qarTuli ena da literatura XII

qarTuli ena da literatura

XII

maswavleblis wigni

vaxtang rodonaia, nino nakudaSvili,

avTandil arabuli, marine xuciSvili

2012

grifi mieniWa 2012 wels saqarTvelos ganaTlebisa da mecnierebis

saministros ssip ganaTlebis xarisxis ganviTarebis

erovnuli centris mier (brZaneba #375; 18.05.2012)

3

S i n a a r s i

saxelmZRvanelos daniSnuleba da struqtura ............ 4

XII klasis erovnuli saswavlo gegma qarTul enasa da

literaturaSi ...................................................................... 6

saxelmZRvanelos Sesatyvisoba erovnul saswavlo

gegmasTan _ Sinaarsisa da miznebis ruka..................... 23

saswavlo masalis wardgenis fazebi da gakveTilis

dagegmvis zogadi principebi ......................................... 28

sanimuSo gakveTilis scenari ......................................... 30

Sefasebis sistema, formebi, rekomendaciebi

SefasebisaTvis ................................................................... 34

sarekomendacio literaturis sia ................................ 36

danarTi .............................................................................. 39

4

saxelmZRvanelos daniSnuleba da struqtura

XII klasis qarTuli enisa da literaturis

saxelmZRvanelo Seqmnilia axali erovnuli saswavlo

gegmis mixedviT da enisa da literaturis integrirebuli

swavlebisTvisaa gankuTvnili.

XII klasis saxelmZRvanelo VII, VIII, IX, X, XI klasebis

saxelmZRvaneloebis organul gagrZelebas warmoadgens.

amave dros, is swavlebis zeda safexuris (X _ XII kl.) bolo

saxelmZRvaneloa, romelic, avtorTa koncefciis Tanaxmad,

X klasSi dawyebul qarTuli literaturis istoriul kurss

asrulebs. Sesabamisad, saxelmZRvaneloSi warmodgenilia

XX saukunis qarTuli mwerloba.

XII klasis saxelmZRvanelo qarTuli enisa da

literaturis swavlebis im erTiani koncefciis nawilia,

romelic sabazo da saSualo skolis safexurebs

moicavs. kerZod, sabazo safexuris bolo, IX klasis,

saxelmZRvaneloTi dagvirgvinda mizanmimarTuli, anu e.w.

strategiuli, kiTxvis xerxebisa da teqstis mxatvruli

analizis elementebis Seswavlis pirveli etapi, romelic

saskolo ganaTlebis zeda safexurze ufro seriozuli

da rTuli amocanebis dasmis saSualebas iZleva. X

klasidan ki daiwyo qarTuli literaturis istoriuli

kursis Seswavla im unar-Cvevebze dayrdnobiT, romelTa

mizanmimarTul ganviTarebasac uwyobda xels swavlebis

sabazo safexurisaTvis gankuTvnili saxelmZRvaneloebi.

5

saxelmZRvanelos struqtura

saxelmZRvaneloSi warmodgenili literaturuli

masala dayofilia Tavebad qronologiuri da Tematuri

principis mixedviT. TiToeuli Tavi Cafiqrebulia, rogorc

garkveuli pasuxi epoqis mier dasmul kiTxvebze.

saxelmZRvanelo Sedgeba oTxi Tavisagan, esenia:

I Tavi. vemSvidobebiT XIX saukunes

II Tavi. axali epoqa daiwyo

III Tavi. mZafri qartexili da sami arCevani

IV Tavi. gza xsnisa

6

-

-

-

22

rogorc aRvniSneT, XII klasis saxelmZRvaneloSi

Sesulia XX saukunis literatura, Zveli qarTuli

mwerloba da XIX saukunis mwerloba Cven, Sesabamisad, X

da XI klasis saxelmZRvaneloebSi gvaqvs warmodgenili.

23

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XII

. 5

,

8,9

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24

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12

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18

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25

a

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6 a

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9 a

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XII

. 1

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6,

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27

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1 a

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28

saswavlo masalis wardgenis

fazebi da gakveTilis dagegmvis

zogadi principebi

meTodikaSi cnobilia saswavlo masalis wardgenis

Semdegi etapebi anu fazebi:

a. motivacia;

b. sakiTxis dasma, amocanis gansazRvra;

g. ZiriTadi saswavlo masalis damuSaveba;

d. ZiriTadi masalis gacnobis Semdeg (an

paralelurad) Sesasrulebeli savarjiSoebi;

e. damagvirgvinebel etapze Sesasrulebeli

savarjiSoebi;

v. damoukidebeli samuSao.

Cven vcdilobdiT TiToeuli paragrafi swored

am principze agvego, rac naTlad Cans paragrafis

struqturidan. maswavlebelma unda dayos paragrafi

gakveTilis xangrZlivobis Sesatyvis monakveTebad da

gansazRvros TiToeuli konkretuli gakveTilis mizani da

aqtivobebi.

gTavazobT gakveTilis dagegmvis zogad principebs:

gakveTilis dagegmvisas maswavlebelma sami kiTxva unda

dausvas sakuTar Tavs:

1. ra Sedegs veli am gakveTilisgan? anu

ra codna da unar-Cvevebi unda SeiZinon

(ganaviTaron) moswavleebma?

2. rogor unda miviRo sasurveli Sedegi?

3. rogor gavigo, rom Sedegi miviRe?

pasuxi pirvel kiTxvaze aris gakveTilis mizani;

meore kiTxva gakveTilze Sesasrulebeli aqtivobebis

29

dagegmvaSi dagvexmareba; mesame kiTxva ki Sefasebis

formebis gansazRvrisTvis aris saWiro.

amave etapze unda gansazRvros maswavlebelma

dagegmili aqtivobebis gansaxorcieleblad saWiro

aucilebeli pirobebi, anu ra unda icodnen moswavlebma,

rom dasaxuli amocanis Sesruleba SeZlon (sWirdebaT

Tu ara maT winaswar garkveuli sakiTxebis damuSaveba an

informaciis moZieba da sxv.).

sasurvelia, maswavlebelma winaswar gansazRvros

agreTve, ra masala dasWirdeba mas gakveTilis Casatareblad

(wignebi, citatebi, TvalsaCinoeba...).

amis Semdeg ukve SesaZlebelia gakveTilis aRwera.

sanimuSod gTavazobT gakveTilis scenars.

30

gakveTilis gegma

(es Tema gaTvaliswinebulia dawyvilebuli

gakveTilisTvis)

gakveTilis Tema

guram rCeuliSvilis àlaverdobis~ mixedviT

gadaRebuli giorgi Sengelaias filmi da moTxroba

àlaverdoba~.

gakveTilis mizani

teqstis interpretaciis unaris ganviTareba;

msjelobis unaris ganviTareba;

detalebze dakvirvebis unar-Cvevis ganviTareba;

multimediuri teqstis wakiTxvis unaris ganviTareba;

weris unaris ganviTareba.

aqtivobebi

mwerlis saTqmelis amocnoba mxatvrul teqstSi;

filmisa da mxatvruli teqstis Sedareba-

Sepirispireba;

msjelobis tipis teqstis Seqmna .

saWiro resursi

saxelmZRvanelo;

giorgi Sengelaias filmi àlaverdoba~.

Sefasebis forma

maswavleblis dakvirveba moswavleTa aqtivobaze.

ganmaviTarebeli Sefaseba.

31

gakveTilis msvleloba

maswavlebeli saxelmZRvaneloSi mocemuli

kiTxvebis saSualebiT Seajamebs guram rCeuliSvilis

moTxrobas, kidev erTxel gaamaxvilebinebs

moswavleebs yuradRebas mwerlis saTqmelze.

(10 wuTi)

maswavlebeli amcnobs moswavleebs, rom am

moTxrobis mixedviT giorgi Sengelaiam gadaiRo

filmi, romelsac axla erTad naxaven. filmis

dawyebamde maswavlebeli klass aZlevs instruqcias:

yuradRebiT uyuron films, raTa Semdgom imsjelon,

ramdenad moaxerxa reJisorma kinos enis saSualebiT

gadmoeca mwerlis saTqmeli.

(50 wuTi)

filmis dasrulebis Semdeg (detalebze yuradRebis

gamaxvilebamde) maswavlebeli dainteresdeba

filmiT miRebuli STabeWdilebis Sesaxeb. Semdgom

klass hkiTxavs, gauCndaT Tu ara kiTxvebi filmTan

dakavSirebiT.

(5 wuTi)

maswavlebeli detalebze daakvirvebs moswavleebs,

klasi Seecdeba ipovos Semxvedri an gansxvavebuli

detalebi teqstsa da films Soris (sasurvelia,

maswavlebelma saWiro momentebi Tavidan aCvenos

moswavleebs, raTa adekvaturi pasuxebi miiRos,

aseve ganuviTaros maT filmis aRqmisa da detalebze

dakvirvebis unari). maswavlebeli, savaraudod, svams

Semdeg kiTxvebs:

32

1. rogor iwyeba filmi?

2. teqstSi mocemuli `ucnauri gadasvla~ filmis

dasawyisSia gadatanili (01.56-2.07). ratom gadawyvi-

ta amgvarad reJisorma?

3. daakvirdiT, ra detalebia filmSi gamoyenebuli

teqstidan alaverdobis dasawyisis aRweridan.

sad Cans mxolod kadrebi da sad `exmareba~ teqsti

(mTxrobeli) warmodgenilis aRqmas?

4. filmis 14.17-14.36 wuTze biWisa da gogos cekvaa

naCvenebi. moZebneT teqstSi ra aris naTqvami am

cekvaze. rogor aisaxa igi filmSi?

5. filmis me-15 wuTze TviTon gurami Cndeba msxvili

planiT, ras gamoxatavs misi saxe? ipoveT teqstSi

Sesabamisi adgili.

6. 21. 52. _ ratom ukravs gurami taSs umusiko

mocekvaveebs? gaixseneT teqstidan, ra iyo

personaJis mizani?

7. 25.45 _ daakvirdiT musikas. ris molodins qmnis igi?

8. 26. 14-15 _ filmSi Cans gurami msxvili planiT.

mTxrobeli gviambobs: ̀ Zneli xdeba CemTvis yvelafer

amis atana, SeuCerebliv davdivar xalxSi, sxvebiviT

vsvam Rvinos, iqneb maSin mainc davinaxo is raRac,

rasac isini xedaven_ imediani, Cemi aq Camosvlis

gammarTlebeli~.

daakvirdiT, aris Tu ara saWiroeba filmSi am

teqstisa? imsjeleT klasSi.

9. 27.53 _ raze SeiZleba saubrobdnen gurami da

moxuci?

33

10. 32. _ ra mizniT axsna cxeni guramma? aris Tu ara

teqstSi es faqti aRniSnuli?

11. 38.15-39.06._ guramis devnas Tavi daanebes. ra xdeba

taZris ezoSi?

12. 44.40 _ raze migvaniSnebs musika? ra suraTs gasdevs

fonad igi? sevdiania Tu imedismomcemi?

