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practice workbook

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englishGrade 7

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This practice book is designed to support you in your journey of learning English for class 7. The contents and topics of this book are entirely in alignment with the NCERT syllabus.

For each chapter, a concept map, expected objectives and practice sheets are made available. Questions in practice sheets address different skill buckets and different question types, practicing these sheets will help you gain mastery over the lesson. The practice sheets can be solved with the teacher’s assistance.

There is a self-evaluation sheet at the end of every lesson, this will help you in assessing your learning gap.

TABLE OF CONTENT

• Assessment Pattern: 40 Marks

• Assessment Pattern: 80 Marks

• Syllabus & Timeline for Assessment

Page 1: Unit 1: 1.1 Three Questions

Page 2: Unit 1: 1.2 The Squirrel

: Unit 2: 2.1 A Gift of Chappals

Page 6: Unit 2: 2.2 The Rebel

Page 9: Unit 3: 3.1 Gopal and the Hilsa Fish

Page 10: Unit 3: 3.2 The Shed

Page 13: Unit 4: 4.1 The Ashes That Made Trees Bloom

Page 14: Unit 4: 4.2 Chivvy

Page 17: Unit 5: 5.1 Quality

Page 18: Unit 5: 5.2 Trees

Page 21: Unit 6: 6.1 Expert Detectives

Page 22: Unit 6: 6.2 Mystery of the Talking Fan

Page 25: Unit 7: 7.1 The Invention of Vita-Wonk

Page 26: Unit 7: 7.2 Dad and the Cat and the Tree

Page 29: Unit 8: 8.1 Fire: Friend and Foe

Page 30: Unit 8: 8.2 Meadow Surprises

Page 33: Unit 9: 9.1 A Bicycle in Good Repair

Page 34: Unit 9: 9.2 Garden Snake

Page 37: Unit 10: 10.1 The Story of Cricket

Page 40: 1. Parts of Speech

Page 47: 2. Types of Phrases

Page 54: 3. Nouns, Gender and Number

Page 63: 4. Pronouns and Types

Page 71: 5. Adjectives Degrees of Comparison

Page 78: 6. Articles and Determiners

Page 86: 7. Subject Verb Agreement

Page 93: 8. Auxiliaries and Modals

Page 102: 9. Finite and Non-Finite Verbs

Page 108: 10. Sentences-Simple, Complex and Compound

Page 114: 11. Conditional Clauses

Page 120: 12. Tenses

Page 130: 13. Prepositions

Page 139: 14. Phrases and Clauses

Page 146: 15. Speech

Page 154: 16. Voice

Page 161: 17. Connectors and Conjunctions

Page 169: 18. Figures of Speech

Marks: 40ASSESSMENT PATTERN Grade 7 / EnglishMarks: 40ASSESSMENT PATTERN

Difficult Question: Question involving creativity like story writing, analysis question like character analysis, justification of title or extracts (mostly requires creative and thinking skills).

Beginner Paper: (Easy: 50%, Medium: 40%, Difficult: 10%) Proficient Paper: (Easy: 40%, Medium: 40%, Difficult: 20%)

Easy Question: Remembering questions directly from the text or from the given exercises. (Mostly from content of book or end of chapter exercise).

Medium Difficulty Question: In-depth understanding of questions, not necessarily from the text. (Slightly modified concepts or end of chapter questions).

Grade 7 / English

ASSESSMENT PATTERN Marks: 80 Grade 7 / EnglishASSESSMENT PATTERN Marks: 80

Easy Question: Remembering questions directly from the text or from the given exercises. (Mostly from content of book or end of chapter exercise).

Difficult Question: Question involving creativity like story writing, analysis question like character analysis, justification of title or extracts (mostly requires creative and thinking skills).

Medium Difficulty Question: In-depth understanding of questions, not necessarily from the text. (Slightly modified concepts or end of chapter questions).

Beginner Paper: (Easy: 50%, Medium: 40%, Difficult: 10%) Proficient Paper: (Easy: 40%, Medium: 40%, Difficult: 20%)

Grade 7 / English

SYLLABUS FOR ASSESSMENT Grade 7 / English

CHAPTERS PT-1 TE-1 PT-2 TE-2

1. 1.1 Three Questions 1.2 The Squirrel

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2. 2.1 A Gift of Chappals 2.2 The Rebel

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3. 3.1 Gopal and the Hilsa Fish 3.2 The Shed

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N.D 1. The Tiny Teacher 2. Bringing up Kari 3. The Desert

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Grammar 1. Parts of speech 2. Types of phrases RWT: Reading Comprehension 1. Unseen passage 03 10. Sentences-Simple Complex and Compound RWT: Writing Task 1. Formal Letter

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4. 4.1 The Ashes That Made Trees Bloom 4.2 Chivvy

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5. 5.1 Quality 5.2 Trees

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N.D 4. The Cop and the Anthem 5. Golu Grows a Nose

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Grammar 3. Nouns, Gender and Number 4. Pronouns and Types 5. Adjectives Degrees of Comparison RWT: Writing task 1. Story writing Literature G: Articles 6. Articles & Determiners-kinds 9. Verb - finite and non-finite (gerund, participle infinitive) 7. Subject Verb agreement (rules in detail)

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6. 6.1 Expert Detectives 6.2 Mystery of the Talking Fan

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7. 7.1 The Invention of Vita-Wonk 7.2 Dad and the Cat and the Tree

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8. 8.1 Fire: Friend and Foe 8.2 Meadow Surprises

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SYLLABUS FOR ASSESSMENT Grade 7 / English

CHAPTERS PT-1 TE-1 PT-2 TE-2

N.D 6. I Want Something in a Cage 7. Chandini 8. Bear Story G: 8. Auxiliaries, and Modals in detail (obligation, permission..) 11. Conditional clause 13. Prepositions -commonly confused pairs, using since and for, preposition to talk about time, place and reason, prepositional phrases (functioning of adjectives and adverb) 14. Phrases and clauses 12. Tenses RWT: Writing Task Diary Writing

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Grammar 15. Speech - recap of rules, Reported Speech (interrogative, exclamatory..) 16. Voice

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9. 9.1 A Bicycle in Good Repair 9.2 Garden Snake

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10. The Story of Cricket ✓

N.D A Tiger in the House ✓

Grammar An Alien Hand G: Subject-Verb agreement 17. Connectors and Conjunctions 18. Introduction to figure of speech - Simile, metaphor, alliteration, personification RWT: Written task Persuvasive Essay G: Grammar (revision) RWT: Reading Comprehension Unseen Passage

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Assessment Timeline

Periodic Test-1 22nd July to 12th August

Term 1 Exam 23rd September to 21st October

Periodic Test-2 16th December to 13th January

Term 2 Exam 1st March to 30st March

(This section has a set of practice questions grouped into different sheets based on different concepts. By answering these questions you will strengthen your subject knowledge. A self-evaluation sheet is provided at the end of every lesson.)

LESSON WISE PRACTICE SHEETS

1

1.1 Three Questions

Extract 1:

“Remember then; there is only one time that is important and that time is “Now”. It is the most important time

because it is the only time we have any power to act:”

“The most necessary person is the person you are with at a particular moment, for no one knows what will

happen in the future and whether we will meet anyone else. The most important business is to do that person

good, because we were sent into this world for that purpose alone.”

(i) Which is the most important time and why?

(ii) Who is the most important person?

(iii) What do we not know about?

(iv) What is the most important business?

(v) Why should we do good to a needy person?

Extract 2:The king went up to the hermit and said. “I have come to you. wise hermit to ask you to answer three questions. How can I learn to do the right thing at the right time? Who are the people I need most? And what affairs are the most important?” The hermit listened to the king but did not speak. He just spat on his hands and began digging again. “You are tired.” said the king. “Let me take the spade and work in your place.”

“Thanks,” said the hermit, giving the king his spade. Then he sat down on the ground.

(i) Whom did the king go to and why?

(ii) How did the hermit react to the questions?

(iii) “You are tired.”

Who was tired—the king or the hermit?

(iv) What did the king offer to the hermit?

(v) What did the hermit do when he heard of the king’s offer?

Reading Comprehension Extracts

2

1.2 The Squirrel

Extract 1:

Read the stanza given below and answer the questions that follow.

He wore a question mark for tail,

An overcoat of gray,

He sat up straight to eat a nut.

He liked to tease and play,

And if we ran around his tree,

He went the other way.

(i) Name the poem and the poet.

(ii) Who is ‘he’ in the poem?

(iii) What does the overcoat of gray refer to?

(iv) Where does a squirrel live?

(v) Why does the squirrel go away when one goes near him?


PRACTICE SHEET - 1 (PS-1)

3

Reading Comprehension (Unseen Passage)

I. Read the following passage and answer the questions that follow.1. Once, there lived a priest in a small village. He was

very innocent and a simple minded person. Once he was rewarded with a goat for his services by a wealthy man. The priest happily hung the goat over his shoulder and began the journey towards his home.

2. On the way, three cheats saw the priest, carrying the goat. All of them were lazy and wanted to cheat the priest so that they could take away the goat. They discussed the matter amongst themselves and devised a plan to get the goat by fooling the priest. After deciding the plan, they got separated from one another and hid themselves at three different places on the way of the priest.

3. As soon as the priest arrived at a lonely place, one of the cheats came out of his hiding place and asked the priest in a shocking manner, “Sir, what are you doing? I don’t understand why a holy man like you need to carry a dog on your shoulders?” The priest was surprised to hear such words. He screamed, “Can’t you see? It’s not a dog but a goat, you stupid fool”. The cheat replied, “Sir, I told you what I saw.” The priest was angry but started his journey once again.

4. The priest had barely walked a distance, when another cheat came out of his hiding place and asked the priest, “Sir, why do you carry a dead calf on your shoulders? You seem to be a wise person. Such an act is pure stupidity on your part”. The priest yelled, “How can you mistake a living goat for a dead calf?” The second cheat replied, “Sir, you seem to be highly mistaken. Either you don’t know how a goat looks like or you are doing it knowingly.” The second cheat went away smiling. The priest was confused but continued to walk further.

5. Again the priest had covered a little distance when the third cheat met him. The third cheat asked laughingly, “Sir, why do you carry a donkey on your shoulders? People will laugh at you”. Hearing the words of the third thug, the priest became really worried. He started thinking, “Is it really not a goat? Is it some kind of a ghost?”

6. He thought that the animal he was carrying on his shoulders might really be some sort of ghost, because it transformed itself from the goat into a dog, from a dog into a dead calf and from dead calf into a donkey. The priest got frightened to such an extent that he threw the goat on the roadside and ran away. The three tricksters laughed at the innocent priest. They caught the goat and were happy to feast on it. One should not be carried away by what others say. Don’t be fooled by those who want to take advantage of you.

1. Complete the following sentences. a. The first cheat asked the priest why _______

__________________________________.b. Hearing the words of the third thug, ______

___________________________________.c. The three tricksters caught the goat _______

__________________________________. 2. Answer the following questions in a sentence

each.a. What did the three cheats do after deciding

a plan? b. Why did the priest think that the goat was a

ghost? c. What do we learn from this story?

3. Find suitable words from the passage which mean the same to the following.a. thought of (Paragraph 2) b. hardly (Paragraph 4) c. converted (Paragraph 6)

II. Read the following passage and answer the questions that follow.1. Sports are vital in one’s life as they help in

making a person healthy and active. They also help to refresh our mind and in building confidence and team spirit. Sports are very important and everyone should play at least one sport in their life. They help in making a person physically fit.

2. There are many kinds of sports that one can choose from. There are many outdoor games like cricket, football, badminton, table tennis, basketball and many other games which have many benefits. These kinds of games involve physical activities, thus making us physically fit and also help in building team spirit. One gets an experience of losing and winning as well and learn how to deal with success and failure. Hence, playing any game can help us a lot.

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3. Apart from the outdoor games, there are many indoor games as well like chess, carom which also help a person to boost his confidence and one learns how to work in a team of two.

4. Playing different kinds of games and sports help in one’s personal development. There are a lot of games that one can choose from depending on one’s interest and energy level. Playing games and sports help to build the physical strength. They also make us alert. The other important aspect is that from playing games and sports we also learn how to handle difficult situations. They help us to think out of the box by opening up our mind to think of new ideas and solutions for various things. Apart from all these benefits, for students, they are the best way to get a break from day to day life and divert your mind for a while, which in return is useful.

5. Sports also results in improvement of confidence for some students who may not be good in studies. Studies have shown that sports help in improving academic performance too, by building up the confidence of a child. It also serves as the best icebreaker for fresh students and helps them to make friends. Therefore, looking at all the merits of sports, the schools should include sports environment with proper facilities, dedicated instructors and time to help their students follow sports.

1. Complete the following sentences: a. Playing indoor games can help us to _________________________________________.b. ________________________________________ help in one’s personal development.c. Sports serves as the best icebreaker for fresh students and ______________________.

2. Answer the following questions in a sentence each.a. Mention any two benefits of playing outdoor games. b. How do sports and games help us to think out of the box?c. What do studies say about the role of sports and games in improving one’s academic performance?

3. Find suitable words from the passage which mean the same to the following.a. Very important (Paragraph 1)b. increase (Paragraph 3)c. committed (Paragraph 5)

I. You are Ram Prakash, Monitor of class VII A in Blooming Buds Public School, Hyderabad. Write a letter to the principal of your school asking him/her to arrange for extra classes for Science subject. Give reasons why you need this. (Word limit: 100-120 words)

II. Today your grandparents left after staying with your family for over six months. Express how you are feeling in a diary entry. (Word limit: 100-120 words)

5

2.1 A Gift of Chappals

Extract 1:

A smiling Rukku Manni threw open the door. Ravi and Meena rushed out, and Ravi pulled Mridu into the house.

“Wait, let me take off my slippers”, protested Mridu. She set them out neatly near a pair of large black ones.

Those were grey, actually, with dust. You could see the clear marks of every toe on the front part of each slipper.

The marks for the two big toes were long and scrawny.

(i) Who opened the door?

(ii) What did Ravi do?

(iii) Where did Mridu set her slippers?

(iv) How were the marks on the large black chappals?

(v) Give the meanings of the following words in English: a. neatly b. scrawny

Extract 2:

Mridu and Meena followed Ravi out. The beggar was already in the garden making himself quite at home. He had spread his upper cloth under the neem tree, and was leaning against its trunk, apparently prepared to take a little snooze while he waited for the alms to appear. ‘Go away!’ said Ravi sternly. ‘My Paati says it’s time you found another house to beg from!’

(i) Who followed Ravi out?

(ii) Where was the beggar at that time?

(iii) What did the beggar spread under the neem tree?

(iv) What was the beggar doing under the neem tree?

(v) Give the meanings of the following words in English.

a. snooze b. apparently


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2.2 The Rebel


Extract 1:

When everybody is greeting the rain,

The rebel regrets the absence of sun.

When everybody goes to the meeting.

The rebel stays at home and reads a book.

When everybody stays at home and reads a book.

The rebel goes to the meeting.

(i) When does the rebel regret the absence of sun?

(ii) What does the rebel do when everybody goes to the meeting?

(iii) When does the rebel go to the meeting?

(iv) Give synonyms of the word ‘regret’.

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I. Read the following passage and answer the questions that follow.1. Man, as a living being, is much weaker than

many other living beings. He does not have strength of an elephant, nor the speed of a horse. But he has one thing which other living beings don’t have, which is superior intelligence. With the help of this, he has learnt to catch and use great natural forces as wind, water, fire, steam and electricity for his own ends. He has made these powers as his servants.

2. Long ago, man invented sails. He used the winds to carry him in the ships across the sea. By means of windmills, he forced the wind, too, to grind his corn, raise water by pumps and drain wet land. In the same way, he makes water drive the machinery in mills and factories. Before the discovery of the power of steam, most of the mills in England were driven by the power of water. Today in America, the great Niagara Falls are used to generate electricity. In India, the Cauvery Falls generate electric power which is carried to Mysore and Bangalore ninety miles away.

3. At a very early stage, man discovered the useful power of fire. He used it to cook his food, to keep him warm and to melt metals. Fire also gives man steam - the great power resource of the world. The discovery of the power of steam led to the invention of the steam engine. From it, have come the railway engines, the steamship and the big factories with its steam-driven machineries. This has given rise to great towns, large industries and the widespread trade and business of the world.

4. Finally, man has captured and learnt to use lightning. As the nineteenth century was the age of steam, this is the age of electricity. We have electric light, electric heating and cooking and refrigerating. We speak to each other at a distance by the electric telephone. Electricity drives trains and cars for us, and makes everything possible.

1. Complete the following sentences. a. Man has one thing, which other

living beings don’t have, which is, _________________.

b. Man used fire to _________________________________________ and to melt metals.

c. The discovery of steam has

given rise to great towns, large_______________________.

2. Answer the following questions in a sentence each.a. What has man achieved with the help of his

superior intelligence? b. Give an example of use of water power in

India as given in the passage. c. Give any two benefits of discovery of

electricity in our lives as given in the passage.

3. Find suitable words from the passage which mean the same to the following.a. Greater (Paragraph 1) b. produce (Paragraph 2) c. caught (Paragraph4)

II. Read the following passage and answer the questions that follow.1. Ali is a fisherman who lives in Kovalam, a

fishing village on the east coast in the city of Chennai. His day begins at dawn when it is still chilly and dark. While he gets ready, his wife Leela prepares coffee and cooks a simple rice meal of fish and vegetable for breakfast. After eating a hurried meal, he heads for the beach, where his boat is tied. His friend, Ishak, also arrives to help him, and soon they get to work, checking their fishing-nets, bait and sails before setting out to sea.

2. As the first rays of the sun peep over the hills, they set off in their boat and sail out to sea. The chilly, refreshing breeze brushes against them and they shiver a little. As the sails fill with air, the boat moves swiftly over the water. Soon, they are in the middle of the glimmering sea, and they begin to let down their nets. The sky looks beautiful at sunrise with orange, gold, pink and blue tints. They feel glad the day will be sunny and bright and hope to get a good catch.

3. Now and then, they pull their nets into the boat. Sometimes the nets are loaded with fish, prawns and crabs, but, at other times, they are empty. By noon, they start rowing back to shore. Working in the hot sun is a tough job. As they reach the shore, their families await them to help sort out the fish and prawns which are of different types or sizes.

4. Then, when their baskets are filled with their catch, they are ready to meet the men who come in lorries to buy the fish and prawns

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and send them to the markets in the big towns to be sold. In the afternoon, Ali sits under a shady tree and repairs his nets. He also spends some time attending to his vegetable plot behind his hut. Evening comes and this is the happiest time of the day for him as he can now relax with his family.

1. Complete the following sentences: a. While Ali gets ready for his work, his wife Leela ________________________________. b. _____________________________________, the boat moves swiftly over the water. c. Evening is the happiest time of the day for Ali because __________________________

2. Answer the following questions in a sentence each.a. Who is Ali and where does he live? b. How does the sky look like at sunrise?c. Whom does Ali meet when the baskets are filled with the catch?

3. Find suitable words from the passage which mean the same to the following.a. Rushed (Paragraph 1)b. quickly (Paragraph 2)c. mends (Paragraph 4)

I. You are Ruhani Sharma, a student of ABJ Public School, Nizamabad. Write an application to your principal asking him/her to sanction you medical leave for two weeks. Give reasons why you need the leave. (Word limit: 100-120 words)

II. Assume that you are the school prefect of Bosco Public School, Kannur. Write a letter to your principal complaining about the bad quality of food served in the school cafeteria. You are Sudhanshu Malik of Class VIII A. (120-150 words)

9

3.1 Gopal and the Hilsa Fish

Extract 1:

The courtier fell silent with downcast eyes. The king felt guilty. “I’m sorry. I lost my temper. It is the season for

hilsa-fish and no one ... not even Gopal can stop anyone from talking about hilsa-fish not even for five minutes!

(i) Why was the courtier silent?

(ii) What made the king feel guilty?

(iii) What did the king say to the courtier?

(iv) What did Gopal say when he heard what the king had said?

(v) Write meanings of the words: a. downcast and b. guilty.

Extract 2:

“Your majesty, you seem to have forgotten something.” “Forgotten something?” Strangely enough no one seems to be interested in hilsa-fish today from the market to the palace and in the court, not a soul has spoken a word about hilsa-fish.”

(i) What had the king forgotten?

(ii) Who is the speaker in these lines?

(iii) Why was nobody interested in speaking about hilsa-fish?

(iv) Was the king impressed with the speaker?

(v) Write opposites of the words: a. forgotten b. interested.


10

3.2 The Shed

Extract 1:I know that there isn’t really a ghost.

My brother tells lies to keep the shed for his den:

There isn’t anyone staring or making strange noises

And the spider has been gone from his web

since I don’t know when. I’ll go into that shed one day soon.

But not just yet...

(i) Why doesn’t the brother want the poet to go to the shed?

(ii) What does the poet think?

(iii) Does the poet know when the spider left its web?

(iv) Why does the poet postpone his visit to the shed?


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I. Read the following passage and answer the questions that follow.1. Black clouds gathered above us, but we were

too intent on playing football. We hoped that the clouds would go away so that we could continue playing. Our hopes were ruined when suddenly heavy rain began to pour. In a few seconds, we were all soaked to the skin. To make matters worse, lightning flashed dangerously close to us. The deafening thunder and loud wind did not help either.

2. We ran towards a large tree under which we had parked our bicycles. The tree provided some shelter from the rain and we were interested to remain under it. However we knew that it was dangerous to stay under a tree during a thunderstorm. So we got on our bicycles and pedalled off.

3. There was no other shelter available nearby. So I decided to go home. Since I was already completely wet, I might was well to go home instead to seeking shelter. It was just about the fiercest storm I had ever been in. The driving rain made cycling difficult as I could not see more than a couple of metres in front of me. A car flashed past me. It was too close for comfort. Perhaps the driver did not even see me. So I thought it was better to stop somewhere before I got hit by another car.

4. Luckily I found a bus-stop with a roof. I hurried gladly under the roof even though I had to share it with a dozen other people who were also soaked to the skin. It was a bit of a squeeze but no one complained. For an hour, the storm lashed everything around us. We were silent spectators to an awesome display of power by nature. To see that, I felt very small and vulnerable, even afraid; but I could do nothing but watch. Finally the rain slowed down to a drizzle and the wind died down. I could still hear distant thunder but the worst of the storm was over. So happily I got on my bicycle and pedalled home.

1. Complete the following sentences. a. The narrator and his friends hoped that the

clouds ______________________________.b. The narrator decided to go home since ___

____________________________________.

c. A car flashed past the narrator too close for comfort because perhaps ______________.

2. Answer the following questions in a sentence each.a. Why couldn’t the narrator and his friends

take a shelter under the tree? b. What made the cycling difficult for the

narrator? c. Why did the narrator feel very small

vulnerable and even afraid?3. Find suitable words from the passage which

mean the same to the following.a. loud (Paragraph 1)b. very violent (Paragraph 3)c. weak (Paragraph 4)

II. Read the following passage and answer the questions that follow.1. I had never encountered an elephant at

close quarters until my visit to an Elephant Relocation Centre. I observed their behaviour and how they interact with their trainers and each other. I think their intelligence is amazing. Elephants are highly intelligent with thinking capabilities, can learn skill. They also experience various emotions like pain, suffering, sadness, depression and grief. They love to lie in mud and with grainy sand. As their skin is sensitive to the sun, the mud and sand act as sunscreen and protect them from the sun’s harsh rays. In the cool, clear stream, the elephants exhibit their playful nature by spraying water.

2. The Elephant Training Center in Kuala Gandah, Pahang, is the headquarters for the Malaysian Elephant Translocation Team. It was set up in 1974. Wild elephants are close to extinction in Malaysia and the team has managed to increase the elephant’s population from 500 to 1200 in the past 20 years. In 25 years, they have successfully relocated 400 elephants. At the centre, there are five elephants ranging in age from 6 to 50 years old. These five are the working elephants specially trained to assist in translocation projects. For this, only female elephants are kept and trained as their attitude is more suitable for translocation work.

3. In Malaysia, the elephant is a symbol of conservation. Due to widespread development, the habitat of elephants has been destroyed because of plantations, estates and villages. This is where the translocation team comes in. The centre is often called to relocate elephants from unwelcome territories to national parks.

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Wild elephants do become afraid, angry and confused at being captured and chained. Thus the centre’s elephants are brought to give moral support to them. This they do by touching the trunk of the wild elephant, providing comfort and calm in a slow and delicate process.

4. It may seem cruel to have the elephants in heavy chains but a spokesman says that it is unavoidable. The trip to the national parks may take hours and is very stressful for the elephants. It is vital to move the elephants to their new home as soon as possible as they may die out of sadness and hopelessness.

1. Complete the following sentences. a. The author observed the behaviour of the elephants_____________________________b. Female elephants are preferred to assist in translocation projects because ___________. c. It is vital to move the elephants to their new home else ___________________________

2. Answer the following questions in a sentence each.a. Why do you think the writer says that the elephant’s intelligence is amazing? Give two possible

reasons. b. What is the specific duty of the five working elephants of the Elephant Training Centre?c. What has led to the reduction of the elephants’ natural habitat?

3. Find suitable words from the passage which mean the same to the following.a. Sorrow (Paragraph 1) b. grief caught (paragraph 3) c. captured unkind (paragraph 4) cruel

I. Write a diary entry describing “My favourite time of the day”. (Word limit: 100-120 words)

II. You have been witness to an accident on the road in front of your house. You were shocked and shaken. Write a diary entry expressing your emotions. (Word limit: 100-120 words)

13

Extract 1:

Then the covetous old fellow, with a spade, and the old crone, with a hoe, began to dig; but there was nothing

but a dead kitten, the smell of which made them drop their tools and shut their noses. Furious at the dog, the

old man kicked and beat him to death, and the old woman finished the work by nearly chopping off his head

with the sharp hoe. They then flung him into the hole and heaped the earth over his carcass.

(i) What did the old fellow and the old crone use to dig the ground?

(ii) Why did they shut their noses?

(iii) What did the old man do with the dog?

(iv) Who finished the work by chopping off the dog’s head?

(v) Give the meanings of the following words in English:

a. covetous b. furious

Extract 2:

The old man awoke and went at once to his wicked neighbour’s house, where he found the miserable old pair

sitting at the edge of their square fireplace. in the middle of the floor, smoking and spinning. From time to time

they warmed their hands and feet with the blaze from some bits of the mill, while behind them lay a pile of the

broken pieces.

(i) Where did the old man go early in the morning?

(ii) Where was the miserable pair sitting?

(iii) What were they doing?

(iv) What lay behind them?

(v) Give synonyms for the following words in English: a. wicked b. edge


4.1 The Ashes That Made Trees Bloom

14

4.2 Chivvy

Extract 1:Sit up

Say please

Less noise Shut the door behind you

Don’t drag your feet

Haven’t you got a hankie?

Take your hands out of

Your pockets.

(i) Give two ‘Dos’’ given in the stanza.

(ii) Who says these things generally?

(iii) What do such instructions teach?

(iv) State one ‘don’t’ and one question given in the stanza.



15


I. Read the following passage and answer the questions that follow.1. We all have different kinds of hobbies to spend

our leisure time. Hobbies can be both relaxing and useful. Different people have different hobbies. Some common hobbies enjoyed by plenty of people are philately, swimming, photography and gardening. A hobby not only relaxes us, but also provides us with boosts of energy.

2. Gardening requires quite a bit of manual labour on the part of the gardener. For this reason, some people doubt if it can relax you as a hobby. However, for people who like gardening, it can be relaxing just to feel the soil on your palms or getting quiet moments or even help you create beauty. By its very nature, gardening is a slow process. Therefore there is no quick satisfaction here. Instead, it yields its best results when you take time over it and pay attention to details. The attempt takes time and energy on your part, but the end result is beautiful to the senses.

3. Gardening also allows you to be in the presence of nature even if that presence is a small potted plant. As the plant grows and thrives, you feel satisfaction from a job well done. The hours that you put into your garden yield beautiful results that please and satisfy your mind, lowering stress and allowing your mind to relax.

4. If you decide to take up gardening as a hobby and have no prior experience with it, it is best for you to research gardening. You can do this with the help of books on gardening and online websites. Also keep in mind that caring for different plants can be easy or difficult, depending upon the plants. New gardeners can get confused quite easily. However, following a few basic tips helps enormously in growing your garden.

5. The best part about having gardening as a hobby is that it can be done anywhere. If you have a yard, you can garden there. If your living space is small you can arrange a few potted plants and take care of them.

6. Gardening is a great hobby for everyone from students to working professionals to people who are retired. It allows you to connect with your environment and with nature. However, it is important to remember that you should

not just jump in. Instead, learn as much as you can, take in basic tips and tricks and take baby steps. Else all your attempts at gardening are bound to fail. You will find that when given proper attention, a garden can soothe your soul and gardening can calm and please you.

1. Complete the following sentences. a. We all _______________________________

________________ our leisure time. b. ____________________________________

________ is that it can be done anywhere. c. Gardening allows us to connect with ______

__________________________________. 2. Answer the following questions in a sentence

each.a. Name from the passage, any two hobbies

enjoyed commonly by people.b. What doubt does some people have

regarding gardening as a hobby?c. What is the advice lent by the passage for

those people who don’t have any prior experience in gardening?

3. Find suitable words from the passage which mean the same to the following.a. free time (Paragraph 1)b. previous (Paragraph 4)c. efforts (Paragraph 6)

II. Read the following passage and answer the questions that follow.1. Mary was a young girl. She had a negative

attitude towards life so she used to get annoyed with everything. Once, when she felt that life was unbearable and told her father that if she was able to manage and solve one problem, another one followed quickly. Her father consoled her and took her to the kitchen. He asked Mary to take a potato, an egg and two spoons of tea leaves. Mary was surprised, and asked her father, “Do you want me to cook?” “No,” her father said.

2. He then took three vessels and poured one cup of water in each vessel. The vessels were placed on the stove. Once the water started to boil, he dropped the potato in a vessel, egg in the second one and the tea leaves in the third one. “Why are you doing all these things?” Mary asked, really annoyed with her father. “Just wait fifteen minutes,” said her father. The impatient daughter managed to wait for around 15 minutes.

16



Writing:

3. Father removed the potato from the pot and placed in a plate. He did the same with the eggs. He filtered the tea decoction using a cup. Now, he placed the two plates, one with the potato and the other with the egg, and the cup of tea in front of Mary. He asked Mary, “What do you see?” “Potato, egg and a cup of tea,” said Mary. “No, you are wrong,” said her father. “Look at it closely and answer me.” Mary replied the same. “Now touch it and answer me.”

4. The potato was cooked and was soft, the egg was boiled hard, and the tea carried a nice aroma. Mary couldn’t find the correct answer. Her father said, “The potato was so hard and strong before it was boiled; now it has turned soft and smooth. Also, the egg was delicate but after boiling it became hard. Sip the tea. It is delicious!”

5. Mary asked, “What does it mean father? I don’t understand!” “Each object responded differently to water. Each object was put under the same kind of circumstances, faced similar adversities, but reacted differently. The potato, when put in boiling water, became very weak. The soft egg became very hard when we put it in boiling water. And the tea leaves are unique. It changed the water itself, giving it a unique flavour and aroma! It gave something new.” Mary understood that we can create something new and unique even when we experience adversities.

1. Complete the following sentences.a. Mary had a negative attitude towards life __________________________________. b. The potato was cooked and was soft, the egg __________________________________.c. Father removed the potato from the pot ___________________________________.

2. Answer the following questions in a sentence each.a. Why did Mary feel that her life was unbearable? b. What did the father do after the water started to boil?c. What did Mary learn out of this whole experience?

3. Find suitable words from the passage which mean the same to the following.a. Intolerable (Paragraph 1)b. angry (Paragraph 2)c. situations (Paragraph 5)

I. Complete the story and provide a suitable title to the same. Ganesh-sent by father to bank-deposit cheque-sat down on a row of chairs-not many people-heard someone shout behind-looked around-two gunmen carrying handguns-telling to get down on the floor-Ganesh obeyed quickly-too stunned-heard harsh voices-sound of someone being hit-death threats-from corner of eye-sight of a pair of moving boots-felt fear-robbers making escape-two figures running out of the bank door-security guard ran out of bank-levelled his gun at the motorcycle with the robbers-deafening shot-robbers fell down on the road-out of the bank watching real-life action-guard then picked up bag-police arrived-too shocked to do anything-went back home.

II. You are Tushar, studying in class VII C of Bright Kids Academy, Bangalore. Write an application to your principal requesting him or her to grant you fee concession as the financial condition of your parents is not good. (Word limit: 100-120 words)

17

Extract 1:It was over a year before I was again in London. And the first shop I went to was my old friend’s. I had left a man of sixty I came back to one of seventy-five, pinched and worn, who genuinely, this time, did not at first know me. “Do you wand any boods?” he said. “I can make dem quickly, id is a slack dime.”

(i) How long did the author remain out of London?

(ii) Where did the author go after his arrival in London?

(iii) How old was the bootmaker when the author went out of London?

(iv) What did the bootmaker ask the author?

(v) Give the meanings of the following words in English: a. pinched b. slack

Extract 2:”Ah!” he said. “poor old man starved himself. Slow starvation, the doctor called it! You see he went to work in such a way! Would keep the shop on; wouldn’t have a soul touch his boots except himself. When he got an order it took him such a time. People won’t wait. He lost everybody. And there he’d sit going on and on. I will say that for him—not a man in London made a better boot. But look at the competition! He never advertised! Would have the best leather too and do it all himself. Well there it is. What could you expect with his ideas?”

(i) According to the doctor, what caused Mr. Gessler’s death?

(ii) Why did he lose his customers?

(iii) What was the opinion of the speaker of these lines (new owner of the shop) about Mr. Gessler?

(iv) What type of leather did Mr. Gessler use to make boots?

(v) Give the meanings of the following words in English:

a. starve b. competition


5.1 Quality

18

Extract 1:

Do Trees are to make cool shade in summer.

Trees are to make no shade in winter.

Trees are for apples to grow on, and pears:

Trees are to chop down and call. “TIMBER-R-R!”

