via free access


Watkins, M. (1998). Building momentum in negotiations: time-related costs and action-forcing events. Negotiation Journal, 14(3), 241–256.

Watson, C. A. (2010). Combatant Commands: Origins, Structure, and Engagements. ABC-CLIO.

Wehr, P. (1979). Conflict Regulation. Boulder, CO: Westview.Wehr, P., & Lederach, J. P. (1991). Mediating conflict in Central America. Journal of Peace

Research, 28(1), 85–98.Weingarten, H. R., & Douvan, E. (1985). Male and female vision of mediation.

Negotiation Journal, 1(4), 349–358.Weiss, T. G. (1999). Sanctions as a foreign policy tool: weighing humanitarian impulses.

Journal of Peace Research, 36(5), 499–509.Weiss, T. G. (2010). Halting atrocities in Kenya. In Great Decisions. New York: Foreign

Policy Association. Retrieved from http://www.globalr2p.org/media/files/kenya-fpa-weiss.pdf.

Werner, S., & Yuen, A. (2005). Making and keeping peace. International Organization, 59(2), 261–292.

West, J. J., Smith, S. J., Silva, R. A., Naik, V., Zhang, Y., Adelman, Z., & Lamarque, J.-F. (2013). Co-benefits of global greenhouse gas mitigation for future air quality and human health. Nature Climate Change, 3(10), 885–889.

Weyland, K. (2005). The diffusion of innovations: How cognitive heuristics shaped Bolivia’s pension reform. Comparative Politics, 38(1), 21–42.

White, P. B., Cunningham, D. E., & Beardsley, K. (2018). Where, when, and how does the UN work to prevent civil war in self-determination disputes? Journal of Peace Research, 55(3), 380–394.

Whitlock, C. (2012, June 13). U.S. expands secret intelligence operations in Africa. The Washington Post. Retrieved from https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/national-security/us-expands-secret-intelligence-operations-in-africa/2012/06/13/gJQAHy-vAbV_story.html?utm_term=.43c8434feb5a.

Wiegand, K. E. (2005). Nationalist discourse and domestic incentives to prevent settle-ment of the territorial dispute between Guatemala and Belize. Nationalism and Ethnic Politics, 11(3), 349–383.

Wilkenfeld, J. (2016). Myth and Reality in International Politics: Meeting Global Challenges through Collective Action. London: Routledge.

Wilkenfeld, J., Beardsley, K., & Quinn, D. (2017). Mediating Crises in a Shifting International Environment. Paper presented at the Folke Bernadotte Academy Research Workshop on Mediation for Prevention and Peacemaking, Stockholm.

Wilkenfeld, J., Santmire, T. E., & Frain, C. (1999). The role of mediation in conflict management: conditions for successful resolution. In Z. Maoz, A. Mintz, C. T. Morgan, G. Palmer, & R. J. Stol (Eds.), Multiple Paths to Knowledge in International Relations: Methodology in the Study of Conflict Management and Conflict Resolution (pp. 125–152). Lanham, MD: Lexington Books.

Wilkenfeld, J., Young, K., Asal, V., & Quinn, D. (2003). Mediating international crises: cross-national and experimental perspectives. Journal of Conflict Resolution, 47(3), 279–301.

Wilkenfeld, J., Young, K., Quinn, D., & Asal, V. (2005). Mediating International Crises. London: Routledge.



via free access

References 413

Williams, A. (1993). Negotiations and the end of the Angolan civil war. In D. R. Smock (Ed.), Making War and Waging Peace: Foreign Intervention in Africa (pp. 197–218). Washington, DC: United States Institute of Peace.

Williams, A. (2001). The United Nations and preventive deployment in the Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia. In W. A. Knight (Ed.), Adapting the United Nations to a Postmodern Era (pp. 65–76). New York: Palgrave Macmillan.

Williams, P. R., Ulbrick, J. T., & Worboys, J. (2012). Preventing mass atrocity crimes: the Responsibility to Protect and the Syria crisis. Case Western Reserve Journal of International Law, 45, 1–2.

Wlezien, C. (1995). The public as thermostat: dynamics of preferences for spending. American Journal of Political Science, 39(4), 981–1000.

World Bank (2011). Conflict, Security and Development (World Development Report 2011). Washington, DC: The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development/The World Bank.

World Refugee Council (2018). Transforming the Global Refugee System: Solidarity, Humanity and Accountability. Waterloo, Canada: Centre for International Governance Innovation.

Yamin, F., & Depledge, J. (2004). The International Climate Change Regime: A Guide to Rules, Institutions and Procedures. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Yarhi-Milo, K. (2014). Knowing the Adversary: Leaders, Intelligence, and Assessment of Intentions in International Relations. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.

Yawnghwe, S., & Than, T. (2013). Ceasefires Sans Peace Process in Myanmar: The Shan State Army, 1989–2011 (Asian Security Initiative Policy Series, Working Paper No. 26). Singapore: RSIS Centre for Non-Traditional Security Studies.

