Popular Electricity - World Radio History

MARCH 15 CENTS

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POPULAR ELECTRICITY MAGAZINE for MARCH

UniversityInstruction/ItHome

Learn law in the greatest law school for home study in the world.Many brilliant lawyers studied law at home. Resolve NOW to take advantage of ourremarkable offer to give you a complete three years' course without charge. Read theoffer, then clip the coupon at the bottom of the page and send it to us at ONCE.

Superior Advantages of Our SchoolWe have ten years of successful experience in teaching law bycor-

respondence. We have a large and distinguished faculty and staff of speciallecturers-men whose prominence insures efficient service. We are the only school thatactually combines the case and text book method of instruction-same as Harvard, Colum-bia, Michigan and other big universities. Our course is adapted for men who want to preparefor the practice of law, or for men who want legal knowledge for business purposes. We have the simple, easyand direct method of law instruction. Our course has brevity and conciseness- takes only your spare time.

Our Great Scholarship OfferAt this particular time we offer you a tuition credit valued at $100 absolutely without charge.

This tuition credit entitles you to a complete three years' course in our School-Lectures,Faculty Talks, Examinations and the services of our Consulting Department. We are doing this foradvertising purposes. The offer is open for a limited time only. Take advantage of this remarkable oppor-tunity NOW. Get your tuition in a great law school-the greatest in the world-without a cent of cost to you. Your onlyexpense will be for text and postage. This offer is limited so get particulars at once-mail the coupon now-thin very day.

We Furnish This Magnificent LAW LIBRARY With Every SCHOLARSHIPThis magnificent set of law books, complete in twelve volumes, covers all the subjects of law. It iswritten so you can understand every detail of the most complex law problems. The original cost *RR IIIof thislibrary was over $50,000.00. Constant revision insures everything being strictly up-to-dateWith the aid of these splendid volumes you will grasp the subject of law in a surprisingly short time InformationBUSINESS LAW COURSE We have a course for those who do not intend to

practice law.but who want a knowledge of law foreC Obusiness purposes. You should know the law even if you never expect to practice at the bar. Ignor-

a Lanceof the law excuses no one. No knowledge more important or practical. To know the law isa liberal education in itsel f.It sharpens the reason.broadens the mind and,perfecta the memory. Knowing law is the beetguarantee of success inane business. American Correspon-Mall Cou on Toda Put your name and address oa deuce School of Law, Dept.

% y this coupon and send it to us 1403. Manhattan Bldg, Chicago, ILtoday. It will bring our big I30 -page catalog FREE. In it is a

-

splendidarticleon"The Importance of a Law Education." Wewill also tell you of our special scholarship offer. Remem.ber, e

is offfer entitles you to a complete three-year course in oury without charge. Offer is limited-send coupon now.

American Correspondence School of Law ,

We GuaranteeTo coach free anygraduate failing topass bar examina-tion. Our coursecovers all branchesof American Lawand includes samestudies as leadingLaw Schools.

Gentlemen: Without any obliga.tions on me whatsoever. please send

me your catalogue and particulars ofyour scholarship offer.

NameManhattan Building, Dept. 1403 Chicago, Ill.

Address

For our Mutual Advantage mention Popular Electricity when writing to Advertisers.

POPULAR ELECTRICITY MAGAZINE for MARCH 1

TheGuaranteeofExcellenceinGoodsElectrical

353

Make coffee as it should be made-clear,appetizing, wholesome-free from the tan-nic acid of boiled coffee, but retaining allthe delicate aroma and distinctive flavor ofperfect coffee. Make coffee the electricway with the new popular priced

ELECTRIC

In it you can percolate any amount of coffee, fromtwo to eight caps, equally well, simply by connectingthe attaching plug to any electric socket. Enoughcoffee for the usual meal requires only a cent's worthof electricity.

This New Coffee Pot is easy to operate, easy toclean, handsome in design and finish, and of the samehigh quality as our urn types that cost twice as much.

Besides its noticeable beauty and undeniable utility,the moderate price of $10 enables any home to enjoyits perfect coffee.

Get this G -E Coffee Pot from electric shops, storescarrying electrical goods or any lighting company. Ifyou cannot find it readily, write us and our nearestdealer will supply you without delay.

General Electric CompanyLargest Electrical Manufacturer in the World

Dept 30 H. Schenectady, N. Y.

For our Mutual Advantage mention Pgpulnr Electricity when writing- to Advertisers.

2 POPULAR ELECTRICITY MAGAZINE for MARCH

Writefor this

FREE BOOK

It may meanthe openingwedge to theopportunityof your life

THE New York Electrical Schoolteaches men practical electricityand shows them the way to.earn

big money by becoming expert elec-tricians. No profession has a moresplendid future than electricity.

We teach our students how to become masterelectricians by painstakingly drilling them inthe actual work they will be called ypon to dowhen they accept a situation at big pay. Eachscholar is personally taught from the day heenters, and individual instruction is given in allpractical branches of the work. Students arefirst taught the simpler electrical work and asthey gradually progress they are taken fromdepartment to department until finally they cancompletely equip a building from the blueprints the students themselves have drawn.When they receive their certificate they areready to go out in the world with a professionthat will never forsake them. Not a corre-spondence school-you "Learn by Doing."

Good ElectriciansAre Always in Demandand the money they earn is often twice asmuch as other men earn from ordinary trades.

Write for Our Free Catalogand Get Full ParticularsIt is more than likely that this is your

opportunity. There is no work that a man cando from which he will get more pleasure andprofit than from electrical work. Write to -day.

The New York Electrical School40 West 17th Street, New York

PIANO TUNING PAYSLearn the most independent of all professions. You

can learn quickly and easily by devoting your spare timefor a few weeks, to our correspondence system. Our won-derful invention the TUNE -A -PHONE eliminates all guesswork and assures success with or without a knowledge ofmusic. We furnish full size action model and necessarytools. You can earn $5 to $15 per day, travel in any civil-ized country, see the world and regulate your own hoursfor business. School chartered by State. Diploma granted.Guaranteed as represented or tuition refunded. Writetoday for free illustrated book and valuable information.NILES BRYANT SCHOOL 151 Art Institute, Battle Creek, Mich.

r

SR THIS

FREEBoOiExplains howYou can Inter

AUTOWIENEBUSINESS

010 (O.I1PLE'TE COURSES FOR PRICE OF ONE.Standard Course and New 19ís Advanced Conroe.TOO mont.m, MOVING PICTURES of AutoEngine-over 594 Pages, and 1713 Charts andDiagrams Included. Other schools ask MORE forONE out-ofdate course. We teach you at ROSEto earn RIO 310NET. Diploma, teemed and gradu-ates assisted to positions. Great demand for AutoExperts. Our 33 page hook with EmploymentPlan, sample iesnmt,, many charts and diagramsFREE. Write for tt-Plow.

PRACTICAL AUTO SCHOOL, 68M, Beaver Street, New York City

ARTISTS, CARTOONISTS, ILLUSTRATORSearn $40 a week up to $450. ''Vet" Anderson, internationallyknown caricaturist, cartoonist and illustrator, stenches caricaturing,

cannoning and illustrating by most thorough up -to -ride cor-respondence methods. Comic artists and cartoonists on news-papers earn as high as $30,000 a year. Learn to draw workthat is salable. Inspect other schools, then come to ours andlearn right. There are no 'ifs" and ands' ' about our courses`a -you can succeed if you will. Send 6 cents in stamps forour handsomely Illustrated catalogue to cover cost of postage.

"Vet" Anderson School of illustrating, Inc.- 92 PARK PLACE, NEWARK, N. J.

TELEGRAPHY The Only Trade that isspud em htynunt turd not Crowded. It insures

Y I good wugrs. Promotion is assured for theambitious. We are official instructors for

the Western Union TelegraphCo., and the only school instructingWestern Union employes. Largestattendance of any Telegraph school;

also authorized school for Illinois Central Rail-road Company. Agency coin,. free. Practical

i n stru el ors; main line wires. Employment furnished to earnesp, 1 sou if desired. State your age.Jones School of Telegraphy, P.E. 313 S. La Salle St., Chicago, Ill.

UNCLE SAM IS BEST EMPLOYER; 10 ellpay is high and sure; hours short; places per-manent; promotions regulaf; vacations with pay;thousands of vacancies every month; all kindsof pleasant work everywhere; no lay-offs; no pullneeded; common education sufficient. Specialmoney back guarantee you write today for book-

E.let D-1069. IT ISSFREE.

rL'

ylam

EARL HOPKINS, . . WASHINGTON, D. C.

WRITEUS A

STORY

OH! FOR A MEMORYYour efficiency in any line of work depends,noton what you have learned, but on what you re-member. A ready, dependable memory 1s the key to

rrvesto late. Our Memory and Mind Training

is simple, speedy, sure; makes yon quick andconfident In thought and speech. Our freebooklet, 'West's Ideal Memory System," tellshow, gives proof; also, how to obtain free themasterful book, "Public Speaking."The Nat- Presa Men, Dept. 42, Indianapolis, Ind.

To Sell on Commission -2c to Se a Wordtasnarrlpis read, criticised, revised, and typed.

Story -Writing and Journalism taught by mail.Free booklet,"Writing fur Front" tells how,gives proof. NATIONAL PRESS ASSOCIATION1,.pt. I_, Indianapolis, Ind.

For our Nulual :\dctuttagc meet ' i'upulnr Electricity when writing to Advertisers.


"The Chaldean Storyof the Flood"

Dug Up From the Ruinsof Ancient Chaldea

DO YOU KNOW that there has been dug up from the ruinsof old Chaldea a complete story of the Flood-the same

in every detail as Moses' account in Genesis-and thatit was written thousands of years before his versionappeared? Hardly one in a million has ever had anopportunity of seeing this startling story - HAVEYOU? But it is one of the many thousand curiouslyinteresting accounts in

The Library ofOriginal Sources

now for the first time available to the general public.Up to the present this remarkable Library has onlybeen sold by subscription, but by taking over the entireunsold edition from the publishers we secured it at anabsolutely unljarrd of bargain. Therefore we are ableto offer the few remaining sets to Popular ElectricityMagazine readers.

AT LESS THAN ITCOST TO MAKE THEM

Send us the attached coupon AT ONCE, and we will tell youthow to let the Library onEASY MONTHLY PAYMENTS, and mail you FREE a book of rare documents. Rememberthere are only a limited number of sets, so act quickly. Mail the coupon NOW. Youassume no obligation. No salesman will call. The book is FREE.THIS MARVELOUS WORK is revolutionizing modern thought. It's turning upside down old notion:

and ideas. It gives the authoritative, rock -bottom sources of our knowledge on ALL SUBJECTS OF HUMANINTEREST from the earliest civilization down to today-the inside facts which the average person hasnever even heard of.

OVER 100 RESEARCH SPECIALISTS spent 10 years gathering the contents of this greatwork. Ancient and remote and forgotten civilizations in all parts of the globe were uncovered,and age -buried hieroglyphics on monuments, tablets, sun -baked bricks and palimpsests yieldedtheir secrets; untiring workers ransacked the hidden literature of every age, ancient, medievaland modern, to find the "original documents" that shaped the civilizations and influencedthe thought and life of the world. Nothing like it has ever been attempted or thought ofbefore. You'll be amazed at the wealth of information this unique library contains.

DO YOU KNOW that the old Egyptians, 5000 years B. C., had a Bible whichthey called the "Book of the Dead"f-Do you know Ihat the Assyrian sacredliterature gives the story of the Creationt-Do you know that books and news-papers were printed in Asia thousands of years before printing was inventedby Gutenberg?-Do you know that Columbus wrote a journal of his voy-ages to the new world and that it has been found, translated and pub-lishedf-DID YOU EVER READ the Ball and Tyler RebellionfLuther's "Ninety -Five Theses"-which he nailed to the churchdoor-or Machiavelli's' Prince 't

YOU'LL FIND THEM ALL-and thousands of others equallyas curious and important-in the Library of Original sources. Everydocument is in the exact words of the original, translated; every contri-bution is from the actual eyewitness or person who took part; every ideais in the words of the thinker, investigator, discoverer or inventor.

JACK LONDON SAYS:-"It is a whole library in itself. Icertainly never could spare these books from my shelves."

10 sumptuous, massive volumes, bound in rich, deep redMorocco; full page illustrations. Pure silk headbands.printed in large, clear type on handmade paper, gold tops-a vertible triumph of the bookmaker's art.

13

P. E.

UniversityResearchDept.Y

Milwaukee, Wis.Send me the FR ER book

of rare documents, show-ing curious inscriptions of

The Ancients.. and tell me ofyour easy payment offer. I as-

sume no obligation, the hook andall you send me is to be free, and

no salesman is to calL

mxe

frddre.cs

For our Mutual Advantage mention Popular Electricity- when writing to Advertisers.


Be a Doctor ofChi ropracticThe NewDrugless Healing Science

OF SPINAL ADJUSTMENTA Dignified, Profitable Profession Easily Learnedat Home. Steady Demand for Practitioners Every-where - Our Students Surprisingly Successful.

Make $3000 to $5000 a YearYour income as a Chiropractor can be this much or

more year after year. At the same time you will beserving suffering humanity. Dr. Walter made $500 thethird month after starting; R. M. Johnson has addedover $3,000 a year to his income;Vern Sharpsteen makes$40.00 a day. In addition, this fascinating profession isbuilding up for these former students of ours a splen-did social and professional reputation.

We taught these men In theirspare time by correspondence,and in class, to be Doctors ofChiropractic-theNEW DRUGLESSHEALING SCIENCE;of Spinal Adjustment

-and thereby made them lodependent for life. We will guar-antee to teach you with equalsuccess. A common schooleducation is all you need tobegin-our simplified trainingdoes the

Sample lesson sheets and illus-trated book giving full instruc-tions how to get into this well -paid,uncrowded profession at once-mailedNational School of Chiropractic, Dept. 142, 1553 W. Madison St., Chicago

FREEYOU CAN EASILY MAKE$30 TO $50 PER WEEK

as a Chauffeur, Mechanic or AllAround Automobile Man.

SEND TODAYfor our free illustrated book withinformation regarding our methodr,f up-to-date simplified instruc-tions. Free mode to all students.

"Perhduy simple. son We assist you to secure position.eats do It, If I earl."

N. Y. SIMPLEX AUTO SCHOOL, 149 Broadway, N. Y.

THE OLDEST AuAND BEST

HAPPY MARRIED LIFERealize happiness, strength and power through exact knowledge of

SEX SCIENCEThis book lathe life Eyo

work of the well young manknown physician, \ SEX SCIENCE

Dr. J. H. Greerwho has studied worldwide conditions and 1fives in this book,

Sex Science," the re-sults of 20 years' study.It is written in non- Q Everymedical terms-any- t minas 11.601 married womanone can understand it. `` should read it.

All in one volume-indexed. Price, cloth bound, $1.00, Postpaid.Money Back if not Satisfied.

Hicks Publishing Co., Dept. F,64 W. RandolphSt.,Chicago,III.

should read it.Every

married manshould read it.

Everyyoung womanshould read it.

FRENCH-GERMANSPANISH ITALIAN

Is Easily and Quickly Mastered by the

LANGUAGEPHONECombined with the

Rosenthal Method ofPractical Linguistry

This is the natural way to learn a foreign language. You hear theliving voice of a native Professor pronounce each word and phrase. Ile.peaks as you desire-slowly or quickly, night or day, for minutes orLours at a time. it is a pleasant, fascinating study; no tedious rules ormemorizing. It is not expensive-all members of the family can use it.You simply practice during spare moments at convenient times, and in

surprisingly short time you speak, read and understand a new language.Send for Booklet and Terms for Easy PaymentTHE LANGUAGE PHONE METHOD

Building, 2 West 45th Street. New York

Railway Mail Clerk ExamMAY 3rd

Let Me Prepare You. WriteNOW for Free Booklet 92

ARTHUR R. PATTERSON, Civil Service Expertformer U. S. Civil ServiceSecretary -Examiner Rochester. N, Y.

TOMOBILE SCHOOLIncorporated for $10.000.00. 'l'he largest, best equipped and MOST RELIABLE automobile school in the country. Unlimitedpractical instruction on everything pertaining to automobiles. We guarantee to make a chauffeur, repairman, tester, sales-man and demonstrator out of you in a short time or we will Refund Your Money. We have arranged with several of thelarge factories to employ our graduates. We have successful graduates in nearly every State in the Union.

COME TO DETROIT, THE "AUTOMOBILE CENTER," AND LEARN THE BUSINESS67 out of every 100 autos in the country are made in Detroit's 35 auto factories

Addresss MICHIGAN STATE AUTOMOBILE SCHOOL Near11-13-15-17

Woodward. Detroit

1'11f: 1'i11'1 1.111Eli( 1,.If1NA1.I.tIt11f1.U11' 1It;N Health

N1:\11il:.ti.\11f11:'1.1-. VI. NI

The everyday BRAINY or LIFE-GIVING foods are themost strengthening, healing forces in nature. They promotethe highest efficiency in brain workers. When correctly combined they maintainhealth permanently.

Wrongly combined foods ferment and poison the system. causing rheumatismappendicitis, apoplexy, etc., lack of appetite, and (recently death. The differentfoods causing expectoration, catarrh, fevers. nightsweats, coughing. etc., are spe-cified in the instructive booklet. Fat people have reduced one pound daily by aDIGESTIBLE brainy diet of everyday foods. gaining strength. without fasting. orexercises. Thin people gain flesh by the DIGESTIBLE weight -producing foods.

NO FOODS SOLDPeople write: "My brain power and general efficiency have been nearly doubled

this year by selecting brainy foods. I have made a fortune in real estate and thecredit is honestly yours." The hints on food for curing congested liver, nourishing the brain, etc., are worth untold aollare.

"THE NEW BRAINY DIET SYSTEM" Send 10 cents for In tractive Booklet.Chapters on Diet vs. Drugs, Effects of Foods, Foods for Singers Send the addresses of your sick friends.

G. H. BRINKLER. Food Expert. Dept. 19C Washington. D. C.For our Mutual Advantage mention Popular Electricity when writing to Advertisers.

BLOOD PURIFIERS.0'.. AXATIVES

POPULAR ELECTR[CITY MAGAZINE for MARCH 3

I Can Make You a

ConvincingSpeaker

says Grenville 'Geiser (former Yale In-structor). He rids you of timidity-givesyou confidence in yourself-develops yourpower and personality. Give him fifteenminutes of your time daily-at home-andhe will speedily teach you how to

Sell Goods-Make PoliticalSpeeches-Address Board Meet-ings-Deliver After -DinnerSpeeches-Propose Toasts --Con-verse and Tell Stories Entertainingly

If you can't talk to the point, you can't carry conviction-you can't win! If you want to be a winner, write to -dayfor the free book "Talking to Win, "which tells all aboutthis helpful Mail Course, and proves its value.FUNK & WAGNALLS COMPANY, Dept. 675 NEW YORK

COPY THIS SKETCHand let me see what you can do with it. You canearn $20.00 to $125.00 or more per week, as illustratoror cartoonist. My practical system of personal indivictual lessons by mail will develop your talent.Fifteen years successful work for newspapers andmagazines qualifies me to teach you.

Send me your sketch of Governor Wilson with 6cfn stamps and I will send you a test lesson plate, alsocollection of drawings showing possibilities for YOU.

of IustratingThe Landon School andBCartooag1451 Schofield Building, Cleveland, O.

MUSIC TAUGHT FREEAT YOUR OWN HOME

By the Oldest and Moat Reliable School of Musicin America-Established 1895

Piano, Organ, Violin, Mandolin, Guitar Banjo. etc. Beginners or ad-vanced players. One lesson weekly. Illustrations make everythingplain. Only expense 2e per day to cover cost of postage and musicused. Write for FREE booklet which explains everything in full,AMERICAN SCHOOL OF MUSIC, 38 Lakeside Bldg., CHICAGO

EARN JEWELRY ENGRAVINGin your own home. Earn $20.00 to $50.00 weekly. Personal instruc-tions. Write for free booklet.CHICAGO ENGRAVING SCHOOL, 614 Athenaeum Buildiag. Chicago

LEARNTO

AUTOMOBILESAND RUNBig Money in Auto Business

Travel get good pay, run garage or autolivery. FREE illustrated book tells all.You can learn in a few weeks at home orin our shops. Write for information today.KANSAS CITY AUTOMOBILE SCHOOL

Largest and Best Equipped School In the World(Conducted by CLIFF HOGAN)2157 East Fifteenth Street

KANSAS CITY, MO.

A Course of Lessons

Drugless HealingMechano-Therapyl

FREE!Not one cent to pay either now or later-no obliga-

tions of any kind or nature. Just your simple request willbring you this valuable and Interesting course of 62 lessons byreturn mall without cost.

This is the,firat time such an offer has ever been made. Itmay be the only time. We cannot urge you too strongly to ac-cept this exceptional opportunity without a momenta hesitation.

This offer is strictly limited. A. soon ua a certain number of commashave been nailed we a11 be compelled to withdraw the offer. So don'twait a minute. Send

áad your acceptance right nanny.

These Free Lessons Teach YouHow to Treat HeadacheHow to Treat NeuralgiaHow to Treat ConstipationHow to Treat Indigestio:ºHow to Treat a SprainHow to Treat DyspepsiaHow to Treat RheumatismHow to Treat Lumbago

How to Treat CatarrhHow to Treat EpilepsyHow to Treat Hay FeverHow to Treat ParalysisHow to Treat PleurisyHow to Treat AsthmaHow to Treat GoutHow to Treat Jaundice

one shouldBeside« dozensa of otherEvery single step explained and pictured soortant

heel Va weverywhichplainly thatyou cannot

fail to understand.

WHY We Are Making This OfferWe want the public to know the real truth about Drugless

Healing. We want you to convince yourself by a practicaldemonstration just what a wonderful new curative force maybe placed at your command.

Besides, these free leaeone will demonstrate bet how thoroughly, howeasily and an what a surprisingly short time you can master this wonderfulnew profession, at home or m chum. without Interfering with your regular

cupation the slightest.<r you want to earn ji50i to $8000 a year. If you want an established

beprofeemon that Is pleasant, digaiaed and remarkaby profitable. If you wantto become meaner of your own and other.' health an hspppmese then sendfor theFree Course and see whet es Healing has to off ow.

Hundred. of eueceaeful graduatesduate. is every quarter of the world de-monstrate the wonderful efficiency of our methods. What shout yourself/Are you eatisdedr Are youuzoncontented-he .thy --hap y In our work-makingall the money you want? If not, get posted on Drugless Holing right away.

®` Remember: This Offer is LimitedWrite NOW for FREE Course of Lessons d' "."~.Don't wait to think it over. Don't heeltate at . 0 AmerieanColle echance

whatthis.yyou can the factswhaat the ... 0th.g

earn as a Mechano-Therapat. The ofMDepéno- Therapyee 62 -Lesson Course and our free

book explain all. Send pet the cow. sd 81 W. Randolph St.pon or a postal or letter rightaway.. d1 Chicago, Ills.American College of Res Withoutoostorobllgation,pleaseMeehan - Therapy sass bookan ethemeao lurse of 62lesssons Lu

r

Dept. 759 ..I Drugless Healing.81 West assRandolph SI. 00 NameCHICAGO. ass

0to g) "Address

001ss

t


6 POPULAR ELECTRICITY MAGAZINE for DIARCH

Practical ,L,

Electrical'. '---Education:

WE teachall branches of ElectricalScience and Engineering by prac-tical work and scientific methods

under practical working conditions. Youmay enter at any time-Day or Even-ing Classes.

No matter what your present educationis you can enter this school at any time withfull assurance of a thorough training andgraduate an expert. We will start you at the point youare competent to begin and you will advance as quickas your own efforts and ability warrant. Position.,secured for students and graduates. Many now wellemployed. Names on request. Full particulars and in-teresting catalogue free. Get it and see what roilelectrical education is.

Write Right Now-Clip The CouponSCHOOL OF ENGINEERING OF MILWAUKEE161-171 Michigan St. Milwaukee, Wis.

Send me without obligations on my part your 40 pageBook of Valuable Electrical Facts Worth Knowing.

N AME

ADDRESS

FREE BOOK ON MOTORINGorTEACft1NC, 1'xi Inns hoo t.e,nn start YOU in the

MAIL Auto Husmess as Repairman, Chauffeur,Salesman or Auto Mechanician withDYKE'S NEW IDEA WORKINGMODEL SYSTEM of teachinghy mailand our new idea EMPLOYMENTPLAN. Let us tell you the names of someof our students and the salaries they aredrawing today-more than you are mak-

ing. Don't miss it-Send for Booklet NOW! The arilfrrat and only systemof its kind. Dyke's School of Motoring, Box 2. Row Bldg., St. Louis, Mo.

Y. M. C. A. Auto School7th & Walnut, Cincinnati, Ohio

Gentlemen:-Please send me your catalog telling about5 weeks course of Repairing, Driving and Lectures,which you say will fit me for a good position asChauffeur or Repairman.

Name_

Address. .-

Cot Tin, Out and Nail To -day

Por our Mutual Advantage mention Popular Electricity when writing to Advertisers.

LET HIM GIVE YOU A

Real Command of EnglishIt will take only some of your spare moments at home ;

no repellent grammar -study; each lesson as clear as day-light, and inspiring to the highest degree. Commencenow --let Grenville Eleiser (former Yale Instructor) teachyou through his Mail Course in Practical English, how to

Enlarge Your Stock of Words-Use the Right Word in the Right Place-Write Tactful, Forceful Letters, Adver-

tisements, Stories, Sermons. etc.Become an Engaging Conversationalist-Enter Good Society-Be a Man of Culture, Power, and In-

fluence in Your Community.Good English is abeotntely necessary to the highest success in life.

What material benefit is it to have good ideas if you can not expressthem adequately-if you can not make others see them 4 you do

We will send by mail full particulars of this famous Course. Nocost, no obligation to you-but ask for them to -day, on a post -card.FUNK & WAGNALLS COMPANY, Dept. 674 NEW YORK

STUDY AT HOMEBECOME AN LL.B.

Only recognized resident law sclwod in U. S., Conferring Degree ofBachelor of Lawn-LL. 6.-by correspondence. Only law school in U. Sconducting standard resident school and giving same instruction bymail. Over 450 class -room Lecturers. Faculty of over 30 prominent law-yers Guarantees to prepare graduates to pass bar examination. Only lawschool giving Complete Course in Oratory and Public B eaking. Schoolhighly endorsed and recommended by Gov. Officials, Business Men, NotedLawyers and Students. Send today for Large Handsomely IllustratedProspectus. Special courses for Business Men and Bankers.I AMILTON COLLEGE OF LAW, 1107 Ellsworth Bldg.,Chleago, 111.

Do You Like to Draw?That's all we want to know

Now we will not give you any grand prizeor a lot of free stuff if you answer this ad.Nor do we claim to make you rich in a week.Hut if your are anxious to develop your talentwith a successful cartoonist, so you can makemoney, send a copy of this picture with 6c instamps for portfolio of cartoons and samplelesson plate, and let us exp!aia.THE W. L. EVANS SCHOOL OF CARTOONING

325 Ball Bldg., Cleveland. O.

WANTED-SALESMEN ANDSALESWOMENHundreds of good positrons now open payingfrom $1,000.00 to

$5,000.00 a year. No former experience require get one of them.We will teach you to be a high grade Traveling Salesman or Sales-woman by mail in eight weeks and assist you to secure a good positionwhere you can earn good wages while you are learning Practical Sales.manship. Write today for fall particulars and testimonials from hun-dreds of men and women we have recently placed in good positions;also list of good position! open. Address (nearest office) Dept 130.

NATIONAL SALESMEN'S TRAINING ASSOCIATIONChicago New York Kansas City San Francisco New Orleans Toronto

WIRELESS TELEGRAPHYAn EVENING Course in Continental Operating,Wireless Engineering (including actual construc-tion of apparatus), and Drafting. Certificate orDiploma courses. Our graduates are now withMarconi Wireless Telegraph Company of Amer-ica, Western Union, and Postal Companies.

Catalogue "T" FreeEAST BIDET. N. O. A. Telegraph School 161 E. 86th St. New York,


FREE AUTOMOBILETo Students aahorounndataking oreders in "Cosy Flyer"-e cylinder -6passenger car. We teach you to makebig money in automo-bile business. Easylessons-free model-no experience neces-sary. First lessonFREE to everyoneanswering this ad.

C. A. Cosy'sSchool of Motoring

Dept. 1261424-1628 Michigan Av.CHICAGO, ILL.

today.

I TEACH SIGN PAINTINGSHOW CARD WRITING OR LETTERING by mailand guarantee success. Only field not overcrowded. efyinstruction Is unequalled because practical, personaland thorough. Easy terms. Write for large catalogue.

CHAS. J. STRONG, FounderDETROIT SCHOOL OF LETTERING

Department 113 Detrok, Mich."Oldest and Largest School of its Kind""Thoroughly equipped Accidence School"

TELEGRAPHY TAUGHTin the shortest possible time. The Omnigragh Automatic

Transmitter combined with standard keyand sounder. Sends you telegraph mes-sages at any speed just as an expert opera-tor would. Five styles, es up; circular free.

OMNIGRAPH MFG. CO.39 H Cortlandt Street Neu, York

Address

TEACH BY MAILWRITE FOR MY FREE BOOK

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designing, care and operation of a dynamo or motor, and I chapter on electric automobiles, outlining their con-struction, care and operation, and all about storage batteries and how to handle them. Each subject is carefullywritten and to the point. After a student studies a subject, he is questioned on that subject in such a manner asto bring clearly to his mind the points he needs to know regarding same. A DICTIONARY in back of bookwill enable him to learn the meaning of any electrical word, term or phrase usedrn this book. as well as hundredsof others in common use. AU required tables necessary in the study are in it. TABLE OF SUBJECTS:CHAPTER CHAPTER CHAPTER

I-Wiring. IX-Calculadon ofEMF's in Elec. XVI-Diseases of Dynamos andII-Electric Batteries, Electro trio Machines. Motors, their symptoms

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The American School's Cyclopedia of

APPLIED ELECTRICITYContains 3,200 pages, 7x10 inches; 2,600 illustrations, full page plates, diagrams, etc.; hundreds of valuable tablesand formulas: carefully cross-indexed for quick, easy reference. The books are substantially bound in half redmorocco, gold stamped, and are printed in large clear type on special quality paper.

Important Subjects Covered by These Great BooksTheory, Calculation, Design and Construction of Generators and Motors-Electrical Measurements-ElectricWiring-Electric Welding-Types of Generators and Motors-Management of Generators and Motors-Stor-age Batteries-Electric Lighting-Alternating-Current Machinery-Station Appliances-Power Stations-Power Transmission-Central Station Engineering-Electric Railways, including Single-Phase-TheElectric Telegraph-Telephone Equipment, Systems and Operation-Wireless Telegraph and Tele- pophone-Telautograph, Telegraphone, etc. EIp y

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AMERICAN SCHOOL OF CORRESPONDENCE 'ADDRESSCHICAGO. U. S. A. OCCUPATION.

EMPLOYER

For our Mutual Advantage mention Popular Electricity when writing to Advertisers


EDWARD P. RUSSELL WALTER S. BREWSTER C. L. PENISTON

RUSSELL, BREWSTER & CO.Successors to

EDWARD L. BREWSTER & CO.

BANKERS AND BROKERS116 W. ADAMS STREET

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Will instruct you personallyA most wonderful opportunity for a limited

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Name

Address . The New 1913ARROW MOTOR CO., 2825 W. 19th St., 'Dept. 1403 Chicago, IILGentlemen; Without any obligation on me,please send me your new catalog with,*complete information about your wonderful Aviation Type Motor used on the Arrow. Also tell about your Rock -Bottom, Easy Pay-ment Price Offer.

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For our Mutual Advantage mention Popular Electricity when writing to Advertisers,


ElectricityPays Big Money-nGet out of the underpaid class. Get into the most fascinating of all professions.Lear l electricity. In this great field there are thousands and thousands ofopportunities. Big money is being paid. Men in demand everywhere.

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men-all FREE.Address: L. L. COOKE, DirectorCoyne National Trade Schools *NAMEDept. 1403, 39 to 51 E. Illinois St., Chicago, Ill. ,

ADDRESS

For our Mutual Advantage mention Popular Electricity when writing to Advertiser,.


My Name is

My Address is

Town State

MEARS EAR PHONE CO., Suite 140345 West 34th Street, NEW YORK, N. Y.

Gentlemen: Please mail me, free and post-paid, your MearsEar Phone Booklet and particulars of Special Introductoryand Free Trial Offer on new model 4 -Tone MearsEar Phone.

lfyon live in or near New York raftat our fce and present tdis couponfor a fee demonstration.

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Be

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Signal Engineers$125 to $300Per Month

Thousands of men needed. Railroads are constantly search-ing for competent Signal Engineers. They are paying bigmoney. Here's your chance to get into the profession that iscalling for trained men and is paying big money. Just a fewhours a day in your own home is all that is necessary. Send thecoupon for full particulars.

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Department of Signaling*Desk I403

493 Cass St., Chicago. Ill. .Address.



N ame

Address

Fort WayneCorrespondence SchoolDept. 1403. Fort Wayne, Ind.

Please send me free andprepaid your book on 47Meter Engineeringand full particularsof the great specialoffer.Free Couponr. r.rr.mow=

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A $3,000 Job for YOUElectrical Meter En-gineering is one of thebest paying professionsin the electrical indus-try. We can show youhundreds of men whoare making better than$3,000 each year. Howwould you like to have a $3,000 a year job sixmonths from now? Just put your name andaddress on the free coupon and get full particu-lars absolutely free. Send coupon now-today.

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Fort Wayne Correspondence School, Dept. 1403, Fort Wayne, Ind.



Vibration Is Life!The secret of the ages has been discovered

in Vibration. Scientists tell us that we owe not onlyour health but our very life to this wonderful force.

It is the greatest force in the world.Vibration gives life-vigor, strength.

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24 POPULAR ELECTRICITY' MAGAZINE for MARCH

NAME

DRAW;;'DRAWChief Draftsman,

Division 1403Engineer's

Equipment Co,'BIG 'Chicago, Ili.

Without any obligations on mewhatsoever, please mail yourbook "Successful Draftsman-ship" and full particularsof your liberal "PersonalInstruction" offer to a .few students. It is . Yes: $125 to $175 Per Month to Startunderstood that Iam obligated inno way what-ever. . I know you would like to draw such a salary and more, and you

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Trained Draftsman and DesignerThe constant demand for my trained men always exceeds the supply. Manypositions paying $75 to $100 per week remain open on account of theshortage of the proper men to fill them. Some weeks over 250 positions

paying the highest salary in all parts of the country are open and I would like toprove this to you by sending you one of my regular weekly lists of open positions.