Trees make mothers say,

“What a lovely picture to paint!”

Trees make fathers say,

“What a lot of leaves to rake this fall!”

(i) How do trees help us in summer?

(ii) Why do trees make no shade in winter?

(iii) For what purpose do we use timber?

(iv) “What a lovely picture to paint!” Who says this and why?


5.2 Trees

19



I. Read the following passage and answer the questions that follow.1. Before several centuries, there was a very large,

dense and dark forest. A group of monkeys arrived at the forest. As the winter season started, the monkeys struggled hard to survive the freezing cold nights. They were hunting for fire to get warm. One night, they saw a firefly and considered it a dab of fire. All the monkeys in the group shouted ‘Fire, Fire, Fire, Yeah we got fire!’

2. A couple of monkeys tried to catch the firefly and it escaped. They were sad as they could not catch the fire. They were talking to themselves that they couldn’t live in the cold if they didn’t get the fire. The next night, again they saw many fireflies. After several attempts, the monkeys caught a few fireflies. They put the fireflies in a hole dug in the land and tried to blow the flies. They blew the flies very hard without knowing the fact that they were flies!

3. An owl was watching the activities of the monkeys. The owl reached the monkeys and told them, ‘Hey those are not fire! They are flies. You won’t be able to make fire from it!’ The monkeys laughed at the owl. One monkey replied to the owl, ‘Hey old owl you don’t know anything about how to make fire. Don’t disturb us!’ The Owl warned the monkeys again and asked them to stop their foolish act. ‘Monkeys, you cannot make fire from the flies! Please hear my words.’ The monkeys tried to make fire from the flies.

4. The Owl told them again to stop their foolish act. ‘You are struggling so much, go take your shelter in a nearby cave. You can save yourself from the freezing cold! You won’t get fire!’ One monkey shouted at the owl and the owl left the place.

5. The monkeys were simply doing the foolish activity for several hours and it was almost midnight. Finally, they became tired and realized that the words of the owl were correct and they were trying to blow a fly. They sheltered themselves at the cave and escaped from the cold.

1. Complete the following sentences. a. One night, they saw a firefly ____________

______________________________b. catch the firefly and it escaped. __________

______________________________c. One monkey shouted at the owl _________

______________________________2. Answer the following questions in a sentence

each.a. What happened as the winter season

started? b. What did the monkeys do after catching a

few fireflies? c. What did the monkey finally realise

and what step did they take to protect themselves?

3. Find suitable words from the passage which mean the same to the following.a. Reached (Paragraph 1) b. ran away (Paragraph 2) c. protected (Paragraph 4)

II. Read the following passage and answer the questions that follow.1. Mahatma Gandhi, honoured as the father of

India, was a very special person. This story illustrates one of the reasons for him to be called ‘Mahatma’ (great soul).

2. Once, Gandhi was on a mission to collect funds from various cities and villages for an organization to help the poor. He went to several places and finally reached Orissa. He organized a meeting in Orissa. There, he gave a speech to the public, requesting them to give him funds for the organization. At the end of his speech, a very old woman with bent back, torn clothing, white hair, and shrunken skin got up. She requested the volunteers to allow her to reach Gandhi. However, the volunteers stopped her. She did not give up. She fought with them and reached Gandhi.

3. She touched the feet of Gandhi. Then she took out a copper coin kept in the folds of her saree and placed it at his feet. Then the old lady left the stage. Gandhi very carefully took the coin. The treasurer of the organization for the poor asked Gandhi for the copper coin, but he refused to give it.

4. “I keep cheques worth thousands of rupees,” said the treasurer. “Yet you won’t trust me with a copper coin!” Gandhi said, “This copper coin

20



Writing:

is worth much more than those thousands. If a man has several lakhs and he gives away a thousand or two, it doesn’t mean much.”

5. Yes, the coin might have been the only thing that the poor old woman possessed. She did not even have proper clothes and could not afford good food. Still she gave everything she had. That is why Gandhi regarded the coin as very precious. Offering help when we have nothing or very little makes it more valuable.

1. Complete the following sentences. a. Mahatma Gandhi, __________________________________, was a very special person.b. ___________________________________nothing or very little makes it more valuable.c. ________________________________________________to allow her to reach Gandhi.

2. Answer the following questions in a sentence each.a. What does this story illustrate to us?b. What did the lady do after she touched Gandhi’s feet?c. Why did Gandhi regard the coin as very precious?

3. Find suitable words from the passage which mean the same to the following.a. Shows (Paragraph 1)b. assignment (Paragraph 2)c. owned (Paragraph 5)

I. Yesterday it was your first day in the school. You made new friends and the teachers were extremely good to you. You liked the infrastructure of your new school very much. Write about your feelings and experiences in form of a diary entry. (120-150 words)

II. Complete the story with the clues given.a fine day-Mansa’s birthday-woke up-sure to see a present on the dining table-for the past 15 years-parents would place the present next to her glass of milk-slipped pictures of the mobile phone into his parents’ briefcases-nothing on the table-morning wishes-talked as if nothing special-mother reminded to clean her room-ran out of house-don’t want her parents to see her expression-disappointed-ran out-fine weather-bright sun-chirping of birds-walked with a spring to home-set about tidying her room-lying on her table-a set of illustrated encyclopaedia-message-better than a mobile phone-message-hope you are not disappointed-loved the present-thanked her parents.

21

Extract 1:‘I know I’m right, stupid; I told him. ‘By the way Seven, did you see his scars? I couldn’t, it was too dark, but I bet he got them during a shoot-out with the police or something.’ ‘Mummy told us quite clearly they were bum scars.’ Nishad said firmly.

(i) ‘I know I’m right, stupid.’ Who spoke these words and to whom?

(ii) Who does ‘I’ stand for in the opening sentence?

(iii) What does Maya call Nishad?

(iv) What is Nishad popularly known as?

(v) Why does the speaker not see the scars on Mr Nath’s face?

Extract 2:’Ramesh told me something very strange Maya,’ Seven added. ‘Almost every Sunday, he carries two lunches to Mr Nath’s room and the same man is with him each time. He’s tall, fair, stout and wears spectacles. Ramesh says his visitor talks a lot, unlike Mr Nath who hardly speaks.’

(i) What did Ramesh tell Seven?

(ii) ‘Ramesh told me something very strange.’ Who spoke these words and to whom?

(iii) Describe the man who shares lunch with Mr Nath.

(iv) Is Mr Nath very talkative?

(v) Give the meanings of the following words: a. strange b. unlike


6.1 Expert Detectives

22

Extract 1:Once there was a talking fan —

Electrical his chatter.

I couldn’t quite he what he said

And I hope it doesn’t matter

Because one day somebody oiled

His little whirling motor

And all the mystery was spoiled—

He ran as still as water.


(ii) Why is the chatter of the fan called electrical?

(iii) What stopped the chatter of the fan?

(iv) What is the silent running of the fan compared to?

(v) Give two pairs of rhyming words from the stanza.

6.2 Mystery of the Talking Fan


23

I. Read the following passage and answer the questions that follow. Wages for work would reinforce occupational

stereotyping by freezing women into their traditional roles. Unless women and men are paid equally in the labour force and their is no division of labour based on sex, women’s work in the home will have no value. Since itsnot clear what constitutes housework, and we know housework standars vary greatly, it would be difficult to kow how to reward it. Pay for housework might place homemakers (mainly wives) in the difficult position of having their work assessed by their husbands. while in the case of single homemakers , it is not clear who would do the assessing . Wages for housework, dereived from spouse payments overlook the contribution women make to the society by training children to be good citizens and assume that their work is only beneficial to their own families. Finally, payment for housework does not address itself to the basic reason why women with family responsibilities work to increasefamily income over that which the employed husband/father makes. Also, single women with family responsibilities work because they are the family breadwinners.

Complete the following:1. Wages for housework would freeze women...2. At present, the various members of the

labourforce are paid...3. The housework of wives would be assessed by...4. Women with family responsibilities work to...5. Single women work because...

II. Read the following passage and answer the questions that follow.

Miss Hall, a beautiful actress, had her home in a small town but she did not want to go back there everynight. So she rented a flat in the center of the city. It was an old flat and needed repair. The walls looked shabby and and the old paint on them are peeling off. So the actress placed an order for some beautiful furniture and also hired a man to paint the rooms. She was a great actress and it was very difficult to get tickets for her show. She decided to give the painter two free tickets for her show. She hoped that this would make him work better for her. The painter took the tickets without saying anything and she heard no more about

him. At the end of the month, she got the painter’s bill At the bottom of it were the words. Three hours watching Miss Hall sing and dance-Rs/60- with this note after 5pm. I charge Rs 20/- and hour instead of 10/-

Choose the correct option to answer each question.1. Who was Miss Hall

a. An old lady b. A beautiful actress

b. A great writer d. An ugly women

2. Why did Miss Hall rent a flat in the city?

a. because she was very beautiful

b. Because she did not want to go back to her house every night

c. Because she was afraid of going alone

d. Because she was a successful actress

3. What did she do to make her house look nice?

a. She got the rooms painted

b. She bought new curtains

c. She bought a new house

d. She kept a servant in the house

4. Why did she give the painter two tickets?

a. She thought the painter would work thus better

b. She wanted to help the pooer painter

c. The painter had no money to buy ticktes for himself

d. The painter wanted to see her show

5. What is the opposite of better?

a. Best b. Bad c. Worse d. Worst


24


I. You are Sumit of 7A, Ravi Apartments, Sarita Vihar, New Delhi. You have lost your leather wallet containing your examination admit card while travellng by bus from Sarita Vihar to Punjabi Bagh. Write a notice innot than 50 words to be published in ‘The City Times’.

II. Imagine that you are Kusum living in Sikandra. Write a letter to your younger sister Rekha advising her to take care of her health. You may touch upon the following points:

• your happiness at her good performance in the examination

• worries about her poor health

• importance of sound health

• your suggestions to imporve health

Writing:

25

Extract 1:

But there’s no time to tell you about them all now, Charlie. Let me just say quickly that in the end, after lots of

boiling and bubbling and mixing and testing in my Inventing Room, I produced one tiny cupful of oily black

liquid and gave four drops of it to a brave twenty-year--old Oompa-Loompa volunteer to see what happened.

(i) “But there is no time to tell you about them all now.” Who spoke these words and to whom?

(ii) What did Mr Wonka produce in the end?

(iii) Where did Mr Wonka perform the experiment?

(iv) Who did Mr Wonka give the oily black liquid to? How old was he?

(v) Give the meanings of the following a. produce b. tiny

Extract 2:Mr Wonka said, “So once again I rolled up my sleeves and set to work. Once again, I squeezed my brain, searching for the new recipe. I had to create age ... to make people old ...old, older, oldest .... “Ha-ha” I cried, for now the ideas were beginning to come. “What is the oldest living thing in the world? What lives longer than anything else?” “A tree.” Charlie said.

(i) Why did Mr Wonka roll up his sleeves?

(ii) Why did Mr Wonka squeeze his brain?

(iii) What do you understand by ‘create the age’?

(iv) What was Charlie’s answer to Mr Wonka’s question?

(v) Give the meanings of the following a. sleeves b. squeeze


7.1 The Invention of Vita-Wonk

26

Extract 1:

But Dad landed wallop

Back on the Deck.

Mum said. “Stop it.

You’ll break your neck!”

“Rubbish!” said Dad.

Now well try plan C.

Easy as winking

To a climber like me!”

Then he climbed up high

On a garden wall

Guess what?

He didn’t fall!

(i) Why is Mum afraid?

(ii) What does Dad think of himself?

(iii) What did he do?

(iv) Did Dad succeed with plan C?


7.2 Dad and the Cat and the Tree

27


I. Read the following poem and attempt the questions that follow:How doth the little busy beeImprove each shining hour,And gather honey all the dayFrom every opening flower!

How skilfully she builds her cell!How neat she spreads the wax!And labors hard to store it wellWith the sweet food she makes.

In works of labor or of skill,I would be busy too;For Satan finds some mischief stillFor idle hands to do.

In books, or work, or healthful play,Let my first years be passed,That I may give for every daySome good account at last.

1. Fill in the blanks with appropriate words:The poet wonders how the __________ improves each __________ by gathering honey all the day from every __________. She skilfully builds __________, spreads __________, works hard to store it well and makes honey out of it. The poet aims to remain busy too in __________. Otherwise __________ will find some __________ for idle hands to do. The poet want to spend his first years in __________ play and wishes to give some good account at the end of __________.

2. Answer the following questions in brief:a. How does the bee spend the whole day?b. Why does the poet call the bee to be skilful?c. What does the bee gather from the every

opening flower?d. Why do you think the poet also aspires to

be as busy as the bee?e. What does the poet want to achieve at the

end of each day?3. Find the words which mean the same as

followinga. work hard b. devilc. people who do not do any work

II. Read the following passage and attempt the questions that follow:1. When Nyame, the Sky God lost his mother, he

wanted her funeral to a grand one. He knew


that the great drum of Osebo, the Leopard would make the ceremony truly magnificent. Osebo was the most powerful animal on earth. He would not willingly give up his great drum. Nyame reflected upon it, but he could not imagine a way to get the drum. He arranged a meeting of all the animals and announced that he needed the great drum of Osebo for his mother’s funeral. The animals trembled with fear at the thought of challenging Osebo. Finally, Elephant said he would try to get the drum, but he failed. Then Lion tried and failed. Antelope, Crocodile, and Bear could not get the drum either.

2. When Turtle said, “I will get the drum,” the other animals laughed at him. Turtle had a soft back, and moved as slowly as he does today. However, he was not at all worried about the challenge. So, moving very slowly, Turtle finally arrived at Leopard’s home. Osebo called out, “Have you come to try to steal my drum, too?”

3. “No,” said Turtle, “but all this talk of drums has increased my curiosity. I am to see just how great your drum is.” When Osebo showed Turtle his drum, Turtle accepted that it was, indeed, a great drum. Then he said, “But Xiamen’s drum is larger. It is so large he can crawl inside it.”

4. Osebo objected in an aggressive voice, claiming that his drum was certainly as large. To prove it, Osebo climbed inside. Once Osebo was inside the drum, Turtle plugged its opening. He then tied the drum to his back and slowly dragged it back to Nyame. The animals were astonished at Turtle’s success.

5. Turtle presented the drum to Nyame with Osebo inside it. In exchange for his freedom, Osebo offered the drum to Nyame as a gift. As he hurried away, Osebo felll into the Sky God’s fire and scorched himself in many places, leaving dark spots on his hide. As a reward, Nyame offered Turtle anything he desired. Fearing the other animals, Turtle asked for a hard cover to protect his back. And to this day, the turtle always travels with a hard shell on its back.

28



Writing:

1. Fill in the blanks with appropriate phrases from the passage.a. The other animals laughed at the turtle when he claimed to get the drum because he _______________

________________________________b. The animals when Nyame, the Sky God sought their help in getting Osebo’s drum. c. To prove that his drum was as large as Xiamen’s drum.

2. Answer the following questions in brief:a. How did Nyame, the Sky God intend to make his mother’s funeral ceremony, a grand occasion?b. What did Turtle say when Osebo showed Turtle his drum?c. What did the Turtle do when Osebo crawled inside his drum? d. How did Turtle get his hard shell?

3. Find the words which mean the same as following:a. Outstanding (paragraph 1)b. interest (paragraph 3)c. burnt (paragraph 5)

I. You are Madhu of class 7 A of Sunrise Public School, Hyderabad. Write a letter of complaint to the Principal of your school against a classmate who tries to bully you.

II. Write an essay describing the various advantages of habit of reading among the youngsters. Write your composition in 120-150 words giving appropriate arguments in favour of your topic.

29

8.1 Fire: Friend and Foe

Extract 1:

The discovery of fire and its uses helped early man to cope with nature better and gradually adopt a settled

mode of life. Fire is still worshipped in many parts of the world. Fire is indeed a friend but as we know, it can be a

dangerous enemy once it gets out of control.

(i) What helped early man to cope up with nature better?

(ii) How had fire helped early man?

(iii) What is still worshipped in many parts of the world?

(iv) If fire is a friend, how can it be an enemy?

(v) Give the meanings of the following words:

a. discovery b. gradually

Extract 2:

The second way of putting out a fire is to prevent oxygen from reaching it. No supply of oxygen means no fire.

Small fires can be put out or ‘smothered’ with a damp blanket or a sack. This stops oxygen reaching the burning

material. Sometimes, carbon dioxide is used to extinguish fire. It does not allow oxygen to reach the burning

material. The third way of putting out a fire is to remove the heat. If the temperature can be brought down

below the flash point, the fuel stops burning.

(i) What happens if we prevent oxygen from reaching the fire?

(ii) How can we put out small fires?

(iii) How does a sack help to put out small fires?

(iv) How does carbon dioxide help to put out fire?

(v) Pick out from the passage, words which mean the same as:

a. suffocated b. put out


30

8.2 Meadow Surprises

Extract 1:

Explore the meadow houses

The burrows in the ground.

A nest beneath tall grasses.

The ant’s amazing mound.


(ii) What is there in the ground?

(iii) Where is the nest?

(iv) Whom does the amazing mound belong to?



31


I. Read the following passage and attempt the questions that follow:1. In India, thousands of pilgrims go to the

mountain every year to visit famous temples. School pupils and college students also make expeditions to historical places in the mountains and have to do a good deal of climbing to reach the top. They enjoy the exercise immensely. But all this is far from mountaineering in its true sense.

2. Mountaineering in the modern sense has been defined as “the ascent of high mountains for sports and adventure.” However, churches, monasteries and temples have been built on high mountaintops for countless ages. Mountaineering for sport and adventure has developed into a fine art in the nineteenth century.

3. The Swiss have always been expert mountain climbers, and some of their achievements in the Alpine ranges have earned them admiration of the world. Other European nations have also not been slow and many teams from England and elsewhere have been going to the Swiss Alps year after year.

4. As might be expected, the great Himalayas in India have presented a challenge of their own to expert mountaineers throughout the world. They present far greater difficulties and problems than the Alps. The climbers have to make their way through ice and snow, and across dangerous glaciers; snowstorms, blizzards and avalanches. Another difficulty is that the climbers have to carry supplies of oxygen with them and the additional weight slows down their progress.

5. Every expedition has to be planned very carefully. The party must carry enough stock of woollen clothes, fur gloves and caps, food supplies, medicines and other necessities. Nowadays, even cameras and scientific instruments form part of the equipment.

6. Many attempts have been made to conquer the mighty peaks of the Himalayas. In 1924, an expedition came almost within reach of the summit of Mount Everest. Standing more than 29,000 feet above sea level, Mount Everest is the highest peak in the world. The 1924 expedition had to finally give up as they could go no further on account of terrible snowstorms and blizzards. Malory

and Irvine, the two men who had reached the highest point, lost their lives. Various other attempts have been made to conquer Everest but without success. In the meantime, the climbers turned their attention to other peaks like Nanda Devi and Kanchenjunga.

7. 1953 was the most glorious year in the history of mountaineering. That year John Hunt led his team and two of the climbers in the team, Edmund Hillary and Sherpa Tenzing Norgay, set foot on the peak. The highest mountain peak in the world has been conquered, but mountaineering goes on, in its true sense of sport and adventure.

1. Fill in the blanks with appropriate phrases from the passage.a. Pilgrims go to mountains to visit

famous temples and school and college students go to mountains to visit _____________________________.

b. Mountaineering in the modern sense has been defined as _________________________

c. During the 1924 expedition, ________________, the two men who had reached the highest point, lost their lives.

2. Answer the following questions in brief:a. Who have been considered as expert

mountain climbers in the world?b. Mention any one difficulty which the great

Himalayas in India present than the Alps. c. What are the things which are essential

to be carried during any mountaineering expedition?

d. Why is the year 1953 counted as the most glorious year in the history of mountaineering?

3. Find the words which mean the same as following:a. Greatly (paragraph 1) b. powerful (paragraph

5) c. famous (paragraph 7)

II. Read the following passage and attempt the questions that follow:1. Once, the boss visited Shamnath’s house on

his invitation. Shamnath and his wife made an elaborate arrangement in their house to host the guests. The guest was to arrive in the evening. The officer would be accompanied by a few other people. When Shamnath finished

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Writing:

arranging everything for the reception of the guest, he faced one problem. It was his mother. Both the husband and wife thought of certain plans to avoid her during the officer’s visit.

2. The wife wanted to send the mother to the neighbour but the husband wanted the old mother not to be even seen in nearby vicinity. The mother was uneducated and she came from a rural background. She had no sophistication in the modern sense of the term but she was simple, tolerant and accommodating.

3. Shamnath wanted to exhibit a sense of upper class by serving dinner to his guests. The husband and the wife had a desire to hide all their odd things among which their mother is one. They treated the mother as an odd thing in the house and tried to put her out of sight of the guests. The mother, on the other hand, was very happy that some guests were going to be hosted by her son. Thus the story depicts the change in the attitudes of the two generations.

4. But the boss met the old mother by chance. He treated her with respect and politeness. The mother impressed the guest too by her simple and innocent manner. The odd thing was changed into a subject of interest. The story centres round an action which cannot be praised. The son and his wife presented a dinner party for the boss and friends hosted by Shamnaths. They tried to present an aristocratic and sophisticated atmosphere in their home to impress the guests. They worked to make their house look orderly and beautiful. But they neglected their mother in order to receive the guests.

1. Fill in the blanks with appropriate phrases from the passage.a. Shamnath and his wife treated the mother ______________________ and tried to put _____________

____________________ . b. The boss treated Shamnath’s mother with _______________________and the mother impressed him

by her _______________________________. c. The odd thing is changed into a subject of interest. The odd thing here refers to ________.

2. Answer the following questions in brief:a. What is the problem faced by Shamnath and his wife during the reception of their guest and did they

want to resolve it?b. Why weren’t Shamnath and his wife want the mother to be seen by the guests?c. What change in the attitudes of the two generations is depicted by the story?d. Describe the action which the author wants to criticise through his story.

3. Find the words which mean the same as following:a. Surrounding area (paragraph 2)b. displays (paragraph 3)c. cultured (paragraph 4)

I. Write a story beginning with the line: “By evening, Reena was running a high fever ...”

II. You were late to school one day and was reprimanded by your school principal. Express your feelings in the form of a diary entry.

33

Extract 1:He said: “This front wheel wobbles.”

I said: “it doesn’t if you don’t wobble it. “ It didn’t wobble, as a matter of fact—nothing worth calling a wobble.

He said: “This is dangerous; have you got a hammer?”

I ought to have been firm but thought that perhaps he really did know something about the business. I went to the tool shed to see what I could find. When I came back, he was sitting on the ground with the front wheel between his legs. He was playing with it, twiddling it round between his fingers; the remnant of the machine was lying on the gravel path beside him.

(i) Did the front wheel wobble?

(ii) Why did the narrator say ‘I ought to have been firm?

(iii) Why did the narrator go to the tool shed?

(iv) What was the narrator’s friend doing when he returned from the shed?

(v) Write the meanings of the given words:

a. remnant b. wobbles

Extract 2:

I said, ‘Watching you do this is of real use to me. It is not only your skill that fascinates me it is your cheery

confidence in yourself, your inexplicable hopefulness, that does me good.’

Thus encouraged, he set to work to refix the gear-case. He stood the bicycle against the house and worked from

the offside. Then he stood it against a tree; and worked from the on side. Then I held it for him, while he lay on the

ground with his head between the wheels and worked at it from below and dropped oil upon himself. Then he

took it away from me and doubled himself across it till he lost his balance and slid over on to his head.

(i) What does the narrator mention about his friend?

(ii) What encouraged the narrator’s friend?

(iii) To which game do the terms ‘offside’ and ‘on side’ refer?

(iv) What dd the narrator’s friend drop upon himself?

(v) What happened to the narrator’s friend when he doubled himself across the bicycle?


9.1 A Bicycle in Good Repair

34

Extract 1:So when he wiggles in the grass

I’ll stand aside and watch him pass.

And tell myself. “There’s no mistake.

It’s just a harmless garden snake!


(ii) Which line shows a complete change in the child’s attitude?

(iii) What wiggles in the grass?

(iv) What will the poet do the next time he sees a snake?


9.2 Garden Snake

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I. Read the following passage and attempt the questions that follow:1. Many years ago, a king ruled over a large

kingdom. He was a pious king. He ruled wisely and fairly. His kingdom was flourishing. His subjects were honest and kind and loved and respected the king. However, the king was not happy. The cause of his unhappiness was his son, the future king of the kingdom. The prince was brought up with great love and care. As a result, he had turned into an ill-mannered and irresponsible lad. He did not respect his father. Neither did he possess any quality that a prince should have. He was cruel to the subjects and showed disrespect even to his teachers. The king was greatly worried about him.

2. Years passed and the prince showed no signs of improvement. The king was growing old. He worried about the future of his kingdom. One day, he heard about a wise, old sage He decided to take the prince to him. The sage asked the king to leave the prince under his care for some days. Leaving his son with the sage, the king went back to his kingdom.

3. The sage observed the prince for a few days. One day, he called the prince to him and said, “Dear prince, the young ‘Neem’ plant that you see over there, is full of wisdom. Please go and pluck some of its leaves and eat them. You will then become as wise as your father. Then you will not get any scolding from him and everybody will respect you as they respect your father”. The prince obeyed the sage. He plucked some leaves. Hardly had he bit the leaves that he started vomiting. He grew angry and said, “The leaves are very bitter. You told me that they are full of wisdom. These leaves cannot contain any wisdom; I must destroy the plant, so that no other person ever tastes it again”. So saying, the prince pulled out the plant and threw it into the nearby river.

4. The sage smiled said, “Dear prince, you have destroyed this plant because it was bitter. Just think about the bitterness inside you. Your father is such a gentle and kind king. Everybody loves and respect him. But he is worried because he thinks that his kingdom will not flourish under you. You have made more enemies than friends. You have no sweetness in your voice. Your enemies will

uproot your kingdom, as you have uprooted this plant.”

5. The prince understood the wise words of the sage. He realized his mistakes and resolved to mend his ways. He bowed down at the sage’s feet and said, “O Holy one, from today onwards, I will not give my father a cause to worry. You have shown me a true path. I shall try to become a just and kind king as my father”. So from that day, the prince mended his ways. He became a dutiful person who ruled his kingdom fairly and wisely.

1. Fill in the blanks with appropriate phrases from the passage.a. The king wanted to

improve_______________, so he decided to take him to____________.

b. One day, the sage called the prince and asked him to _____________and eat them because ______________.

c. Finally the prince _______________ and became a dutiful person who_________________.

2. Answer the following questions in brief:a. How has the king been described in this

story? Mention any two traits of his. b. What were the characteristics of the prince

which were the cause of the king’s worry?c. What was the prince’s reaction after he ate

the neem leaves?d. The prince understood the wise words of

the sage. What was the wisdom given by the sage to the prince?

3. Find the words which mean the same as following:a. Prosperous (paragraph 1) b. dig-up (paragraph 4) c. decided firmly (paragraph 5)

II. Read the following poem and attempt the questions that follow:When Mother reads aloud, the pastSeems real as every day;I hear the tramp of armies vast, walk noisily I see the spears and lances cast,I join the thrilling fray (fight); Brave knights and ladies fair and proudI meet when Mother reads aloud.

When Mother reads aloud, far landsSeem very near and true;I cross the deserts’ gleaming sands, (shining)


36



Writing:

Or hunt the jungle’s prowling bands,Or sail the ocean blue.Far heights, whose peaks the cold mists shroud,I scale, when Mother reads aloud. (climb.

When Mother reads aloud, I longFor noble deeds to do...To help the right, redress the wrong;It seems so easy to be strong,So simple to be true.Oh, thick and fast the visions crowd (images) My eyes, when Mother reads aloud.

1. Fill in the blanks with appropriate words:When poet’s mother reads him the stories, the _______ seems real as every day. He is able to hear the tramp of _______vast, see the _______ and _______ cast. He is able to join the _______. He also meets the _______and _______, fair and _______. He goes to far _______. He crosses the deserts’ _______ sands or hunt the jungle’s _______or sail the _______. He scales the _______, whose peaks, the cold _______ shroud. The poet longs to do _______. He wants to help the _______, _______ the wrong. It seems so easy to be _______ and so _______ to be true. Lots of vision rush to his _______ when he listens to the stories read by his _______.

2. Answer the following questions in brief:a. In the line “The past seems real as every day”, how does the past seem real to the poet?b. Which far lands does the poet refer to in his poem?c. Explain the line “Far heights, whose peaks the cold mists shroud”.d. Mention any two noble deeds the poet longs to do when he hears the heroic tales from his mother.

3. Find the words which mean the same as following:a. Massive b. devil c. people who do not do any work

I. You are Prakash Kumar of Class 7 A. Yesterday you spoke to your teacher in an offensive manner due to which she/he was hurt. Write an apology letter to your teacher with a promise that you will not repeat this ever.

II. Write a short essay on Why Fast Food should be avoided in 120-150 words.

37

Extract 1:One of the peculiarities of cricket is that a test match can go on for five days and still end in a draw. No other moderm team sport takes even half as much time to complete. A football match is generally over in an hour-and-a-half. Even baseball completes nine innings in less than half the time that it takes to play a limited-overs match, the shortened version of modem cricket!

(i) Mention an oddity of cricket.

(ii) What is the duration of a football match?

(iii) How much time does a baseball match take to complete nine innings?

(iv) Which game is the shortened version of modem cricket?

(v) Give the meanings of the following: a. peculiarity b. version

Extract 2:The origins of Indian cricket are to be found in Bombay and the first Indian community to start playing the game was the small community of Zoroastrians, the Parsis. Brought into close contact with the British because of their interest in trade and the first Indian community to westernise, the Parsis founded the first Indian cricket club, the Oriental Cricket Club in Bombay in 1848. Parsi clubs were funded and sponsored by Parsi businessmen like the Tatas and the Wadias.

(i) Where did cricket originate in India?

(ii) Which was the first Indian community to start playing cricket?

(iii) Which cricket club did the Parsis form?

(iv) When and where was Oriental Cricket Club established?

(v) Give the meanings of the following:

a. founded b. funded


10.1 The Story of Cricket

38


I. Read the following passage and answer the questions that follow:1. What is the Winter Solstice? It’s the

astronomical moment when the Sun reaches the Tropic of Capricorn. We have our shortest day and longest night of the year in the Northern Hemisphere. Regardless of what the weather is doing outside your window, the Solstice marks the official start of the winter season. In 2018, the winter solstice occurred on Friday, December 21st.

2. The term “solstice” comes from the Latin words sol (sun) and sistere (to stand still). This is because, during the solstice, the angle between the Sun’s rays and the plane of the Earth’s equator appears to stand still. So what does that mean, exactly? Upon the winter solstice, the Sun appears at its lowest in the sky, and its noontime height seems to stay the same for several days. During this, the Sun’s gradual decrease in the sky becomes completely opposite. That is why many cultures believe it to be a “rebirth” of the Sun as the hours of daylight become longer.

3. While we celebrate the Winter Solstice, those living in the Southern Hemisphere will be, at the same time, marking the Summer Solstice. That’s because while our half of the globe is inclined away from the Sun, their half is inclined toward it. Being tilted away from the Sun, brings us shorter days and colder temperatures.

4. Early man kept track of the days by observing the Sun as it “moved” across the sky and cast shadows during the day and at different times of the year. In fact, historians believe Stonehenge in England was erected to keep track of the Sun’s yearly progress. The Winter Solstice has played an important role in cultures worldwide from ancient times until today. In fact, many of the customs, symbols, and rituals associated with Christmas are actually associated with Winter Solstice celebrations of ancient Pagan cultures.

5. “Light of Winter,” is one such seasonal festival. This festival is still celebrated by many people and is probably the oldest seasonal festival of humankind. In their traditions, the Winter Solstice is thought of as a time of death and rebirth when Nature’s powers and our own souls are renewed. It marks the moment in

time when the Old Sun dies and when the Sun of the New Year is born, framing the longest night of the year. The birth of the New Sun is thought to revive the Earth’s aura in mystical ways. It gives a new life to spirits and souls of the dead. The prehistoric monument, Newgrange built in Ireland around 3200 B.C., is associated with this festival. This site consists of a large circular mound with a stone passageway and interior chambers. When the Sun rises, the chamber is flooded with sunlight on the Winter Solstice.

1. Fill in the blanks with appropriate phrases from the passage.a. The Winter Solstice is the astronomical

moment ____________________________.b. Stonehenge in England is believed _______

______________________________.c. The birth of the New Sun revives the Earth’s

aura by giving ___________________.

2. Answer the following questions in brief:a. Describe the origin of the term “solstice” as

described in the passage.b. Why do many cultures believe solstice to be

a “rebirth” of the Sun? c. What makes it possible the celebration of

Winter Solstice and the Summer Solstice at the same time?

d. Which prehistoric monument is associated with the festival “Light of Winter,”?

2. Find the words which mean the same as following:a. On-going (paragraph 2)b. set-up (paragraph 4) c. atmosphere (paragraph 5)

II. Read the following passage and answer the questions that follow:1. Home is where the heart is. And the kitchen

with its delicious aromas is the heart of many a home. Ruskin Bond still remembers the aromas of his Grandmother’s kitchen. As kitchens went, it wasn’t that big. It wasn’t big as the bedroom or the living room, but it was big enough, and there was a pantry next to it. What made it fabulous was all that came out of it: good things to eat like kababs and curries, chocolate fudge and peanut toffee, jellies and gulab jamuns, meat pies and apple pies!


39



Writing:

2. Granny was the best cook in the world. If Granny was the best cook in the world, I must have been the boy with the biggest appetite and I was very lucky, because not every boy has a grandmother who can cook like an angel.

3. Every winter when I came home from boarding school, I would spend at least a month with Granny before going on to spend the rest of the holidays with my parents in Assam, where my father was the manager of a tea estate. The tea gardens were great fun, but my parents couldn’t cook. They employed a khansama – a professional cook.

