(Post-)Urbicide. Reconstruction and Ideology in Former Yugoslavia Cities.

Post-Conflict Reconstructions Re-Mappings and Reconciliations

Edited by Rui Gonçalves Miranda and Federica Zullo

Critical, Cultural and Communications Press

Nottingham 2013

Post-Conflict Reconstructions: Re-Mappings and Reconciliations

edited by Rui Gonçalves Miranda and Federica Zullo Series: Studies in Post-Conflict Cultures, no. 8 Series Editor: Bernard McGuirk The books in this series are refereed publications.

The rights of Rui Gonçalves Miranda and Federica Zullo to be identified as editors in this work have been asserted by them in accordance with the Copyrights, Designs and Patents Act, 1988. Cover design by Hannibal.

Cover photograph © Project Morrinho, reproduced with permission.

Individual contributions © the contributors, 2013. All unauthorised reproduction is hereby prohibited. This work is protected by law. It should not be duplicated or distributed, in whole or in part, in soft or hard copy, by any means whatsoever, without the prior and conditional permission of

the Publisher, CCC Press. First published in Great Britain by Critical, Cultural and

Communications Press, Nottingham, 2013. All rights reserved.

Publisher’s website: www.cccpress.co.uk ISBN 978-1-60271-027-6 Printed by The Russell Press, Nottingham, UK.

Contents

Page

Introduction. Post-Conflict Reconstructions: Re-Mappings 7

and Reconciliations

Rui Gonçalves Miranda and Federica Zullo

On Crisis and (New) Orders

Global Battlefields for the Humanities: New Topographies 23

Roberto Vecchi

Capital Topographies from Shore Europe: In the Wake of 32

Crisis

Rui Gonçalves Miranda

(Re-)locating the Roma, (Re-)imagining Citizenship: 54

Nicolas Sarkozy and the New/Old European Order

David Fraser

De profundis clamavi. Desperately Seeking Silvio: From 80

Banana Republicanism to Burlesque Risorgimento

Bernard McGuirk

On Testimony and Witnessing

Spaces and Non-Spaces: Violence, Conflict and the Scene 115

of Witnessing

António Sousa Ribeiro

A Contrapuntal Reading of Three Testimonies of the 125

Angolan Civil War from Portugal, Cuba and Angola

Raquel Ribeiro

Photographs of Suffering: Women and Children between 152

Stereotypes, the Obscene and the Traumatic

Cristina Demaria

Wanderings, Blank Spaces and the Possibilities of

Reconstruction

The Spaces of Post-Conflict – From Void to Reconstruction 187

in Literature and Film

Tomás Albaladejo

Winter Palaces in April... Always? An “Iberian” Approach 205

to the Theological Echoes of Revolution

Álvaro J. Vidal Bouzon

Transatlantic Entanglements: USA, European Powers and 223

the Geopolitics of the Decolonisation of Portuguese African

Territories (1961-1963)

Miguel Rocha

Making the Desert: Travel, War, and the State in Latin 236

America

Yavier Uriarte

Post-conflict and Postcolonial Replies

Light and Darkness in Post-Apartheid South African 251

Fiction: Strategies of Self-Reconstruction

Federica Zullo

Rebuilding the Angolan Body Politic: Global and Local 264

Projections of Identity and Protest in Zézé Gamboa’s

O Herói

Mark Sabine

Re-Telling “History” in a Post-conflict Space and Time: 291

A Case Study of Véronique Tadjo’s Literary Writing

Elena Brugioni

(Re-)Constructing Contemporary Chinese Art: Towards a 304

Polylogue between International and Chinese Theoretical

Paradigms

Paul Gladston

Singing for (a) Change

A Song of Sorrow: Voice, Body and Post-Memory in Claudia 333

Llosa’s La teta asustada

Chiara Magnante

Politics in Music: Portugal and the Americas. The Examples 351

of Zeca, Víctor Jara and Bob Dylan.

Alexandra Campos

Who’s afraid of Bella Ciao? Resistance Songs as Neo- 360

Conflict Music

Lucio Spaziante

Natural and Built Environment

(Post-)Urbicide. Reconstruction and Ideology in Former 379

Yugoslavia’s Cities

Francesco Mazzucchelli

The Use of Transfrontier Conservation Areas as a Tool 402

for Conflict-solving: From Theory to Practice

Elisa Magnani

(Re)hydration of Contemporary African Cities: Water, 415

Culture and Power

Mariana Matoso

Notes on Contributors 428

Index 435

7

Introduction

Post-Conflict Reconstructions:

Re-Mappings and Reconciliations

Rui Gonçalves Miranda and Federica Zullo

This collection of essays aims to engage with the specificities

and challenges of post-conflict, providing a multidisciplinary

approach, which may at once distil and broaden the focus of

academic and political discussions as well as contribute to

reflection on debates addressing civil societies and non-

governmental organisations. The authors featured in this volume

share an interest in the dynamics of the thinly disguised struggle

for power, hegemony or resources which extend beyond the

delimited time and space of officially recognised conflicts. They

aim both to acknowledge and address concrete issues while

engaging critically with the inherently diverse and complicated

manifestations these may assume. The topics of analysis and

discussion range from the reconstruction of urban areas and the

preservation and just distribution of natural resources to

meditations on the political and cultural ramifications of

diplomatic, historical, academic and artistic discourses. Conflict

situations and events, as conveyed in works of literature,

cinema, photography, popular music and cartoons, are also

analysed. By drawing on numerous post-conflict situations over

a wide temporal and spatial range and by providing a cross-

cultural, international and/or transcontinental perspective, the

studies go to great lengths to tease out the conditions and

effects of post-conflict, measuring out the obstacles to and

drawing up contributions for effective processes of

reconstruction and reconciliation.

The authors in this collection are particularly indebted to the

intellectual alertness and the socio-political engagement framed

and developed by previous volumes of the Post-Conflict Cultures

series, published by Critical Cultural and Communications Press.

The book seeks to contribute towards the line of critical enquiry

inaugurated by the volume Post-Conflict Cultures: Rituals of

Representation, edited by Cristina Demaria and Colin Wright

(2006). Addressing the significant omission of the cultural

dimension from theorisations of conflict and conflict-resolution,

this volume examined representations of conflict from the

perspective of the media, of visual culture, of politics and the

law, of gender and ethnicity, and of history and literature.