13. rogor fiqrobT, filmma zustad gaimeora mxatvruli

teqsti, Tu reJisorma gansxvavebuli detalebiT

sakuTari saTqmelic gamoxata?

(25 wuTi)

saSinao davaleba

amgvari muSaobis Semdeg, radgan gakveTilze aRar

moeswreba, SesaZlebelia, saSinao davalebad mieceT

msjelobis tipis teqstis dawera, anu werilobiT

upasuxon kiTxvas: rogor gadmosca kinos enam

mwerlis saTqmeli moTxrobaSi.

34

Sefasebis sistema, formebi,

rekomendaciebi

Sefaseba swavla/swavlebis procesis erT-erTi

mniSvnelovani nawilia. saswavlo gegmis mixedviT

dadgenilia ori tipis Sefaseba: ganmaviTarebeli da

ganmsazRvreli.

ganmaviTarebel Sefasebas (romelic Tavis TavSi

moicavs TviTSefasebasac) maswavlebeli iyenebs swavlis

xarisxis gasaumjobeseblad, moswavlis ganviTarebis

uzrunvelsayofad. es swavlebis procesis mimdinareobisas

miRweulis Sefasebaa, magaliTad, raime Temis/teqstis

Seswavlis procesi, saSinao davalebis, proeqtis romelime

etapis an gakveTilze CarTulobis Sefasebaa. amgvari

Sefasebisas moswavle maswavleblisgan iRebs iseT

informacias, romelic mas ganviTarebasa da sakuTari

swavlis gacnobierebaSi exmareba, amdenad, Sefasebis

amgvari forma ufro metad urTierTanamSromlobiTia,

vidre ganmsazRvreli Sefaseba, aqedan gamomdinare,

ganmaviTarebeli Sefasebisas maswavlebeli qulas ar

wers, igi mowafes aZlevs rCvas, rekomedacias, uCvenebs

problemaTa gadaWris gzebs, daafiqrebs sakuTari

azrovnebis procesze da a.S.

TviTSefaseba da urTierTSefaseba moswavleTa

Sefasebis mniSvnelovani komponentia. moswavleebma

SeiZleba Seafason sakuTari Tavica da Tanatolic.

TviTSefaseba mniSvnelovan informacias iZleva imis

Sesaxeb, Tu rogor SeuZlia moswavles Tvali adevnos

sakuTar progress. Sefasebis am formis xSirad gamoyeneba

moswavles sakuTari codnis obieqtur Sefasebas aswavlis

da damoukideblad swavlisa da TviTkritikis unars

35

uviTarebs. igi metad mniSvnelovania maswavleblisTvisac,

romelic met informacias agrovebs mowafeebis Sesaxeb da

ufro metad SeuZlia daexmaros maT.

ganmsazRvreli Sefaseba ki moswavleTa miRwevebsa

da dones gansazRvravs saswavlo gegmasa da saswavlo

miznebTan SesabamisobaSi. ganmsazRvreli Sefaseba Sedegzea

orientirebuli, amdenad qulis dawera savaldebulo

moTxovnaa. ganmsazRvreli Sefasebisas maswavlebeli

iyenebs sxvadasxva Semajamebel aqtivobas: prezentacias,

proeqtis ganxilvas, tests, sakontrolo weras da a.S.

ganmsazRvreli Sefaseba qulis saxiTaa mocemuli, romelic

gansazRvravs mowafis dones, Sesabamisad, mas SeiZleba

ar axldes Sedegebis gasaumjobeseblad komentarebi an

rekomendaciebi.

36

sarekomendacio literatura

maswavleblebisaTvis

1. abulaZe mirian, literaturul mimdinareobaTa

istoriidan meoce saukunis qarTul mwerlobaSi, Tb.,

1977.

2. abramiSvili eliso, niko lorTqifaniZe, Tb., 1977.

3. avaliani lali, daviT kldiaSvilis bednieri Tvali,

Tb., 2005.

4. avaliani lali, ` XX saukunis 10-20-iani wlebis

qarTuli saliteraturo dajgufebebi, kreb.,

qarTuli ena da literatura V, XX saukunis qarTuli

literatura, Tb., 2009.

5. avaliani lali, `paolo iaSvili 1921 wlidan 1937

wlamde~, kreb., qarTuli ena da literatura V, XX

saukunis qarTuli literatura, Tb., 2009.

6. ana, gamobrwyindi miuRwevelo, poezia, werilebi,

mogonebebi, Tb., 2009.

7. asaTiani guram, `saukunis poetebi~, Tb., 1988.

8. bardaveliZe beJan, daviT kldiaSvilis mxatvruli

proza, Tb., 1980.

9. barnovi guram, nacarqeqiadan yvaryvaremde~, kreb.,



10. baqraZe akaki, `mouxmarebeli anu tragikuli

Tavisufleba~, Txzulebani, t. III, Tb., 2004

11. baqraZe akaki, `masala da moTxroba~, Txzulebani, t.

III.

12. baqraZe akaki, `Tvinierebis uarmyofeli~, Txzulbani,

t. III.

37

13. baqraZe akaki, `gadarCena~, Sesavali, Txzulebani, t.III.

14. baqraZe akaki, `yvaryvare~, kreb., qarTuli ena da

literatura V, XX saukunis qarTuli literatura,

Tb., 2009.

15. gafrindaSvili valerian, leqsebi, Targmanebi,

eseebi, werilebi, Tb., 1990.

16. kakabaZe manana, `yvaryvare TuTaberis Seqmna~, kreb.,



17. kvaWantiraZe Tamaz, `xmaZaliani~, kreb., qarTuli ena

da literatura V, XX saukunis qarTuli literatura,

Tb., 2009.

18. kvitaiSvili emzar, `giorgi leoniZis lirika~, kreb.,



19. kldiaSvili daviT, Cemi cxovrebis gzaze, baTumi,

1984.

20. literaturuli Jurnalebi 1910-1920-iani wlebi,

literaturis muzeumis gamocema, I, II, Tb., 2011.

21. nakudaSvili nino, ̀ galaktion tabiZis erTi leqsis _

`silaJvarde anu vardi silaSi~- analizi, kreb., leqsi,

mxolod erTi leqsi, Tb., 1995.

22. tabiZe nino, ticiani da misi megobrebi, Tb., 1985

23. qiqoZe geronti, `paolo iaSvili~, kreb., werilebi,

eseebi, narkvevebi, Tb.,1985.

24. RvinefaZe nana, Saravandedi, maro mayaSvili, Tb., 2009.

25. Ciqovani simon, `niko lorTqifaniZe~, kreb.,



26. CxartiSvili revaz, qarTuli saliteraturo

kritikis uaxlesi istoriidan, Tb., 1993.

38

27. CxeiZe nodar, àna kalandaZe~, kreb., qarTuli ena da

literatura V, XX saukunis qarTuli literatura,

Tb., 2009.

28. Cxenkeli Tamaz,` valerian gafrindaSvilis leqsebi~,

kreb., qarTuli ena da literatura V, XX saukunis

qarTuli literatura, Tb., 2009.

29. caiSvili sargis, `giorgi leoniZe, yivCaRis paemani~,

kreb., leqsi, mxolod erTi leqsi, Tb., 1995.

30. canava rusudan, `miTis ena jemal qarCxaZis

moTxrobaSi ìgi~, kreb., qarTuli ena da literatura

V, XX saukunis qarTuli literatura, Tb., 2009.

31. werediani daviT, `musika upirveles yovlisa~, kreb.,



32. xinTibiZe akaki, galaktioni Tu cisferyanwelebi, Tb.,

1992;

33. xinTibiZe akaki, `qarTuli leqsi~, Tb., 2003.

34. xinTibiZe akaki, `me da Rame~, kreb., `galaktioni _ 15

leqsi da erTi poema~, Tb., 2003.

35. xinTibiZe akaki, èfemerebis erovnuli dakonkreteba

(`mSobliuri efemera~), kreb., `galaktioni _ 15 leqsi

da erTi poema~, Tb., 2003.

36. javaxaZe vaxtang, ucnobi, Tb., 2007.

37. javaxiSvili qeTevan, mogonebani mamaze, Tb., 2000.

38. javaxiSvili rusudan, mixeil javaxiSvili,

ilustrirebuli biografiebi 4, Tb., 2010.

39. jorbenaZe besarion, `poeziis ena~, Tb., 1999.

40. joxaZe maka, `g. rCeuliSvili _ ormocdaaTi wlis

Wabuki~, kreb., qarTuli ena da literatura V, XX

saukunis qarTuli literatura, Tb., 2009.

39

danarTi

danarTis saxiT gTavazobT informacias modernistuli

literaturuli mimdinareobebis Sesaxeb (ìmpresionizmi~,

`simbolizmi~, `futurizmi~), rac uTuod SegiwyobT xels

gasuli saukunis dasawyisis literaturuli procesebis

gaazrebaSi.

impresionizmi

impresionizmi erT-erTi wamyvani mimdinareobaa

XIX saukunis bolo mesamedisa da XX saukunis daswyisis

xelovnebaSi. misi samSoblo safrangeTia da termini

ìmpresionizmic~ franguli sityvidan ìmpresion~ iRebs

saTaves, rac qarTulad `STabeWdilebas~ niSnavs.

impresionizmi, romelic naturalizmis wiaRSi

aRmocenda da SemdgomSi simbolizmis tramplinad gadaiqca,

literaturaSi wminda saxiT iSviaTi movlenaa, magram Tavisi

xanmokle arsebobis miuxedavad, man sakmaod Rrma kvali

datova sityvier xelovnebaSi.

impresionizms, rogorc mxatvruli Semoqmedebis

meTods, pirvelad ferweram miagno. Semdeg ki xelovnebis

TiTqmis yvela dargma gaiTavisa. iSviaTia mxatvruli

meTodi, romelic ase radikalurad cvlides Semoqmedis

damokidebulebas tradiciebisadmi. amitom iyo, rom

impresionistebi asparezze gamosvlisTanave SerisxulTa

mdgomareobaSi aRmoCndnen. parizis oficialurma

salonma ar miiRo maTi namuSevrebi da isini iZulebulni

gaxdnen, oficialuri salonis gverdiT sakuTari saloni

gaexsnaT, sadac 1874 wels, impresionist mxatvarTa pirvel

40

gamofenaze, warmodgenili iyo klod mones ferweruli

tilo `mzis amosvla havrSi. STabeWdileba~. swored am

namuSevris gavleniT gamoiyena erTma kritikosma mones

irgvliv dajgufebuli mxatvrebis misamarTiT termini

`impresionistebi~, romelic SemdgomSi Tavad am mxatvrebmac

uyoymanod miiRes.

mainc ra iyo iseTi impresionistTa mxatvrobaSi, ramac,

maSindeli presis mixedviT, didi miTqma-moTqma gamoiwvia

parizis xelovanTa wreSi da daabnia akademiur mxatvrobas

TvalmiCveuli mnaxveli?

impresionistebma Tamamad da mourideblad daarRvies

akademiuri mxatvrobis tradiciebi. impresionistuli

ferwera dafuZnebuli iyo ara winaswar dasaxuli

amocanis (Temis, ideis, siuJetis) gadawyvetaze, aramed

mxatvris gancdebis, grZnobebis, STabeWdilebebis

uSualo fiqsaciaze. kamil pisaro werda, me vxatav, rasac

axla vgrZnobo. impresionistTa mxatvruli amocana

iyo myisieri STabeWdilebis, mSvenieri wamis daWera.

maT uaryves siuJeti tradiciuli gagebiT. maTTvis

tiloze mTavari iyo ara naxati, xazi, obieqti, aramed

misi STanmTqmeli atmosfero, ferTa usasrulo vibracia.

sagani fiqsirdeboda TiTqos SemTxveviT da wamierad

daWeril StrixebSi. impresionistebi Tvlidnen, rom

siuJetis, `TxrobiTobis~ uaryofa maT saSualebas aZlevda,

yuradReba gaemaxvilebinaT wminda ferwerul amocanebze _

ferTa Sexamebaze, Suq-CrdilTa efeqtebze. cnobilia, rom

isini ramdenjerme ubrundebodnen erTi da imave motivs.

