ArchitectureWhat are the ways that architecture encloses interior spaces?What impact do materials have on your impression of a building?What kinds of shelter have been designed for group living?What architecture has been developed for the commercial world?How do structures that serve the same purpose vary in design across cultures?Why have artists and architects designed shelter that goes beyond functional considerations?What are some of the general characteristics of places of worship?How do people identify sacred spaces?How does the use and design of religious structures reflect the religious experience there?How can large scale sacred architecture also be an expression of political power?

Stonehenge• Neolithic• 4 phases (bce):

– 3100-2300– 2100-2000– 2000-1550– 1550-1500

• Post & Lintel• Trilithons • Sarsen/Blue stones • Ashlar Masonry• Cromlech• Calendar

Post and Lintel and Trilithons

BLUE STONESé

SARSEN STONES

é

Pyramids, Giza, Egypt, 2600-2475 bce• Old Kingdom• Menkaure, Khafre,

Khufu

• Ashlar Masonry• Cardinal points

• Tombs• Power• Protection

Chapter 3: Egyptian Art• 3500-400 b.c. • Nile• 4,000 m. long• 31 Dynasties• Pharaohs • Upper and

Lower Egypt• Religion

(immortality)

Ben-ben stoneHeliopolis

Artist’s reconstruction

Interior (Khufu’s Pyramid)

Pyramid

Connect with Ra/Re

Great Sphinx, Giza, 4th Dynasty, 2575-2525 b.c.• Hybrid• Protection• Khafre and

Lion• Pre-Egyptian?• 65’• Faces rising

sun

Teotihuacan, 1st - 7th centuries c.e., n.e. of Mexico City• 250-1100• Cardinal points• Lower world/upper world• “Birthplace of the Gods”• Axis mundi• Aztec rule (c. 1200 - 1521)

• Pyramid of the Sun / Moon• Ciudadela• Temple of the Feathered Serpent • Avenue of the Dead (8 sq. miles)• Talud-tablero platforms

Teotihuacan

Pyramid of the Sun, Teotihuacan, Mexico, 200 - 450

• Unknown origin• Later Mayan/Aztec• Avenue of the dead• East/west • 215’• Sundried brick / White

limestone stucco • Temple on top• Underground caves• Solar calendar • Universe• Axis Mundi• Rebuilt every 52 years

(long count calendar) • Pyramid of the moon

bilateral axis

Pyramid of the Moon, Teotihuacan, Mexico, 100 - 450

• Built over pre-existing pyramid

• 5-tiered platform• 6 renovations• Tunnels• Tomb• Mimics Cerro

Gordo (volcano to the north)

• Ceremonies for Great goddess

• Sculptures to Goddess

Pyramid of the Moon, Teotihuacan, Maya, 100-150• North end of plaza

Temple of the Feathered Serpent, Teotihuacan• Quetzalcoatl (Aztec): Quetz - Bird / Coatl = snake• Dual nature• Heaven and Earth

• 6 levels

Temple of the Feathered Serpent, Teotihuacan

• War Serpent, Fire Serpent, Tlaloc

• Jade, Obsidian

Ziggurat, Ur, Iraq, 2100 b.c

• Sumerian• Home of biblical

Abraham• Temple on top

(cella)

Acropolis, Athens, Greece, 5th century B.C.E.

Iktinos and Kallikrates, Parthenon, 447-432, bce• Acropolis• Athena• “Refinements”

– Entasis– Sloped floor– 3/4 view– Tilted facade

• Doric, Ionic, Corinthian

• Facade• Visual Symmetry

Greek Orders

Roman Design

• Concrete• Arches• Barrel vault• Dome• Groin vault

Pont du Gard, France

Architectural designs

Pantheon, Rome, 118-125 c.e.Hadrian (Spanish Emperor)

Ruled: 117 - 138 c.e.

Agrippa (1st Architect)

Apollodorus of Damascus (2nd)

Pan (All) Gods

Greek elements?

143 x143’

•Oculus (30’)•Coffers•Niches w/ Planetary Gods

•Mercury, Venus, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Sun (Apollo), Moon (Diana)

reconstruction

ROMANESQUE ARCHITECTURESt. Sernin, Toulouse, France, 1080-1120

• St. Saturnius (bones)

• Latin cross• Crossing• Transcept• Radiating chapels• Heavy, low lying

walls

Gothic Cathedral Design

• Master Mason – Lead Architect– 6-year apprenticeship– Assigned Building Hut

• Expert in wood, stone & concrete

Notre Dame, Paris, France, 1163-1225• Ile de-la-Cite• Seine river• Original settlers• Charlemagne

Chapel• Bishop Maurice

de Sully

Notre Dame, Paris, 1163-1225

• Replaced 5-aisled Basilica

• Master masons: Jean de Chelles, and Pierre de Montreuil

• 78’ tall

Chartres Cathedral, 1194-1260, Gothic• Town of Chartres• Relic of Virgin Mary• Pilgrimage• 10th c. - 16th century• 118’• Latin cross plan• Ziggurat, Mayan temple,