8

Diasporas: Movements and Cultures, edited by Nicholas Hewitt

and Dick Geary (2007), pursued contemporary and historical

questions concerned with diasporic culture and cultural transfer

across a range of continental and maritime spaces, from the

eighteenth to the twenty-first century. Happiness and Post-

Conflict, edited by Constance Goh and Bernard McGuirk (2007)

built on the addressing of interstitial and marginalised spaces to

explore the (de)limitations of “happiness”. It sought to articulate

fresh perspectives regarding conflict and post-conflict situations,

questioning the exclusions and selections which underlie the

construction of consensual discourses on conflict. Hors de

combat: The Falklands-Malvinas Conflict in Retrospect, edited by

Diego F. García Quiroga and Mike Seear (2009), (a revised and

expanded version of the book first published in 2007 as Hors de

Combat: the Falklands-Malvinas Conflict Twenty-Five Years On),

contains contributions from ex-combatants from both sides who

met in an International Colloquium in the University of

Nottingham for the first time since the 1982 War, in dialogue

with each other, and with specialist historians, media

sociologists, lawyers, literary critics and psychiatrists, as well as

with veterans of other wars. Disrespect Today, Conflict

Tomorrow: the Politics of Economic, Social and Cultural Rights,

edited by David Fraser and Graça Almeida Rodrigues (2009),

examines and evaluates the state of economic, social and

cultural rights in the world today, both from the institutional

perspective which ensures these rights and from the perspective

of grassroots movements for whom the exercise of these rights

is an inalienable condition for democratic citizenship. The Genres

of Post-Conflict Testimonies, edited by Cristina Demaria and

Macdonald Daly (2009), addresses conflicts and wars as

fundamental collective experiences for the construction of

memory whereby post-conflict cultures are defined by the

different ways in which they re-write, re-constitute and work

through their contrasting abuse, competing memories and

traumas. It also confronts the “rather fashionable and thus

potentially dangerous” topic of testimony around which the

debate has been wide and controversial.

The studies featured in this volume are organised under

themed sections which display a variety of interdisciplinary

interests and approaches. In the section “On Crisis and (New)

Orders”, Roberto Vecchi departs from the metaphor of the

“battlefield” to address the current condition for and of critique

and criticism in the aptly called “humanities”. By drawing on

several sources of the on-going critical debates, Vecchi uses

Introduction

9

Boaventura de Sousa Santos’s notions of a “paradigmatic

transition” and of an “epistemology of the South” to great effect

in an effort to dislocate and decentre global hegemonies in a

plea for a “theoretical re-armament”. He proposes a “militant

engagement” of the Human Sciences which may offer, beyond

the several crises which it faces, new possibilities for social and

political reconstruction beyond the framing offered by

(post)modernism and (post)colonialism.

Rui Gonçalves Miranda’s study departs from Jacques Derrida’s

analysis and questioning of the European philosophical tradition

of envisaging Europe as a privileged cape in order to explore a

Western European variant of this phenomenon by addressing the

discourse of Portuguese exceptionalism. This manifests itself in

the tracing of imaginary topographies which map out and assign

a “special” and “unique” place for Portugal in its relationship with

its former colonies and with Europe. The chapter aims both to

dismiss this exceptionalism, by framing it in a larger

philosophical, cultural and historical Eurocentric context, and to

dismantle the phallogocentrism and Lusotropicalism inherent in

(post-)imperial discourses, such as the ideological

representation which claimed the possession and the location of

territories which Portugal could not otherwise materialise from

1492 until the post-2008 European monetary crisis.

In “(Re-)Locating the Roma, (Re-)Imagining Citizenship:

Nicholas Sarkozy and the New/Old European Order”, David

Fraser addresses the media and public discourse which construct

a “Roma problem” and the Roma as a problem. By offering a

historical incursion into the legal framework tolerating and

fostering the persecution of Roma people, it shows that recent

developments in France are a reiteration of a discriminatory view

of the apatrides. The (thinly disguised) modern high-principled

rhetoric of French public discourse is condemned to dwindle into

the travesty of fair discussion that the media have in place

already, with the a priori equivalence, in practical terms,

between speaking about the Roma People and speaking against

the Roma People. However, what Fraser’s meditation urges is to

consider how the relocation of the Roma is not an exceptional

state to citizenship, but merely its reimagining in the context of

new European and World orders.

Such orders are also addressed in Bernard McGuirk’s study. It

takes Silvio Berlusconi’s resilient political career, through the

recreation of Berlusconi’s sui generis populism articulated via the

medium of cartoons, as a point of entry into an analysis of

European (Italian and the United Kingdom’s) and the United


10

States of America’s geopolitics and foreign policy. Whether

through cartoons of acclaimed artists such as Steve Bell, or

through anonymous depictions of Berlusconi, Tony Blair (or

Gordon Brown) and George W. Bush (featuring also Dick

Cheney), one is led to reflect upon and to reconsider the

animosity and the animality underwriting and undermining the

North-Atlantic’s alliances. In particular, what is questioned are

the humane and humanitarian discourses on international

cooperation in the fight against terrorism in the legitimation of

war in Iraq under the newly-formed notion of a pre-emptive war.

Such an analysis provides the cue for a foray into the history of

semiotics and of the cultural turn in critical theory, which

augments the philosophical continental vs analytical divide.

Indeed, McGuirk’s analysis uses semiotics with the influx of

post-structuralism and acknowledges cultural turns as a point of

departure in approaching as well as identifying and resisting

populism and demagogy, the “banana republicanism” which has

become a truly global mark of economic and cultural

imperialism. McGuirk’s use of Jacques Derrida’s unsettling and

undermining of binaries in his study of the spectre and the

animot provides valuable tools for understanding the dynamics

of the political events of the Fukuyaman end-of-history wet

dream, the supposedly post-ideological era which is nevertheless

continuously ridden with conflict.

Under the section “On Testimony and Witnessing”, António

Sousa Ribeiro’s study “Spaces and Non-Spaces: Violence,

Conflict and the Scene of Witnessing” meditates on the

reconstruction of social and political contexts disrupted by the

experience of violence, focusing on the context of the Holocaust

and of Holocaust testimonial literature, departing namely from

The Long Voyage (1963) by Jorge Semprun and Beyond Guilt

and Atonement (1966) by Jean Améry. Sousa Ribeiro addresses

the construction of spaces (as well as non-spaces) and provides

a critical overview of the intricacies of witnessing and testimony

as debated after the Eichmann and the Frankfurt Auschwitz trials

in particular. This chapter raises the question of whether the

maintenance of social cohesion and the demands for justice

raised by the victims can be met among the topographies of

post-conflict reconstruction. As such it places under scrutiny

while ultimately asserting the importance of spaces of public

resonance and the collective construction of testimony in the

creation of a “community of memory, in the production of public

memory and post-memory”.

In West Africa as much as in Western Europe the study of

Introduction

11

testimonies can provide valuable insights into pathways for (long

processes of) reconciliation and reconstruction. The prolonged

conflicts which have virtually uninterruptedly chastised Angola

for three decades are a testimony to the gruesome legacies of

colonialism and the devastating effects of neo-colonialism.

Raquel Ribeiro’s chapter shines light on a significant yet often

overlooked event in Angolan as well as Cuban history, namely

Cuba’s military intervention in the Angolan Civil War, siding with

MPLA (Movimento Popular de Libertação de Angola) in the

struggle for power which followed the attainment of

independence in 1975. By making use of Edward Said’s notion of

“contrapuntal” reading in her comparing and contrasting of three

different narratives regarding the conflict in Angola, Ribeiro is

able to recompose a comprehensive set of agendas,

conditionings and objective framings of each discourse and is

uniquely alert to the differences and divergences that they

(re)present.