Chief Draftsman Will Train You Personallyand Instruct You Properly

On practical Drafting room work UNTIL you are absolutelycompetent in every respect as a first class Draftsman and UNTILyou are placed in a permanent paying position at a salary paying at

least $125 per month. This is a most exceptional opportunity for just alimited few selected ambitious men, between the ages of 16 and 40, whomI will train personally and give individual instructions as required in orderto fill the constant demand for properly trained men in this line.

Absolutely FREE!this Complete$15 Draftsman's

IF You Write to Me AT ONCE Working OutfitBy sending the FREE COUPON on top of this page for my most liberal FREE OFFER for the$15.00 Draftsman's Working Outfit, and also for my special offer to

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C

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POPULAR ELECTRICITY MAGAZINEIn Plain English

HENRY WALTER YOUNG, Editor

Vol. V March, 1913 No. 11

CONTENTSNew York's Grand Central TerminalTantalumElectric Frost PreventionNovel Life RaftBuilding the Trolley in the Remote Places of the EarthRadium in Yellowstone Park

Page1137 A Versatile Small Motor1142 Electricity as an Invigorator1143 Thoughts for Housewives114311441148 Junior Section

Page122012211221

Rtvadavia-the Great Argentine Battleship 1149 To Take Your Photograph 1222Concrete Poles Molded In Sections 1150 The Power of a Meteor 1225An Electrical Fancy 1150 Aiming and Firing a Heavy Gun 1223Dr. Introit's Radiographic Laboratory 1151 Strange Electric Storm 1223Hornum Lighthouse 1152 An Archimedes Tower 1224Economy of Electric Ware 1152 Odd Static Generator 1225Illuminated Speed Indicator 1153 Short Circuits Produced by Birds 1225The Daughter of Heaven 1154 And Their Friends Were Led to . t 1226White and Black Coal 1159 Controlling Finger 1226Ratheneau Medal 1159 Fishing Up a Cable 1227"Eating Electricity" 1160 Handling a Carnival Crowd in Manila 1227Canadian Farmers Use Niagara Power 1161MicroradiographsThe Revealing Ray

11621163 Popular Electricity Wireless Club

How the Swiss Exploit their Scenery 1165 Experimental 200 Meter Wave Sets 1228Charles Boursell-French Inventor of the Telephone 1168 Receiving Stations on the Ground 1231Washing Cars by Electric Power 1169 Nine New Wireless Stations for Canada 1232Electric Motors In Track Switching 1169 Washington Greets Honolulu 1232Underground Transportation for Parcel Post 1170 Increased Cost of Living in France 1233The Electricity of Drops of Water 1171 The Universal Hour 1233A Telephone Credit Check System 1173Street Lights Along the CurbIn Recognition of Faithful Friends

11731174 For Practical Electrical Workers

Piecing Out Daylight to Hasten Plant Growth 1175 Telephone Wiring 1234Revealing Power of Light 1176 Fault Finder 1240Searchlight Attachment for Pistol 1176 Why Shunt Motors Speed Up 1240The Tree of Light 1177 Office Bell 1241An Electric -Sanitation Plant In Brazil 1177 Drying Telephone Cables 1241The Sun as Lightbuoy Tender 1178 Dining Table Outlets 1241Electricity Building at Panama -California Exposition 1180 Hotel Clerk's Private Exchange Board 1242The Diamond Electric Sign 1180 How Brass for Fixtures is Made 1242Electric Incubator and Brooder 1181 Combined Direct and Indirect Fixture 1243Lighting the Hostile Column 1182 Tobacco Jar Humidor 1243Electric Advertising In Shanghai 1182 The "Winking Willies" 1244Troubleman's Portable Searchlight 1183 Barber Pole as a Lamp Post 1245Mount Wilson Observatory 1184 Double Appeal for Customers 1245Money -in -the -Slot Restaurant 1185 Advertising in Waste Space 1245Warm Meals for the Horse 1186Automatic Compasses for ShipsEconomical Lighting In a Pumping Plant

11861187 Miscellaneous

Thawing Frozen Water Pipes 1187 Electrical Securities 1246From Ingot to Wire 1188 List of Selected Bonds Showinrz Income Yield 1249Construction of the 1915 Exposition Begun 1194 Buying Stocks and Bonds on the Installment Phut 1250Radiation from Potassium 1197 Unique Lamp Exhibit 1251The Rotating Spiral 1197 Science Extracts from Foreign Journal: 1252Safe Opened with a Tuning Fork 1198 Keeping Tab on an Electric Wagon 1254Telephone Extension Bell 1199 New Books 1254Measuring Tempeleture From a Distance 1199Pollee Call SystemDiver's Outfit Equip with Telephone

12011201 Electric Current at Work

Public Entertaining volutionized 1202 Photographing Microscopic Objects 1255'Talking Movies,' Edison's Newest Invention 1204 A Revolutionary Improvement in Plate Printing 1255High Tension Roof Wiring 1206 Emergency Extension Plug 1256Why Tungsten Lampe Are Better than Carbon Ones 1207 The Ozonator 1257Classes In Pulmotor Practice 12 Motor Driven Hack Saw 1258Suction Cup Fixture Holder 1209 Telephone Slug Holder 1258Electric Drilling in the Oil Fields 1209 Stet oscope to Detect "Valve Slap" 1259Electrical Men of the Times. Ernest Freeman 1210 Automatic Electric Generator for Country Homes 1259Telephones in the Vatican 1212 The Bond Tester 1260Missoula's Lane of Light 1213 Electric Lantern 1260Battery Switch 1260

Electrical Interests of Women Automobile Tire PumpMoving Pictures by Incandescent Lamp

12611261A Lesson In Values 1214 A New Electric Vapor Lamp 1262The Permanent Hair Waver 1216 Steam. Electricity and Coal 1g62Captured Coffee 1218 Trolley Wire Frees Captive Boloon 1262Recipe Box Aid to the Housewife 1218 The International Candle 1262Clock That Needs No Winding 1219 Short Circuits 1263

RENEWALS When your subscription expires, you will find a renewal blank enclosed here. You should fill outand return with remittance at once to avoid missing a number. Positively no copies will be mailed

on any subscription after same expires unless renewed, and we cannot agree to begin subscriptions with back numbers.The date on wrapper of your magazine shows issue with which your subscription ends. The extension on this date to periodcovered by renewal is sufficient receipt. If any other is desired it should be requested at time of renewal.CHANGE OF ADDRESS Notify us promptly of any change in your address, giving both the old and

new location. Since our mailing list for each issue closes the 5th of thepreceding month (I. e., list for April closes March 5th). changes received after the 5th must necessarily take effectwith issue for second month following. Postmaster as well as Publisher should always be notified of changes in orderto forward mail sent to old address.

ISSUED MONTHLY BY POPULAR ELECTRICITY PUBLISHING CO., Commercial Bldg., Chicago, Ill.YEARLY SUBSCRIPTION, $1.50; CANADIAN, $1.85; FOREIGN, $2.25; SINGLE COPY, 15 CENTS

No additional copies will be sent after expiration of subscription except upon renewal.Entered as Second Class Matter April 14, 1908, at the Post Office at Chicago. Under Act of March 3. 1879.

Copyright, 1913, by Popular Electricity Publishing Co.

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VOL. V. MARCH, 1913

New York's Grand Central TerminalBy FRANK PARKER STOEKBRIDGE

\\'hy not call Yew York's new GrandCentral terminal the "Electric Station?"There is everything to justify it. Thereis not another railroad terminal in theworld, and the Grand Central is the verylatest and finest of its kind, where elec-tricity is put to so many uses. Electricitywas but an infant in the old Grand Cen-tral station nine years ago. Since then ithas grown into the giant that dominateseverything, does everything. From snak-ing the heavy trains in and out to wash-ing the dishes in the kitchen, electricitydoes it all. Gas has been eliminated en-tirely, even for the purposes of cooking.The current has been made to do manynew and novel things in such an emi-nently practical way that the telling ofthem is worth while.

Electricity starts to work away downunder the terminal, where a "sump"pump automatically removes such wateras may collect below the sewer line.

The incoming and outgoing trains aredrawn by electric locomotives. All theswitches and signals are operated elec-trically, and the signals are lighted by thesame current. .

Announcement of the departure andarrival of trains is made at 30 differentpoints through the new application of anold principle in electricity.

Drinking water for the terminal ispurified by a jump spark.

No. 11

Freight elevators, baggage trucks,fans, ventilators and the usual officeequipment are all electric. So are theclocks.

The electric current is used in copyingblue prints and its helps to test concrete.

Incandescent and flaming arc lampsfurnish the light.

An electric pump forces hot waterthrough the radiators that heat the build-ings. Cars standing on the tracks areheated by steam during the winter, but incase of emergency they can be heated byelectricity as well.

During the better part of the year thecurrent that does the many and manifoldthings about the terminal is generated atPort Morris, the main station. Currentat 11.000 volts is carried from that pointdown to the substation at Fiftieth Street,where the alternating current is trans-formed by rotary converters to a directcurrent. A second method of obtainingpower is by generating the current withsteam driven turbines at Fiftieth Street.This is done during the cold months.when the exhaust from the turbines isused for heating purposes.

Probably the most interesting featureof the electrical equipment to the laymanis the manner in which the departure andarrival of trains is announced through-out every part of the terminal reservedfor the use of patrons of the road. Many

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POPULAR ELECTRICITY MAGAZINE 1139

of those who have followed the directionsof the voice seemingly coming from thewall are under the impression that thecontrivance is a combination of. telephoneand megaphone. It is neither, but some-thing different from anything in use forthe same purpose anywhere else in theworld. The marvelous results obtainedby the operation of the announcer areachieved through the new application ofan old principle in electricity.

The announcer consists, first, of amouthpiece similar in appearance to theordinary telephone transmitter., But itdiffers vastly from the telephone trans-mitter in the important particular that itcontains no induction coil. The trans-mitter also is unlike anything else of thekind in he fact that it is surrounded by- awater jacket, through which a tiny streamof cold water flows constantly, coolingthe carbon, which would otherwise be-come packed with the heat of the heavycurrent employed for operation. Thetransmitter is cooled in the same way inwhich the cylinders of an internal com-bustion engine are kept from heating.

This cooling of the carbon in the trans-mitter is made necessary by the fact thata current of 110 volts is used in operat-ing the announcer. The ordinary tele-phone requires only a small fraction ofthis amount of voltage, and the currentPassing through it is correspondinglysmall. But it is through the employmentof the heavy voltage that the remarkableresults are obtained. The voltage is soequalized and the circuits so balanced onthe Wheatstone principle that the soundof the human voice is intensified manytimes. And there is no limit to the num-ber of points to which wires may be runfor the transmission of sound from thecentral point.

In the main waiting room of theterminal, in the smoking room, in theroom reserved for women and on the con-courses a series of horns, all resemblingthe phonograph horn, are in positionagainst the walls. These horns are con-nected with the central station. Mien

the operator is ready to announce the de-parture of trains he simply steps to thetransmitter and speaks into it in an or-dinary, tone. Simultaneously there isheard throughout the terminal a giantvoice telling all about the trains that areabout to depart. Some 30 horns are inuse at the present time and more will beadded as necessity requires.

What is of almost equal interest is themanner in which the drinking waterdistributed through the terminal andoffices of the company is purified. Notonly is the water plant run by electricity,but every impurity in the water is killedabsolutely by the employment of an elec-tric spark. The layman would say, afterseeing the plant in operation, that thewater was so purified and vitalized bymeans of the electric spark that its prop-erties as a life giving fluid were vastlyenhanced.

The water purifying plant is situatedon the fourth floor of the main officebuilding. Ordinary city water entersthrough a main feed pipe and runs to apressure tank. Thence it is forcedthrough sixteen stone filters fastened tofile rear wall. From these filters thewater goes to the purifying outfit. Thecontractors who are erecting the termi-nal, and whose operation extend all overthe country, say it 'is the first waterpurifying plant of its kind they have everinstalled.

Actual purification of the water isaccomplished when the current is turnedon in a series of cells, somewhat longerand of about the same diameter of theordinary dry battery. The cells are setup in batteries of twelve each and thereare three such batteries in operation, thewhole being enclosed in a wooden boxwith a door in front. Inside of each cellthere are two electrodes, set far enoughapart to produce a jump spark. Tenthousand volts are used to make thespark, though the amperage is very low.

When the door of the box is openedthe pungent odor of ozone assails thenostrils. It is this ozone, created by the

1140 POPULAR ELECTRICITY MAGAZINE

THE BRAIN OF THE ELECTRICAL, IN-TERLOCKING SIGNAL SYSTEM. THE

HUNDREDS OF SIGNALS AREHERE CONTROLLED, EACH

BY ITS INDIVIDLALLEVER

THE DIRECTOR OF SWITCHING ANDSIGNAL TOWERS SITS IV AN OF-

FICE OF THE TERMINA. YARDSWITH A TRACK INDI-

CATOR IN FROIITOF HIM

IN THE LOWER PICTUREIS ONE OF STORAGE

BATTERY TRUCKS


spark, that does the trick of killing theimpurities in the water. The box is cón-nected with three injectors throughwhich the water passes, and as the waterrushes along enough ozone is drawn intoit to accomplish the purification, which isdone by the ozone killing all organic mat-ter. There is nothing but pure water left,when water and ozone come together inthat fashion. If anything should get bywithout being absolutely destroyed, thereis another filter to catch any residuebefore the water passes into the receiv-ing tank from which it isdistributed throughout the.buildings.

The tank to which the pure -.raterfinally finds its way looks for a:1 theworld like a huge icebox, which it is,in a sense. A 20 ton refrigerating out-fit of the single expansion type com-pletes the work of preparing the Craterfor consumption. The refrigerator Is runby a motor and the supply of water isregulated, as the whole plant is con-trolled, by electric devices that workautomatically. If the supply of watergets below a normal point an electric im-

pulse is started which automaticallythrows a switch which starts up themachinery. When the supply gets be-yond the normal the same switch shutsoff the machinery. The pipes in thetank are covered with ice and frost. The

WHERE THE POWER FOR THE GREAT TER-MINAL IS GENERATED. THE PORT MORRIS

POWER STATION AND AT THE LEFTTHE IRRINGTON SUB -STATION NO. 5.

WHERE THE POWER IS REDUCEDIN VOLTAGE AND MADE

SUITABLE:FOR OPERATINGPURPOSES ABOUT THE

TERMINAL

purified water, being forced through thebuildings under pressure, passes throughthe tank many times.

But the novel uses of electricity in thenew terminal do not end with the fea-tures already referred to. An odd trickwas the substitution of storage batteriesfor the operation of electric bells andbuzzers instead of employing the usualdry batteries. Dry batteries scatteredabout the offices were an eyesore to theofficers cf the company and so two large

1142 - POPULAR ELECTRICITY MAGAZINE

storage batteries were installed on thefourth floor. The batteries are chargedby two rotary converters. From thesebatteries also power is obtained to keepthe clocks runing regularly and prop-erly.

Electricity is even employed to testthe concrete used in the constructionwork both in the terminal and all alongthe road. A "cement laboratory" is inoperation in the main office building,where different combinations of cementand sand are tested before the propor-tions of each that shall be used for dif-ferent purposes are decided on. A smallmotor is used to shake fine sieves throughwhich cement is passed before beingmixed with sand. The fineness of thesemay be judged from the fact that in someof the screens there are 10,000 holesto the square inch. For a man to standand shake a screen like that would costtoo much money. The little motor doesthe work economically and right.

In the same laboratory electricity isutilized to heat ovens in which the bri-quettes of sand and cement are baked orsteamed. Both dry heat and steam heatare employed to prepare the briquettesfor the pressure test to which they aresubjected later. The current furnishesthe heat that makes the steam.

Near the cement laboratory is locatedthe blue print shop, where electricity isagain the important factor in operation.Blue prints, of which there are manynew ones every day, are copied on a slowmoving roller of some eighteen inchesdiameter that is turned by an electricmotor. The original blue print preparedby the architect is placed in the printingmachine with a sheet of copying paperbeneath it. The roller carries both closeto arc lights of 1,000 candlepower eachand the trick is done after the copy hasbeen given a bath in a solution that fixesthe lines on the prepared copy paper.

In the commissary department, wheremuch of the cooking is done for thedining cars on through trains, electricityis employed exclusively. There are elec-

tric ovens where meats. and fowls areroasted, electric : ranges on which manythings are cooked. The humble griddlesare heated in the same way and finallyice cream is frozen in great electric re-frigerators. An electric dish washercleans the crockery and kitchen uten-sils.

The baggage trucks used in the ter-minal carry two tons each and are drivenby storage batteries of twelve cells each,making 24 volts to each cell. They scootaround with big piles of baggage, doingswiftly and quietly what many men wouldbe required to do in a much longer inter-val of time.

Truly, the new Grand Central terminal,when it is finally completed a year hence,might well be termed the "electric sta-tion."

TantalumTantalum, that curious substance of

which more or less _use is made in theconstruction of filaments for electriclamps, is pure white and as hard as thebest steel. When hot, it can be rolled,hammered and drawn out into wire. Itstensile strength exceeds that of steel. Forlamp filaments it is drawn into wirehardly more than one five -hundredthof an inch in diameter. Its electrical re-sistance is much less than that of car-bon, so that the filaments have to be muchlonger than the ordinary carbon fila-ments when they are used with the usual110 volt lamps.

Tantalum melts at 2,300° C. Tungstenmelts at 3,030° C. Like tantalum, it has amuch lower resistance than does carbon.

In connection with tantalum deposits,there is reported the finding of a newmineral in the gold washings of the UralMountains. Analysis shows that it con-sists of 98.5 per cent tantalum, 1.5 percent niobium, and .001 per cent man-ganese. It may therefore be regarded asconsisting practically of native tantalum.The mineral occurs in very minute quan-tities, and is apparently an isolated for-mation.


Electric Frost Prevention

An electric heater for the protection oforange groves from frost is being triedout in the groves about Riverside. Cali-fornia, this winter

The device is being used on a smallscale to cover sixteen trees in the beltwhich was affected by frost last year.Overhead wires have been strung abovethe trees and connections made with theheaters. The current will be turned onwhen required and careful observationsmade with thermometers to test the dif-ference in temperature. Of course it is

house when any particular area is threat-ened by frost. By the use of the motor-cycle patrol and the telephone, it is possi-ble for the orange growers to receive awarning in time to start the smudges, orpots of burning oil under the trees, andthus prevent the great damage that asingle freezing night could do.

Novel Life RaftThe picture indicates the construction

of a form of an individual lifeboat orlife raft and its method of operation. Itis equipped with an electric light as

AN INDIVIDUAL LIFEBOAT OR RAFT WITH ELECTRIC BEACON

understood that in_ frost prevention it isnot the rise in temperature alone thatmakes the difference, but the circulationor agitation of the air which a compara-tively slight inequality of temperaturecan cause. It is stated that the value ofthis device promises to be so great thatfree current has been provided for theexperiment by the Board of Public Utili-ties.

Another way in which electricity helpsthe orange grower is by the use of acomplete telephone system around thePomona, California, citrus groves. Thistelephone connects the homes of thegrowers with numerous stations amongthe orange groves which are visited atfrequent intervals during the winternights by a motorcycle rider who ob-serves the thermometers at various pointsand promptly telephones the owner's

noted in the rear and a compass in front.It was devised by Philipp Lentz of Ber-lin-Lichterfelde and measures 1/ metersin length. It is so designed that theuser may have free use of his arms andlegs for propelling the apparatus andcan readily steer the craft by the aid ofthe compass.

He is fastened to the device by a sin-gle strap over his back which he caneasily reach. The intermittent electriclight is intended to aid in his rescue byshowing the location of the apparatus inthe dark.

The signal electric light consists of aten candlepower tungsten lamp operatedby a storage battery. A small electricmotor is provided which automaticallyswitches the electric light into circuit fortwo seconds with a pause of four secondsbetween the flashes.

Bui1diii the Trolled in theYou know that Oolong tea comes from

Formosa. But do you know that thereare 400 miles of electric railways in opera-tion and under construction throughoutthe island ? Do you know that primitiveFormosa through the invasion of thetrolley has become up to date, bustling,commercial? Let us see how the changecame about :

The smoke was still drifting fromJapanese guns; China was still groaningfrom its ill-fated war, when the little menof Nippon turned their faces toward For-mosa. They knew the island was rich.They knew that these riches could not beobtained until the head-hunters had beendriven away. So the Japanese landedtheir brown faced soldiers and drove thenative bandits back into the mountains.Also, being able to shoot very straightthey kept them there. The first obstacleout of the way, the Japanese conceivedthe idea of laying a system of electricrailways over the island. So they beganto build, using Keelung, the capital, as arenter and tapping the remote corners ofFormosa. The plan was to establish anelectric service between the great sugarand camphor districts, the rapidly grow-ing bamboo pulp factories and the naturaloutlet for commerce.

For a while the Japanese had a hardtime building their line. No sooner hadthey raised trolley poles and put cars inoperation than the head-hunters sneakeddown. By night they came, excited withthe plan of an old chief. A renegadeEnglishman had given it to him. And theplan was to cripple traffic by cutting downthe poles. As the story goes the savages

cut the poles but with them brought downa "live wire." Now even a savage's skinisn't tough enough to stand a "live wire."And after the chief had seen ten of thestrongest warriors fall to the groundelectrocuted, he concluded that it would

IN JAPAN THE TROLLEYBUMPS THROUGH

THE MOST IM-PORTANT

CITIES

be a good thing not to cut down any moretrolley poles.

And in a similar manner the trolleyhas sought the remote places of the earth,so let us follow the story more or lessgeographically.

Unlike Formosa the impetus for thetrolley in Hawaii came from the West. Inthe Island Beautiful, Formosa, the Japa-nese were the builders. In Hawaii theywere Americans. To -day Honolulu hasa very up-to-date electric system. One of

1144

Remote Places of theEarífiits branches winds out of the town curv-ing and climbing until it reaches the crestof the Punch Bowl, 500 feet above thesea. Not only is it popular with touristsbut the residents favor it as well; and byresidents I mean the natives as well asthe foreign born. For the natives arevery easy going, indolent, dreamy. Theyhail such effortless transportation as thetrolley car as a gift from the God of thevolcano Kileiu.

In the Philippines the story of the trol-ley is the story of a hard constructionfight. As soon as Spain had been de-feated an American engineering companysent its forces to the islands and built theManila Electric Railroad. They foundthings very unsettled. The Philippines,more backward than Cuba, were stagnantso far as modern engineering went. Anold system had to be torn down. Notonly did the indifference of the peoplehave to be overcome but certain climaticconditions presented serious obstacles.No sooner had the engineers begun workthan they found that heavy dampnesscorroded the rails. Overcoming this bygenerous coatings of asphaltum paintthey faced another difficulty. Whiteants were destroying the wooden ties. Sothe ants' party was spoiled by coveringthe rails with jodelite. That took awaytheir appetite. Then it was found thatthe familiar tubular steel trolley poleswere rapidly rusted in the Philippine air.Poles of native wood had to be substi-tuted.

Then, shut out from the ties, the antsbegan eating the cars. So ordinary woodwas dispensed with. Expensive teak had

to be employed. And worst of all, theconstruction and excavating was done bythe natives, whose habits make it neces-sary for the man employing them towatch closely.

No sooner had the Manila ElectricRailroad begun to pay wages than thenatives disappeared. As soon as theyhad a little money they quit their jobs andgambled. Those who remained used theluncheon hour to get into games. Theirearnings paid for excitement instead offood. So the builders stationed lunchmenalong the line, sold excellent and verytempting food at low prices-and won.To -day the Manila Electric Railroad hasabout 40 miles of track. Some of it runsthrough the suburbs, which meansthrough a jungle. Here malaria andsnakes lie on either side of the rails. Re -

THE CHINAMANNEVER USES AWHEELBARROWBUT INSISTS ON

A WICKERBASKET

1145


FEARED THAT THE NOISE OF THE MOTORSMIGHT DISTURB THE CALM OF THE

SACRED ELEPHANTS

pair work is costly. Yet since 1905 theline has been running continuously and ata profit. The native admires it chieflyfor one thing-it enables him to reachthe race track near Manila quickly.

Of course you would expect wellequipped lines in progressive Australia.There are excellent systems at Mel-bourne, Perth and Kalgoorlie. Indeed thetrolley has ever penetrated far-off Auck-land. New Zealanders are as familiarwith it as New Yorkers. This soundsstranger if you take a map of the worldand see where Auckland is-one mightcall it the edge of the earth over whichthe doubters believed Columbus would fall.

But going up the Pacific we again meetthe Japanese, the same busy trolley pro-moters who turned Formosa from aparadise of head-hunters into a paradiseof money chasers.

In Japan the electric trolley humsthrough most of the important cities. Ithas forced the "ricksha" from the moretraveled highways. It has robbed thenative atmosphere of ancient charm andlocal color. Still it has facilitated trans-portation, helped bring the Empire upto date ; helped the Japanese to makemoney faster, which is his second am-bition. The first, as you know, is tomake his empire the greatest of theworld.

By way of emphasizing her up-to-date-ness, her desire to hold her own in an ageof mechanical progress, Japan has builtan electric railway in Dalmy, that seaportof southern Manchuria torn from thegrip of the Russian bear. Before Japanbrought the trolley, Dalmy lived in an-other century. But Japan is no re-specter of another country's traditions.For ages Corea, hermit of the Asiatic:resisted every innovation from the west-ern world. Then flushed with her victoryover Russia, Japan pushed some of theinnovations down the throat of the an-cient nation. To -day Corea has a trolley,running out of Chemulpo. It is plannedto extend the tracks 25 miles inland tothe ancient capital of Seoul. Of course.this is being done very much against thewill of Corea. But what is the will of adead kingdom? Still one cannot helpwondering what the natives think of elec-tricity, of the unseen force that speedsrattling cars over the dusty roads whereonce only shuffling coolies and lazy -ponies toiled.

Even China has surrendered to elec-tricity. Many of her large seaports arenow networks of trolley track. Not solong ago conservative Hankow agreed tospend $20,000,000 on new and electrifiedtransportation. Lines are being builteverywhere. Still the natives persist inusing the most primitive implements incarrying on the work. Often a trolleyline in China must cross shaky ground,rice paddies, marshes. Piling must bedone. Still you rarely see a modern piledriver in China. What you do see is a


yellow faced coolie setting the pile intoposition, gripping it with big bamboopoles and strapping these poles together.Then other coolies, chattering excitedly,cling to the outstretched bamboo and bysheer weight force the pile into the mud.Then they hammer aided by a big stone,held firmly between two timbers. Also incarting away dirt the Chinaman neveruses a wheelbarrow. He insists upon hisinefficient wicker basket. Another diffi-culty that trolley constructors had tofight in China is superstition. I mean aparticular superstition. It is called"Feng-Shui." Now that is Chinese forwhat might be translated into "the sym-metry of local topography." That is tosay the Chinaman believes that the earthdepends upon a balance. If he imaginesa particular locality is not balanced prop-erly he builds pagodas to establish theproper poise. And if he thinks theground is balanced properly he is carefulto place his house in such a position so asnot to destroy the balance. Also he ob-serves it in burying his dead so that they

THE ROYAL HEAD OF THE LAND ORDEREDTHAT THE POLICE WEAR TROUSERS

HINDUS USING GRUBBING HOES AND CARRYINGTHE DIRT AWAY IN BOWLS

may enjoy repose without the earthteetering and bothering them. It isn'tgood for a foreigner to ignore that super-stition.

Once a party of American engineersplotted the survey of their trolley in sucha way that it threatened the local "Feng-Shui." The American gunboat that cameto their rescue arrived just in time.

The trolley has even invaded the Malaypeninsula. Here the chief difficulty is infurnishing accommodations for the va-rious classes. Of course caste rules inthe Orient. The lower class natives havewelcomed the trolley lines. Still they haveyet to adjust themselves to new habitswhich the new transportation demands.When a native travels he invariably car-ries excess baggage. A farmer bearsheavily laden baskets or balances vegeta-bles, poultry and pigs from a long bam-boo pole. Of course the natives insist.upon carrying all their truck into the trol-ley cars-which is embarassing.

Siam was one of the first of the east-ern countries to encourage the trolley.About eight years ago some Americanhigh in the favor of the White Elephantobtained a concession for a trolley line inBankok. Previously bullock carts fur-nished transportation for those who did not


walk or ride in the boats of the muddyMeinam and its canal like tributaries. Itwas some time before the Americansdared begin work. The natives fearedthat the noise of the motors might disturbthe calm of the sacred elephants. Theseobjections overcome, the road was built.

Even then it innocently caused trouble.Up to that time the native police haddressed very simply. They wore a clotharound their waist, a hat and a smile.This wasn't considered in keeping withan electric railroad. So the royal headof the land ordered that the police weartrousers. The trousers came, were puton and so amused the people that great_crowds gathered, blocking traffic on theelectric line and causing unheard of ex-citement. The next day the trousers wereremoved and the police and the electriccars moved freely.

It would be easy to go on and tell howthe motor invaded Bombay, how they dug44 miles of track with Hindus usinggrubbing hoes and carrying away the dirtin bowls. It would be interesting toknow how ancient Bagdad is buildingits electric line; how a trolley now runsfrom Cairo to the ruins of Heliopoliswith the gray pyramids looking on; howthey no longer close the gates at sundownin the Holy City of Jerusalem; how atrolley line is going where only camelsand donkeys went before. To some theclanging of a gong, the whirr of themotor near those sacred walls may be adesecration. But the trolley has becomea part of the Holy Land. Pilgrims arenow using its cars to explore the streetsof the Holy City. Modernity has pushedout the traditional archaism of Jerusalem.

The trolley has gone through SouthAfrica from Cape Town to Camps Bay,and they broke the road through heavyrock, laid their tracks 800 feet above thesea and provided a wonderful view ofTable Bay. The black natives becameenamored of it, sold anything to get thenecessary fare for a ride in one of thewonderful cars.

There is the story of Durban in Natal.

Here they have an electric line owned bythe municipality-a line that conducts astreet car parcels delivery, carrying smallpackages at a very moderate rate. Wehave, therefore, something to learn fromDurban.

And there is the tale of a thousandmiles of trolley track in remote parts ofRussia. Down in the small town of theBaltic provinces it has provided trans-portation for the poor. Farther northit has. brought the people of the wheatdistricts closer one to the other.

You would think that the limit hadbeen reached but you don't know thepersistence of electricity. For centuriesold Popocatepetl has lifted its peak twomiles into the heavens. The Mexicansare proud of it. Its summit is far abovethe snow line. But soon an Englishsyndicate will lay the tracks of a trolleyup its slopes, climb them as easily as thetrolley climbed Vesuvius, bring to thevolcano top what it has never felt before-the mighty pulsing of electricity highabove the snows.

So far has the trolley spread-pene-trated the remote places.

Radium in Yellowstone ParkRecent investigations at the Yellow-

stone Park hot springs show that thetravertin of the ancient terraces containslittle radium as compared with thatfound in the terraces of later formation.The reason is thought to lie in the factthat the hot water has separated the ra-dium from the uranium in the rocks anddeposited it in the terraces where itgradually decays and disappears whennot replaced by fresh supplies from be-neath.

Certain of the travertin terraces areoverlain by glacial boulders and it isthought that this fact affords a means ofestimating the date of the last glacial in-vasion of the region of the YellowstonePark. Assuming a uniform action ofthe springs, they make this date 20.00Qyears ago.

RIVADAVIA-THE GREAT ARGENTINE BATTLESHIP.

A new record for size and power of armament of battleships is made every fewmonths. For a fleeting moment this record is held by the Rivadavia, the new Argen-tine battleship now almost completed at the Fore River Works, Quincy, Mass. Itwill be turned over to the Argentine government complete in every respect down todishes, table linen and silver and the piano in the officers' quarters.

Twenty-seven thousand tons is the displacement of this monster fighting machine,and throughout its vast bulk the workings of electricity are found in all phases of itsintricate organization. The lights, signals, telephones, ammunition hoists, gun firingand controlling mechanism, searchlights and a hundred and one other devicesare operated by electricity for the simple reason that it is the most efficient,safest and surest form of energy to use in the restricted spaces and amongstthe terrific dynamic forces that lie dormant in the hull in the form of explosives.

A plant of 1,650 kilowatts capacity (2,200 horsepower)will be required to supply all this elects ical energy. There will betwo main stations in duplicate, each fitted with turbo -g e n -erators capable of generating all the power re- :a :

q u i r e d inaction and located within the armored case- mate. Therewill also be a third installation, operated byheavy oil motors of sufficient power to illu-minate the ship and also handle some of theguns for practice.

The large fire control or cagemast, from which the gunfire isdirected, will have electricsignals and telephones,communicating di-rectly with thegun turrets as


well as with the engine room and otherparts of the ship. Intercommunicatingtelephones are everywhere, and there willbe submarine signal apparatus.

Below the waterline the ship will beprotected with a double bottom trans-verse and longitudinal bulkheads, divid-ing the vessel into watertight compart-ments, fitted with electrically drivencentrifugal pumps.

In the work of building this ship,hoisting the huge parts into place, giantelectric cranes, one of them the largest onthe Atlantic coast, if not in the country,were used.

Concrete Poles Molded in SectionsA device here shown and on the mar-

ket will do much it is claimed to simplifythe erection of concrete poles for trans-mission and telephone lines besides mak-ing possible the transportation of polesin sections to points away from railroads.

MACHINE FOR MOLDING CONCRETE POLESECTIONS

A wheel like, iron structure carries aseries of molds of different sizes to thenumber of 54 upon its periphery. ,In themolds are formed concrete pole sectionsnine inches long varying in diameterfrom seven to eleven inches. In erectingpoles these sections are placed one uponthe other, those of lesser diameter beingused as the top of the pole is approached.Through four holes in every section steelrods are passed to hold the built up poletogether. Poles may be lengthened orshortened at any time by adding or tak-ing away sections.

An Electrical Fancy

The following is a free translation ofa sketch in a Parisian paper wherein isneatly satirized the astonishing progressof electrical science. This sketch pic-tures Edison in his laboratory, hearingthe news of a declaration of war betweenthe United States and Great Britain. Ayoung man, his assistant, rushes in, paleand out of breath and exclaims :

"\Var is declared! It is terrible !""Ah," says Edison. "War is declared,

eh? And where is the British Army atthis moment?"

"Embarking, sir.""Embarking where?""At Liverpool.""At Liverpool-yes. Now, my friend.

would you please join the ends of thosetwo wires hanging there against thewall? That's right. Now bring them tome. Good! And be kind enough topress the button."

The assistant, wondering and half -amused, presses the button.

"Very well," says the inventor. "Nowdo you know what is taking place atLiverpool?"