4. So I was always glad to go to Granny’s place for the holidays. She was glad to have me too, because she lived alone most of the time. Not entirely alone, though… there was a gardener, Kanta, who lived in an outhouse. And he had a son called Mohan, who was about my age. And there was Suzie, the Siamese cat with bright blue eyes, and a mongrel dog called Crazy because he ran in circles round the house.

5. So Granny wasn’t really alone. All the same, she was glad to have me. She didn’t enjoy cooking for herself, she said – she had to cook for someone. And although the cat and the dog appreciated her efforts, a good cook likes to have a boy to feed, because boys are adventurous and ready to try the most unusual dishes.

6. Whenever Granny tried out a new recipe on me, she would wait for my comments and reactions, and then make a note in an exercise book. These notes were useful when she tried it out on others. “Do you like it?” she’d ask, after I’d taken a few mouthfuls. “Yes, Gran.”

1. Fill in the blanks with appropriate phrases from the passage.a. The fabulous thing about granny’s kitchen was the ___________________________.b. The author called himself very lucky because________________________________c. The thing the author missed at his parents’ place in spite of the tea gardens being fun was

________________________2. Answer the following questions in brief:

a. Why does the author say that “So Granny wasn’t really alone.”?b. What used to make Granny glad to have the author with her?c. Why does she use to take notes while trying out a new recipe on the author?

3. Find the words which mean the same as following:a. Fragrances (paragraph 1)b. desire for food (paragraph 2) c. uncommon (paragraph 5)

I. You woke up today and it seemed to be a usual day. You got ready to go to school but after that everything went wrong.

II. Write a story using the clues given in the box.

Coming back-noticed two suspicious-looking men enter a shop-holding a big bag-three customers-one of them had a child with her-saw a public telephone booth-dialled the police emergency line-kept an eye on the movements-heard the terrified screams of the customers-robbery was in progress-police officers arrived-daily newspapers reported the capturing-reported by a mysterious girl who heroically called the police-did not want to brag-happy and relieved to know that nobody was injured.

1. Parts of Speech

40

Learning Objectives

At the completion of this chapter, the students will be able to:• Name and explain eight parts of speech.• Identify different parts of speech along with its

associated components.

• Use these different parts of speech correctly in sentences.

Concept Map

PARTS OF

SPEECH

ADJECTIVE

VERB

PRONOUN

NOUN

INTERJECTION

CONJUNCTION

PREPOSITION

ARTICLE

ADVERB

Proper

Material Abstract

Collective Common

Personal

Possessive

Reflexive

Relative

Emphatic

Interrogative Demonstrative Distributive Indefinite

Main

Auxiliary

Transitive Intransitive

Descriptive

Numeral Demonstrative

Possessive

Interrogative

Manner

Place Time

Degree

Definite

Indefinite

Time

Place

Direction

Agent

Instrument

Subordinating

Coordinating

Surprise

Joy Greeting

1. Parts of Speech

4141

Key Points

• EIGHT PARTS OF SPEECHThere are eight parts of speech in the English language.1. Noun

2. Pronoun 3. Verb 4. Adjective 5. Adverb 6. Preposition 7. Conjunction 8. Interjection

Noun

Name of a person, place, animal, thing or ideaExamples: Rahul, India, dog, table, hope

• Ritu uses a blue pen for her notes.

Pronouns

Words used in place of noun to avoid repetition.Examples: I, we, you, they, him, her, its etc.

• I want her to dance with me.

Adjectives

Describes, modifies or give more information about a noun or pronounExamples: cold, two, first, my, happy etc.

• The pretty girl has a pink hat.

Verb

Shows an action or state of beingExamples: go, speak, eat, is, has, look etc.

• I listen to her and repeat it.

Adverb

Modifies a verb or another adverbExamples: slowly, very, always, well etc.

• Yesterday, I finished my work fast.

Preposition

Shows the relationship of a noun or pronoun to another word.Examples: at, on, in, from, with, about

• I left my book in the cupboard for you.

Conjunction

Join two words, ideas, phrases together and shows how they are connectedExamples: and, but, because, therefore, yet etc.

• I was tired and sleepy yet I finished my homework.

Interjection

A word or phrase that expresses a strong emotion. It starts with a small exclamation.Examples: Ouch! Hey! Oh! Alas!

• Wow! We won the match.

1. Parts of Speech

42

Work Plan

CONTENT PRACTICE SHEET

1 Recapitulation of the eight parts of speechPS-1PS-2PS-3

2 Self-test Self-evaluation Sheet


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I. Read the following statements and say whether true or false. i. Proper nouns begin with capital letters.ii. Nouns name persons, places, animals, things

and ideas.iii. Pronouns substitute for nouns.iv. Verb shows the relationship of noun or

pronoun to another wordv. Adverb modifies or describes a noun or

pronoun.vi. Noun modifies a verb, adjective, or adverbvii. Interjections help in expressing emotions. viii. Mount Everest is a common noun.ix. Adjective stands for name of a person, place,

thing, or idea.x. In the sentence ‘She is the winner’, ‘winner’ is

the pronoun.xi. Preposition is a word used in place of a nounxii. In the sentence ‘Ram talked quickly’, the

adverb is ‘quickly’.xiii. Conjunctions join words together.xiv. Pronoun expresses action or being.

II. Underline the nouns in the following sentences. 1. I took out my new computer out of the box. 2. Our team played a great game yesterday. 3. Her mom and dad sat and watched the film.4. The newspaper asked people to vote for their

favourite TV programme.5. Each of us has agreed that we all love the

new house.


44

I. Write a proper noun next to each common noun below.1. Country ___________________2. Month ____________________3. River ____________________4. Day ____________________5. City ____________________6. Teacher’s name _____________________7. Pet’s name ______________________

II. Read the following short story and answer the questions that follow.

One day a small bear was walking slowly through the woods. He was sad because he had lost his soft teddy. He lost it yesterday when he was run-ning quickly through the dark wood. He had been jumping over small stones, big logs and wet pud-dles. He was now looking for his teddy. He looked un-der huge bushes, tiny twigs and behind tall trees. He lifted up heavy stones and moved tiny peb-bles, but still no teddy. After lots of looking, he saw a very wet and dirty teddy sat in a big puddle. The small bear was very happy and skipped home with a huge smile on his face.

1. In each blank, add an adjective or the noun from the passage. The first one is done for you as an example. 1. ________________ bear- Small bear 2. Soft ________________3. ________________ wood4. ________________ stones5. Big ________________6. ________________ puddles7. Huge ________________8. Tiny ________________9. Tall ________________10. Dirty ________________11. ________________ smile


4545

I. Read the following sentences and underline the verbs.1. He tried to repair the car, but failed.2. The singers laughed as they forgot some of

the words.3. The car went fast and the tires screeched. 4. The cook forgot to add salt in the curry. 5. Students brought their lunches to the

playground. II. Circle each pronoun, and underline the noun it

refers to.1. Rimu found her missing bicycle and rode it

all the way home.2. The teacher brought the video to school, and

played it for the students.3. Kunal says that he likes to wash his car on

weekends.4. The computer is mine, but the whole family

uses it.5. The divers found pieces of gold and brought

them back to the boat.III. List whether the word in bold is a preposition,

conjunction, or interjection. An example is provided. Wow! I never thought your team would win! - Interjection1. I play the piano and she loves to sing along.2. He likes oatmeal for breakfast, but I prefer

bread and egg.3. He walked towards the sound of the voice. 4. She exclaimed, “Oh! I forgot you were there.”5. Our cat loves to sleep under the bed. 6. He hardly studied at all, yet he managed to pass

the test.7. She stood out among all the classmates.8. I like reading books and taking the dog for a

walk.

Time: 30 MinsMarks: 20Self-Evaluation Sheet

46

I. Choose the correct answers to the following questions. (10 Marks)1. Which of the following words is an example of a

PREPOSITION?(a) Into (b) If (c) Many (d) You

2. Which of the following words is an example of an INTERJECTION?(a) Soon (b) When (c) Ouch (d) Within

3. Which of the following words is an example of a CONJUNCTION?(a) And (b) Run (c) Below (d) Her

4. Which of the following words is an example of a VERB?(a) Tastes (b) Late (c) Not (d) Slowly

5. Which of the following words is an example of an ADJECTIVE?(a) Geeta (b) Below (c) Fifteen(d) Wait

6. The attendant CLOSED the door.(a) Noun (b) Pronoun (c) Verb (d) Adverb

7. Farmers had VERY poor crops this year.(a) Adjective (b) Pronoun (c) Verb(d) Adverb

8. EVERYONE met at the field house.(a) Noun (b) Pronoun (c) Adjective(d) Adverb

9. Have you heard the GOOD news?(a) Noun (b) Adjective (c) Verb(d) Adverb

10. The cat knocked a vase OFF the shelf.(a) Noun (b) Pronoun (c) Verb(d) Preposition

II. Identify the part of speech for the highlighted words and write in the blank given. (10 Marks)1. We went to the mall last night.

______________________2. He asked me to go to the party with him.

______________________3. The school will be closed on Monday.

______________________4. My brothers will be here next week.

______________________5. She will be here tomorrow.

______________________6. I remain awake till late and finished the book.

______________________7. I’ll see you in three hours.

______________________8. He is the fastest runner in the school.

______________________9. Surprised at his wisdom, everyone was surprised.

______________________10. He went to see the doctor because he wasn’t feeling

well. _____________________

2. Types of Phrases

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Learning Objectives

At the completion of this chapter, the students will be able to:• Define a phrase.• Differentiate between types of phrases.

• Define a clause• Differentiate between a phrase and a clause.• Use phrases and clauses more effectively in their

writing.

Starter Activity

READ THE FOLLOWING EXCAHANGE OF DIALOGUES BETWEEN TWO PEOPLE:Ram: In the evening.

Mohan: what do you mean?

Meena: because I was ill

Ritu: oh! That’s why you didn’t come to school yesterday.

Let us examine the above activity. • The group of words ‘in the evening’ does not make

any sense. It does not have any subject as well as a verb. It’s a phrase.

Recapitulation: In your previous class, you have already learnt about PHRASE.

Definition: A group of related words which do not have a subject or a verb. So they cannot be used alone, but you can use them as part of a clause/sentence, where they are used as parts of speech. Phrases are units of meaning that can be put together to make up sentences.• The other statement ‘because I was ill’ is a clause

because it makes sense, though not a complete sense. Besides it has a subject (I) and a verb (was).

Recapitulation: In your previous class, you have learnt about CLAUSE.

Definition: A clause is a group of words that has subject, a verb and a predicate.

Please note: Every sentence has a subject, a verb. So every sentence is a clause. But every clause is not a sentence because every clause may not make complete sense.

Today our lesson is about 1. Different kinds of phrases.2. Difference between a phrase and a clause

Key Points

Three kinds of phrases:1. Noun phrase

A noun phrase acts as a noun (a word that names a person, place, thing, or idea) in a sentence. Examples: • The confused tourist was lost.• The lost puppy was a wet and stinky dog.• The government hospital has recently seen many

cases of chickenpox.• Working hard is the key to success. • It suddenly became a cool, wet afternoon.In the above examples, the highlighted group of words are noun clauses. Noun clauses generally answer the question ‘what’.A noun phrase can be a single word-just the noun-or more than a word. It can function in several different ways in a sentence. • The yellow house is for sale. (The yellow house-

Subject, is – verb)• The white snow covered the field. (The white snow-

Subject, covered – verb) • I want a pink frock. (a pink frock- Object, want

-verb)• Should we buy the red car? (the red car- Object,

want -buy)• She lives in the yellow villa. (the yellow villa –Object

to the preposition ‘in’, verb-lives)• There are biscuits on the table. (the table –Object

to the preposition ‘on’, verb-are)

How to identify a noun phrase:A noun phrase includes a noun and may include articles, possessive nouns, possessive pronouns, adjectives. Noun: dogArticles: a dog, the dogPossessive nouns: Reena’s dog, the neighbour’s dog,

2. Types of Phrases

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the police officer’s dogPossessive pronouns: our dog, her dog, their dogAdjectives: that dog, the big dog, the spotted dog

2. Adjective phraseAn adjective phrase acts as an adjective (describes a noun or a pronoun) in a sentence. Examples:• The toy is made of plastic. (describes the noun-toy)• He is a man of courage. (describes the pronoun-he)• The movie was not too interesting. (describes the

noun-movie)• Eating out is usually not very healthy should be

avoided. (describes the noun-eating out)• Beaming with joy, she hummed a song. (describes

the pronoun-she)

How to identify an adjective phrase:If the phrase describes the noun or subject of a sentence, then it is an adjective phrase.• Seema is a sweet girl. In the above sentence, the adjective ‘sweet’ describes the noun ‘Seema’. Seema is a sweet, intelligent, beautiful girl. Now it is an adjective phrase.

3. The Adverb PhraseAn adverb phrase acts as an adverb (a word which modifies a verb, adjective or another adverb) in a sentence. Examples:• My mother speaks in a polite way. (in a polite way-

adverb phrase, speaks - verb)• She drives with great care. (with great care-adverb

phrase, drives – verb) • Please go into the store. (into the store-adverb

phrase, go – verb) • The plane flew over the field. (over the field-adverb

phrase, flew – verb) • At every turn, problems blocked his path. (at every

turn-adverb phrase, blocked – verb)

How to identify an adverb phrase:Adverb phrases typically answer the questions how, where, why or when something was done.

Read the following sentences:I parked the car. (No adverb or adverb phrase)I parked the car here. (Adverb-here)I parked the car right here. (Adverb phrase - right here)I parked the car right here under the bridge. (Adverb phrase - right here under the bridge)

So we can use an adverb phrase instead of a single adverb.

Adverb Phrases describing How• He did his work surprisingly well.• They prayed in total silence.

Adverb Phrases describing Where• He parked his car near the edge. • She danced across the floor.

Adverb Phrases describing Why• I studied further to understand better.• He fought to end discrimination.

Adverb Phrases describing When• Finish your work as quickly as possible.• An accident happened yesterday afternoon.

2. Types of Phrases

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4. DIFFERENCE BETWEEN A PHRASE AND A CLAUSE: Study this table to understand the difference between a phrase, a clause and a sentence.

Phrase ClauseA phrase is a group of words. A clause is a group of words.It does not make a complete sense by itself.. It may or may not be dependent on something else

for complete meaning.It has no subject or verb It has a subject and a verb.Example: On a wooden chair. Example: That chair is made of wood.

Study the following sentences and look at the highlighted parts. 1. Although I was invited to the party, I didn’t want to go. Although I was invited to the party – Clause 1I didn’t want to go – Clause 2 To the party – phrase 2. We invited the neighbor to the party even though we don’t like him.We invited the neighbor to the party – Clause 1We don’t like him – Clause 2 To the party- Phrase

5. TRANSFORMATION OF A PHRASE INTO A CLAUSE We can change a phrase into a clause by adding a subject and a verb to it. Examples: He worked hard to pass the examination. (Phrase)He worked hard so that he can pass the examination. (Clause)

MORE EXAMPLES:I will show you what to do next.I will show you what you should do next.Please tell me how to learn a foreign language.Please tell me how I can learn a foreign language The words like what, how as shown in the above examples are called conjunctions.

Work Plan

CONTENT PRACTICE SHEETS

1 Phrase and clausePS -1PS -2PS -3

2 Self-test Self-evaluation sheet


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I. Read the following statements and identify each as a clause or a phrase. Look at the example given for you .He works hard every day. – Clause 1. After a good day2. If I need to call you.3. Before the next light4. Because it’s the right thing to do.5. As soon as possible6. This car’s not working7. Working for himself8. Whenever it gets cold9. If they want to talk to me10. Towards the north11. In front of the building12. Jumping up and down on the bed13. Until the next time14. I don’t know the answer15. Turn off the computer

II. Use the following phrases in sentences of your own. Look at the example given for you. Some time ago - I listened to an interview on a radio program some time ago.1. On the blackboard2. Some time ago3. For her children4. Towards the door5. In the swimming pool


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I. Read the following sentences and identify the adverb phrases. Look at the example given for you. I hope to win the first prize.Noun phrase- to win the first prize. 1. I tried to solve the puzzle2. Did you enjoy reading this book?3. The boy wants to go home.4. The thief refused to answer the question.5. The boy denied stealing the money6. I will hate to do such a thing.7. He wished to talk to his manager.8. The man loves helping poor people. 9. Have you ever tried to climb a tree?10. He refused to answer my question.11. He promised to get me something.12. Why do you want to meet him?


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I. Identify the adjective phrases in the following sentences and write the noun it modifies. Look at the example given for you.He is a man of honourAdjective phrase – a man of honour Noun- man1. I saw an elephant with a long tusk.2. He was wearing a ring made of gold.3. I met a girl with brown hair.4. My dad bought a car of red colour. 5. A man with a long beard came to see me.6. We visited villages with lots of greenery.7. It was a day full of fun.8. My mother bought a cake made of nuts and

fruits.9. I saw a dog covered in mud.10. She lost a necklace made of diamond.

II. Rewrite each sentence, changing the adjective into a phrase describing the nouns. Look at the example given for you.The King wore a golden crown. - The King wore a crown made of gold.1. He lived in a stone house.2. She wore a diamond necklace.3. That was a brave act.4. He is a courageous man.5. My dad is an honourable man.

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Self-Evaluation Sheet Time: 30 MinsMarks: 20

I. Identify whether the group of words is a phrase or a clause. Look at the example given for you. (10 Marks)Where the water is warm.

Ans: Clause

1. Into the icy water.

2. Of great heroism.

3. To the store, the park, and the library.

4. The sounds carried down the hallway of the empty building.

5. Before we can go to the school.

6. Soon breaking apart.

7. Otherwise, a ship would have arrived earlier.

8. Sinking in less than three hours.

9. When the flag was unfurled.

10. Many lifeboats were not filled.

II. Identify whether the highlighted group of words is a phrase or a clause. Look at the example given for you. (10 Marks)Opening the gate, Ram let the dog into the yard.

Phrase 1. It is too bad that Ms. Geetha will not be teaching

next year.

2. The player who hits the goal will be the Man of the match.

3. The lady whose purse was stolen reported to the police.

4. After listening to the students, I changed my mind about the test.

5. After the game, we went out for ice cream.

6. Ram’s cat went missing on the last stormy night.

7. They all started walking toward the building.

8. Ritu was waiting in front of the movie theater.

9. Whenever I don’t have any homework, I like to read a book.

10. When you open the cupboard, you will many books of your interest.

3. Nouns, Gender and Number

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Learning ObjectivesAt the completion of this topic, the students will be able to:• Define the term ‘Noun’.• Identify the opposite gender of given nouns.• Match male names to the corresponding female

names.• Explain the difference between singular and plural

nouns.

• Make singular nouns plural by various ways.• Identify and understand abstract nouns.• Use different aspects of nouns in their writing

correctly.

Concept Map

NOUNS

Names of people, places, animals, things and ideas

TYPES OF NOUNS

1. Proper and common 2. Singular-plural nouns 3. Collective 4. Personal-possessive 5. Gender Nouns

Countable nouns

Uncountable nouns

Key PointsI. In the above concept map, we will find many

aspects associated with NOUNS. Recapitulation: in your previous class, you have

already learnt the following. NOUN is a naming word. It is a part of speech

which names people, places, animals, things and ideas-----qualities. Examples: John, Singh, Ameri-ca, china, elephant, chicken, fear, strength etc.

You have also learnt about the following kinds of nouns: 1. Proper noun: Names of particular people or

places and things. Examples: Mohan, Geeta, America, India, Bruno, Taj Mahal etc.

2. Common noun: Naming words that are common to people, places, things and animals of the same kind. Examples: boy, girl, doctor, town, city, dog, car and so on.

3. Collective Noun: Name of a group of persons, places, animals or things. Examples: a library of books, a team of players and a family of four.

4. Material noun: Names of materials or substances which different things are made of. Examples: flour, cement, iron, steel, wood etc.

5. Abstract Noun: Names of ideas, feelings, qualities, actions or states which can neither be seen nor touched. Examples: love, happiness, honesty, livelihood etc.

Today our lesson is about the following aspects of NOUNS1. Gender2. Number3. Abstract Nouns4. Countable & Uncountable Nouns


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II. GENDER:There are FOUR GENDERS.

1. Masculine Gender:A noun is said to be in the Masculine gender if it refers to a male person or animal. For example: Man, lion, hero, boy, king, horse and actor etc.

Examples:• A boy is playing in the play-ground.• My uncle is still a bachelor.

2. Feminine Gender:A noun is said to be in the feminine gender if it refers to a female member of a species. For example: Woman, lioness, heroine, girl, mare and niece etc.

Examples:• A girl is playing in the play-ground.• The heroine of this movie is not from India.

3. Common Gender:A noun is said to be in common gender if it refers to either to a male or a female. For example: Child, student, friend, candidate, servant etc.

Examples:• A child is playing in the play-ground.• A friend in need is friend indeed.

4. Neuter Gender: A noun is said to be in the neuter gender if it refers to a lifeless object. Plants, insects and many other animals are counted as nouns of neuter gender, though they are not lifeless. For example: Chair, table, tree, star, cockroach, ant etc.

Examples: • Computers have changed our lives completely. • Trees help in cleansing the air.

III. Points to Note:

1. Collective nouns, even if they refer to living-beings, are used as neuter-nouns.

Examples:• The army is doing a wonderful task. • The police was called at the accident place.

In these sentences the nouns (army and police) refer to only living-beings. But they are used only as neuter-nouns.

2. Objects noted for their power, strength, and violence are used as masculine gender nouns.

The sun, summer, time, death etc. are masculine-gender nouns.

Examples: • The sun is so scorching now that we cannot go

out. • The death is cruel. He is as certain as tomorrow.

In these sentences the words “sun” and “death” have been used as Masculine-gender nouns.

3. Objects noted for their beauty, gentleness and grace are used as feminine-gender nouns.

The moon, the earth, spring, charity etc. are feminine-gender nouns.

Examples:The moon is looking so beautiful tonight. The earth is becoming a patient as her health is being spoilt by us.

Examples of Masculine and Feminine Nouns:MASCULINE GENDERS-----FEMININE GENDERS

1. Bachelor----- Spinster 2. Dog----- Bitch 3. Drone------ Bee 4. Horse----- Mare 5. Nephew----- Niece 6. Wizard----- Witch 7. Heir----- Heiress 8. Poet----- Poetess 9. Shepherd----- Shepherdess 10. Emperor----- Empress 11. Prince----- Princess 12. Lion----- Lioness 13. Bull----- Cow 14. Tiger----- Tigress 15. Actor----- Actress 16. Uncle----- Aunt 17. Monk----- Nun 18. Gentleman----- Lady 19. Duck----- Drake20. Peacock ----- Peahen

IV. WAYS OF FORMING THE FEMININE GENDER: By using an entirely different word.

Masculine Genders-----Feminine Genders 1. Boy ----- girl2. Man ----- woman3. Husband ----- wife4. Father ----- mother5. Brother ----- sister6. Son ----- daughter7. Horse ----- mare8. Monk ----- nun9. Buck ----- doe10. King ----- queen11. Cock ----- hen


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12. Dog ----- bitch13. Drake ----- duck14. Earl ----- countess15. Gander ----- geese16. Gentleman ----- lady17. Nephew ----- niece18. Uncle ----- aunt

By adding a syllable ‘-ess’ to the masculine gender

Masculine Genders-----Feminine Genders 1. Baron ----- baroness2. Count ----- countess3. Giant ----- giantess4. Heir ----- heiress5. Host ----- hostess6. Lion ----- lioness7. Poet ----- poetess8. Priest ----- priestess9. Duke ----- duchess10. Emperor ----- empress11. Prince ----- princess12. Tiger ----- tigress13. Waiter ----- waitress14. Master ----- mistress

A compound noun is made up of more than one noun or other words. When changing the gender of such nouns, a part of the compound noun is changed, while the other part remains the same.

Masculine Genders-----Feminine Genders 1. Grandfather ----- grandmother2. Manservant ----- maidservant3. Landlord ----- landlady4. Peacock ----- peahen5. Salesman ----- saleswoman6. Washer man ----- washer woman

V. COUNTABLE AND UNCOUNTABLE NOUNS:Countable Nouns: They refer to things which can be counted. We use a, an, a few, many, etc. with countable nouns.

Examples: a car, three carsmy cousin, my two cousinsa book, many booksa city, several big citiesMost common nouns and collective nouns are countable. Uncountable Nouns: Nouns that cannot be counted. We use some, a little, much with uncountable nouns.

Examples: Some information, a little progress, Some water, much salt in curry Some equipment, some luggage

When we want to refer to the quantity of an uncountable noun, expressions such as a bit of, a piece of, an item of or words for containers and measures can be used.

Examples: • He bought a very expensive piece of furniture. • She always has some exciting bits of news. • We will need five bags of cement. • There is a litre of milk in the fridge for you. • I bought you a bar of chocolate.

VI. NUMBER:Singular Nouns: When the noun refers to one thing. Countable nouns have both singular and plural forms.

Examples:A flower, an egg, a city, an orange, a child Plural Nouns: When the noun refers to more than one thing. Uncountable nouns and mass nouns do not normally have a plural form.

Examples:Flowers, eggs, cities, oranges, children

How to make plural nouns:By adding ‘s’1. Cat ----- cats2. dog----- dogs3. tree ----- trees4. chair -----chairs5. balloon ----- balloons6. car----- cars

2. Nouns ending in -s, -ss, -sh, -ch, -x, take –es as suffix to form plurals. 1. bus ----- buses2. bush-----bushes3. pass ----- passes4. bench ----- benches5. box ----- boxes6. church------churches

3. Nouns ending with a consonant followed by-o, takes – es as suffix to form plurals1. hero -----heroes2. potato-----potatoes3. mosquito-----mosquitoes4. volcano-----volcanoes5. tomato-----tomatoes

4. Nouns ending with o preceded by a vowel, take –s as suffix to form plural.1. radio-----radios2. folio----folios3. stereo----stereos4. studio----studios5. ratio----ratios


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5. Nouns ending with y, plural is formed by dropping the y and adding ies as suffix.1. Army----armies2. body-----bodies3. lady-----ladies4. cherry-----cherries5. baby-----babies

6. Nouns ending in –f or -fe, plural is formed by dropping f or fe and adding suffix –ves to it.1. calf-----calves2. elf----elves3. half-----halves4. leaf-----leaves5. life-----lives

VII. EXCEPTIONS: 7. Some of the singular nouns may also form the

plural by simply adding –s.chief-----chiefsgiraffe-----giraffesroof-----roofs

8. Some of these nouns take both forms in the plural.hoof-----hoofs/hoovesscarf-----scarf/scarves

9. Some nouns are made plural by changing vowels.1. man-----men2. foot-----feet3. tooth-----teeth

10. Plurals of numerals and abbreviations are formed by adding –s as suffix

The 1980s were the golden period of the Indian cinema.

CDs and DVDs are storage devices.

11. Plurals of compound nouns with prepositions are formed by adding –s as suffix or by changing the head word of the compound noun.1. Father-in-law-----fathers-in-law2. Officer-in-charge-----officers-in-charge3. Passer by-----passers by4. Commander-in-chief----- Commanders-in-chief

12. Plurals of compound nouns are formed by adding –s to the last word.1. Credit card-----credit cards2. Polar bear-----polar bears3. Post office-----post offices4. Tea bag-----tea bags

13. A few nouns which might be thought as countable, do not have a plural form.

Examples:• Scales• Furniture

• Information• homework• Jewellery• Luggage• Bread• Clothing

14. A few countable nouns are always used in the plural forms.

Examples:• Spectacles• Goods• Trousers• Alms• Socks• Binoculars• Scissors• tongs

15. Some nouns have the same form whey used as singular or plural

Examples:• Deer• Sheep• Fish• Agenda• Hair• Moose

16. Some nouns appear singular (i.e. without an –s ending) but they are plural

Examples:• Cattle• Police• Gentry• Clergy• People• Cavalry

17. Some nouns appear plural (i.e. with an –s ending) but they are singular.

Examples: • News• Billiards• Physics• Measles• Mathematics

18. Nouns of foreign origin• Cactus----cacti• Bacillus----bacilli• Focus----foci• Axis----axes• Oasis----oases• Curriculum----curricula


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• Memorandum----memoranda

VIII. ABSTRACT NOUNS: Nouns denoting an idea, quality, or state rather than a concrete object, e.g. truth, danger, happiness, education, experience, hatred, help, knowledge, life, love, sleep, time, understanding.

Examples:1. Truthfulness is a great virtue.2. Honesty is the best policy. 3. Childhood is the best time of life. 4. I have my own ideas and opinions. 5. He is a man of bravery.

Uncountable Use Countable UseGood education is the best investment.

(education in general)

She had a very expensive education at a convent school.(the time one person spent at school)

Love is a great feeling.(love in general)

I have a love of poetry. (a specific liking for something)

They have a quiz about general knowledge.(knowledge in general)

The job requires a knowledge of computers.

(a specific type of knowledge)

Time passes quickly.

(time in general)

We had a great time at grandparents’ place.(a specific period of time)

IX Abstract Nouns can be Formed From Adjectives:ADJECTIVE ABSTRACT NOUNable abilityangry angerbeautiful beautybrave braverydifferent differencedifficult difficultyenvious envygreat greatnesshappy happinesshungry hungerkind kindnesslong lengthhonest honestynew newnessstrong strengththirsty thirstunique uniquenessweak weaknesswide widthwise wisdom


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X. HOW TO FORM ABSTRACT NOUNS FROM ADJECTIVES:

1. Add-‘ness’

Examples: • Ready - Readiness • Happy - Happiness • Weak - Weakness• Sad - Sadness • Mad – Madness

2. Add – ‘ity’

Examples:• Responsible - Responsibility• Possible - Possibility• Scarce - Scarcity • Hilarious - Hilarity• Probable - Probability

3. Add – ‘ance’ or ‘ence’

Examples:• Independent - Independence.• Important - Importance • Silent - Silence

Work Plan

CONTENT COVERAGE DETAILS PRACTICE SHEET

Nouns Nouns, gender, countable and uncountable nouns, number, abstract nouns and their formation from adjectives

PS-1PS-2PS-3

Self-test Self-evaluation Sheet


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I. Change the gender in the following sentences. Look at the example given for you. She met that girl at the club. – He met that boy at the club.1. This lady is rowing a boat. 2. He told his teacher the truth. 3. The cow ate the green grass. 4. A tiger is a savage animal. 5. Her friend is a good actress. 6. My aunt sent me a present. 7. The wizard transformed the little boy into a

peacock.8. My nephew is meeting his headmaster this

morning. 9. The waiter served food to the groom. 10. My uncle is still a bachelor.

II. Identify the words if they are masculine, feminine, neuter, or common gender noun. 1. Hunter 2. Applicant3. Computer4. Mare5. Police-man6. Governess7. Teacher8. Son-in-law9. Ant 10. Doctor

I. Decide whether these nouns are countable (C) or uncountable (U). Look at the example given for you.The children are playing in the garden. - U1. I drink milk in the morning. 2. I prefer tea after getting up. 3. Scientists say that the environment is

threatened by pollution. 4. My mother uses butter to prepare cakes.5. There are a lot of windows in our classroom. 6. I need some glue to fix this vase.7. The waiters in this restaurant are very

professional. 8. My father drinks two glasses of water every

morning. 9. The bread of that bakery is delicious.10. Drivers should be careful on slippery roads.11. Some policemen are controlling the traffic.12. I bought three bottles of water for our picnic. 13. I would like some juice please!


14. Successful candidates will join the training camp.

15. I met some nice people in my apartment.


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I. Point out the nouns in the following sentences and say whether they are common, proper, collective or abstract.1. Always speak the truth. Truth is a/an

_______________________• Common noun• Proper noun• Abstract noun

2. Honesty is the best policy. Honesty is a/an ___________________________• Collective noun• Common noun• Abstract noun

3. King Akbar was famous for his wisdom. Akbar is a/an ________________________• Proper noun• Common noun• Abstract noun

4. A committee of five was appointed. Committee is a/an ____________________________• Common noun• Collective noun• Proper noun

5. We saw a fleet of ships in the harbour. Fleet is a/an _____________________________• Common noun• Collective noun• Proper noun

6. He gave me a bunch of grapes. Bunch is a/an _________________________________• Common noun• Collective noun• Abstract noun

7. Varanasi is on the river Ganga. Ganga is a/an _____________________________ • Proper noun• Common noun• Abstract noun

8. Cleanliness is next to godliness. Cleanliness is a/an _____________________________• Common noun• Proper noun• Abstract noun

9. Wisdom is better than riches. Wisdom is a/an ________________________________• Collective noun• Common noun• Abstract noun

10. Rajiv Gandhi was one of the greatest prime

ministers of India. Prime ministers is a/an ________________________• Common noun• Proper noun• Abstract noun

II. Form abstract nouns from the following adjectives. Look at the example given for you.Bitter- Bitterness 1. Strong 2. Wide 3. Decent 4. Humble 5. Long 6. Vacant 7. Cruel 8. Young 9. Sweet 10. Prudent 11. Dark 12. Wise 13. Good 14. Brave 15. Human 16. Ignorant 17. Proud 18. Free 19. Just 20. Poor


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I. Answer the following. (10 Marks)1. A group of people, animals or things is

known as a _______________.2. Which among these is incorrect? a pack of cards, a pack of bees, a school of

fish, a pride of lions

3. Name the four types of genders.

4. Which among these is odd? Why? Man, Boy, Sir, Uncle, Grandfather, Aunt

5. Which among these is odd? Why? Woman, Girl, Madam, Aunt, Grandfather

6. What is common among these? Doctor, Teacher, Cousin, Neighbour

7. Which of these is the correct definition of an adjective?• An adjective is a word that describes an

action.• An adjective is a word that is used in place

of a noun.• An adjective is a word that describes a

noun.