If there are occasions when pictures may indeed be worth

more than a thousand narrated words, conflict is certainly one

such situation. Nevertheless one would be naïve to view

photographs and the situation to which they attest as an

immediate representation of reality. Cristina Demaria unfurls the

“testimonial vocation” of photo-reportage by looking at the

conditions of production and circulation of photographs created

by and for (as well as reproduced in) international humanitarian

NGOs websites. In her critical engagement with discussions

surrounding the testimonial and documental character of this

photographic sub-genre, Demaria sets out to investigate the

“peculiar documental nature” of photographs of women and

children available in websites, ranging from Amnesty

International and Human Rights Watch to UNICEF and Médecins

Sans Frontières. By departing from Michael Rothberg’s notion of

“traumatic realism” in dealing with the obscene, Demaria

ultimately meditates on the role of photographs not only in

“bearing witness” but also in providing an “act of testimony”. In

her analysis, Demaria addresses both the local context of the

“production” of photographs and the global contexts of their

“reproduction”, seeking to understand how traumatised victims

are represented and whether such victims are categorised or

framed into recurrent topoi; how such photos may bear witness

to the suffering of victims and how they may affect those who

view them.

Complementarily, Tomás Albaladejo addresses the time and

space of post-conflict by looking at a classical paradigmatic post-


12

conflict scenario: post-Civil War Spain. His study inaugurates the

section “Wanderings, Blank Spaces and the Possibilities of

Reconstructions” by charting the longevity of the post-conflict

period in Spain, identifying two large spaces, each of them

constituted by several stages. Albaladejo articulates the first

space, that of oblivion and memory void, with the second space

of memory and reconstruction, and analyses the relation

between literary and cinematic texts and the underlying

historical and political context in order to address the issues of

cultural memory and cultural rhetoric. From the filmmakers’ and

writers’ position of enclave, frustrated by lack of political will,

the post-conflict situation is expressed by “means of silence and

void” only in the first instance. Francisco Franco’s death in 1975

and the process of Spanish transición will allow for a new space

to emerge in which authors sought to recreate memory and

“defend an active role of memory in the reconstruction of a

divided society”. This chapter suggests that a third space may

be discerned in this very complex post-conflict landscape with

the passing of the Ley de Memoria Histórica (Law of Historical

Memory) in 2007, acknowledging the victims of fascism and an

attempt at the “reconstruction of reconstruction”.

Álvaro Vidal Bouzon’s chapter pursues in parallel fashion “a

reconstruction of reconstruction” as it redresses Iberian and

European twentieth century history through the cracks and

fragments of “Historical” discourse. His analysis starts in the

wake of an “anecdotic” dislocation enacted in the hijacking of

the cruise ship Santa Maria [Holy Mary] by Spanish and

Portuguese activists as an international protest staged against

the Iberian dictatorial regimes in 1961, in a context determined

by Cold War and a drive for African decolonisation. The

dislocation of the ship, renamed in the process as Santa

Liberdade [Holy Freedom], acts as the point of departure for a

tilting of the wilful misreading and sanitised accounts of political

and historical conflicts in the second half of the twentieth

century, which have remained operative in consensual political

narratives. Vidal Bouzon’s study elucidates how historical and

political perceptions are eschewed when reliant on a sanitised

concept of “revolution”, bereft of all connections to fascism

and/or to the bourgeois status quo against which it is set. A

tentative mapping is traced, vigilant not only against the sleep

of reason but also against its often no less pernicious dreams,

paralyzing political action in the chasing of its own spectres.

Miguel Rocha’s contribution explores a similar chronological

period and provides a comprehensive snapshot which maps out

Introduction

13

the tensions in, and deriving from, transatlantic geopolitical

agendas and strategic positioning at the height of the Cold War

(1961-1963). By focusing on the last colonial empire – the

Portuguese – and on the vicissitudes of politics and actions of

decolonisation in Africa and in the South Asian subcontinent, this

chapter foregrounds tensions and contradictions within Western

Europe (Britain, France and West Germany) and between

Western Europe and the United States of America regarding

their respective foreign policy agendas in relation to Africa,

particularly illustrated by the Kennedy administration’s early

opposition to Portuguese colonialist practices. Rocha is able to

address the ways in which the geopolitics of Cold War shaped

policies and politics in the period of European reconstruction and

the ways in which the Estado Novo used its geographical assets

(in conceding the use of military bases in continental Portugal

and in the Azores archipelago) to find diplomatic cover, thanks

to the acquiescence of Britain and, ultimately, the United States.

It also addresses how, through the support of European

continental powers, the war operation against independence

movements in Angola, Mozambique and Guinea-Bissau was

financed and equipped up until 1974.

Finally, in this section, “Making the Desert: Travel, War, and

the State in Latin America” provides an overview of four

travelogues published during the second half of the nineteenth

century and the very beginning of the last century, revealing key

episodes of war that took place in Argentina, Brazil, Paraguay

and Uruguay during the last decades of the nineteenth century.

These different conflicts, Yavier Uriarte argues, were crucial in

setting up the respective state apparatus in each nation’s

impetus towards modernisation. Richard Francis Burton’s Letters

from the Battle Fields of Paraguay (1870), narrating the War of

the Triple Alliance (1864-1870); William Henry Hudson’s novel

The Purple Land (1885), set in the Uruguayan civil wars of the

1860s; Viaje a la Patagonia austral [Travel to Southern

Patagonia] (1879) and Reminiscencias [Reminiscences]

(published posthumously in 1941), written by Francisco Pascasio

Moreno, alluding to the “Conquest of the Desert” (1879-1885, in

Argentina); Euclides da Cunha’s Os sertões [The Backlands]

(1902), describing and analysing the Canudos War (1897).

These texts provide a representation of conflict and post-conflict

visible in the analysis of deserts and ruins that Uriarte evokes

and convokes in his argument.

Whether in the “construction” of a nation or in its

reconstruction, the signification of “land” is always subjected to


14

processes of construction and reconstruction in conflict and post-

conflict situations, be it in the late nineteenth century in South

America or in contemporary South Africa. Under the section

“Post-Conflict and Postcolonial Replies”, Federica Zullo departs

from the notion of space as “multidimensional entity with social

and cultural as well as territorial dimensions” in her analysis of

the 2006 novels The Impostor (Damon Galgut) and Playing in

the Light (Zoë Wicomb). Approaching the interplay between

space and power in post-Apartheid South Africa allows for

valuable insights not only into the importance of “land” in the

narrative of South African “identities”, but also into how land is

remapped, how space is appropriated and territory is redefined

in the inherently complex post-conflict South African

reconstruction, after the Truth and Reconciliation Commission

proceedings. Zullo’s analysis navigates through the intricacies

and difficulties (racial, political, cultural, historical) of post-

conflict reconciliation in theory and in practice, exposing the

limitations of polar binaries upon which consensual narratives

too often come to rest. Additionally, it explores the performative

power of literature to acknowledge and to address difference

and, simultaneously, to destabilise the indifference to the

histories and the stories of the “other”, inextricably linked to –

and constructed by – projections of the self-same.