"The British Army is embarking, sir."The inventor pulls out his watch and

glances at the time. "There is no BritishArmy," he says, coolly.

"What !" exclaims the assistant."When you touched that button you

destroyed it.""This is frightful !""It is not frightful-it is science. Now

every time that a British expedition em-barks at any port, come and tell me-tellme at once. Ten seconds afterwards.such an expedition will simply be out ofexistence, that is all."

"There doesn't seem to be any reasonwhy America should be afraid of its ene-mies after this, sir."

"I am inclined to share your views,"says Edison smiling slightly. "But inorder to avert any future trouble. I thinkit would be best to destroy England al-together."

POPULAR ELECTRICITY 1IAGAZIÑE 1151

"To-to destroy England, sir?""Kindly touch button number four

there."The assistant touches it. The inventor

counts ten."-eight, nine, ten-it is all over.

There is no more England !" ."Oh! Oh !" exclaims the young mail."Now we may proceed quietly with

our work," says the great man. "And ifwe should ever be at war with any othernation, you have only to notify me. Ihave an electric button connecting withevery foreign country which will de-stroy it when pressed. In ten minutes Icould destroy every country in the world,the United States included. Be careful,now, that you don't touch any of thosebuttons accidentally-you might do alot of damage !"

Dr. Infroit's Radiographic LaboratoryDr. Infroit, the Paris scientist, for 29

years head of the laboratory at Salpe-triere is henceforth to devote himself ex-

clusively to experiments with radium,and has constructed for himself a radio-graphic laboratory in which to performhis experiments. It is dangerous workthat this scientist has undertaken, andsooner or later it may mean his death.Ile has already felt its effects. Radium,it is well known, when one is exposed toits rays constantly in experimental work,creates a skin disease which graduallypenetrates the flesh until the affectedmember has to be amputated to save therest of the body. This wonderful min-eral, which has such curative powers, canalso be very destructive at times. Dr.Infroit first lost a finger. Then a handwas amputated. He was attacked by thedisease back in 1908. But since then hehas never faltered in his work. He didnot stop his experiments even until hishand was healed. Now he has decidedto give up his entire time, and perhapshis life to experiments in the cause ofhumanity and scientific knowledge. Theillustration shows him in his radio-graphic laboratory with two assistants.

DR. INFROIT IN HIS RADIOGRAPH LABORATORY


Hornum Lighthouse

One of the finest of the world's elec-trically equipped lighthouses stands onthe coast of Germany. The tower of theHornum lighthouse is of steel and frontit shine two electric lights with a thirdlight for range purposes in a secondarystructure half a mile distant.

Inside the main tower are installed onthe ground floor duplicate twelve horse -

service lamp should be broken the cur-rent automatically (by the short circuitcaused by the broken lamp) turns thetable on which the two lamps are mount-ed and throws the spare one into focusand lights it. The main light in the toweris an arc lamp. The difference betweenthis lamp and the ordinary arc lamp is inthe arrangement of the carbons. Thepositive carbon is horizontal while thenegative carbon is placed in an inclined

HORNUM LIGHTHOUSE

power Diesel engines direct connected toduplicate generators. This plant is usedto charge a battery óf 100 storage cellson the floor above and is accomplished insix hours. The battery will then run thethree lights for ten hours.

The floor above the battery is fitted upas a bedroom, and the floor above this isthe watch room with a telltale switch-board and a telephone to the engine roomand keeper's dwelling. There is also anautomatic device by which the generatingset on the ground floor can be stoppedeither from the watch room or batteryroom. Above the watch room the sec-ondary light shines from the main tower.the rear light of the range, the front lightbeing about half a mile away.- The frontand rear lights each consist of two 150candlepower incandescent electric lamps,the one in service and the second directlybehind (not in service). In case the

position tó the positive, the two formingan angle of 70 degrees. For the lightingeffect only the crater of the positive car-bon is taken into consideration. Thepositive crater is clear of the negativecarbon entirely, so that the total amountof light given out may radiate. Auto-matic mechanism in the form of shutterscuts off the light in groups of two flashesalternating with groups of -four flashesrepeating again in 30 seconds.

Economy of Electric WareElectric ware is not only convenient,

sanitary and safe, but is economical aswell. The electric toaster stove requires.500 watts or one-half kilowatt. If therate is ten cents per unit or kilowatt hour,you can cook on the toaster stove a fullhour for five cents. The electric heatingpad consumes 55 watts.


Illuminated Speed IndicatorTo máke a portion of the wind shield

serve also as a telltale of the speed of anautomobile, readable from the sidewalkor from a greater distance, is the subjectof a patent issued to Forest Lee Cantrall,Ivy, Calif.

The lower part of the shield properconsists of compartments upon the glassfront on which are numbers in succes-sively increasing values beginning withfive. In each compartment is an electriclamp backed by a reflector. Under theneedle of the speedometer are electricalcontacts so arranged that as the needlemoves over the scale to indicate thespeed these contacts are closed one at atime through a battery thus lighting upthe proper lamp and displaying the num-ber showing the speed.

Mineralized Carbon Lamp ElecrtrodesArc lamps with mineralized carbons

nave been in use for some time in Franceand are believed to be more efficient thanany other lamp yet invented ; that is,they_ give more light per unit of energyconsumed. As they yield a spectrummore nearly like that of the sun than

other artificial lights, they may provevaluable in many ways where other lightsare unsatisfactory.

They have had, however, a serious dis-advantage, as the vapors from the burn-ing carbon have been found to condenseon the interior of the globe and thus ob-struct the radiation of the light. Thishas been recently overcome by theadoption of a double, closed globe, suchthat one part is used for the glowing car-bons while the other part acts as a con-densing chamber. With this arrangementit is found that the formation of thegases is lessened on account of the limitedair supply, and what does form is con-densed in the lower chamber. The fumesare principally fluoride of calcium and ni-trous vapors resulting from the directcombination, at the temperature of thearc, of the nitrogen and oxygen of theair. These vapors are more abundant inlamps with mineralized carbons than inordinary lam -.)s, on account of the highertemperature of the arc.

Through thecurtain therepercolated lowrumblings, ex-plosions, a con-fusing sound asof many bodiesmoving, g r u ffheralds of bat-tle. Then therecame a pause,a lull in the fir-ing, absolute si-lence as if thevoice o f d e-struction weretaking breathfor some great-er effort yet tocome.

In the dark-ened theater people began to show un-easiness. One heard whisperings, shift-ing of feet. The audience, strangelyaffected by this unseen disaster, waitednervously for the curtain to rise. Andthen of a sudden it shot up, curled its

The DaughterBy EDWARD

soft folds into the flies, exposed a dimlylighted stage and on it a grim picture.There behind the footlights lay the bat-tlements of Nankin-red battlementswith the dead and dying of the Mingarmy strewn about them. Now in theblack reaches of the sky one sawflashes of fire, splitting forks of yellowand red, heard shells burst filling theair with their terrible crashing. Thenthe wall began to fall in, great blocks ofstone tumbling down upon the stagepinning men as they fell. And the dincontinued, the bursting shells, the rattleof musketry, the waving of signal fires.

How long this lasted I cannot say. Allsense of time had gone. Only could onethink of the falling battlements, thethunder of cannon, the spreading smoke,the cries of the soldiers of Ming. Andthen The Daughter of Heaven, empressof a lost dynasty, a little woman armoredin gold, in allegiance for whom herloyal subjects had risen in revolt,

VIOLA ALLEN AS THE DAUGHTER OF HEAVEN, AND HER. ATTENDANTS AT THE MING THRONE

of HeavenLYELL FOXcrossed the stage. I saw her pick up atorch and hold it overhead. Her sol-diers had gathered around her. Theday was lost. The Manchus werecarrying all before them. Soon theywould come swarming over the battle-ments. And the loyal Mings werepleading of her a last dispensation, beg-ging a favor. She, their Empress, mustlight with her own hands the funeralpyre upon which they would all burn.They prostrated themselves before her.

And then I noticed a great pile of logsoff in a corner of the stage over at theend of the wall. They looked like rail-road ties piled up beside a track. Si-lently The Daughter of Heaven ap-proached them. I saw her torch ignite,suddenly bursting into flame. I_ saw herthrust it deftly among the logs, lightingthem all with swift precision. And thenshe tossed the torch into the middle ofthe pyre and escaping by a secret pas-sage that ran under the city, left the

scene. So muchf o r the littlewoman in thearmor of gold.

Now a puff ofgrayish smokeissued from be-tween thestacked 1 o g s.Then it thick-ened, more andmore of it, dark-er and darkeruntil it swirledand eddied in anecstasy of de-struction.Through it onecaught a glow ofréd, faintly visi-ble. Then theglow brightened, s )read and spread un-til it licked at the end of a huge block ofwood and ran down it-fire, suddenlyborn now active and alive. Brighter andbrighter it glared, encompassing all un-til the pyre had become a roaring car -

WHEN THE FORBIDDING RED LIGHT PLAYS OVEN THE PAVILION AT NANKIN


A PECULIAR GROUPING OF PIPES, REFLECTORS, FANS. MOTORS AND LIGHTS -THE 'FIRE MACHINE

nage, red with fire, gray with smoke. Ithissed, it crackled, it moaned. And intothe hell of it I saw the soldiers of Ming,one by one fling themselves upon thelogs and lie still. The curtain fell.

It was to discover the illusion, to spoilthe effect that the scene had for me thatI went to the Century Theater the nextafternoon. I was to see the big sceneof The Daughter of Heaven from a view-point that would forever spoil for methe illúsions of the theater. And so Iinvaded that magic land of behind thescenes, was conducted through manymysterious passages and finally foundmyself standing in a cellar sort of aroom such as one finds in an empty ware-house. Just below a trap in the stage itwas and as I passed through a little doorI saw before me a peculiar grouping ofpipes, reflectors, electric fans, motorsand lights.

I learned that the peculiar machine

was most intricate. The pipes were forsmoke. At the bottom of each wasplaced a chemical smoke pot that sub-sequently made grayish clouds issue fromthe pyre above. I saw a big circularpiece of amber gelatine which whenplayed upon by the powerful electriclight would produce the color of fire. Isaw thick silken brushes, imitations offeathers, orange colored, hanging like theplumes of some huge'hat. I saw power-ful bellows that driven by large electricmotors would send the feathers swirlingaround, bright in the glare of the pyre-bellows that created the impression ofwhirling fire. And these motors madethe smoke eddy too. Everything de-pended upon them. Even the gusts ofconfetti that thrown into the air, werecaught in the breeze of six electric fansand made to whirl round and round likeflying sparks-even they relied upon thebig motors.


And that was the fire -colored light,whirling feathers and confetti, smokepipes and pots, bellows, fans, a motor.And it came to me how surprisingly itall depended upon electricity.

My guide's name was Bierwald,"Bennie" they called him. I met him atthe Tyler offices up in the Century The-ater. -As you may know it is the firm ofGeorge Tyler & Co., that produced TheDaughter of Heaven; also The Gardenof Allah which last year opened a newera in impressionistic staging. AndBierwald is their master electrician-anartist in lights, a painter who paints withcandlepower instead of with a palette andbrush.

I was fortunate in having him as myguide. He took a delight in explainingthe illusions he had created. It seemedas if -I were a little boy, and he, an oldman grinning and saturnine, was sayingover and over-

"There isn't any Santa Claus! Thereisn't any Santa Claus !"

It began before the first curtain hadrisen. The stage was set for a scenecalled "A Chinese Love Song." It hadno bearing on the plot. It was just a pic-ture that created a mood. I saw the softlandscape of a river dancing in moon-light of a glowing oriental sky rich inpurple," of fireflies twinkling in the foli-age of a wood. It was very vague, dim,indistinct ; yet surprisingly beautiful.

That was because the picture was soft.There were no stiff wing pieces. Theaudience gazed upon it through a cur-tain of gauze and even the moonlitwater was different. I was going to askBierwald about it, when there came fromjust behind me a low whirring, the sub-dued sound of machinery. I turned andsaw a "Kinemacolor" apparatus. On thedrop it was creating an actual picture ofwater in moonlight-a greenish, yellowflow that brought out the rare quality ofthe scene.

"I thought they always did moonlightand water by a Stiff magic lantern sortof an arrangement," I said to Bierwald.

"I thought they just projected it fromthe wings."

"They do," he replied, "but not here.That kinemacolor stunt cost the pro-ducers an extra thousand dollars."

And that, too, was made possible byelectricity. I saw the wires leading tothe machine.

We hadn't walked two feet before my -

foot caught in something in the floor andI realized that not only was The Daugh-ter of Heaven different but the Centuryitself was different from any theater Ihave ever seen. My foot had caught inan open space in the floor=a completecircle as I afterwards found. For thestage revolves and that was the slot.Underneath it are the great motors that.turn it-turn it and the weight of all theheavy scenery in place above. And Isaw that while the audience was gazingupon the moonlit water a swarm ofscene shifters were transforming theother half of the stage into "The Coun-cil Room at Pekin." So massive is theproduction, so intricate the scenery, thatonly on a revolving stage could it bedone full justice. -Without the arrange-ment whereby one set can be put in placewhile the other is being played upon thedelay between acts would be so long thatthe audience would become restless-maybe bored.

Three stories under the ground wefollowed a staircase and there saw thehuge switchboards that control all thelights in the house, the huge motors andthe engine room. Then when I felt asif I had been through some huge powerplant Bierwald led me up an exceedinglynarrow spiral staircase, told me to goahead and hung back himself. The nextmoment I found myself in a queer littlecompartment, its ceiling so low that onehad to stand half crouched. I saw aman seated before a little shelf on whichwere many electric switches. He smiledand whispered for me to look aroundover my shoulder. I did and was aston-ished to find myself gazing into the faceof a big Chinaman!


THE FUNERAL PYRE -STANDING BESIDE IT, IN THE FOREGROUND, IS BIERWALD, THE STAGE MAGICIAN

I was under the stage, in a little de-pression, just behind the footlights, inan open trap that was screened from theaudience by the footlight reflectors. Andhere, I learned, sat the man who paintedin the picture with the colors that Bier-wald had devised. He was at the mas-ter switchboard from which every light-ing effect is made. In every other thea-ter this board is located in the wings.Here it is in midstage where its occupantcan view his picture perfectly with nostrained or inaccurate view so oftencaused by the angle of the wings.

By the time we got back to the wingsthe stage hands were finishing theirwork on the battlements of Nankin-thesame as we first saw at the opening ofthis article. I saw the torch that theEmpress had ignited. At the end was acluster of tiny glass bulbs painted red.She had lighted them by pressing anelectric button on the handle. Not even

the smallest of properties could escapethis dominance of electricity.

Over at the left of the stage the di-rector of the battle took his seat in the"prompt entrance." Near him swarmedthe Chinese soldiers-real jabberingChinamen obtained from New York'sChinatown and demanding four timesthe pay of the ordinary "supe." Buthaving seen the battle from in front,from below, I asked Bierwald to takeme behind the back drop-a black squarelighted from the wings with a reddishglow.

Here we found a number of batteriesstrewn about. We saw men kneelingbeside them ready to press the buttonsthat would send a flash of electricity upthrough the long vinelike black wiresand explode the bombs. Held in glassfaced boxes, these were fastened to thedrop. Then Bierwald told me that thebombs were different from the ordinary.


He said they were placed in boxes, oneside of which was ground glass. On theglass was painted the picture of a bombbursting. Behind it were the magnesiumbombs exploded by the electric wires.So was a very wonderful effect created.an actual explosion heard-a picture ofwhat a real bomb looks like, revealed tothe audience.

And when I began to wonder if someuncanny electrical forces were not push-ing in the battlements and tumbling theirtapier maché blocks on the stage, Bier-wald overwhelmed me by explaining thelast scene of the play.

It is the throne room at Pekin. TheDaughter of Heaven, slowly dying fromthe poison she had taken, is sitting on thethrone of the hated Manchus. The Em-peror-the lover from whom traditionhad parted her-is waiting below withhis nobles. At the sight of her dead. theemperor lights the great jars filled withincense and burns a funeral farewell.Instantly the electric blower gets busyunder the stage and forcing a cloud ofperfumed smoke through a pipe emptiesit out into the jar and sends it driftinglazily into the air. And the curtain fallswith the Tsin emperor and his noblesprostrating themselves before the paleand still Empress of the _flings..

As it has begun so has the drama end-ed with its significant effect, electrical.

Afterwards Bierwald took me up intohis workshop and told me the secret.

"Our whole system of stage lighting."he said, "is new. It is new because it isimpressionistic and creates moods. It isthe method we began with the `Gardenof Allah' and which we are carrying outhere on a larger scale. We colored scenesfor instance, harsh red, a color that maynot be in Nature. We did it so the au-dience would feel the sense of disaster.

"We colored a moonlight scene with astrange greenish tone just to produce inthe minds of the audience the spirit ofthe play. We use a peculiar purple inthe last act to give intense emotion, grief.We do. this to 'get over' the spirit of the

play. It may not be true to Nature butwe contend that to create moods, to holdpeople's minds by the psychology ofcolor, by their skillful variations is avastly bigger, more important and moreintelligent thing than to set a stage withreal doors, real Turkish rugs, real lamps.and all the other clutter of the schoolthey call realistic !"

VV'hite and Black CoalThe French call the power derived

from waterfalls houille blanche-"whitecoal ;" and a singular combination of thepower derived from white and black coalhas been effected at Etupes, in easternFrance. At that point electric conduc-tors coming from the coal mines of Ron -champ, eighteen miles north of Etupes,meet similar conductors coming from thewaterfalls of Le Refrain, 24 miles southof Etupes. The current derived fromthe mines is of 30,000 volts, and thatfrom the waterfalls of from 30,000 to50,000 volts. At Etupes the power iscombined in a large plant, provided withtransformers and distributors and sentout to run shops. light lamps and soforth. It is estimated that ultimatelythis alliance of white and black coal willfurnish 50,000 horsepower.

Rathenau MedalDr. Emil Ratheneau, a lifelong friend

of Mr. Edison and head of the Allge-meine- Elektricitats Gesellschaft (Gen.eral Electric Company of Germany), hasplaced a medal in the hands of the Amer-ican Museum of Safety, New York, to begiven each year for the best device forsafeguarding life in the electrical indus-try. The medal, which goes this year toMr. Edison, bears upon one side a pic-ture of Dr. Ratheneau and the words"Emil Ratheneau, 70 years old, Dec. 11,1908," in commemoration of which themedal was founded. The other side bearsfour German words meaning "for meritand fidelity."

"Eating Electricity'An Interview with Prof. Bergonie, Discoverer of the Worth of High Frequency

Current as a Body Builder

By FRANK L HALSEY

When my chief in London cabled me,his Paris correspondent, "See Prof.Bergonie, Bordeaux, eats electricity," Iwas, to say the least, a trifle startled. Aman who eats electricity, indeed ! Was hethen some son of Jove who for the merepleasure of it nibbled at his father'sthunderbolts-lunched off the lightning?My vision conjured up a man of greatbuild, of god -like stature as the ancientsimagined it, while the train bore me ontoward the town that held the marvelouspersonage. Bordeaux is a far cry fromMount Olympus and so when set down inits streets, I felt that perhaps after all itwas no semi -immortal whom I was tovisit, but a scientist.

Such a man did I actually find Prof.Bergonie, seated in his office -laboratory,somewhat taciturn but keen as one of hisown electric sparks. There was nothingof the immortal about him ; he was a manof average size and with no particularlydistinguishing feature, a man whom youwould pass on the street without athought of what was stirring behind therather broad and high forehead. Is thisthe man who derives nourishment fromthe lightning, I asked myself. I set aboutto learn how, and why.

Prof. Bergonie was courteous. "Youare a journalist, Mr. Halsey? Ah yes.And you want to know how I 'eat elec-tricity'? That is rather obscure; it doesnot at all convey the purpose of my recentdiscovery. That purpose is to supply thebody with a great quantity of heat with-out overtaxing the digestive organs whichNature designed to serve that function.In the first excitement of the newspaperworld when I made known my method ofsupplying this heat, it was stated-youwill pardon me-with not unusual exag-geration that I had discovered how to do

away with food entirely, furnishing bymeans of electricity all the nutritive bene-fits derived from animal and vegetablematter. That is simple nonsense. Fol-lowing that line of thought-their own,mind you, not mine-the journalists mademe say that an electric current of 1,000volts is equal in food value to a porter-house steak. Think what my confreresin the Academy of Science must havethought of me to see that statement ap-parently emanating from me."

The professor broke off his narrativeto rise and pace about in some excite-ment; finally he halted before my chair.

"What I told the Academy" he re-sumed, "was that diathermy, the methodof applying a current of low tension andhigh freque:qcy as discovered by Prof.D'Arsonval could be made to partly sup-plant food, by supplying the body with agreat quantity of heat. The daily foodof a normal person furnishes about3,000 calories, the calorie being theunit of heat. By applying D'Arsonval'scurrent with an intensity of from two tothree amperes and at a voltage of from1,000 to 2,000 about 1,000 calories anhour can be supplied.

"The current traverses the body with-out provoking the least pain. Imaginewhat that will mean to those whose di-gestive organs are out of order and whostill are in need of their daily heat supply.A man cannot force his stomach and thesupplementary digestive tracts beyond acertain point. If for any reason thoseorgans are incapable of furnishing thenecessary amount of calories, he losesweight and his case is diagnosed as oneof malnutrition. He may be drugged intosome semblance _of a normal conditionbut the action of the medicines is quiteas likely to merely shift the seat of his

1160


trouble. That is where the electrical ap-plications solve the problem."

"But, Professor," I interjected, "canyou give me a proof, a concrete exampleof the good to be derived from yourmethod ?"

"Most certainly I can. At first I hadexperimented with the applications uponmyself, but being in a normal conditionat the time I could not be positive of anygood that accrued to me from them.Possibly I felt improved to some slightextent but I could have laid it as well toatmospheric exhilaration as to the elec-tricity. Therefore I sought among mymedical friends for word of a patient whowould be willing to gain possible reliefand no harm from the experiments. Iwas fortunate. A man living here inBordeaux had sought aid from a phy-sician. He was of average height butwhen stripped was thin almost to thepoint of emaciation. What was more hecontinued to lose weight and naturallywas in a weakened condition. He de-clared that his appetite was good and thathe ate large quantities of meat but healways felt very cold. When sent to mehe had scarcely strength enough to walk.

"Here was the very subject I desired.I began the applications at once. Eachone lasted 40 minutes, during which timethe patient absorbed 1,700 calories. Youwill understand that this was an extremecase and therefore called for a loweramperage and higher voltage than Iwould usually recommend. At the endof the series of treatments I was rejoicedto see that the patient's weight had in-creased considerably and that he had farmore energy. Moreover, he was eatingfar less than when he came to me. Is notthat a proof that to a large extent elec-tricity can replace food."

Prof. Bergonie smiled."I am not trying to urge the elimina-

tion of all food and the replacing of soup,meat and vegetables by a purée ofamperes and a filet of volts," he declared,"for in that case I would be flying formy life before a horde of enraged

market men. It is an impossible thoughtthat electricity can ever fulfill all thefunctions of food but I will say this inall seriousness : the time is not very fardistant, In fact we will both probably liveto see it, when all troubles arising frominsufficient food, the disorders of metab-olism, will disappear before a reasonableapplication of the high frequency cur-rent."

I left Prof. Bergonie with the pleasantimpression of a man who knows he is onthe right track toward being of help tohumanity and rejoices that he can easethe ailments of troubled humanity. Inview of his ideas, though, could I resistthe thought that his background of work-ing tables with battery jars and gener-ators on them might be a prophecy of thedining tables of the future?

Canacian Farmers use NiagaraPower

The farmers in the central sections ofCanada, have joined hands with

the Hydro -Electric Power Commission tosolve their rural difficulties in a roughbut effective way. In one county thecommission has commenced the con-struction of a trunk line, but the farm-ers will build the branches under dxpertsupervision. The swamps will yield thepoles and the farmers will haul them outand do the digging and erection. Uponsuch a cooperative contract the ruralcommunities have entered with eagernessand some of the farms will be equippedwith electrical power by the beginning ofnext summer.

An instance of how the propagandahas taken hold is the extension of adairy farm near Beaverton to accommo-date 210 cows, all of which will bemilked by electricity. The owner milks75 by that method at present and hisneighbors are preparing to discard theold hired man arrangement as quickly asthe government can bring them the con-densed energy of Niagara Falls.

The Hydro -Electric Commission of


Ontario was organized on application ofa hundred or more municipalities andfinanced with public money. The com-mission undertakes the construction of alltransmission lines throughout the prov-ince, while the municipalities are respon-sible for construction and distributionwithin their own borders ; in other wordsthe commission is the wholesaler and thetowns and cities the retailers. Recentlegislation has placed in the hands of thecommission almost autocratic powers ofcontrol over the municipalities, such astheir rates of charge, the standardizingof equipment, the disposal of surplusprofits and other points whereby the ef-ficiency of the commission shall not bejeopardized by carelessness or incompe-tence óf local bodies.

MicroradiographsM. Pierre Goby's new X-ray method

is likely to work a revolution in micro-scopic work, as this is the first time thatthe rays have been applied so as to showup the internal structure of minute speci-mens, although we are familiar with the

FROM A MICRORADIOGRAPH OF THE FORE ANDREAR MEMBERS OF A SMALL LIZARD

results which are obtained with ordinarysized objects. He uses a special electricapparatus for producing the X-rays, andcombines this with microscope devices insuch a way that the rays show the other-wise invisible parts within the minute ob-jects. It would be difficult and in the ma -

A PINCH OF SAND FROM THE SEASHORE CON-TAINS MINUTE SHELLS. A MICRORADIOGRAPH

SHOWS THE REMAINS OF LIVING ANIMALS

jority of cases impossible to see the struc-ture in any other way.

As an example,, take a pinch of finesand from the seashore. Putting it tin-der the microscope we often find that itis made up of very minute shells whichcould not be detected by the eye. ButM. Goby's apparatus now allows us to gofarther and see the inside structure ofthe shells or other remains of living ani-mals and he even discovers new speciesin this way . where naturalists could notdetect any difference from a simple out-side examination of the specimens. Thestructure of the objects often reveals aregular design which is very attractive.

Not only can the X-rays be used withmicroscopic specimens, but even smallanimal specimens can be examined bymagnifying them, say up to 20 diameters.For instance, we illustrate some of theparts of a very small lizard from thesouth of France, and it would be hard toobserve these by the ordinary X-raymethod. Now the parts, such as the mi-nute bones and other details, are very dis-tinct. The inventor is working on his ap-paratus at Grasse, France, and promisesa more complete description later.

1163POPULAR ELECTRICITY MAGAZINE

Courtesy of The Illustrated London News

THE REVEALING RAYThis picture from a sketch by a newspaper correspondent with the Turkish Army,

vividly portrays victorious Turkish infantry, preceded by the revealing ray of apowerful searchlight, entering the village of Papas Burgas at midnight, on Nov.17 of last year just as the Bulgarian forces were withdrawing. After the day's bat-tle had silenced the Bulgarian batteries, the Turks secretly placed a searchlight ona hill overlooking the town and at midnight as it flashed down upon the startledvillage the ghostly, unheard-of scene here depicted took place.


THE FAMOUS AERIAL ELECTRIC CA9LEWAY IN THE TYROL IN WHICHSIXTEEN PEOPLE MAY RIDE AT ONCE FROM ONE STATION TO ANOTHER

2700 FEET HIGHER UP

How the Swiss Exploit Their SceneryBy FRANK C. PERKINS

It is said that many of the Swisspeople who love tl!éir mountains and en-joy the beauty and grandeur of the Al-pine scenery regard with disfavor thecommercialization of these things as ex-emplified by the scaling of mountains bytrolley cars, building mountain hotels andstretching great lines of aerial cablewayamong the giant precipices. They cannotbe blamed for taking this view of thematter, but at the same time they shouldremember that these modern facilities fortravel-brought about very largely byelectric power from the glacier fed lakes-enable tens of thousands of people toview the wonders of the Alps who couldnot do so if it were only possible withthe aid of Alpine: Lock and hobnailedshoes.

After all it is the tumbled peaks, thestupendous distances, the great, silentmasses of ice in glittering splendor lyingso peacefully miles and miles away up inthe air that grip one. A hotel or two,a few hundred yards o.f track or even agrotesque, cable -slung car in the fore-ground is of small consequence. It isa simple matter to change one's point ofview a little to cut out of sight theseman made contrivances and then againgaze at crag piled upon crag, as elementalin their grandeur as the day they weretossed up from the level.

Frequently in the past these pages havecontained descriptions and illustrations ofthe great work which is being done in"electrifying the Alps." But the storyis one which does not grow stale so longas pictures of these regions can be pre-sented. To picture the Matterhorn, theJungfrau or the great Grindelwald gla-cier hardly needs excuse though theyhave been seen and studied many timesbefore. And it is pleasurable at the sametime to look forward to the day wheneither the government or private enter-prise shall make our own Rockies, per-

haps as splendid in every way, just asaccessible as the Swiss Alps. It isscarcely fitting that to tread great glaciersand be inspired by snow capped peaksso many of the people of this countryshould first go through a period of sea-sickness to view other people's scenery.

One way the Swiss have of makingmountain climbing easy and attractive tovisitors is shown on the opposite page.This is a famous aerial electric cablewayín the Tyrol. Sixteen people may ridein the car at one time. From the lowerstation you are drawn up by a haulingcable, winding over huge drums drivenby motors, and step out at the other sta-tion over 2,700 feet higher up. And allthrough the journey you view the mostentrancing scenes at the same time thatyou are thus easily overcoming the mostdifficult bit of mountain climbing in theregion, if you were to attempt it afoot.

Over on the next page (No. 3) is amore distant view of a similar cableway,at a point on the Wetterhorn on the wayup to the Grindelwald glacier. The littlestation to which the car is ascending isknown as the Station Enge. Bu$ thehighest cableway in all Switzerland pro-vides tourists with easy access to the topof the Vigiljoch. The difference in levelbetween the two stations is 3,800 feetand the total length along the incline con-siderably over a mile.

The famous Jungfrau, a favorite withtourists, is now much more accessible, bymeans of the electric railway which windsgradually up to the Station Eisiner 10,273feet above sea level. View No. 1 showsa section of this interesting railway.

The Zermatt-Gornergratt mountainrailway carries passengers a long way upthe lonely Matterhorn. View No. 2shows one of the rustic stations erectedat intervals along this line. Sr) artisticis its conception and so in harmony withits surroundings that one cannot believe

1165


seriously that it is ally great blot uponthe natural scenery.

With the development of electric cable,rack and pinion and aerial railways inSwitzerland, attention of engineers hasbéén directed towards Mont 'Blanc, thehighest peak in Europe and most famousür the Alpine ranges, with the beautifulVaalley of the Chamounix leading up to itsbase. Ori both French and Swiss sidesMont Blanc is comparatively easy ofascent toward the base and not especiallyabrúpt even in the higher regions.

Tlíere has been installed an electricrack and pinion road from the Valleyóf Fayet and Chamounix well up on theside of the mountain. From Fayet itascends to St. Gervais, from where, byan incline road on a grade of sixteendegrees, it reaches the Col de Vova atan altitude of 5.500 feet.

Charles Bourseul-French Inventorof the Telephone

Le Petit Journal of Paris recentlycommented upon the death of a Frenchinventor, Charles Bourseul, who died incomparative obscurity, yet who had moretitle to national recognition by theFrench people than many recipients ofthe IFegion of Honor. Bourseul was theinventor of a telephone antedating thatof Alexander Graham Bell.

As in the case of nearly all great in-ventions there have been a number ofclaimants to the honor of having invent-ed the telephone. But, as with Edisonand the incandescent lamp, and Marconiand the wireless, the world has come torecognize in Bell the real inventor of thetelephone, for he is the man who made ita practicable possibility. Still it is in-teresting to read of this French claimant.

It was in 1854 that Bourseul, employedin the department of Posts and Tele-graphs, asked the French government totake and use his discovery. His superi-ors did not understand it, and regardedhim as crack brained, a man who fooledaway his time instead of occupying him -

CHARLES BOURSEUL

self with his work. He told the officialsthat he had discovered a means of trans-mitting the human voice a long distanceby means of eleciricity. The only re-sponse that he obtained to his state-ments was that he had better consult adoctor and in an equivalent French collo-quialism, "get rid of the bats in his bel-fry."

He published his belief in the possi-bility of what has now become an ac-complished fact in the following words :

"Imagine that a person speaks near toa plate which is of such flexibility thatnone of the vibrations of the voice arelost ; imagine also that this plate estab-lishes and interrupts successively thecommunication with a voltaic pile ; underthese circumstances it will be possible tohave at a distance another plate whichwill make the same vibrations at thesame time."

Seven years later, in 1851, a German,Reiss, took up the work where Bourseulhad left it and constructed the first tele-phone. In 1876 Elisha Gray and Prof.Alexander Graham Bell brought -it to itspresent perfection, Prof. Bell, after longlitigation winning final recognition as thepractical inventor,


Washing Cars by Electric Power

A convenient method of washing thesides of electric box cars is in use in theSeattle, Wash., Electric Railway Com-pany's shops. As shown in the accom-panying drawing, the washing appa-ratus consists of a vertical cylindricalbrush piped with water from the shopmains, and driven by a small electricmotor mounted on two cross timbersat the top. A car is washed by runningit upon a track at the side of the re-volving brush, the brush being swungagainst the windows and panels while astream of water passes through the spacebetween the bristles. The largest semi -convertible car can be washed in thisway in a few moments, and the companyobtains a decided saying in labor com-pared with the old method of hand wash-ing with pole type brushes.

MACHINE FOR SCRUBBING CAR SIDES ANDWINDOWS

Electric Motors in Track Switching

Electricity is rapidly gaining groundin the latest railroad work in connectionwith the movement of track switches. It

MOTOR OPERATED TRACK SWITCH

is free from the troubles encountered inforcing compressed air through hun-dreds of yards of pipe. In cold weatherespecially, electricity saves time at pointsof congested traffic.

. In a typical installation on the BostonAlbany Railroad at Allston, Mass..

shown in the accompanying illustration,the motors are located with the switchoperating mechanism in the depressedspace between tracks and are suppliedwith electric current from the local cen-tral station service. The apparatusworks well in the snowy weather of aNew England winter. The operator inthe switch tower simply pushes, thebutton or pulls a small lever ; this startsthe motor, which may be made to run ineither direction, and the latter opens orcloses the switch as the case may be.


Underground Transportation forParcel Post

The establishment of the Parcel postin the United States creates many newproblems for the post office departmentto solve. One of the most, important ofthese is that of transporting this bulkymail in the large cities between the mainpost offices and railroad depots. Therational solution of this problem asworked out by practical post office of-ficials is to connect the more importantpost offices and depots by tunnels and tothus transport this volume of mail under-ground.