Pyramids, Parthenon

Chartres Facade

• Towers Gothic and Baroque Design• Rose Window• Portals• Incarnation/Christ in Majesty/Christ

Blessing/

Flying Buttresses• Arched

Supports

Chartres Interior• Nave • Groin Vault• Clerestory & Triforium

(replace gallery)• Arcade• Apse

Rose Window

Masjid-I-Shah, (Royal Mosque), Isfahan, Iran, 1612-1637

• Iwan (arched entryway)

• CourtyardInterior• Prayer Hall• Mihrab• Minbar• Mecca

MihrabMarker on Qibla Wall

Worshipper faces Mecca

Buddhist and Hindu ArchitectureGreat Stupa, Sanchi, India, 3-1st a.d.

• Cosmos as World Mountain

• Womb of Universe• Dome: Heaven• Chatres (Umbrellas):

Unite levels of human consciousness)

• Life of Sakyamuni (Buddha)

• Footprints• Wheel: Cycle of

reincarnation• Yakshi• Gates: Toranas• Pilgrimage -

Great Stupa, SymbolismYakshi

Nature Spirit

Fertility

Monumental Sacred Structures Throughout Time

Cliff Palace, Mesa Verde (Green Table), AZ.• Anasazi (Enemy ancestors)• S.W.: CO, AZ, NM, UT (4 corners)• Chaco Canyon• 550-1000 semi-subterranean

pithouses (roof ladder)• 1200-1300 cliff dwellings • Late Anasazi Pueblo • Roofs timber, sandstone blocks,

rubble, mud mortar • Faces south (cool summer, warm

winter)• 600 dwellings• Defense?

The Pueblo (Town), Taos, New Mexico• SW U.S.• Hopi (Pre-Colombian)• Classic (1100 a.d.)• Design:

Environmental conditions

• Contemporary changes (iron, windows, doors, chimneys)

• Little change

Pueblo Bonito, AZ, 11th century

• 1000 yr const.

• Rectangular & circular (sub)

• Kivas -Spirtual rooms

• Hole in center• Ceremonial

dress• Paintings

Thomas Jefferson, Monticello, Virginia, 1770

• Neo-Classical• Roman Influence• Vitruvius/Palladio• Hidden second story• Local Materials• U-shaped design

Pantheon, Rome, 79 a.d.

Monticello (details)

Capital Building, Washington D.C., 1793-1830/1851-63

Jefferson inspired design

15-20 architects

MODERN ARCHITECTURELouis Sullivan, Carson Pirie Scott and Co., Chicago, IL., 1904

• Chicago School of Architects

• 1st truly modern building• Steel beams allowed for

vertical bldgs.• FORM FOLLOWS

FUNCTION• Department Store

Carson Bldg. Art Nouveau details

Mies van der Roe, Seagram Building, New York, 1958

• Intl. Style– Volume– Regularity– Avoid Decoration

• Less is More• Manufactured materials• Rectilinear Urban

Landscape• Utopia

Frank Lloyd Wright, Fallingwater (Kaufmann House), 1936-7

• Student of Louis Sullivan

• Organic Arch.

• Cantilever• Japanese and

Chinese infl.

Details

Kaufmann house interior

Modern ArchitectureLe Corbusier, Notre Dame du Haut, Ronchamps,

France, 1950-55• Bauhaus • Emphasis on

Design• International Style• Steel beams &

mesh• Destination for

Pilgrims• “Praying hands”• Dove• Outdoor altar

Postmodern Architecture• Frank Gehry• Guggenheim, Bilbao,

Spain• “Anything Goes”• “Presence of the Past”• “Less is a bore”• Cubism, Surrealism,

etc.• Hybridity• Titanium Steel• Reflection, organic,

transformative, abstract

Gehry, Wiesman Museum and Weschland Univ

Moshe Safdie, Habitat, Expo ‘67, Montreal, 1967

Safdie, Habitat,

67

Charles Moore with U.I.G. and Perez Associates, Piazza D’Italia, New Orleans, 1975-80

• Classical Influences?• Why Postmodern?• Disney land• Las Vegas• Italian Piazza• St. Joseph’s Festival• Annual (April)• Gift to Italians of New

Orleans

Piazza d’Italia

Moore, Piazza d’Italia, 75

Moore, Piazza d’Italia, 75

Moore, Piazza d’Italia

Charles Moore with U.I.G. Piazza D’Italia, 1975-80

I.M. Pei, Bank of China, Hong Kong, 1989• Style?• Flying Buttress• 4 triangular shafts

Joern Utzon, Sydney Opera House, Sydney Australia, 1959-72

• Reinforced concrete

• Free form system

• F.L. Wright • Sculpture• Rhythm