8. If bachelor is masculine, feminine is _______________.

9. An eraser belongs to the common or neuter gender?

10. Say the collective forms of the nouns given below:

Sheep Butterflies Birds Children Soldiers

II. Write the feminine form of the following. The first one is done for you as an example.

(10 Marks)Husband-wife

1. Gentleman _______________________ 2. Shepherd _______________________ 3. Emperor _______________________ 4. Horse _______________________ 5. Waiter _______________________ 6. Widower _______________________ 7. Uncle _______________________ 8. Nephew _______________________ 9. Boy _______________________ 10. Peacock _______________________

4. Pronouns and Types

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Learning Objectives

At the completion of this chapter, the students will be able to:• Define the term Pronoun.• Differentiate between different types of pronouns

and their usage.• Identify pronouns as a part of speech• How to join two sentences by using relative

pronouns

Concept Map

PRONOUNS

REFLEXIVE PRONOUNSPOSSESSIVE

PRONOUNS

OBJECT PRONOUNS

SUBJECT PRONOUNS

RELATIVE PRONOUNS

INTERROGATIVE PRONOUNS

DEMONSTRATIVE PRONOUNS

DISTRIBUTIVE PRONOUNS

INDEFINITE PRONOUNS

EMPHATIC PRONOUNS

object or group of things. EXAMPLES: He, I, she, you, it, they, me, him etc.Personal pronouns stand for three persons:

1. First Person (the person who speaks) – I, we, me, us

2. Second Person (the person who is spoken to) - You

3. Third Person (a person or a thing which is spo-ken about) – she, he, it, they, her, him, them.

EXAMPLES:1. We will be friends forever. 2. The inspector took him in custody. 3. What are you doing?

Personal pronouns for people: I, you, he, she, we, they, me, you, him, her, us, them Personal pronouns for things and animals: it, they, them

2. POSSESSIVE PRONOUNSA possessive pronoun describes a close possession/

Key PointsI. In the above concept map, you can see various

types of pronouns. In your previous class, you have already read about various kinds of PRO-NOUNS.

Today we will take a quick review of pronoun and its types. DEFINITION: The word which replaces a noun in a sentence is called a PRONOUN. A pronoun helps us to avoid unnecessary repetition in our writing and speech.EXAMPLES OF PRONOUNS: I, me, mine, myself, she, her, hers, herself, we, us, ours, ourselves.Let us take a quick recap of various types of PRONOUNS.

II. TYPES OF PRONOUNS1. PERSONAL PRONOUNSA personal pronoun refers to a specific person or


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ownership or relationship to a noun. EXAMPLES: His, yours, hers, mine, ours, theirs, mine etc.EXAMPLES:

1. This project file is mine.2. I like the idea of hers very much.3. The very first name in the merit list was yours.

3. REFLEXIVE PRONOUNSA reflexive pronoun is a pronoun which refers back to the subject of a sentence or clause.EXAMPLES: himself, myself, herself, yourself, ourselves etc.)Please note that a reflexive pronoun always acts as an OBJECT (You have already learnt about OBJECT-the one who receives the action.)EXAMPLES:

1. The driver did not come so I had to drive the car myself.

2. You can win any situation if you have trust in yourself.

3. He hurt himself with the knife while cutting the vegetables.

4. RELATIVE PRONOUNSA relative pronoun joins two sentences and refer back to a noun before it. EXAMPLES: who, whom, whose, which, that

1. Jaipur which is called the pink city, is the capital of Rajasthan.

2. This is the boy whose work I was telling you about.

3. Pay heed to what I say.

5. EMPHATIC PRONOUNSAn emphatic pronoun is used for highlighting, stress-ing or emphasizing the noun or pronoun that comes before it.EXAMPLES: myself, himself, herself, itself, yourself, themselves, ourselves

1. I myself checked all the paid bills. (‘myself’ em-phasizes ‘I’)

2. You yourself can write that article. (‘yourself’ emphasizes ‘you’)

3. He himself attended that lecture. (‘himself’ em-phasizes ‘he’)

6. INTERROGATIVE PRONOUNSInterrogative pronouns are used to ask questions.

EXAMPLES: what, which, who, whom, whose etc. 1. I wonder what we’re doing tomorrow.2. Which colour do you prefer?3. I’m wondering who will be at the party.

7. DEMONSTRATIVE PRONOUNSDemonstrative pronouns are used to indicate nouns. EXAMPLES: this, that, these and those

1. This is my mother’s ring.2. That looks like the car I used to drive.3. Such was her command over the English lan-

guage.

8. INDEFINITE PRONOUNSIndefinite pronouns are used to refer to some persons or things that are not definite or specific.EXAMPLES: all, anything, something, each, every, some, any, many, one, everything everybody, etc.

1. All are welcome to come to my birthday party to-night.

2. Everyone knows it is impolite to point at some-one.

3. Does anybody have a clue where the dog went?

9. DISTRIBUTIVE PRONOUNSWhen a pronoun refers to people or things one at a time, it is called a distributive pronoun.

EXAMPLES: each, every, either, neither1. Each new day is different. 2. Either girl can do that. 3. Neither answer is correct.

III. COMBINING TWO SENTENCES USING A RELATIVE PRONOUN

EXAMPLES: 1. The boy solved the puzzle. He was praised by the

teacher. The boy who solved the puzzle was praised by

the teacher.2. The parcel reached me this morning. My brother

sent it. The parcel which my brother sent reached me

this morning.3. This is the house. Jack built it. This is the house that Jack built.4. Bring me the file. The file is on the table. Bring me the file which is on the table.5. We met a girl. The girl had lost her way. We met a girl who had lost her way.


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Work Plan


Pronouns Pronouns and their typesPS -1PS -2PS - 3

Self-test Self-evaluation sheet


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1. Fill in the blanks with an appropriate indefinite pronoun. Look at the example given for you.She wants to live ____________ by the sea. (Somewhere/Nowhere)Ans: somewhere

1. She put ____________in the box, all the things that she had. (Nothing/Everything)

2. Does ____________have a phone charger? (nobody/anybody)

3. We went ____________this weekend. We stayed at home. (nowhere/anywhere)

4. ____________lives in that house. It’s empty. (Nobody/somebody)

5. ____________was really friendly, all the teachers as well as the students. (Everyone/somebody)

6. ____________going really well and so I’m really happy. (Everything/nothing)

7. She doesn’t want ____________to help her. (nobody/anybody)

8. I must have left my keys ____________! (somewhere/nowhere)

9. Would you like to eat____________? (nothing/something)

10. ____________ unusual happened. It was a very ordinary day. (Nothing/something)

2. Write whether the highlighted words in the following sentences are reflexive or empathic pronouns.1. My father cooked the food himself.

_______________2. I myself served food to the guests.

_______________3. She praised herself for the success.

_______________4. They dressed themselves in funny costumes.

_______________5. The bird itself built the nest in the mango

tree. _______________

6. Selfish people think only of themselves. _______________

7. You should complete your work yourself. _______________

8. She pushed herself in the trouble. _______________


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1. Fill in the blanks with an appropriate personal pronoun. Look at the example given for you.My name is Ritvik. __________ am an Indian. (him it she I)Ans: My name is Ritvik. I am an Indian.

1. _________ need to follow me closely. (You He She It)

2. Rahul, Suraj and Mukesh grew tired as ________ had to wait for long for the bus. (Them he they it)

3. Palvinder watched the children carefully as _________ crossed the road. (them him they us)

4. Hold the bag please while I put the things in ________. (him it she I)

5. Bhavya and I are going soon so you can come with _________ .(we them they us)

6. Thank you for helping ________. (me he she they)

7. I wonder why dad rushed off. Did you upset _______? (he him we they)

8. _______ hope those flowers are for me. (We Them I Him)

9. Open the door. It’s ______. (I they me she)10. Govind wanted his son to follow ________.

(he they I him)2. Fill in the blanks with an appropriate reflexive

pronoun. Look at the example given for you.My mother stitched this blue shirt _______________. (Myself yourself himself herself itself ourselves yourselves themselves)Ans: herself

1. Meera did her homework _______________. (Myself yourself himself herself itself ourselves yourselves themselves)

2. We treated _______________ to some cold drink at the party. (Myself yourself himself herself itself ourselves yourselves themselves)

3. Rahul, did you take the photo by _______________? (Myself yourself himself herself itself ourselves yourselves themselves)

4. I wrote this poem _______________. (Myself yourself himself herself itself ourselves yourselves themselves)

5. He cut _______________ with the knife while chopping vegetables. (Myself yourself himself herself itself ourselves yourselves themselves)

6. The lion can defend _______________. (Myself yourself himself herself itself

ourselves yourselves themselves) 7. My mother often talks to _______________.

(Myself yourself himself herself itself ourselves yourselves themselves)

8. Rohit and Raj, if you want more milk, help _______________. (Myself yourself himself herself itself ourselves yourselves themselves)

9. My sister and her friend collected the stamps _______________. (Myself yourself himself herself itself ourselves yourselves themselves)

10. Geeta blames _______________ for the loss. (Myself yourself himself herself itself ourselves yourselves themselves)

3. Write the Possessive Pronouns matching the following. Look at the example given for you. I: Mine

1. We: ____________2. You: ____________3. they: ____________4. He: ____________5. She: ____________6. It: ____________


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1. Use relative pronouns to fill in the blanks. Look at the example given for you.The woman _________ attended the interview is waiting outside. Ans: who

1. I am sure about the person _________ stole the book.

2. I am not very sure about the tune _________ is being played.

3. These are the cookies _________ Mary made.4. All the fruits _________ were in the bowl are

rotten now. 5. She met the person _________ she wrote a

letter to last month.6. I have a neighbour _________ dog is very

dangerous.7. The man _________ came first in the

100-metre race broke the world record.8. At the zoo, there is a parrot _________ can

talk to the people.9. Do you know the woman _________ son is a

famous actor?10. I really like the suit _________ you bought for

the wedding!11. It was very sad to see the bird _________

wing was broken.12. Do you like the new plants _________ I

bought for the living room?13. Look at that dog _________ is chasing its own

tail!14. This is the newest phone _________ you can

buy in the shops.15. I need someone _________ can fix my

washing machine.2. Combine the following sentences with the help

of relative pronouns. 1. The boy solved the puzzle. He was praised by

the teacher.2. The parcel reached me this morning. My

brother sent it.3. This is the house. Ram built it.4. Bring me the file. The file is on the table.5. Once upon a time there lived a giant. The

giant was very powerful and cruel.6. The dog bit the burglar. He was trying to

break into the house.

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I. Read the following sentences and underline the pronoun in each. (10 Marks)1. What do you want to get as gift on your

birthday?

2. He never hurts his good friends.

3. That pen is hers.

4. This is my sweet home.

5. Nobody was happy in the conference room.

6. To whom you give credit for this work?

7. I may buy either of these two gifts.

8. I myself heard his remarks.

9. I baked the bread myself.

10. Your doll is old but mine is new.

II. In each of the following sentences a pronoun has been underlined. What type of pronoun is it? (10 Marks)1. They themselves went to the market and

bought it.• Personal • Reflexive • Possessive • Distributive • Relative • Emphatic • Indefinite • Interrogative • Demonstrative

2. Neither of them plays well.• Personal • Reflexive • Possessive • Distributive

• Relative • Emphatic • Indefinite • Interrogative • Demonstrative

3. Everyone must finish the breakfast. • Personal • Reflexive • Possessive • Distributive • Relative • Emphatic • Indefinite • Interrogative • Demonstrative

4. The person who stayed with me last night was my best friend. • Personal • Reflexive • Possessive • Distributive • Relative • Emphatic • Indefinite • Interrogative • Demonstrative

5. Each of the students have participated in the drama act.• Personal • Reflexive • Possessive • Distributive • Relative • Emphatic • Indefinite • Interrogative • Demonstrative

6. This is the matter that they were talking about. • Personal • Reflexive • Possessive • Distributive • Relative • Emphatic • Indefinite • Interrogative • Demonstrative


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7. Who won the race yesterday?• Personal • Reflexive • Possessive • Distributive • Relative • Emphatic • Indefinite • Interrogative • Demonstrative

8. She mended the car herself.• Personal • Reflexive • Possessive • Distributive • Relative • Emphatic • Indefinite • Interrogative • Demonstrative

9. They are playing football together.• Personal • Reflexive • Possessive • Distributive • Relative • Emphatic • Indefinite • Interrogative • Demonstrative

10. Which is your shirt?• Personal • Reflexive • Possessive • Distributive • Relative • Emphatic • Indefinite • Interrogative • Demonstrative

5. Adjective-Degrees of Comparison

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Learning Objectives

At the completion of this chapter, the students will be able to:• identify the three degrees of comparison of

adjectives.• form and use the positive, comparative and

superlative degrees of comparison of regular and irregular adjectives.

• rewrite the sentences with different degrees of comparison without changing the meaning.

• forming adjectives from nouns, adverbs and other adjectives.

• use adjectives in their writing in a creative way.

Concept Map

COMPARING ADJECTIVES

COMPARING ADJECTIVES CAN BE FORMED IN THREE WAYS

POSITIVE FORM

SUPERLATIVE FORM

COMPARATIVE FORM

As…………as -er More -es Most

In your previous class, you have already learnt that we can make comparison between nouns with the help of three forms of the adjective.

(Recapitulate that adjective is a word which qualifies a noun. It gives more information about the noun).

Key Points Today we will take a quick recap of the three degrees of comparison.

I. THREE DEGREES OF ADJECTIVES

1. The Positive DegreeThe positive degree of an adjective makes no comparison.• A healthy mind resides in a healthy body. • It is a ripe mango. • My dad bought a beautiful car.

2. The Comparative Degree The comparative degree compares two people, things, actives or qualities.

• Travelling by train is better than travelling by bus. • The pink dress is prettier than the yellow one. • This information is more reliable than the one I

heard on the news channel.

3. The Superlative Degree The superlative degree compares a person, thing, activity or quality with the group. The Superlative Degree expresses the highest degree. • The blue whale is the biggest of all animals found

on the earth.• Mount Everest is the highest peak in the Himalayas.• Diamond is the hardest of all the substances.

II. SOME EXAMPLES OF POSITIVE, COMPARATIVE AND SUPERLATIVE ADJECTIVES

POSITIVE COMPARATIVE SUPERLATIVEBright brighter brightestBold bolder boldest

Clever cleverer cleverestCold colder coldestFast faster fastest


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POSITIVE COMPARATIVE SUPERLATIVEGreat greater greatestHigh higher highestKind kinder kindestLong longer longestSmall smaller smallest

Strong stronger strongestSweet sweeter sweetest

Tall taller tallestYoung younger youngestBrave braver bravestFine finer finest

Large larger largestNice nicer nicest

Simple simpler simplestWise wiser wisest

White whiter whitestcostly costlier costliest

dry drier driesteasy easier easiest

happy happier happiestheavy heavier heaviest

lazy lazier laziestwealthy wealthier wealthiest

big bigger biggestdim dimmer dimmestfat fatter fattesthot hotter hottestthin thinner thinnestbig bigger biggestdim dimmer dimmestfat fatter fattesthot hotter hottestthin thinner thinnest

active more active most activeattractive more attractive most attractivebeautiful more beautiful most beautifulbrilliant more brilliant most brilliantcareful more careful most careful

courageous more courageous

most courageous

cunning more cunning most cunningdifficult more difficult most difficultfamous more famous most famousfaithful more faithful most faithfulproper more proper most proper

popular more popular most popularsplendid more splendid most splendid

bad worse worstevil worse worst

good better best

POSITIVE COMPARATIVE SUPERLATIVEill worse worstfar farther farthest

well better bestlate later latestlittle less least

much more mostmany more mostnear nearer nearestold older oldestold elder eldest

III. THE COMPARISON TAKES PLACE IN THREE TYPES IN THE FOLLOWING WAYS:

1. By using as……as and not……than

Examples: Snow is as white as milk. (Use of positive degree)Milk is not whiter than snow. (Use of comparative degree)

2. By using not so …… as and ……than

Examples: Meetu is not so hardworking as Neetu. (Use of positive degree)Neetu is more hardworking than Meetu. (Use of comparative degree)

3. By using no other, any other, of all

Examples: No other student of the class is as hardworking as Renu. (Use of positive degree)Renu is more hardworking than any other student of the class. (Use of comparative degree)Renu is the most hardworking of all the students of the class. (Use of superlative degree)

4. By using very few, most other, one of the

Examples: Very few historical monuments are as famous as the Taj Mahal. (Use of positive degree)The Taj Mahal is more famous than most other historical monuments. (Use of comparative degree)The Taj Mahal is one of the most famous historical monuments. (Use of superlative degree)

5. By using at least as……as, not……than some other, not ….. of all

Examples: Some flowers are at least as fragrant as sunflower. (Use of positive degree)Sunflower is not more fragrant than some other flowers. (Use of comparative degree)Sunflower is not the most fragrant of all the flowers. (Use of superlative degree)


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IV. FORMATION OF ADJECTIVES By adding following suffixes

SUFFIX EXAMPLES-able, -ible comfortable, readable, incredible,

invisible-al, -ial comical, normal, musical, industrial,

presidential-ful beautiful, harmful, peaceful,

wonderful-ic classic, economic, heroic, romantic-ical aeronautical, alphabetical, political-ish British, childish, Irish, foolish-ive, -ative active, alternative, creative, talkative-less endless, motionless, priceless, timeless-eous, -ious, -ous

spontaneous, hideous, ambitious, anxious, dangerous, famous

-y angry, busy, wealthy, windy

Work Plan


Adjectives Degrees of comparison, rewriting sentences without changing the meaning, formation of adjectives

PS -1PS -2PS - 3

Self-test Self- evaluation sheet

V. FORMING ADJECTIVES FROM NOUNS NOUN ADJECTIVEhero heroicwind windychild childishbeauty beautiful

VI. FORMING ADJECTIVES FROM VERBS VERB ADJECTIVEread readabletalk talkativeuse usefulLike likeable


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I. Fill in the blanks by changing the words in the bracket into adjectives. The first one is done for you. The room was painted in _____________ (difference) colours.Ans: The room was painted in different colours.

1. I made myself ______________ (comfort) on the sofa.

2. Some bells are _____________ (music) and others are not.

3. It was a _____________ (child) thing for her to do.

4. They presented the dishes in a very _____________ (creation) way.

5. These days choices are _____________ (end). 6. It isn’t as _____________ (danger) as it looks.7. It gets cold and _____________ (wind) in

winter.8. He calls me a chatterer but he himself is

very _____________ (talk). 9. After the picnic, everyone was _____________

(anxiety) to get back home.10. His rule proved _____________ (harm) to the

country.11. It had been a _____________ (fool) thing to

climb up the tree. 12. It is still a _____________ (fame) famous

school.


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I. Fill in the blanks with suitable adjectives by choosing the most appropriate option from the ones given below.1. There are ___________ boys in the field.2. I like a ___________ pen.3. It’s a ___________ tree. 4. The ship sustained ___________ damage.5. He is a man of ___________ words.6. This is a ___________ wire.7. She has ___________ hair.8. I have read the ___________ books.

1. (a) such (b) several (c) none (d) every2. (a) finer (b) finest (c) fine (d) most fine3. (a) taller (b) smaller (c) littler (d) tall4. (a) heavy (b) heavier (c) heaviest (d) a lot of5. (a) fewer (b) little (c) few (d) fewest6. (a) active (b) live (c) wet (d) dry7. (a) shiny (b) shinier (c) shiniest (d) more shiny8. (a) worse (b) much (c) best (d) all

II. Fill in the following boxes.

Write the comparative form:

Answer Write the opposite.

Answer

new younger long cleanernice darkerbig more boringgood hotterfat happiermodern easierfriendly smallerfamous cheaper


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I. Rewrite the sentences given below using different degrees of comparison according to clues given in the bracket. Look at the example given for you. Shakespeare is the most famous of all writers in English. (as……as)Ans: No other writer in English is as famous as Shakespeare.

1. Iron is more useful than any other metal. (the most)

2. I earn as much money as Ram. (not……than)3. China is larger than India. (as……as)4. Greenland is the largest island in the world.

(than any other)5. Air is lighter than water. (as……as)6. I am taller than my brother. (as……as)7. Shyam is the strongest boy in the class. (than

any other)8. Gold is more precious than any other metal.

(most)

II. Fill in the blanks with appropriate degree of adjective. Look at the example given for you.Her dress is _______________ (pretty) than mine.Ans: Her dress is prettier than mine.

1. Cheetahs are the _______________ (fast) animals we can find.

2. Eating fruits and vegetables is _______________ (healthy) than eating fried snacks.

3. I find milk _______________ (good) than coffee.

4. China has _______________ (many) people than any other country in the world.

5. The blue whale is the _______________ (heavy) animal in the world.

6. Travelling by train is _______________ (comfortable) than travelling by bus.

7. The Nile is the _______________ (long) river in the world.

8. History is _______ (difficult) than Geography. However, it is _________ (interesting).

9. Antarctica is one of _______________ (cold) places on Earth.

10. Switzerland is one of the _______________ (rich) countries in the world.

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I. Complete the following table by filling correct options. (10 Marks)

POSITIVE COMPARATIVE SUPERLATIVE1 close2 Hotter3 Closest4 lazier5 Elder 6 More7 Most

interesting 8 Few9 Holier10 Most

wonderful

II. Fill in the blanks with the most appropriate degree of comparison. Look at the example given for you. (10 Marks)My father is hardworking. My uncle is _________________ (hardworking) than him.Ans: more hardworking

1. The test in Physics was easy, but the test in Biology was _________________ (easy) than it.

2. Lucy is clever girl in the class but Carol is _________________ (clever) of all.

3. Kerala is sunny. Do you know any place as _________________ (sunny) as that?

4. Arun is a successful politician, but his sister is _________________ (successful) than him.

5. I live in a large family but my grandfather lived in a _________________ (large) one.

6. We have only little time for this exercise, but in the examination we will have even _________________ (little).

7. There are many beautiful flowers in the garden but this flower is _____________ (beautiful) one.

8. The _________________ (pretty) woman won the beauty pageant.

9. He has lost weight and looks _________________ (thin) than before.

10. Have you visited the old fort? It is the _________________ (old) fort we visited during our holidays?

6. Articles and Determiners

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Learning Objectives

At the completion of this chapter, the students will be able to:• Define the terms “Article” & “determiner”.• Identify determiners within sentences.• Use determiners accurately within sentences.

Starter Activity

POSSESSIVES DEMONSTRATIVES

A

An

The

My, Your

His, Her

Its, Our

Their, Whose

This

That

These

Those

NUMERALS ORDINALS QUANTIFIERS

One

Two

Three

four

First

Second

Next

last

Many, few, some, every, much, a lot of, any, less

ARTICLES

Key Points RECAPITULATION: In your previous class you have already learnt about ‘Article’, which is one of the Determiners. An article, like an adjective, modifies the noun. It adds to the meaning of the noun. An article is always used before a noun or an adjective that modifies the noun.

Today our lesson is about DETERMINERS. I. DEFINITION: A determiner is a word that introduc-

es a noun. It always comes before a noun and also comes before any other adjectives used to describe the noun.

• Once there was a bunny. The bunny went home.• There were many cookies in the box. I ate the

chocolate cookie. • The metal cans are recyclable.

II. FOUR DIFFERENT TYPES OF DETERMINERS: • Articles: a, an , the • Demonstratives: this, that, these, those• Quantifiers• Possessives: my, your, his, her, its; our, their, whose1. ARTICLES INDEFINITE ARTICLES: A AND AN

1. They do not refer to particular nouns. ‘A’ is used before nouns beginning with consonants (other than a, e, i, o, u) EXAMPLES: a stamp, a desk, a TV, a cup, a book, a university (Although ‘univer-sity’ starts with the vowel ‘u’, it is pronounced as a consonant sound, a uniform, a union

2. ‘An’ is used before singular countable nouns be-ginning with a vowel (a, e, i, o, u) or vowel sound. EXAMPLES: an apple, an elephant, an issue, an orange, an honest man, (vowel sound) an hour, an heir

3. They can be used only with singular countable nouns that are unspecified. EXAMPLES: A chair, a boy, an elephant, an orange

4. We don’t use articles before uncountable nouns.


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5. We use articles for expression of quantities. EX-AMPLES: a dozen, a gallon, a couple, a lot

6. Used for expression of numbers EXAMPLES: a million, a thousand, a hundred

7. Used before a noun in exclamatory sentences EXAMPLES: What a beautiful home!, What a lovely girl!

EXAMPLES: 1. My father is a professor in a university.2. I am an Indian and I love my country.3. The man lost his legs in an accident.4. My uncle is an MLA.5. Swati takes an egg and an apple for breakfast.6. An honest man is loved by all.7. My uncle bought an ox and a buffalo from the

fair.8. A dozen of apples means twelve apples. 9. I will call you in an hour.10. My neighbour is an Australian.

DEFINITE ARTICLE ‘THE”: 1. A singular noun which is used to represent the

whole class.

EXAMPLES: • The dog is a faithful animal• The fox is a cunning animal.

1. The noun we have already spoken about.

EXAMPLES: • He gave money to a little boy and the boy bought

toys for himself.• We saw an old man in the park. The man was

looking worried.

2. Superlatives (the highest quality or degree of an adjective-large, larger, largest) or any other adjec-tive which makes the noun very particular one.

EXAMPLES: • Mt. Everest is the highest peak in the world.• This is the best option available with us.

3. The names of planets, stars and satellites

EXAMPLES: • The earth is round.• The moon appears in the night.

4. Ordinal numbers (first, second, fourth, tenth etc).

EXAMPLES: • He got the first position in the class.• The second boy in the third row is my brother.

5. The name of rivers, seas and oceans

EXAMPLES: • The Pacific Ocean is the largest ocean.• The Ganges is a holy river.

6. The name of newspapers:

EXAMPLES: • My father reads the Times of India.• I sent an article to the editor of the Hindustan

Times.

7. The names of holy books

EXAMPLES: • The Ramayana is the holy book of the Hindus.• I began to read the Bible long before I could

understand it.

8. Certain nouns to represent them as a class:

EXAMPLES: • We should help the poor and the needy.• The rich have always lived in luxury.

9. Certain nouns to represent as a nation, a party or a community

EXAMPLES: • The French are sophisticated. (this means we are

referring to the French people)• The Sikhs are brave.

2. DEMONSTRATIVES: Demonstrative determiners are used as pointers of a particular noun in order to indicate the position or location of a noun in the sentence.

Examples: here, there, this, that, these, those, etc.

1. This – is used with singular nouns when referring to an object that is close to the speaker• This car is parked very close to my driveway.• Is this Reena’s dog?• This book is mine.

2. That – is used with singular nouns when referring to an object or person that is far to the speaker• That house across the street is really beautiful.• Is that your book on the teacher’s table?• That house is not his.

3. These - is used with plural nouns when referring to an object that is close to the speaker• These trees are looking so green.• Are these your dogs?• These books are not mine.

Those - is used with plural nouns when referring to an object or person that is far to the speaker

• I really like those mountains.• Are those Reena’s friends?• Those boys do not live here.


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Note: The distance of an object or person doesn’t have to be physical.

3. Quantifiers: They are used in the sentence in order to express the quantity such as many, few, enough, little, much, most, any, some, any, etc.

Quantifiers like little, a bit of, a lot of, a large amount of etc. are used to quantify uncountable nouns.

• I want my coffee with a little cream on top.• Add few ice cubes to your milk.• The bank received a large amount of complaints.

Quantifiers like few, several, a large number of etc. are to be used with countable nouns.

• He gave me few advices before leaving.• He had several mangoes in his fridge.• Ronit has a large number of collectible items.

Quantifiers like some, plenty, any, lots of, no etc. can be used with both countable and uncountable nouns.

• I don’t have any sugar with me.• I don’t have any mangoes in my fridge.• Ronit has plenty of collectible items.

4. Interrogatives: They are used to ask questions such as what, which, whose etc. and are always fol-lowed by the noun. • What time did you reach here?• Which school do you study?• Whose shirt are you wearing?

5. Possessives: They are different from possessive pronouns (can be independent or can stand alone) and used in the sentence to express ownership of a noun. Some of the possessive determiners are like his, her, my, mine, our, their, your, etc.

For example:• This is her house.• My mom is very simple and kind.• I am going to receive your mother.

6. Distributive Determiners: They give information about the noun in a clause or sentence. They may refer to a group or every individual in the group. Some of the examples/words/list of distributive de-terminers are- each, every, all, either and neither, etc.

‘Each’ and ‘Every’ talk about the individual members of a group.

• Each child was laughing.• Every child was laughing.• He got each man out safely.• He got every man out safely.

‘Every’ on the other hand cannot be used with plural nouns.

• Every children were laughing. - Incorrect

• Every men was running. - Incorrect

‘All’ collectively talks about the whole group.• All milk was spoiled.• All men need money.• All cats love milk.

With plural uncountable nouns-• I need all of the sugar.• Who drank all of the juice?• You need all of you courage!

Use of ‘half’ as a Distributive Determiner• Half of his money goes to charity.• He ate half of the banana.• I gave him half of the sugar I had.• Half of them were on holiday.• They invited half of their relatives to the

wedding.

For measurements ‘half’ is used prefixed with ‘a’ or ‘an’. For Ex-

• Bring half a kilo tea from the market.• May I have half a cup of tea please?• Every day he walks for nearly half a mile.• I eat half an apple every morning.

Use of ‘both’, ‘either’ and ‘neither’ as Distributive Determiners

• Both my cars are black.• Either of the books was worth keeping.• I would love to dine at either of the hotels.• Either man was courteous.• Neither car is working.• Neither of the dogs barked.• Either of men was dancing.• Neither of the cows gives milk.


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Work Plan


Articles Articles & Determiners and their uses PS-1PS-2PS-3



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I. Fill in the blanks with suitable interrogative pronouns. Look at the example given for you.1. ———————- did you invite to deliver the

speech?a) Whob) Whomc) Whatd) Whose

2. She asked ——————- I preferred, tea or coffee?a) Whob) Thatc) Whichd) Whom

3. Of ———————- are you speaking?a) Whob) Whomc) Whosed) None of these

4. ——————- do you want to do?a) Whatb) Whichc) Thatd) Whom

5. ———————- shall I give this to?a) Whomb) Whatc) Whosed) Which

6. ——————- of these books will you take?a) Whichb) Whomc) Thatd) Whose

7. I don’t know —————— of them will actually get it?a) Whomb) Whatc) Whichd) Whose

8. ———————- said these words?a) Whob) Whomc) Whatd) Which

9. Of ——————— boy are you speaking?a) Whomb) Who

c) Whichd) That

10. ——————– do you want to see?a) Whob) Whomc) Whichd) Whose

11. ——————– did he come here for?a) Whyb) Whatc) Whomd) Who

II. Fill in the blanks with suitable possessive pronouns. Look at the example given for you. We live here. This is _______ house.Ans: We live here. This is our house.

1. Hey, you! Is this _________ book?2. We study in a hostel. _________ parents live

in Mysore.3. Please give it to me. This is _________ guitar.4. Is he younger or older? How old

is_________ sister?5. You went to Jaipur last year. Where

does _________ team play this year?6. She is celebrating her birthday so she sent an

invitation to _________best friend.7. Your school is great. Are those

_________ teachers?8. He has cut _________finger.9. The children finished _________game.10. The hotel has _________ own swimming

pool.


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I. Fill in the correct demonstrative pronoun from the box. Look at the example given for you.

This That These Those

I really like ___________ restaurant. Ans: I really like this restaurant.

1. I prefer ___________ books to __________ ones over there.

2. ___________ chair is a lot more comfortable than ___________ one.

3. Would you rather have ___________ chocolates or ___________ box of candies?

4. For the price of ___________ dress, you can buy __________ two other nice dresses over there.

5. I hope that ___________ summer will be nicer than ___________ weeks of rain we had last year.

6. ___________ boys over there have a football match with ___________ boys here.

7. I like ___________ film a lot more than ___________ one they showed last week.

8. You can’t compare ___________ movies from the fifties and sixties to ___________ movies of today.

II. Fill in the blanks with appropriate quantifiers: little / a little / few / a few. 1. We must be quick. We have _________ time. 2. Listen carefully. I’m going to give you

_________ advice.3. Do you mind if I ask you _________

questions?4. This town is not a very interesting place to

visit, very _________tourists come here. 5. ‘Would you like milk in your coffee?’ ‘Yes,

please _________.’ 6. This is a very boring place to live. There’s

_________ to do.7. ‘Do you ever go to your native place?’ ‘Yes, I

go there _________times every year.’


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I. Circle the article or articles in each sentence below. I had a good sleep. Ans: a

1. Have you considered the plan of action? 2. Did the dog disappear over-night? 3. I have an infection in my foot. 4. The man forced the crowd to leave. 5. The principal gave the speech to the

students. 6. I have a beautiful garden in front of my

house. 7. He has the courage to be successful. 8. What is the title of the novel? 9. I caught a fish in the lake. 10. We took a shelter at the cottage. 11. Did the medicine work properly? 12. That was a terrible mistake!

II. Insert articles in the following passage wherever necessary. Put a cross where an article is not required.

Right now I am looking at ______ picture of Ramya. She is not at ________ home in ______ picture. She is at ______ park. She is sitting on ______ bench. She is eating her lunch. Some boys and girls are running in ______ park. A squirrel is sitting on ______ ground in front of ________ Ramya. The squirrel is eating ______ nut. Ramya is watching ______ squirrel. She always watches _________ squirrels when she eats her lunch in ______ park. Some ducks are swimming in ______ pond in ______ picture, and some birds are flying in ______ sky. ______ policeman is riding ______ bike. Near Ramya, ______ family is having ______ picnic. They go on ______ picnic every week.

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I. Choose the correct form in the brackets. Look at the example given for you. (10 Marks)(Apples / The apples) are good for you.Ans: Apples are good for you.

1. Look at (apples / the apples) on that tree! They’re very large.

2. (Women / The women) are often better teachers than (men / the men).

3. We had a very nice meal in that restaurant. (Cheese / The cheese) was especially good.

4. (Life / The life) would be very difficult without (electricity / the electricity).

5. (Skiing / The skiing) is my favourite sport but I also like (swimming / the swimming).

6. (Second World War / The Second World War) ended in 1945.

7. Do you know (people / the people) who lived next door?

8. Are you interested in (art / the art) of (architecture / the architecture)?

9. (All books / All the books) on the top shelf belong to me.