A system designed to solve this prob-

lem is now being demonstrated in Cam-bridge, near Massachusetts Ave. and theCharles River, and in the rear of River-bank Court. This system has been in-stalled by the American PneumaticService Company. This Cambridgedemonstration plant greatly resembles asmall scenic railroad ; not so small at that,since it is approximately 1,500 feet long.This resemblance is due to trestle workwhich has been installed in order to pro-vide on this flat river front grades andcurves such as would be necessary inactual construction beneath the streets.On this trestle work, and running alongthe ground from it, is a continuous rowof cast iron hoops, which in turn are con-nected by rails. A complete circuit, re-sembling a hollow square with roundcorners is formed by this construction,except that in one corner cast iron pipe,such as would be used in the street, coverup these hoops. The line starts and endsin a long building which contains thepower plant, starting and stopping mech-anisms, testing instruments, etc.

This plant can perhaps best be de-scribed as representing a tunnel 1,500 feetlong and 30 inches in diameter, throughwhich pass automatic electric trolley carsand trains that require no attendantswhile passing beneath the surface of thestreet and which on reaching their

,. i. !oo Photo News Co.SECTION OF THE TUBE FRAME OF THE ELECTRIC MAIL CARRIER ABOVE, THE OPERATOR IS ABOUT

TO START A CAR BY PULLING THE CONTACTOR AGAINST THE LIVE RAIL


proper station automatically come to astop. The diameter of this tunnel. 30inches, is just the height of an ordinarytable. A workman could, if necessary, tomake repairs, crawl into such a tunnel.The system can, however, be of anydiameter. It is designed in particular tocover the field up to a size tunnel in whichit would be possible to have motormen onthe trolley cars.

The first striking point about the sys-tem is that it is automatic, for after thetrolley car is once started it needs nofurther attention either to keep it goingor to stop it at its proper station. Thesecond point that immediately impressesyou is that this is a mono -rail system ; inother words, the trolley car runs on asingle rail instead of on two as is thecase with most railroads. In addition tothis single rail, there is a guide rail oneach side of the tunnel to keep the trol-ley car from tipping over. and a trolleyrail on top which acts as a trolley wireand brings the electric power to the car.

The proposed method of building thistunnel is also interesting, as well as mostsimple. It is expected, with the 30 inchesdiameter tunnel at least, that in mostinstances it will consist of ordinary 30inch cast iron water pipe laid in an opentrench. Inside this pipe will be fastenedthe rails upon which the cars and trainswill travel. It is believed that this formof construction will prove very simpleand in addition will give a strong andpermanent tunnel. Ordinarily two suchpipes would be laid in order to give ser-vice in both directions as on a doubletrack railroad.

The trolley car is a very substantiallooking vehicle. It is about seven feetlong and its inside, which is protected bya cover, would easily take in a small manor a boy. It is designed to carry fourpouches of mail. The car is shaped some-thing like a torpedo and has bumpers ateach end. The motor is outside, al-though the gears running from it to thedriving wheels are enclosed. The car hasa sliding trolley contactor. The car also

has a reversing switch which permits it tobe sent in either direction and a mechan-ism for moving the car under its ownpower, but at very slow speed while it isin stations or on sidings.

The motor is of a special design andis the most important part of the car. Itis so wound that is has practically a con-stant speed at all loads and when goingup and down grades. This characteristicis, of course, necessary to prevent carsovertaking each other while in the tunnel.The motor is started by a switch whichautomatically releases itself when the carreaches a certain speed.

Stopping the car by itself, and withouttheaid of an attendant, is a very simpleprocess. It is similar to that used on theroller coasters seen at amusement resorts.At the end of the line and perhaps for30 or 40 feet wooden skids are placedjust above the mono -rail. There are alsowooden skids on the bottom of the car.The car comes into the station, the cur-rent is lead off the trolley bar at a certainpoint and the car strikes the skids andgradually and easily comes to rest.

The Electricity of Drops of WaterWhen a liquid jet divides itself into

drops in the air, it is known that thesedrops are charged positively, the airbeing charged negatively. This effect hasbeen used by Lord Kelvin as a means ofcreating electrical charges ; it is utilizedalso for measuring atmospheric elec-tricity.

Dr. von Bernalak, of the Universityof Heidelberg, in an article in Annalender Physik, gives us opinion that thisproduction of electrical charges is in-timately connected with the formationof drops infinitely small which accom-pany the principal drops. He establishesthe fact that if the number of these sec-ondary drops is increased so as to pro-duce rapidly the large primary drops atthe outlet of a tube which has its lowerend enlarged, the total amount of thecharge is considerably augmented.


THE TELEPHONE CREDIT CHECK SYSTEM! IN OPERATION

POPULAR ELECTRICITY DMAGAZINE 1173

A Telephone Credit Check SystemIn large department stores where

goods are sold on credit, a system isnecessary for checking the credit stand-ing of customers at the time of the pur-chase. A system for this purpose wasrecently installed in the new Rothschilddepartment store, Chicago. The tworequisites, speed and accuracy, are at-tained by means of telephones placed atwrapping desks throughout the store.These telephones are fitted with a specialelectrical stamp controlled by a separatecircuit which permits an o. k. from thecredit office being printed on the insertedsales. slip. In the credit department islocated a switchboard controlled by anoperator who switches the calls receivedto the girl handling the particular sectionof the alphabet in which a customer'sname is located. The credit files in theform of card indexes are convenientlylocated in front of each girl and to eachis assigned one of the six divisions. Forexample, girl No. 1 has charge of allcalls from A to D, etc.

phone standard, calls for authorizationclerk No. 5, hangs up her receiver andresumes her ditties.

In the credit room the operatorswitches the call to clerk No. 5 and a lampis lighted in the board at her desk, whichindicates that a crédit is ready to bepassed upon. The lamp remains lighteduntil the call is answered. Clerk No. 5then calls the inspector, who gives thename and address of the customer andthe amount of sale. The inspector thenhangs up the receiver. Referring to hercards, clerk No. 5 ascertains the custom-er's credit standing and if found satis-factory presses a key which prints ano. Ilk. on the sales slip which was insertedill the instrument down at the sales count -ter. If there is a question about charge,the customer is asked to call at the officeof the credit manager, where it can beproperly adjusted.

Street Lights Along the CurbA plan to aid in finding house numbers

at night and at the same time to illumin-ate the street by throwing the light from

the curb directly over

CURB STREET LIGHTS AND HOUSE NUMBERS

If a customer, S, desires to have apurchase charged to her account, thecashier -inspector at the station where thegoods are bought inserts a sales slip tin-der the little hood attached to the tele-

the surface of the road-way is here illustrated.

Within a metal hoodopen upon the sidetowards the street is anincandescent lamp. Thehood is secured to thecement curbing bybolts embedded in it.The interior of thehood is lined with a re-flecting material andupon the base of thehood facing the streetis a beveled edge forthe street number. Thehood is arranged sothat the lamp is locked

in. The lights may be replaced in a stag-gered position as shown affording a lightfree from shadows at the street surface.The idea is patented by Thomas S.Frown, Hemet, Cal.


In Recognition of Faithful Friends

The homeless cat, the stray dog andthe injured horse have received a recog-nition of their devotion to humanity inthe opening of a hospital for them at EastTwenty-fourth Street and Avenue A,New York City.

The hospital, which is a three storybuilding, was built by the Society for Pre-vention of Cruelty to Animals, is pro-vided with everything necessary to carefor its patients, including even a roofgarden for their exercise, and affords anexample of the modern applications ofelectricity.

According to the Edison Monthly,' asick or injured horse is brought to thehospital in a specially built ambulance.An electric elevator conveys ambulanceand horse to an upper floor where anelectric one -ton hoist upon an electrictrolley lifts the animal clear of the floor ifneed be and conveys it to the operatingroom. A $1,200 operating table with ad-

CONVALESCING UNDER THE ELECTRICBLANKET

justing mechanism enables the surgeonto place the horse in any desired position.This room is lighted by 44 electric lightsand contains operating tables for hand-ling dogs and cats.

Cats and dogs are kept each in neatclean cages properlylighted by electricityand even providedwith electric warmingpads where needed. Aplace is also arrangedin which to keep dogssuspected of rabies.

In the horse wardare box stalls, alllighted by electricity,and also a "threshingstall" with sixteeninches of peat moss onthe concrete floorwhere a horse suffer-ing from colic may beconfined.

As in hospitals forhuman beings, there isa contagious w a r d,with electric lightsshaded to protect theeyes of the dumb pa-tients from the effectsof the glare.

FROM ELEVATOR. TO OPERATING ROOM BY TROLLEY


Piecing Out Daylight to Hasten PlantGrowth

Experiments have been made at theCornell (N. Y.) Experimental Station, atthe West Virginia Station and by W. W.Rawson, a well known vegetable growerof Boston, to determine whether electriclight, either arc or incandescent, can be

PLANT GROWTH UNDERELECTRIC LIGHT. THE UP-PER VIEW SHOWS A LET-TUCE BED ON NOVEM-BER 18TH, AND LOWERONE ON DECEMBER3RD. PLANTSGROW DAY AND

NIGHT

advantageously used upon lettuce topiece out the sunlight in midwinter. andthe accompanying pictures show the in-terior of the \Valla \Valla HothouseVegetable Company. \Valla \Valla.Wash., where excellent results are alsobeing attained. A partial view of six

flaming arcs can be seen in the daylightpicture.

Regarding results Mr. F. E. Mojon-nier of the company says, "The daylightpicture shows in the foreground a bed oflettuce transplanted a week before thispicture was taken. The night pictureshows the same bed of lettuce taken fromalmost the same spot sixteen clays after

the first picture. During this period thelights were turned on continuously atnight and the great growth secured mustbe attributed to the effect o E the light, asfrom my experience it is impossible tomake such a growth in winter in thattime when the days are short and often


dark, without the aid of the lights.We also installed," says Mr. Mojonnier,"sixteen 500 candlepower Mazda lampsin another part of the houses to test therelative merit of the two systems. Whilelettuce grows rapidly under the influenceof the Mazda lamps it is inclined to bemore spindling and light weight than thatgrown under the flaming arcs. We ac-count in part for this by the considerablequantity of carbonic gas thrown from thearcs which is absent in the Mazda instal-lation. This gas is a food for vegetationand is promptly taken up." -

Referring to the other experiments,Mr. Rawson saves a week upon each ofhis three winter crops by the use of threeordinary street arc lamps hung over ahouse 370 by 33 feet. At Cornell the ef-fects upon lettuce have been marked inall tests and the gains in maturity havebeen as much as two weeks.

THE PISTOL SEARCHLIGHT AND ITS EVIDENTADVANTAGE

Revealing Power of Light

It has been pointed out that not onlythe direction and intensity of light, butits color, must be considered in estimat-ing its power to reveal fine details. Ex-periment shows that most persons areshortsighted for blue and violet light.When patterns are illuminated alternatelywith red, green and blue light, it is foundthat for ease of seeing minute details,blue and green light are preferable togreen for short distances, but that atgreater distances red light gives the bestresults.

Searchlight Attachment for PistolA lighting attachment for a pistol,

consisting of a battery, electric lampand a push button for controlling thelight, has been patented by Clifford A.Lewis of Portland, Oregon.

The battery is contained in the butt ofthe weapon and just under the thumb ofthe user as the pistol is held in the hand,is the button for flashing the lamp. Be-low the barrel and attached to it byhangers, is a tube containing the electriclamp and a lens for directing the raysof light.


The Tree of Líght\Vith a tree and a carol, the Christmas

spirit was revived in New York, andthousands of dwellers in that busy citywhere sentiment is supposed to lie dor-mant paused in their hustle and bustle

AN OUTDOOR CHRISTMAS TREE

to gaze at a thing of beauty that blazedagainst a background of park elms and.tall buildings. It was the "tree of light,"conceived in the mind of one who wouldprovide cheer for those in whom thespirit of Christmas might need awaken-ing and all the holiday week it gleamedin the darkened park.

The outdoor Christmas tree was agift in every sense. The tree, a 60 footbalsam, was presented by the Adiron-dack Club, its transportation was donatedby the railroad company, it was erectedby an interested New Yorker, the wiringwas a gift and the illumination was pro-vided by the lighting company. Eventhe soloists, the choral societies, andthe band gave their services free.

Late in the afternoon of ChristmasEve the "tree of light" was ready.Long before the appointed hour, MadisonSquare Park was thronged. People hadcome from all over the city and hun-dreds paused on their way home. Therewere shoppers with their arms filled withbundles and tired girls who had waitedupon them, but they all stood patientlyuntil the trumpeters sounded the fanfarefrom Parsifal. High at the top of theevergreen appeared the faint glow of astar, symbolical of the Star of Bethlehemof 2000 years ago. Slow'y, as its mes-sage seemed borne upon the great throng,it gained in brilliancy until at last it burstforth. in all its glory. For several min-utes it ruled the darkness, and then thegreat tree seemed to spring to life ascluster after cluster of vari-coloredglobes shed their radiance from thebranches.

At first the crowd stood in awedsilence, then a burst of applause sweptover the throng and as the choir burstinto "Holy Night," the carol was takenup until a thousand voices were unitedwith those of the singers on the platform.The program continued until one o'clock,when the lights were turned off. Eachsucceeding evening until New Year's, thetree gleamed from dusk till midnight.

An Electro -Sanitation Plant ín BrazilA remarkable electro -sanitation plant

has been in use in the city of Santos,Brazil, for about one year and is reportedto be highly efficient and economical inoperation. The building has a beautifulparklike surrounding and the powerhouse which stands beside it is of anornate architecture that resembles that ofan amusement pavilion or exposition hall.In reality the sanitation plant is used torender the sewage of the city odorlessand innocuous and it accomplishes itspurpose so admirably that there is not theslightest nuisance involved in its opera-tion. Although one half million gallonsof raw sewage flow through this build-


ing daily in open troughs there is no odorperceptible. This is because of the in-stantaneous action of the electrolytictreatment which it receives, a process thatdeoderizes it instantly.

The operation is simple and the ap-paratus is not expensive to install. Themain features are two uncovered troughscontaining a series of electrodes, metalplates set on edge with about / inchspace between the anodes and cathodes.The proper wiring is connected from thesides of the troughs and the power is ob-tained from the adjacent power house.

An electric current of from two tothree volts and from 700 to 800 amperesis maintained and the electrolysis not only

ELECTRQ-SANITATION PLANT INSANTOS, BRAZIL

destroys all offensive odor but kills alldisease germs, including the typhoid bac-teria. The fertilizing properties of theliquid are not diminished by this process.which suggests an enormously profitablemethod of soil renewal.

THE CITY OF

The cost of this plant was about$10,000 and the cost of operation is veryslight, about $10 or less per million gal-lons treated. The only labor required isthe inspection of the electrical apparatusand the cleaning of the plates by revers-ing the current a few times a day.

The Sun as Lightbuoy TenderIt is announced that a feature of the

Panama Canal will be a number of acety-lene lighted buoys marking the channelentrance, and these will be extinguishedby the sun rising in the morning andautomatically lighted when the sun goesdown and darkness comes on.

There are two systems proposed asshown in the illustration. One is thatof Gustaf Dalen, the Swedish physicist.This is mechanical. Briefly, the warmthof the sun at dawn, falling on a rodwhich rests on a lever, expands that rodand so moves the lever which closes thegas valve. At night the rod,. gettingcooler, contracts, and so opens the valveand lets the gas pass, to be lit by a smalljet always left burning. The rod canbe adjusted according to the temperatureconditions of any country.

The other system proposed, which iselectrical, is that of Ernest Ruhmer. Itwas briefly described in the March 1912issue of this magazine. It depends upon

-

the substance selenium for its operation.Selenium has the property of being high-ly resistant to the flow of electric currentwhen in the dark but becomes a goodconductor under the influence of light.It is placed in a battery circuit in thebuoy in such a manner that when thesun rises and strikes the selenium cellcurrent flows through the circuit andoperates an electro -magnetic devicewhich turns off the gas. When darknessconies the selenium becomes highly re-sistant, cuts off the flow of current, and,the electro -magnet being released, the ga.;flows again and is lighted by a smallpermanent jet as in the case of the Dalensystem.

1179

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POPULAR ELECTRICITY MAGAZINE

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TWO TYPES OF ACETYLENE BUOYS PROPOSED TO MARK THE ENTRANCE TO THE PANAMA CANAL.BOTH ARE CONTROLLED BY THE LIGHT OF THE SUN-ONE BY AN ELECTRICAL

DEVICE EMBODYING THE SELENIUM CELL


tELECTRICITY bVIIDING

Electricity Building at Panama-California Exposition

With the expectation of its completionby the first of April, 1913, there is nowbeing erected in Balboa Park, San Diego.Cal., the Electricity Building which is tobe a part of the Panama -California ex-position to be held there in 1915.

The structure is 250 by 300 feet, withbalconies here and there and with towerswhich will be covered with vines by thetime the exposition opens. The Spanishcolonial style of architecture is followed,and, in fact, the building is modeled afterthe palace which Comte de Heras, aSpanish nobleman, erected for his ownuse in the City of Mexico in the seven-teenth century.

It is planned to have the electricalbuilding contain an exhibit which willgive the history of the use of electricityfrom the beginning of its adaptation toman's use down to date. As far as possi-ble every electrical discovery and everyinstrument or device which has been de-veloped will be shown, the progress fromthe beginning being shown year by yearin regular sequence. As a result of thisevery visitor to the building will obtaina comprehensive idea of the multifolduses to which man has put electricity.

The latest models of electric vehiclesand boats will be shown. along with allkinds of electric motors, lighting, heatingand medical apparatus. Upon the ex-

terior the building is to be a study inlights at night and is expected to far sur-pass even the famous electric tower whichwas such a feature at the Pan-AmericanExposition in Buffalo in 1901.

Great progress is being made, it may beincidentally stated, in the preparationsfor the Panama -California Exposition atSan Diego, which is to be distinct in ev-ery way from the world's fair to be heldat San Francisco the same year. It isplanned to open the gates on January 1st,1915 and to keep the exposition goinguntil the end of the year. This arrange-ment is possible by reason of the equableclimate which San Diego enjoys.

The Diamond Electric SignThe "Diamond'. electric sign is the

latest French idea in this line and it usesletters made up of cut glass pieces cut likegems. \\'lien different colored light isthrown through the clear glass pieces, itmakes them glow and sparkle like so

many diamonds, and the effect is a strik-ing one. The method of working is veryclear. On the front board the cut glassgems are set in holes so as to make upthe letters, clear glass being used in allcases so as to allow different colored lightto pass.

Back of the board is a revolving drumwith translucent glass faces, each facebeing of a different color, and inside thedrum are incandescent lamps placed


along a row. When the drum revolves,the colors are thrown upon the glassgems in varied fashion, so that the gemsappear to flash with a changing glow andthus produce a flaming effect- which isvery striking.

A small motor or clockwork rotatesthe drum, and the inventors point to theuse of a low current for lighting the fewlamps employed, so that a good sign canbe had at a low cost for current, thisbeing much less than where the lettersare made up of lamps. If need be, the

THE DIAMOND ELECTRIC SIGN

sign can be put out and lighted at inter-vals, by the revolving device. Even indaytime the sun strikes on the diamondfaces and gives a very brilliant effect.

Electric Incubator and BrooderAn electric incubator and brooder

which is finding much favor in Germanyis described in Mitteilungen the publica-tion of the Berliner Elekricitiits-Werke.With this incubator it is possible to ap-proach very closely the results of naturalincubation, and thus reach a very favor-able result (80 per cent) in the hatchingof chickens from artificially incubatedeggs.

The heat produced by an electric cur-rent is made in this apparatus to regulate

itself to a fraction of a degree. In this\S'ay a pratically uniform hatching tem-perature is maintained, which is seldomreached by other artificial methods. Thisincubator requires no attention beyondthe daily turning and airing of the eggs.As a consequence of the automatic heatregulation by the shutting off of the cur-rent when the desired temperature is at-tained, the consumption of electricity isreduced to a minimum, and since theenergy is calculated according to powerand heating charges, the expense is verysmall.

The brooder, like the incubator, is builton the principle of making the mosteconomical use of the heat of the current,thereby keeping down the cost of opera-tion. In combination with an electric

BROODER AND INCUBATOR BUILT TO MAKETHE MOST ECONOMICAL USE OF HEAT

lamp the brooder keeps the chickens com-fortable and warm and consequently avery large per cent of those hatched canbe reared, whether in winter or spring.

t t s? POPULAR ELECTRICITY :IAGAZINE

Lighting the Bastile Column

The 14th of July is, the French inde-pendence day, and corresponds in ideawith our own Fourth of July. This datecommemorates the taking of the Bastile

THE FAMOUS BASTILE COLUMN AT NIGHT

during the Revolution and it is also a timeof general merrymaking in the streets ofParis, especially at night when the openair balls in the public squares and theilluminations all over town make an at-tractive scene. Electric illuminationnaturally heightens the effect. such as thelighting of the famous Bastile columnwhich the photograph shows. On thetop of the column the figure of Victory,which appears to be small, but is in realityof colossal size, is brilliantly lighted upby the lamps placed around the platformand the decoration is made up of longrows of lamps running from top to bot-tom, together with numerous garlands.On the whole this is one of the most in-

teresting examples of electric illumina-tion to be seen in the city.

Electric Advertising in ShanghaiShanghai, the commercial metropolis

of China, has seen such changes in thefew months which have intervened sincethe conservative Chinese empire waschanged into a modern republic that it isdifficult to realize what the city was ayear ago. Space forbids a description ofthese changes, and indeed this page isnot the fitting vehicle therefor, but allthose interested in electrical science andits application to modern commercialneeds will be interested to learn that JohnChinaman, emerging from his Rip VanWinkle slumbers, bids fair to rank with,

VIEW IN SHANGHAI -THE CHINESE IDEA OFILLUMINATED BUILDING FRONTS

if not excel, the most up-to-date nationsof the world in connection with theadaptation of electricity to this form ofadvertising.

POPULAR ELECTRICITY :1IAGAZINE

Shanghai has a foreign population ofover 13,000. In the international andFrench Settlements there are 300,000Chinese, and in the Chinese city itselfabout 540,000. The total trade of theport for the year 1911 amounted to $153,-000,000 in gold, and thus it will be readilyunderstood what the possibilities are forthe retail trader.

The Nanking Road, leading from thebusiness section to the residential dis-trict, is the principal foreign thorough-fare. For eighteen out of the 24 hours itis thronged with pedestrians-of all na-tionalities, but principally Chinese-andvehicular traffic. All the principal shopsare congregated there, among which arethe silversmiths' stores. Three of theseplaces have recently been rebuilt, andhave been fitted up in the most elegantand up-to-date manner in order to displaytheir wares to the" best advantage.

Not content with internal decoration,the exteriors have been decked, regard-less of expense, in a manner which wouldappear strange to of other lands,as can be judged from the accompanyingpicture.

The photograph here reproducedshows the premises of two dealers, in an-other part of the same road, illuminated.The more pretentious of the two has2,000 sixteen candlepower electric lights,the other 1,500. Thee are worked inamong the fantastic decorations, some ofthem of an allegorical nature andoperated by clockwork.

Questioned as to whether the resultswarranted such an expenditure, the en-terprising proprietor of one of the storesremarked, `Maskee how much he cost.Can catchee plenty tlade so fashion."

Needless to say, the nightly display at-tracts crowds of Celestials, who standopen mouthed and dumb watching thefree show, obstructing the traffic, andaffording the pickpockets an easy modeof livelihood.

It is stated that the illuminations willbe continued indefinitely although the costis heavy even for a single night.

1183

Troubleman's Portable Searchlight

A portable light that will enable thetroubleman to examine the wires on atransmission line at night means quickerlocation of trouble.

The portable searchlight here shown isfed from a tank with gas at 250 poundspressure, the tank being carried on thehack of the troubleman. The lamp willburn for 70 hours on one charge of gas.

It is possible with this light to seeclearly the Wires at the top of the highestpoles. It furnishes sufficient light from the

TROUBLEMAN WITH A SEARCHLIGHT

ground for the re -fusing of transform-ers and the replacing and repairing oflines at once, no matter how dark .andstormy the night, with the minimumamount of danger to the man doing thework. As a very large percentage of linetroubles occur at night the value of thisoutfit can be readily appreciated.

11 ti4 POPULAR ELECTRICITY MAGAZINE

Mount Wilson Observatory

Electricity is one of the most importantauxiliaries in the work of the modernastronomer and the range of its applica-tions in this field is nothing less thansurprising. The Mount Wilson SolarObservatory, in southern California, isone of the most noted installations of thiskind in the world, and the accompanyingphotographs show two or three applica-tions of special interest. The largesttelescope on Mt. Wilson is a 60 inch re-

made for the manufacture of a new mir-ror, and when the telescope is completedand set up in its new home on the sum-mit of the mountain, it will be capable ofbeing turned at many angles by smallmotors responsive to the hand of the ob-server. The great tube's range of motionis shown in the accompanying view of amodel frame which the mechanicians ofthe observatory staff have prepared instudying the possible mountings of theinstrument.

The observatory maintains an im-

TWO VIEWS OF A MODEL OF A 100 INCH TELESCOPE MOUNTING. -MOUNT WILSON OBSERVATORY.IN THE CENTER IS A GIANT ELECTRO -MAGNET IN THE OBSERVATORY LABORATORY,

FOR STUDY RELATING TO THE SOLAR MAGNETIC FIELD

Hector, and when this was hauled up themountain in parts a few years ago agasoline -electric truck had to be im-pressed into service and an old, ten miletrail 30 inches wide rebuilt into a ten footroadway.

The observatory is planning to erect a100 inch telescope on the mountain, andthis is to be the largest glass of its kindin the world. Recently it was discoveredthat the glass being ground for this pur-pose in the Pasadena laboratory of theinstitution was not flawless and manymonths of hard and delicate work cameto naught. Arrangements have been

portant laboratory in the city of Pasa-dena Ns -here exhaustive experiments arecarried on in the comparison of phenom-ena noted in the heavens with the resultsof spectroscopic and other observationsmade within doors. The accompanying -view shows one of the most powerfulelectro -magnets in the world in use in thislaboratory, the magnet being built in twoparts and water cooled. When fully ex-cited the coils of this magnet absorbabout sixteen kilowatts or about 20 horse-power of electrical energy. By its usemany of the conditions of the solar mag-netic field have been simulated.


Money -in -the -Slot Restaurant

Mr. Edison predicts automatic ormoney -in -the -slot stores and the "Auto -'tat Lunch" at 1557-63 Broadway, NewYork, which now feeds 10,000 peopledaily, goes far towards verifying his pro-phetic vision.

. Passing under a big electric sign andthrough a doorway surrounded by a 86.-000 stained glass window, mechanical coindevices in connection with drums and en-closures that contain foods and drinksto suit any palate are found. Hunger

COOLING CABINET FOR FOOD PREPARED ANDREADY TO SERVE

may be appeased by inserting a coin ofproper value and either turning a knobor pulling a lever. Through glass win-dows the customer can inspect the foodhe is to pay for.

The drums containing the ice creamare kept chilled by a surrounding jacketthrough which cold brine circulates. Hotmachines circulate hot water through ajacket. Ten hot and cold liquid machinescontaining orders of tea, coffee, milk.buttermilk, etc., are operated by electric

HOT AND COLD LIQUID MACHINE OPERATED ONTHE COIN -IN -THE -SLOT PRINCIPLE

pumps which measure the proper amountat each helping. Even the cream ispoured into the cup before the coffee.

Three motor driven ice machines in the

REAR OF THE FOOD CABINET FROM WHICH THEDISHES COME FORTH WHEN A COIN

IS DROPPED IN THE SLOT


basement constitute the refrigeratingplant and two electrically operated dishwashing machines on the top floor takecare of the soiled dishes sent up by anelectric conveyor. Tungsten lamps areused for lighting and 22 electric fansprovide ventilation.

Although the tile floor, ornamental col-umns and glistening machines are invit-ing, there are those who are still a bitshy and these may find beneath the mainfloor a room where 240 people may beserved in the old "Order, please" way.

Warm Meals for the HorseIn the cold, windy days of winter, the

horse is called upon to face the sleet andstorm, and this faithful beast appreciatesa warm supper after such a day's workas much as does his driver.

Tn the preparation of this feed the

and water and a connection by a lengthof flexible cord and a plug made with thenearest light outlet. In two or threeminutes' time the feed is warm and is farbetter for the . horse than an ice coldsupper.

Automatic Compasses for ShipsThere is a form of compass that auto-

matically registers the route followed bya ship. It is a matter of practical experi-ence in navigation that the steersmanoften varies from the course set for himin advance, and sometimes the final ef-fects of these variations may becomeserious. The Heit compass preserves arecord of all the departures made bythe ship from the set course from oneend of the voyage to the other, and thisrecord may be consulted at any time. Thecompass- is connected with an electric ap-paratus in such a way that once every

THE ELECTRIC HEATER IS A VALUABLE ADDITION TO TI -E STABLE EQUIPMENT

electric heater comes into convenientservice as most livery and boardingstables are lighted by electricity. TheAmerican heater suitable for this pur-pose consists of a metal coil within whichis contained the heater wire. The coilmay be set into a pail or trough of feed

minute the angle made by the ship'scourse with the magnetic meridian isrecorded by means of an electric con-tact.

The records are made on a moving rollof paper, whose motion is so timed thatthe hour and minute of the contact are


automatically indicated. Thus the ship'scaptain has continually before his eyesa chart of the course he has traversed.

Economical Lighting in a PumpingPlant

An inexpensive method of providingelectric lighting is employed in a largepumping station in the East. The plantcontains two steam driven pumps of 11,-000,000 gallons combined daily capacity,but no small engines. To avoid the in-convenience of installing the latter a fif-teen inch Pelton water wheel was pur-chased and direct coupled to a smalldynamo. The water wheel is operated on

about 100 pounds pressure per squareinch taken from the pumping mains andafter the water passes through the wheelit is returned to the station well so that

2 none is wasted. The city reservoir pro-vides sufficient head to run the unit evenwhen the main pumping engines are shutdown.

About ninety 40 watt tantalum incan-descent lamps are supplied from the unit,the full load each night being about 75

lamps. The equipment requires practi-cally no attention, and the cost of oper-ation is trifling in comparison with theexpense of purchasing current or of run-ning and maintaining a steam or oil en-gine set for illumination service.

Thawing Frozen Water PipesA portable emergency electrical equip-

ment for thawing out frozen water pipeswas made at Fort Leavenworth ArmyPost last winter and used successfullyall winter. After several frozen pipeshad to be uncovered the apparatus shownmounted upon the wagon was used.There are two transformers which were

PORT?BLE EQUIPMENTFOPS T-IAWING FROZENWATER. PIPES, SHOWING

WATER RHEOSTATSMADE FROM METAL

ASH CANS

connected to the nearest high voltagepole line through fuses. Current throughthe piping, which was connected to the110 volt side of the transformers, wasregulated by water rheostats made fromlarge metal ash cans.

The most stubborn case in / inchpipes required thirteen minutes and 127amperes to thaw out. A two inch pipetook 34 minutes and 327 amperes. Inall cases the pipes became smoking hot.

From IIWot to Wiref H.gedford3ones

Americans have learned the lessonthat many heads are better than one.Instead of one man putting all hisenergy into a whole factory system,many men concentrate each on his owndepartment. All important questionsnow -a -days are settled by committees-not by single individuals.

Sixty years ago there was a canal atWorcester, Mass. The railroad cameand the canal went out of business. Butit is still of use in the world. Its bedserves as a dipping tank for the Ameri-can Steel & Wire Company; its waterserves to cool the steel and iron of themills. Each night ' the mill workers gohome along what was once the towpath.Such is the evolution of business intheory and practice. One -man -powerwould never have harnessed that canal;it would have been too busy harnessingdetails.

The one hundred and two acres of theWorcester mills in actual use are undervarious heads. Each of the north, cen-tral and south works is a mammoth in-dustry in itself. I had seen cable worksand steel mills before, but when I left thegeneral offices and started out to inspectthings, I was amazed. Here I en-countered the primeval industry, the giantat the . bottom of the refined factorieshigher up in the scale. Here I foundmen who really worked by the sweat oftheir brows, and added to it all the othersources of perspiration possible. In theannealing room, standing on the floorgratings, watching the men shifting hugecranes of metal from baths of cleansingacid into annealers and heating ovens, mythoughts went back to Dante. But theydid not stop there. They went a gooddeal farther back than Dante before Igot through.

There is a tremendous fascinationabout copper, the shimmering red -gold

metal of many hues. The workmen feltit just as much as I did. I stood lookingat the piles of copper wire fresh from theannealers, . and the foreman came overholding up a coil admiringly.

"Ain't she a peach, eh?" he exclaimed."You ought to see her when the ovensare opened !"

I did, and it certainly was beautiful.Outside, in the yard, were row uponrow, car upon car, of dull gray coilsfrom the rod mill. These went into theacid baths and came out from the wash-ing gleaming rose -pink. They went intothe annealers and came out gold -red,more beautiful than gold-"Mary Gar-den copper" we called it. It was quitea compliment to Mary, not to the copper.

Softened and rendered ductile by theannealing, the coils of wire, both steeland copper, go to the drawing rooms.Here they are drawn smaller and smaller,to go back time after time to the anneal-ing rooms. Rigid specifications demandrigid care and supervision. If the wireis drawn to a greater tension than itsductile capacity will permit it is ruined.Often it is annealed half a dozen timesin Process, to remove the internal strainsproduced by drawing.

The beauty of copper wire is by nomeans an end in itself. It is a means toan end. In the annealing process unlessproperly manipulated, scale is very aptto form and any oxidization would seri-ously impair the efficacy of the futureproduct. The metal, while at the hightemperature necessary for proper an-nealing, if kept from all contact with theair will come out as bright as if justpolished.

The wire goes to the drawing rooms invarious sizes, and the exact specificationsmust be known beforehand. This latterstatement applies all through the wholeestablishment. The exact use and speci-

1188


fications of the future completed productare known before it goes to the factory.This is borne in mind through everyprocess and for this reason the Worces-ter plant specializes in special products.

drum. Speech is impossible here. Theroaring of the machinery and the dullrumble of whirring wheels is hardly ob-servable until you attempt to talk. Thenyou notice it. And what a variety of

THE TITANIC FINGER FOL-LOWS US WITH UNERRINGSPEED, BEARING A WHITE-

HOT INGOT

THE LABORATORIES ARE ESSENTIAL FEATURES OF THE PLANT AND ARE OF NO LITTLE INTEREST TOTHE VISITOR

A coil of wire may be given a few drafts,or it may be given many, both makingthe same size in the end ; but the physicalcharacteristics of the two finished wireswill be entirely dissimilar.