1891 wels klod monem Seqmna ferweruli tilo `Tivis zvini

mzis Casvlisas~, romelsac mohyva namuSevarTa mTeli seria,

romelSic gamosaxuli iyo igive Tivis zvini dRis sxvadasxva

monakveTSi. am tiloebze mxatvarma mogvca ferisa da formis

41

usasrulo varireba erTsa da imave motivSi ganaTebis,

amindis, sakuTari ganwyobis cvalebadobaTa mixedviT.

impresionistTa teqnika _ nawyvet-nawyveti Strixebi,

dausrulebeli xazebi, saRebavis sqeli, Tavisufali

monasmebi _ qmnis erTgvari Zaldautaneblobis, uSualobis

atmosferos, TiTqos mxatvari impresionisti gamosulia

bunebaSi da funjis msubuqi monasmebiT afiqsirebs, rasac

im wuTas xedavs da ganicdis. Tumca aseTi STabeWdileba

mxolod iluziaa. es daudevroba moCvenebiTia. klod mones

uTqvams: `Zalian bevri unda imuSao, rom gadmosce is, rasac

me veZeb-wamieri~.

impresionistebs TavianTi moRvaweoba manifestebiT

ar dauwyiaT. SemdgomSic ar iwuxebdnen isini Tavs

TeoriebisaTvis. samarTlianad miiCneven, rom Tavad es

programis arqona erTgvari impresionistuli kredo

iyo, radgan gancdaTa uSualo fiqsaciis principi xom

swored winaswargamiznulobis, Teoriebis winaaRmdeg iyo

mimarTuli. impresionistuli prozis fuZemdeblebi, Zmebi

edmon da Jiul gonkurebi, werdnen, rom idea _ es aris

sulis sibere da gonebis avadmyofobao. maTve ekuTvniT

impresionistuli xelovnebis lozungi: `xedva, grZnoba,

gamosaxva _ amaSia mTeli xelovneba~.

impresionizmi Zalze moxerxebulad gaiTavisa

mxatvrobam, radgan mSvenieri wamis dafiqsirebis principi,

Tundac subieqtur gancdaTa prizmaSi gadatexili, misi

specifikidan gamomdinare, ferwerisaTvis ucxo arasodes

yofila. gansxvaveba ferwerasa da literaturas Soris

(sityvieri xelovneba xom droSi gangrZobil Txrobas

gulisxmobs) TiTqos imTaviTve gamoricxavda impresionizms

literaturaSi. magram is srulyofilad gamovlinda

poeziaSi, prozaSi, dramaturgiaSi da TviT literaturul

42

kritikaSic ki, Camoyalibda ra gansakuTrebuli impresio-

nistuli Janrebi.

impresionistuli meTodis arsebobis safuZveli

gareganisa da Sinaganis, obieqturisa da subieqturis,

erTianobaa. impresionists asazrdoebs buneba, rogorc misi

STabeWdilebebis wyaro, anu obieqturi garemo, romelsac

igi aferadebs sakuTari ganwyobis mixedviT, e.i. axdens

mis subieqtivirebas. sakmarisia dairRves es wonasworoba

subieqtursa da obieqturs Soris, rom impresionizmi

gaiTqvifeba an naturalizmSi, imis mixedviT, Tu romeli

mxare gadasZalavs. obieqturi garemoTi zedmetad gataceba

mas daabrunebs naturalizmis wiaRSi, xolo subieqturis

primati noyier niadags qmnis simbolizmisaTvis.

unda aRiniSnos, rom poeziaSi impresionizmi mWidrod

daukavSirda simbolizms. pol verlenis impresionistuli

poezia samarTlianad iTvleba simbolizmis tramplinad.

SemTxveviT ar miiCnevdnen simbolistebi verlens

`mamad da maswavleblad~. verlenis cnobili mowodeba

_ `musika, upirveles yovlisa~ _ erTnairad aitaces

rogorc impresionistebma, ise simbolistebma. magram

Tu impresionistisaTvis musika gancdaTa gamomxatveli

iyo, simbolistebi mas ideaTa samyarosken mimaval kibed

aRiqvamdnen.

marTalia, impresionizmisa da simbolizmis amocanebi

radikalurad gansxvavdeba erTmaneTisagan, impresionizmi

obieqturis subieqtivirebas axdens, simbolizmi ki

piriqiT, subieqturis obieqtivirebas (e.i. cdilobs Casvas

idea konkretul formaSi), magram isini daaaxlova am

amocanaTa gadwyvetis saerTo teqnikam, radgan raoden

abstraqtulic ar unda iyos simbolisturi idea, is ver

gamoixateba konkretuli formis gareSe, bunebis gareSe.

43

gamosaxvis xerxad ki simbolizmma absoluturad obieqtur

formas subieqturis prizmaSi gadatexili obieqturi,

anu impresionistuli, forma amjobina. magram iq, sadac

impresionizmi eZebda mxolod gancdebs, simbolizms

undoda gancdaTa miRma arsebuli ideaTa samyaro daenaxa,

e.i. simbolizmi iwyeba iq, sadac mTavrdeba impresionizmi.

impresionistebma, gaabatones ra poeziaSi musika,

rogorc Sinaganis, subieqturis, emociuris adekvati,

waarTves sityvebs sakuTriv maTTvis damaxasiaTebeli

specifikuri funqcia, azris gadmocemis funqcia, ris

gamoc misTvis Cveuli leqsikuri semantikisagan daclili

sityva gadaiqca simbolod da ase Seiqmna noyieri niadagi

simbolizmisaTvis.

literaturaSi impresionizmis klasikur magaliTad

miCneulia frangi poetis pol verlenis Semoqmedeba. Tavisi

erT-erTi poeturi krebulis, `saturnuli leqsebis~, wina-

sityvaobaSi verleni sakmaod zustad axasiaTebs sakuTar

poetur principebs. is Tvlis, rom misi poezia ganviTarda

konkretulisaken, gulwrfelobisaken da mocemuli

momentidan miRebuli STabeWdilebebis gamoxatvisaken.

1874 wels daweril leqsSi `poeturi xelovneba~ verlenma

Camoayaliba impresionizmis programa zusti da lakoniuri

lozungebis saxiT: ̀ musika, upirveles yovlisa~, ̀ araviTari

ferebi, mxolod Suq-Crdilebi~, `aiRe mWevrmetyveleba da

mougrixe kiseri~. es Teoriuli moTxovnebi zedmiwevniT

aris realizebuli mis poeziaSi. verlenis leqsebi

impresionist mxatvarTa tiloebs mogvagoneben, radgan

maTSi wina planzea wamoweuli peizaJebi, sityvieri ferwera.

misi leqsebis ciklTa saTaurebi zustad migvaniSneben, Tu

raoden ferwerulia verlenis poezia: `mwuxare peizaJebi~,

`daisebi~, `usityvo romansebi~, `belgiis peizaJebi~,

44

`akvarelebi~. verlenis leqsebi erTgvari emociuri

Canaxatebia. dasrulebuli winadadebis nacvlad poeti

xmarobs mokle, nawyvet-nawyvet frazebs. misi leqsikidan

TiTqos mTlianad gandevnilia zmna, rogorc Txrobis

aucilebeli atributi. verlenis peizaJi ufro mis sulier

mdgomareobas aRwers, vidre realur garemos. es erTgvari

`sulis peizaJebia~. erT-erT leqsSi `mTvaris Suqi~ poeti

ambobs: `Tqveni suli _ peizaJia~ swored sulis peizaJia

daxatuli verlenis cnobil leqsSi `Cems suls awvims~:

ra usityvo naRvels malavs

suli, Cemi meufe,

sulsac awvims, rogorc qalaqs,

anda mis gareubnebs.

awvims miwas da saxuravs

da SrialiT avivse,

sevda sulSi Casaxuli

ukravs wvimis klaviSze1.

es aris impresionizmisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli

gareganisa (wvimiani peizaJis) da Sinaganis (poetis sevdiani

ganwyobilebis) Serwyma, Tumca Sinaganis primati aSkaraa.

wvimiani peizaJi mxolod biZgia poetisaTvis Tavisi Sinagani

ganwyobis gadmosaRvrelad.

impresionistuli proza, romlis centrSic,

empiriuli samyaro ki ar aris, aramed am samyarodan

miRebuli STabeWdilebebi da avtoris subieqturi

gancdebi, lirikuli prozaa da ver guobs epikur formebs.

misi ZiriTadi Janrebia: novela, etiudi, miniatura, eskizi,

Canaxati. impresionistTa miniaturebi xSirad ritmuli

prozis nimuSebs warmoadgenen.

1 leqsis Targmani ekuTvnis givi gegeWkors

45

qarTul mwerlobaSi impresionizmi niko lorTqi-

faniZis saxels ukavSirdeba. aRiarebulia, rom misi weris

manera impresionistulia. niko lorTqifaniZis stilis

specifika Tavis droze zustad gansazRvra simon Ciqovanma.

igi werda, rom niko lorTqifaniZem beletristikaSi

aRiarebul epikur Txrobas Tu ambis moyolas calkeuli

epizodebis da suraTebis xatva daupirispira da mxatvrul

prozaSi didi adgili dauTmo avtoris lirikul aRsarebas.

1910 wels daweril novelaSi ùialqnod~ Tavad niko

lorTqifaniZe ase ayalibebs Tavis esTetikur kredos:

`gana ufleba ara aqvs beletrists SemTxveviTi Sexvedrani,

yurmokruli xmebi, wuTieri STabeWdilebani gadasces

Tavis megobars mkiTxvels?...~, `mweralma marmarilo,

tilo, saerTo azris CarCo, ori, sami xazi unda daamzados,

damTavreba, daboloeba nawarmoebisa mkiTxvelis gemovnebas

da survils miandos~.