Mark Sabine’s analysis of Zézé Gamboa’s O Herói (2004) also

addresses post-colonial reconstruction by analysing the ways in

which the film depicts the national body politic via the figure of

the veteran soldier who has his prosthetic leg stolen. The film

contributes affirmatively to the political debate and the

development of new cinematic culture and national imaginary in

post-war Angola. It argues that the film’s depiction of the

malaise of a war-torn nation, and of the impediments to that

nation’s reconstruction, requires a negotiation between

strategies for asserting socio-political critique in conditions of

(informal) censorship, and the demands of a globalised “world

cinema” market for universally recognizable topics and an

upbeat narrative closure. The film’s central topos of the

eponymous war hero’s body – first shattered and reconstructed,

then disabled anew by prejudice – functions, through familiar

tactics of symbolic encryption and allusion to the socialist-era

project of the “New Man”, to imply a critique of the Angolan

status quo, of its current political and social realities, but also

the limited yet vital opportunities for building a genuinely

popular post-war national culture through cinema.

Elena Brugioni’s study acts as a reminder that post-colonial

Introduction

15

spatial reconfigurations necessarily occur also at a theoretical

level, as she argues for a paradigm which allows for the

“decolonisation of African history”. By addressing “post-conflict

time and space as a critical framework and an operational

paradigm to problematise and deconstruct notions of tradition

and cultural identity”, diverse possibilities for rethinking and

reassessing the political and legal value of otherness and

difference can emerge. Thus, Brugioni shows how it is possible

to escape parameters artificially imposed on the works, limiting

their interpretation to their significance within and in relation to

the language and the history of the European coloniser. Such a

practice contributes to the enduring colonial inheritance by

excluding from history and tradition a vast network of cultural

encounters and contacts which go beyond a “European” or

“Europhone” parameter. Brugioni approaches contemporary

African writing, drawing from Edward Said’s consideration of

social and political contexts tackling literary texts as “worldly” –

and thus problematised – representations. Véronique Tadjo’s

literary representation, as in the 2009 novel Queen Pokou:

Concerto for a Sacrifice, allows for a piercing insight into the

cultural ground (such as that of Ivoirité) that can lead to

violence, discrimination and exclusion. When confronted from a

dual (post-conflict and post-colonial) angle, the Ivorian Civil War

(as other conflicts in Africa and elsewhere) needs to be re-

framed “within a long-term socio-political and historical

perspective”.

Paul Gladston’s study, “(Re-)Constructing Contemporary

Chinese Art: Towards a Polylogue between International and

Chinese Theoretical Paradigms”, presents an analysis that aims

at contesting artistic theoretical paradigms. In highlighting the

role played by the experimental and museum-based visual art

and the diverse forms of avant-garde in the liberalisation of

culture since Deng Xiaoping’s programme of reforms in

December 1978, Gladston focuses on how Chinese art’s

combination of appropriated “Western(ised) modernist and

international postmodernist art with aspects of autochthonous

Chinese cultural thought and practice” accompanies the

vertiginous process of reconstruction and modernisation over the

last three decades. By focusing on such artists as Huang

Yongping and on the contributions of curator and critic Hou

Hanru, Gladston outlines and analyses the potential of

contemporary Chinese art, through its “hybridizing of differing

cultural outlooks/modes of production”, to assume a critical

stance, consciously albeit not restrictively post-modern and


16

postcolonial, and to deconstruct Western-centric or presumably

authoritarian meanings, discourses and narratives. Paul

Gladston finds inspiration in Jacques Derrida’s operation of a

“contaminated” reading of Jean Genet and Friedrich Hegel in

Glas (1974) to produce a two-column text so as to draft an

analysis of loci of “conceptual interaction”, be it divergent

towards deconstructive theory and practice, be it convergent in

non-rationalist forms of critical perspective and modernist-

positivist stances vis-à-vis cultural practices.

The section “Singing for (a) Change” brings into discussion

the role of voice and music in relation to memory and

reconstruction in periods of conflict and post-conflict.

In “A Song of Sorrow: Voice, Body and Post-Memory” in

Claudia Llosa’s La teta asustada, Chiara Magnante elicits a link

between “the discourse about voice and the theme of memory

and, more specifically, of post-memory” by examining the roles

of voice and body in the performative enactment of post-

memory. Her inter-semiotic approach departs from the

theoretical considerations of Paul Zumthor and Adriana Cavarero

on the “presence of voice” and the question of memory, via the

analysis of the 2009 film La teta asustada. After proposing a

critical revision and reframing of the role of voice, Magnante

considers whether a specific use of language, one which

attempts to reproduce the pathos and the suffering of the voice,

can act as a means of resistance and of making sense of tragic

events and daily violence. In her detailed analysis of the film’s

enactment of a post-memory (produced in the first instance by

the singing in Quechua of a mother to her yet unborn daughter,

Fausta, the offspring of rape), Magnante is able to elaborate on

the post-conflict topographies and communities within Peru, as

the film follows Fausta as a young woman who moves from the

impoverished outskirts to a subservient position of domestic

employment in the city before she can, materially and

metaphorically, move on.

The contributions of Lucio Spaziante and Alexandra Campos

call attention to the political import and the effectiveness of song

as a means of socio-cultural and political protest, as well as

effective instruments for agency in the discussion of future

political and developmental models. Spaziante’s essay takes a

diachronic look at “Bella Ciao”, arguably the most iconic and

influential of Italian protest songs, gauging its power throughout

different political and social contexts. The argument developed

opens up the possibility that songs are more than a

representation (of conditions, of aspirations), since their

Introduction

17

performative power enables them to remain politically effective

long beyond their original context of enunciation. Such is the

case of the song under analysis, originally composed and

performed in the context of the Italian resistance but which

played a crucial role not simply as a mirror of social practices

but as an “active agent of transformation”, as exemplified in the

song’s recent resurgence from resistance to neo-conflict with

Silvio Berlusconi’s rise to power from 1994 onwards.

Alexandra Campos’s chapter, on the other hand, takes a

synchronic comparative approach, exploring the possibilities of a

dialogue between songwriters who go beyond the traditional

boundaries (nation, language) which delimit – and often limit –

comparative frameworks. While acknowledging the diverse role

and configurations that songs with a political import played in

Europe and the Americas in the context of the resistance and

civil rights movements in the ’sixties and the ’seventies of the

twentieth century, this study undertakes a critical vision of the

history behind the so-called “protest” song, remapping its

(re)configurations across different artistic and political traditions

and its challenging of the status quo in each particular context.