10. Two of the biggest problems facing our society are (crime / the crime) and (unemployment / the unemployment).

II. Choose the correct determiner. Look at the example given for you. (10 Marks)This is ____________ (the, a, an) same man I met yesterday.Ans: This is the same man I met yesterday.

1. Could you bring me ____________ (this,

these, that, those) books I left in the library?2. ____________ (the, a, an) sun rises from the

east.3. The doctor advised me to eat ____________

(the, a, an) apple every morning.4. There aren’t ____________ (much, many, a

lot) students in the library.5. I haven’t got ____________ (some, any,

many) pictures in my bedroom.6. She gave a chocolate to ____________ (any,

all, each) child.7. I’ve got to finish ____________ (any, many,

all) my work before I go to sleep.8. ____________ (this, these, that, those)

oranges are delicious!9. My mother doesn’t drink ____________

(much, many, a lot) coffee.10. I always keep ____________ (some, any,

many) money in my purse for emergencies.

7. Subject Verb Agreement

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Learning Objectives

At the completion of this chapter, the students will be able to:• recall the definition of a subject and a verb.

• identify the subject in a sentence and determine the verb that agrees with it.

• write correct sentences according to the rules.

Starter ActivityWrite down the following sets of sentences:

1. I am a student.2. He is a good musician.3. We are great friends.4. I go for a walk every day.5. Mohan goes for a walk every day. 6. We go for a walk every day.

1. You have a pet dog.2. She has a pet dog.3. They have a pet dog. 4. You look nervous today.5. She looks nervous today.6. The players look nervous today.

Notice the SUBJECTS in bold and VERBS underlined in the above sentences. You can clearly see how verbs according to the subjects, take a different form.

Today our lesson is about Rules of Subject Verb Agreement.

Key Points I. The subject (Noun/Pronoun) and verb are the

most important elements of a sentence. The sub-ject may be singular or plural. The verb in a sen-tence must agree with the subject in number and person.

Number: The verb must be singular if the subject is singular and the verb must be plural if the subject is plural.

Person: The person of the subject can be first (I, we), second (you), and third (he, she, it, they).

The verb changes according to the number and person of the subject.

II. RULES OF SUBJECT-VERB AGREEMENT:Rule 1: Singular subjects need singular verbs, while plural subjects require plural verbs.

Examples: • I am an excellent tennis player. • We are excellent tennis players.• Geeta is an excellent tennis player. • Alex plays well for his school team.• They play well for their school team.

Rule 2: When the phrases function as a subject, they have no effect on the verbs.

Examples:• A study on African countries shows that many

people live below the poverty line.

In the above sentence, ‘A study on African countries’ is a phrase but will be treated as a Singular subject and takes a singular verb ‘shows’ whereas ‘people’ is a plural subject and takes a plural verb ‘live’.

More examples: • The outlook of different people changes from

time to time.• A hundred kilometres is a long distance.

Rule 3: Nouns connected by conjunction ‘and’ working as a subject, will be plural and take a plural verb.

Examples:• My uncle and aunt are arriving today. • Rahul and his friends want to go on a tour.• Apples and mangoes are my favourite fruits.

Rule 4: If the conjunction ‘and’ is replaced by together with/ along with/ accompanied by/ as well as, it will not affect the verb. The words used before these expressions are the subjects.

Examples:• Vivek, along with his brothers is going to the

city. (‘His brothers’ is not the subject of this sentence.)

• Maya as well as her friends is studying for the test.

• Rahul accompanied by his parents is planning a trip to America.


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Rule 5: if two singular nouns refer to the same person or thing, verb must be singular.

Examples: • The chairman and the owner of the company

has arrived. (The chairman and the owner of the company refers to the same person)

• The poet and novelist is dead.

Rule 6: Certain nouns sound plural in form but singular in meaning take singular verb.

Examples:• The news was false. • Mathematics is an interesting subject.

Rule 7: If two singular subjects (compound subjects) refers to one idea then the verb may be singular.

Examples:• Slow and steady wins the race. • The long and short of the problem is this.

Rule 9: Some nouns are always plural. These nouns have two parts. Examples: Scissors, shorts, eyeglasses, pants, jeans, trousers, etc.

Examples:• My trousers are in the suitcase. • My eyeglasses are dirty. • These scissors have become blunt.

Note: If these words are preceded by the phrase a pair of, they will be regarded as singular subjects.

Examples:• A pair of jeans is needed by me.• A pair of scissors was lying on the table.

Rule 10: When a name of a country, a book or a film is made up of a noun phrase, which has a plural head noun, it will take a singular verb.

Examples:• The United States is a big country.• The Arabian Nights is a famous book.

Rule 11: When a plural number represents a single quantity for distance, weight or money, it takes a singular verb.

Examples:• Ten kilometres is a long distance.• Ten kilos is a heavy weight to carry.

Rule 12: Some nouns are always singular. When these nouns become the subjects, they always take singular verbs. Examples: each, every, anybody, anyone, anything, nobody, no one, nothing, somebody, someone, something, everybody, everyone, everything, either,

neither.

Examples:• Everybody wants to lead a happy life. • Something is better than nothing.• Nobody lives in that house.• Neither of you is going for the party.• Each student has to make a project.

Rule 13: When a sentence begins with ‘there’ the verb agrees with the noun or pronoun that follows it.

Examples:• There are dogs barking in the street.• There is a cow grazing in the field.

Rule 14: When the subject contains the phrase ‘a lot of’, ‘one of ’it will be singular and take a singular verb. Examples:

• A lot of mosquitoes have gathered here.• A lot of water is needed for this project. • One of the students was selected for the final

match.• One of my sisters is getting married next year.

Rule 15: When the subject contains the phrase ‘a number of’, it will be plural and takes a plural verb. If it contains ‘The number of’, it will be singular and takes a singular verb.

Examples:• A number of dancers are coming to the party. • The number of dancers coming to the party is

12.• A number of people prefer cricket to football.• The number of days in this month is 31.

Rule 16: When a compound subject is treated as a single unit, it takes a singular verb.

Examples:• Bread and butter is a popular breakfast.• Dal and roti is a north Indian dish.

Rule 17: When two or more subjects are connected by either … or, or, neither … nor, the verb agrees with the number and the person of the nearest subject.

Examples:• Neither Reena nor his brothers are going to the

party.• Either Reena and Meeta or I am doing it.• Neither the boys nor we are responsible for it.

Rule 18: When either or neither are subjects, they always take singular subjects.

Examples: • Either of the two has done this.• Neither of them was present in the meeting.


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Work Plan


Subject Verb Agreement Rules of Subject Verb AgreementPS-1PS-2PS-3



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I. Rewrite the following passage after changing the verb in agreement to the subject. The beaver, Canada’s national animal, have some unusual characteristics. One unusual fact about beavers are their large size. It weigh from 13 to 35 kg. It spend a lot of time in the water. Its feet is large and webbed for swimming. The wide and flat tail of beaver help it to swim. Thick underfur keep the beaver warm and dry, even in very cold water. Beavers has been known to stay under wa-ter in icy ponds for as long as fifteen minutes. They also has long teeth which grows all their lives. They uses these powerful teeth to cut down trees for food and shelter. Beaver is one of the few an-imals that change its own environment. Beavers creates ponds by building dams with roots, sticks, mud and stones.

II. Use the form of the verb in bracket that agrees in number with the subject. Look at the example given for you.John ________ going to the mall after school today. Ans: is

1. This football game _______ one of the most entertaining ever. (be)

2. The players ________ one of the toughest opponents of the year. (have)

3. All the players _____________ the game very excited. (start)

4. Today, players ____________ very excited to play all the time. (be)

5. The players _______________ all focused during the game. (is)

6. My family _____________ to see the games as much as possible. (go)


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I. Fill in the blanks with appropriate forms of verb. Choose the answers from the options given in the brackets. Look at the example given for you. Ramesh_____________ going to the mall after school today. (is/are)Ans: is

1. One of my friends______________ gone to Delhi. (has/have)

2. Each of the boys______________ given a present. (was/were)

3. Neither of the contestants ______________ able to impress the jury. (was/were)

4. Oil and water ______________not mix. (does/do)

5. He and I ______________ at the University together.(was/were)

6. Slow and steady ______________ the race. (win/wins)

7. Neither he nor his brother ______________ any right to the property.(has/have)

8. No prize or medal ______________ given to the boy, though he stood first in the examination. (was/were)

9. Either Meetu or Naresh ______________ responsible for this. (is/are)

10. Neither the warden nor the students ______________ given any explanation for this. (has/have)

II. Underline the correct verb in these sentences. Look at the example given for you.Every boy on the team (show, shows) good sportsmanship.Ans: shows

1. One of the boys (was, were) late for the game.

2. Each of the apples (was, were) ripe.3. Everyone (cheer, cheers) when the clown

comes on the stage. 4. One of my favorite food (is, are) pudding.5. No one except Geeta and Renu (was, were)

excited.6. Neither you nor he (play, plays) the game

correctly.7. Each player (try, tries) to win the game. 8. One of the slices (smell, smells) burned.9. Neither he nor she (walk, walks) to school.10. Learning to drive is easy if one (concentrate,

concentrates).


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I. Underline the correct verb in these sentences.1. Either way (is, are) correct.2. Unless every one of the players (cooperate,

cooperates), the team will fail.3. Each (seek, seeks) a job to do.4. Neither of the teams (has, have) a perfect

record.5. (Has, Have) someone called me?6. One of these dogs (has, have) fleas.7. Every one of these houses (was, were) built

this year.8. Nobody from the team (has, have) arrived.9. It was impossible because everybody (was,

were) gone.10. Nobody at school (know, knows) about this.11. I am sure everyone (draw, draws) better than

me.12. Anybody from the four classes (has, have) a

chance.13. Somebody from among my friends (expect,

expects) to call.14. Someone from each class (attend, attends)

the meeting.15. One of you (work, works) too hard.


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I. Choose the correct form from the grammar. Look at the example given for you. (10 Marks)Some of the children (stops, stop) at the ice cream shop every day. Ans: Some of the children (stops, stop) at the ice cream shop every day.

1. Neither Gahana nor her friends (is / are) going to have a party.

2. A number of students (have / has) received scholarships this year.

3. All of the money (was / were) found.

4. Every man and woman (has / have) the right to vote.

5. The number of car accidents (is / are) increasing every year.

6. Both corn and wheat (is / are) grown in India.

7. Most of our furniture (is / are) in storage

8. My new pair of trousers (is / are) in the cupboard.

9. The Chinese (was /were) drinking tea in the year 2000 B.C.

10. The police (is / are) on the alert for the escaped criminal.

II. Rewrite the following sentences after correcting the verb according to the subject. Look at the example given for you. (10 Marks)

Music soothe me.Ans: Music soothes me.

1. My mother bake cake on my birthday every year.

2. Ram and Shyam is fighting again.

3. They never takes bus to work.

4. The people who own that house has no car.

5. One of these boys have a set of books.

6. Rahul and his brother is painting the fence.

7. Both of my essays is brilliant.

8. One of my uncles work in an engineering firm.

9. Ritika and Julie has gone to the movie show.

10. Both of my daughters is doctors.

11. Every one of the boys receive the chocolate.

12. There is two buckets in my bathroom.

13. This box of toys belong to Vivek.

8. Auxiliaries and Modals

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Learning Objectives

At the completion of this topic, the students will be able to:• Define auxiliary/helping verbs and identify them.• Understand how helping verbs work.

• Define modals and identify them.• Differentiate between the modals used for

permission, possibility, obligation, and necessity.• Use these verbs correctly in their writing.

Concept Map

VERB

Main Verbs Auxiliary Verbs

Modal Auxiliaries or Modals

Primary Auxiliaries-be, have, do

In your previous class, you have already learnt about the following types of verbs: Main Verb: The Main Verb shows the action or state of being of the subject.Auxiliary verbs/Helping Verbs: The words which help the main verbs to complete their meanings are called the

Auxiliaries or the Helping Verbs.

Key PointsToday we will learn about types of Auxiliary or Helping Verbs.

I. Auxiliary verbs are of two types:1. Primary Auxiliaries (different forms of verbs do,

be, have)

PRIMARY AUXILIARIES

PRESENT TENSE

PAST TENSE

Be Is, am, are Was, wereDo Do, does didHave Has, have had

USES OF PRIMARY AUXILIARY VERBS:PRIMARY AUXILIARIES

USES EXAMPLES

Be In the formation of continuous tense

Tia is reading.Boys are playing in the ground.I am cooking food.

In the formation of passive voice

She is helped by her friend.Food is being cooked by me.

Do To make negative and interrogative sentences

They do not work hard.Do they work hard?They did not work hard?Did they work hard?

Have Formation of perfect tenses

She has done her homework.The boys have finished their dinner.

PRIMARY AUXILIARY WORKING AS MAIN VERBSShe is singing a song. (‘is’ working as a helping verb)She is here. (‘is’ working as a main verb)I have sent a letter to him. (‘have’ working as a helping verb)I have a car. (‘have’ working as a main verb)


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2. MODAL AUXILIARY VERBSMODAL VERB USAGE EXAMPLECan Ability I can do several things at the same time.

when something is possible Miracles can happen.Permission You can go now.informal requests Can you come for a minute?

Could past form of “can” She said she could pay for us as well.polite requests Could you move your bag, please?Possibility It could be that he missed the train.

May Possibility It may rain tomorrow.ask or give permission (formal) May I speak?

Might past form of “may” He said he might change his mind.Possibility This might fail.

Must you have to do it You must obey the lawit’s very logical or very likely to happen

They left so early, they must be home by now.

must not/ mustn’t you are not allowed to do it You mustn’t smoke in here.Shall future for “I” and “we” I shall see him tomorrow.

questions and suggestions for “I” and “we”

Let’s continue, shall we?

Advice What should I do? You should stop thinking about it.

what is likely or expected to happen

We should be back by midnight.

Will future action or states (not plans)

Prices will go up next summer.

promises and intentions It’s alright, I’ll pick it up.Would past form of “will” He told me he would come.

imagined situations What would you do if you were him?for polite requests, offers and invitations

Would you please sit down? Would you like some tea?

to say what you want to do or have

I would like a piece of cake.

ought to the right thing to do You ought to apologise.

Modal auxiliary verbs express permission, possibility, certainty, necessity, ability and suggestion. They never change form.

A complete list of modal auxiliary verbs follows:

• Can/Could• May/Might• Must/have to• Ought to• Shall/Should• Will/Would• Used to


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1. CAN/COULD: They are used to express a variety of ideas in English:1. Ability

Present and Future:

Examples: • Mayuri can dance very well.• I can help you with this tomorrow.• I can’t speak French.

Past:

Examples: • When I was a child, I could climb trees.• I was so excited that I couldn’t sleep.

2. Possibility

Examples: • You can catch the flight if you leave now.• He can’t meet you now. He is in meeting.

Examples: • The rain could cause flood the river this year. • She couldn’t be the one, who broke this vase.

3. Ask permission / give permission

Examples: • Can you borrow your pen?• You can borrow my car.• Could I have your number?

4. Make a suggestion • You could take the morning train to the town.

2. MAY/ MIGHT 1. Formal permission/prohibition

• You may start your exam now.• You may not park your car here.

2. Polite request• May I know your name please?• May I get a glass of water for you?

3. Possibility • India may win the match.• He is a good orator so he may get the first

position. • We may not buy this house as it is very expensive. • He might have become a doctor. (past

possibility)• My father might buy this car. (remote possibility)

4. To make a suggestion (when there is no better alternative)

• You may as well come inside. It is going to rain.• I might as well take an off on Saturday. There’s

no work to be done anyway.

3. SHALL/SHOULD/OUGHT TO 1. Future tense with ‘I’ and ‘We’

• We shall overcome this difficult moment.• I shall prepare a project for the science

exhibition.

2. Offer of assistance or polite suggestion • Shall we go for a walk? (sure of a positive

answer)• Shall I invite my friends for the dinner?

3. To express a command (with second and third person pronouns)

• You shall not lie. • She shall obey my orders.

4. To express a threat. (With second and third person pronouns)

• You shall regret this.• They shall pay dearly.

5. To express determination.• You shall apologize.• Each one of one shall have a story book from

me.

Should 1. Past tense of shall

• Meera said, “I shall be on time.”• Meera said that she should be on time.

2. A prediction or expectation that something will happen

• The assignment should be finished on time.• I shouldn’t be late. The train usually arrives on

time.

3. To give advice• You should take medicines on time• He should check that document before signing

it. • You shouldn’t discourage him like this.

4. Moral duty• You should help the needy and the poor.• One should respect the parents.

5. Condition • Should you need anything else, please call this

number.• Should you meet him, ask him to call me.

6. Used with lest to convey advice or caution• I am holding her hand lest she should fall.• Walk carefully lest you should slip.

Ought to 1. Obligation

• You ought to listen carefully.


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• We ought to leave now.

2. To express the likelihood of something hap-pening.• My uncle ought to be here by now.• The journey ought to take about a day.

3. Ought to + have + past participle of main verb is used to express regret that something was not done or done.

• I ought to have called up earlier. • You ought to have offered to help.

4. MUST, HAVE TO, NEED TO, NEEDN’T 1. Necessity or requirement Present and future:

• You must have a license to drive any vehicle.• She has to fill this application for admission in

the college by March 10th.• I need to leave early for the office tomorrow.

Past:• I had to work late last night.• I needed to drink take medicine for my

headache.

2. Conclusion • She has lived in Paris for years. Her

French must be very good.• He has fleet of expensive cars. He must be a rich

man.

3. Strong possibility/probability• He has practiced a lot. He must win the match.• I have studied hard this year. I must stand first.

4. Prohibited or forbidden• You must not drive over the speed limit.• You mustn’t leave medicines in open.

Need 1. To express obligation

• I am fine. You need not worry about me.• I need to finish this work.

2. To express necessity• Children need to be obedient and disciplined.• You needn’t take these medicines.

3. To express compulsion • Need you be so rude to me?• Need they come with us?

Dare 1. To give challenge

• He dares me to go alone in the dark room.• I dare you to compete with him.

2. Confidence• She dare not to say a single word to me.

• I dare not to perform on such a big stage.

5. WILL / WOULD 1. To express simple future

• My son will pick you up at 7:00am.• My mother won’t be happy with my results.

2. Instruction• All the students will assemble at 7 am sharp.• You will wear a formal dress for the occasion.

3. Habit• He will do nothing but talk.• Every time I ask him how he’s doing, he won’t

answer me

4. Command• Will you be quiet now?• Will you stop moving your chair?

5. Result• If you work hard, you will get good marks.• If he comes late, he will be punished.

6. Promise• I will always remember you.• I will help you with your assignment.

7. Determination• We will work hard and pass the examination.• I will bring the trophy to the school

Would 1. Past tense of will in indirect speech.

• Renu said, ‘I will wait until you return.’• Renu said that she would wait until I return.

2. Willingness and determination• She said that she would wait for me.• I would have my own way.

3. Habitual action in the past• After dinner we would all sit in the hall and chat

for a while.• My grandmother would tell me many stories of

the past.

4. Polite request• Would you drop me at the bus stand? • Would you, please, call me a taxi?

5. Conditional possibility• If I had wings, I would fly like a bird.• If I were the Prime minister, I would lower taxes.

6. USED TO 1. To express discontinued habit

• We used to watch many movies during our college days.

• My dad used to go for swimming when he was young.


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2. Habitual action in the past• My grandmother used to spend hours feeding the sparrows.• He used to read lots of books in his school life.

Work Plan


Auxiliaries and Modals Auxiliaries and Modals - typesPS-1PS-2PS-3



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I. Fill in the blanks with appropriate modal auxiliary verbs according to the instructions given in the bracket. Look at the example given for you.My grandmother is eighty-five, but she ……………… still read without glasses. (Ability) Ans: can

1. __________I come with you? (Permission) 2. __________ you help me with my homework,

please? (Polite request) 3. There was a time when I __________ run very

fast. (Past ability)4. You __________ not add more sugar. It is

already too sweet. (Necessity) 5. We __________ reach late else we will not be

allowed to enter the hall. (Prohibition)6. It is raining outside so I __________ stay at

home. (Intention) 7. I __________ buy you the pink frock next

time. (Promise) 8. __________ you mind if I borrowed your car?

(Permission) 9. __________ you take care of my dog for a

day? (Polite request) 10. Our country __________ become a developed

nation by 2025. (possibility) II. Fill in the blanks with one of the following

words: will, won’t, would, wouldn’t. Look at the example given for you._________ you please help me lift this box?Ans: Will

1. I ______ like to order a large pizza for myself. 2. The principal _______ be pleased to hear that

a window pane has been broken. 3. _______ it be okay if I stayed here tonight?4. When I lived in Delhi, I________ call my

mother as often as I do now.5. The order ______ be shipped out tonight.


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I. Fill in the blank with the correct auxiliary verb from the bracket. Look at the example given for you. I _________________ understand how to solve this problem. (don’t, wasn’t, been, does, have)Ans: Don’t

1. What ________________ the students doing when you entered the class? (was, were, are, did, been)

2. Manu ________________ always wanted to ride a bike. (was, doesn’t, has, is, have)

3. Where __________________ you go for your school picnic? (were, been, are, did, does)

4. Why do you think she __________ give you the notes like she said she would? (didn’t, is, hasn’t, has been, have)

5. My mom _____________ going to be happy when she hears that I have got the first position. (will, don’t, is, didn’t, has)

6. Karuna _____________ want to go for the dinner outside; she wants to eat at home instead. (doesn’t, isn’t, wasn’t, hasn’t, was not)

7. I _________________ like the comedy show. It was not funny. (did, have, been, didn’t, haven’t)

8. Why _______________ we go for dinner tonight? (weren’t, been, don’t, is, was)

9. Where _____________ you going when I saw you last night? (were, was, is, do, did)

10. My brother ________________ reached yet; he’s late as usual. (are, were, has, hasn’t, wouldn’t)

II. Make sentences of your own with the following modals following the instruction in the bracket. Look at the example given for you.Could (request) Ans: Could you help me set the table, please?

1. Can (ability) 2. May (permission)3. Might (slight possibility)4. Must (compulsion)5. Would (polite request)6. Used to (past habit)7. Ought to (obligation)8. Should (advice)9. Shall (future tense)10. Will (promise)


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I. Choose the right modal verb.1. There are plenty of dresses you

____________ (haven’t, hasn’t, don’t, didn’t) worn yet. You ____________ buy any. (mustn’t, needn’t, should not, may not)

2. It’s a hospital. You ____________ honk. (mustn’t, needn’t, should not, may not)

3. Mohan had been working for more than 11 hours. He ____________ (must, need, had better, mustn’t) be tired after such a long day. He ____________ (may, should, must, had better) prefer to get some rest.

4. I ____________ (could, might, can, must) play guitar well when I was a child. Now, I ____________ (may, can, must, need) just play few tunes.

5. The teacher said we ____________ (can, needn’t must should) do this exercise on our own as it is for practice. But we ____________ (could, need, needn’t must) take help if we require so.

6. ____________ (must need may can) you stand on your head for more than a minute? No, I ____________. (may not, can’t, needn’t)

7. If you want to learn to speak English fluently, you ____________ (could, need, needn’t must) to work hard.

8. Take your hat. It ____________ (need, should, mustn’t might) become very sunny later.

9. You ____________ (need, shouldn’t, mustn’t might) scatter books in your room.

10. People ____________ (couldn’t needn’t mustn’t may not) pluck the flowers in the garden.

11. Drivers ____________ (could must may) stop when the traffic lights are red.

12. ____________ (may must should will) I ask a question? Yes, of course.

13. You ____________ (couldn’t needn’t mustn’t may not) go to pick her up. She is taking a bus from the airport.

14. ____________ (can need should may) you speak English? Yes, I ____________.(shouldn’t mustn’t may not can)

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I. Correct the following sentences and rewrite them. Look at the example given for you.

(10 Marks)Gyan said that he might have gone to Pune next year.Ans: Gyan said that he will go to Pune next year.

1. My brother has to walk to school yesterday as his bicycle got punctured.

2. The performance have been cancelled.

3. We would have went to Delhi but the trip was cancelled.

4. My mom told me that she might have baked a cake for my birthday tomorrow, if she has time.

5. Aunt said she might have leave before dinner.

6. They have called a taxi. They can go to the market.

7. When my sister fell ill, I have called the doctor.

8. The boys should not had made so much noise.

9. I could be very happy when I get promoted to VIII.

10. You can’t be very proud of your son winning so many prizes.

II. Fill in the blanks with the correct form of the following modals. Look at the example given for you. (10 Marks)

Can/can’t, could/couldn’t, be able to, may/may not, might/might not, shall, should/shouldn’t, must/must not, have to, don’t have to, need to

1. You ________ take your car for service. The brakes are squeaking.

Ans: must

1. If you are sick, you ________ go to work. You will spoil your health.

2. Drivers _______ stop at red lights.

3. You _______ finish the assignment today. You can finish it tomorrow.

4. You ______ stay here after 10 pm.

5. ______ we move into the living room?

6. You ______ trouble yourself. I am fine.

7. You _____________ park in front of the gate.

8. You ________ eat so many sweets. It will spoil your teeth.

9. Where _________ you go if you had that much money?

10. I’m sorry. I _______ help you. I don’t know how to do it.

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9. Finite and Non-Finite Verbs

Learning Objectives

At the completion of this chapter, the students will be able to:• Identify finite and non-finite verbs.

• Distinguish between the different forms of non-finite verbs – participle, gerund, and infinitive.

• Be able to use verbs correctly in their writing.

Starter ActivityObserve the following set of sentences:

1. I play2. We played3. You were playing4. He had played for the school team.

1. I asked him to write an application.2. We ask them to finish their meal. 3. I like reading.4. He loved reading.

You can see that in the first set of sentences, the verb “play’ changes according to the person and time (tense). Whereas in the second set of sentences, verbs ‘to write’ and ‘reading’ do not change.

Recapitulate that in our lesson Parts of Speech, we learnt that VERBS are the words that show the action or state of being of the subject.

Key Points Today our lesson is about FINITE AND INFINITE VERBS

I. FINITE VERBS DEFINITION: Verbs that have different forms in different tenses and also change their form when there is a change in the number or person of the subject. Examples: come, work, is, am, break, stop etc.

Examples: • He goes to school every day. • They went to the mall today.• Mohan and his wife go to the office by bus. • The monkey jumps from one branch to another.• The boy jumped for the ball.• My brother serves in the army. • They serve in the army.• My brother served in the army.

II. NON-FINITESDefinition: The verbs that do not change their form when the number or person of the subject changes.

THREE TYPES OF NON-FINITES: 1. Gerunds2. Infinitives3. Participles

1. GERUNDS: They end in –ing. Examples: singing, dancing, running, working, looking etc.

Examples:• Painting is my hobby. (Here the gerund painting

acts as the subject of the verb is.)• I enjoy reading. (Here the gerund reading acts as

the object of the verb enjoy.)• I am interested in singing. (Here the gerund

singing acts as the object of the preposition in.)2. INFINITIVES: They are the first form of the verb.

They are usually used with the marker ‘to’. Exam-ples: to sing, to dance, to run, to work, to look etc.

Examples:• To read is interesting. (to read- infinitive

functioning as a noun, is- finite verb)• I have an idea to help you study. (‘to help you

study’- functions as an adjective, modifying the noun idea, Have-finite verb)

3. PARTICIPLES Definition: A form of a verb that is used in a sen-

tence to modify a noun, noun phrase, verb, or verb phrase, and then plays a role similar to an adjective or adverb.

TWO TYPES OF PARTICIPLES

PRESENT PARTICIPLES• He kept me waiting. • After playing for an hour, he went home. • My daughter is watching a documentary.

(Watching is used with is to form the present continuous tense.)

• I go running every morning. • I heard someone singing.

Since the gerund and the present participle have the same form (verb-ing), sometimes it can be confusing how to differentiate between gerund and a present participle.

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9. Finite and Non-Finite Verbs

DIFFERENCE BETWEEN GERUND AND PRESENT PARTICIPLE

FUNCTION OF GERUND (Always works as a noun)

EXAMPLES

Subject Hiking is an exciting sport.Complement What I really like is reading

detective books.Object of a verb She suggested going for a

movie.Object of a preposition

He ran out of the room without saying a word.

Object of a prepositional verb

Could you give up lying and start telling truth?

Part of a compound noun

We had no drinking water left.

FUNCTION OF PRESENT PARTICIPLE EXAMPLES

Continuous aspect I wasn’t listening. What have you been doing?

Adjective The medical test revealed some worrying results.

Participle clauses The man driving the car was not injured. Having nothing left to do, I left for home.

2. PAST PARTICIPLESPast participles are formed from verbs. Past participles (just like present participles) can be used as adjectives or used to form verb tenses. They have various endings, usually -ed, -d, -t, -en, or -n.

Examples:Broken windowPainted frameDestroyed bridge

FUNCTIONS OF PAST PARTICIPLE 1. To form the perfect aspect

Examples: • We have lived happily.• They have helped me.• I had gone to work.

2. To form the passive voice• Penicillin was discovered by Alexander Fleming

in 1928. • He always needs to be told what to do. • The vase was broken by me.

3. Used as adjectives• I was really bored during the journey. • She’s interested in history.• My mother is frightened of spiders

Work Plan


Verbs Finite and Non-finite verbs and their types PS-1PS-2PS-3



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I. Find out the finite and non-finite verbs in the sentences given below. Look at the example given for you. I like to play with my dog.Ans: Finite – like; non-finite – to play

1. He gave me an apple to eat2. It was a documentary to see.3. I wish to buy some books.4. Barking dogs seldom bite.5. He is about to leave.6. It is time to start.7. He was wearing a torn shirt.8. He had his shirt ironed.9. They got the house painted.10. Finding the gate open, the man went inside.

II. Correct the error in each sentence. Look at the example given for you.You should not make important decisions without think carefully.Ans: You should not make important decisions without thinking carefully.

1. Rather than go to sleep, you should finish your homework.

2. You should ask others for help instead of think to do everything alone.

3. More examples can be seen now for compare the two systems.

4. It is worth to learn how to speak English.5. Parents often try to stop their children from

make a mistake.


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I. Change the verb into either the gerund (-ing) or the infinitive (with ‘to’) form. The first is done as an example.I don’t want (go) out tonight. Ans: I don’t want (go) out tonight. (going)

1. She avoided (tell) her friends about her plans.

2. I would like (come) to the function with you. 3. I enjoy (have) a cool bath in the morning. 4. She kept (talk) during the lecture. 5. I am learning (speak) English. 6. My friend helped me (carry) my bags.7. My mother has finished (cook). 8. Mohan decided (study) history. 9. He requested (come) with us. 10. I promised Vivek (help) him you the next day.11. We planned (go) to the cinema, but in the

end we stayed at home. 12. She agreed (bring) the book to the school. 13. We hope (visit) our native place in the

summer vacation.14. She suggested (go) to the museum.15. I don’t want (leave) yet.


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I. Complete the following sentences with the right forms of the verb. Look at the example given for you. The doctor is ___________________ (attend) to the injured people.Ans: Attending

1. The giant allowed the children ___________________ (play) in the park.

2. My favourite pastime is ______________________ (play) guitar.

3. We saw some children ______________________ (play) in the rain.

4. Let me _______________ (buy) you a cup of coffee.

5. My mother likes _________ (listen) to the radio while she irons the clothes.

6. Mr Sharma is looking forward _________ (meet) all his friends again.

7. I know you are going ___________________ (have) lots of fun.

8. I prefer _________ (travel) by train. 9. Do you want _________ (come) to the shop

with me? 10. Neeta’s worried about _________ (hurt)

herself on the slide.11. The taxi-driver refused _________ (carry) my

luggage up the stairs. 12. ______________________ (hunt) wild

animals is prohibited in this country. 13. How long do you expect _________ (stay) in

Chandigarh? 14. _________ (learn) any language is not a quick

thing. 15. You don’t need _________ (leave) today. You

may stay here tonight. 16. My boss and I agreed _______________

(meet) at 4 o’clock. 17. Don’t forget _________ (take) your umbrella

with you. 18. My parents are planning _________ (go)

abroad. 19. They are planning _________ (bring) me a

bicycle. 20. She promised _________ (return) it as soon

as possible.

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I. Read the following sentences and identify the verb whether it is finite or non-finite. Look at the example given for you. (10 Marks)1. Paul walks to work every day.

Ans: Walks-finite

1. Manya does her homework every day.

2. My sister is doing her homework at the moment.

3. They are writing a letter.

4. She speaks English Chinese very well.

5. He has a big car.

6. The plan has been examined today.

7. She tried to help him.

8. It is useless to to cry at problems.

9. Finding the gates widely open, the postman went inside.

10. He had his car cleaned.

II. Find out the finite and non-finite verbs in the sentences given below. (10 Marks)1. He gave me a chair to sit.

2. It was a sight to see.

3. I want to buy some clothes.

4. Barking dogs seldom bite.

5. He is about to leave.

6. It is time to start.

7. He was wearing a torn shirt.

8. He had his shoes polished.

9. They got the roof repaired.

10. Finding the door open I went inside.

10. Sentences-Simple, Complex and Compound

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Objectives

At the end of the lesson, students will be able to:• Differentiate between three different sentence

structures.• Construct different sentence structures correctly.

Starter ActivityRead the following sets of sentences: 1. Rahul waited for the train. (“Rahul”-subject, “waited”–verb) The train was late. (“train”-subject, “was”–verb) Both are independent clauses.

2. Rahul waited for the train but the train was late. (“Rahul”-subject, “waited”–verb, “but”-conjunction, train-subject, was-verb) (Rahul waited for the train-independent clause, train was late-independent clause)

3. Rahul waited for the train which was late. (“Rahul”-subject, “waited”–verb, “which”-relative pronoun) (Rahul waited for the train-independent clause, which was late-dependent clause)

In the above set of sentences, the Sentence 1 is the example of a Simple Sentence, Sentence 2 is the example of a Compound Sentence and the Sentence 3 is the example of a Complex Sentence.