I followed on after the coils. each onegrowing longer and finer, from drum to

noises there are in different parts of theplant! Stepping out of the bloomingmill into the engine room, you aretempted to think that all noise has beenleft behind. Then you find that insteadof the crash and plunge of tons of white-hot metal there is a simple, silent burr of


THE BEGINNING OF A WIRE -RECEIVING SIDE OF A BLOOMING MILL

engines here which renders all othersound mute. Fortunately, the wire proc-ess needed but little oral explanation.Smaller and smaller grew the wire,

longer and longer, until at last it cameto the diamond dies. And before myeyes was worked a miracle.

Three -fifths of a mile of copper wirewas fed into the machine. The wiretraveled at the rate of 500 feet a minute,but was rolled up at the end over fivetimes as fast as it was unrolled at thestart. In fact, the three -fifths mile be-came three and one -tenth miles, goingthrough nine drafts in this single ma-chine, from roll to roll, in less than halfan hour. Its diameter began with .0641inch and finished at .0285 inch. Threethousand feet were made into 16,000feet.

The diamond centers of these dies aremarvelous pieces of microscopic workwhich must be able tó stand the steadyrush of heavy work and the wear andjar of constantly passing wire, while re-maining absolutely perfect. They wearout in time, of course ; as the holes in thediamonds become larger, the die is

passed on to the next larger wire andreplaced by a new one made in the shops.Each diamond center is bored, thenfirmly bedded in nickel, which in turn iscentered in the brass die. Then the mi-croscopic hole is finally bored androunded, to the size of a wire that is al-most a copper hair.

This is a Titan among factories.There is far more in its bounds, it seemsto the visitor, than in other plants ofequal acreage. As a steel and copperplant it is enormous. As a wire producerit is enormous. As a spring mill, a cableworks, an insulating plant, a railroadsystem-in each detail it is. enormous.In the south works alone there are nine-teen miles of railroad tracks. Theamount of material on hand must run upinto the millions at each inventory ; itsmonetary value is probably far greaterthan most people would suppose, owingto the great costliness of the materials-rubber, copper, silk and all the rest.

But let it not be imagined that here iscopper only. Copper wire plays but avery small part in the whole generalscheme of things. The making of steel


THERE IS A TREMENDOUS FASCINATION ABOUT COPPER, THE SHIMMERING RED -GOLD METAL OFMANY HUES

is always a mammoth project ; here, itis a humanly interesting one. As one ofmy guides pointed out, it is entirely anal-agous to human life itself. From thescrap heap it goes through various form-ative processes, is turned out to performits work in the world, and in course oftime returns to the scrap heap. And thisscrap heap is a wonder.

As .I stood and gazed up at it, whilethe overhead crane and the giant electro-magnet carried toms of metal from placeto place, I could pick out nearly every-thing from swords to ploughshares inthe pile before me. I lere were parts ofbattleship armor, cog -wheels from shopsand machines, farm machinery, gardentools, automobile scrap, car couplers-everything which is manufactured fromcertain grades of iron comes back here

3 to the scrap heap from the Hebraic handsof the city. This is a morgue of deadambitions, a charnel house of genius.All of these scraps, from big to little,were products of human brains and ener-gies, once vital and in their turn energiz-ing the world.

But the electro -magnet takes hold onthem, their individuality gone, and shiftsthem on to cars for another reincar-nation, tons of them at a time. Thisgiant magnet works like nothing so muchas a dry sponge picking up drops ofwater. A man could do it with his fin-gers, a drop at a time ; but as the spongeis pressed down the water runs to it andall is over. Tons of this scrap were liftedby the single magnet ; as it went up andover the ground the iron scraps ran toit, stood on end to greet it, and werefinally carried on and away by it untilthey were absorbed in the general mass.

The steel furnaces are terrific-greatmasses of metal and fire brick lost in thedull steel rafters above, surrounded bysmoke whorls and smudge in which movethe figures of puny men, impotent vetall -potent. handling everything by aswitch here, a lever there. The coruscat-ing steel is poured into t'le ingot moulds.car after car of them which move on inendless procession. One of these fur-naces is significant. It is electric-itdoes away with fuel. Rather, it makes


steel out of the energy of falling water,for it is run by hydro -electric current,the three electrodes heating and purifyingall. In days to come the electric furnacemay do away with the fuel problem, infactory and in home, and we of today arewitnessing the beginnings of a new era,over the horizon of which we can as yetbut dimly see.

But the ingots are cooling, and wemust go on. Stripped of the moulds,each ingot weighs two tons or more. Thecars take them into the blooming mill,and here the ingots are carried about,tossed and played with, like the jack-straws of a child. All about us arewhite hot furnace pits. Overhead travelgiant cranes, between each a prehensilefinger tip that folds up into itself un-cannily, grotesquely. Very carefullybut with exceedilig speed the long fingershoots down and grips a red hot two -toningot. Over us it whirls and then downinto a glowing pit where the ingot isdropped for greater heating. Then thefinger delicately cools its nails in waterbefore lifting more, so we go upstairs towatch the next operation.

Before we can reach the top the titanicfinger follows us with unerring speed,bearing a white hot ingot. This it de-posits in a holder, and the play of thegods is begun. The mighty mass of steelis tossed about hither and thither on aline of rollers and upshooting hands thatgrip and whirl it, until it travels down tous and enters the presses.

These are controlled by four men on aplatform above. The glowing ingot ispulled forward and back through therolls, and we seek a reason for the ac-tion. Half a dozen times this is repeated,the ingot undergoing no appreciablechange; but suddenly we notice that themetal is longer, thinner. Then the rollsclamp down and as the white hot endappears one can see it crumple up andcome through, half its former size.

The metal resists this, twisting, quiver-ing and curling in a frantic effort to getaway from those unfaltering rolls and

omnipresent hands of steel. But thosehands show no mercy, the rolls bear itever onward, and soon the luminant metalhas become a giant's jackstraw whichis tossed around and whirled back andforth until it is drawn into a seeminglythin rail of red hot steel.

Then down the trackway to the lesserrolls, where it is finally cut up into four -foot lengths called billets. These lengthsare pushed on to the cars and loaded me-chanically-and we emerge into theblessed free air once more, thanking fatethat it is not our lot to lose the blue skyand the winds of heaven for the dimrafters of the blooming mill.

The steel billets are taken to the rodmills and reheated and rerolled. Now onebegins to see that wire comprises muchmore than a mere strand of metal. Itmay be of all shapes, all sizes. Wire isshipped out to be brass coated and rolledinto tubular steel for beds ; other wire isshaped, sectionally, like a star. This goesto watch and clock makers, is cut off intonarrow slices, and these become the cog-wheels in our cheap timepieces. Wire isnot all cylindrical by any means. Trol-ley wire, for instance, is grooved invarious ways arid shapes ; and there areturned out over 500 different shapes ofwire, used for every purpose underheaven.

So onward goes the stubby billet ofsteel. As the size of the rod or wire de-creases the speed at which it travels in-creases, until in the end the four -footbillet has become a quarter of an inchthick and a quarter mile long. Thenit is coiled, still red hot, over drums andpassed on to the next room, where it isloaded on cars to be held until the wiremills are ready for it.

But within my given limits of space itis impossible to amply describe this im-mense place. It has so many ramifica-tions, there are so many special productsand special processes employed, that thisentire issue could be filled with a meregeneralized description of the place.

One of the interesting features is the


utilization of the by-products. In variousEuropean countries hot slag is blown intothin threads of cottony material, and thisis later woven into a cloth -like substancewhich being a non-conductor of heat isused for many purposes. But here thehot slag is thrown into cold water, andthe resultant explosion leaves it in theform of a powder which is ground andused extensively in the making of cement.Another by-product is sulphate of iron, ofwhich thoúsands of tons a year are sentout. The various acid cleaning solutionsbecome charged with this, and it is care-fully saved, being used as a weed exter-minator and water purifier.

The insulation of the wires and cablesis extremely interesting. In other articlesI have described the stranding of a cableand the braid insulation, placed on thewire by braiding machines and thousandsof flying shuttles. Besides this, the rub-ber insulation is also made here at Wor-cester. There are two methods of doingthis.

The rubber is sent through the rollers,or calenders, as they are called, and comesout in thin strips of rubber sheeting. Thisis then wrapped about the wire by meansof special machines, which leaves a thinseam along the entire length. Later, thevulcanizing process, which develops thecharacteristics of the rubber and givesit life, does to the insulated wireessentially what the heating process doesto steel. The second method is to pressthe rubber tightly about the wire, just aslead is pressed about a cable, in a com-plete sheathing. The completed wire ofthe first process shows no trace of a seamafter the vulcanizing, which effectuallywelds the whole.

A very elaborate equipment is in usefor tinning and galvanizing wire. Cop-per conductors are often tinned, and tele-graph wire is nearly always galvanized.The absolute perfection demanded bytrade specifications makes a correspond-ing perfection necessary in the making.

The principle of this process is the pass-ing a wire through an acid tank whichcleanses it, then through a vat to washoff the acid, then through a flux andlastly into the molten tin or zinc. It iseasy to make the metal adhere to thesurface as a whole, but it is hard to coverthe wire with a uniform thickness ofbright metal which will neither crack norpeel, and the resultant machinery andoperations are ingenious and interestingin the extreme.

Naturally the laboratories are essentialfeatures of the plant, and are of no lit-tle interest to the visitor. Here smallmodels and samples of all kinds may bemade, which could not possibly be turnedout of the huge shop machines. For ex-ample, I saw a few inches of a samplesub -ocean cable-strand after strand ofsteel wires and saturated insulations, en-closing the all -essential core in its heart ;and beside this lay a bit of the firstAtlantic cable-primitive, if you like, butnone the less an epoch maker in theworld's progress.

This is the American Steel & WireCompany, in an infinitesimal degree.There are many places about it I have notvisited, there were mills and shops I hadnot even time to go through, or the spacein which to describe them. And all thisis the labor of men in the mass. Everytrifling detail of the whole place has beenworked out by some unnamed man ormen, and involves a dozen other moretrifling details which had first to beworked out. Component work is marvel-lous in itself ; individual work is marvel-lous as showing the strength of anindividual. But the individual work, how-ever great or far reaching, must sur-round itself with other individuals andbecome mass work if it is to meet withsuccess. That is why great men sur-round themselves with greater men.That is why American business will standin the forefront of world progress forages to come.

CALIFORNIA INVITES THE WORLD PANAMA -PACIFIC EXPOSITION

THE GREAT WELCOME SIGN ON THE UNION FERRY BUILDING. IT IS 600 FEET FROM END TO END,THE TOWER ABOVE CONTAINS OVER 4,000 LAMPS

Construction of the 1915 Exposition BegunBy RUSH KIRBY

That group of enterprising citizensknown as the Exposition Company hascarded the development of ,the Panama -Pacific Exposition to such a point thatgeneral preparedness is an accomplish-ment of the past. Actual constructionhas begun. In fact, the first building, oneof the minor affairs of the great struc-tures contemplated, is now occupied byexposition organizations such as the Po-lice Department, Commander of theGuards, Emergency Hospital, etc. Daily,scenes of construction are now witnessedwhich effectively dispell all fear of theundertaking) becoming a sluggish enter--prise; and weekly, one might almost say,foreign envoys arrive and select sites forpavilions and exhibits. Experts say SanFrancisco is a whole year ahead of pre-vious expositions in preparation. Gen-eral plans for fourteen principal exhibitpalaces are ready. The contract is letfor grading the site of Machinery Hall.the largest edifice to be constructed, andbids for its construction are called for.The contracts for grading the railwayyards and for the improvement of FultonBasin the contemplated yacht harbor-arealso let: Twenty-two foreign nations haveaccepted invitation to participate. whilefive have their flags flying over siteschosen and dedicated for their edifices.

Nineteen states likewise have their colorsflying over chosen _locations. Eight hun-dred leading exhibitors of the world haveapplied for space, which is some sevenhundred over those of similar periods.Two thousand concessions have filed ap-plication-something unprecedented. Andall this before active campaign has be-gun.

Persons not directly connected with theexposition work see but little of the vastamount of activity engaged in by theExposition Company, It is a casual strollover the great.area about to blossom intoa fairyland that opens the eyes of thevisitor. Indeed, the evidences of un-equaled spirit and progress are not onlyconvincing but their magnitude is so im-pressive that one enthusiastically wishesSan Francisco God speed and good luckand experiences a yearning to join in.And through it all again, as the eyesweeps over the scene, there is observedstretching across the sky line, extendingfrom the forest of houses on the hills,over the site and down to the water'sedge, a line of tall poles whose cross -arms bear power transmission wires, for,be it known, the services of electricityhave become imperative and today thisline conveys the first electric power to beemployed on the fair grounds.

1194


BREAKING GROUND FOR MACHINERY HALL, THE LARGEST, BUILDING TO BE ERECTED AT THE 1915EXPOSITION. THE STRUCTURE WILL EXTEND FROM THE CENTER OF THE MASS OF PEOPLE

ALMOST TO THE WATER'S EDGE. IT WILL CONTAIN 8,000,000 FEET OF LUMBER, ENOUGHTO FLOOR 200 ACRES, OR 64 CITY BLOCKS. A PERSON WILL TRAVEL A DISTANCE

OF ONE MILE IN WALKING AROUND IT, AND TWO MILES OF DECORATIVECORNICES WILL BE USED IN ORNAMENTING IT

BRINGING THE FIRST ELECTRIC CUR- FIRST MOTOR TO OPERATE ON THERENT INTO THE FAIR GROUNDS. PUMP HOUSE ON A FILL

GROUNDS NEAR THE WATER'S EDGE

A trivial event mayseem the installationof this transmissionline with its trans-formers and motors,yet when, on Thurs-day evening, Novem-ber 14, 1912, as thesetting sun slowlysank out in the greatsea of red, the elec-trician at the pump -house down on the fillnear the shoreline"plugged in the juice" on a ten horse-power motor and started the whir andhum so familiar to mortals who fre-quent the electrical world, he put intooperation the forerunner of the vastamount of that mystic energy that willere long be raising beam to pinnacle, re -

MOTOR OPERATED CONCRETE MIXER BEGIN-NING THE SEWER WORK

cording the vigil ofthe nightwatch andtoiling day by day ona most ambitious un-dertaking.

Passing at twilightinto the heart of thecity and down to thefoot of Market Streetwhere the great UnionFerry Building rearsits tall tower, we ob-serve that not onlydoes the traveler just

entering the portals of the city, but thebusy San Franciscan himself pause andgaze upward to watch the tall pinnacleflash into light as the hours of illumina-tion are begun. It is then that the eyesfall upon the dazzling white numeralsabove the great clock and cause the ob-

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server to forget the, world and its caresand behold visions of the coming won-ders of the exposition.

The illumination of the, tower on theferry building, combined with that of thestructural steel invitation at its base ex-tending for some 600 feet along the roofand built of eight foot letters, is part ofan extensive plan to give publicity to thecoming exposition, though this buildingthroughout is controlled solely by theState Harbor Commission. In this dec-orative achievement is seen vividly thepowerful and far reaching effect elec-tricity has in the art of exploitation.Some 4200 eight and sixteen candlepowerlamps are set in the lines of the toweralone. The numerals comprising the"1915," placed both on the land and baysides, burn in tungsten white and standout beautifully, showing well the advan-tage of tungsten over carbon in lamp fila-ments. Only 60 watt lamps were usedhere. The hour -points on the dial of thehuge clock are set with sixteen candle-power carbon ruby lamps. The voltagemaintained throughout the system is 120.

The great sign conveying California'sinvitation to the world faces the bay andall the transbay region wherein lie thecities Df Oakland, Berkeley, Alameda andRichmond, from which direction travel-ers come and go in their visits to thecity. On clear nights, this invitation andtower, when illuminated, can be ob-served 20 to 50 miles away, though theletters become indistinguishable at about20. The entire combination undoubtedlyconstitutes the largest steel electric, signin the world.

Radiation from PotassiumIt is possible, judging from the exper-

iments of Mons. E. Henriot, thatpotassium should be added to the shortlist of substances known to possess theproperty of radio -activity. The ob-served amount of radiation is small, butMons. Henriot thinks that it is notdue to the presence of traces of some ofthe recognized radio -active substances,

but must arise from the potassium itselfor from some unknown body associatedwith it.

The Rotating SpiralA curious movement can be obtained

by the use of a small rotating bar magnet.The end of the small magnet runs up fora short distance above a table and belowis a clockwork or other device whichrotates the magnet as a shaft. A smallmotor can also be used. On the table isplaced a spiral of iron wire and this iskept drawn against the magnet, but asthe magnet revolves, the spiral also setsup a movement which acts about like agear movement between these two pieces,since the magnet always adheres to thespiral so as to keep on driving it.

When at the end of the spiral, the mag-

uPIIÍIIIIII

15111111iii_í:ROTATING SPIRAL

net does not let go, but passes around tothe outside of the wire, so that the motionkeeps up without stopping as long as themagnet revolves. It is an easy matter tocurve the end of the wire so as to makeit take an upright position, and a cardcan be mounted on it. The card nowkeeps up a continual motion and willserve very well for use in a show windowowing to the curious effect it produces.

SAFE OPENED WITH A TUNING FORK

Mr. Thorne Baker, the electrical expert and in-vestigator of the London Daily Mirror, who hasdone some highly ingenious and interesting "stunts"in electrical experimenting, has perfected awhich can only be opened with a tuning fork.safe is made of chilled steel with the regulationon the door. But close inspectionshows that this knob has no combina-tion or timelock. Attached to it, how-ever, on the inside, are electro -magnetsconnected by wires with a circuit ofdry batteries. These are in turn con-nected with another set of dry bat-teries, which are wired to a curiouslooking apparatus that looks like acarpenter's mitre -box, with a doublerow of numbers down the inside of thechannel. Across this is a gauge, at-tached to which is an ordinary violinbridge. Oyer this fret is stretched amusic wire ofin t al, drawntaut to a bind-ing post andpassing throughthis to form acoil below itand outside thetuning box andthence down in-to the dry bat-teries.

This mitrebox is really amusical s c a 1 e,set by numbersso that the tonecan be gaugedup or down bytwo's as may bedesired, to meetthe needs ofa new combina-tion, or a newtiming fork, if desired to thuschange the combination or opening note.The music wire, which may be a guitar,banjo or violin string, is selected andgauged to synchronize with the tuning

it is

safeThe

knob

THE LOCK MECH-ANISM WHEN SETCAN BE OPENEDONLY BY A TUN-ING FORK HAVING

A PARTICULARRATE OF VIBRA-

TION

fork used. When the tuning fork is

struck and placed to the top of the safe,the wire inside catches the vibrationfrom the fork and vibrates in sympathy.This vibration passes through the bind -

1198


ing post into the outside coil and thencedown into the small circuit of dry bat-teries, mechanically closing this circuit.An electric current is thus started whichpasses on and is made to close the largercircuit of dry batteries which starts astronger current moving. This strongercurrent acts through wires directly onthe electromagnets that throw the boltsof the concealed lock. Once these arethrown, the door may be pulled open.

After the tuning fork and wire areset to the same gauge, no other tuningfork will have any effect whatever uponthe lock. As no two tuning forks areexactly alike in pitch, it is obvious thatonly one tuning fork in the world couldopen the safe, once it is closed andlocked, and only the person possessingthe fork could have access to the safe.However, once it is opened, it can be re-set to accord with another tuning fork,whereupon the original one is useless.

Telephone Extension BellIt is frequently the case that the tele-

phone bell cannot be heard at all requiredlocations, an extension bell often beingnecessary. A simple and an easily in-stalled extension device on the market ishere illustrated. The circuit closer is

EXTENSION BELL

placed just below the bells on the tele-phone box and so adjusted that when thebell rings, its hammer will move the cir-cuit closer lever that in turn releases acontact maker which closes the local cir-cuit of the extension bell.

Measuring Temperature from aDistance

Electrical pryrometers are now cominginto industrial use in all kinds of proc-esses, for instance in annealing or hard-ening furnaces, pottery and cement kilns,enameling ovens, glass works, also foruse in finding the heat of furnace gasesor steam, or liquid baths. In fact wemight enumerate endless uses for them.

The Cambridge Scientific InstrumentWorks bring out several interesting kindsof pyrometers. One kind uses a thermo-electric couple mounted inside a protect-ing tube of porcelain or the like, for in-serting it where it is needed. Wires leadto an indicating instrument which givesthe amount of current, that is, the numberof degrees of heat. In a second type thetube contains an electric resistance wirecarrying a small current from a batteryand connected to a measuring device.' Asthe wire increases in resistance underheat, each heat gives a different current,so that the instrument either indicates orrecords the degrees of heat in the fur-nace.

An interesting apparatus works on theFéry principal. Here an open tube with athermo-couple stands on a tripod nearthe mouth of the furnace so as to receivethe heat rays. The readings are made ona separate instrument, as before. In theupper illustration (see next page) is aFéry pyrometer used at the Sévres porce-lain works near Paris. All these instru-ments allow of finding the temperaturevery accurately, and upon this often de-pends the success of many kinds of in-dustrial processes.

In the lower illustration is shown apyrometer designed by Charles BurtonThwing. The operator stands at a dis-tance from the furnace door and pointsa tube at the opening. Inside the tubeis a thermo-couple which is affected bythe radiated heat. A current is' formedin the couple, which is in proportion tothe temperature to which the parts aresubjected.

1200 POPULAR ELECTRICITY MAGAZI\E

USING A PYROMETER OFTHE FERY TYPE TO TAKE-HE TEMPERATURE OF

THE INTERIOR OF APORCELAIN KILN

PORTABLE RADIATION PYROMETER DESIGNED BY CHARLES BURTON THWING-DETERMINING THETEMPERATURE IN AN OPEN HEARTH STEEL FURNACE


Police Call System

A police call system in operation atBismarck, N. D., while very simple inmake-up is found thoroughly practicaland worthy of adoption by small cities.

An electric light circuit is strungthroughout that portion of the businessand residence districts within the patrollimits. At various corners incandescentlamps are mounted in conspicuous places.mostly on electric light and telephonepoles, both of which by the way are im-pressed into service to carry the circuit.

Current is led to this circuit from eithera switch in the police station or froma pendent switch which hangs just abovethe operator's head in the local telephone

exchange. It can be readily seen that bythese means a call for police gets promptattention as the operator can push thebutton in the pendent switch in an instantand then inform the chief of police ofthe location, and the patrolman seeingthe lights flash on immediately callsheadquarters or if near by goes there atonce with little loss of time.

Diver's Outfit Equipped withTelephone

The diver in the picture is riggedout in a diving apparatus equippedwith a telephone so that at all times heis ill communication with his assist-ants. The apparatus does away witha tube and pump for supplying thediver with air, by having oxygen andair in pressure tanks carried on thediver's back and capable of supplyinghim with fresh air for from two tothree hours. This equipment was re-cently utilized to descend 70 feet belowthe surface to inspect the salt water in-take pipe of the electric power plant ofLubeck, Germany.

DIVER WITH DRAGER'S SELF CONTAINED APPARATUS PREPARING TO INSPECT THE SALT WATER INTAKEOF THE POWER PLANT AT LUBECK, GERMANY

Public Entertaining RevolutionizedBy ROBERT GRAU

The great slump that has takenplace in the patronage of the play-houses in the country has been suchthat few of the men, who still temptFate with the production of plays, long-er regard the situation with equanim-ity and the spectacle is now on viewof the most im-portant of theseproducers being in-timately associatedwith the motionpicture industry.Not only is DanielFrohman exten-sively interested inthe film industrybut his more cele-brated brother,Charles, has an-nounced his en-trance into the fieldof the silent drama.

In the next twomonths perhaps thetwo largest theatri-cal and vaudevillecorporations are toadopt a mode ofprocedure in theconduct of the hun-dreds of p 1 a y -houses they controlthat is likely tothoroughly revolu-tionize the field ofthe theater a n dchange the theatrical map from coast tocoast.

The two corporations are the JohnCort Amusement Company, whichowns, leases or controls 200 playhouseswest of Chicago and the United Book-ing Offices of New York, which withits allies represents 90 per cent of thevaudeville theaters of high grade inthe United States and Canada.

DANIEL FROHMAN, THE FAMOUS THEATRICALPRODUCER, IS NOW ALSO INTIMATELY

ASSOCIATED WITH THE MOVINGPICTURE INDUSTRY

It is not that these two representa-tives of vast amusement interests areto creat an upheaval by a change ofpolicy that is causing so much excite-ment on New York's "Rialto," forthousands o f players and singers havebeen reconciled to the tremendous en-

croachment result-ing from the amaz-ing vogue of . thephoto -play. Whathas been feared andin some instancesprophesied is thatthe day is nearwhen the distinctlytheatrical managerswill tire of payingprodigious salariesto actors in theflesh and that theywill welcome anygenuine solution ofthe problems con-fronting them.

The writer, in aprevious article,ventured to proph-esy that within twoyears the talkingpicture would comeforth in a mannerthat would consti-tute the greatestmenace to the old-er methods of pub-lic entertaining yet

recorded (and the playhouse has had towithstand many encroachments) ; butwhat worries the thespians who con-gregate on the "Rialto" is not so muchthat the talking picture is to be re-vealed in its latest and perfected form,but that the men who control halfof the amusement output in Americaare to substitute for players and sing-ers in the flesh in their theaters the

1202


t w o nearestmethods ofsynchroniza-tion by whichoperas, playsa n cl specta-tacles will bereproducedon the screenprecisely asseen and heardin theaters andopera houses,but with sci-ence simulat-ing voice, ac-tion and color.

These twomanagerialinterests havenot actedwithout delib-eration in thismomentousprocedure .

Many serious conferences have been hadand such vital issues as "the increasedcost of living" and "reduced prices ofadmission" as well as "reduced salaries"were discussed from every angle. Fi-nal action was taken by both of thebig concerns only when cooperationwas denied by the players who alonecould have prevented the upheaval byaccepting lower salaries. And nowcomes the vital part.

John Cort and his associates havesecured the exclusive rights for theKitsee talking pictures, which are op-erated on wholly different lines from allprevious efforts at synchronization. Atthe .public or rather semi-public exhibi-tion given in Yew York this remarkabledevice was voted perfect. The modusoperandi has not been made public.

The United Booking Offices have ef-fected an arrangement with Thomas AlvaEdison for the exhibition exclusively,in its theaters, of the Edison speakingpictures on which the Wizard of MenloPark has been working for many years.

ADOLPH ZUKOR, WHO, INCONJUNCTION WITH FROH-MAN, HAS INTRODUCED THEWORLD S GREATEST PLAYERS

TO THE FIELD OF THEPHOTO PLAY

When asked what he thought of thetalking picture at the time of a demon-stration (January 3, 1913) Mr. Edisonspoke thus:

"Is it perfect? By no means, noth-ing that I know of is perfect ; everyman needs a doctor once in a while tofix him up, so anything I may inventwould not be equal to a human being.

"But the way now is clear to thepresentation of plays, musical come-dies, operas, spectacles and othermodes of public entertainment throughthe kinetophone ; moreover it is nowpossible to duplicate what we call thetwo dollar show for five cents.

"The poorman, with afamily of six,has my syin-pathy. lieearns $2.75 aday and Ilecan't pay tl:eregular the-ater prices,and there are1,000 suchmen to theman who canafford to go tothe modernopera houseor any otherhigh gradeplayhouse.We are al-ready nearperfection,and the timeis near whenthe wholething that isaimed at willbe accomplished, and the people of Po -clunk will be able to see as good playsand operas for five and ten cents asthe metropolitan playgoer can see atany price. The best of literature andthe best of music and drama now canbe presented to the poorest persons

MARCUS LOEW', OWNER OF30 MOVING PICTURE THEATERSIN OR NEAR NEW YORK; UN-KNOWN SIX YEARS AGO, ANDNOW A MUL71-MILLIONAIRE


all over the world and simultaneously."I have been working and thinking

of this invention for 34 years. I tookit up now and then and dropped it tem-porarily, and now, with the aid of oneof the men in my plant here, we havereached a stage where we are satis-fied of the ultimate outcome."

With existing conditions as they areit is not unlikely that public entertain-

ing is about to witness an upheaval.None who have observed the vast im-provement which has characterized theprogress of the motion picture in itsappeal to the public will need to beconvinced of the importance of thenew era which will be ushered in when allof the above named parties inauguratewhat is to he called, so I understand, "TheTheatre of Science."

Talking Movies," Edison's Newest InventionThomas A. Edison tells of his Kinetophone, which produces words and sounds in

synchronism with Moving Pictures

By E. LESLIE GILLIAMS

For several years the great electricalwizard has been promising the "talkingmovies." If anyone else had beenworking on it the public would havebeen sceptical as to a satisfactory result.But the American people have faith inEdison's accomplishing the seeming im-possible, and he has never disappointedthem. The present invention is hisnewest proof of his ability to "makegood." There is only one imaginableclass of people who will not thank theinventor for his latest marvel. They arethe barn stbrming actors. For their re-sentment there is good reason, for it isreadily imagined that in a short timethere will be no more barn stormers be-cause no one will be willing to pay forsecond class acting when the foremoststars are performing before the machineand can be seen and heard for a dime.

But one person can properly tell aboutthe kinetophone. That is the inventorhimself. He was found at the Edisonplant in \Vest Orange, N. J.

"Mr. Edison is upstairs in the labora-tory," said Miller Hutchison, his chiefengineer and personal assistant, as he ledthe way.

It is three flights to the "insomniaward," as Edison's workshop is called.The wizard of electricity was ready for

questions, and he discussed his ambitionfreely. Now and then, as he talked, hisgray eyes lit up and he rubbed his sil-vered hair enthusiastically.

"What does your new invention do?"he was asked.

"It delivers at the exact instant of oc-currence on the film any sound made atthe moment such action took place.Every word uttered by the actors is re-corded and delivered in time with theaction ; the creaking of a gate, a whistle,the noise of hoof beats, even the click ofcocking a revolver, comes apparentlyfrom the screen and in unison with themotion."

"How is it done ?""Well, it never could have been

worked out without the aid of electricity.The phonograph, which is placed behindthe screen, is wired to the picture ma-chine, which may be a hundred yardsaway. By electrical control the speed ofthe talking part acts as a brake on thefilm, so that neither can get ahead of theother. There are special records whichrun as long as the film lasts. Otherrecords can be made to come into placesuccessively, and the performance maybe carried out through a whole play.Whole operas will be rendered and thefilms can even be colored by hand.

<


"Small towns whose yearly taxeswould not pay for three performances ofthe Metropolitan Opera Company cansee and hear the greatest stars in theworld for ten cents. And it will pay be-cause of the volume of business.

"Actors will have to leave the legiti-mate stage to work for the `movies' inorder to get any money. This is all thebetter for them. They can live in oneplace all the year round; thus they willbe able to lead a normal home life. Ican see nothing in the future but bigstudios, centralized perhaps in NewYork, employing all the actors all theyear round and at a better figure thanthey now get.

"We want democracy in our amuse-ments. It is safe to say that only oneout of every 50 persons in the UnitedStates has any real right to spend theprice asked for a theater ticket. Whatchance has the working man for amuse-ment whose income is from two to threedollars a day? No chance at all."

"How long did it take to work outthe plan for talking motion pictures ?"was asked.

"Thirty-seven years," replied Edisonslowly. "It is all of that time since Imade a motion picture show inside abox, by dropping a succession of draw-ings rapidly.

"I have thought of the talking moviesand wrote of my ambition ever since.I would take the thing up and work atit for a time, drop it for several years,and then take it up again. I got thedevice prefected to a certain extent andthen one of the men in my plant hereworked it out still further.

"The great difficulties in the develop-ment of the kinetophone have been two-fold. First, there was the obstacle ofhaving the voice and the picture syn-chronize. Second, there was the diffi-culty of having a phonograph that wouldrecord the voices of the actors on differ-ent parts of the stage.

"The question of synchronism hasbeen solved by the invention of a device

that keeps the pictures to the fraction ofa second in time with the words ormusic. The second has been solved bythe invention of a delicate instrumentthat catches the voices of the players ondifferent parts of the stage. The re-cording needle is more delicate than thatformerly used and it catches the wordsof the player without recording the echothat formerly gave much trouble andmade the voice vague.

"In making a talking picture, the actorperforms exactly as Ile does upon thedramatic stage and his every word andaction are simultaneously recorded. Theaction is taken in the usual method ofsixteen pictures per second on the nega-tive film, from which the finished posi-tives are printed. The sound' is takenon a large cylinder of soft wax, fromwhich the commercial records are mold-ed of indestructible material.

"The strangest thing of all," explainedEdison, laughingly, "is that the play-ers become embarrassed at the combina-tion of a phonograph and motion pic-ture camera. It is hard for them toget used to them.

"When the play is reproduced theprojector of the pictures is separatedfrom the phonograph. One is at therear of the hall, the other behind thecanvas in the front of the hall. Bothare connected by electric wires, however,and the synchronizer is attached to theprojector.

"The point is that the man who runsthe projector cannot, even if he wishesto, turn the pictures on faster than thewords. An electrical device preventsthat. He may slow down too much, bután indicator immediately shows the factto him."

The writer was invited by Mr. Edisonto witness an exhibition of the inventionin the perfectly equipped little theaterattached to the Edison plant. Firstwhen the pictures were turned on a lec-turer appeared who bowed, but there wasnot a sound until he opened his mouth.

Then the words flowed forth appar-


ently from the picture. Behind the can-vas, however, was a megaphone attachedto the phonograph, from which thewords really came. Behind the spec-tators was the projector for the _reel ofpictures.

The lecturer explained the intricaciesof the invention. To show the actualsynchronizing of time and action hedashed a plate to the floor. It appearedso real it made one of the spectators sit-ting in the front row jump in dismay.The lecturer played a bugle, and theswelling of his cheeks kept perfect timewith the sound. He blew a police whis-tle, called in clogs which barked loudly,adding still more to the effect of actionand sound. A violinist played a melody,and then a young woman sang, and tothe ordinary observer the synchronismwas perfect.

Part of a light opera was given next.A scene from "The Chimes of Nor-mandy" was presented with lightnessand delicacy of tone and music and vividacting. That followed afrom "Il Trovatore." Then the quarrelbetween Brutus and Cassius in "JuliusCaesar" was acted in a way that showedthe actors and the synchronizer on theKinetophone followed Shakespeare's ad-vice of suiting "the action to the word."

The quarrel is so thrilling, that anylover of Shakespeare can find himselfholding onto his seat entirely oblivious tothe fact that only a man made machineis portraying the fierce anger of theRoman officer.