By analysing the trajectories and songs of Víctor Jara (Chile),

Zeca Afonso (Portugal) and Bob Dylan (United States of

America), Campos is able to address and contextualise the

performances of these artists in a wider engagement for political

rights. This crucial plea for a reconstruction of the social fabric,

be it under democracy or dictatorship, necessarily takes different

forms in diverging contexts and yet the interests shared beyond

cultural specific boundaries must be emphasised if one is to

engage fully with the role of popular music in relation to political

protest, proposals and efforts of reconciliation.

The studies in the closing section deal with the environments,

natural and built, in which conflicts can take place. In “(Post-)

Urbicide: Reconstruction and Ideology in Former Yugoslavia’s

Cities”, Francesco Mazzucchelli approaches, through a “semiotics

of reconstruction”, instances of reconstruction which involve

bricks and mortar and yet are nevertheless interwoven with a

host of ideological symbols and narratives. One is reminded that

cities are a “knotty fabric” of practices, “objects” and

“discourses” ever shifting and renewing meanings. The study

combines aspects of spatial and urban semiotics with insights

from cultural geography, urban ethnography and architectural

theory in the study of the architectonic and urban renewal and

restoration projects in the cities of Sarajevo, Mostar, Dubrovnik

and Belgrade. The politics of urban reconstruction in areas of


18

post-conflicts brings into evidence the fact that space – urban

architecture and monuments in particular – is inextricably linked

to power, simultaneously as an agent and as a product.

Mazzucchelli’s comparative perspective demonstrates the

persisting tensions and contradictions which are characteristic of

post-conflict situations. If reconstruction and reconciliation can

be validly pointed out as more valid and effective processes, one

must nevertheless remain vigilant to the solutions (with blatant

or hidden agendas, not seldom under a post-ideological and

apolitical objectivity) which are put forward and implemented

without public consultation and at the service of very specific

interests of the ruling power. More than demonstrating an

unproblematic perception of space and urban architecture, the

cynicism of public leaders demonstrates that, far from a lack of

awareness regarding the validity and the potential for a public

discussion which would involve the contribution and inclusion

minorities, there remains a utilitarian perspective of public space

and architecture in the expression of official narratives

constructed at the expense of historical accuracy, cultural merits

and values as well as socio-political demands.

Natural environments and bordering State frontiers can also

be a place of conflict. Elisa Magnani’s “The Use of Transfrontier

Conservation as a Tool for Conflict-solving: From Theory to

Practice” addresses the ways in which in sub-Saharan Africa

such geographically marginal areas, often rich in wildlife and

habitats, present a specific set of challenges and difficulties as

they are frequently affected by armed conflicts covering

transnational regions. Magnani’s chapter explores the potential

interaction between nature conservation and conflict-solving in

these areas by looking into the mutual implications between

conflict and biodiversity degradation, starting with the role of

environment conservation in peacekeeping or peacemaking. This

study gauges the potential of trans-frontier conservation

strategies in conflict-solving and considers the always intricate

transition from theory to practice (and the dialectics which

emerge) through the consideration of the case of the Great

Limpopo Transfrontier Conservation Area, analysing the

opportunities and challenges that can arise in the process.

Mariana Matoso’s chapter discusses a related angle, that is

the question of water policy in sub-Saharan Africa, and in Angola

in particular. The challenges that the lack of and/or the difficulty

of access to water pose are carefully laid out and addressed

alongside the difficulties and the possibilities for an effective

change of policy and politics. By pondering technical as well as

Introduction

19

cultural and political questions, Matoso calls for an articulation of

different spheres of knowledge and power in order to consider

new pathways to the resolution of this problem. “(Re)hydration

of Contemporary African Cities: Water, Culture and Power”

offers an arresting overview of the political implications of water

governance as well as an account of how techno-cultural

questions translate into the lives of a large percentage of the

population in specific cities, with a marked impact on the lives of

women.

By bringing together a multidisciplinary collection of writings

that draw on different critical and disciplinary traditions, in order

to reframe past conflicts, address present tensions and frame

future discussions, this volume explores ways forward through

an interdisciplinary perspective and through innovative

approaches. It aims to reconfigure the possibilities and the

terms, material and discursive, for a socio-political discussion

which is born in the dialogue between diverse disciplines such as

law, history, built environment, cultural studies, critical theory,

environmental policies, literary analysis, semiotic, and many

others. As the brief introduction to this volume will have made

clear, the authors share the conviction that, to paraphrase

Jacques Derrida, there is simply never an outside free of conflict.

Post-conflict does not mean that conflict ever ends; on the

contrary, it seeks to point out how conflict is ever-present,

underlying and/or undermining socio-political events, policies,

discourses and representations.

The prefix “post-” in post-conflict should not delude one into

thinking that conflicts seamlessly and inexplicably are dissolved

after reconstruction and reconciliation processes are undergone.

In the same way, reconstruction is not a denial of conflict or,

indeed, of politics. It does not aspire to that ubiquitous and

overcharged concept which dominates so much of media and

political discourse and which Jacques Rancière has come to

analyse as consensus. Conflicts are not complacent with

consensual discourses and the necessity of remaining vigilant,

even in supposedly consensual times, must not be ignored. For

Rancière, consensus is not peace but a map of war operations, it

is a topography of the visible, the thinkable and the possible in

which war and peace are enshrined. In dismantling ideological

constructs, reinterpreting or contextualising political acts of

resistance while assessing past and present injustices and

imbalances, this volume would assume, then, a dissensual

approach. It simultaneously addresses the reconfiguration of the

conditions and the possibilities for reconstruction at all levels.

Notes on Contributors

429

informs her broader study of the phenomenon of post-’Sixties

and ’Seventies protest music and the resonance across

chronologies and cultural linguistic frontiers not only in

contemporary manifestations of the genre but also in the impact

of popular culture and memory. She is co-editor of the

forthcoming volume 25: Pensar Abril para além dos Mitos.

Cristina Demaria is Associate Professor of Semiotics in the

Department of Philosophy and Communication Studies of the

University of Bologna. She teaches Television Languages in the

BA on Sciences of Communication, Gender Studies in the Master

on Semiotics, and the module on “Memory films and conflict”

within the course on Soviet Cinema and Literature of the MIREES

Master, Faculty of Political Science, University of Bologna – Forlì.

Her research interests comprise: gender and post-colonial

theories, the representation of conflicts, Trauma and Memory

Studies, genres of testimonies, with a specific attention to

documentary films. Amongst her publications: (with M. Daly,

eds.), The Genres of Post-conflict Testimonies, Nottingham,

CCCP Press, 2009 and L’ archivio, le immagini, il testimone.

Studi semiotici sulla rappresentazione visiva di memorie

traumatiche, Bologna, Bononia University Press, 2012.

David Fraser is Professor of Law and Social Theory at the

University of Nottingham. His primary research focuses on legal

aspects of the Shoah. He also conducts research on anti-

Semitism and anti-Roma discrimination. His most recent

publications include the monograph, Daviborshch’s Cart:

Narrating the Holocaust in Australian War Crimes Trials

(Nebraska 2011) and the article “Evil Law, Evil Lawyers? From

the Justice Trial to the Torture Memos” (Jurisprudence, vol. 3,

2012). He is currently completing a book length study on the

“Jewish School Question” in Montreal, 1870-1970, and a shorter

work on the persistence of the blood libel legend in Canadian

anti-Semitic discourse.