Key PointsRecapitulation: CLAUSE: A clause has a subject and a predicate as a group of words, but that will not be considered as a full sentence. The clause can be of two types. There are two kinds of clauses:

1. Independent Clause: It contains both a subject and a predicate and can stand alone as a sentence. A sentence can contain more than two clauses joined with the help of conjunctions such as or, for, nor, so, yet, and, but.

We went to New Delhi and visited the Rashtrapati Bhawan.

2. Dependent Clause: It contains both a subject and a predicate and cannot stand alone as a sentence. It is always a part of a sentence, on which it depends for meaning.

THREE KINDS OF SENTENCES:

SIMPLE, COMPOUND, AND COMPLEX

1. Simple Sentence: It has the most basic elements that make it a sentence: a subject, a verb and a completed thought. • Many tourists visit Taj Mahal every year. • It is built on the southern bank of the Yamuna

River.

A simple sentence can also be seen as an

independent clause since it can stand by itself or can be a part of a compound or complex sentence.

2. Compound Sentence: It is a sentence made up of two independent clauses. These two clauses are connected to one another with a conjunction.

Please note: The best way to remember the conjunctions which join to make compound sentences is FAN BOYS (For, And, Nor, But, Or, Yet, So) • The honest man did not take the money, for he

did not find it to be right. (‘For’ here works as because)

• The house is big and it is not very expensive. • The guest did not eat food nor did he take tea. • The house is beautiful but it was very expensive. • Let us cook dinner at home or we can go out to

dine. • He worked really hard yet he could not clear the

exam. • He worked hard so he got good marks.

3. Complex Sentence: It is a sentence made up of an independent clause and one or more dependent clauses connected to it. Some of the conjunctions used for making complex sentences are after, although, as, because, before, even though, if, since, though, unless, until, when, whenever, whereas, wherever, while etc. • He went to the mountains so that he could

regain his health. • Unless he works hard, he cannot clear these

exams.

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10. Sentences-Simple, Complex and Compound

• The child was crying because he was lost in the crowd.

• Although he loved the city, he disliked the traffic and the crowd.

Please note: When the dependent clause go first in a sentence, a comma should be used to separate the two clauses. • Whenever he goes to his village, everyone

comes to welcome him.

When the independent clause comes first, a comma should not be used. • I could not meet him since I was busy in a

meeting.

TRANSFORMING SENTENCES

1. Simple sentence into a compound sentence: By enlarging phrase or word into a clause. • He worked hard to clear the exam. • He worked hard and cleared the exam.

• In spite of coming here, she didn’t see her grandmother.

• She came here but did not see her grandmother.

• The teacher praised the boy for his honesty.• The student was honest so the teacher praised

him.

2. Compound sentence into a simple sentence:• He was guilty, and he ran away.• Being guilty, he ran away.

• He worked hard, so the teacher praised him.• The teacher praised him for his hard work.

• She studied hard and got good marks. • She studied hard to get good marks.

3. Simple sentence into a complex sentence: By enlarging a phrase into a dependent clause. • I could not go to school due to my illness. • I could not go to school because I was ill.

• He pleaded for his innocence.• He pleaded that he was innocent.

• She is an excellent painter. • She is a painter who is excellent.

4. Complex Sentence into a Simple Sentence:• Although I was ill, I attended the meeting.• In spite of my illness, I attended the meeting.

• When the students saw the principal, the students became silent.

• Seeing the principal, the students became silent.

• Tell me your address. • Tell me where you live.

5. Complex Sentence into a Compound Sentence:• Though he is poor, he is honest. • He is poor, but he is honest.

• As soon as the train stopped, we got down. • The train stopped and we got down.

• As she was ill, she did not come.• She was ill, so she did not come.

6. Compound Sentence into a Complex Sentence:• The weather was bad and the match was stopped. • Since the weather was bad, the match was

stopped. • I saw a child and he was crying.• I saw a child who was crying. • Study hard and you will get good marks.• If you study hard, you will get good marks.

Work Plan

CONTENT COVERAGE DETAILS PRACTICE SHEETS

Starter activity and Key points

Simple, compound and complex sentences

PS - 1PS - 2PS - 3

Self-test Self- Evaluation Sheet


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I. Read the following sentences and add a second sentence to make a compound sentence. Look at the given example.Mohan looked through the window and ______________________________________.

Ans: saw a car parked outside.

1. I first avoided him, but ______________________________________.

2. Ram wanted a stylish haircut so ______________________________________.

3. She fell down on the road and ______________________________________.

4. He decided to go to his mom’s house for __________________________________.

5. Ram left early from home yet ______________________________________.

6. Meera should be more attentive in the class or _____________________________.

7. Seema doesn’t like reading books nor ____________________________________.

8. Our team wants to win the game so____________________________________.

9. He told the whole story to the police but ___________________________________.

10. The boys behaved themselves very well and _______________________________.

II. Complete the following complex sentences by adding an appropriate dependent clause to it. Look at the given example.It started to rain before _____________________________________________________.

Ans: It started to rain before we could leave for the trip.

1. When___________________________________________, it ran away in fear.

2. Rahul was extremely happy because ___________________________________.

3. I will clean the room while ___________________________________________.

4. Reena will not get admission in the college unless ________________________.

5. Once _______________________________, I saw the surprise.

6. Wherever ___________________________, he calls his mom twice in a day.

7. Although ____________________________, she didn’t understand our problem.

8. Since _____________________________, I had to take shelter under the tree.

9. Reena works very hard whereas ____________________________________.

10. She didn’t go to the doctor even though ______________________________ .


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I. Change the following simple sentence to complex. Look at the given example.I was excited to hear of my dad’s coming home

soon.Ans: I was excited when I heard of my dad’s com-ing home soon.

1. No one knew the time of arrival of the flight. 2. He requested his friends to come to his help.3. Deceived by his own friends, he felt very sad.4. I would be very thankful to be helped in my

assignment. 5. The thief broke into the house in midnight to

avoid being seen by anyone.6. They took every care against the failure of

the plan.7. The puzzle was too difficult to be solved.8. Let’s take a walk after having dinner.9. The principal knew him to be a hard working

boy.10. We saw a pond full of fish.

II. Change the following complex sentences into simple. Look at the given example.He accepted that he was rude.

Ans: He accepted his rudeness.

1. Tell me where the exhibition will be held. 2. I have no time where I can help you.3. People who live in glass houses should not

throw stones. 4. When the students saw the principal, they

ran away. 5. I was shocked when I noticed his

stubbornness. 6. After I finish my research on space, I will

publish a paper.7. She is a person who is a lover of animals. 8. I am not going to the function unless my

mother comes with me.9. They must hope that there will be better

times.10. He performed so well that everyone was

surprised.


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I. Combine the following pairs of simple sentences to make compound sentences using appropriate conjunctions. Look at the given example.Reena loves to read books. Reena loves to paint.

Ans: Reena loves to read books and paint.

1. Rahul will share his toys with his brother. Rahul will be scolded if he doesn’t.

2. Go to the bed early. You want to wake up on time.

3. Meera wanted to participate in the competition. She did not want to say it.

4. You must pass your test. You will not be able to go for the trip.

5. She is a clever girl. She cannot solve the riddle.

6. We reached home. We ate dinner.7. I won the competition. I was not satisfied

with my performance.8. The thieves looted the house. They set fire to

it.9. He is rich. He is unhappy.10. You must complete your work. You will not

be paid.

II. Change the following compound sentences into simple sentences. Look at the given example.She came home and baked a cake.

Ans: Coming home, she baked a cake.

1. Rahul is not only handsome but also intelligent.

2. Ram is poor but he never begs for money. 3. You must leave on time or you will miss the

flight.4. He was scared and he ran away.5. Reena worked hard so her parents praised

her.6. She came to her village and met her old

friend.7. You must cooperate with others or you will

not be allowed on the team.8. I will go to the office and will reply to his

email.9. He was ill, but he appeared for the exam.10. The team must practice every day otherwise

they will lose the match.

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I. Study the following sentences and identify whether they are simple, complex or compound. Look at the given example. (10 Marks)Life is a bed of thorns.

Ans: Simple

1. My tooth hurt through the night.

2. The nurse came and opened the door.

3. She felt a slight pain when the doctor gave her an injection.

4. As we passed by a stream, I made the mistake of going too near the bank.

5. My father bought a new car one day.

6. It was Sunday so the roads were not very busy.

7. The journey took us two hours.

8. After some searching, I entered a darkened room.

9. He wanted to run but was unable to do so.

10. She opened her eyes and gave me a smile.

II. Form compound sentences by using appropriate conjunctions (FANBOYS). Look at the given example. (10 Marks)Meera has an appointment at three o’clock _________ she must leave early.

Ans: so

1. I would like to buy this house _________ it is too expensive.

2. My mother was going to the market _________ wanted me to accompany her.

3. Mohan stayed in a hostel for 6 months _________ felt homesick for a long time.

4. Would you like tea _________ would you prefer coffee?

5. I crossed the road ___________ I wanted to avoid her.

6. My mom doesn’t drink milk ___________ does she drink coffee.

7. Should we start the meeting __________ wait for everyone?

8. He didn’t want to go to office ___________ he went anyways.

9. Everyone was busy ____________ I decided to go alone.

10. He ran out of money ___________ he decided to close the shop.

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11. Conditional Clauses

Learning Objectives

At the end of the lesson, students will be able to:• Identify the different forms of conditional clauses.

• Form different forms of conditional clauses accurately and express themselves more effectively.

Starter ActivityStudy the following table. NAME FORM TIME EXAMPLE

Zero conditional If + present…present Present He doesn’t get sick if he takes medicines regularly.

First conditional If + present, will + verb Present/Future If she studies hard, she will pass the test.

Second conditional If + past, would +verb Present/Future If he won the lottery, he would leave his job.

Third conditionalIf + had = past perfect + would have + past participle

Past If I had called my friend, he wouldn’t have gotten angry with me.

and yellow.Zero conditional is used when the result is always going to take place.Please note: The ‘if’ in this conditional can be replaced by ‘when’.• When you exercise, you can become fit.• You will get burned when you touch fire.• When water reaches 100 degrees, it boils. • You can get green colour when you mix blue and

yellow.

2. The First Conditional: The first conditional sentence is created with simple present tense after ‘if’ and simple future tense in the other clause. • If I am ill, I won’t go to the school.• If she studies hard, she will get good result.• If I have enough money, I’ll help the poor and the

needy. • My uncle will be late if the flight is delayed.The first conditional is used to talk about things which might happen in the future. We describe the possibilities, which could easily come true.

3. The Second Conditional: The second conditional sentence is created with simple past tense after ‘if’ and ‘would’ and the basic form of the verb in the other clause.• If I become President of India, I would change the

social security system.• Reena would travel all over the world if she were

rich.• You would pass the exam if you ever worked hard.

Key PointsConditionals sentences are with two clauses: an ‘if’ clause and a main clause. The clause with ‘if’ denotes the (can be introduced by “unless” too) and the other is the consequence or the result. If the words “if” or “unless” appear at the beginning of a sentence, there is normally a comma separating both clauses. • If I go to bed early, I will be able to get up on time. (If

the words ‘if’ and ‘unless’ appear at the beginning, comma is needed)

• I will be able to get up on time if I go to bed early. (If the words ‘if’ and ‘unless’ appear at the end, no comma is needed)

• Unless she works hard, she will not be able to clear the exam.

• She will not be able to clear the exam unless she works hard.

Please note: The word “unless” involves a negative meaning, so one of the clauses needs to change from negative to positive or vice versa.

Types of conditional sentences:1. The Zero Conditional: A zero conditional sentence is created with two verbs in simple present tense (both in the ‘if clause’ and ‘main clause’).• Unless you exercise, you cannot become fit.• You get burned if you touch fire.• If water reaches 100 degrees, it boils. • You cannot get green colour unless you mix blue

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11. Conditional Clauses

(You never work hard, so this won’t happen)• If I were you, I would tell the teacher about this

incident. The second conditional is used to talk about things which are probably not going to be true or in present, they are impossible.

4. The Third Conditional: The third conditional sentence is created with past perfect tense after ‘if’ and ‘would have’ + past participle (3rd form of the verb) in the second part of the sentence. • She would have got admission in that college if she had

cleared the test. (She didn’t clear the test so didn’t get admission)

Work Plan


Starter activity and Key points Conditional Clauses PS – 1PS – 2PS – 3


• If you hadn’t been so lazy, you wouldn’t have become fat.

• We wouldn’t have missed the flight if we had left early.• I wouldn’t have been tired if I had gone to bed earlier.

The third conditional is used to talk about things which already occurred in past to describe situations that didn’t happen so we imagine the result in these cases. FORMING CONDITIONAL CLAUSES (First, Second, and Third Conditional)1. First conditional: If I have enough money, I will buy a

big car.2. Second conditional: If I had enough money, I would

buy a big car. 3. Third conditional: If I had had enough money, I would

have bought a big car.


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I. Rewrite the following sentences after changing according to the form mentioned in the bracket. Look at the given example.If Raghu (not/be) casual towards studies, he (pass). (Third conditional)

Ans: If Raghu hadn’t been casual towards stud-ies, he would have passed.

1. If the day (not/be) so hot, we (go) for a picnic. (Third conditional)

2. If mom (have) money with her, she (buy) the dress for me. (Second conditional)

3. If you (not/come), I (not/go) either. (First conditional)

4. If Ramesh (sleep) better last night, he (not/feel) so sleepy during the meeting. (Third conditional)

5. If you (heat) ice, it (melt). (Zero conditional)6. If Reena (have) spare time, she (keep) more

plants in her garden. (Second conditional)7. If my grandfather (not/eat) on time, he

(become) irritable. (First conditional)8. If I (not/go) to bed on time, I (be) sleep till

late in the morning. (First conditional)9. If you (want) a new dress, you (need) money.

(Zero conditional)10. If Ram (not/speak) good English, he

(not/join) the marketing team. (second conditional)

II. Fill in the blanks with appropriate words according to the form mentioned in the brackets. Look at the given example.If mom ___________ (drink) too much coffee, she ___________ (suffer) from acidity. (First conditional)

Ans: Drinks, will suffer

1. If you ___________ (empty) your pocket carefully, you ___________ (not/lose) your keys. (Third conditional)

2. If you ____________ (want) to come, __________ (call) me before 5:00. (Zero conditional)

3. If the children ___________ (be) in bed, I ___________ (tell) them a story. (Second conditional)

4. If Sheela ___________ (not/be) so stubborn, the teacher___________ (have) forgiven her mistake. (Second conditional)

5. If I ___________ (not/go) to Delhi, I ___________ (go) to Chennai.(Third conditional)

6. If one ___________ (go) to the library, one ___________ (be) well-read. (Zero conditional)

7. If we ___________ (not/fight) in the morning, we ___________ (come) together. (Third conditional)

8. If the kids ___________ (start) early, it ___________ (be) less stressful. (Second conditional)

9. If I ___________ (not/go) to the marriage, I ___________ (not/have) so much fun with relatives. (Third conditional)

10. If Seema ___________ (know) that I like chocolate, she ___________ (give) me some more. (Second conditional)


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1. Finish the following sentences with an appropriate conditional clause. Look at the given example.If we go for holiday this year,

_____________________Ans: we will visit Agra.

1. If the weather didn’t improve yesterday, ____________________________.

2. I had been to bed early, ___________________________________________________.

3. _____________________________ if we get separated.

4. If you finish your food, _____________________________.

5. If Meera didn’t want to go out last night, _____________________________.

6. _____________________________ if mom called him up.

7. _____________________________ if they are invited.

8. _____________________________ if she had got a job.

9. If you mix red and blue, _____________________________.

10. _____________________________ if he doesn’t pass this exam. s this exam.

2. Rewrite the following sentences after making the first conditional clauses. Look at the given example.She (cook) dinner if you (go) to the supermarket.

Ans: She will cook dinner if you go to the super-market.

1. They (go) for a trip if they (have) money. 2. Seema (be) late if she (not/hurry).3. Mom (take) a taxi if it (rain).4. I (not/eat) if Sheela (not/cook) for me. 5. If I (get) a chance, I (try) for a new job.6. If he (be) chosen, he (try) for modelling.7. If they (be/not) friends, they (stop) talking

with each other. 8. If I (earn) enough wealth, I (build) an old age

home. 9. If she (not/come) late, she (be) promoted.10. If we (win) this contest, we (travel) the world.


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I. Rewrite the following sentences after making the second conditional clauses. Look at the given example.If dad (have) a better job, we (be) able to buy a bigger house.

Ans: If dad had a better job, we would be able to buy a bigger house.

1. If Reena (speak) perfect English, she (get) into a good job.

2. If we (live) in Delhi, I (learn) Hindi. 3. If she (get) the subject of her choice, she

(take) admission in this university.4. Mohan (be) happier if he (have) more friends.5. They (buy) this house if they (like) to stay

here.6. Meera (have) more money if she (not/spend)

so much on clothes. 7. Manu (come) to dinner if he (have) time.8. Mom (call) the aunt if she (have) her number.9. They (go) to Shimla on holiday if they (like)

cold weather.10. We (not/be) late again if we (leave) early

from home. on holiday if they liked cold weather. 10. We wouldn’t be late again if we left early

from home.

II. Rewrite the following sentences after making the third conditional clauses. Look at the given example.If you (not/argue) in the morning, we (not/miss) the bus.

Ans: If you hadn’t argued in the morning, we wouldn’t have missed the bus.

1. If my parents (arrive) earlier, they (meet) my new friend.

2. Mom (be) happier if dad (stay) at home.3. If he (become) a singer, he (be) a famous

person. 4. If she (go) to a dance school, she (become) a

great artist. 5. If we (not/go) to the party, we (miss) meeting

them.6. If he (not/take) the job, he (not/travel) so

much.7. We (not/be) friends if we (not/go) to the same

college. 8. They (be) late if they (not/board) the first

bus. 9. She (not/meet) Manu if she (not/go) to Delhi. 10. She (call) you if she (not/forget) her phone at

home.

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I. Read the following sentences and identify whether the ‘if’ clause is first conditional, second conditional or third conditional. Look at the given example. (10 Marks)If I lived in New Delhi, I would see my aunt more

often.Ans: Second conditional

1. If you hadn’t eaten all that cake, you wouldn’t have fallen sick.

2. Plants die if they don’t get enough water.

3. If she had learnt French, she would have joined the French embassy.

4. If dad wasn’t so tired, we would go out for dinner.

5. If you select the present, I will pay for it.

6. If Meera doesn’t quit her job, she will get promotion soon.

7. If I went out yesterday, I would go to the theatre.

8. If we had not seen each other yesterday, we wouldn’t have fixed the meeting.

9. If public transport is efficient, people stop using their cars.

10. If we waited there, we would be late.

II. Rewrite the following sentences after making the zero conditional clauses. Look at the given example. (10 Marks)If we (sleep) late, we (be) tired the next day.

Ans: If we sleep late, we are tried the next day.

1. If my brother (cook), he (burn) the food.

2. You (get) sunstroke if you (not/wear) a hat on the beach.

3. If children (not/eat) well, they (not/be) energetic.

4. If you (touch) an electric socket with wet hands, you (get) a shock.

5. If children (eat) too many sweets, they (get) cavities in teeth.

6. The children (get) overweight if they (not/play) outside.

7. If it (rain), the grass (get) wet.

8. If you (speak) rudely to him, he (get) annoyed.

9. Lots of people (come) if Guptas (throw) a party.

10. Aunt (buy) expensive watches if she (go) shopping.

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Objectives

At the end of the lesson, students will be able to:• Identify the verb and tense in a sentence. • Write a sentence using the past, present, or future

tense.

Concept Map

TENSES FUTURE PAST

PRESENT

I take.

I am taking.

I have taken.

I have been taking.

I took.

I was taking.

I had taken.

I had been taking.

I shall/will take.

I shall/will be taking.

I shall/will have taken.

I shall/will have been taking.

Key Points 1. Simple Present Tense To denote scientific facts, universal truths • Water boils at 100 degrees. To denote work done on daily basis. • I brush my teeth twice a day.

2. Present Continuous To express an action taking place at the time of speaking. • Meera is reading a book in the library.

To denote an action that is going to take place in the near future. • They are going to stage Shakespeare’s play this

year.

3. Present Perfect To show an action that started in the past and has just finished. • They have completed the project.

RECAPITULATION: A VERB is a word that is used to convey what the subject of the sentence is, does or has. The verb ‘take’ changes the form in the above sentences according to the time of the action they denote. The form of an action with respective time is called TENSE. 1. Today our lesson is about TENSES.

DEFINITION: Tenses refer to the state of the verb. The state or tense of the verb explains the time of the action.

There are three major tenses in English. These include past, present and future. Each of these tenses can explain an event that occurred in the past, an event that occurs in the present, or an event that will occur in the future.

1. PRESENT TENSE It is divided further into four kinds.

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To show an action when the exact time of the action is not known. • They have visited New York many times.

To express an action that started sometime in the past and is still continuing. • He has already worked on this project for 6

years.

4. Present Perfect Continuous This tense shows the action which started in the past and is still continuing at the time of speaking. • I have been working in this firm for ten years

now.

SYNTAX OF PRESENT TENSE FORMS:

PRESENT

Simple Present

Assertive Subject + v1 + s/es + object She dances.

Negative Subject + does not + v1 + s/es + object She does not dance.

Interrogative Does + Subject + v1 + s/es + object Does she dance?

Negative Interrogative

Does + Subject + not + v1 + s/es + object Does she not dance?

Present Continuous

Assertive Subject + is/am/are + v1 + ing + object She is dancing.

Negative Subject + is/am/are + not + v1 + ing + object She is not dancing.

Interrogative is/am/are + Subject + v1 + ing + object Is she dancing?


is/am/are + Subject + not + v1 + ing + objectIs she not dancing?

Present Perfect

Assertive Subject + has/have + v3 + object She has danced.

Negative Subject + has/have + not + v3 + object She has not danced.

Interrogative has/have + Subject + v3 + object Has she danced?


has/have + Subject + not + v3 + objectHas she not danced?

Present Perfect Continuous

Assertive Subject + has/have + been + v1 + ing + object She has been dancing.

Negative Subject + has/have + not been + v1 + ing + object She has not been dancing.

Interrogative has/have + Subject + been + v1 + ing + object Has she been dancing?


has/have + she + not + been + v1 + ing + objectHas she not been dancing?

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2. PAST TENSE It is divided further into four kinds.

1. Simple Past Tense To indicate an action completed in the past. It often occurs with adverb of time. Sometimes it is used without an adverb of time. • I went to the library yesterday.

Used for past habits or regular actions in the past. • She took care of her mother till she was alive.

2. Past Continuous Tense To denote an action going on at some time in the past. • Mohan was writing a novel last month.

To mark out an action of relatively longer duration in the past. • When we reached the peak of the mountain, the

cool wind was blowing.

3. Past Perfect tenseTo describe an action completed before a certain moment in the past, usually a long time ago. If two actions happened in the past, past perfect is used to show the action that took place earlier. • The train had left before we reached the station.

To express an action that was completed before a given point of time.• Dad had reached before the dinner time.

4. Past Perfect Continuous Tense To denote an action that began before a certain point in the past and continued up to sometime in past. The second action or event may be started or may be implied. • Reena had been learning dance for 6 years.

SYNTAX OF PAST TENSE FORMS:

PAST

Simple Past

Assertive Subject + v2 + Object.She danced.

Negative Subject + didn’t + v1 + Object. She didn’t dance.

Interrogative Did + Subject + v1 + Object?Did she dance?


Did + Subject + not + v1 + s/es + object?Did she not dance?

Past Continuous

Assertive Subject + was/were +v1+ ing + Object.She was dancing.

Negative Subject + was/were + not + ing + Object.She was not dancing.

Interrogative Was/were + Subject + ing+ Object?Was she dancing?


Was/were + Subject + not + ing+ Object?Was she not dancing?

Past Perfect

Assertive Subject + had + v3 + object. She had danced.

Negative Subject + had + not + v3 + object. She had not danced.

Interrogative Had + Subject + v3 + object?Had she danced?


Had + Subject + not + v3 + object?Had she not danced?

Past Perfect Continuous

Assertive Subject + had + been + v1 + ing + object. She had been dancing.

Negative Subject + had + not been + v1 + ing + object. She had not been dancing.

Interrogative Had + Subject + been + v1 + ing + object?Had she been dancing?


Had + she + not + been + v1 + ing + object?Had she not been dancing?

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3. FUTURE TENSEA period of time following the moment of speaking or writing is called as future tense. It is divided further into four kinds. 1. Simple Future To tell us about an action which has not occurred yet and will occur after saying or in future. • Meera will perform on the stage tomorrow.

2. Future Continuous To talk about something that will be in progress at or around a time in the future. • He will be visiting the court tomorrow at 12 o’clock.

In the example, the action will start in future (tomorrow) and action is thought to be continued till sometime in future.

To express an action which will be going on at a specific time in the future. • He will be travelling in the train in the afternoon.

3. Future PerfectTo say that something will be finished by a particular time in the future. • The students will have finished their work by Saturday.

4. Future Perfect ContinuousTo emphasize the duration of an activity that will be in progress before another time or event in the future. • I will have been completing six months on this project by this weekend.

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FUTURE

Simple Future

Assertive Subject + shall/will + v1 + Object.I shall dance.She will dance.

NegativeSubject + shall/will + not + v1 + Object.I shall not dance. She will not dance.

Interrogative Shall/Will + Subject +v1 + Object?Shall I dance? Will she dance?


Shall/Will + Subject +not + v1 + Object?Shall I not dance?Will she not dance?

Future Continuous

Assertive Subject + shall/will + be+ v1+ ing + Object.I shall be dancing. She will be dancing.

NegativeSubject + shall/will + not + be+ v1+ ing + Object.I shall not be dancing. She will not be dancing.

Interrogative Shall/Will + Subject + be + v1+ ing + Object?Shall I be dancing?Will she be dancing?


Shall/Will + Subject + be + + not+ v1+ ing Was/were + Subject + not + ing+ Object?Shall I not be dancing? Will she not be dancing?

Future Perfect

Assertive Subject + Shall/Will + have + v3 + object. I shall have danced. She will have danced.

NegativeSubject + Shall/Will + not + have + v3 + object. I shall have not danced. She will have not danced.

Interrogative Shall/Will + Subject + have + v3 + object?Shall I have danced? Will she have danced?


Shall/Will + Subject + have + not + v3 + object?Shall I have not danced? Will she have not danced?

Future Perfect Continuous

Assertive

Subject + Shall/Will + have + been + v1 + ing + object. I shall have been dancing. She will have been dancing.

Negative

Subject + Shall/Will + have + not + been + v1 + ing + object. I shall have not been dancing. She will have not been dancing.

Interrogative Shall/Will + Subject + have + been + v1 + ing + object?Will she have been dancing?


Shall/Will + Subject + have + not + been + v1 + ing + object?Will she have not been dancing?

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Work Plan


Starter Activity and Key Points

Tenses and forms PS-1PS-2PS-3



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I. Read the following sentences and correct the error in each of them. Look at the given example.The boys watched television every night unless they have homework.

Ans: The boys watch television every night unless they have homework.

1. I am living in Chennai since last September.2. I have been to my native place a month back.3. The phone rung while I was watching TV.4. She has received the courier last week.5. If Mohan had participated, he will win the

prize.6. They have now reduce the number of

highway projects.7. She saw a dark shadow and gives a loud

scream.8. We ate pizza and also drunk a lemonade. 9. After this incident occurs, we dared not go

there again.10. Has anyone ever tell you to close the door

before you go outside?

II. Choose the correct option given below. Look at the given example.When I went back to my village three years ago, I found no changes ______.

• are taken place• were taken place• have taken place• had taken placeAns: had taken place

1. Look! A thief ______ by policemen.• is chased• is being chased• was being chased• has been chased

2. I’m sorry the car is not available any longer for sale. It ______ to a local guy.• is sold• was being sold• has been sold• will be sold

3. Geeta ______ to the new branch a year back. • is transferred• was transferred• has been transferred• should be transferred

4. Passengers ______ to eat or drink in the metro. • are not allowed• was not allowed• had not allowed• will not allow

5. The newsperson reported that the fire ______ under control after forty minutes.• is brought• was brought• can be brought• has been brought

6. The people shopping in the mall ______ to leave the building immediately.• ordered• will order• have ordered• have been ordered

7. This school __________ many famous singers to perform in their functions.• are invited• were invited• has invited• will be invited

8. The roof may have been leaking for the past few weeks but you do not have to worry about it any longer. It ______ now.• Has not been leaking• Has not leaking• Is not being leaked• Was not leaking

9. The price of petrol ______ last year, but I doubt whether it will remain so.• went down• will go down• has gone down• was going down

10. Geeta ______ watching horror films although she gets scared easily. • like• likes• liked• will like


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I. Read the following passage. There is an error in each line. Write the correct answer along with the incorrect word as shown in the example. Incorrect correct Anxiety runs high in London’s (a) runs ran Dulwich Hospital asdoctors await the recovery (b) of a patient. The surgicalprocedure has been a (c) success but the patient later develop an infection. (d) Antibiotics had little effect and the situation seems (e)hopeless. Fortunately, a young doctor recall (f)a traditional remedy use by native doctors (g)in South Africa. With nothingleft to lose, he applies strips (h) of papaya fruit across the wound. Miraculously, it heal. (i)This unorthodox success is ridiculed at by the medical (j) profession in the West. This incident taken place in 1977 (k) but the doctors’ reactions are evidently an (l) omen of things to come. In the past, folk healing is covered (m)in superstition and mysticism.

II. Change the tense form in the following sentences as per given in the brackets. Look at the given example. Make other necessary changes as shown in the example.The pilgrims arrived at Varanasi last night. (Simple future)

Ans: The pilgrims will arrive at Varanasi tomor-row.

1. Every year my father drives to his office. (Simple past)

2. My brother is not studying medicine at the university. (Present perfect continuous)

3. I heard you the first time you called me. (Simple future)

4. Nowadays coaching centers play an important role in education. (Present perfect continuous)

5. I worry when I see my father cough so badly. (Simple past)

6. All my friends admire my good looking brother. (Past perfect)

7. My aunt is kind towards the poor and needy. (Past perfect)

8. This rule applies only to foreign workers in India. (Simple past)

9. The emergency meeting ended a while ago. (Simple future)

10. The child unintentionally broke the window pane. (Present perfect)


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I. Change the tense form in the following sentences according to the one in the brackets. Look at the given example. Make other necessary changes as shown in the example.I visited an arts exhibition last week. (Simple

future) Ans: I shall visit an arts exhibition next week.

1. The injury was deep and healed slowly. (Simple present)

2. How often do you hear from her? (Simple past)

3. I have got a new car. (Future perfect)4. When I arrived, the meeting had finished.

(Future perfect)5. He had driven through a red light. (Past

perfect continuous)6. They wondered about the whole incident.

(Future perfect continuous)7. He went from door to door selling cookies.

(Simple present) 8. This is a needless trouble. (Simple future)9. She returned to ask the teacher something.

(Past perfect)10. When she had cried, she began to feel better.

(Simple present)

II. Supply the appropriate tenses. Re-write the sentences if necessary. Look at the given example.It is not good to go out while it (rain).

Ans: It is not good to go out while it rains.

1. I am glad you (use) a new pen today. Yesterday your writing (be) very untidy.

2. What you (do) when the thief (break) into your house?

3. Whenever mom (see) the lady living next door, she (walk) away quickly.

4. I (wear) a new suit for tomorrow’s conference.

5. (Go) you for the concert tomorrow?6. We (go) to visit our uncle in Mysore next

week.7. What you (do) here? I (fix) the tap.8. Some thieves once (enter) the museum to

steal an old artefact. 9. When the owner (ask) the children what they

(do) in his garden, they (run) away.10. This house (need) repairs as it (begin) to fall

to pieces.

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I. Select the correct option in the brackets. Look at the given example. (10 marks)I don’t have much time these days. I (learn / am learning) French.

Ans: I don’t have much time these days. I am learning French.

1. When we entered the bank, we sensed that something unusual (happened / had happened).

2. If we had a little more money it (will / would) be much easier to invest in a new business.

3. He (is holding / holds) the post of principal in the new school.

4. It was such a friendly dog. It (will / would) often jump on to other people in excitement.

5. I (think / am thinking) I am too old to wear clothes like this.

6. If you do a little extra hard work you (will / would) clear the exam.

7. Don’t disturb your dad. He (works/ is working) on a serious project.

8. I think he (is having / has) the flu. He is shivering a lot.

9. He (is deserving / deserves) to win this debate. He is by far the best orator.

10. I (ate / have eaten) two big meals already this morning.

II. Read the following passage carefully. Fill in each blank with the correct form of the verb in the bracket. (10 Marks)a) Tea is a beverage ___1___ (consume) by many past generations of people. What most people do not realize is that tea is ___2___ (make) from leaves ___3___ (pick) from shrubs. Tea shrubs ___4___ (grow) in plantations. These shrubs will begin to ___5___ (bear) crops when they are about four years old. Workers on tea plantations have to pick the leaves by hand. After the leaves ___6___ (gather), they are ___7___ (roast) at high temperatures. This process ___8___ (give) them their fragrance. The best tea is made from freshly ___9___ (grinding) leaves. There are many different ways of ___10___ (prepare) tea. Tea can be served either with or without milk.b) In this modern age man _____1_____ (grow) to be heavily dependent on computers to carry out all kinds of jobs. In banking, for example, computers _____2_____ (allow) for millions of transactions to be carried out _____3_____ (involve) large sums of money which would otherwise _____4_____ (require) thousands of bank tellers. Computers _____5_____ (do) the job in a much shorter time and practically free of any errors. Computers _____6_____ (be) responsible for air traffic control and the running of trains to ensure that travel is made as smooth as possible. In factories, nowadays, computers _____7_____ (operate) mechanical devices that _____8_____ (produce) goods we require for everyday living in such quantities that would be otherwise impossible to achieve if these factories _____9_____ (were run) by humans alone. Perhaps the greatest advancements _____10_____ (has) made in the field of communications.