Tavad am novelis saTauric _ ùialqnod~ _

impresionistTa lozungs mogvagonebs. impresionistTa

Cveuli manera, esTetikuri programis nawarmoebis

saTaurSive gamJRavneba, niko lorTqifaniZisTvisac ar

aris ucxo. man Tavis erT-erT miniaturaTa cikls `sulieri

ganwyobilebani~ uwoda da aseTi epigrafi waumZRvara:

ùmTavres miznad mqonda mkiTxvelSi erTgvari sulis

ganwyobileba gamomewvia _ sityvis saSualebiT musikis

sawadeli mimeRwia~.

impresionizmis Canasaxebs pouloben, agreTve,

ekaterine gabaSvilis, Sio aragvispirelis da Wola

lomTaTiZis prozaSic.

impresionistuli prozis cnobili warmomadgenlebi

arian: safrangeTSi _ eduard diuJardeni da Jiul

laforgi da germanulenovan mwerlobaSi peter

46

altenbergi. laforgis miniaturebis krebuls `peizaJebi

da STabeWdilebebi~ hqvia, altenbergis pirvel wigns ki _

`me rogorc vxedav~. orive es krebuli Seicavs miniaturebis

cikls, romelTa samyaroc ferwerul etiudebs waagavs. es

aris peizaJuri, anu erTgvari `TvaliT dasanaxi~ proza.

samarTlianad miiCneven, rom Tu safrangeTSi

impresionizmi Semoqmedebis stili iyo da frangi

impresionistebi Segnebulad gaurbodnen Teoriebs,

SeiZleba iTqvas, es maTi erTgvari esTetikuri kredoc iyo,

germaniaSi is msoflmxedvelobad iqca. avstrielma mweralma

german barma mTeli filosofiuri sistemac ki moZebna

impresionizmis (oRond ukve rogorc msoflmxedvelobis

da ara mxatvruli meTodis) Teoriuli dasabuTebisaTvis. es

iyo maxizmi. Tavis wignSi `SegrZnebaTa analizi~ ernst maxi

werda: `samyaro aris mxolod Cveni SegrZnebebis kompleqsi.

Cven SegviZlia Semecneba mxolod grZnobebis saSualebiT~.

bunebrivia, impresionizmisaTvis, romelic samyaros

subieqturi, sakuTari SegrZnebebis prizmaSi gadatexili

aRqmis momxre iyo, maxis filosofia sakmaod axlobeli

aRmoCnda. Tumca samarTlianoba moiTxovs, aRiniSnos,

rom impresionizmis Camoyalibebasa da ganviTarebaSi

am filosofias wvlili ar miuZRvis, germanulenovanma

mwerlobam maxizmi ukve Camoyalibebul impresionizms

miusadaga.

impresionizmi, rogorc msoflmxedveloba, srulyo-

filad gamovlinda dramaturgiaSi, romelic moqmedebis

xelovnebaa da sakuTar STabeWdilebaTa fiqsaciis principi,

`sulis peizaJebis~ xatva mis specifikas ver moergeboda.

impresionistul dramaSi samyaros asaxvis xerxi ki ara,

Tavad samyaro, realobaa impresionistuli, aramyari,

cvalebadi, cxovreba TamaSad iqceva, erTmaneTSia areuli

47

tyuil-marTali. `Cven araferi ar viciT~, _ acxadebs

artur Snicleris erT-erTi piesis gmiri. Snicleris piesebi

agebulia saidumloebaTa gamJRavnebis principze, is, rac

ueWveli gveCveneboda, uceb iluziad iqceva; aRmoCndeba,

rom sulac ar momxdara, rac adre vicodiT an ise ar

momxdara rogorc gvegona, gmiris xasiaTi uecrad sul sxva

kuTxiT ixsneba da a.S. mxileba SniclerTan fabula ki ar

aris, aramed filosofiaa. piesis dasasruls, roca uamravi

ram gamomJRavndeba, naTeli mainc araferi ar aris, piriqiT,

situacia kidev ufro bundovania, vidre dasawyisSi iyo.

SniclerisaTvis cxovreba igive speqtaklia, romelSic

Znelia gaarkvio: `iyo~ Tu `iTamaSo~. dramaturgiaSi

impresionizmis cnobili warmomadgenelia agreTve hugo

fon hofmanstali.

impresionizmma Tavisi sityva Tqva literaturul

kritikaSic. impresionistuli kritikis fuZemdebelia

anatol fransi. is SeiZleba CaiTvalos xelovnebis

impresionistuli interpretaciis Teoretikosad. anatol

franss miaCnda, rom, vinaidan Cven aRviqvamT samyaros

mxolod grZnobebis meSveobiT, romlebic subieqturad

aferadeben mas, kritika aris emociuri da ara racionaluri

aqti. kritikosma nawarmoebi ki ar unda gaaanalizos,

aramed unda gviambos sakuTari sulis mogzaurobis Sesaxeb

Sedevrebs Soriso.

impresionistuli kritikis warmomadgenlebi iyvnen,

agreTve, anri de renie, romlis etiudebic ufro mxatvruli

proza iyo, vidre nawarmoebis analizi; remi de gurmoni,

romelic qmnida `literaturuli gaseirnebebis~ ciklebs;

iuli aixenvaldi, romelic kategoriulad acxadebda, rom

literaturaTmcodneoba mecniereba ver gaxdeba, radgan is,

rac ganumeorebelia, SeuZlebelia sistemaSi moviyvanoTo

48

da inokenti anenski, romelmac Tavisi etiudebis wigns

WeSmaritad impresionistuli saxeli _ `anareklebi~ _

uwoda.

impresionistTa gamomsaxvelobiTi teqnika sakmaod

universaluri aRmoCnda. impresionistTa stilis

elementebi SeiWra sxva mimarTulebebSic sxvadasxva

esTetikuri amocanis gadasawyvetad. magaliTad, cnobilia,

rom italiaSi maT warmatebiT iyenebdnen realisti

mwerlebi. gamomsaxvelobiTi teqnikis TvalsazrisiT,

didad aris davalebuli impresionizmisagan simbolizmi.

Tanamedrove romanma ki gaiTavisa da wina planze wamoswia

impresionistTa mier mignebuli iseTi mxatvruli xerxi,

rogoricaa gmiris lirikuli aRsareba, anu Sinagani

monologi.

simbolizmi

simbolizmi, rogorc literaturuli mimdinareoba,

pirvelad safrangeTSi warmoiSva. simbolizmis esTetika,

romelic realizmisa da naturalizmis winaaRmdeg iyo

mimarTuli, jer kidev XIX saukunis 60-70-iani wlebis bolos

Caisaxa pol verlenis, stefan malarmes, lotreamonis

da artur rembos SemoqmedebaSi, magram simbolistTa

dajgufeba mxolod 80-iani wlebis Sua xanebSi Seiqmna da

1898 wlamde (malarmes sikvdilamde) iarseba. simbolisturi

esTetikis principTa gavlena ki literaturaSi frangi

simbolistebis jgufis daSlis Semdegac grZeldeboda

rogorc safrangeTSi, ise mis farglebs gareT.

termini `simbolizmi~, rogorc literaturuli

mimdinareobis saxelwodeba, pirvelad frangma poetma

49

Jan moreasma gamoiyena jer Tavisi poeturi krebulis

winasityvaobaSi, Semdeg ki `simbolizmis manifestSi~,

romelic gazeTma `figarom~ gamoaqveyna 1886 wlis

seqtemberSi. moreasi am manifestSi acxadebda, rom

simbolizmma, romlisTvisac ucxoa `Wkuis swavleba,

deklamacia, yalbi mgrZnobeloba, obieqturi aRwera~,

samudamod gamodevna literaturidan naturalizmi.

simbolizmis winamorbedTa Soris moreasi frangi

mwerlebidan pirvel rigSi Sarl bodlers asaxelebs,

ucxoelebidan ki dantesa da Seqspirs. misi azriT,

simbolizmisaTvis damaxasiaTebelia `bundovaneba

da mravalmniSvnelianoba~, rac am mwerlebisa da Sua

saukuneebis mistikosTa Semoqmedebidan iRebs saTaves.

moreasma axali mimdinareobis amocana ase Camoayaliba:

`simbolisturi poezia iswrafvis xorci Seasxas ideas

grZnobad formaSi, romelic ar warmoadgens TviTmizans

da emsaxureba ra ideis gamoxatavs, daqvemdebarebul

mdgomareobas inarCunebs~.

simbolistur mimdinareobas bevri cnobili mwerali

da kritikosi miemxro: pol klodeli, sen-pol ru, anri de

renie, remi de gurmoni (safrangeTSi); moris meterlinki,

emil verhrani (belgiaSi); rainer maria rilke (germaniaSi. );

oskar uaildi (inglisSi) da sxvebi.

simbolizmis esTetikuri principebis CamoyalibebaSi

didi wvlili miuZRvis platonis, artur Sopenhaueris da

anri bergsonis idealistur Teoriebs. agreTve, rihard

vagnerisa da edgar alan pos Semoqmedebas. simbolistebma

gaiziares platonis moZRvreba ideebze, rogorc samyaros

pirvelsawyisebze da is Sexeduleba, rom xiluli realoba

mxolod am ideaTa mkrTal anarekls warmoadgens.

Sopenhaueris mixedviTac, pirveladia ara materialuri

50

samyaro, aramed `msoflio neba~, romelic qmnis sagnebis

maradiul formebs, maT ideebs. platonisagan gansxvavebiT,

romelic xelovnebas mibaZvis mibaZvad miiCnevda da mis

SemecnebiT Rirebulebas uaryofda, Sopenhaueri Tvlis,

rom `xelovnebas SeuZlia mogvces ufro meti codna,

vidre yvela mecnierebas erTad aRebuls~, radgan is aris

realobis miRma arsebuli maradiuli idea-formebis

intuitiuri ganWvretis saSualeba. aqedan iRebda saTaves

Semoqmedis gansakuTrebuli statusi simbolistur

esTetikaSi. simbolistTa azriT, poeti aris mediumi or

samyaros Sua, romelic materialuri sagnebis miRma Wvrets

maTs WeSmarit saxes, anu idealur sawyiss; xelovneba ki

sakraluri (religiuri) ritualia, romelsac adamiani

miRmur samyaroSi gadahyavs (`cxovreba aris dantes

jojoxeTi, Semoqmedeba gansawmendeli da xelovneba _

Soreuli samoTxe~, _ werda valerian gafrindaSvili.

simbolistebi eyrdnobodnen, agreTve, anri bergsonis

gnoseologiur Teorias, romlis Tanaxmadac irealuri

samyaros Semecnebis saSualebas intuicia warmoadgens.

simbolizmis erT-erTi Teoretikosi remi de gurmoni Tavisi

cnobili ̀ niRbebis wignis~ SesavalSi werda, rom simbolizms

safuZvlad udevs samyaros idealurobis principi da misi

arsis gonebiT Semecnebis SeuZlebloba.