To light comedy the kinetophoneturned next, giving a short sketch called"The Politician," with slang, roughvocies and gayety, showing still otherphases of the new invention. Againthe spectators were able to judge howthe voices of the players were repro-duced in keeping with their actions.The last reel showed "Dick, the High-wayman." It was full of action, daringand shooting, but at no time was thereany apparent difference between the ges-tures and the voices.

It was observed, however, that theplayers apparently made an unusual ef-fort to speak distinctly. M. R. Hutchi-son, Edison's chief engineer, said, how-ever, that the phonograph catches wordsless distinctly articulated and that thegestures had been emphasized to provethe synchronism of the gestures and thewords.

In all of these pictures the spectatorwas impressed by not only the perfectsynchronism, but the remarkable illusion.When the actors were up -stage andwalked down -stage, their voices in-creased in volume and in proportion totheir photographed figures, and seemed tocome from the right or left of the stage,as they were situated. The strange partis that one ceased to think of the phono-graph and kinetoscope and his entire at-tention is held by the action of the piece,and he enjoys every thrill exactly as hewould in a theater.

High Tension Roof WiringThe increasing use of electric power

transmission at potentials of from 60,-000 to 100,000 volts has necessitatedgreat improvements in the design ofgenerating plants and substations, as thecircuits of such installations literallycarry chained lightning. The accom-panying illustration shows the carewhich is now taken in building plants ofthis kind to provide for the proper me-chanical support and thorough insulationof the incoming and outgoing line con-ductors. In the case shown, which is theroof of one of the Deerfield River plantsof the New England Power Company,the 60,000 volt lines are dead -ended at\strain insulators fastened into the wallof the station and from these dead -endstaps are taken as shown, to high tensioninsulators mounted on angle irons withlatticed cross bracing to provide a firm-

support under heavy wind conditions.Horizontal leads are then run across thetop of the roof at a height well above thehead of the tallest man, and taps are


HIGH TENSION ROOF WIRING

made from these horizontals to discon-necting switches, lightning arresters andto the transformers in the station belowthrough five -part insulating bushings.The size of these bushings, their widespacing, and the protection of the legs ofthe standards supporting the insulatorsall emphasize the extraordinary carewhich must be taken to give the safestand best quality of service when dealingwith such high potentials. -

Why Tungsten Lamps Are BetterThan Carbon Ones

The amount and quality of lightemitted by a hot piece of metal orany other substance depends on thetemperature. therefore the hotter it isthe better will be its light giving quali-ties. We can make either kind of fila-ment get as hot as we wish by makingit of the proper size and length, fora given voltage. But the carbon fila-

ment will evaporate like a piece ofcamphor if it gets much over i800degrees, whereas the tungsten fila-ments will not evaporate until they arehot enough to melt. The evaporatedcarbon will collect on the inner sur-face of the globes and spoil the lampsby blackening them, and the blackenedsurfaces will weaken the light. Thetungsten lamps will therefore work ata higher temperature than the carbonand will give more light for the sameamount of electric energy, because ofthe fact that at very high tempera-tures the energy wasted in heat isless than at low temperatures.

To make this last point clear wemust remember that light and heatare similar forms of energy ; that is,they are merely wave motion of theether. The difference between lightand heat is that the light is heat vibra-tions that are rapid enough to be per-ceived by the eye. The slowest heatvibrations that can be seen give usthe impression of red; the fastest onesgive the impression of violet. Eachcolor corresponds to a different speedof heat vibration beginning with red,thus: red, orange, yellow, green, blue,violet.

White light is a mixture of all thecolors and its quality depends on therelative amounts of each. Carbonlamps, being colder than tungsten.have too little blue and violet in pro-portion to the red and _yellow, hencethe yellow appearance.

Also the proportion of the total visi-ble heat radiation (light) to the in-visible (heat) is less for the coldercarbon filament than for the tungstenbecause we see that the higher fre-quencies (faster vibrations) disappearfirst, as the filament becomes cold.Suppose we start at white heat andgradually cool the filament. At firstit gives off some light, say five percent, and a great deal of heat. Theheat we consider wasted since we wanta light and not a heater. When it is

..1208 POPULAR ELECTRICITY MAGAZINE

cooled to red heat it gives off muchless heat but what it does give is allwasted energy since the small amountof red light is useless. The carbonfilament may not give off any moreheat than the tungsten, but the lightit gives would be less and hence itis more wasteful. A red-hot horseshoe would not give off as much lightas a white-hot nail but it might giveoff more heat, and require more coalto heat it.

There is another advantage of thetungsten lamps, which is that theywill give better light on circuits wherethe pressure or voltage is not steady.If the pressure of a no volt circuitfalls to ioo for any reason the carbonlamps will become so dim as to be

rent is greatly weakened. Tungsten,however, is a better conductor whencold than when hot and when the tem-perature falls because of the weakenedpressure the resistance will becomeless and will therefore tend to keep theamount of current flow constant inspite of the diminished pressure.

Classes in Pulmotor PracticeMuch is heard these days of the pul-

motor, which has rendered such markedservice in saving the lives of personsovercome by gas. A great many of theelectric lighting companies in the largercities now give free "pulmotor seprice,"after witnessing the successful resultsattending the initial experiments in this

A CLASS IN PULMOTOR PRACTICE

almost useless, while the tungstens'.are scarcely affected at all. This isdue to the fact that carbon has a higherelectrical resistance when cold thanwhen hot and when the temperaturefalls because of the weak pressure theresistance increases so that the cur -

direction last spring, by the Common-wealth Edison Company of Chicago.

Originally the idea of an electric lightcompany keeping such a device on handwas to render first aid in cases of electricshock, but these cases are few and farbetween as compared with cases of as-

t


phyxiation and we find the electric lightcompanies in a very humanitarian wayassuming the burden of rendering firstaid to gas victims.

A thousand men in New York havebeen trained in the use of the pulmotor.The men are the workers in the electricalconstruction, the operating and the dis-tribution departments of The New YorkEdison Company and their familiaritywith the use of this mechanical life saveris due to the fact that special classes fortheir instruction have been held sincelate in October.

-First the men who install electricalapparatus in the stations were taught,then the men who are in charge of thegenerating apparatus and finally the menwho work on high tension cables of thedistribution system were taught. Twelvemen constituted a class and they met atall hours of the day. Some assembledin the early morning, some later in theday and some in the evening-it de-pended on the shift in which the menworked, for it was the desire of the com-pany to reach them during the workinghours rather than call them together intheir own time.

Three company physicians had chargeof the instruction, which included notonly, the use of the pulmotor but of oneof the older methods of artificial respi-ration ; that is, by the application ofpressure to the back. After the men hadbeen told under what circumstances theapplication of artificial respiration wasproper-that in electric shock,gas poisoning, suffocation from smokeand apparent drowning -they wereshown and given practical instruction inthe Schaeffer prone pressure method.

The mechanism of the pulmotor wasthen explained, the men being told howto ascertain the amount of oxygen re-maining in the cylinder and how to re-place an exhausted for a full tank, afterwhich the instructor showed the machineon an unconscious man. After thisdemonstration the class paired off forpractical work, one man acting as the

electrical contracting business was any-thing but a holiday affair. There wasvery little standardization of methods,no co-operative effort and most of thecontractors went around with chips ontheir shoulders-and there was chaos.Finally some of the more far-sightedones saw that if the business was toprosper, singleness of interest wouldhave to be the rule instead of the cut-

s throat methods then frequent. So a

small group of them, not over 30, as-sembled and formed the National Elec-trical. Contractors' Association. Thiswas some twelve years ago. Its forcebegan to be felt immediately. Out of itcame such co-operative benefits as the

victim while the other put the machinein operation.

The introduction of the pulmotor inNew York followed the Electrical Ex-position of last October, when two vic-tims of illuminating gas were resusci-tated. There are now machines in everysub -station and the Waterside generat-ing stations of the Edison company aswell as in several hospitals.

Suhion Cup Fixture HolderAn electric fixture to which is attached

a little rubber suction cup that can bepressed against a window, a mirror oragainst any other smooth surface andby atmospheric pressure holds the fix -

FIXTURE HOLDER.

ture in position is a recent useful noveltyon the market. With the Hand-E-Litefixture is twelve feet of silk cord. Thedevice is so small that it can be stowedaway in the traveler's smallest handbagready for service in a moment's time.

Electric Drilling in the Oil FieldsThe use of electricity in the oil fields

has recently been tried out on the prop-erty of the Midway Pacific Companyand has been proven a success. WellNo. 2 was put down by electric power ata saving of $5,000 over the cost of drill-ing No. 1 on the same property, whichwas done by the old method.

There was a great economy in time aswell and in every way the experimentproved that electric power in the Cali-fornia oil fields has a great future.

the electrical contractor. The electricalcontractor as a rule is a poor businessman and his accounts are recorded usu-ally in a loose leaf book carried in hiship pocket. When a job is finished hehas no accurate way of checking up toascertain how much it has cost him and ifhe has done the work at a loss he hasno method of determining where thetrouble is.

One of the things Mr. Freeman de-sires most to accomplish during hispresidency is that of placing in the handsof every association contractor a systemof bookkeeping applicable to this indus-try and so simple that the contractorwill have no difficulty in checking up.

Electrical Men of the TimesERNEST FREEMAN

1212- POPULAR ELECTRICITY MAGAZINE

One of the stories he delights to tellillustrating the co-operative and friendlyspirit engendered among the membershas to do with a contractor in a largecity in Texas. This contractor was newat the business. At best his resourceswere small and he had bought a large billof goods on consignment, returnable insix months if not sold. The six monthsrolled around and most of the goodswere still in his store. He had donevery little business, creditors were in-sistent, and he vas very down inthe mouth. Finally came the sheriffand closed him up and took away hisfixtures which were to have been re-turned.

Ilis extremity became known to theother electrical contractors in the city-fellow members with him in the Con-tractors' Association. Immediately theyformed a pool and staked him, so tospeak. They got his fixtures back andopened his store and furnished himsome ready money to tide him over. Allthese brother contractors turned over tohim one job of work each, which theyhad secured for themselves-enough inall to keep him busy for a considerabletime-and even lent him men to do thework. He is now one of the most pros-perous contractors in that city.

Before the formation of the Associa-tion his fate would have been a differentone. And it is this very spirit of liveand let live, of co-operation instead ofelimination, that Mfr. Freeman loves inhis association, and which he has beenso instrumental in bringing about.

On entering Mr. Freeman's offices oneis impressed with the quiet, systematichandling of business and this quiet, sys-tematic way is characteristic of the manhimself. If he is making a' speech hetalks slowly and seems to measure eachword; but every single word he "getsover;" to use the venacular of the stage.While made to feel perfectly at home,the interviewer's "Tell me somethingabout yourself" is met by a smile anda suggestion that friends and other

sources must be appealed to if one is tofind out how this brown eyed man ofmedium height and quiet personality has\yon success.

Telephones in the VaticanThe Vatican has had a telephone

system since some time after the pres-ent Pope came into power. He isa most progressive man and believesin the adoption of facilities to expe-

TELEPHONE SWITCHBOARD IN THE VATICAN, INCHARGE OF A UNIFORMED ATTENDANT

chite the enormous business of theVatican. This telephone system is notonly an interior systean, but has con-nection with .the outer world by atrunk line or two.

While the Pope does not often use

t

t

i`


the system himself, since his secre-taries attend to details of Vatican busi-ness for him, it is used many timesa clay on his official business, to trans-mit his instructions to the variouschurch dignitaries, some of whom resideat the Vatican and many others out-side. It can be connected with thelong distance lines of Rome and thuswith those of the other European citieshaving telephonic communication withRome. The picture herewith showsthe private exchange telephone switch -hoard in the Vatican in charge of auniformed operator.

Missoula's Lane of Light"There are cities with a greater num-

ber of similar lights in use; there arecities which have spent thousands for amore artistic arrangement of ornamentalposts and clusters, but there is no citythat has a district of equal size so welllighted." So says The Missoulian ofMissoula, Montana.

There are no confusing shadows, nodark corners, and the -beauty of the win-

dow'displays is greatly enhanced by the.light from the new lamps. The illumina-tion from without has made it possiblefor many merchants to reduce the num-ber of lamps within and has been themeans of effecting considerable savingto them in this manner.

The accompanying picture of the city'smain thoroughfare at night speaks force-fully of the street illumination. Lumin-ous arc (magnetite) lamps set uponbrackets eighteen feet above the streetare used. The brackets are attached tosteel poles set opposite each other on thestreet, and spaced 100 feet apart alongthe curb.

Small expense was incurred by the cityin connection with the installation owingto the liberal manner with which thematter was handled by Mr. W. A. Clarkof the :Missoula Light and Water Com-pany. :Missoula is the first city west ofthe Mississippi to adopt these lamps. Thefirst town in which they were used wasNew Haven, Conn. At present there areten installations in different parts of theUnited States, and a large number oftowns are considering their use.

NIGHT SCENE IN MISSOULA, MONTANA

E1ec11'ic jnteres,

s Women

.--e7.., rflé Rom r.0111.+11~.101M041

EDITED BY GRACE T. HADLEY

A Lesson in ValuesMrs. Fitzgerrell, radiant and success-

ful, awaited her husband in their wellfurnished dining room ; when he ap-peared, she rang for the maid to servethe bouillon. Then facing him acrossthe spotless table, she proceeded eagerlyto demand:

"Have you heard the news?"'"\\'hat news?" inquired her husband

leisurely."I was elected president of the Suf-

frage Society at the meeting today," wasthe proud announcement.

"Then I presume you are going in forvotes for women and that sort of thing."

"Exactly !" exclaimed Mrs. Fitzger-rell.

"Is suffrage taking precedence overbridge and teas and becoming fashion-able?"

"Indeed it is among thoughtful won -en. It is in the very air and even frivo-lous women are beginning to wake up."

"I don't see why women want to vote."began Mr. Fitzgerrell, helping his wifeto a choice bit of rare beef. "Don't Iprovide well for you? Don't I give youthe best of everything?"

"Yes, you are a clear, but we womenwant to be real citizens. \Ve have had agreat deal of experience in practicalhousekeeping within the four walls ofour homes and now we want to have ahand in municipal housekeeping."

"Well, we business men are so busytending to our own affairs we have beenin the habit of letting the. politicians' runthings."

"That's just the point. Property own -

ers and business men do not take suffi-cient interest in municipal affairs. Youare all too busy making money. You saythings about the grafters, pay the graftand keep right on making money."

"But I don't see how it's going to helpif women mix up in such matters."

"To illustrate." began Mrs. Fitzger-rell judicially. "there is the initiative, thereferendum and the recall which shouldbe in operation now in practical politics.I have practiced the recall for some timein the administration of my homeaffairs."

"I don't think I quite understand.""When you voters put a man in office

he is elected for a certain length of timeand no matter how crude or how ineffi-cient he may prove to be, or how muchpositive damage Ile may do in municipalaffairs, there he stays until his term ex-pires. Could anything be more foolishor more wasteful?"

"I admit your point. What is yourplan ?"

"Well, when I employ a maid whoproves to be inefficient, I put into effectthe recall. If she begins to break upthe dishes. I do not let her continue tobreak up my best china for two wholeyears, I recall her at once and dismissher."

"And do the dishes yourself ?" in-quired Mr. Fitzgerrell quizzically.

"No," returned his wife calmly andserenely, "I get an electric dishwasherand save my chinaware."

i\Tr. Fitzgerrell laughed in his hearty,wholesome way.

1214


a

"Would you suggest an electric dish-washer for municipal management?"

"No," returned Mrs. Fitzgerrellbrightly, "but I would apply electricalefficiency to practical 'politics. Insteadof doing the municipal housekeeping inthe clumsy, cumbersome way it has beendone, we up-to-date women would intro-duce the principle of efficiency in civicaffairs. The slogan of the modern house-wife is, `efficiency, econoirty of operationand values.' "

"Values !" repeated Mr. Fitzgerrellvaguely.

am just a plain everyday banker, and notaccustomed to sounding the subtleties ofpsychology or chemistry."

Br -r -r -r -r ! buzzed the front door bell.The maid entered promptly with a foldedpaper in hand which she gave to Mr.Fitzgerrell.

"Great Scott !" exclaimed that gentle-man in startled tones.

"GREAT SCOTT I BUT I'VE HAD A GREAT LESSON IN VALUES"

"Yes, women have always been thegreat conservers of social values. Allmen do is combine and recombine theelements they find and sometimes thecombinations they make are bad, whilewomen have always been accustomed togive things timeplace and form values.

"You have a habit. Marian, of some-times getting beyond my depth," ob-served Mr. Fitzgerrell. "You know I

"What is it dear?" enquired his wifesweetly.

"It's the bill for the electric dish-washer," remarked the head of the houseweakly. "You've saved your china,Marian, but-"

"But what?" said his brilliant wife."Oh, nothing, it's all right, but I've

had a great lesson in values and ofcourse that's worth something."

FOUR HEATER OUTFIT FOR HAIRDRESSING ESTABLISHMENTS

The Permanent Hair Waver"What would you do with hair like

this?" The question was asked by acomely young Nvoman, wild, possessed'a clear complexion, hazel eyes, goodfeatures and a tendency to make the mostof her talents and her natural charms,but her hair was her despair. It was ir-regular in length and hung down inlanky locks about her eyes. Every morn-ing with a hot curling iron she gavethese locks a few twists on the curlerand pinned them up out of her eyes, butby nightfall they hung disconsolatelydownward without a vestige of curl inthem, hence her despairing inquiry.

-What would you do with hair likethis .

"Well," remarked the friendly visitor,"I would have such hair put into a per-manent wave."

"A permanent wave," said the youngwoman, "wl:v what is that?''

"The permanent wave is a new patentprocess of changing straight hair intonatural wavy hair by electrical and chem-ical process of recent discovery. It isthe invention of an eminent specialistformerly of Paris and Germany. It iswell known in Europe where it has de-lighted many women, but women on this

1216


side are quite mystified as to its action."To explain simply, just picture a)

strand of hair as a horn tube. Chil-dren's hair and naturally curly hair havetiny pores leading from the surface intothe interior of the tube or central chan-nel of the strand of hair. These tinypores become clogged by a fungusgrowth as the years pass and Nyith theclosing of the pores opening into thecentral channel, the hair becomes lankand straight, losing its charm and be-coming difficult to dress becomingly. Thepermanent hair waver produces the waveor curls of any style by opening these

'tiny pores, by removing the fungusgron'th from the affected straight hair.cleansing it and giving to it the beau-tiful texture as well as other advantagesof natural wavy hair. When once waved,the hair remains so until it grows outfrom the roots."

Exorbitant prices are obtained bydoing this work and the demand hasbeen greatly in excess of the supply ofskilled operators who have learned to doit. It is possible for a skilled operatorand assistant to wave two heads of haira day, which would mean an income ofsomething like sixty dollars a day. Thiscan be clone at the lady's own home pro-viding there is electricity available, sothat it is not really necessary to have anestablishment to do the work.

The hair must first be shampooed andit is advisable to have this clone the daybefore the waving is clone. After ar-ranging the outfit so that everything isconvenient for use, the work is begunby dividing off a portion of the hair be-ginning in front and tying close to theroots with the tying cord. A strand ofhair is wound very tightly around thecurler beginning at the end that is tiedand the winding must be perfectly flatand smooth. Tie the thread after theentire curl is wound and it is ready forthe application of the chemical. Thestrand of hair is then covered with a

1217

A SMALL OUTFIT IS MADE FOR HOME USE

strip of gauze that protects the hair fromthe powder after the chemical has dried.A flannel strip moistened with the chem-ical is wound over the strand above thegauze. It is now ready for the asbestostube which is slipped over the strand. Ashield protects the scalp from the heater.The electric current is then turned onuntil steam appears from the ends of theheater. This heat creates a vacuumand the suction combined .with chemicalaction draws from the hair the particlesthat close the cells. By this process thehair is transformed from straight hair in-to a naturally wavy condition. Hair thatis naturally wavy is free from cell clog-ging fungus growth and if hair that hasbeen subjected to this treatment shouldbecome straight, all that is necessary torestore the wave is a good shampoo.Such hair is not affected or straightenedby rain, moisture, or shampoo. It isclaimed that the process is a benefit tothe hair.

A complete outfit for giving this waveat home consists of two electric con-trollers, heaters, curlers, tubes, chemicaland other accessories.


Captured Coffee

Here is a new coffee pot in whichthe coffee grounds are scientificallybrewed. With prevailing methodsthe coffee is apt to be overdrawn orelse the desirable essences escape be-fore the coffee reaches the cup. Herethe coffee grounds are placed in aperforated receptacle at the top ofthe pot. The electric heating unit isso constructed that only a small por-tion of water is heated atone time. Steam gener-ated in the pump in thewater reservoir forcesthe water up through thepump tube and sprays itover the coffee grounds.The water percolatesthrough the coffee and

back into the reservoir, the process be-ing continuous. The little pump insidethis pot is constructed on the same scien-tific principle as a city pumping station.

The aromatic, volatile essences do notescape but are captured, producing a de-licious beverage.

Recipe Box Aid to HousewifeThe recipe box is a quick and con-

venient system to take care of cookingrecipes. Each recipe is on a separatecard filed behind appropriate guides. Newrecipes may he added at any time. Everywoman who has used the ordinary cookbook has realized its limitations. It is

often cumbersome to handle, it does notprovide for new recipes and it becomessoiled quickly. Every woman has said atone time or another, as she ran across anappetizing recipe in a magazine, "I'll trythis some time, it looks good." But gen-erally she doesn't, because the magazinewhen wanted is not to be found. Nowwith the recipe box, you simply take out

COFFEE BREWED ON SCIENTIFIC PRINCIPLES


a blank card, paste the recipe on oneside, make any notations you wish on theother side and file in the box.

There are the hundred -and -one house-hold helps which are encountered in theday's reading. Some are valuable andshould.be preserved. With the recipe boxat hand it is only necessary to clip thearticle, paste it on a card and file it be-hind the proper guide in the box. Therecipe cards are unique in that they givethe ingredients in one column, the quan-tity in the next column and remarks oc-cupy the third space. In the ordinarycook book the ingredients, quantities anddirections are all run together and it isoften difficult to differentiate one fromthe other.

Clock That Needs No WindingFor years many inventors have tried

to produce a practical and ornamentalelectric clock for the home ; one whichwould not need to be wound and wouldyet be so simple in its mechanism thatit could be produced at a price withinthe reach of all.

A new clock said to fulfill these re-quirements is sold under the trade nameof the "Never -Wind." The case is ofpolished brass, heavily gilded and lac-quered, 9V, inches high, 6 inches wideand 5% inches sleep. The clock operateswithout springs, weights or wires or anyoutside connections, the motive powerbeing an ordinary flashlight, dry batteryconcealed in the base. The cost of thebattery is 25 cents and as the batteryruns the clock six months or more, acent a week for battery power saves thetrouble of winding the clock.

From the battery in the base, twosmall wires run in one of the hollow postsat side of clock, one from the carbonand one from the zinc contacts of thebattery, these wires connecting, one withan electro -magnet and one with thependulum wire at very top of clockmovement. The pendulum weights donot swing to and fro as in an ordinaryclock but revolve first about one and a

half turns to the right and then to theleft. On the pendulum wire is a plati-num contact pin, which by the actionof the pendulum is brought into contactwith a platinum plate, thus completingthe electric circuit, pulling up the arma-ture at bottom of the magnets which inturn works a pawl on the ratchet wheel

CLOCK OPERATED BY DRY BATTERIES

and thus the minute and hour hands areoperated.

A regulating nut just above the pendu-lum weights can be turned to the rightfor "fast" or to the left for "slow," inthis way, shortening or lengthening thetwist of the pendulum wire, which inturn regulates the time of the clock.

It is amazingly simple and needs onlyto be seen to be appreciated, especiallyby all women who forget to wind theirclocks or watches.

122O POPULAR ELECTRICITY MAGAZINE

SOME OF THE USES OF A SMALL MOTOR IN THEHOME

A Versatile Small Motor

Mrs. Deemer, a Pennsylvania woman,has solved the servant problem in a veryunique and efficient way by letting asmall motor do her hard work. It istrue, of course, that many women have amotor driven washing machine, or amotor driven vacuum cleaner, but usuallythe motor does just one thing and noother. Mrs. Deemer's; however, has sevendistinct duties. It runs a vacuum cleaner,a washing machine, a grinding wheel, apolishing wheel, a ventilating fan, a sew-ing machine and an ice cream freezer.Current is taken from the nearest lampsocket and the motor is started by simplyturning the switch.

To operate the vacuum cleaner, themotor, which by the way doesn't weighmuch more than a flat iron, is clampedto a small platform and belted to thevacuum cleaner pump, which with thedust receptacle is also mounted on theplatform. The platform has casters androlls around very easily. With this out-fit it is easy work to get the dust out ofthe rugs, tufted furniture, portieres, mat-tresses and corners hard to get at with abroom.

In a similar way the motor is attachedto the washing machine. On wash daythe motor is started, and while the familyis at breakfast the first tubful is beingwashed ; the second is put through whilethe dishes are being washed. No atten-tion is needed except to put in and takeout the clothes.

For polishing silver a chuck is screwedon the extended shaft of the motor, acloth wheel is slipped on and it takes justa few minutes to polish all the silver-ware. By substituting an emery wheelthe kitchen knives, choppers and the likeare kept in good usable condition.

A fan wheel can also be attached tothe shaft and used to circulate the airin the summer and to distribute thefurnace heat throughout a room in thewinter.

By transferring the motor to the sew-


ing machine all the hard part of sewing,the treadling, is eliminated. A smallidler pulley permanently attached to themotor (shown in the illustrations) isconnected by a small chain to the treadle.The belt is run from the motor pulley,over the idler pulley and around the ma-chine hand wheel. By pressing on thetreadle the belt is tightened and the ma-chine starts. The speed of the machineis controlled by the pressure on thetreadle from a stitch at a time to as fastas desired.

Lastly, the motor turns the ice creamfreezer. This was originally handoperated but the crank was replaced by ahomemade wooden wheel grooved for abelt. To make ice cream electricallytakes about five minutes against two orthree times as long by the tiresome handmethod ; consequently homemade icecream is almost an everyday occurrence.

It was very easy to apply this motor toso many useful duties and it seemsstrange that there are so few instancesof this kind. It is rated at 1/6 horse-power and costs about two cents an hourto run.

Electricity as an InvigoratorA certain person Was ill and on the

verge of collapse. She was sure thatshe could not live through the day, andit was to be a busy day. It was impos-sible for her to get away to the Springs,but there was hope in an electric bathtreatment. There were some very finebaths in the city where she lived, andshe resolved to try them when she wasabout ready to drop from exhaustion.

First she was placed in an electric lightcabinet for fifteen minutes, then she washustled into a tub of warm water withelectric currents vibrating through it."Now, you are going to feel this in yourshoulders," said the attendant, and shefelt it. "Now you are going to feel thisup and down your spine." She felt it.There was a merry little sizzling song onthe switchboard and the lifegiving cur-rents pulsed through the warm water.

Then carne an excellent salt rub andan exhilarating pine needle shower.and the healing process was complete.The sick one was well. "How do youfeel?" inquired the attendant, poking herhead into the rest room an hour later."Fine," exclaimed the patient; "I thinkI'm about well and I'm as hungry as abear."

Mechanical and electrical therapy arccoming into more and more use in treat-ing ailments, and the results obtained aresuch as to cause the greatest hopes forthe future of this kind of treatment. Inthis field electricity has no competitor,for the science itself is built on elec-tricity.

Thoughts for HousewivesWhen women are free from the bar-

barities of present methods of house-keeping --the market basket, the kitchenutensils, the scrubbing brush gone fromevery house ; electricity everywherespreading warmth and life, they will stillbe forced to do a certain amount of work.This cannot be avoided even by the helpof the most perfect apparatus or by co-operative methods, provided the houseis not to be replaced by the barracks.-Ellen Key.

Wherever a true wife comes, home isalways around her. The stars may beover her head-the glow worm in thenight -cold grass may be the fire at herfoot, but home is where she is ; and for anoble woman it stretches far around her,better than houses ceiled with cedar orpainted with vermilion, shedding its quietlight for those who else are homeless.-Ruskin.

You talk of the fire of genius. Many ablessed woman who dies unsung and un-remembered has given out more of thereal vital heat that keeps the life in humansouls, without a spark flitting through herhumble chimney to tell the world about it,than would set a dozen theories smokingor a hundred odes simmering in thebrains of so many men of genius.-OliverWendell Holmes.

To Take Your Photograph.

With an ordinary camera and the apparatus de-scribed, one may take his own picture in a darkenedroom and obtain fairly artistic results. The flashpart of the equipment requires a 3/ volt battery,a 3% volt tungsten lamp, fourteen feet of flexiblewire to make connections, two battery binding posts.a strip of copper or brass % by 4 inches and ablock of wood. Drill a hole in the strip samesize as the binding postscrew and about / inchfrom the end, then con-nect up the wooden blockas shown with the switchin series with one of thewires running to thelamp.

To take your ownpicture, place the cameraon a table and focus itupon some object that isabout the same height asyour shoulders and theright distance away.Leave the camera settingin this position and turnout the lights as the roomshould be dark. Now open the shutterof the camera, place the lamp in yourhands, using them as a reflector and whenyou have about the right position pressyour foot against the spring switch. Thiswill light the lamp and in turn light upyour face. The exposure may be about30 or 40 seconds at the end of whichthe foot releases the spring contact. Be-fore turning on the light close the camerashutter. A few trials will settle the timequestion. Photographs taken in this man-ner do not have the startled expressioncharacteristic of flashlight pictures.

METHOD OF TAK

the

ING ONE'S OWN PHOTOGRAPH, AND THE RESULT

The Power of a MeteorA most curious observation of the ef-

fects produced by a meteor at sea wasonce made a part of a government report.

Some years ago, the captain of theBritish steamship "Nerano," when a lit-tle more than 200 miles southeast ofCape Clear, during a voyage from Balti-more to Havre, saw a meteor that ap-peared to pass close to his ship.

An observation of the North Startaken soon after the appearance of themeteor showed a surprising result. The

1222


direction of the ship's compass needlehad been changed no less than elevendegrees. Before the meteor passed, theneedle had pointed about five degrees 30minutes west of true north, but now itpointed five degrees 30 minutes east ofnorth.

That the meteor had caused the changewas indicated by the fact that within 24hours the needle returned to its formerposition. moving slowly back abouteleven degrees toward the west.

Aiming and Firing a Heavy Gun

Comparatively heavy ordnance, that is,guns as large as four and six inch bore,are aimed and fired in much the samemanner as the lighter guns, by aimingdirectly through the telescopic sightsfrom a position at the breach of the gun.But of course the piece is much too heavyto swing and depress readily by hand, so

HEAVY ORDNANCE WHICH IS MANIPULATED AND FIRED BYELECTRICITY

Equally great effects have been pro-duced upon ships' compasses by light-ning, but in such cases the bolts haveactually struck the ship. The meteorseen by the "Nerano" did not touch thatvessel and while no estimate of its actualdistance was made. it was probably con-siderable, since the report contains norecord of its having been observed to fallinto the sea.

the work is done by motorsand electricity also is usedfor the actual firing. In thefour inch pedestal rifleshown the operator is inposition at the variable speedgear mechanism. His lefthand rests on the lever (A)controlling the electricallyoperated pointing mechan-ism. At (B) is the triggerfor electric firing. At (C)is a handle used for percus-sion firing, which may beused if necessity demands.At (D) is the circuit closerputting the electric firingparts in readiness for actionupon pulling lever (B).

Strange Electric StormOne night in February, in south lati-

tude 33 degrees, west longitude 38 de-grees, the sailing vessel Ville -du -Havreencountered a most remarkable electricstorm. The rain fell in torrents, and theship appeared to be electrified, the mast-heads flaming like giant candles. Strange


lights traveled over the rigging, and afterevery flash of lightning a part of the ves-sel which had been newly painted re-mained for several seconds glowing withphosphorescence. The lightning, whichwas very frequent, instead of displayingitself in zigzag lines, took the form offlying bombs, which exploded with out-bursts of light that illuminated the wholesky. Before and after the more violentexplosions of thunder fierce gusts of windswept the ship. This terrifying experi-ence lasted for five hours with no res-pite.

An Archimedes TowerJohn B. Daleo, a young Italian sculptor,

residing at 228 Degraw street, Brooklyn,N. Y., has constructed a remarkable elec-tric tower, which he has named after thegifted Sicilian, Archimedes. He has sodesignated it because it is built on theplan of what is known as the Archimedesscrew.

The tower measures six feet six inchesfrom base to tip of flagpole and is at onceartistic and ingenious. Electricity is em-ployed for propelling the cars, for light-ing and for running the water wheels.

In the upper part of the tower is arestaurant, at the entrance to which thecar stops. All the electric wires are hid-den in the construction, making accidentstherefrom impossible. The cars andlighting require 190 volts. Thirty-sixtungsten lamps, corresponding to the lightof 216 candles, are used for illumination.

The base of the tower, constructed ofwood, is 40 inches in diameter. Thereare four entrances to the building, whichare led up to by a flight of steps. Thefountains at the side of the doors spoutwater into a pool, where small fish mightbe kept. The candelabra in front of eachdoor give the proper light. Eight decora-tive vases are placed around the base.The bottom of the tower is made ofplaster composition, the inside of whichcontains the electrical apparatus.

The railway structure is of wood andcasting metal. At the bottom is the plat-

form station for the loading and unload-ing of the cars. The electric car startsfrom the station and runs on the outsidetrack to the restaurant at the top, remain-ing here but a second or so, and thenstarting on the return journey, taking theinside track, which connects with the out-side one at the bottom. (This railway isan ingenious piece of work.) When acar stops at the upper station, another isat the lower platform. Both cars are in

ARCHIMEDES TOWER

motion at one time, controlled by a sepa-rate motor. A fence is built for the safetyof the passengers, with a broad walk onthe inner side of the railway. The third -rail system is used.


Certainly Mr. Daleo has shown consid-erable genius in constructing the tower,but the question naturally arises-ofwhat practical use is it ? In his opinion,it might serve as a model for a largebuilding at some seaside resort, utilizingthe base as a theater and the upper partas a restaurant. One can easily imaginethat a building constructed after thismodel, brilliantly lighted by electricity,with the cars ascending and descendingon the winding tracks, with the musicfloating out on the upper air and withthe chance of dining in the cool breezeshundreds of feet from the ground, wouldattract great throngs and could be madeto be a paying investment.

Odd Static GeneratorThe outfit here illustrated I accident-

ally discovered will generate static elec-tricity.