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13. Prepositions

Objectives

At the end of the lesson, students will be able to:• Recall the definition of a preposition.• Understand and identify kinds of prepositions.• Understand prepositional phrases .• Write correct sentences using appropriate

prepositions and prepositional phrases.

Starter ActivityPREPOSITIONAL PHRASES WHERE? WHEN? WHICH DIRECTION?• Near the door• Down the aisle• Under the table• On the window sill• In the oven• Against the wall• Above the clouds• Outside the house• Below the plane• Underneath a box• Beneath the surface

• By the kitchen• Before break• During the match• After dinner• In the morning• In the evening• At night• On Friday• Until bed time• On schedule

• To the • From the • Into the• Through the• Towards the• Across the • To • From the• Up the• In that direction• In the red dress• With black tires• With blonde hair• With mint chips• With the polka dots• In a new top• In high heels• In stripy trousers• With confidence

Notice the three columns. They contain the prepositional phrases.

DEFINITION: A prepositional phrase is a group of words that lacks either a verb or a subject, consists of a preposition and a noun or a preposition and a pronoun. Key Points

Today our lesson is about Prepositions and Prepositional Phrases.

RECAPITULATIONDefinition: Prepositions are short words (at, in, on)

which show where, when or how the action took place in a sentence. They also indicate relationships between different words in a sentence. So as a part of speech, they are used to show position, location, direction, and time. When they saw the principal, the students ran into the classroom. Let’s take an elevator to go down. They must have taken a short cut across the field.I am going to the dentist for a check-up.

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13. Prepositions

PREPOSITIONS OF TIME, PLACE AND REASONPREPOSITION HOW IT’S USED EXAMPLESHOWING TIMEAt exact times

meal times parts of the day age

at 3 pm at dinner at sunriseat age 21

By a limit in time in the sense of at the latest

by sunset by the due date

In seasons months years durations after a certain period of time

In the summer in November in1992 in the same year in an hour

On days of the week parts of the day where the day is named dates

on Wednesday on Friday night on December 4th

Ago a certain time in the past 2 years agoAfter a point in time that follows another

point in timeafter the game; after the surgery

Before a point in time that precedes another point in time

before leaving; before breakfast; before2004

During something that happened/will happen in a specific period of time

during the night; during war

For over a certain period in the past For 2 yearsPast telling the time ten past six (6:10)Since from a certain period of time since1980;

since the accidentThroughout something that happened/will

happen continuously in a specific period of time

throughout the year; throughout the ordeal

To telling time from an earlier time to a later time

ten to six (5:50) 1 pm to 3 pm

Until up to a certain point in time how long something is going to last

until the end; until sunrise

Up (to) from an earlier point to a later point

up (to) now

SHOWING PLACEAt an object’s settled position or

position after it has moved meeting place or location point of direction a target

at the airport; at the ceremony at home; at the desk turning at the intersection throwing the ball at Rahul

By close to alongside of

by the school by the window

In in an enclosed space in a geographic location in a print medium

in the garage; in an envelope in New Delhiin a book; in a magazine

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13. Prepositions

PREPOSITION HOW IT’S USED EXAMPLEOn for a certain side

for a river/lake for a floor in a house for public transport for television, radio

on the left London lies on the Thames on the floor on a bus on the air; on TV

About around or outside of at but not exactly on related to

about town about five feet tall about my father’s business

Above suspended higher than something else superior to

above the door above me in rank

After pursuit a point further from an earlier point

chasing after the robbers the corner after the big house

Against leaning on opposite to or facing

against the door against the wall

Along tracing the length of, without emphasis on the ends

along the hallway; along the river

Among in the company of (three or more) in a crowd the end of a long list

among friends among the masses among other things

Around location of something explaining a period of time

drive around the block around 3 o’clock

Before in the front in terms of space before the emperor; before GodBehind on the back side of a point in space behind the car; behind her smileBelow something lower than or

underneath something elsebelow the stairs; below expectations

From in the sense of where from a flower from the gardenInto enter a room/building go into the kitchen/houseOnto movement to the top of something jump onto the tableOver covered by something else “more

than” “getting to the other side” overcoming an obstacle

put a jacket over your shirt over 16 years of age walk over the bridge climb over the wall

Through something with limits on top, bottom and the sides

drive through the tunnel

Towards movement in the direction of something (but not directly to it)

go 5 steps towards the house

SHOWING REASONAs refer to the role or purpose of a

person or thingAs a waiter

Because of somebody/something is the reason for something

Because of us

Due to somebody/something is the reason for something

Due to bad weather

For Reason/purpose For money

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13. Prepositions

PREPOSITION HOW IT’S USED EXAMPLEIn order to Reason/purpose In order to gain money

In the hope that Expected result in the hope that prices will rise.Since Cause of something Since his departure With that in mind Purpose With that in mind, the college plansOTHER IMPORTANT PREPOSITIONSAbout for topics meaning what about we were talking about youAt For age she learned Russian at 45By who made it

rise or fall of something travelling (other than walking or horse-riding)

a book by Mark Twain prices have risen by 10 percent for car, by bus

From who gave it a present from JaneIn entering a car/taxi get in the carOf who/what did it belong to what

does it showa page of the book the picture of a place

Off leaving a public transport vehicle get off the trainOn walking or riding on horseback

entering a public transport vehicleon foot, on horseback get on the bus

Out of leaving a car/taxi get out of the taxi

COMMONLY CONFUSED PAIRS OF PREPOSITIONSAbout & On: Mean regarding They had discussion about money. (General/ordinary topics)We attended a lecture on banking system in India. (Serious or academic topics)

Above & Over: Mean ‘higher than’.There is no wealth above the wealth of health. (When one thing is not directly over another.)Our plane is flying above the clouds. Let us cross over the river. (When one thing covers or touches another.)He put on a sweater over his shirt. (NOT He put on a sweater above his shirt.)The temperature rises above 30 degrees (In measurements of temperature and height)You have to be over 18 to cast your vote. (In measurements of ages and speeds)

Across & ThroughAir can circulate freely through the tunnels. (Movement in a three dimensional space)Sailing across the Atlantic on a raft was an adventure.(Movement on a surface)

USE OF SINCE AND FOR

SINCE: Refers to a point after a specific time or event in the past. In sentences with since, we usually use perfect tenses (Present perfect & past perfect) • It has been raining since the morning. • Rahul has been working since 10 a.m. • They have been travelling since 2012.

FOR: Refers to an amount/duration/period of time or space. The amount of time could be seconds, minutes, hours, days, months or even years. We can use any tense. • Last year, he travelled for 3 months. • I will be travelling for 3 months now. • I have been travelling for 3 months.

PREPOSITIONAL PHRASES Definition: A prepositional phrase is a group of words that lacks a verb or a subject, consists of a preposition and a noun or a preposition and a pronoun. • on the counter • in our house

They can act as adverbs or adjectives.

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13. Prepositions

As an adjective: They modify nouns and pronouns. • The book with the blue cover is mine. (modifies the noun book) • All the passengers aboard the flight were worried. (modifies the noun passengers) • The vase inside the box is mine. (modifies the noun vase)

Other examples: Regarding the new rule, within the first pages, among many, in the box, under the bed, beside the pool, outside the field, below the table, about the clever fox.

As an adverb: They modify adjectives, verbs, and other adverbs. • Going towards the market, Reena realised that she has forgotten the purse at home. (modifies the verb

going) • I put my phone into the purse. (modifies the verb put) • Until today, I had never known that. (modifies the verb known)

Other examples: Without an umbrella, up the stairs, upon a high shelf, down the road, against all odds, over the grass, during the recess, up the hill, off the road.

Work Plan


Starter activity and Key Points

Recapitulation of prepositions, commonly confused pairs, using since and for, prepositions to talk about time, place and reason, prepositional phrases ( functioning as adjectives and adverbs)

PS-1PS-2PS-3



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I. Read the following sentences and underline the prepositional phrases in each one of them. Look at the given example.Meera’s books were in her bag.

Ans: Meera’s books were in her bag.

1. Please keep my shoes under the table.2. They always sit in the back bench.3. I was standing behind my father in the bank

queue.4. She found the phone in the dog’s bed. 5. The boy in blue car is my classmate. 6. It rained heavily in the afternoon. 7. The girl performing on the stage is my niece.8. Today I will sleep on the sofa.9. Please keep the book on my desk.10. You can place it against the wall.

II. Fill in the blanks with the prepositions given in the box below. Use each preposition only once. Look at the given example.

since on by till before forat until within in during once

Every day, my grandmother goes to the temple ______ 7 a.m.

Ans: Every day, my grandmother goes to the temple at 7 a.m.

1. All parents should be seated in the auditorium ______ 5 p.m.

2. He has been driving ______ 5 hours. He must be tired.

3. We have to handover the project to the teacher ______ Tuesday.

4. She has been waiting for his call ______ Monday.

5. This lake had dried up ______ March last year.

6. You have to wait ______ Monday for the results.

7. ______ the Second World War, Japan was completely destroyed.

8. They waited for him ______ he came back from the school.

9. You cannot go to the classroom ______ the assembly.

10. On the International Yoga day, we had yoga session _____ 3 hours.


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I. Fill in the correct prepositions of place. Look at the given example.The boy was excited to see colourful balloons ______ the roof of his house.

Ans: over

1. I didn’t want to miss the conversation of both Mohit and Rahul so I sat ______ them.

2. I decided to buy the house with the white gate ______ the end of the street.

3. There was a large crowd ______ the new mall.

4. There were many children ______ the beach.5. There is a basement parking ______ the

ground floor.6. Please put your signature ______ the bottom

of every page.7. There are many elephants ______ this island.8. He was standing ______ me in the queue at

the ticket counter. 9. Please mount the new television ______ the

wall. 10. The post office is ______ my house. It takes

only 5 minutes to reach there.

II. Fill in the correct prepositions of time. Look at the given example.Columbus made his first voyage _____ 1492.

Ans: Columbus made his first voyage in 1492.

1. Most people do not work _______ Sundays.2. The sky is clear that we could see bright stars

_______ night.3. It was very hot _______ the day.4. The first man walked on the moon _______

21 July 1969.5. In the session, all were speaking _______ the

same time.6. Pandit Ravi Shankar became famous _______

the late 1950s. 7. He has just gone out. He will be back in

_______ 20 minutes.8. _______ Christmas, people exchange gifts

and flowers with each other. 9. Many of these monuments were

built _______ the Middle Ages.10. He is a fast runner. He can run 100

meters _______11 seconds.


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1. Identify the prepositional phrases in the following sentences and say whether it is a prepositional phrase of adjective or adverb. Look at the given example.

The book on the top shelf is mine.Ans: The book on the top shelf is mine. Preposi-tional Phrase of Adjective

1. It rained throughout the night.2. The house across the street is mine.3. The movie about his life was a huge success.4. We all fought against the new rule.5. The bulb in the drawing room has stopped

working. 6. I checked the newspaper throughout the day.7. The boys watched TV till midnight.8. The article by my friend is well-admired. 9. She performed for a huge audience.10. Our argument over that silly matter was

laughed upon by our friends. 2. This is a complaint letter written by a student

regarding the library services but he forgot to put the prepositions. Edit the following passage by inserting the correct prepositions as shown in the example.

Before word afterMy recent exposure to working conditions and (a) exposure to workingattitude the school library has left me (b) _______ _______ _______disappointed so I am reporting this matter your (c) _______ _______ _______office your kind attention and action. (d) _______ _______ _______There is a problem discipline. Those (e) _______ _______ _______given library duty leave home (f) _______ _______ _______ahead time. This denies the students the (g) _______ _______ _______use the facilities. Secondly, the silence (h) _______ _______ _______which is required such a place in (i) _______ _______ _______order facilitate undisturbed reading is also (j) _______ _______ _______not there since students chat the reading (k) _______ _______ _______area. Apart this, ringing phones and message (l) _______ _______ _______tones are almost a permanent feature the library. (m)

_______ _______ _______


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I. This a list of some famous proverbs. Let us revise the following proverbs by filling in with suitable prepositions. Look at the given example. (10 Marks)Birds ______ a feather flock together.

Ans: Birds of a feather flock together.

1. People who live ______ glass houses shouldn’t throw stones.

2. Charity begins ______ home.3. Don’t cry ______ spilt milk.4. Don’t judge a book ______ its cover.5. Don’t put all your eggs ______ one basket.6. A jack of all trades is a master ______ none.7. Look ______ you leap.8. A stitch ______ time saves nine.9. There is no smoke ______ fire.10. Time and tide wait ______ no man.

II. Fill in each of the blanks with the correct preposition. Look at the given example.

(10 Marks)Which cupboard did you put your clothes

______?Ans: Which cupboard did you put your clothes into?

1. Is this the businessman you read ______ in the magazine?

2. Where do you think the voices are coming ______?

3. This is the building I was speaking ______.

4. I wonder what she is getting ready ______.

5. I know what he was hinting ______.

6. You are again complaining ______ her.

7. Have you found the papers you were looking ______?

8. Why are you searching ______ my suitcase?

9. You can boil the water ______ this kettle.

10. Are you making tea ______ dad?

14. Phrases and Clauses

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Starter Activity

At the end of the lesson, students will be able to:• Define a phrase, a clause.

• Understand types of clauses• Use different types of clauses effectively in their

writing.

Concept Map

CLAUSE: group of related words containing a subject

and a verb

Dependent clause

introduced by

Subordinating conjunction

Relative pronoun

Independent clause introduced by

Coordinating Conjunction

Noun Clause

Adjective Clause

Adverb Clause

TYPES

Key PointsToday our lesson is about phrases, clause and types of clauses.

Recapitulation:1. DEFINITION: PHRASE: A group of related words which does not have a subject or a verb. So they cannot be used alone, but you can use them as part of a clause/sentence, where they are used as parts of speech. EXAMPLES:• At the onset• Into the room • On the table • Across the road

In the above sentences, you may find nouns but the nouns are not doing any action (verb). They are all phrases.

CLAUSE: A clause is a group of words that has subject, a verb and a predicate. It can sometimes act as a sentence and gives a complete meaning.

TYPES OF CLAUSESPrincipal clause/main clause/Independent clause: It is the main clause of the whole sentence. It can stand

on its own and deliver the complete meaning. • He went away.• The boy was weeping.

Sub-ordinate clause/dependent clause: This clause also contains a subject and a predicate but it cannot stand on its own. It is dependent on the Main Clause to deliver the complete meaning.

I saw a boy who was crying.I met my friend who had helped me a lot.

JOINING CLAUSES: Two or more than two clauses can be joined together with the help of conjunctions.

Recapitulation: A CONJUNCTION is a word which joins two clauses together into one sentence that makes sense.We can join two main or independent clauses with the help of Coordinating Conjunctions. Examples: FANBOYS (For, and, nor, but, or, yet, so)

To join a main clause and a subordinate clause, a Subordinating Conjunction is used.


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Examples: So much so, that, when, where , which , what, how, whom, whose, whether, If , provided, Provided that, Notwithstanding, as, as if, as though, as much as, as far as, as soon as, as long as, so long as, according to, after, before, because, until, unless, for, in that, than that, now that, though, so that, in order that, wherever etc“.

TYPES OF SUB-ORDINATE CLAUSE1. NOUN CLAUSE: A group of words having subject and a verb but it acts like a noun. It begins with words such as how, that, what, whatever, when, where, whether, which, whichever, who, whoever, whom, whomever, and why. A noun clause can act as a subject, direct object, indirect object, predicate, or object of a preposition. • Whatever you say is fine with me. (As a subject)• Can you tell me what the time is? (As an object)• I asked mother why Mohan has gone to the market.

(As an object of a preposition)• Joy is whatever gives us happiness. (As a predicate)

2. ADJECTIVE CLAUSE (ALSO KNOWN AS AN ADJECTIVAL CLAUSE): It does work of an adjective (qualifies a noun or pronoun) in relation to some other clause.These clauses begin with a relative pronoun, which connects them to the word they describe, such as: that, where, when, who, whom, whose, which, why• The pen that you took from me belongs to Ram.• The place where he lives is far from here.• I cannot remember the time when mobile phones

were introduced.• People who are smart follow the rules.• The lady whom you were talking to was my aunt.• I know someone whose father served in the army.• The plan which you avoided is a great success now.• I don’t know why she doesn’t like soups.

REDUCING ADJECTIVE CLAUSES TO PHRASESThe books that were borrowed from the library must be returned by 23rd March. (Adjective Clause) The books borrowed from the library must be returned by 23rd March. (Adjective Phrase) The girl who is performing on the stage is my niece. (Adjective Clause) The girl performing on the stage is my niece. (Adjective Phrase)My wallet which consisted of some important documents and money is lost on the way. (Adjective Clause)

My wallet consisting of some important documents and money is lost on the way. (Adjective Phrase)

3. ADVERB CLAUSE: It works as of an adverb to some Verb, Adjective or Adverb.

(a) Adverb clause of time: An adverb clause of time shows when something happens. It is usually introduced by time adverbs. Examples: before, after, as, when, while, until, as soon as, since, no sooner than, as long as etc.

• Mohan will go home when he has finished his work.• Do not talk while she is delivering a lecture.• We will conclude the meeting after he comes.• She had already left before I called up.• He has not been well since he ate that food from

outside. • There was silence as he took the mic in his hand.

(b) Adverb clause of place: It points to place indicates the place about which the verb talks. It is usually introduced by place adverbs. Examples: where, wherever, whereas

• Please keep it where you can find it.• Come back wherever you are.

(c) Adverb clause of purpose: It points to purpose and uses adverbs like that, so that, in order that and lest.

• We eat that we may live.• He worked hard that he may clear the exam.• Put on your warm clothes lest you should catch a

cold.

(d) Adverb clause of cause or reason: It points to cause or reason. It is introduced by cause/reason adverbs. Examples: Because, since, As, For, that

• I was glad that I reached on time.• Mom must take rest because she is tired.• As he was not there, I left a message.

(e) Adverb clause of condition: It shows condition and is introduced with adverbs like If, whether, unless, provided, on condition.

• If it rains, we will not go out.• You won’t pass unless you work hard.• We will be able to finish the work provided that no

other obstacle comes now.• You can use my room so long as you don’t untidy it.


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• You can use my room as long as you don’t untidy it. • You need to take this medicine whether you like it or not.• Dad forgave me on condition that I won’t do it again.

(f) Adverb clause of result: It points to what happens or what may happen as a result of the action. It begins with adverb clauses of result are: so that, in order that, so…that and such…that.

• He spoke loudly so that everyone could hear him. • He spoke loudly in order that everybody would hear him.• It was so hot that we didn’t go out.• She spoke in such a low voice that nobody could hear her.

(g) Adverb clause of comparison: This is of two types.

1. Adverb clauses of comparison of degree: It is introduced by words like ‘than’ or ‘as’. • Nobody loves me more than my mother does. • I work harder than my brother does.

2. Adverb clauses of comparison of manner: It is introduced by words like ‘as’. • You may do as you please.• The movie ended as the audience expected.

Work PlanCONTENT COVERAGE DETAILS PRACTICE SHEETS

Concept map and Key points Clauses and phrases PS-1PS-2PS-3



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I. Read the following pair of sentences and use coordinating conjunctions FANBOYS (For, and, Nor, but, or, yet, so) to join them. Look at the given example.He is ill _________ he is cheerful.

Ans: He is ill but he is cheerful.

1. You follow the traffic rules _________ you will be caught by the traffic police.

2. She was angry, ____________ the teacher spoke rudely with her.

3. He begged for money, ___________ he also wanted some clothes.

4. I worked out everything, ___________ I could not get the conclusion.

5. His hair was looking untidy___________ he went to the hair salon.

6. I didn’t attend the meeting, __________ did Mohan attend.

7. I wanted to buy a red dress, __________ the shop did not have any.

8. You must study, _________ your concepts are not clear.

9. The sky became cloudy _________ it did not rain.

10. I don’t like basketball __________ do I like cricket.

II. Rewrite the following sentences by using the subordinating conjunction given in the bracket. Look at the given example.I waited. He returned from office. (till)

Ans: I waited till he returned from office.

1. Go to bed. Brush your teeth. (after)2. I have to join coaching classes. I am weak in

Math. (because)3. We did not go out. It was raining. (since)4. I woke up. I saw that my aunt had come.

(When)5. You finish your food. You cannot leave the

table. (Until)6. I was reading a book. The phone rang.

(While)7. You practice. You will not learn the dance

steps. (Unless)8. Do not go. I return from the market. (Before)9. You need to study hard. You can do well in

the exams. (So That)10. I will be upset. You don’t accept my

invitation. (If)


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I. Read the following sentences and identify whether the subordinate clause is an adverb clause, adjective clause or noun clause. Look at the given example.They get good result who work hard.

Ans: Adjective clause

1. I wouldn’t have fought if the fault was only on my side.

2. That you should behave like this surprises me.

3. His statement that he found the money on the road was true.

4. I asked the boy what his name was.5. He who heads an institution is always

worried. 6. Childhood is the time when the values are

instilled by the parents. 7. People who are honest can be trusted. 8. He will help me because he knows my

problems well.9. The child followed the mother wherever she

went.10. If I find the book in the library, I will borrow

it.

II. Change the following adjective clauses to adjective phrases. Look at the given example. The article which was published in the newspaper was extraordinary.

Ans: The article published in the newspaper was extraordinary.

1. The rules that allow public to access this place have been changed.

2. Did you get the message which concerned the special meeting?

3. We have an apartment which faces a park.4. She lives in a house which was built by her

grandfather.5. The fence which surrounds our house is

made of wire.6. The scientists who are researching the

causes of this disease have found a new clue.7. The children who work hard get good results.8. The Chief Minister comes from a city which is

located on the bank of Ganges.9. The people who were waiting for the bus

were affected by the rain.10. Do you know the girl who is coming towards

us?


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I. Combine the following set of sentences into an adverb clause. Look at the given example.I always brush my teeth ____________ I go to

bed.• before• after• whenAns: before

1. Please do not leave for the trip ____________ Meera arrives from the office. • until• up to• unless

2. He hid the treasure ____________ nobody could find it. • there• where• when

3. She is ____________ cunning as a fox. • as• so• than

4. ____________ the owner was not there, the postman left the letter on the doorway. • As• So• Therefore

5. We work hard in life ____________ we may live comfortably.• so that• so• as

6. Ram was ____________ sick that he could barely stand.• so• such• as

7. ____________ you work for such longer hours, you may fall ill.• If• Whether• Unless

8. ____________ he stood there for an hour, he could not get the ticket. • As• Though• So

9. ____________ you discuss everything with your parents, they will not be able to help you.• If• Unless• Whether

10. Do not give up ____________ you get the desired results. • until• unless• till

II. Complete the following sentences by adding suitable noun clauses. Look at the given example.I cannot understand _________________________________________________________.

Ans: I cannot understand why she fought with me.

1. They said ____________________________________________________________.

2. I think ____________________________________________________________.

3. He told me ____________________________________________________________.

4. ____________________________________________________________ hurts me.

5. You can eat ____________________________________________________________.

6. Can you guess ____________________________________________________________?

7. I feel certain ____________________________________________________________.

8. I do not know ____________________________________________________________.

9. No one knew ____________________________________________________________.

10. My dad was glad____________________________________________________________.

Time: 30 MinsMarks: 20 SELF-EVALUATION SHEET

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I. Read the following sentences and identify whether the underlined portions are phrases or clauses. Look at the given example. (10 Marks)Guns in the hands of the policemen were enough to disperse the crowd.

Ans: Phrase

1. Opening the gate, Rahul took his dog out for walk.

2. I had guessed that his intention was not correct.

3. Late for school, Rahul rushed to catch the bus.

4. If you think you are capable, do not hesitate.

5. From out of nowhere, the stranger appeared in front of Reena.

6. Many mistakes occur out of confusion.

7. By giving appropriate examples, we can easily understand any topic.

8. She told her story in order to get sympathy.

9. They stared at each other and walked slowly.

10. Good communication is important so that people can get your intent.

II. Identify the underlined clause as a noun clause, adverb clause or adjective clause in each of the following sentences. Look at the given example. (10 Marks)Every day we throw away paper that we should be recycling.

Ans: Noun clause

1. She always enquires to know why I am late from office.

2. Unless you participate you cannot predict about the result.

3. Goa is known for its beaches which are very beautiful.

4. She took leave for a day because she was ill.

5. If you had applied your mind, you would have solved the puzzle.

6. She told me that she loved her job.

7. This is the house which belongs to my grandfather.

8. Don’t go before I come.

9. I wonder if he is available for the job.

10. What he did was appreciated by everyone.

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15. Speech

Objectives

At the end of the lesson, students will be able to:• Differentiate direct speech from indirect &

reported speech.• Use direct and indirect speech in writing.• Change different kinds of sentences from direct

speech to indirect speech and vice versa.

Starter ActivityCHANGES IN REPORTED SPEECH

(Direct Speech) (Indirect Speech)(the actual words a person says –

inside quotation marks)(telling what a person said –no quotation marks)

Simple Present → Simple PastPresent Continuous → Past Continuous

Present Perfect → Past PerfectSimple Past → Past Perfect

Present Perfect Continuous → Past Perfect Continuousshall → should

will → wouldmay → mightcan → could

must → had toNote: Would

Should → These do not changeOught to in reported speech.

Had betterMight

Used toCould

OTHER CHANGES This

These Today

YesterdayNow

TomorrowThe day before yesterday

The day after tomorrowNext week Last week

→→→→→→→→→→

That Those That dayThe day before ThenThe next day, the following day Two days beforeTwo days later, in two days’ time The following weekThe previous week

In the above table, you can capture the basic changes which occur when we change from indirect speech to direct speech.

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15. Speech

Key PointsThere are 2 ways of reporting what is spoken by a person: when the exact words are given it is called Direct Speech otherwise it is called Indirect Speech. EXAMPLE: She said, “I am going to the market.” (Direct Speech) She said that she was going to the market. (Indirect Speech)

1.RULES (DIRECT SPEECH)1. Use of a capital letter in the beginning of the

speaker’s statement.2. Words like ‘said’/ ‘told’ and verbs introducing

the speech can go at the beginning as well as at the end of the sentence. In both the cases, we separate the words of the speaker by using a comma (,).

3. We use quotation marks or inverted commas (“…”) to introduce the words of the speaker. Commas, full stops, question marks and other punctuation marks always go inside the inverted commas.

Please note: The commonest reporting verbs in both direct and indirect speech are: say, tell, and ask.

2.RULES (INDIRECT SPEECH)1. All inverted commas or quotation marks are

omitted and the sentence ends with a full stop.2. Conjunction ‘that’ is added before the indirect

statement, ‘whether’ is used in case of ‘yes-no’ questions and no conjunction is needed in case of ‘wh’ questions.

Example: (DIRECT SPEECH)Mukesh: What are you doing here? I haven’t seen you in the holidays.Reena: I’ve just come back from my native place.Mukesh: Did you enjoy the visit?Reena: I love my village. People are still so simple and loving. Mukesh: Did you meet your relatives?Reena: Yes. I will show you some photographs. Are you going to the school tomorrow? Mukesh: Yes. We must not miss the first day of the school after the holidays. Reena: Good bye! See you tomorrow.

(INDIRECT SPEECH) Mukesh asked Reena what was she doing there and added that he hadn’t see her in the holidays. Reena explained that she had been just back from her native place. Mukesh wondered if she had enjoyed the visit. Reena told him that she loved her village and that the people were still so simple and loving. Mukesh

wanted to know if Reena had met her relatives. Reena agreed and promised that she would show him some photographs. She further asked if he was going to the school the next day. Mukesh answered in affirmation and suggested that they must not miss the first day of the school after the holidays. Reena bade him good bye and promised to see him the next day.

3. CHANGES IN PERSON:1. First person pronouns (I, we, me, mine, us, ours)

normally change to the third person (he, she, they, his, her, their, him, her, them).

The teacher told me, “I want to meet your father.” The teacher told me that she/he wanted to meet

my father.

2. There will be no change in the pronoun when the speaker reports his own words.

I said, “I am working in a bank.” I said that I was working in a bank.

3. Second person pronouns (you, yours) change according to the person of the object of the reporting verb.

He told her, “I will buy this dress for you.” He told her that he would buy that dress for her. I told her, “You are late for the meeting.” I told him that she was late for the meeting.

4. Third person pronouns do not normally change. She said, “I owe money to him.” She said that she owed money to him.

4. CHANGES IN TENSEDIRECT SPEECH INDIRECT SPEECH

PRESENT TENSEPRESENT SIMPLE changes into PAST SIMPLE

He said, “I love my country.”

He said that he loved his country.

PRESENT CONTINUOUS changes into PAST CONTINUOUS

He said, “I am watching TV.”

He said that he was watching TV.

PRESENT PERFECT changes into PAST PERFECTShe said, “My brother has finished his work.”

She said that my brother had finished his work.

PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS changes into PAST PERFECT CONTINUOUSMohan said, “I have been studying since morning.

Mohan said that he had been studying since morning.

PAST TENSEPAST SIMPLE changes into PAST PERFECT

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15. Speech

DIRECT SPEECH INDIRECT SPEECHHe said to me, “I went to cinema last night.”

He told me that he had gone to cinema the night before.

PAST CONTINUOUS changes into PAST PERFECT CONTINUOUS

They said, “We were enjoying the meal at the restaurant.”

They said that they had been enjoying the meal at the restaurant.

PAST PERFECT (No change)She said, “I had not laughed at you.”

She said that she had not laughed at me.

FUTURE TENSEFUTURE SIMPLE TENSE

He said, “I will read this book”

He said that he would not read that book.

FUTURE CONTINUOUS TENSEI said to him, “I will be waiting for you.”

I told him that I would be waiting for him.

FUTURE PERFECT TENSEHe said, “I will have finished the work by tomorrow.”

He said that he would have finished the work by the next day.

Please note: If instead of “said”, in the direct speech, “says” is used, the tense in the indirect speech usually remains the same. Direct speech: He says, “I visit the library every day.”Indirect speech: He says that he visits library every day.

5. OTHER CHANGES IN WORDS WORDS CHANGED INTO

This ThatThese ThoseHere ThereNow Then

Sir/Madam RespectfullyToday That Day

Yesterday The Previous Day/the day before

Tomorrow Following Day or Next Day

Tonight That NightGood Morning, Good Evening, Good Day

Greeted

Rahul: Ram came yesterday.Rahul said that had come the day before.

Rahul: Ram will come tomorrow.Rahul said that Ram would come the next day.

CHANGES IN DIFFERENT KINDS OF SENTENCESLet’s see how we change different kinds of sentences from direct to indirect speech.

1. ASSERTIVE SENTENCES: AFFIRMATIVE AND NEGATIVE Geeta said, I love chocolatesGeeta said that she loved chocolates.

Ram said, I have not won a prizeRam said that he had not won a prize.

2. IMPERATIVE SENTENCESORDER: The words ‘said to’ in the reporting speech are replaced by the word ‘ordered’.The manager said to the workers, “Leave the room at once.”The manager ordered the workers to leave the room at once.

The teacher said to the boys, “Do not make a noise.” (NEGATIVE SENTENCE) The teacher ordered the boys not to make a noise.

REQUEST: The words ‘said to’ in the reporting speech are changed into requested. The words ‘Please/Kindly’ are removed without any word in its place.

The boy said to the shopkeeper, “Please give me some milk.”The boy requested the shopkeeper to give him some

milk.

The son said to his father,” Please do not send me to school.”The son requested his father not to send him to

school.

ADVICE: The words ‘said to’ in the reporting speech are changed into advised.The teacher said to him, “utilise your time.”The teacher advised him to utilise his time.

SUGGESTION: These sentences generally start with ‘Let us’. The words ‘said to’ in the reporting speech are changed into ‘proposed to’ or ‘suggested to’.She said to her daughter, “Let us go to mall.”She suggested to her daughter that they should go to

mall.

COMPULSION: These sentences generally start with “do not”He said to me, “Do not make haste.”He forbade me to make haste.

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15. Speech

3. INTERROGATIVE SENTENCESRecapitulation: These kinds of sentences ask questions. (These include both Yes/No questions as well ‘Wh’ Questions.)“Where have you been?” he said.He asked me where I had been.In yes/no questions, we use if or whether in the indirect speech. “Will you come?” she asked me. She asked me if/whether I would come.She said, “Will you attend the party?”She asked me whether I would attend the party.

4. EXCLAMATORY SENTENCESRecapitulation: These sentences express our feelings and emotions and we use mark of exclamation at the end.

Rules:1. Interjections (alas, aha, hurray, etc.) are used

along with sign of exclamation.2. Reporting verb, ‘said’ is always replaced

with exclaimed with joy, exclaimed with sorrow, exclaimed joyfully, exclaimed sorrowfully or exclaimed with great wonder or sorrow.

He said, “Hurrah! I won a prize” He exclaimed with joy that he had won a prize.She said, “Alas! I failed in exam”She exclaimed with sorrow that she failed in the exam.Ram said, “Wow! What a nice weather it is”Ram exclaimed with wonder that it was a nice weather.He said, “Oh no! I broke my ankle.”He exclaimed with sorrow that he had broken his

ankle.

5. OTHER KINDS OF SENTENCES (HOPE, PRAYER, WISH) D: My father said to me, “May you live long!”I: My father prayed that I might live long.D: She said, “I wish that I were rich!”I: She wished she had been rich.

Work Plan

CONTENT COVERAGE DETAILS NO. OF PERIODS

PRACTICE SHEETS

Starter activity and Key Points Direct & Indirect speech3

PS-1PS-2PS-3

Self-test 1 Self-evaluation Sheet


150

I. Complete the reported questions. Look at the given example.“What did you say?” - He asked me what _______

_________________________________.Ans: I had said

1. “Where are you?” - My friend asked me ________________________________________.

2. “Which one will you buy?” – Mom asked him ______________________________________

3. “Are you travelling soon?” - He wanted to know _________________________________.

4. “May I help you?” - The salesman asked me _____________________________________.

5. “Have you set your alarm clock?” - Mom asked him ______________________________.

6. “Is Delhi the capital of India?” He asked his teacher _______________________________.

7. “Would you cook tonight?” - Ganesh asked her mother_____________________________.