uzarmazari mniSvneloba hqonda, agreTve, Sopen-

haueris mier musikis, rogorc samyaros intuitiuri

wvdomis saukeTeso saSualebis, xelovnebis umaRles

dargad gamocxadebas. Sopenhaueris ideebiT STagonebulma

simbolistebma (impresionistebis kvaldakval) aitaces

da lozungad gadaaqcies verlenis cnobili fraza _

`musika, musika upirveles yovlisa~. simbolisti poetebi

gansakuTrebul yuradRebas aqcevdnen poeturi enis

51

musikalurobas. musika, romelic impresionistebisaTvis

mxolod grZnobebis adekvaturi gadmocemis saSualeba

iyo, simbolistebTan ideaTa samyarosken aRmavali kibis

funqcias asrulebs.

didi roli iTamaSa simbolizmis esTetikis Camoya-

libebaSi rogorc rihard vagneris Semoqmedebam, ise

misma ideam ferebis, sityvisa da musikis sinTezis gziT

xelovnebis axali sinTezuri dargis Seqmnis Sesaxeb.

amerikeli poetis edgar alan pos misticizmiT aRsavse

poezia ki simbolistebisaTvis STagonebis erT-erTi uSreti

wyaro iyo.

simbolistebi uaryofdnen aRweras da Txrobas

literaturaSi, radgan, maTi azriT, `ori Tvali adamianis

daZvelda~ (sandro cirekiZe) samyaros aRsaqmelad, poezia

ki xilul movlenaTa miRma unda ixedebodes da gviCvene-

bdes imas, `rasac ver ityvis sityva~. naturalisturi

literaturis dokumentalizms, naturalistebisa da

realistebis socialur da fiziologiur determinizms,

socialur-istoriul konkretulobas simbolistebma

poeturi warmosaxvis Tavisufleba daupirispires.

es warmosaxva, romelic intuitiurad Wvretda da

vizioneruli xilvebis saxiT aRadgenda xelovnebaSi

idealur realobas, ar izRudavda Tavs materialuri

samyaros obieqturi kanonebiT da arc im aucileblobiT,

rom auditoriisaTvis gasagebi yofiliyo. simbolizmi Tavs

elitarul, aristokratiul xelovnebad miiCnevda da ar

cdilobda mkiTxvelis guli moego.

simbolistTa Teoriul da kritikul naazrevSi

gadmocemuli doqtrina zogadad ase SeiZleba Camova-

yaliboT: materialuri sagnebi Tavis TavSi malaven

TavianT WeSmarit, saidumlo arss, ideas, romelic mxolod

52

xelovnebisaTvisaa misawvdomi, pirvel rigSi, musikis,

Semdeg ki, poeziisaTvis, romelic sityvis musikaluri

gamomsaxvelobis Zalas eyrdnoba. poeziis arsebiTi

maxasiaTebelia idumalebis SegrZneba. amasTanave, poezia

codnis, samyaros intuitiuri wvdomis umaRlesi formaa.

igi uTanabrdeba religias, rogorc idealur da realur

samyaroebs Soris gadebuli xidi, aqedan gamomdinare,

Semoqmedeba RvTismsaxurebaa, Semoqmedi ki _ RvTismsa-

xuri (gavixsenoT v. gafrindaSvili; `gadvixdi locvebs

Cems oTaxSi viT kapelani~) poeti unda Caswvdes samyaros

erTianobis da harmoniis saidumloebas da gamoxatos igi

mis mier aRmoCenil `SesabamisobebSi~, yovlismomcvel da

amouwuravi Sinaarsis mqone simboloebSi.

ukanaskneli Tvalsazrisis CamoyalibebaSi didi

roli Seasrules Sarl bodleris sonetma `Sesabamisobebi~

da artur rembos leqsma `xmovnebi~. bodleri aviTarebs

platonis Teoriidan momdinare ideas, romlis Tanaxmadac

garkveuli ferebi, xmebi, surnelebani erTmaneTs

Seesatyvisebian da savsebiT SesaZlebelia maTi erTmaneTis

meSveobiT gamoxatva. imaves gveubneba remboc leqsSi

`xmovnebi~, sadac enaSi arsebul yvela xmovans feris,

sunis da xmis garkveuli SegrZneba ukavSirdeba: e_

TeTria, a_Savi, u_mwvane, i_wiTeli, o_lurji; e_amay,

yinulovan mTebs an nisls mogvagonebs, i_pirdaRebuli

Wrilobidan gadmoRvril mewamul sisxls, u_mindor-

velebs, o_fleitis xmas; a_sicivis SegrZnebas badebs, o_

naRvels iwvevs, u_SiSs. aqedan iRebs saTaves sinesTeziis

principi, anu sxvadasxva saxis SegrZnebebis erTmaneTTan

analogiiT dakavSireba (erTmaneTis saSualebiT gamoxatva)

simbolizmis esTetikaSi.

samyaros erTianobis ideas yvelaze ukeT simbolis-

53

turi esTetikis mTavari sayrdeni _ simbolo _ gamoxatavs,

romelic, simbolistTa azriT, poeturi saxeobriobis

mwvervals, ideis srulyofil xorcSesxmas warmoadgens.

simbolo aris saxe, romelic Tavis TavSi moicavs

Sinagan, ezoTerul arss. simbolos logikis meSveobiT

ver gavSifravT, radgan mas ar gaaCnia erTi garkveuli

mniSvneloba. alegoriisagan gansxvavebiT, romelic

erTmniSvnelovnad iSifreba, simbolos mravali mniSvneloba

aqvs, misi Sinaarsi amouwuravia. v. gafrindaSvilis TqmiT,

simboloebi, rogorc grZneuli sarkeebi, erTdroulad

sinamdvilis uamrav saxes ireklaven. aqedan gamomdinare,

simbolos axsna SeuZlebelia (`simbolo aris uzarmazari

algebra, romlis gasaRebi dakargulia~, werda e. verhrani),

igi unda ganimartos isev da isev simbolur saxeTa usasrulo

rigiT, romlebic garkveul sinaTles ki Seitanen masSi,

magram mis mniSvnelobas wminda cnebebze mainc ver daiyvanen.

magaliTad, aleqsandre blokis `neznakomka~ `maradiuli

qalurobis~ simboloa, Tumca es ganmartebac TavisTavad

simbolos warmoadgens da masac sWirdeba interpretacia.

maSasadame, simbolos ganmarteba isev simbolos saSualebiT

unda moxdes da ase iqmneba simbolur sazrisTa usasrulo

jaWvi, romelic erTmniSvnelovan ganmartebamde ar midis.

simbolo xsnis xelovnebaSi sazrisTa aRmoCenis usasrulo

perspeqtivas da misi saboloo interpretaciis mcdeloba

daxuravs am perspeqtivas da gaqreba Tavad simbolo,

anu `fanjara usasrulobaSi~, romlis iracionalurma

Wvretamac unda gadaiyvanos adamiani ideaTa samyaroSi.

simbolod SeiZleba gadaiqces nebismieri sityva, romelic

ar aris sakuTari Tavis tolfasi da warmoadgens `sul

sxva xmebis eqos~ (viaC. ivanovi). simbolo aris miniSneba,

miTiTeba raRac saidumlo arsze da erTgvari `paroli~

54

gandobilTaTvis (sxvaTa Soris, ̀ simbola~ Zvel saberZneTSi

ewodeboda erTi firfitis natexebs, romelTa SeerTebiTac

unda amoecnoT erTmaneTi qonebis memkvidreebs).

simbolo bundovania da iracionaluri. misi raciona-

luri gaSifrvis mcdeloba waagavs sandro cirekiZis

erT-erT miniaturaSi aRwerili giJis saqciels, romelic

qaRaldis kolofebiT cdilobs mTvaris Suqis mogrovebas.

simbolos bundovaneba da mravalmniSvnelianoba simbo-

listuri esTetikis qvakuTxedia. `wminda xelovnebis~

adepti oskar uaildi, romelic sastikad ewinaaRmdegeboda

xelovnebis `cxovrebis sarked~ gaazrebas, acxadebda, rom

xelovneba saburvelia da ara sarke.

simbolizmis esTetikuri principebi yvelaze srulad

stefan malarmes SemoqmedebaSi gamovlinda. sityvas mis

leqsebSi azris gamoxatvis funqcia ki ara aqvs, aramed

sugestiis, Cagonebis, anu ganwyobilebis gadadebis

saSualebas warmoadgens. malarmem uaryo sityvis `mate-

rialuri~, `sagnobrivi~ Sinaarsi da amiT sityvebi idea-

luri sferos gamomxatvel simboloebad aqcia. v. gaf-

rindaSvilis daxasiaTebiT, malarme iyo brwyinvale

improvizatori Tavisi ocnebis da cxovreba, rogorc

uvargisi sufliori, samudamod iqna uaryofili mis mier.

v. gafrindaSvilis azriT, malarmem SeZlo aRmoeCina da

gamoexata is harmoniuli paralelebi, romlebic pirvelad

bodlerma aRiara Tavis `SesabamisobebSi~. `malarmem naxa

Tavisi ocnebis cxadsayofad sityvaTa axali dasi, dauzogav

simvoloTa sintezi. misi leqsebis moelvare koSkebSi da

obeliskebSi sityvebi, rogorc niRbiani briliantebi da

opalebi, amayoben erTmaneTis sxivebiT, erTi simvoluri

saxe ixedeba meoreSi, sanam mTeli simvolo ar aimarTeba

55

caSi, rogorc `feeriuli sobori~, _ werda saqarTveloSi

`simbolizmis yvelaze orTodoqs mimdevrad~ aRiarebuli

poeti.

frangma simbolistebma, da pirvel rigSi malarmem,

gadaaqcies leqsi mravalplanian da mravalmniSvnelobian

struqturad. sityvis musikaluri mxaris win wamoweviT

gaamdidres misi gamomsaxvelobiTi SesaZleblobani.

popularuli gaxades lirikuli poema da saleqso ciklebi;

leqsebis krebuls Sinagani mTlianoba SesZines, rac poetis

gancdaTa uwyvetobiT iyo ganpirobebuli, amas isic uwyobda

xels, rom poeturi saxe-simboloebi, romelTa ricxvi arc

Tu ise didi iyo, ucvlelad gadadioda leqsidan leqsSi da

erTiani simboluri samyaros arsebobis gancdas badebda.

frangulma simbolizmma uzarmazari gavlena moaxdina

mTeli Semdgomi periodis evropuli poeziis ganviTarebaze.

saqarTveloSi simbolizmis istoria 1916 wlidan

iwyeba, rodesac `cisferi yanwebis~ ordenis saxeliT

cnobilma literaturulma dajgufebam q. quTaisSi Tavisi

pirveli perioduli organo (Jurn. `cisferi yanwebi~)

gamosca. JurnalSi dabeWdili `pirvelTqma~ (qarTvel

simbolistTa literaturuli manifesti) mis redaqtors

paolo iaSvils ekuTvnoda. qarTveli simbolistebis jgufma

15 weli iarseba. es iyo pirveli literaturuli gaerTianeba

Cveni mwerlobis istoriaSi, romelsac Tavidanve hqonda

garkveuli organizaciuli forma da esTetikuri programa.

mis SemadgenlobaSi Sediodnen: paolo iaSvili, tician

tabiZe, valerian gafrindaSvili, kolau nadiraZe, ivane

yifiani, sandro cirekiZe da sxvebi. 1918 wlidan maT

Seematnen: giorgi leoniZe, sergo kldiaSvili, raJden

gvetaZe, Salva afxaiZe, Salva karmeli, nikoloz miwiSvili

da ali arseniSvili.