Upon a shelf or the edge of a tablefasten a small motor that will run at a

Copper Disk. 020'Thick

STATIC GENERATOR

speed of about 3,000 revolutions perminute. (en the shaft of the motor thereshould he a small grooved brass pulley.Provide a second pulley about / inch indiameter and a small stove bolt that justfits the hole in it. From thin sheet coppercut two disks exactly alike, and six

inches in diameter. Drill a hole in eachdisk of the same size as the hole in thepulley, and fasten the disks, one on eachside of the pulley with the stove bolt asshown. Now make a belt of heavy linenthread. Place the thread over the pulleyon the motor and set the disks' pulleyupon the loop, thus leaving the diskssuspended in the air. Start 'the motor,give the disks a turn and as soon asthey come up to speed, they will act asa gyroscope and keep balanced. Take apiece of copper conductor in the handand bring the metal near the disks. A

inch spark can be taken off. An in-candescent lamp held near the disks willglow with a weird blue light.- E. H.SAMEN.

Short Circuits Produced by BirdsBirds perched on or flying between

the wires of a high tension system oftencause a short circuit which may result inconsiderable damage at the central sta-tion and also in the electrocution of thebird. This occurs, however, only withbirds having a considerable spread ofwing; but with these it happens so oftenthat in certain regions the total destruc-tion of birds of large wing area is likelyto result.

A case of this kind occurred recentlyin Germany, caused by a panic in a flockof starlings on the appearance of a hawk.Several of the birds and the hawk werecaught between the high tension coilsand the insulators in such a way thatthe high tension cable was grounded ;but as the ground wire of the towercarrying the insulators and the trans-former had become a bad conductor asthe result of dry weather, the high tensioncurrent passed by the low tension cir-cuit line to the earth at the same point,occasioning damage and fires in thehomes of the consumers, as well as in-terupting the light service. The inten-sity of the current arising from the shortcircuit formed by the birds was not atany time great enough to put into actionthe automatic apparatus at the station.

1 26 POPULAR ELECTRICITY MAGAZINE

And Their Friend's Were Led to It

A dingy little confectionery and tobac-co -store has stood for years in the centerof the ghetto district, Pittsburgh. Nobodyremembers just how long it has endured.Many grown-ups have been youthful pa-trons. From time to time it has change;lhands, and with the last change it came

THE STREET WAS HALF FULL OF SHOUTINGYOUNGSTERS

into possession of a young man, who in-troduced some innovations, among thema modern penny -in -the -slot scale.

From the first the scale seemed to be-come the center of attraction for theyouthful population, who tried to work itwithout the assistance of pennies. Thestorekeeper soon realized that unlesssomething was clone the destruction ofthe scale was imminent.

An old high tension magneto in theback cellar offered an inspiration. Forth-with it was installed behind the counter.One terminal was grounded. A con-cealed wire was run from the other termi-nal to the metal body of the scale. The

scale was propped up from the dampbricks on some dry blocks of wood dippedin melted parrafin.

Very shortly, some youngsters ap-proached and commenced playing withthe scale as usual. The storekeeper hiedhimself back of the counter and gave themagneto a vigorous turn. The kids gotthe surprise of their lives. Undaunted.however, they touched the scales a secondtime, receiving another shock. The store-keeper saw them make off up the streetat a run and inwardly exulted but hevas a poor student of kid nature. In a fewminutes the original kids returned withthree more. The newcomers were led upto the scales, experienced a shock, won-dered a moment. and then "beat it" up thestreet to find some new victims. In ashort time the street was literally half fullof shouting youngsters fighting for achance at the scales. About this time.the storekeeper decided that electricitymight be very efficacious for some pur-poses but here vas a case where it wasa signal failure.

Controlling FingerElectrify a rubber comb by rubbing it

briskly with dry flannel. Suspend it asshown by a silk thread previously at-

COMB THAT TURNS UNDER THE INFLUENCE OFAN ELECTRICAL CHARGE

tacked to it. When a finger is held underit the comb will follow the finger, turninground and round as the hand moves.


Fishing Up a CableA copper wire, coated with gutta-

percha, was, in the year 1850, laid underthe channel between England and France.Messages were sent from coast to coast,and men of science and capitalists in bothcountries were congratulating one an-other upon this triumph, when one morn-ing, soon after the completion of thegreat work, communication suddenlyceased.

That morning, it appears, a Frenchfisherman of Boulogne was going out inhis boat. A British seaman, who at themoment had nothing to do, was seated ona coil of rope on the dock, looking outover the sea and meditating as he smokedhis pipe. The Frenchman invited theBritisher to join him in his little expedi-tion for fish.

Away went the two, bearing to thenorthward along the coast before a lightbreeze, until they finally brought up offCape Grisnez.

Here the Frenchman let down his trawland fished up among other curiosities ofthe deep the submarine cable before men-tioned. Both he and his British friendwere, to say the least, surprised. To thefisherman it seemed a species of seaweed ;to the Britisher a form of petrified ma-rine monster. The latter, handing hisfriend a heavy knife, the Frenchmanforthwith cut off a small portion of thecable and let the end go.

The two bore their prize to Boulogne,where it was exhibited by them as a speci-men of rare seaweed with its center filledwith gold ! Meanwhile the telegraphersat each end of the cable sat gazing in dis-may at their useless instruments.

HANDLING A CARNIVAL. CROWD IN MANILA

Handling the annual carnival crowd in Manila requires a lot of forethought onthe part of the schedule expert of the street railway system. In the Walled City thestreets are so narrow that they accommodate but a single track and the operation ofcars to avoid congestion becomes a fine art when traffic is unusually heavy. Often adozen cars get so close together in creeping through the narrow thoroughfares thatthey resemble a train of trolleys. All the rolling stock is bedecked in flags duringfiesta days and from the large variety displayed one knows that the holiday is an inter-national one, rather than a celebration purely for Americans. For instance, the Britishdon't care to fly the Union Jack along side the Stars and Stripes on the Fourth ofJuly and Spaniards keep the Red and Yellow of Spain in the dark on Occupation Day.

C _ Cp®

Populagq Electricit9Wireless Cuh

r12-_ _ -3

Experimental 200 Meter Wave SetsBy PHILIP E. EDELMAN

PART I

The wireless law practically limits allamateur experimenters to 200 meter wavesets. Although this limitation means thatthe design and size of the apparatus mustconform to certain requirements, it \gillnot be a difficult matter to establish agood 200 meter experimental station.

The purpose of the present article isto give specific data for experimental 200meter sets which complywith the law and it aimsto present the matter sothat the readers can es-tablish the stations with-out calculating the circuitsand dimensions. The con-struction and use of theseries condenser will betaken up first becausethere are many readersIvho already have outfits,and who do not wish togo to great expense tocomply with the law. Theseries condenser will ena-ble them to make their oldoutfits comply with thelaw in most cases at verylittle expense. The re-mainder of the chapterwill consider sets which use a short aerial.The object is to give definite data forparticular sets rather than general datafor any desired case.

TII E SERIES CONDENSER.

It is a well known fact that the wavelength depends upon the capacity and the

15e

inductance in a given circuit. \ ow inmost of the old outfits the value of thecapacity and the inductance is too largeto comply with the law because the aerialis too large. At the same time, the largeaerial is an advantage for long distancereceiving, and as there is no restrictionon the receiving wave length, it is verydesirable to keep the old aerial as it is.

FIG. I

When the large aerial is the main itemwhich keeps the value of the circuit toohigh to comply with the law, a small con-denser can be inserted in the aerial cir-cuit to keep the wave length within thelimit. In this case, the large aerial maybe used as it is, for receiving purposes.

The series condenser arrangement1228


operates on the principle that the com-bined capacity of two condensers whichare connected in series (A, Fig.' 1) isless than the capacity of the smaller con-denser. Thus if the capacity of the con-denser (C') may be represented by tenunits and the capacity of (C2) by twounits, the combined capacity of (C') and(C2) in series is less than two units. Theantenna itself may be considered as thelarger condenser because it. consists es-sentially of conductors forming a capaci-ty with the earth, the air serving as thedielectric.

The arrangement is shown at (B) Fig.1. The aerial proper corresponds to (C')in (A) and the series condenser (S) cor-responds to (C2). The switch (Sw) isuseful when automatic or break arrange-ments are used, as the series condenseris not desired for the receiving circuit.It may be omitted, and in any case theswitch is always left open when trans-mitting. It will be understood that theseries condenser makes the capacity ofthe secondary circuit less and consequent-ly lowers the wave length. The aerialsystem can thus be operated at less thanthe natural wave length and this new wavelength can be limited to 200 meters bythe use of the proper size of condenser.The size for this condenser is best de-termined by trial, using either of twomethods, as follows :

1. Hot Wire Ammeter. The primarycircuit having been fixed at 200 meters,(See "How to Comply with the NewWireless Law," November and Decemberissues), connect the series condenser inthe antenna circuit. Pressing the key, andhaving a hot wire meter in circuit, ad-just the inductance in the secondary cir-cuit until a maximum reading is obtained.Now vary the capacity of the series con-denser and repeat, continuing until themaximum reading is obtained. Note theconnections and the capacity used for fu-ture reference.

2. Wave Meter. If you have a wavemeter, h will only be necessary to meas-ure the wave length of the secondary

circuit with the series condenser con-nected in. Vary the capacity of the se-ries condenser until a 200 meter wavelength is obtained wit'n a desired amountof inductance in the circuit. This maybe checked with the hot wire meter to in-sure the maximum radiation.

Construction of the Series Condenser.The condenser for use with the averageaerial will not need a very large capacity.The conditions vary so much in each casethat a variable condenser is the most de-sirable form. The condenser which isdescribed is of such dimensions that itwill work well with a large percentageof the average old outfits, and if foundtoo small or large it can readily be al-tered.

Obtain two identical pieces of ordinarywindow glass 8 by 10 inches. Coat oneside only of each piece, with heavy tinfoil or copper sheet as shown at (C),Fig. 1, taking care to make the foilsmooth and space as shown. The 2% -inch extension of the foil is for connec-tion. Give each plate a coat of shellacon all surfaces. Now cut out a piece of1/32 inch fiber sheeting to the dimensionand shape shown at (D), Fig. 1. Ob-tain also a piece of brass or copper sheetcut to the dimensions of 4% by 8/ inchesand smooth off the edges with a file.Now shellac the fiber piecee to the twoglass plates so that the blank faces arenext to the fiber and the foil surfacesare on the outside. The two plates willthen be fastened together with the fiberbetween them, so that the extensions ofthe tin foil are at the back and the openpart of the U shaped fiber is at the op-posite end. This will be clear by re-ferring to (E) and (F), Fig. 1, whichare the plan and isometric views of theassembled condenser. The brass sheetis then placed in the recess thus formedso that it can be moved back and forth,thus varying the capacity. The conden-ser should be mounted so that it is wellinsulated and heavy flexible conductorsshould be soldered to both the foil coat-ings and the brass sheet. The assembled


condenser should be mounted in a verti-cal position if possible.

Condensers for larger sets can be con-structed in the same manner, using thick-er glass, larger dimensions and havingthe fiber cut larger than the glass plates,to form a flange. The capacity for usewith medium sizes of aerials may belarger than for larger aerials. There isa practical limit which will soon be foundby experiment. It is well to start withall of the capacity and then to reduce.the capacity by pulling out the brass plateuntil the desired position is found.

SHORT ERI.\LS.

In the remainder of this chapter, we willbe concerned particularly with 200 metersets operating with short aerials. As hasalready been pointed out in this chapter.the total length of the aerial should notexceed 120 feet. Inasmuch as lead-ins

70' 1,-._ /' 5c

, 1C',3I

'ii`7

I n'3r1

IG3 I

1 1

70

-50'

- 30'

..,_ .\ -o\4Q `\ --,

\----- ?4,1".

2A65!--K'r -7

123s'.-'G30' '

1.5.

1 2 J

FIG. 2

and ground wires must lie counted in thelength of the aerial, the aerial propercan not very well exceed 75 feet in length.This will be clear from Fig. 2, in whichfour cases are shown. The aerials inthis illustration are indicated by the nu-merals (1), (2), (3) and (4) and areshown as simple distinct lines to indicatethe length and arrangement of the parts.Thus, (A1) 50 feet means that the aerial(1) proper is 50 feet long. (L2) 35feet means that the lead-in of aerial (2)is 35 feet. And (G3) 35 feet means that

the distance from the instruments to theground is 35 feet for aerial (3). Theblack circles (T) indicate the positionsof the sending instruments.

Aerial (1) indicates a horizontal aerial50 feet long and suspended 70 feet high.In order to use such a high aerial, it isnecessary to make it this length, and tohave the ground lead and lead-in sub-stantially in a straight line, if the totallength is to be kept within the limit.

The aerial (2) is 45 feet high at oneend, 30 feet at the other, and is 65 feetlong. The lead-in is 35 feet and the in-struments are' about seventeen feet upfrom the ground. It will be noted that abend is indicated in the ground lead,which amounts to about five feet extra.This is a typical case and usually occurswhen the water pipes are used forgrounding.

Coming now to aerial (3) we see howa 75 foot aerial can be used with a shortlead taken froílr the lower end, to keepwithin the limit. In this case, the in-struments are 35 feet from the groundso that the ground wire must be substan-tially straight. Aerial (4) needs no spe-cial comment, and shows how an aerial70 feet long may be used if the leadsare made substantially straight.

Whatever modification a particularcase may require, the total length shouldbe kept within the 120 foot limit. To takea special case, suppose that it is possibleto have two aerial supports, one of whichis 61 feet high and the other 39 feet.Suppose it is found that the instrumentscan be located in a room 27 feet up fromthe ground and situated near the 39 footaerial support. This case might readilyoccur in the average city.

A suitable arrangement complying withthese limitations is shown in Fig. 3. Herethe aerial proper comprises four conduc-tors 75 feet long of No. 12 copper, orseven strand phosphor bronze wire,spaced two feet apart on the spreaders.The supports can be poles as indicatedor extensions on buildings, trees, or otherarrangements, it being understood that

t

the aerial is well insulated. The lead-inconsists of four wires of the same capaci-ty as the aerial wires, eighteen feetlong and in the form of a rat tail.Each wire is fastened and solderedto one of the antenna wires. Theinstruments are again indicated by(T) and the ground lead is runstraight to a good ground. In this illus-tration the antenna conductors, are shown,turned out of their plane, in order to make

FIG. 3

their appearance clear. It will be notedthat the height of the antenna from cen-ter to center is 60 feet at one end and 40feet at the other on account of the slantof the supporting ropes. The fact thata pole is 60 feet high does not alwaysmean that the antenna will be 60 feethigh, as is shown in this case.

It should not be difficult to arrange ashort aerial to meet the particular condi-tions for any case. When a larger aerialis already in use, a short aerial can beerected as described, for use with thetransmitter only: In such a case it ispreferably located at a right angle to thelarger aerial. The use of the series con-denser, as described, makes the erectionof such a short aerial unnecessary.Simple aerials with direct leads are to

' be preferred for short wave lengths be-cause they aid efficient radiation andsharp tuning at the low wave length. Anaerial which takes all sorts of twists andbends should be avoided.


GROUND CONNECTIONS.With a low wave length, a good ground

becomes even more important than here-tofore. It is not considered necessaryto go into the details of the various formsof grounds other than to point out theneed for good connections. Make theground lead as short and direct as pos-sible. Remember that every foot savedin this part of the aerial can be put touse in the antenna and that every footwasted means another limitation to thewave length, which can be alloted to theremainder of the circuit. Every twistand turn should be avoided if possible.If connection is made to the water pipes,be sure that it is a connection, and solderit well. Remember too that it will notaid your effort to secure a short wavelength to have your ground circuit runthrough all of the house pipes before itreaches the ground. The use of wiresmaller than No. 8 B. & S. is not desir-able. It is not good policy to choke offthe energy by the use of small groundleads.

(To be continued.)

1231

Receiving Stations on the GroundAt the little town of Neuchateau in

the Vosges, France, the signals from theEiffel Tower at Paris, 250 miles away,have been heard by means of horizontalwires placed close to the ground. Oneof these arrangements consists of a grillformed of nine wires of galvanized iron,five millimeters ill diameter and about 65feet in length, stretched horizontally fourinches apart at a distance of three feetabove the earth. The extremities of thewires are soldered to two transverse wiresand the collector connects with the in-struments on the ground floor of thehouse. When this arrangement is re-placed by a metallic grill, the signals arestill heard, but not so well. Anotherreceiving station has for antennae a stripof wire netting of large mesh, 160 feetlong and three feet wide, supported atabout 20 inches abóve the earth.

1 2 POPULAR ELECTRICITY MAGAZINE

Nine New Wireless Stations forCanada

An announcement has just been re-ceived to the effect that the MarconiWireless Telegraph Company, of Canada,has entered into an agreement with theCanadian Government for nine additionalstations in the Great Lakes regions.

The Canadian Marconi Company is toreceive an annual subsidy of $31;500 fortheir operation and maintenance over aperiod of nineteen years.

Washington Greets HonoluluThe long distance record is broken

and wireless telegraphy has achieved an-other advance. On Sunday evening,December 8th, the new station at Arling-ton succeeded in getting in communica-tion with Honolulu, nearly 6000 milesaway!

C. F. Elwell, chief engineer of theFederal Telegraph Company, was oper-ating at Arlington Station, near Wash-ington, D. C., which has recently beenerected by the Government. He hadjust succeeded in exchanging messageswith San Francisco, and was carrying onthis 3500 mile aerial conversation, whensuddenly he was astounded to hear sig-nals coming from the station at Hono-lulu.

Completely surprised and hardly be-lieving his senses, Elwell immediatelygrasped the sending key and flashed thefollowing message to the San Franciscooperator:

"Call Honolulu and tell him to lis-ten, for we get him fine. ELWELL."

The operator at San Francisco did soat once; and as soon as he advised Elwellthat Honolulu was ready, the latter flungthese words into space:

"This is C. F. Elwell at Arlingtonnear Washington. How do you getus. We get you!"Immediately on dispatching this mes-

sage Elwell pressed the receivers to his

ears, and breathlessly awaited a response.Very soon he caught the faint tick of anincoming signal, and while rather in-clined toward the feeling that what hehoped for was impossible, he commencedto tune his instruments until finally thesounds came in quite steady and clear ;and Ile experienced the amazement anddelight to hear the following from faroff Hawaii :

"If this is surely Arlington I hearyou O. K., but I can't believe it. Thisis S. B. Maddams. Give C. F. Elwellmy regards and tell him that welaunched a yacht here today, named theC. F. Elwell. You come pretty good.Goy ahead and give O. K."For a moment Elwell stood still, full

of wonder at the remarkable thing thathad just taken place; then Ile againseized the sending key and flashed thesewords in reply :

"S: B. Maddams, Honolulu : ThanksMaddams. Will be at 2. our time, to-morrow with Chicago and Kansas City.Good night. C. F. ELWELL."Thus was achieved a success for the

Government's new wireless station atArlington that was hardly anticipatedwhen this immense structure was pro-jected.

The news of this great accomplishmentwas immediately sent to all the stationsof the Federal Telegraph Company invarious parts of ,the United States. WhenH. P. \-eerier of San Francisco, who issecretary and treasurer of the company,heard of this he immediately con Muni-cated direct with Honolulu to verify theannouncement from the East. OperatorMaddams at Honolulu at once forwardedhim an answer, in which Ile recited thedetails of this memorable event an.added ,that the messages from Washing-ton "came clear and fairly loud."

This notable feat marks another greatrecord in the wireless transmission ofmessages. and more firmly establishes thiswonderful art as a necessary adjunct ofour civilization.-\W. Z-\CIIERT.

POPULAR ELECTRICIT1 MAGAZINE 1233

THE UNIVERSAL HOUR

The International Time Conferencewhich was held in Paris in October lasthas agreed to the acceptance of Green-wich time as the basis upon which theproposed international time signals areto be sent out. Since March, 1911,French legal time has been that of themeridian of Greenwich; previous to thatit had been the mean astronomical timeat the meridian of Paris. The differenceis 9 minutes and 21 seconds. Conse-quently, Greenwich time will be givenfrom the following wireless stations, ifthe recommendations of the conferenceare carried out, at the hours indicated.on and after July 1, when they are ex-pected to be ready for this service:

Paris -10 a. m, and midnight ; Moga-cliscio (Italian. Somali) --I- a. ni. ; SanFernando (Brazil) -2 a. m. and 4 p. m. ;Arlington (U. S.)-3 a. m. and 5 p. ni.;Xorddeich (Germany) -12 nt. and 10 p.

Massua (Red Sea) -6 p. m. ; SanFrancisco -8 p. The signals will be given according

to the code shown by the diagram. begin-ning two minutes before the hour:

From 57 minutes to 57 minutes 50 sec-onds-warning signals; from 57 minutes55 seconds to 60 minutes-time signals.

The advantage of this system to allships carrying wireless apparatus will beapparent. Now a ship's officer must de-pend upon the accuracy of his chronom-eter in determining his location; thechronometer may not have been corn -

pared with standard time for clays oreven weeks, and an error of a fractionof a minute will falsify this reckoning bymiles. With the new system he willnever be out of range of some time sig-nal for more than a few days at a time.It is thought that these signals may also

TIME SIGNAL CODE

be used to give warning of the locationof icebergs, and it is proposed to extendour present knowledge of meteorologyby the exchange of weather reports be-,tween the different stations. The con-ference also appointed a commission toarrange for an organization for thescientific study of the Flertzian waves intheir relation to the surrounding media.

The Increased Cost of Living inFrance

La Revue Electriquc gives in a recentnumber a calculation by which it comesto the conclusion that the law passed inMarch last year, making Greenwich timethe legal time for the whole Wintry, hasincreased the lighting expenses of everyhousehold in France by about 1%. With-

out considering the accuracy of this fig-ure, it is very evident that the cost ofelectric light, kerosene and candles willbe increased somewhat when people stayup o'nights ten minutes longer than theyhave been doing, as will undoubtedly bethe result of putting back the clock tenminutes, seeing that all household andbusiness affairs are regulated, conscious-ly or unconsciously, by the clock.

Telephone WiringBy GEO. MADISON

Telephone wires run in pairs, the wiresof which are designated as "tip and ring,""odd and even" or "line and test." Thetip wire is usually the darker insulatedof the two. The idea of having differ-ently colored insulation on the two wiresof a pair is to simplify the location ofa case of trouble, inasmuch as the wiresif cut must be spliced back exactly asthey were. In outside wires and in in -

'side wires outside of cables, the wiresare designated by the use of a silk thread

the onwire and not on the other.

The ring wire should always be fas-tened to the right hand binding post inall telephone terminals, except instru-ment terminals, and the tip wire shouldbe fastened to the left hand post. If,however, a single row of posts is mountedvertically, then the even numbered postscounting from the top down should bethe ring side while the odd numberedposts become the tip side. If the con-necting blocks are mounted horizontallyand numbered from left to right thelower posts become the tip side, but ifthe blocks are numbered from right toleft the upper binding posts become thetip. Like wires should always be splicedor bridged to like wires and reversalsof the circuit thereby avoided.

All wires should pass through theentering rings and through the properhole in the terminal box before beingconnected to the terminal. The insula-tion should be removed and the wiresscraped clean, care being exercised that

the wire be not nicked. Wires shouldbe made fast with One complete turnaround the binding post in the directionin which the nut tightens and the endsshould not lap. The distance from thebinding post to the insulation on the wireshould not be less than 1-16 nor morethan / of an inch. The binding postnuts should be tightened with a regularbinding post wrench and not with pliers,shears, etc.

When connecting a wire to a bindingpost having only one washer between thenuts, the first wire should be placed underthe washer, the second over the washerand a third wire may be attached byplacing it under the washer and along-side of the first wire, but the wires mustlie flat and not lap each other. Whenthe binding post has two washers betweenthe nuts, the first wire should be placedbetween the washers, thé second underthe lower washer, while the third wireis placed above the upper washer.

When splicing outside insulated wire,the splice should be made by the use ofa copper sleeve. The insulation shouldbe removed for about four inches fromthe ends of the wire, the wire scrapednice and clean and inserted into thesleeve so that the insulation is tightagainst it, as in Fig. 1.

Table 1 compiled for the use of theNew York Telephone Company, givesthe proper size of sleeve to be used, thenumber of half turns to -be given andwhether or not the splice is to be taped.All splices in twisted pairs should be

1234


staggered so that the ends of the jointswill -miss each other by at least sixinches.-

The splices in inside wires may bemade by either twisting the wires into

Sleeve, B. & S.Guage

wire then given eight half turns aroundthe insulation, after which the ends shouldbe trimmed close and pressed into theinsulation. The wire should not be ex-posed for over an inch, of:er.the splice

TABLE I.-SPLICING.

Length Size and Kind of Wire SplicedNo. of 3z

Turns Taped66

1012Y

1

1 y

63}6%43"3

3

3

Connecting No. S B. W. G. bare wireDead ending No. 8 B. W. G. bare wire (% sleeve)Connecting No. 12 & 14 N. B. S. bare wireConnecting No. 12 N. B. S. bare to No. 14 B. & S. two

pair wireConnecting No. 12 N. B. S. bare to No. 18 B. & S. two

pair wireConnecting single No. 12 B. & S. covered to No. 18 B.

& S. two pair wire

i

3S

5

5

5

No.No.No.

No.

No.

Tes.12 4? í Connecting No. 14 N. B. S. bare wire 8 No.12 2% Dead ending No. 14 N. B, S. bare (% sleeve) 3 No.

II 3 Connecting No. 14 N. B. S. bare to No. 14 B. & S. twopair wire 5 No.

,218 3 Connecting No. 14 N. B. S. bare to No. 18 B. & S. two

pair wire 5 No.14 3 Connecting No. 14 B. & S. two pair to No. 14 B. & S. two

pair wire 5 Tes.;' 3 Connecting No. 14 B. & S. two pair to No. 16 B. & Sleading in 5 Yes.

1 w 3 Connecting No. 14 B. & S. two pair to No. 18 B. & S.two pair wire 5 Tes.

1, 1 2 Connecting No. 18 B. & S. two pair to No. 19 B. & S.two pair inside 9 Yes.

1 114 Connecting No. 19 B. & S. inside to No. 19 B. & S. inside 2 Yes.10 4?.t Connecting No. 12 N. B. S. bare wire (% sleeve) S No.10 2 5 Dead ending No. 12 N. B. S. bare wire 3 No.

a Western Union joint and soldering orby means of a copper sleeve. In placeswhere a flame. might be dangerous thetwisted joint may be tightly wrappedwith tinfoil. instead of soldering. Insplicing. a twisted pair, care should hetaken to, have the strain equally dividedbetween- the wires and this is accom-plished by keeping both wires exactly thesame length. Inside wires should notbe spliced between the instrument andpicture molding or baseboard in newwork, and should never be spliced underfloors, in damp places, or in terminalboxes. When the wires are spliced ina shop or storeroom, the wires shouldbe twisted and soldered together.

When making a twisted joint on in-side wires the insulation should be re-moved for about four inches from theends of the wires without nicking them.and the wire scraped clean. A joint ofeight half turns should be made and the

is made, and the joint should be solderedand covered with two layers of purerubber tape and two layers of frictiontape, Fig. 2.

Fig. 3 shows the correct method ofsplicing a twisted pair to bare line wireson a terminal pole.

When one pair of wires is to bebridged to another, as in Fig. 4, the slotin the base of the connector is slippedover the main line wire and the bridgingwire connected in the manner describedfor fastening a wire to a binding post.If a second No. 18 B. & S. twisted pairwire is to be bridged at the same pointit should be placed above the top washer.Additional connections may be made byusing two washers, Fig. 4.

A general method of running insidewires is as follows : The inside wireshould be run as inconspicuously as pos-sible and should never come in contactwith finely finished walls and woodwork,


pipes or electric conduit. It is quite com-mon, however, tofor the telephonebuilding or house

have provisions madewires at the time theis constructed. These

F_.9 ,2

provisions usually take the form of somesort of -conduit, often similar to regularelectric conduit, or a molding, or acombination of both conduit and mold-ing. The former method is best and asthere are often no special wiring facil-ities provided, we will consider that thebuilding has none, in which event thewires should preferably follow the pic-ture molding, or, if no molding is avail-able, the wires could be fastened to thebaseboard but the woodwork should notbe damaged. Wires should never be runalong chair rails as there they would bedirectly exposed to mechanical injury.

The greatest damage done in insidewiring is in boring holes through wallsor ceilings and extreme care should beused when doing this class of work inorder to avoid interference with slidingdoors, windows, etc., as well as to avoiddamage to the opposite side of the parti-tion or wall.

When the instrument is located on adesk which stands out from the wall, thewires should be brought out under thefloor if possible, but if the wire must belaid on top of the floor it should becovered with a molding so as to avoidnot only damage to the wire but alsothe possibility of accidents from tripping

over it. A small coil of slack wireshould be left behind the desk or table,so that it may be moved without breakingthe wires. It is often required that- thewires be run under rugs, carpets, etc.,and special treatment is necessary innearly every case, but one thing holdsgood for all jobs in which carpets playa part, and that is never to cut holes inrugs or carpets in order to bring thewires through, but bring them, throughby separating the threads at the seam bymeans of a sharp pointed lead pencil oa sharp piece of wood.

Inside wires may be fastened witlfurniture nails, cleats, double pointedtacks, tie wires, clamps, or rings. Furni-ture nails may be used for fasteningwires to woodwork and plaster wallsusing the shorter % inch for hardwoodand the longer one inch for softwood andplaster. Nails and tacks should never beused for outside wiring on metal walls,around window sills or in other dampplaces and when used on interior workshould not be spaced more than twelve

inches apart except when the wires arerun in molding, when the nails may bespaced eighteen inches apart. Whenrounding inside corners the nails shouldbe placed jz inch on either side and thewire bent back into place in the corner.Two pairs of wires may be fastened byone nail, as shown in Fig. 5.

When fastening wires around window

POPULAR ELECTRICITY JIAGAZINE 1237

sills, to metal or to damp walls, a twoor three wire cleat should always be used.A cleat should always be used to fastenwires near the binding posts, as shownin Fig. 6.

Double pointed tacks may be used for

Fiq.

Coble 119s

Fig. 8fastening a single wire and sometimesfor a twisted pair, but when used in

connection with the latter both wiresshould never be placed under one tack.

When lead covered switchboard cableor inside wire taped_ in the form of acable is used, -it should be fastened withclamps as shown in Fig. 7, or by annealediron wire and cut nails, Fig. 8. If cableclamps are used .Table II will he ofassistance in determining the size of theclaiilp screw and anchor to be used.

7AILE yl:-P'OR 22 GAUGE SWITCHBOARDLEAD COVERED CABLE.

Prs. Diam. Sizein Ins. Clamp Sue Anchor Size Screw

5 % 00000 No. 10, 3% in. No. 10, 1 in.to 43 0000 " 10, / " " 10,1 "15 / 000 " lo, % " " lo, 1 "20 TV. 00 " 10, % " " 10, 1 "25 % 0 " " 14, 1H "30 rt. 1 " 14: 1 " " 14, 112 "40 % 1 " 14,1 " " 14,112 "50 % 1 " 14, 1 " " 14, 1,V "60 II 2A " 14, 1 " " 14, 112 "75 1 2 " 14, 1 " " 14, 11 z

100 1H 2 " 14, 1 " " 14, 112150 143 3 " 14, 1H " " 14, 2200 1% 3 " 14, 1% " 14, 2 "

When running several pairs of wiresin light or air shafts, loft buildings, cel-lars, factories, stables, etc., where their

appearance is not objectionable, ringsmay be used.

When inside wiring comes in contactwith pipes or passes through floors orplaster walls, and whenever necessary toprotect against mechanical injury, thewires should be well taped. Tape mayalso be used to change the color of theinsulation on the wires and make it har-monize with the color scheme of the wallsand molding with which it conies in con -'tact. Cloth tape in various colors may beused for this class of work.

When entering a building with No. 18wire a / inch hole should be bored forone pair of wires, a inch hole for twopairs of wires and a yti inch bole forthree pairs of wires. These holes shouldbe well reamed out and slant downwardfrom the inside. In brick buildings thewires are generally led in through theframes of windows or doors and it ispreferable to locate them at the top ofthe frame rather than below. In framebuildings, the holes should be boredthrough the wood apron under the win-dow sill or through the outside baseimmediately above the foundation walls.The wires should pass through the holewithout untwisting, binding or kinking

Ti'n Foil

77'nFo,/-fy. 5'

and at the point of entrance they shouldbe wrapped with friction tape for adistance of about two inches and in sucha manner as to form a conical wrappingabout the wire and having a diameterin the center a little larger than the holeand tapering each way. The wire shouldhe drawn into the hole until this wrapping


enters and completely plugs up the open-ing. The wires should then be fastenedbelow the hole and as close as possibleto it.

Ground connections for party linebells, battery feeders, etc., may be madeto water pipes, cable sheaths, gas pipesor to a buried ground, the preference

Ej:«9/O

being given in the order named. Steam,hot water or sprinkler pipes shouldnever be used for grounds. All groundsshould be made as near to the point ofentrance to the building as possible andall attachments should be made in anaccessible place and so located that thewires will not be disturbed. Whenattaching to a gas pipe the connectionshould be made on the street side of themeter. The best practice for attachingwires to pipes, cables, etc., is to file up thesurface if an iron pipe, scrape a cablesheath and sandpaper a galvanized pipe,then wrap the pipe or cable with tinfoil.A ground clamp, Fig. 9, is then attachedand, if the connection is exposed to theweather, the entire device is taped.

Wires must not come nearer than twoinches to any light or power wires in abuilding unless separated by some con-tinuous non-conductor such as porcelaintubing or approved flexible tubing.

When the telephone wires run inproximity to high voltage electrical cir-cuits the separation should not be lessthan one foot. If absolutely impossible

to obtain this separation between the twocircuits, the telephone wires should beenclosed in an approved insulating tub-ing and the greatest clearance possiblesecured between the two circuits, butunder no circumstances should the cov-ering of the high voltage circuit and theinsulating tubing on the 'telephone wirestouch each other. The insulating tubingshould project six inches on each side ofthe high voltage conductor and shouldbe securely taped at each end.

When protectors are used they shouldbe placed within the building and as near-the entrance of the line wires as possi-ble, allowance being made for an easilyaccessible ground and for convenience ininspecting and repairing. The pro-tector should be at least six inches fromprobable contact with curtains, shadesor other inflammable material and shouldbe securely fastened to the support withits fuses vertical and so that the line

//wires may connect directly to the bind-ing posts. The protector should bemounted so that the binding posts areeither at the top or at the bottom but themicas should always be placed with thenotched side down. The protector shouldnever be placed in a show window, onvibrating partitions, or on damp walls.Fig. 10 shows the usual installation of aprotector on the inside of the cellar wallover a window. It is sometimes imprac-ticable to place the protector within thebuilding, in which case it should be

N


mounted in a cast iron waterproof boxas shown in .Fig. 11. Fig. 12 shows theposition of the protector in the box. Thisbox should be located on the outside ofthe building in a position accessible forinspection and repairs and as near as pos-sible to the point of entrance. Whenprotected lines enter a building theyshould enter in the same manner as givenin the early part of this article for un-protected lines, but the holes should bebored 2/ inches apart and bushed withinsulating bushings, usually made ofporcelain.