Paul Gladston is Associate Professor of Culture, Film and Media

and Director of the Centre for Contemporary East-Asian Cultural

Studies at the University of Nottingham. Between 2005 and

2010, he served as inaugural Head of the Department of

International Communications and Director of the Institute of

Comparative Cultural Studies at the University of Nottingham

Ningbo, China. His recent book length publications include

Contemporary Art in Shanghai: Conversations with Seven


430

Chinese Artists (2011), “Contemporary Chinese Art and

Criticality”, a special issue of the Journal of Visual Art Practice

co-edited with Katie Hill (2012), and “Avant-Garde” Art Groups

in China, 1979-1989 (2013). He was an academic adviser to the

exhibition Art of Change: New Directions from China, which was

staged at the Hayward Gallery in London in 2012, and is co-

organiser of an annual series of conferences on Asia-Pacific

visual culture at Tate Modern. He is also principal editor of the

Journal of Contemporary Chinese Art and the book series

“Studies in Contemporary East-Asian Culture”.

Elisa Magnani is Lecturer of Geography at the School of

Languages, Literatures, Translations and Interpreting of the

University of Bologna. Her main research interests are cultural

and memory tourism, connected to the heritage of the slave

trade, tourism-based local development and community-based

and pro-poor tourism in Africa, environment protection and

community conservation strategies in sub-Saharan Africa. In

relation to these topics she has carried out several fieldwork

missions in Senegal and Mozambique. Moreover, she studies the

best practices for social integration and intercultural dialogue,

and the didactics of Geography connected to the use of ICT.

Chiara Magnante is doctoral candidate in Iberistica, at the

Department of Modern Foreign Languages and Literatures of the

University of Bologna. Her research project deals with narrative

articulation of imperial myth and colonial memories in

contemporary Portuguese literature. She is co-translator of

Helder Macedo’s novel Partes de África.

Mariana Matoso is a Ph.D candidate whose research has led

her to explore the concept of water governance in the peri-urban

areas of Lusophone African cities. The research project is a

study on the institutional nature of the water sector of both

Angola and Mozambique, with a special focus on processes of

non-state service provision found in slum areas of Luanda and

Maputo. Debates over informality, water sector formalisation

and regulation, community management, private sector

involvement and governance have been explored through an

interdisciplinary approach. She has conducted three fieldwork

research trips, where she has worked closely with community-

based organisations, groups of collective interest, water utilities,

governmental agencies, international donors, and local and

international NGOs. Her professional experience ranges from


431

providing support to a Human Rights Research Centre in Lisbon,

work with the Portuguese electoral national body, provide

consultancy to local NGOs in Angola and volunteer with UK

based charities in a range of varied roles.

Francesco Mazzucchelli is a semiotician. He obtained his Ph.D

from University of Bologna with a dissertation on urban

transformations in some cities of former Yugoslavia after the

war. He is currently Research Fellow at the Department of

Philosophy and Communication of University of Bologna and

Scientific Secretary in the Centre for the Interdisciplinary Study

of Cultural Memory and Traumas – TraMe, in the same

university. He has been Visiting Research Fellow at the School of

Environment and Development in University of Manchester and

“Theme Group Fellow” at Netherlands Institute for Advanced

Studies in Social Sciences and Humanities for the participation to

the international research project “Terrorscapes: Transnational

Memory of Totalitarian Terror and Genocide in Postwar Europe”.

He is the author of several academic papers and of the book

Urbicidio. Il senso dei luoghi tra distruzioni e ricostruzioni in ex

Jugoslavia (Bononia University Press, 2010).

Bernard McGuirk is Professor of Romance Literatures and

Literary Theory at the University of Nottingham and Director of

the International Consortium for the Study of Post-Conflict

Reconstruction and Reconciliation. He has published on

literatures in English, French, Italian, Portuguese and Spanish.

His books include: Latin American Literature: Symptoms, Risks

and Strategies of Poststructuralist Criticism (1997); Falklands-

Malvinas: An Unfinished Business (2007); and (with Else Vieira)

Landless Voices: The Movimento dos Sem Terra of Brazil (2007)

and Haroldo de Campos In Conversation (2009). He was

President of the Association of Hispanists of Great Britain and

Ireland from 1996 to 1998 and was appointed by Portugal, in

2002, Commander of the Order of Merit.

Rui Gonçalves Miranda is a lecturer in Lusophone Studies at

the University of Nottingham. He holds a Ph.D in Lusophone

Studies and has taught Portuguese literature and cinema in

Nottingham and in Queen Mary College, University of London.

He was also a post-doctoral research fellow (Fundação de

Ciência e Tecnologia) in the Centro de Estudos Humanísticos

(Universidade do Minho) and the University of Nottingham,


432

working on post-conflict literary and cultural disseminations and

dialogues within the Lusophone countries and communities. He

has published mostly on modernist literature (in Pessoa in an

Intertextual Web: Influence and Innovation; Legenda) and on

cinema (in Hispanic and Lusophone Women Filmmakers: Critical

Discourses and Cinematic Practices; Manchester University

Press).

Raquel Ribeiro is a journalist, researcher and writer. She

completed her Ph.D in 2009 at the University of Liverpool, UK,

with a thesis on the idea of Europe in the works of the

Portuguese writer Maria Gabriela Llansol. She held an Advanced

Research Fellowship at the University of Nottingham (2010-

2012), where she developed a postdoctoral project on “War

Wounds: Cultural Representations of the Cuban intervention in

the Angolan Civil War”, which analyses Cuban and Angolan

cinema and literature of the Cuban presence in the Angolan war

(1975-1991). She is also permanent arts correspondent and

literary critic for the Portuguese newspaper Público. As a

novelist, she published Europa (Asa, 2002), Este Samba no

Escuro (Tinta-da-China, 2013) and several short stories.

Miguel Rocha has studied International Relations at the

Universidade do Minho, has a Master’s Degree (“Diploma de

Estudios Avanzados”) from the University of Santiago de

Compostela and a Ph.D from the University of Nottingham, with

a thesis on “European Integration and Transatlantic Relation:

Revaluating the Roles of Portugal”. He lectures at Universidade

do Minho and Universidade de Aveiro (Portugal). The focus of his

research and publications is transatlantic relations, European

integration and politics.

Mark Sabine is Lecturer in Lusophone Studies at the University

of Nottingham. He teaches, researches and publishes

extensively on themes of gender, sexuality, conflict, and utopia

in Portuguese, Brazilian and African literatures, cinemas and

cultures from the late 19th century to the present. He is co-

editor of Embodying Pessoa: Corporeality, Gender, Sexuality

(2007), and of In Dialogue with Saramago: Studies in

Comparative Literature, and is currently completing a

monograph study of the historiographical novels of José

Saramago and essays on the Portuguese poet Al Berto and on

post-conflict cinema in Africa.