56

`cisferyanwelebs~ Zalian undodaT, rom maT ordenSi

erTi poeti qalic yofiliyo da, radgan qali ar aRmoCnda,

maT gamoigones igi. es gaxldaT `yanwelebis~ pirveli

mistifikacia. gamogonili poeti qali, elene dariani,

yovelTvis figurirebda ordenis wevrTa siaSi, xolo erT-

erTi `cisferyanweli~ (p. iaSvili) misi saxeliT leqsebsac

Txzavda.

literaturaTmcodneobaSi aRniSnulia, rom

`yanwelTa~ `pirvelTqma~ futuristuli esTetikis

gavlenas ganicdis, is mouwodebs qarTul poezias, uari

Tqvas tradiciebze da urbanistuli Temebis damuSavebas

mohkidos xeli: `...vadidebT damsxvrevis mSvenierebas.

uarvyofT warsuls, rogorc mziT ganaTebuls, ise RameSi

Sewuxebuls. warsulis oqros gvirgvinebs gamovtaceT

Zvirfasi margalitebi da gadavisroleT daviwyebis zRvaSi...

... visac surs, man umReros gazafxulis yvavilebs,

mTvares da saRamos myudroebas, damSvidebulsa da tkbil

siyvaruls, tyis idumalebas da frinvelTa galobas. Cven

gvinda, rom saqarTvelo gadaiqces usazRvro meocnebe

qalaqad, sadac cocxali quCebis xmauroba Secvlis

yvavilovani velebis zurmuxtobas...~

es arc aris gasakviri, radgan simbolistebi samwerlo

asparezze maSin gamodian, roca ruseTis literaturul

cxovrebaSi futuristebs sakmaod mniSvnelovani

adgili uWiravT. Tumca Semdgom gamosvlebSi qarTveli

simbolistebi tradiciebis mimarT ufro zomier

damokidebulebas amJRavneben. marTalia, isini akritikeben

samocianelebs, magram ZiriTadad imis gamo, rom maT

qarTuli poezia Tavisi ganviTarebis magistralur xazs

aacdines da `mwerloba gaixades samitingo zalad da poezia

gazeTad~ (t. tabiZe `cisferi yanwebiT~).

57

simbolistebi miiCnevdnen, rom qarTuli leqsis

dacema gamoiwvia xelovnebis sazogadoebriv interesebTan

zedmetad dakavSirebam, ramac zRvari waSala mxatvrul

Semoqmedebasa da publicistikas Soris. `akakis da ilias

is upiratesoba hqondaT, rom moqalaqeobriv motivebSi

xandisxan naxulobdnen namdvil poezias. Semdeg maTma

Skolam miiRo karikaturuli saxe~, _ werda t. tabiZe.

samocianelTa brma mimbaZvelebis epigonur poezias

`cisferyanwelebma~ axali poeturi saxeebi da axali

leqsebi daupirispires. iliasa da akakis skolis poetTa

winaaRmdeg galaSqreba simbolistTa esTetikuri kredos

gamoxatuleba iyo da ara tradiciebis uarmyofeli

nihilisturi suliskveTebis gamovlena, rac futuristuli

msoflaRqmis arsebiTi niSani gaxlavT. cnobilia, rom

qarTveli simbolistebi did pativs scemdnen besiksa da

guramiSvils, aRmerTebdnen rusTavelsa da vaJa-fSavelas.

erovnuli idealebis dacva, literaturisa da

xelovnebis denacionalizaciis winaaRmdeg brZola

qarTvel simbolistTa erT-erTi saprogramo moTxovna iyo2.

`cisferi yanwebi~, rogorc Skola, Tavis Tavs amtkicebs

erovnulad~, _ acxadebda t. tabiZe (`cisferi yanwebiT~).

`yanwelebi~ simbolizmis erovnul ideasTan SerwymiT

cdilobdnen warmoeCinaT TavianTi originaluri saxe. maT

leqsebSi mkafiod iyo gamokveTili erovnuli xasiaTisa

da formisadmi damokidebulebis principi; `besikis baRSi

vrgav bodleris borot yvavilebs~ (t. tabiZe); `artur

rembosTan borot tyupaT Caxutebuli, madgamen gvirgvins

Teimuraz da WavWavaZe~ (g. leoniZe).

erovnuli idealis gamoxatuleba iyo isic, rom

qarTveli simbolistebi evropaze iRebdnen orientacias

2 es sakiTxebi ufro detalurad ixileT: T. TevzaZe, simbolos gagebidan

esTetikur principebamde, mxatvruli saxis metamorfozebi, Tb., 1991

58

da literaturaSi aziuri gavlenis winaaRmdeg ilaSqrebd-

nen: `dadumda Zveli mwerloba, es aRmosavleTis maWankali,

romelmac moxdenilad moayena saqarTvelos veeberTela

azia~, _ werda p. iaSvili.

simbolistTa wreSi gaiJRera agreTve `qarTuli

mesianizmis~ ideam. `Cven gvwams saqarTvelos mesianizmi:

SeduReba dasavleTisa da aRmosavleTis kulturisa.

mimqrali iyo es idea. dRes kvlav gaizmora igi Cvens

win. es misia unda Seasrulos xelovnebaSi simbolizmma

gasalaSinebuli sityvis saSualebiT... dRes CvenSi ukve

aris ori polusi erTi dasawyisis... da Tu, marTlac,

daRlil dasavleTs eWirveba gadaxaliseba aRmosavleTis

misticizmiT da magiuri qvebiT, amas SesZlebs ueWvelad

gamocdili dostaqari _ saqarTvelo~, _ amayad acxadebda

S. afxaiZe.

roca aRmosavleTisa da dasavleTis sinTezze

laparakobdnen, qarTveli simbolistebi, rasakvirvelia,

esTetikur sferos gulisxmobdnen da ara ideurs an

politikurs.

ase rom, miuxedavad p. iaSvilis `winaTqmaSi~

gamoxatuli radikaluri poziciisa, romelic, Cveni azriT,

futuristuli modis mimarT xarkis gaReba iyo, qarTveli

simbolistebi xelaRebiT ar uaryofdnen warsulis

kulturul memkvidreobas. piriqiT, isini erovnuli

literaturis wiaRSi eZebdnen `winaprebs~ da amtkicebdnen,

rom guramiSvilma bodlerze adre Seqmna sikvdilis

esTetika.

xolo rac Seexeba urbanistuli motivebiT, anu qala-

qiTa da qalaqis kulturisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli TemebiT

dainteresebas, am mxriv simbolizmma, marTlac, moumzada

niadagi futurizms. simbolistebma buneba Secvales

59

qalaqiT. simbolisti poetis vizioneruli xilvebis fons

warmoadgens `qalaqi spruti~, romlis Seubraleblobasac

poetma mxolod ̀ sigiJe, Wleqi da TviTmkvleloba~ SeiZleba

daupirispiros. qalaqis pirmSoa `artistuli bohema~

(`da cis ufskrulSi ailewa kafe landuri... angelozebi

samarTebliT parsaven loTebs. msaxurebs daaqvT opiumi

maRal vazebiT...~) misTvis damaxasiaTebeli `sikvdilis

poetikiTa~ da TviTmkvlelobis motiviT. bohemis Temas

ukavSirdeba simaxinjis kulti, radgan bohema Sobs simaxinjis

esTetikas. simbolistebis azriT, simaxinje, romelic

xiluli sinamdvilis zedapiria, SeiZleba Tavis TavSi

sruliad sawinaaRmdego arss malavdes. igi badebs survils,

rom gadaxado es maxinji niRabi mis `uTqmel qvedapirs~.

maxinji, romelic rTulia da simboluri, simbolistTa

rwmeniT, adamians mistikuri Wvretisaken ubiZgebs. `maxinji

saSinelia, saSineli ki kultia Tanamedrove xelovnebis...

niRabi mSvenierebisa aris simaxinje. Tanamedrove poeziam

isurva movlineboda kacobriobas maxinji niRbiT, magram am

niRbidan iyurebian beatriCes Tvalebi. silamaze aTasjer

gakotrdeboda aqamdi, rom amas ar exmarebodes simaxinje~,

_ werda v. gafrindaSvili.

qarTvel simbolistTa warmosaxvis sagani realuri

sinamdvile ki ar iyo, aramed maTi fantaziiT Seqmnili

xelovnuri samyaro, romelic WeSmarit sinamdviled

miiCneoda. am mistifikaciis process ki realuridan

ufro realurisaken swrafvas uwodebdnen (viaC. ivanovis

formula).

gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba eniWeboda qarTvel

simbolistTa SemoqmedebaSi (iseve, rogorc saerTod

simbolizmis esTetikaSi) sityvasTan damokidebulebas,

`sityvebiT jadoqrobas~, rac sityvis iracionaluri

60

bunebis aRiarebaSi da am sityvis saxe-simbolod qcevaSi

gamoixateboda. simbolod qceuli sityva ki ukve realur

sagnebsa da movlenebs ki ar aRniSnavda, aramed maT mistikur

ekvivalentebs. ase ivseboda poezia fantomebiT, oreulebiT

da aCrdilebiT.

magiur mniSvnelobas aniWebdnen qarTveli

simbolistebi adamianTa saxelebs. isini miiCnevdnen,

rom realuri mniSvnelobisagan gawmendili saxeli

SesaniSnavi saSualeba iyo mxatvruli miznis misaRwevad. v.

gafrindaSvili aRniSnavda, rom poeziis mizani gamogonili

an arsebuli saxelis damtkiceba da gaZlierebaa: `saxeli da

sityva erTad izrdebian, Semdeg saxeli gauswrebs zrdaSi

sityvas da maRla aagdebs tans. rogorc romelime gmiri

hqmnis legendas, ise saxeli pirveli aSrialebis Semdeg

hqmnis Tavis fantastikas~ (`saxelebis magia~).

v. gafrindaSvili iRebda gamogonili an realurad

arsebuli istoriuli piris saxels, aTavsebda mas irealur

samyaroSi da ase qmnida `saxelebidan axal miTebs~ (misive

gamoTqmis Tanaxmad). v. gafrindaSvilis miTologiur

eliziumSi RmerTebis msgavsad `nebivroben bednieri

landebi~ dawyevlili poetebis – artur rembos, verlenis,

malarmes, lotreamonis, maT gverdiT arian: hanibali, Cingis

xani, Tamari, besiki, kaliostro, fransua viioni, ofelia,

Catertoni, mamia gurieli, aSordia.

axali miTebi iqmneboda ara marto poeziaSi, aramed

cxovrebaSic. oskar uaildis cnobili paradoqsis

perifrazi rom moviSvelioT, marTalia, xelovneba ar

baZavda cxovrebas, magram, samagierod, cxovreba baZavda

xelovnebas. amitom gadaiqca tite_ticianad, pavle_pao-

lod, nikolozi_kolaud. ̀ cisferyanwelebi~ azRaprebdnen

rogorc erTmaneTis saxelebs, ise pirad urTierTobebs da

61

maT mierve Seqmnili miTebi Semdeg leqsebSi gadahqondaT3.

marTalia, qarTul simbolizms ar axasiaTebda

imgvari misticizmi, rogoric rusuls, magram religiasa

da mxatvrul Semoqmedebas Soris arsebul paralelebze

qarTveli simbolistebic amaxvilebdnen yuradRebas.

sityvis iracionaluri bunebis aRiareba da rwmena, rom

sityvis gareSe SeuZlebelia zeaRsvla, rac simbolos

ganmartebaSi igulisxmeba, sityvaSi gansxeulebuli

RvTaebrivi arsis, logosis, religiuri gaazrebidan iRebs

saTaves.