Young, O. R. (1967). The Intermediaries: Third Parties in International Crises. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.

Young, O. R. (1972). Intermediaries: additional thoughts on third parties. Journal of Conflict Resolution, 16(1), 51–65.

Zartman, I. W. (Ed.) (1976). The 50% Solution: How to Bargain Successfully with Hijackers, Strikers, Bosses, Oil Magnates, Arabs, Russians, and Other Worthy Opponents in this Modern World. New York: Anchor Press.

Zartman, I. W. (1989). Ripe for Resolution: Conflict and Intervention in Africa. New York: Oxford University Press.

Zartman, I. W. (1993). Internationalization of communal strife: temptations and oppor-tunities of triangulation. In M. I. Midlarky (Ed.), The Internationalization of Communal Strife (pp. 27–43). New York: Routledge.

Zartman, I. W. (1995). Dynamics and constraints in negotiations in internal conflicts. In I. W. Zartman (Ed.), Elusive Peace: Negotiating an End to Civil Wars (pp. 3–29). Washington, DC: Brooking Institution Press.

Zartman, I. W. (1997). Explaining Oslo. International Negotiation, 2(2), 192–215.Zartman, I. W. (2000a). Inter-African negotiations and state renewal. In J. W. Harbeson

& D. Rothchild (Eds.), Africa in World Politics: African State System in Flux (pp. 139–159). Boulder, CO: Westview Press.

Zartman, I. W. (2000b). Mediating conflicts of need, greed, and creed. Orbis, 44(2), 255–267.



via free access


Zartman, I. W. (2000c). Ripeness: the hurting stalemate and beyond. In D. Druckman & P. C. Stern (Eds.), International Conflict Resolution after the Cold War (pp. 225–250). Washington, DC: National Academy Press.

Zartman, I. W. (2001). The timing of peace initiatives: hurting stalemates and ripe moments. Global Review of Ethnopolitics, 1(1), 8–18.

Zartman, I. W. (2002). Mediation by regional organizations: the OAU in Chad and Congo. In J. Bercovitch (Ed.), Studies in International Mediation: Essays in Honor of Jeffrey Z. Rubin (pp. 80–97). New York: Palgrave Macmillan.

Zartman, I. W. (2005). Analyzing intractability. In C. Crocker, F. O. Hampson, & P. Aall (Eds.), Grasping the Nettle: Analyzing Cases of Intractable Conflict (pp. 47–64). Washington, DC: United States Institute of Peace.

Zartman, I. W. (2008). Introduction bias, prenegotiation and leverage in mediation. International Negotiation, 13(3), 305–310.

Zartman, I. W. (2009). Negotiation as a choice of partners. PINPoints (No. 33), 13–16.Zartman, I. W. (2010). Conflict management as cooperation. In I. W. Zartman &

S. Touval (Eds.), International Cooperation: The Extents and Limits of Multilateralism (pp. 161–181). New York: Cambridge University Press.

Zartman, I. W. (2015). Preventing Deadly Conflict. Malden, MA: Polity.Zartman, I. W. (2018). What do you do if they won’t negotiate? Négociations, 28(1), 9–20.Zartman, I. W., Anstey, M., & Meerts, P. (Eds.) (2010). The Slippery Slope to Genocide:

Reducing Ethnic Conflict and Preventing Mass Murder. New York: Oxford University Press.

Zartman, I. W., & Berman, M. R. (1982). The Practical Negotiator. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.

Zartman, I. W., & de Soto, A. (2010). Timing Mediation Initiatives. Washington, DC: United States Institute of Peace.

Zartman, I. W., & Faure, G. O. (Eds.) (2011). Engaging Extremists: Trade-Offs, Timing and Diplomacy. Washington, DC: United States Institute of Peace.

Zartman, I. W., & Touval, S. (1985). International mediation: conflict resolution and power politics. Journal of Social Issues, 41(2), 27–45.

Zartman, I. W., & Touval, S. (1996). International mediation in the post-Cold War era. In C. Crocker, F. O. Hampson, & P. Aall (Eds.), Managing Global Chaos: Sources of and Responses to International Conflict (pp. 463–473). Washington, DC: United States Institute of Peace.

Zartman, I. W., & Touval, S. (2007). International mediation after the Cold War. In C. Crocker, F. Hampson, & P. Aall (Eds.), Leashing the Dogs of War (pp. 437–454). Washington, DC: United States Institute of Peace.

Zinkin, M. (1991). Minorities, immigrants and refugees: the problems of integration. International Relations, 10(3), 267–276.

Zubek, J., Pruitt, D., Peirce, R., McGillicuddy, N., & Syna, H. (1992). Disputant and mediator behaviors affecting short-term success in mediation. Journal of Conflict Resolution, 36(3), 546–572.



via free access

References - Elgaronline

Documents

Transcript of References - Elgaronline