433

António Sousa Ribeiro is Full Professor for German Studies at

the Faculty of Arts and Humanities of the University of Coimbra

and a senior researcher and coordinator of the board of directors

at the Centre for Social Studies of the same University. He has

been a visiting professor and has delivered invited talks at

several academic institutions, both at home and abroad. He has

written extensively on several topics in Austrian and German

Studies (with special emphasis on Karl Kraus and Viennese

modernity), Comparative Literature, Literary Theory, Cultural

Studies, Postcolonial Studies, Studies on War and Violence and

Holocaust Studies. He is also active as a literary translator.

Lucio Spaziante is Lecturer in Semiotics at the University of

Bologna, Rimini Campus. His lines of research include media and

popular music. He is co-editor (with N. Dusi) of Remix Remake

(2006) and also published Sociosemiotica del pop (2007). His

most recent publication is “Sound, Image and Fake Realism”, in

Iconic Investigations (2013). He is currently vice-president of

AISS (Italian Association for Semiotic Studies).

Yavier Uriarte holds a B.A. from the Universidad de la

República (Uruguay), and a Ph.D from New York University. He

is currently Visiting Assistant Professor at Stony Brook

University. In 2011, he co-edited a special issue of Cuadernos

Li.Ri.Co. (Université Paris 8) on Uruguayan literature, titled

“Raros uruguayos: nuevas miradas”. His co-edited volume of

essays Entre el humo y la niebla: guerra y cultura en América

Latina (Between Smoke and Fog: War and Culture in Latin

America) is forthcoming in 2014 with the University of

Pittsburgh. His unpublished manuscript Fazedores de desertos:

viajes, guerra y Estado en América Latina 1864-1902 (Making

the Desert: travel, war, and the State in Latin America) was

awarded Uruguay’s National Prize for Literature in 2012.

Roberto Vecchi is Associate Professor in Portuguese and

Brazilian Studies at the University of Bologna, where he holds

the chair in Portuguese Literature and Brazilian Literature. Head

of the Postcolonial Study Centre (CLOPEE), he is also coordinator

of the Iberian Ph.D programme of the University of Bologna. In

Portugal, he is Fellow Researcher at the CES (Centro de Estudos

Sociais) of the University of Coimbra, with projects on trauma,

war and colonial violence and at the ELAB, Laboratório de

Estudos Literários Avançados of the Universidade Nova de

Lisboa. In Brazil, he is CNPq Research Fellow at the University of


434

Campinas and São Paulo and in UK is Honorary Professor (2012-

2015) of Lusophone Studies at the School of Cultures,

Languages and Area Studies at the University of Nottingham.

Among his latest publications are: Excepção atlântica. Pensar a

literatura da guerra colonial (Porto, 2010) and with Margarida

Calafate Ribeiro (orgs.) Antologia da memória poética da guerra

colonial (Porto, 2011).

Álvaro J. Vidal-Bouzon is a fellow of the Academia Galega da

Língua Portuguesa [Galician Academy of the Portuguese

Language] and a Lecturer in Lusophone and Hispanic Studies at

the University of Nottingham (UK). He has been publishing

recently on the interactions between writing, art and politics in

Iberian contemporary societies and the monograph A Galiza

(não) é longe daqui… Lendo(-se) em imagens, mirando(-se) em

textos.

Federica Zullo holds a Ph.D in Literatures and Cultures of the

English-Speaking Countries from the University of Bologna and

is currently Research Fellow at the Department of Modern

Languages and Literatures of the same University. Her main

research areas include Victorian and Neo-Victorian Literature,

Postcolonial Studies, Anglophone Literature (especially from

India and Africa), Gender Studies and the literature of migration

in Italy. Among her publications are the book Il cerchio della

storia. Conflitti e paure nell’opera di Amitav Ghosh (Padova, Il

Poligrafo 2009) and various essays and reviews appeared both

in Italy and internationally.

435

Index

Adorno, Theodor, 27, 31, 35, 133,

155-6 Afonso, José “Zeca”, 20, 56, 389-

91, 396-9, 403-4 Africa, 13, 15-16, 18, 21-22, 45,

48, 58-60, 111, 139-40, 151, 166, 181, 186, 196, 226, 242-4, 247-8, 251-2, 273-89, 299-300, 310-13, 317-18, 320, 326, 328-9, 392, 432-46, 454, 456, 458, 462, 465, 467

Améry, Jean, 13, 131-3, 137 Angola, 4, 13, 15, 17, 22, 48, 65,

139-59, 162, 166-7, 242-54, 287-99, 301, 304, 306, 308-9, 311-15, 390, 462

Apartheid, 5, 16, 273-4, 276, 285, 442

Arendt, Hannah, 134, 137, 165, 365

Argentina, 16, 95, 103, 257-9

Badiou, Alain, 236, 240 Bakhtin, Mikhail, 217, 219 Balibar, Étienne, 326, 328 Barthes, Roland, 96, 123, 190-1,

198, 273, 363, 365, 375 Belgrade, 21, 408, 410-11, 423-5,

429 Bell, Steve, 12, 90-91, 92, 95, 98-

9, 103-7, 117-18, 121-3 Berlusconi, Silvio, 12, 20, 65, 90,

96-8, 114, 382-4 Bhabha, Homi, 276, 283, 285, 325,

328, 331, 347, 350, 354, 409, 430

Bourriaud, Nicholas, 339, 348-9, 354

Brazil, 16, 39, 41, 48, 55, 58-9, 88, 257, 259-60, 263, 294, 315, 397, 464, 466

Bürger, Peter, 332, 354 Burton, Richard Francis, 16, 257,

260-9 Butler, Judith, 38, 58, 132, 136-7 Cartoon, 464 Censorship, 313 Cercas, Javier, 211-12, 219-20 Chile, 20, 158, 387-8, 392-3, 399-

400, 404 China, 140, 165, 245, 330, 334-45,

350-5, 381, 462, 464 Citizenship, 4, 11, 62

Cixous, Hélène, 364, 375 Coetzee, J. M., 277, 280, 283-5 Conflict-solving, 6, 21, 432, 436 Conservation, 6, 21, 432, 435, 437-

8, 441-5 Cunha, Euclides da, 16, 257-8, 262,

265, 269 Decolonisation, 5, 242 Deleuze, Gilles, 77, 85, 422, 430 Derrida, Jacques, 11-12, 18, 22,