Tundac is faqti, rom `cisferyanwelebi~ TavianT

dajgufebas `ordens~ uwodebdnen, cxadad migvaniSnebs

xelovnebis misiis religiis misiasTan gaTanabrebaze.

amave dros, `yanwelebi~ imazec miuTiTebdnen, Tu riTi

emijneba Tanamedrove poezia religias: `gaiyo gzebi mogvis

da poetis, _ werda s. cirekiZe, _ religia eZebs namdvil

oreuls qveynisas da unda eziaros mis ukvdavebas, poetma

Tavidanve iWvis TvaliT Sexeda am Ziebas, iman daijera,

rom RmerTs WeSarits ver ipovis da eZebs mxolod mis

butaforias...~

qarTveli simbolistebi, evropuli da rusi

simbolistebis msgavsad, xelovnebis upirveles dargad

musikas miiCnevdnen. `ukanaskneli aRTqma sikvdilis win

sokratis, misi zmaneba musikaze da Semdeg misi sayvareli

mowafis apologia musikaSi Svebis, Cven yvelaze axlo

miviReT sulTan~, _ werda t. tabiZe.

poeziaSi musikis efeqtis Seqmnis saSualebas

bgeraTganmeorebebi (aliteracia-asonansebi) iZleva,

romelsac sagangebo yuradRebas aqcevdnen qarTveli

simbolistebi (saocari musikaluri JReradobiT gamoirCeva

3 ix. m. abulaZe, literaturul mimdinareobaTa istoriidan meoce

saukunis qarTul mwerlobaSi, Tb., 1977, gv. 53

62

p. iaSvilis leqsi `darianuli~: `daitanja maja marjnis

mZime jaWvis tarebiT Cems damtanjvels RmerTi dasjis

qajad gadagvarebiT~). sagangebo yuradRebis sagani gaxades

`cisferyanwelebma~ leqsis musikaluri keTilxmovanebi

erT-erTi mTavari faqtori-riTma. zusti klasikuri riTma

maT arazusti-asonansuri, konsonansuri da disonansuri-

riTmiT Secvales. ramac moulodneli da mravalferovani

JReradobiT gaavso leqsi. didi wvlili miuZRviT

simbolistebs Tanamedrove qarTuli leqsis teqnikuri

mxaris daxvewaSi. maT daamkvidres qarTul poeziaSi iseTi

myari saleqso forma, rogoricaa soneti. qarTuli leqsis

reforma, romelic Cveni saukunis 10-iani wlebidan iwyeba,

ZiriTadad galaktion tabiZisa da `cisferyanwelebis~

saxelTanaa dakavSirebuli.

futurizmi

futurizmi, rogorc erT-erTi avangardistuli4

mxatvruli mimdinareoba, Cveni saukunis 10-ian wlebSi

warmoiSva da yvelaze srulad italiasa da ruseTSi

gamovlinda. marTalia, arsebul literaturul

tradiciebTan dapirispireba met-naklebad yvela axal

mimdinareobas axasiaTebs, magram futurizms am mxriv

toli ara hyavs. man sruliad uaryo manamde arsebuli

kulturuli memkvidreoba da axali xelovnebis Seqmnas

4 avangardizmi ewodeba XX saukunis xelovnebaSi warmoSobil moZraobas,

romelic arsebuli esTetikuri normebis rRvevis gziT imedovnebda

sruliad axali xelovnebis (ufro sworad, antixelovnebis) Seqmnas

(termini `avangardizmi~ saTaves iRebs franguli sityvidan avantgarde,

rac `mowinave razms~ niSnavs.

63

Seecada. italieli futuristebi, romlebic Tavs uaryofis

gziT imkvidrebdnen, muzeumebisa da biblioTekebis

ferflad qcevas moiTxovdnen, radgan Zveli xelovneba,

maTi azriT, axali adamianis interesebs ver akmayofilebda.

isini momavlis saxeliT moqmedebdnen da warsulis mimarT

gamoCenil agresiasac amiT amarTlebdnen (italiuri sityva

futurismo laTinuri futurumi-dan modis da `momavals~

niSnavs).

futurizmis samSoblo italiaa. misi dabadeba

filipo tomazo marinetim amcno mTel qveyanas parizSi

gamoqveynebuli manifestiT (1909w. 20 Tebervali).

`miTologia da mistika ukan movitoveT, Cven Tvalwin

ibadeba axali kentavri _ adamiani motociklze~, _ werda

axali mimdinareobis pirveli Teoretikosi. teqnikis

kulti futuristuli xelovnebis erT-erTi arsebiTi

maxasiaTebeli iyo. futuristebi acxadebdnen, rom Zravis

guguni ufro eZvirfasebodaT, vidre qalis Rimili an

cremlebi, romliTac TavianTi xelovnebis antihumanistur

da antiromantikul paToss usvamdnen xazs. marinetis

manifestSi naxsenebi axali kentavri _ `adamiani

motociklze~ _ futuristuli xelovnebis mier Seqmnili

`foladis kunTebiani~ zekacis simbolod iqca (gaixseneT

f. felinis cnobili filmi `amarkordi~, romelSic patara

qalaqis myudroebas drodadro motociklis xmauri

arRvevs, romelic mouldonelad SemoiWreba xolme

moedanze. felinis filmSi es idumali motociklisti,

romelic Zalisa da agresiis kults ganasaxierebs,

faSizmis simboloa). SemTxveviTi ar aris, rom italiurma

futurizmma, romelic nicSes ideebiT iyo nasazrdoebi,

faSisturi ideologiis damkvidrebas Seuwyo xeli.

`Zveli literatura xotbas asxamda azris mconarobas,

64

aRfrTovanebas da umoqmedobas. Cven xotbas vasxamT

Tavxedur miwolas, ciebcxelebian bodvas, mwyobr nabijs,

saxifaTo naxtoms, silis gartymas da cema-tyepas~,

_ acxadebda marineti. unda aRiniSnos, rom italiaSi

futuristebi xmauriani manifestebis gamoqveynebis

garda, skandalur saRamoebsac awyobdnen, rac xSirad

mayureblebTan xelCarTuli CxubiT mTavrdeboda.

futuristebma radikalurad uaryves arsebuli

gemovneba. maT eqscentrul xelovnebaSi, romelic mou-

lodnelobis efeqtzea agebuli, esTetizms antiesTe-

tizmi upirispirdeba, romantikas _ antiromantika,

humanizms _ antihumanizmi. futurizmma Seqmna geniosi

zekacis kulti, romelsac surs Zalis gamoyenebiT

gardaqmnas cxovreba da `aafeTqos yvela tradicia~.

marinetis romanSi `mafarkafuturisti~ momavlis adamiani

aris `manqana saTadrigo nawilebiT~, yovlismcodne,

yovlisSemZle, magram usulgulo, cinikuri da sastiki.

`damTavrda adamianis batonoba, dgeba teqnikis saukune,

_ acxadebda marineti erT-erT Tavis manifestSi _ Cven

unda davumegobrdeT teqnikas da movamzadoT saTadarigo

nawilebis mqone meqanikuri adamianis warmoSoba. Cven

gavaTavisuflebT adamians sikvdilze fiqrisagan~.

italiuri futurizmis yovlisdamamxobeli ideo-

logiis erT-erTi gamoxatuleba iyo omis apologia.

marineti oms `samyaros higienad~ miiCnevda, cnobilia, rom

man pirvel msoflio oms `yvelaze mSvenieri futuristuli

poema~ uwoda. ase gadaizarda teqnikis kulti militarizmis

kultSi. futuristul moZraobas marineti `progresul

SemoqmedTa militarizaciad~ Tvlida. mravlismetyvelia

italiel futuristTa mier gamoqveynebuli poeturi

krebulebis saxelmwodebani: `pistoletis gasrola~

65

(luCini), `eleqtronuli leqsebi~ (govoni), `xiStebi~

(dalbi), `aeroplanebi~ (buci), `Zravis simRera~ (folgore),

`cecxlis wamkidebeli~ (palaceski).

futuristebi moiTxovdnen, rom poezia Tavisufali

yofiliyo avtoris lirikuli `me~-sagan. adamianur

grZnobebs isini sisusteebad miiCnevdnen da `mSvenieris~

kriteriumebad Zalas, energias da siswrafes acxadebdnen.

futuristuli stils ZiriTadi niSnebi marinetis

`futuristuli literaturis teqnikur manifestSia~

CamoTvlili. esenia, pirvel rigSi, sintaqsis uaryofa,

romelic cudi mTargmnelisa da mosawyeni leqtoris

rols asrulebs da literaturas igi ar sWirdeba;

zmnis ganusazRvrel formaSi xmareba, radganac igi ase

ukeTesad miesadageba arsebiT saxels, romelic ar iqneba

damokidebuli avtoris, anu damkvirveblisa da meocnebis

`me~-ze; gansazRvrebis uaryofa, raTa SiSvlad darCenilma

arsebiTma saxelma mTeli sisruliT gaibrwyinos, vinaidan

gansazRvreba niuansebs amatebs, riTac dafiqrebas

gvaiZulebs da amiT aRqmis dinamikas abrkolebs.

garda amis, marinetis azriT, yvela arsebiT saxels

Tavisi oreuli unda axldes, anu sityva, romelTanac

analogiiT iqneba dakavSirebuli. magaliTad, adamiani _

torpedo, qali _ yure, kari _ onkani da a. S. aRar aris

saWiro tradiciul mxatvrul SedarebebSi gamoyenebuli

SemaerTebeli sityvebi: rogorc, msgavsi da sxva. kidev

ufro ukeTesi iqneba, Tu sagani da asociacia erT sityvaSi

SeerTdeba da erT lakoniur saxed Camoyalibdeba.

da bolos, aRar aris saWiro punqtuacia, radgan Tu

damxmare sityvebze uars vityviT, metyveleba uazro

pauzebis gareSe warimarTeba. mimarTulebis misaniSneblad

an raimes gamosayofad marineti mwerlebs maTematikuri

66

simboloebis (+ _ X = < >) da sanoto niSnebis gamoyenebas

urCevs.