8. “How long have you been standing here?” The clerk asked the visitor__________________.

9. “What do you do for your livelihood?” - She asked me _____________________________.

10. “Would you like a cup of tea?” – Reema asked the guest __________________________.

II. Convert to reported speech. Look at the given example.“Shut up, everybody!” said the teacher.

Ans: The teacher ordered everybody to shut up.

1. “Open the window, Ram.,” said Reena.2. “Phone your mother right now.” the warden

told him.3. “Don’t be late,” she warned him.4. “Don’t talk to any stranger on the way,

Meera,” said the mother.5. “Don’t listen to a word he says,” she told me.6. Mamta said, “Shyam, help me clean up your

room.” 7. Raghu said, “Shyam, Get out of my way.” 8. Dad said, “Boys! Stay away from the dog,” 9. “Bruno, don’t scratch the sofa,” said Ram.10. “Look after your sister,” said his father.


151151

I. Change the following conversation into reported speech.Ms. Das: Gopal, you aren’t doing well in class, and

you probably won’t pass.Gopal: I know that, but I don’t have time to study.Ms. Das: Why don’t you have time? Gopal: I have to take my sister to the hospital

every day. In fact, I took her there last night.

Ms. Das: Are you the only one who can do that?Gopal: Both my parents work so there is no one

else.Ms. Das: Take few days leave if you have family

problems. Gopal: I may do that but my mother wants me

to come to school every day.Ms. Das: Take care of your sister until she feels better.Gopal: She’s not sick. She is fine.Ms. Das: Why does she have to go to the hospital

every day?Gopal: She works there. She’s a nurse.

Ms. Das told Gopal that _____________________ and that _________________________. Gopal replied that ______________________ but _________________________. Ms. Das asked him ________________________. Gopal answered that ______________________. He further added that ______________________. Ms. Das asked him ______________________. Gopal answered that ________________________________. Ms. Das told Gopal _______________________. Gopal said that _______________________. Ms. Das told Gopal ________________________________. Gopal told Ms. Das that __________________________ and that ____________________. Ms. Das asked him ___________________. Gopal explained that ____________________ and that _________________________.

II. Change the following exclamatory sentences into reported speech. Look at the given example.He said, “Alas, I am destroyed”.

Ans: He exclaimed sadly that he was destroyed.

1. Raj said, “How clever you are!”2. The captain said, “Bravo, we have won the

game!”3. He said, “Good-bye, my friends”.4. He said, “How sad the news is!”5. Rahul said, “What a nice thing it is!”6. My aunt said to me, “May you live long.”7. The visitor said, “Good morning. I am glad to

meet you.’8. You said to me, “How clever your action

was!”9. He said, “Such a fool I am!”10. He said to me, “What a nice fellow your

brother is!”


152

I. Change the sentences from indirect to direct speech. Look at the given example.The woman said she couldn’t speak English.

Ans: The woman said, “I can’t speak English.”

1. He told to me that he had never met us. 2. They told us they would travel the following

day. 3. We told them that we were walking in the

park. 4. She said that she had worked for the school

for twenty years.5. Mohan said that he had been trying to mend

the wall since last Tuesday. 6. He said that he had been doing nothing at

one o’clock.7. The management said that the college would

be closed down by the following year. 8. Mamta said she wished she could be

independent. 9. He said that someone had been screaming in

the garden.10. Meera said that she would wash her hands

first.

II. Change the reported questions and requests into direct speech. Look at the given example.The doctor asked me to open my mouth.

Ans: The doctor said to me, “Please open your mouth.”

1. Mom asked me if I was hungry. 2. The teacher asked the student what he

wanted from him.3. She requested me to help her sick child.4. I asked them if they were waiting for me.5. Father asked the child why he was crying.6. The manager requested Mohan to join the

company the following month.7. Rahul asked his sister why she was

interrupting him.8. He asked his mother if he should lock the

door.9. She requested me to lend my laptop to her.10. Reena told me not to eat so much.

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I. Complete the sentences in the reported speech. Look at the given example. (10 Marks)“I admire you.” She said she ___________ me.

Ans: She said she admired me.

1. “It is too early.” - I said it ___________ too early.

2. “I have replied to your email.” - He said that ___________

3. “I met you yesterday.” - Shama told me she had met me ___________

4. “I cannot come.” - Meera said that ___________

5. “I could fall down.” - He exclaimed ___________down.

6. “I will give payment tomorrow.” - He said he would give payment ___________

7. “The Himalayas are the highest.” - He said that the Himalayas ___________ the highest.

8. “I may lend you some money.” – Raj said ___________ some money.

9. “I have been reading a book.” - He replied that ___________ a book.

10. “You must rest.” - The doctor suggested that ___________.

II. Compare the direct and indirect speech and correct mistakes. Look at the given example. (10 marks)“I am not going to take this anymore,” said

Seema. Seema said she was not going to take this

anymore.Ans: Seema said she was not going to take that anymore.

1. “You have always been my best companion,” said Rahul.

Rahul said that I was always his best companion.

2. “We never go to town,” said Raghu. Raghu said that they had never gone to town.

3. “I will talk to Ram soon,” she told me on Sunday.

She told me on Sunday she will talk to Ram soon.

4. “You used to exercise every day,” he said. He said I had used to exercise every day.

5. “I wish I was twenty years younger,” said mom.

Mom said she wished she have been twenty years younger.

6. “Answer the phone!” he told me. He told me I answered the phone.

7. “Where is Vivek?” she asked me. She asked me where was Vivek.

8. “Don’t shout at me,” he told me. He told me I didn’t shout at him anymore.

9. She said, ‘Hurrah! We have won the quiz.” She said that they had won the quiz.

10. “I am waiting for someone,” he said. He said that he is waiting for someone.

16. Voice

154

Objectives

At the end of the lesson, students will be able to:• Identify verbs in a variety of contexts.• Analyse verbs to determine whether constructions

is in active or passive voice.

• How to use active and passive voice in their writing situations.

• Choose verbs (active or passive) appropriate for the audience and purpose of their writing

Concept Map

ACTIVE & PASSIVE

VOICE

ACTIVE: SUBJECT+VERB+

OBJECT

A sentence/clause in which the

subject performs or causes the

action

A sentence/clause

in which we want to

emphasize the action and the object rather

than the subject.

PASSIVE: OBJECT+VERB+

SUBJECT

The hunter killed the lion. The lion was killed by

the hunter.

Definition: Voice determines whether the subject performs or receives the action.There are two types of voice in English grammar.1. Active Voice: Subject performs the action. This

voice is used in general writing. Structure: Subject + Verb + ObjectMeera reads a book.

2. Passive Voice: Subject receives the action.Structure: Object + Verb + SubjectA book is read by Meera.

Please note: When we change the voice, the meaning of the sentence does not change. Uses of Passive voice 1. To highlight the person or object that receives

an action rather than the person or object that performs the action.

• The highways are being repaired. • This palace was built in 1964.

2. When we don’t know or do not want to express who performed the action.

• The window is left open. • Thousands of people get killed in road

accidents.

3. When the mentioning of the subject is not necessary.

• The burglar was arrested. • Environment should be conserved.

Basic rules to change the voice • Interchange the places of subject and object. • The subject of active sentence becomes the

agent. • Use of third form (past participle) of the verb.

Please note: The sentences with Intransitive Verbs cannot be changed into passive voice.

Recapitulation:

Transitive verbs: These kinds of verbs require objects after them.The lion killed the deer. (Active)The deer was killed by the lion. (Passive)

Intransitive Verbs: These kinds of verbs do not require objects after them.The sun rises in the east. (Voice cannot be changed)

16. Voice

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CHANGE OF SUBJECTActive Voice Passive Voice

I MeHe Him

She HerYou You

They ThemIt It

We UsWho Whom

Please note: Sometimes there are two objects in sentence. While changing the voice, we can make any one of the two objects, subject of the passive sentence.Active: The waiter served the food to us.Passive 1: The food was served to us by the waiter.Passive 2: We were served food by the waiter.

CHANGES IN TENSES: Simple Present Tense

is, am, are+3rd verbActive Voice Passive VoiceBoys make noise. Noise is made by boys.

Boys do not make noise. Noise is not made by boys.

Do boys make noise? Is noise made by boys?Present Continuous Tense

is, am, are+being+3rd verbActive Voice Passive Voice

Boys are making noise. Noise is being made by boys.

Boys are not making noise.

Noise is not being made by boys.

Are boys making noise? Is noise being made by boys?

Present Perfect Tensehas, have+been+3rd verbActive Voice Passive Voice

She has told me a story. I have been told a story by her.

She has not told me a story.

I have not been told a story by her.

Has she told me a story? Have I been told a story by her?

Simple Past Tensewas, were+3rd verb

Active Voice Passive VoiceShe told me a story. A story was told by her.She did not tell me a story.

A story was not told by her.

Did she tell me a story? Was a story told by her?Past Continuous Tense

was, were+being+3rd verbActive Voice Passive VoiceShe was telling me a story.

I was being told a story by her.

She was not telling me a story.

I was not being told a story by her.

Was she telling me a story?

Was I being told a story by her?

Past Perfect Tensehad+been+3rd verbActive Voice Passive VoiceThey had raised objections.

Objections had been raised by them.

They had not raised objections.

Objections had not been raised by them.

Had they raised objections?

Had objections been raised by them?

Simple Future Tensewill, shall+be+3rd verbActive Voice Passive Voice

He will give the money. Money will be given by him.

He will not give the money.

Money will not be given by him.

Will he give the money? Will the money be given by him?

Future Perfect Tensewill, shall+ have been+3rd verbActive Voice Passive Voice

The company will have received the quotations.

The quotations will have been received by the company.

The company will not have received the quotations.

The quotations will not have been received by the company.

Will the company have received the quotations?

Will quotations have been received by the company?

16. Voice

156

Please note: The following tenses cannot be changed into passive voice.1. Present perfect continuous tense2. Past perfect continuous tense 3. Future continuous tense4. Future perfect continuous tense

CHANGES IN MODALS:

MODALS AUXILIARY VERB IN PASSIVE VOICE ACTIVE VOICE PASSIVE VOICE

Can/ Could Can/Could+ be+ 3rd verb

She can bake a delicious cake. A delicious cake can be baked by her.

She cannot bake a delicious cake. A delicious cake cannot be baked by her.

Can she bake a delicious cake? Can a delicious cake be baked by her?

Has to/ Have to

Has to/ Have to+3rd verb They have to take an action. An action has to be taken.

Must Must+3rd verb You must read this book. This book must be read by you.May may+be+3rd verb I may join this job. This job may be joined by me.Might NO CHANGEShould NO CHANGE

IMPERATIVE SENTENCES (feelings and emotions like command, order, advice, and request.)

REQUEST: In passive voice, we start sentences with ‘You are requested to’.Please close the door. (Active)You are requested to close the door. (Passive)

Please lend me this book.You are requested to lend this book to me.

ADVICE: In passive voice, we start sentences with ‘You are advised to’.Do your work on time. (Active)You are advised to work on time. (Passive)

Do not drink too much coffee.You are advised not to drink too much coffee.

COMMAND OR ORDER: In passive voice, we start sentences with ‘Let or ordered to’Open the window. (Active) Let the window be opened.

Call the manager.You are ordered to call the manager.

SUGGESTION: Help the needy and the poor.The needy and the poor should be helped.

Wear helmet for safety.Helmet should be worn for safety.

Respect parents. (Active Voice)Parents should be respected. (Passive Voice)

Love the kids. (Active Voice)The kids should be loved. (Passive Voice)

Work Plan


Concept Map and Key Points Active & passive voice, recap of rules PS-1PS-2PS-3



157157

I. Change the following sentences from active to passive voice. Look at the given example.They were showing her round the house.

Ans: She was being shown round the house by them.

1. We ought to treat our parents with more respect.

2. I had left my wallet behind.3. You are to take this medicine daily.4. The villagers considered him to be a noble

person.5. Rub this ointment on your arm every night.6. Everyone avoids him.7. The director himself praised Mohan.8. He has served the army for thirty years.9. The little boys were playing football in the

garden.10. You have messed up all my stuff.

II. Change the following sentences from passive to active voice. Look at the given example.Meera had been left behind by the friends.

Ans: The friends had left Meera behind.

1. This type of skin is shed by a rattle snake.2. A lot of people have been benefitted by this

project.3. He will not be forgotten ever.4. The new circular has been noted by all of us.5. He was regarded as a hero by the people. 6. The teacher had been impressed by the little

boy’s courage and determination.7. An appointment had been made by me.8. The goods have been delivered by lorry.9. Calls were made by the many interested

candidates.10. The visitors are accompanied by a guide

during the tour.


158

I. Fill in the blanks with most suitable passive form. Look at the given example.There was a car behind us last night. I think we ______ (follow).

Ans: were followed

1. A riddle is something that ______ (can’t solve).

2. We couldn’t watch cricket yesterday. The match ______ (cancel).

3. The problem ______ (fix). The machine is working now.

4. The guests ______ (hold up) by four masked men.

5. This monument is ______ (believe) to be over 500 years old.

6. The bus fares ______ (raise) three times this year.

7. The papers ________ (might/throw) away by the servants.

8. I learnt to cycle when I was very young. I ______ (teach) by my dad.

9. After ______ (arrest), the thief was taken to the police station.

10. Quite a number of illegal buildings ______ (demolish) recently.

II. Read the following set of instructions and fill in the blanks in passive voice in an appropriate way.HOW TO COVER YOUR BOOK• To find the width of the book, lay the book

open. • Put it on the cover and mark a faint line with a

pencil on your paper. • Press your book down so it does not move. • Take a sharp pair of scissors and cut the paper

to size. • Close your book and put it the centre of the

paper. • Faintly mark the edges of the top and bottom

of the book. • Then add an extra ¼ inch. • Take the book off the paper. • Fold the paper up to the spot marked and make

your folds into a crease. • Repeat the process with all the flaps. • Wrap the paper cover around the book and

tuck the top cover of the book carefully.• You can add a name tag to your cover. To find the width of the book, the book ________.

It ________ on the cover and a faint line ________ with a pencil on your paper. The book ________ so it does not move. A sharp pair of scissors ________ and the paper ________ to size. The book ________ and ________at the centre of the paper. The edges of the top and bottom of the book ________ faintly ________. Then an extra ¼ inch ________. The book ________ the paper. The paper ________ and the folds ________ a crease. The process ________with all the flaps. The paper cover ________ around the book and the top cover of the book ________ carefully. A name tag ________ to the cover.


159159

I. Change the following group of words into passive voice as per the form of the verb given in the bracket. Look at the given example.English – speak – in this country. (PRESENT

SIMPLE)Ans: English is spoken in this country.

1. This monument – build – in 1575 (PAST SIMPLE)

2. The highway – repair – at the moment (PRESENT CONTINUOUS)

3. The trees – cut down – last year. (PAST SIMPLE)

4. This room – paint – tomorrow (FUTURE SIMPLE)

5. When I came in – the fence– repair. (PAST CONTINUOUS)

6. This watch – repair – recently (PRESENT PERFECT SIMPLE)

7. The car – drown – in the lake. (PAST SIMPLE)8. The meeting – hold – in the main office. (PAST

CONTINUOUS)9. The curfew – enforce – because of tension

(PRESENT PERFECT)10. The banks – close – because of national

holidays (FUTURE – SIMPLE)

II. Identify whether the following sentences is in active voice or passive voice. Transform from active to passive and vice versa. Look at the given example.The garbage truck took away all the trash in the morning.

Ans: Active. All the trash is taken away by the garbage truck in the morning.

1. Mohan was driving my car.2. The lights in the room were switched on by

Seeta.3. The novel will be finished by him next week.4. The class selected him the monitor.5. Many people begin new projects in January.6. Ms. Das is teaching the students algebra.7. She bought ice-cream for the party.8. All of the old magazines had been thrown

out.9. The door was broken down by the police.10. Renu does all the work.


160

I. Read the following sentences and decide whether it is in active voice or passive voice. Look at the given example. (10 Marks)Ram was eating an apple.

Ans: active

1. This landscape was painted by my grandfather.

2. She opened the gift excitedly.

3. The packet was thrown away.

4. They opened the door with a master key.

5. The man could not be seen anywhere

6. Gyan was watching the birds.

7. Reena found the car keys.

8. The pen had been lost by Mohan.

9. The child was given a warning earlier too.

10. He is using my phone.

II. Fill in the blanks with the correct option give. Look at the given example. (10 Marks)A function was held to celebrate the wedding anniversary.

• Had held • Holds• Was held• Was to hold

1. What questions _____ you _____ in the exam?• were ... attempting• were ... attempted• are ... being attempted • have ... attempted

2. Gandhi’s biography _____ by a famous professor.• wrote• has written• was written• writes

3. After the first round, the applicants ______ to the main office.• have taken• will take• will be taking• will be taken

4. I _____ a free pass for a music concert. • Has given• have been given• have given• will give

5. _____ the house _____ yet ?• Is ... vacating • Has ... vacated• Has ... been vacated• Was ... vacate

6. These flowers ______ by my sister last year. • have embroidered• is embroidered• had been embroidered• can embroider

7. All the final estimates ______ thoroughly.• should calculate• should be calculating• should have calculated• should be calculated

8. It was a light remark. It ______ seriously.• is not taken• is not to take• is not to be taken• is not taking

9. This reference book ______ by the librarian himself.• recommended• were recommended• have recommended• was being recommended

10. Every new application ______ carefully by the committee.• is examined• was examine• were examined• has been examine

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17. Connectors and Conjunctions

Objectives

At the end of the lesson, students will be able to:• Define the term ‘conjunction’

• Identify different types of conjunctions and list them in different category.

• Use them effectively in their writing.

Concept Map

162


Definition: The conjunction is that part of speech which helps us to join or connect two or more than two words, phrases, or clauses in a particular sentence. It helps in establishing a relationship among these different parts of the sentence. Today we will learn kinds of conjunctions which are classified according to the function they perform in a sentence.Connectors are also called conjunctive words. These words link two similar elements in a sentence.

1. COORDINATING CONJUNCTIONSThese conjunctions link two clauses or phrases of equal value or equal status. They contain conjunctions FANBOYS (for, and, nor, but, or, yet, so)

• I drank some water, for I was thirsty. (Works here as because)

• Meera took her dress and wore it. • He refuses to eat vegetables, nor will he

fruits. • He is thin but he is strong. • We can go for a movie or we can stay at

home.• We all ought to grow old, yet we fear old age. • It was raining so we could not go out.

2. SUBORDINATING CONJUNCTIONS A subordinating conjunction is a word that connects an independent clause to a dependent clause.Please note: When a dependent clause comes at the beginning of a sentence before the independent clause, there is a comma between the two. However, when the independent clause comes first, there is no need to put a comma.

CONJUNCTION EXAMPLEafter I will leave after you come from

office. Although/Though

Although he failed last time, he did not give up.

as As I was walking on the road, I saw him.

as far as I trust him as far as he is concerned.

as long as I will help you as long as you work hard.

as soon as Call me as soon as possible.because She told me her story because

she wanted my help. before Please check your pockets before

you go inside the hall.even if Even if the sky falls down, I will go

today.

CONJUNCTION EXAMPLEhowever We spent so much time on the

project, however, the judges didn’t like it.

in case Take some money in case you require it.

in order to I want to work hard in order to clear the entrance exam.

so that He is learning French so that he can work in the embassy.

unless She won’t call me unless I call her first.

until/till I have until/till Friday to prepare for my exam.

when Was she there when you came back home?

whenever She reads books whenever she has time.

while While waiting for the food, we chatted with each other.

3. CORRELATING CONJUNCTIONS Correlative conjunctions come in pairs. They help in correlating one sentence element to another. They include pairs such as “both/and,” “either/or,” “neither/nor,” “not/but” and “not only/but also.” • As/as – This dress is not as beautiful as the blue

one.• As many/as – There are as many roses as there are

sunflowers in the vase. • Either/or – I want either the red dress or the blue

one.• Both/and – I will buy both the dress and the

matching shoes.• Whether/or – I couldn’t decide whether to buy the

blue dress or the red one.• Neither/nor – I want neither the red dress nor the

blue one. • No sooner/than – No sooner than had I stepped

out, it started raining.• Not only/but also – I will not only buy the red

dress but also the matching shoes.• Not/but – I will not buy the red dress but shoes

this time. • Rather/than – He rather than preferred to stay at

home go with them.• Such/that – Such was their friendship that no one

could ever break it.• Scarcely/when – I had scarcely walked in when I

heard my mother shouting.

163163


4. CONJUNCTIVE ADVERBS CONJUNCTIVE ADVERB

accordingly additionallyalso anywaybesides certainlycomparatively consequentlyconversely elsewhereequally finallyfurther furthermorehence henceforthhowever in additionin comparison in contrastincidentally indeedinstead likewisemeanwhile moreovernamely neverthelessnext nonethelessnow otherwiserather similarlystill subsequentlythen thereaftertherefore thusundoubtedly yet

• You must work hard; otherwise, your result will be affected. • Their car was bigger and therefore more comfortable.• No country, however rich, can afford the waste of its human resources.• Mother went shopping; meanwhile, I cleaned the house.Please note: Use a semicolon at the end of the first independent clause, followed by the conjunctive adverb, followed by a comma before writing the second independent clause.

Work Plan


Concept Map and Key Points Types of conjunctionsPS-1PS-2PS-3



164

I. Choose the correct alternative while filling in the blanks. Look at the given example.My dad is boarding a flight ______ the rest of us

will go by train.• and • as • even though • but Ans: But

1. Our team will win the match _______ the weather remains stable like this. • If• But• Although• In order to

2. _______ you are new here, spend some time to go around.• since • until • because • despite

3. Keep quiet _______ go out.• Because• since • until • or

4. _______ he was very ill, he didn’t take any medicine.• since • until • though• because

5. The reviews about the movie were great _______ I watched it. • since • so• though• because

6. The cat caught a mouse _______ killed it. • And • so• since • because

7. The rain was falling ______ I did not give up my walk.• And • Yet • since • because

8. Don’t call _______it’s something important.• Because• Yet• Since• Unless

9. Everyone was enjoying the fun _______ somebody got hurt. • Until• Since• Because• So

10. I left the school _______I was 17.• Since• Because• So • When


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II. Match the following sentences in the columns to make meaningful sentences. Look at the given example.

1 We wanted to see the movie A they found that it had been robbed. 1- H2 People often eat junk food B or stay at home?3 Shall we go for the football match C but it was too heavy.4 We went to the seaside D though I like it very much.5 I read through the book E because it is spicy and flavoured. 6 I cannot afford to buy this watch F And enjoyed ourselves very much. 7 Pick me up early, please G So that I could get some information. 8 I can show you the pictures H but there were no tickets available. 9 I tried to lift the table I If you would like to see them.10 As they entered the house, J so we don’t get late for the party.


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1. Read the following passages and fill in the appropriate conjunctions as shown in the example below:1. Malaysia lies in the tropics ______ is blessed

with plenty of rain and sunshine. Many types of trees _____ plants grow here. ______ these trees, there are some which bear delicious fruits. The durian is the “King of Fruits” which is an oval-shaped fruit about the size of a rugby ball. Its skin is green ______ yellow ______ covered with many sharp thorns. Inside, ______, the yellow flesh is soft and sweet. Its smell is very strong. The locals love the durian, ______foreigners find the smell hard to bear. We are lucky to have such a huge variety of fruits. ______fruits like the papaya, pineapple, banana and star fruit, they get imported fruits like apples and grapes, ______they are usually more expensive. ______we spend our money mainly on local fruits.

2. Today’s youth has more freedom to find ______ exchange information. This is possible ______ the invention of the Internet ______other forms of information technology. People are free to obtain information from different websites. ______the previous generation did have access to telephones, today’s youths often own mobile phones, which gives them ______ the ability to speak with friends, ______ share pictures, music and videos with them easily. In the olden days, children had to ask their parents for money______ they needed to buy something. Modern parents give their children a lump sum monthly for their pocket money. Parents today are more educated ______believe in teaching their children how to manage money from a young age. ______they have decided on a reasonable amount of allowance for their child, they leave it to their child to decide on how to spend that money. ______, modern parenting allows youths more say in managing their money.

3. The following passage has not been edited. A conjunction has been omitted in each line. Write the omitted word along with the word which comes before and after it as shown in the example.

Before word after Our journey uphill was a long twisting (a) long and twistingone. We cycled till the top the view (b)from there was spectacular remarkable. (c)I challenged my friend to race riding (d)down he protested. He warned me to slow (e)down. I turned a deaf ear I was filled with (f)excitement. I zoomed down. Trees bushes whisked (g)past me. I would certainly hurt myself I (h)slow down. I applied the brakes they did not (i)respond. No sooner I came to a steep slope I (j)found myself spinning on on down. I turned sharply (k)to avoid hitting a tree landed headlong into the (l) bushes. Luckily I didn’t injure myself it might not be (m)a soft landing it was surely a safer one! (n)


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I. Join each of the following pairs of simple sentences with, but, or & and. Look at the given example.The cat caught a mouse. The cat killed it.

Ans: The cat caught a mouse and killed it.

1. This car is beautiful. This car is expensive.2. The doctor tried his best. The patient died.3. You must finish your work. You will not go to

play.4. She looked out. She saw Ram walking down

the street. 5. I looked into the room. It was too dark to see

anything.6. Shall I keep it on the table? Shall I keep it on

the bed?7. I gave him the letter. I told him to post it. 8. He is very wealthy. He is not happy.9. We were waiting for them. They didn’t turn

up.10. You can have tea. You can have lemonade.

II. Fill in the blanks with suitable conjunctions. Look at the given example.The dog slept at our porch because it was raining heavily.

Ans: because

1. Shut all the windows _________ the rain will not come in.

2. I returned his scooter to him _________came back at once.

3. The bell was not working _________ I decided to knock at the door.

4. _________ I was ready on time, I missed the bus.

5. The old man was very wealthy _________he was also very miser.

6. They had to stop the game _________it started raining heavily.

7. I have not taken your purse, _________have I seen it anywhere.

8. I went through the whole website _________could not get the information I wanted.

9. I called my brother, but he was not in; _________ I left him a message.

10. The guests arrived _________she was preparing dinner.


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I. Read the following sentences and point out the conjunctions in the following sentences. State whether they are coordinating or subordinating or correlative conjunctions. Look at the given example. (10 Marks)You will succeed if you work harder.

Ans: If – subordinating conjunction

1. My relatives arrived after I left for school.

2. I waited on the table till everyone finished the meal.

3. I can’t lend you that book, for it is not available at the moment.

4. No sooner had I reached the school, than the assembly started.

5. Give the child something to eat, else he will fall sick.

6. I will eat both vegetables and the fruits.

7. You can travel by train or you can board a flight.

8. Since the boy admitted his mistake, no action was taken against him.

9. My grandfather had shifted with us when I was a child.

10. I would rather remain hungry than eating junk food.

II. Fill in the blanks with suitable conjunctions. Look at the given example. (10 Marks)She saw the bench was wet ______ she sat on it.

Ans: Yet

1. The weather was cold and wet, ______, we had a great time.

2. The road is steep ________ narrow. 3. We know not what good ________ we have

lost it is.4. She is gentle ________ kind to everyone.5. ________ my grandmother is old, she is

energetic. 6. Ram was a strong athlete; ______ he failed to

win the race.7. The dress was not suitable for the occasion,

________ she bought it.8. The weather was not very pleasant ________

we stayed at home.9. ________ you are back from your tour, we

need to discuss the problem.10. I don’t know ________I can spend that much

money on a dress.

18. Figures of Speech

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Objectives

At the end of the lesson, students will be able to:• To identify simile, metaphor, and alliteration in

poetry and prose • To critically appreciate a piece of poetry and

prose • Use these devices effectively in their own

compositions

Starter Activity

SET 1 SET 2The clock struck midnight and the sky was extremely dark.

The clock struck midnight and the sky was as black as ink.

The new couch was massive and could hardly fit inside any room.

The new couch was as big as a bus and could hardly fit inside any room.

She forgot her glasses and was not able to see anything clearly.

She forgot her glasses and felt as blind as a bat

The exam was very lengthy. The exam was a long never ending marathon.She works very slowly. She works at a snail’s pace.

Read the above sets of sentences and compare them. You will find not much difference in the meaning but impact is certainly much more when we read the 2nd set of sentences. The 1st set of sentences have been written in literal language. In the 2nd set of sentences, we find more colour and emphasis and they evoke more interest in us. When we use such colourful language which awakens our imagination, it is called figurative language.We use different figures of speech in “figurative language” to achieve the desirable impact in the readers.Today our lesson is about some basic FIGURES OF SPEECH1. Simile2. Metaphor3. Personification4. Alliteration

PURPOSE OF USING FIGURES OF SPEECH 1. For adding beauty and variety-by using figurative

language. 2. Clarity- a complex subject can be expressed

imaginatively and attractively.

1. SIMILE: A Simile shows a likeness or a direct comparison between two objects or events. A simile is usually introduced with the words- like, as, as……..so.

• She is as pretty as a picture. (very attractive or pleasant to look at)

• Today clouds look like fluffy balls of cotton. (clouds like balls of cotton)

• Snowflakes like soft white feathers. (snow falling very softly)

• a lawn like a green carpet (fine and lush green grass)

• thin as a bookmark (extremely thin)

2. METAPHOR: A Metaphor is like a simile. Two objects are compared, without the words ‘as or like’. It is an indirect comparison.

• He was a lion in the battlefield. (brave like a lion)

• Variety is the spice of life. (New and exciting experiences make life more interesting.)

• She was a tower of strength in their trouble. (Great deal of support and comfort to others.)

• He listened with a stone face. (A face which shows no emotions.)

Please note: Both similes and metaphors link one thing to another. A simile usually uses “as” or “like” whereas a metaphor doesn’t. It creates a relationship directly and leaves more to the imagination.

Simile: You are like sunshine of my life.

Metaphor: You are my sunshine.

3. PERSONIFICATION: In Personification, non-living objects, abstract ideas or qualities are spoken of as persons or human-beings. So in other words, we assign human qualities to a non-human

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object, animal, or an idea. • The tree leaves danced in the wind. (the

branches were moving as if they were dancing) • The chair stood up straight and tall. (tall and

upright looking chair) • The old and tattered house looked depressed.

(old dilapidated house) • The wind howled during the rainstorm. (loud

sound made by the wind) • Time flies when you are having a great time.

(time passes quickly)

4. ALLITERATION: Repeated consonant sounds at the beginning of words. It is meant to be more than a tongue twister. It is used to emphasize something important that a writer or speaker would like to express.

• The bouncing ball went high into the sky. (The “B” sound is repeated back to back)

• Finally friends find Friday fun. ((The “F” sound is repeated back to back)

• The quick cat climbed carefully. (The “K” sound is repeated back to back)

• Peter Piper picked a peck of pickled peppers. (The “P” sound is repeated back to back)

• She sells sea-shells down by the sea-shore. (The “SH” sound is repeated back to back)

Please note: Alliteration is the repetition of sounds, not letters.

Work Plan


Starter Activity and Key Points Figures of Speech: Introduction of Simile, metaphor, alliteration & personification

PS-1PS-2


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I. Write a noun for each adjective below that creates an alliteration. Look at the given example.Red ______

Ans: Red rose

1. brilliant __________________2. beautiful ____________________3. happy __________________4. gentle __________________5. cheap ___________________6. cooked _______________7. delicious ______________8. financial _________________9. flip _________________10. green __________________

II. Identify and explain the meaning of the personification in the sentences below.The feathers danced in the wind.

Ans: Human quality of dance given to feathers.

1. The fire ran wild and spread really quickly.2. The year raced by and before I knew, I was

old.3. The wind growled in the night. 4. My heart skipped a beat.5. The yellow shirt yelled my name in the

showroom.6. The cookies screamed from the oven. 7. The lanes whispered quietly during the night. 8. The good news travelled fast through the

school.9. The opportunity knocked at his door. 10. The night was hostile and angry.


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I. Circle the correct answer for each question below. The following expressions are example of what? Look at the given example.“As straight as an arrow”

a) metaphor b) simile c) personificationd) alliterationAns: simile

1. Love is blind.a) metaphor b) simile c) personificationd) alliteration

2. “Lucky lady” a) metaphor b) simile c) personificationd) alliteration

3. Your plants are begging for water. a) metaphor b) simile c) personificationd) alliteration

4. Her memory is cloudy since she cannot remember anything.a) metaphor b) simile c) personificationd) alliteration

5. “The city was a jungle.” a) metaphor b) simile c) personificationd) alliteration

6. Like a silent thief, the dog crept into the kitchen.a) metaphor b) simile c) personificationd) alliteration

7. The lion licked his lips.a) metaphor b) simile c) personificationd) alliteration

8. Her birthday was a storm of happiness. a) metaphor b) simile c) personification

d) alliteration9. Time flew faster than I expected.

a) metaphor b) simile c) personificationd) alliteration

10. The dark, cold and silent room.a) metaphor b) simile c) personificationd) alliteration

11. The child’s tears were like raindrops.a) metaphor b) simile c) personificationd) alliteration

12. The sun is playing hide and seek with the clouds todaya) metaphor b) simile c) personificationd) alliteration

13. The tornado consumed everything that stood in its way.a) metaphor b) simile c) personificationd) alliteration

14. She was a kite, floating in her imagination. a) metaphor b) simile c) personificationd) alliteration

15. Our teacher is an encyclopedia of information.a) metaphor b) simile c) personificationd) alliteration

16. The wildfire ran far and wide across.a) metaphor b) simile c) personificationd) alliteration


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17. She looks so good in these pictures, the camera just loves her.a) metaphor b) simile c) personificationd) alliteration

18. Her life was a rainbow of experiences. a) metaphor b) simile c) personificationd) alliteration

19. My thoughts fluttered from subject to subject like a butterfly.a) metaphor b) simile c) personificationd) alliteration

20. My noisy sister was like a buzzing fly.a) metaphor b) simile c) personificationd) alliteration

practice workbook - PubHTML5

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Transcript of practice workbook - PubHTML5