37, 39-45, 49-50, 55-60, 93-5, 98, 109, 116, 123, 284, 309, 344-7, 354-5, 403

Dubrovnik, 21, 408, 410, 412, 422-3, 428-30

Dylan, Bob, 6, 20, 387, 394-9, 403-4

Eco, Umberto, 90-1, 95, 123, 427, 430, 437

Europe, 4, 11, 13, 15, 20, 29, 33, 37-59, 63-89, 96, 111, 124, 146,

219, 230, 246, 248, 250-4, 261, 289, 342, 403, 414, 436-8, 461-4

European Union, 62, 66, 83, 103, 111

Felman, Shoshana, 134-7, 155-6, 166

Film, 5, 204, 287, 290, 312, 366, 461

Foster, Hal, 333, 351-4 Foucault, Michel, 27, 35, 279, 284,

286, 351, 431, 450, 457-8 France, 11, 15, 41, 62-89, 211,

240-54, 261, 290, 315, 318, 331, 430

Franco, Francisco, 14, 51, 60, 205, 208, 210, 225-6, 230, 247

Galgut, Damon, 16, 275-79, 281, 285-6

Gamboa, Zézé, 5, 17, 287, 289, 294-5, 298, 306, 311-15

García Berlanga, Luis, 208, 213, 221-2

Geopolitics, 5, 242, 430 Germany, 15, 67-70, 78, 81, 87,

242-54, 436, 445 Gordimer, Nadine, 273-5, 283, 286 Guattari, Felix, 77, 85 Guevara, Ernesto "Che", 158, 166,

300, 311, 397-8 Harvey, David, 39-40, 43, 46-7, 55,


436

59

Hirsch, Marianne, 370-1, 376 Hobsbawm, Eric, 426, 430 Holocaust, 12, 81, 84, 129, 134,

137, 142, 155-6, 167, 200, 342, 461, 465

Hou, Hanru, 18, 331, 342, 346, 355 Huang, Yongping, 18, 331, 342,

355 Hudson, William henry, 16, 257-60,

268-9 Identity, 5, 88, 166, 219, 287, 349,

355 Ideology, 6, 20, 36, 199, 408 Italy, 65, 85, 87, 90, 96-7, 110,

120, 124, 315, 371, 377-85, 436, 467

Jara, Victor, 6, 20, 387, 392-8, 401, 404

Kennedy, John F., 15, 242-56, 392, 445

Kenya, 310, 436, 438 Laforet, Carmen, 206-9, 220 Landowski, Éric, 199 Latin America, 16, 33, 57, 158,

167, 257-8, 268-9, 376, 432, 454, 457, 466

Levi, Primo, 28, 133-7, 372, 376 Literature, 5, 28, 86, 137, 204,

214, 217, 221, 280, 286, 328, 347, 403, 460-7

Llosa, Claudia, 6, 19, 359, 366, 372 Martín-Santos, Luis, 207, 220 Marx, Karl, 58, 94, 123, 300, 313 McClintock, Anne, 262, 269 Memory, 6, 14, 19, 165-7, 206,

209-10, 215-21, 285, 320, 359, 423, 427, 429, 431, 461, 463

Miller, J. Hillis, 3, 9, 45, 53, 60, 123 Moreno, Francisco Pascasio, 16,

257, 260-9 Mostar, 21, 408, 410, 412, 419-25,

428-31 Mozambique, 16, 48, 53, 139, 151,

251-2, 310, 438, 441, 462 Mudimbe, Valentin, 326, 329

Muñoz Molina, Antonio, 213, 221 Music, 6, 141, 167, 377, 387, 393 Nancy, Jean-Luc, 33, 361, 363, 376 NGO, 169, 176, 185, 189-96, 299 Peru, 19, 367, 373, 375, 435 Photography, 168-70, 197-200, 376 Portugal, 4, 6, 11, 15, 20, 29-30,

38-60, 88, 139, 145, 147, 151-2, 225-28, 232-3, 242-56, 289-90,

294, 299, 314-15, 387-90, 398-

9, 401, 404, 464-6 Post-Conflict, 1, 3-5, 9, 16, 199,

204, 219-20, 271, 298, 306, 316, 463

Protest, 5, 287, 401-4 Rancière, Jacques, 22, 55, 60, 351,

387-8, 404 Reconciliation, 17, 463 Reconstruction, 5, 6, 20, 202, 204,

209-10, 214-15, 273, 304, 408, 412, 463

Resistance, 6, 60, 166, 313, 328, 377-83, 401

Revolution, 5, 79, 139, 158, 166-7, 223, 230-2, 238-9, 336-7, 341, 353, 417, 460

Ricoeur, Paul, 216, 221, 409, 431 Roma, 4, 11, 36, 62-89, 115, 124,

461 Rothberg, Michael, 14, 134, 137,

142-3, 163, 167, 197, 199 Said, Edward, 13, 18, 141-3, 151-

3, 165-7, 261, 269, 278, 286, 316, 329, 331, 355

Salazar, António Oliveira, 52, 221, 225-6, 230, 242-56, 389

Santos, Boaventura de Sousa, 11, 28-9, 31-5, 56, 144-6, 150-1, 207, 209, 298, 365, 376, 391

Sarajevo, 21, 408-30 Sarkozy, Nicolas, 4, 11, 62-3, 67-

71, 74, 77, 79-83, 87 Schlesinger, Arthur M., 243, 246,

252, 256 Semprun, Jorge, 12, 129-33, 137-8 Simmel, Georg, 128, 138 Soja, Edward, 281, 286 Song, 6, 19, 53, 342, 354, 359,

377, 380, 401-4 Sontag, Susan, 170, 200 South Africa, 16, 140, 275, 279,

438-42 Spaces, 4, 5, 12, 14, 128, 202,

204, 286, 419 Spain, 14, 46, 204-15, 225-8, 233,

240, 314, 381 Tadjo, Véronique, 6, 18, 316-29 Tanzania, 436, 438 Testimony, 4, 12, 126, 135, 157 Todorov, Tzvetan, 216, 221, 428,

431 Topographies, 4, 27, 37, 46, 60 Transatlantic, 5, 59, 242, 465 Transfrontier, 6, 21, 432, 438, 441-

Index

437

5

Trauma, 132, 143, 165-7, 197-9, 461

Travel, 5, 16, 138, 257, 270 Uganda, 436, 438 United States, 12, 15, 20, 103,

208, 242-3, 246, 251-54, 387-8, 394-5, 399, 403

Urbicide, 6, 20, 408, 410-13, 430 Violence, 4, 12, 88, 128, 137, 190,

193, 329, 375, 465 Virno, Paolo, 28, 33, 35, 236, 241 Wallerstein, Immanuel, 27, 36 War, 4-5, 10, 13-16, 18, 55, 59,

67, 79-81, 98, 136, 139, 154,

156, 166, 199, 204, 206-8, 210,

213-15, 219-21, 226, 230, 243, 248, 251, 257, 261-3, 266, 269, 310, 313-14, 318, 321, 324, 333, 341, 371, 377, 382, 394, 410, 430, 432, 461, 464-6

Warfare, 348, 355, 430 Water Governance, 447-9 Wicomb, Zoë, g, 4, 12, 126, 128 Yugoslavia, 6, 20, 408, 411, 415-

16, 422-3, 431, 463 Zimbabwe, 438, 441-2 Žižek, Slavoj, 33, 36, 38, 58, 237,

241 Zumthor, Paul, 19, 359, 376

(Post-)Urbicide. Reconstruction and Ideology in Former Yugoslavia Cities.

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