marineti Tvlis, rom axali stili farTo asociaciebs

unda daefuZnos, unda ukuagdos moZvelebuli saxeebi

da gacveTili metaforebi (e. i. TiTqmis yvelaferi).

unda Seiqmnas e. w. `umavTulo warmosaxva~, futuristma

pistoletidan gasrolili tyviis jeriviT unda miayaros

mkiTxvels asociaciur saxeTa uwyveti rigi da es iqneba

didi xelovneba, romelsac msxverplad unda Seewiros

mkiTxvelis mxridan gageba (futuristebma kargad icodnen,

rom maTi ucnauri xelovneba mkiTxvelisaTvis gaugebari

iqneboda, swored amitom werdnen uamrav manifests,

romlebSic Teoriulad asabuTebdnen da ganmartavdnen

TavianT esTetikur principebs).

marinetim wamoayena `ganTavisuflebuli sityvis

poetika~, romelic avtoris mravalferovan SegrZnebebs

asociaciaTa mwkrivebis saxiT warmogidgenda. amave dros

poets unda moeSveliebina bgeraTmibaZva, Canaxatebi,

kolaJebi, mravalnairi tipografiuli Srifti, maTe-

matikuri aRniSvnebi. sityvisa Tu frazis grafikul da

bgeriT mxares azrze meti datvirTva eniWeboda.

rusma futuristebma wamoayenes e. w. `zaumuri

enis~ cneba. realobis gardaqmna maT enis gardaqmnidan

daiwyes, rac socialuri gadatrialebis utopiur ocnebas

ukavSirdeboda. v. xlebnikovi Tvlida, rom `zaumuri ena

momavali msoflio enaa CanasaxSi. mxolod mas SeuZlia

adamianebis gaerTianeba~.

enis deformirebis garda, futurizmis antiesTetizmi

imaSi gamoixata, rom man sazRvari waSala esTetikur da

yoveldRiur realobas Soris da gza gauxsna teqstSi

dokumenturi masalis Setanas. igi upiratesobas aniWebda im

67

realobas, romelic jer kidev xeluxlebeli iyo mxatvruli

praqtikis mier. poeturi interesis sagani gaxda yofaSi

axlaxan Semosuli nivTebi (teqnika), qalaqis materialuri

kultura (urbanizmi).

rusuli futurizmi ar iyo erTgvarovani, mas ar

gaaCnda erTnairi centri da programa. ruseTSi uamravi

futuristuli dajgufeba arsebobda. maT Soris

gamoirCeoda `gilea~, romlis aqtiuri wevrebi iyvnen: Zmebi

d. da n. burliukebi, v. xlebnikovi, v. maiakovski, v. kamenski,

a. kruCionixi, b. levSici. rusuli futuristuli moZraobis

fuZemdeblad ki i. severianini iTvleboda.

rusul futurizms italiuri futurizmisagan bevri

ram ganasxvavebda, pirvel rigSi ki ideologia, maTi

saerTo niSnebi iyo: tradiciuli kulturis uaryofa,

antiesTetizmi, urbanistuli motivebi, enis normebis

rRveva. rogorc italiuri, ise rusuli futurizmic

sakuTar Tavs revoluciuri momavalis Sesatyvis erTaderT

xelovnebad miiCnevda. SemTxveviTi ar iyo, rom italiaSi

am mimdinareobis zogierTi warmomadgeneli faSistur

ideologias daukavSirda, ruseTSi ki bevrma maTganma

sabWoTa socialisturi xelovnebis adeptad gamoacxada

Tavi (iseve, rogorc saqarTveloSi).

revoluciis Semdeg rusma futuristebma saqarTveloSi

Camoayalibes TavianTi dajgufeba (`410 `futuristebis

sindikati~), romlis SemadgenlobaSic am mimdinareobis

ramdenime cnobil warmomadgenels vxvdebiT. eseni arian:

a. kruCionixi, i. terentievi, i. zdaneviCi, k. zdaneviCi, v.

kamenski da sxvebi. maT gamosces wignebi, waikiTxes leqciebi,

Caatares saRmoebi, romlebmac xeli Seuwyo qarTvel

futuristTa gaerTianebis warmoSobas, romelmac 1922 wels

sakuTari manifesti gamoaqveyna saTauriT: `saqarTvelo _

feniqsi~.

68

TavianT manifestSi, romelic arsebiTad italiel

da rus futuristTa ideebis gadamRereba iyo, qarTveli

futuristebi acxadebdnen, uarvyofT, rac Cven ukan aris

da amieridan saqarTvelo Cvengan iwyebao. am manifests

xels awerdnen: nikoloz CaCava, akaki beliaSvili, daviT

gaCeCilaZe, besarion JRenti, simoni Ciqovani, grigol

oragveliZe, pol nozaZe, aleqsandre gabeskiria, mzia

erisTavi.

qarTveli futuristebi, romlebic maTive sityviT,

eleqtronisa da manqanis Sesatyvis urbanistul xelovnebas

qmnidnen, futurizms socialisturi revoluciis Sesaferis

erTaderT xelovnebad acxadebdnen.

TavianTi antiromantikuli ganwyoba da wina xelovnebis

uarmyofeli suli (`davartyaT TavSi lirikas Ceqma da

davadinoT cisferi sisxli~, _ werda s. Ciqovani) qarTvelma

futuristebma sakuTari Jurnalis saxelwodebaSic

gamoxates (`H2SO4~).

`H2SO4~ gogirdmJavas formulaa da garda imisa, rom

futurizmisaTvis damaxasiaTebel teqnicizmis kultze

migvaniSnebs (marineti mouwodebda mwerlebs, rom

adamianuri grZnobebidan yuradReba aracocxali materiis

mdgomareobaze gadaetanaT: eleqtronebis qariSxalze

da molekulaTa naxtomebze), garkveul simbolur

datvirTvasac Seicavs, razec xazgasmiT miuTiTeben

TavianT statiebSi qarTveli futuristebi. maTi azriT,

gogirdmJavas xsnariT, anu futuristuli xelovnebiT, unda

gawmendiliyo qarTul poeziaSi arsebuli ̀ antisanitaruli

mdgomareobiT~ gafuWebuli haeri. isini miuTiTebdnen, rom

`H2 SO 4~ aris qimiuri recepti, romelSic unda gaixrwnas

tkbilxmovani romantizmi. Zvel poezias futuristebi

riTmologias uwodebndnen, romlisTvisac damaxasiaTebeli

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iyo `cremlebi, mistika, ferumaruli, qinaqina, sarke,

mamuliSviloba~. futuristebi miiCnevdnen, rom qarTuli

poezia `ayrolda grandiozul sasaflaoze~ da saWiro iyo

krematoriumis Seqmna am mZoris dasawvavad. sityvas aRar

gavagrZelebT im Seuracxmyofel epiTetebze, romlebiTac

ixseniebdnen isini mTel qarTl poezias da, pirvel rigSi,

qarTvel simbolistebs.

`H2SO4~, romelic 1924 wlis 25 maiss gamovida, masSi

gamoqveynebuli zaumuri leqsebiT, yovlisuarmyofeli

ucnauri Teoriuli statiebiT, kubisturi suraTebiT

da nairgvari, erTmaneTSi areuli SriftiT, WeSmaritad

futuristuli Jurnali iyo.

qarTvel futuristTa Semoqmedebis damaxasiaTebeli

Tvisebebia teqnikis kulti, urbanizmi, romelmac maTs

leqsebSi Sesaferisi leqsikis SeWra ganapiroba da

zaumuri (deformirebuli) ena, romelic alogikurobiT da

bgeraTmibaZvebis sixSiriT gamoriCeva.

zaumuri eniT dawerili futuristuli leqsis tipuri

nimuSia nikoloz CaCavas `Sandi da SroSana~:

Sardals Sordeba Zili

Zildina gagulisda,

dRisuri qandaZili

mTvareze gasulis da.

gogona mogona xanZari

sofeli mofora. moSara.

msgavs poetikas efuZneba simon Ciqovanis cnobili

futuristuli leqsebi: `cira~, `qarboria~, `xabo~,

`mekameCeebis urmuli~.

futuristTa kritikuli Tavdasxmebis umTavresi

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obieqtebi iyvnen cisferyanwelebi, romelTa xelovnebamac,

garkveuli TvalsazrisiT, niadagi moumzada futurizmis

aRmocenebas (marineti simbolistebs futurizmis

inteleqtualur mamebs uwodebda). orive mimdinareoba

qarTuli kulturis radikalur ganaxlebas eswrafoda;

uaryofda klasikasa da urbanistul motivebs amkvidrebda,

Tumca futuristebi am mxriv simbolistebze gacilebiT

Sors wavidnen, maT Tavadve monaTles sakuTari suliskveTeba

`terorad~ da es terori, pirvel rigSi, cisferyanwelebis

winaaRmdeg iyo mimarTuli.

Cveni saukunis 10-ian wlebSi aRmocenebulma

futurizmma italiasa da ruseTSi 20-iani wlebis bolos

amowura Tavisi Tavi. qarTvel futuristTa moRvaweoba

1922-1928 wlebiT Semoifargleba (pirveli manifestis

gamoqveynebidan bolo perioduli organos gamocemamde).

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zogadi ganaTlebis erovnuli miznebi

saqarTveloSi zogadi ganaTlebis sistema miznad

isaxavs Seqmnas xelsayreli pirobebi erovnuli da

zogadsakacobrio Rirebulebebis matarebeli, Tavisu-

fali pirovnebis GamoyalibebisaTvis. amasTan erTad,

ganaTlebis sistema uviTarebs mozards gonebriv da

fizikur unar-Gvevebs, aZlevs saWiro codnas, amkvi-

drebs jansaRi cxovrebis wess, moswavleebs uyalibebs

liberalur da demokratiul Rirebulebebze damyare-

bul samoqalaqo cnobierebas da exmareba maT ojaxis,

sazogadoebisa da saxelmwifos winaSe sakuTari ufleba-

movaleobebis gacnobierebaSi.

saqarTvelos zogadi ganaTlebis sistemaSi miRebuli

gamocdilebis safuZvelze mozardma unda SeZlos:

a) qveynis interesebis, tradiciebisa da Rirebule-

bebis mimarT sakuTari pasuxismgeblobis gaazreba;

b) bunebrivi garemo pirobebis SenarGuneba da dacva;

g) teqnologiuri Tu sxva inteleqtualuri miRw-

evebis efeqtianad gamoyeneba; informaciis mopove-

ba, damuSaveba da analizi;

d) damoukideblad cxovreba, gadawyvetilebis miReba;

e) iyos Semoqmedi, Tavad Seqmnas Rirebulebebi da ar

icxovros mxolod arsebulis xarjze;

v) sakuTari SesaZleblobebisa da interesebis uwyveti

ganviTareba mTeli cxovrebis ganmavlobaSi da maTi

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maqsimaluri realizeba rogorc qveynis SigniT, ise

mis sazRvrebs gareTac;

z) komunikacia individebTan da jgufebTan;

T) iyos kanonmorGili, toleranti moqalaqe.

qarTuli ena da literatura XII

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