The ground wire should be No. 16 B.& S. insulated wire, which should be at-tached to the post on the protectormarked "G" and should be run asstraight as possible from the protectorto the ground, using a two piece porce-lain knob as shown in Fig. 13. In placeswhere these knobs would be unsightlythe ground wire may be run on "pea-nut" cleats as shown in Fig. 14. Theknobs and cleats should be placed notmore than four feet apart and whenpassing through walls or floors theground wire Iiuuld be run through cir-

1239

F9. i4

cular loom or insu at'ng tubing. Wheninstalling party line instruments a tripleconductor wire should be run betweenthe protector and instrument so as toprovide a ground wire for the bell.

outer covering of the switchboardcable should be carefully removed onlyas far as necessary to permit of properlyforming the cable without damaging theinsulation or conductors. The strippersof unfilled cable and one inch of theouter covering should be immersed inhot standard beeswax compound forthree minutes . and the surplus waxallowed to drip off before cooling.Standard beeswax is a composition com-posed of half beeswax and half paraffine.

For cotton covered cable the buttshould be wrapped with waxed twine for

inch over the strippers, starting at theend of the outer covering. The twineshould be wrapped back on itself and ex-tended a distance of / inch back of thestarting point. One end of the twineshould be pulled in under the wrappingand the other or long end should be usedfor sewing the form. After cables havebeen formed up and sewed they shouldbe shellacked and baked until all moistureis expelled.


Fault Finder

The fault finder here described willgive good service in testing knob andtube work, conduit systems and fixtures,for grounds, short circuits, etc.

Make a hardwood box 10 by 8 by 3/inches having a hinged cover with latch

FAULTFINDER

or lock. Purchase á small inductioncoil (one giving a 1-32 inch spark is largeenough), four binding posts, elevenounces of No. 36 enameled copper mag-net wire, a small battery switch, a headreceiver and cord and two testing termi-nal wires.

The next step is to mount the articlesand on the box. The two batteries

should be securely fastened in the boxby wrapping them with strong wire, thensecuring the wire to the back of the boxwith wood screws. The coil should beplaced where adjustment will not be diffi-cult. The No. 36 magnet wire wound ona piece of fiber should provide resistancefor the receiver and be connected to theapparatus as shown in the diagram. Thefour binding posts are installed on thebox to serve as testing and receiver cordterminals.

In testing for a short circuit a hum-ming sound will he detected in the tele-phone receiver. Should the coil or wirebeing tested be of higher -resistance thanthe resistance in series with the receiverthe apparatus will prove useless. If thetest is being made for an open, the ruleshould be reversed ; that is, the noise inthe receivers will be detected upon locat-ing the defective coil. In testing for aground, apply the rule for detecting ashort.

By placing a leather handle on the in-

strument it may be easily carried fromplace to place. Take care that it re-ceives no jars as this will make necessarythe adjusting of the vibrator on the coil,but if a lock nut is placed on the station-ary portion of the vibrator this troublewill be eliminated.-P. M. EAMES.

Why Shunt Motors Speed UpMost repair men are familiar with the

fact that a weakened field or a decreasednumber of armature coils will result inincreased armature speed but the reasonof this phenomenon may not be so gener-ally known. First let us state certainfacts that are more or less self-evident,or that follow directly from Ohm's law.The current through any circuit is equalto the effective voltage divided by theresistance, the effective voltage being theapplied voltage less any opposing voltagethat may be present. Also the torque ortwisting force of a motor is proportionalto the armature current, which in the caseof motor difference betweenthe line voltage and the motor voltagedivided by the armature resistance. Thislast point will become clear if we con-sider the fact that the motor is essentiallythe same as a generator and will generatea voltage proportional to its speed andfield strength. Therefore the effectivevoltage is not the line voltage but thedifference between it and this counterelectro -motive force, as it is called.

Bearing these facts in mind let us con-sider the probable effect of a weakenedfield. Since the motor voltage or coun-ter e. in. f. depends on the field strengththe former will be reduced and the differ-ence between it and the line voltage willbecome greater. As this difference is theeffective voltage tending to send a cur-rent through the armature the currentwill be increased and the torque willalso be increased. Thus we see thatweakening the field indirectly tends toincrease the torque and speed also, sinceincreased torque will naturally cause in-creased speed.


The increased speed will partly com-pensate the weakened field and raise themotor voltage almost to its original value,so that the motor will strike a balanceat a slightly higher speed than the originalone. Since the motor voltage dependson the number of coils this same phenom-enon attends the cutting out of armaturecoils.-T. G. SE1WELL.

Office BellIn offices of doctors and dentists where

there is no attendant and in other roomswhere the noise of machinery preventsthe opening of the door from being heard,a bell connection as in the following de-scription may be used.

Two pieces of tin (A) and (C) are

DOOR CONTACT FOR OFFICE BELL

fastened by nails or screws to the (loorframe and under each is secured the bareend of a bell wire, which connects asshown to a bell and battery. . The tinstrips may be an inch wide and five or sixinches long. Brass may be used in placeof tin if desired.

By shaping the strips as indicated, thetop of the door strikes the lower tinclosing the circuit for only a moment. Asthe door opens farther, the strips springapart breaking the circuit automatically.--W. H. ALBRIGHT.

Drying Telephone Cables

During a recent fire in a telephoneexchange the water thrown saturatedthe cables at the back of the switchboard.To dry these out electric car heaters

ONE WAY OF DRYING TELEPHONE CABLES

were borrowed from the car companyand the heat generated by them blownupon the cables by electric fans as shown.This was considered to he the onlyfeasible means, as great care had to beexercised to prevent the melting of theparaffin used in the cable insulation.

Dining Table OutletsIn these days of numerous electrical

cooking devices, such as percolators,toasters, etc., designed for use on thedining table, it is often a questionof where to obtain the necessary circuit

_(, , ,;.

ARRANGEMENT OF TABLE OUTLETS


connection, when several devices areused at the same time. Unsightly cordruns are objectionable.

In one case convenience was found inthe following manner : In the center ofthe dining room floor under the table aflush wall plug receptacle was fitted andconnected to a circuit run on the base-ment ceiling from the service. From thisreceptacle a No. 14 reinforced portablecord equipped with a plug and longenough to allow for the extension of thetable was passed through the hollow cen-ter leg and then to a 600 watt, wall socketlocated under the table edge. Into thewall socket was screwed a three outletfixture for the reception of the heatercircuit plugs. When cleaning is dóne orthe table moved the floor cord and plugare pulled out through a slit in the carpet.

Hotel Clerk's Prívate Exchange BoardIn a hotel having a private branch ex-

change using direct current telephones,i. e., transmitter and receiver in series.

ascertain the wants of any guest whomay call him after that time. He can seethe switchboard from his location and ifit is the trunk line from the city ex-change which is flashing he throws thedouble pole, double throw switch shownand places himself directly on the trunk.

Of course if one guest desires to talkto another or to a party in the exchangethe clerk must go and put up the con-nection, but as a majority of the calls arefor ice water or of that nature he savesmany unnecessary steps.-MAuRIcE E.YOUNG.

How Brass for Fixtures is MadeA young man, newly employed as clerk

in the office of a brass mill, remarked toa fellow clerk, "I see invoices, for thecopper, zinc and other stuff, but wheredo they buy the brass ?"

While this may be an exceptional case,yet the general ideaof brass, outside ofmanufacturers and dealers in it, is rathervague. The two most important prod'

Tnunk Line from Exchange

BalteycSuvp/yfrom Exchange'

C/erke Double Pole DoubleTelephone o ThrowcSwilch /1 NI

--Q

IV0-1

Clerks Line to cS'witch Boar

DPloraCoil2

Three Pole DoubW T TThrow dwitch

Private Branchfxcho eJudtch

oa

Vila? to Pooms

CIRCUITS OF THE TELEPHONE CLERK'S PRIVATE EXCHANGE BOARD

the switchboard is located behind thecigar counter entirely across the lobbyfrom the clerk's desk.

When the operator leaves at night sheturns on the night alarm and throws thethree pole, double throw switch shownin the accompanying diagram, which al-lows sufficient current to flow throughthe clerk's instrument to enable him to

ucts of this industry are sheet brass andtubing.

The brass industry had its inceptionabout a century ago in and aroundWaterbury, Conn. Dame Fashion gaverise to. the need of button shops, for thegentlemen of that day were adorned withbright metal buttons on coats and buckleson shoes, and Yankee shrewdness and


energy answered the demand with littlemills along the streams that aboundedin this section, for manufacturing them.And from that beginning the value of thebrass industry's output has reached atotal of $200,000,000 annually.

Brass is an alloy of copper and zincin certain proportions, about two partscopper to one of zinc being the alloy mostused for sheet brass. The metal is meltedin crucibles carrying about 200 pounds.First, the copper is placed in the cruci-bles ; when this has reached a fluid statea flux is added, which in casting shopvernacular "cleans the metal." Themelted copper is then covered with alayer of charcoal, to prevent oxidation,by keeping the air from contact with themolten metal-the carbon in the charcoalalso acting as a reducing agent. The zincis next added. After the alloy has beenwell puddled it is poured into a mould tosolidify. If the solid mass shows no im-perfections it is sent to the rolling mill,annealed in a furnace in 5,000 pound lotsand is then ready for the break -downrolls, two chilled iron rolls 20 inches indiameter and weighing twelve tons.Here, to use a crude illustration it is

. rolled out as the pie maker rolls crust.After each annealing the metal is

placed in a bath of oil of vitriol (aboutsix per cent) and water and "pickled"clean, removing the surface oxidizationwhich takes place during annealing. Byrepeated rollings the sheet is reduced towhatever gauge is desired, and afterbeing cleaned in sawdust is inspected andslit to the necessary width, and shippedin coils of about 80 pounds each to bemanufactured into the many forms forwhich brass is used, such as lamp bodies,electrical and gas fixtures, etc.

The tubes used in chandelier work arcusually brazed tubes, and are made fromsheet brass cut in strips and formed upinto tubes, the edges being brazed to-gether in a specially constructed furnace.They are then drawn in a steel die andtriblet until the desired diameter andgauge is reached.-The Fixtureman.

Combined Direct and Indirect FixtureA British company has placed upon

the market a combined fixture forverting a pendantlamp with a shadeinto an indirectlighting unit whendesired. A tubefor the flexiblecurrent conduct-ing cord, a gripfor holding thelamp by its shadering and a swivelpermitting t h elamp and shade tobe turned to anyposition betweenan upward reflec-tion of the lightand a directdownward illumi-nation make upthe fixture.

con-

s.

COMBINATION FIXTURE

Tobacco Jar HumidorA one pound glass tobacco jar may be

converted into a practical humidor.Drill six or eight 3'8 inch holes in the

metal top of the jar away from the cen-

HUMIDOR MADE FROM AN INCANDESCENT LAMP

ter and in a circle preferably. At thecenter cut out a hole large enough toallow a lamp socket to be passed partway through as shown. With the jartwo-thirds full of water when the coverand lamp are put in place the heat fromthe lamp will cause evaporation.

ELECTRICITY THE SILENT SALESMANSome Helpful Hints on the use of Electric Current in getting up Show Window

Displays. The following schemes have all been used with remarkable success

The "Winking Willies -

An attention attractor that is as uniqueas it is ingenious is that which has beeninstalled in one of the show windows ofthe Manchester, X. H., Traction, Lightand Power company. It is distinguishedby five "winking willies," who succeedin drawing attention of a great manyevery clay to the merits of the various

that every twelve seconds a differentarticle is connected with the meter.

The articles are varied from time totime, but at the time the photograph wastaken they were electric toasters, elec-tric flatirons, twin glower, luminous radi-ator, percolators, etc. As the apparatusconnects each article with the cent -hourmeter the young man who has it in chargewinks in a very pronounced manner in the

THE " WINKING WILLIES"

articles which the commercial departmentof the company has to offer for sale.

The picture accompanying this showsthe window in question and its winkers.The sign, "When Willy Winks," the di-minutive messenger boys and their flirt-ing oculars, are the distinctive features.The Willies are labeled "M. T. L. & P."and each presides over some article ofelectric usefulness. These latter are con-nected with a Donkin cent -hour meter,so called, and with a simple rotary flasherdesigned and built by the company's elec-tricians. and operated in such a manner

general direction of the article and simul-taneously, on the broad dial of the meter,appears the price in cents per hour atboth high and low rates, the charges thetraction company makes for furnishingthe current to operate it. The connec-tions are so arranged that the current re-quired to operate the winkers does notpass through the meter.

On the face of the meter the low rates,six cents per kilowatt hour, are indicatedin red figures, while the high rate, twelvecents, is shown in black. Attention iscalled to the fact, by means of signs,

1244


that the greater number of Manchesterresidences are drawing current at thelow rate.

Barber Pole as a Lamp PostA Springfield (Ill.) barber utilizes his

barber pole as a pillar to support a lightto illuminate the sidewalk in front of hisshop. The pole is set on the outer edge

Yfi

COMBINED BARBER PÓLE AND LAMP POST

of;the walk and is surmounted by a largegr4~glass globe covering an ordinaryincandescent lamp. Wires are run up thecenter of the post from the basementlighting circuit.

Double Appeal for CustomersAn Enid, Okla., restaurant man whose

place of business is close to the railroadstation uses electricity in two ways uponthe outside to call the attention of trav-elers. Even a blind man can find theplace unassisted.

Directly underneath and on the samepole that supports the illuminated sign"EAT," is installed a bell of gong likeproportions. Upon the arrival of atrain the bell circuit is closed with the

':':; . ..,. - _ - : hl,j111111111

a Id l

lio. ;i;owl

RESTAURANT ADVERTISING

1245

result that there arc few who do notknow that the restaurateur is ready tosupply internal needs.

Advertising in Waste SpaceIn the majority of cases there is an

unused space of eighteen to 24 inches be-neath the usual store window. A Spring-field merchant made advertising spaceout of this by substituting a translucentglass panel for the wooden one. Withhis name and wares printed thereon andthree incandescent lamps tapped off thebasement circuit placed behind, he had acheap but very effective sign well withinthe range of vision of pedestrians.

-

A GOOD PLACE FOR AN ELECTIC SIGN

Eletrical SecuritiesBy -CON TANGO -

It is the intention in this article to giveadditional illustrations of companies, thestock and bonds of which, one or theother, are well worth your considerationand whose statements bring out particularpoints mentioned in former articles.

AMERICAN PUBLIC UTILITIES COMPANY.

This company is under the active man-agement of Kelsey, Brewer and Company,engineers and operators of public utilityproperties, Grand Rapids, Michigan. Itcontrols through stock ownership the

public utility situation in the ever grow-ing demands of an ever increasingpopulation.

CAPITALIZATIONIssued

Bonds, Thirty-year 5%Authorized

Collateral Trust. $ 839,000 $20,000,000Preferred Stock, 6% Cu-

mulative 3,914,000 20,000,000Common Stock 2,995,000 20,000,000

A conservative estimate, based onprevious earnings and a thoroughknowledge of the communities servedand the operating conditions underwhich the service is rendered, indicates

EARNINGSGross earnings of all Properties $2,192,453.31Operating Expenses, including Taxes and Insurance $1,140,075.72Interest on Underlying Securities 528,475.00 1,668,550.72

Earnings accruing to American Public Utilities Co 523,902.59Earnings Derived from Working Capital 48,000.00

Gross Earnings American Public Utilities Co 571,902.59Deduct Interest on $839,000 Collateral Trust Bonds ' 41,950.00

529,952.59Deduct 6% Dividend on Preferred Stock 234,840.00

Earnings on Common Stock less $75,000 thereof held by Trustee for future Corporatepurposes 295,112.59

Per cent Earnings on Common Stock 10.1%

following subsidiary companies : Mer-chants Public Utilities Co., Indianapolis,Ind. ; Peoples Light & Heat Co., Indian-apolis, Ind. ; Elkhart Gas & Fuel Co.,Elkhart, Ind.; Valparaiso Lighting Co.,Valparaiso, Ind. ; Utah Gas & Coke Co.,Salt Lake City, Utah ; Boise Gas Light& Coke Co., Boise, Idaho ; Winona GasLight & Coke Co., Winona, Minn. ; Min-nesota -Wisconsin Power Corporation ;LaCrosse Gas & Electric Co., LaCrosse,Wis.; Albion Gas Light Co., Albion.Mich. ; Holland City Gas Co., Holland,Mich.; Jackson Light & Traction Co.,Jackson, Miss. The total population,1910, of the cities served by this com-pany is given as 471,451 compared with332,920 for the year 1900. This is anincrease of 41 per cent and very aptlybrings out the inherent strength of the

the following earnings for the presentyear.

The earnings accruing. to the .Amer-ican Public Utilities Company ate twoand one -quarter times the amount 're-quired to pay six per cent upon the com-pany's preferred stock. In a recent offerof $2,200,000 six per cent cumulativepreferred stock and $770,000 commonstock, $1,000 par value preferredand $350 value common stock were al-lotted to the $1,000 subscription. At thebeginning of the year American PublicUtilities common was quoted 64 to 67/and the preferred at 78 to 80.

REPUBLIC RAILWAY AND LIGHT COM-PANY.

The Republic Railway and Light Com-pany was incorporated in June of last

1246


year in New Jersey and has acquiredover 90 per cent of the outstanding stocksof 27 minor companies. The companyoperates (under satisfactory franchises)about 150 miles of electric railway linesand three electric light and power plants,also three gas plants. In all a populationof over 200,000 is served, the increase inthis population since 1900 being 64 percent.

CAPITALIZATION

Authorized IssuedPreferred Stock, 6%

Cumulative 10,000,000 $5,200,000Common Stock 7,500,000 6,360,000

The Republic Railway and Light Com-pany has no bonded indebtedness. Butthe subsidiaries have outstanding bondsamounting to $10,148,000.

The subjoined shows the consolidatedstatement of earnings for the subsidiarycompanies for the nine months of thefiscal year ended September 30, 1911,with comparative earnings of the samecompanies in 1910:

EARNINGS

1911. 1910. IncreaseGross $1,705,105 $1,623,172 5.05%Operating Ex -

Expenses.... 975,839 945,118 3.25%Net 729,266 678,054 7.55%

The surplus earnings over operatingexpenses and interest requirements forthe three years ended December 31, 1910,and conservatively estimated figures forthe following three years have been asfollows:

Year Surplus YearEstimated

Surplus .

1908. $163,156 1911 $488,1281909 375,916 1912 562,6331910 445,688 .1913 641,883

Regular six per cent dividends arebeing paid on the preferred stock, thepresent earnings averaging one and one-half times the amount required for thepreferred dividend.. The preferred hasbeen quoted at 81 to 82%, which gives ayield on the purchase at that price of7.29 per cent. The common is quoted at25 to 27.

As is the case with other consolidatedholding and operating companies, savings

and economies are expected by reasonof the saving in the cost of power pro-duction, better distribution of the powerload, double tracking- of congested lines.improvement in buildings,'standardizationof .equipment, greater efficiency of em-ployes and the like.

COMMONWEALTH POWER, RAILWAY ANDLIGHT COMPANY.

This company was incorporated inFebruary, 1910, with no bonded indebt-edness except such as remains upon theindividual properties. Through its con-stituent companies it owns and operates,in the State of Michigan, street railwayproperties in Grand Rapids. Saginaw andBay City, together with an interurbanline connecting the two last named pointsand having a total trackage of 121 miles;the gas properties in Jackson, Kalamazoo,Pontiac, Flint, Saginaw and Bay City;the electric light and power companies inGrand Rapids, Muskegon, Lansing, Kal-amazoo, Battle Creek, Jackson, Pontiac,Flint, Saginaw, Bay City, Charlotte,Owosso, Corunna, Big Rapids, Albion,Cadillac and many smaller towns ; thewater business in Cadillac.

The company also controls valuablehydro -electric plants upon the Muskegon,Kalamazoo and Grand rivers; undevel-oped waterpowers capable of an in-stallation capacity of 65,000 horsepoweron the Au Sable River, and large unde-veloped waterpowers on the MuskegonRiver. The total population served isabout 500,000.

CAPITAL

Preferred Stock (6% Cumulative)authorized and issued .... $ 6,000,000

Common Stock - 12,000,000Shares $100 par. Preferred dividends payable

February 1, May 1, August 1, and November 1.

Figures available showing the com-bined earnings of the CommonwealthPower, Railway and Light Company andits constituent companies for the elevenmonths ended November 30. 1912, andthe final estimates for 1912 are asfollows :


EARNINGS STATEMENT

For eleven months ended November 30, 1912,and estimated for twelve months ended Decem-ber 31, 1912, with the percent increase overcorresponding eleven and twelve months of pre-ceding year, respectively:

11 Months 12 Months (est.)Per Cent Per CentIncrease Increase

Gross Ea rings $5,739,477.26 15.50 $6,289,998.35 15.18Operating Expenses 3,024,405.78 16.33 3,311,916.02 15.61

Net Earnings 2,715,071.48 14.60 2,978,082.33 14.72Fixed Charges (seenote) 1,688,232.60 19.67 1,827,409.30 19.44

Net Profits 1,026,838.88 7.13 1,150,673.03 7.94Dividend PreferredStock 330,000.00 360,000.00

Balance: Avail-able for replace-ments and divi-dends on Com-mon Stock. 696,838.88 10. SS 790,673.03 12.00NOTE.-Fixed charges include dividends on outstanding

preferred stocks of constituent companies in addition totaxes and interest.

The final estimated figures for 1912are well within the results shown theyear previous. The preferred stock wasquoted at 89 to 90 at the close of 1912which shows a yield of 6.59 per cent.The common stock is quoted at 67 to 68.

It may be mentioned here that thepresident of this company is Anton G.Hodenpyl of Hodenpyl, Walbridge andCompany, the New York bankers. Mr.Hodenpyl was formerly secretary of theMichigan Trust Company of GrandRapids, Michigan and is decidedlyfamiliar with conditions in the territoryserved.

EASTERN PENNSYI,V.\NI.\ POWER COM-PANY

The Eastern Pennsylvania PowerCompany does all the commercial elec-tric light and power business in and

about Easton and Bangor, Pa., andPhilipsburg and Dover, N. J., serving apopulation of about 92,000. Throughownership of all the capital stock, theEaston Pennsylvania Power Companycontrols the Easton Gas Works whichdoes all the gas business of Easton andPhilipsburg.

CAPITALCapital Stock: (Shares

$100 par) Au- Out -Preferred, 7% cu- thorized standing

mulative $1,000,000 $ 550,000Common 3,500,000 2,900,000

Funded Debt:First and Refunding

Mortgage 5's, due1939 4,000,000 1,880,000

Easton Power Com-pany 5's, due 1940 120,000 120,000

Bernards Electric Com-pany 5's, due 1971 125,000 125,000

Five Year 6% Notes due 1917, secured byMortgage 1,500,000 1,000,000

The issue of five year six per centnotes is a direct obligation of the East-

ern Pennsylvania Power Company andis secured by a joint mortgage of theEastern Pennsylvaniaand the Easton Gas Works upon all theelectric lighting and power and gasproperties of these companies in the Stateof Pennsylvania and further secured by$140,000 mortgage bonds on the gasproperties in New Jersey.

H. M. Byllesby and Company, consult-ing engineers, estimated that on Decem-ber 31, 1912, the company would be on anannual net earning basis of over $320,000.

EARNINGS

Gross Earnings, from all sourcesOperating Expenses, including taxes, maintenance, rentals, and interest

on Bernard's Electric 5's

Net EarningsAdd saving that will be effected in operating expenses through con-

solidation (report of H. M. Byllesby & Co.)

Total Net EarningsInterest Deductions:

Bonds, $2,000,000 at 5%

Surplus5 -Year 6% Construction and Purchase Money Notes

$1,000,000 at 6%

Surplus

1910$472,394.65

287,366.24

$185,028.41

1911$519,726.61

314,066.64

$205,659.97

44,000.00

$249,659.97

100,000.00

$149,000.00

60,000.00

$ 89,000.00


List of Selected Bonds showing Income Yield

Under the above heading, from monthto month, a list of carefully selected se-curities will be given showing the ap-proximate income yield. In this connec-tion it is to be remembered that the in-come yield depends upon the price that ispaid for the bond, and, as in the case ofcommodities, bond prices fluctuate ac-cording to the laws of supply and de-mand and to the quality or worth ofthe security in the opinion of the buyingpublic. For instance, if a bond of a facevalue of $1,000 and paying six per centinterest can be bought in the market at98, or, in other words, for $980, the in-come yield to the purchaser will not besix per cent but a little over 6.1 per cent.

That is, a year's interest on the bond is$60. If it is bought for $980, the incomewill be $60=980=6.1 per cent. Corre-spondingly, if the bond is bought. abovepar, say 102, the income yield in thatcase will be,$60=1020=5'.: per cent.

In compiling the list below, the in-come yields given are perforce thosedetermined by the market prices of thebonds at the time of writing, which issomewhat earlier than the date at whichthe magazine reaches its readers. But asthe market price on stable securitiessuch as these fluctuates very little thetable is sufficiently accurate to enablethe prospective purchaser to make hisselection intelligently.

BONDS TO YIELD 4.50% TO 55/0

California Gas and Electric Company, San Francisco, Cal. General mortgage and collateraltrust 5% bonds. Mature 1933. ($1,000.) Yield about

Cleveland Electric Illuminating Co., Cleveland, Ohio. First and refunding 5% bonds.Mature 1939. ($500.) Yield about

Commonwealth Edison Company, Chicago., Ill. First mortgage 5% bonds. Mature 1943.($1,000.) Yield about

N. Y. Consolidated 5% bonds. Mature 1995.($1,000.) Yield about

Edison Electric Co., Los Angeles, Cal. First and refunding gold 5% bonds. Mature 1922.Yield about

Milwaukee Light, Heat & Traction Co., Milwaukee, Wis. First mortgage 5% gold bonds.Mature 1929. ($1,000.) Yield about

Milwaukee Electric Railway & Light Co., Milwaukee, Wis. Refunding and extension gold4M% bonds. Mature 1931. ($1,000.) Yield about

Minneapolis General Electric Co., Minneapolis, Minn. First 5% bonds. Mature 1934.($1,000.) Yield about

Muskogee Gas & Electric Co., Muskogee, Okla. First and refunding gold 5% bonds. Mature1926. ($1,000.) Yield about

New York Gas & Electric Light, Heed & Power Co., New York City. First mortgage 5%bonds. Mature 1948. ($1,000.) Yield about

Pacific Elec. Ry. Co., Los Angeles, Cal. First gold 5% bonds. Mature 1942. ($1,000.)Yield about

Portland General Electric Co., Portland, Ore. First gold 5% bonds. Mature 1935. ($1,000.)Yield about

Rochester Railway & Light Co., Rochester, N. Y. Consolidated mortgage gold 5% bonds.Mature 1954. ($500.) Yield about

Scranton Electric Co., Scranton, Pa. First and refunding gold 5% bonds. Mature 1937.($1,000.) Yield about

Washington Water Power Co., Spokane, Wash. First and refunding gold 5% bonds. Mature1959. ($1,000.) Yield about

Union Electric Light & Power Co., St. Louis, Mo. First mortgage gold 5% bonds. Mature1932. ($1,000.) Yield about

Asheville Power and Light Co.

Buffalo General Electric Co.,($100.)

Buffalo & Niagara Falls Elec.1942. ($500.)

BONDS TO YIELD 5510 TO 5.50%p

, Asheville, N. C. Gold 5% bonds.

Buffalo, N. Y, . First mortgage

Light & Power Co., Buffalo, N. Y.

Mature 1942. ($1,000.)Yield about

5% bonds. Mature 1939.Yield about

First 5% bonds. MatureYield about

4.78

4.85

4.90

4.50

4.75

4.80

4.95

4.85

4.90

4.90

4.75

4.85

4.90

4.78

4.90

4.85

5.20

5.00

5.00


Burlington Railway & Light Co., Burlington, Vt. First 5% bonds. Mature 1932. ($1,000.)Yield aboutCalifornia Gas & Electric Corporation, San Francisco, Cal. Unifying and refunding gold 5%bonds. Mature 1937. ($1,000.) Yield aboutColorado Springs Light, Heat & Power Co., Colorado Springs, Colo. First and refundinggold 5% bonds. Mature 1919. ($100.) Yield aboutDanville Street Railway & Light Co., Danville, Ill. Refunding mortgage gold 5 bonds%.Mature 1925. ($1,000.) Yield aboutDenver City Tramway Co., Deaver, Colo. First consolidated' gold 5% bonds. Mature1933. Yield aboutDenven Gas & Electric Co., Denver, Colo. General (now first) mortgage 5% sinking fund

gold bonds. Mature 1949. ($100.) Yield aboutEastern Pennsylvania Power Co., Easton, Pa. First and refunding gold 5% bonds. Mature1939. ($500.) Yield aboutIllinois Northern Utilities Co., Chicago, Ill. First and refunding 5% gold bonds. Mature1957. ($1,000.) Yield aboutIndiana Railways & Light Co., Indianapolis, Ind. First and refunding 5% bonds. Mature1943. ($500.) Yield aboutKankakee Gas & Elec. Co., Kankakee, Ill. First and refunding mortgage 5% sinking fundgold bonds. Mature 1930. ($100.) Yield aboutLos Angeles Gas & Electric Corp., Los Angeles, Cal. First and refunding gold 5% bonds.Mature 1939. ($1,000.) Yield aboutNiagara Falls Power Co., Niagara Falls, N. Y. First Mortgage 5% bonds. Mature 1932.($500.) Yield aboutNorthern California Power Co., San Francisco, Cal. Refunding and consolidated gold 5%bonds. Mature 1948. ($1,000.) - Yield about

Oklahoma Railway Co., Oklahoma City, Okla. First and refunding gold 5% bonds. Mature1941. ($1,000.) Yield aboutOklahoma Gas & Electric Co., Oklahoma City, Okla. First gold 5% bonds. Mature 1929.($1,000.) Yield aboutPacific Light & Power Corp., Los Angeles, Cal. Collateral trust 6% bonds. Mature 1915.($1,000.) Yield aboutPacific Light & Power Corp., Los Angeles, Cal. First and refunding mortgage 5% sinkingfund gold bonds. Mature 1951.- ($1,000.) Yield aboutPacific Light & Power Corp., Los Angeles, Cal. First gold 5% bonds. Mature 1942. ($1,000.)

Yield aboutPacific Power & Light Co.,_ New York City. First and refunding (now first) 5% bonds.Mature 1930. ($1,000.) Yield aboutPort Huron Light & Power Co., Port Huron, Mich. First mortgage gold 5% bonds. Mature1921. ($1,000.) Yield aboutPortland Electric Co., Portland Me., First mortgage 5% bonds. Mature 1926. ($1,000.)

Yield aboutPortland Gas & Coke Co., Portland, Ore. First and refunding 5% bonds. Mature 1940.($1,000.) Yield aboutPortland Ry., Light & Power Co., Portland, Ore. First and refunding mortgage 5% sinkingfund gold bonds. Mature 1942. ($100.) Yield aboutPortsmouth (N. H.) Gas Company. Portsmouth, N. H. Refunding (now first) 5% goldbonds. Mature 1931. ($500.) Yield aboutPublic Service Company of Northern Illinois, Chicago, Ill. First and refunding gold 5%bonds. Mature 1956. ($1,000.) Yield about

Buying Stocks and Bonds on the Installment PlanMost of the Stock Exchange brokers

or investment bankers who have adoptedthe partial payment plan for the purchaseof securities for customers using the in-stallment plan, follow much the same sys-tem. When the intending buyer wishesto buy on the installment or part pay-ment method he is required to pay as fol-lows :

On a $1,000 high grade bond, $100.

5.30

5.25

5.10

5.00

5.00

5.00

5.25

5.30

5.40

5.10

5.07

5.00

5.34

5.37

5.07

5.25

5.45

5.00

5.44

5.00

5.00

5.05

5.25

5.05

5.13

On a $1,000 bond that is consideredspeculative, $200.

On stocks selling at $150 or upwards,one-third to one-half the full amount ofthe purchase price.

On stocks selling at $50 to $100, $20per $100 share.

On stocks selling below $50 per share,$15 per share.

If a would-be purchaser of ten shares


of say Union Pacific wished to buy_ stockon the partial payment plan, an initialcash payment of $500 would be required.The balance on all stock bought this waywould have to be paid for in regularmonthly payments, usually $3 to $5 permonth for each share of the stock so pur-chased.

The buyer of the ten Union Pacificshares would pay $30 to $50 per monthand if he bought at $175 per share, for10 shares, and paid $500down, the balance duewould be $1,250. This ifpaid off at the rate of$50 monthly would beall paid for in two yearsand one month. Thedividends on the stockwould meet the interestpayments, and perhaps alittle more so that thestock would be free andclear at the end of theperiod named.

Altogether the buyingof stocks and bonds bypaying part of the pur-chase price down and thebalance in one, two orthree years or longer, ismuch the same as payingfor a house in install-ments.

When considering the price of bondsit must not be forgotten that if the ownerof bonds has reason to think that they,having advanced in price from the figurehe originally gave for them, have reachedas high as they are likely to go it will bethe part of wisdom on his part to disposeof them at the profit and then reinvesthis money in lower priced bonds, per-haps of later issue and on newer proposi-tions, that are equally well secured andjust as safe.

By following this plan he will be get-ting a better income or yield from themwith, at the same time, the prospect ofenhancement in the value of his propertythrough an advance in their price.

Unique Lamp Exhibit

One of the interesting exhibits at therecent Electrical Exposition in NewYork, was that of the General ElectricCompany bowing a collection of thevarious sulGstances used by Edison in hissearch for a satisfactory filament. An-other collection shown in. the illustration,showed the development of the lampitself, from those of 1880 to the high,

UNIQUE LAMP EXHIBIT

efficiency lamp in use at the present day.Among the lamps there was the oldhand made bulb, with the bamboo fila-ment, in which the vacuum was pro-duced with a hand pump, and others ofthe early 'S0's with their wooden orplaster bases. Then were shown thevarious lamps that had been manufac-tured during the past 30 years; amongthem the gem, the tantalum, the pressedtungsten filament and the latest type ofdrawn wire Mazda. In 1881 only 30,000lamps were manufactured while in 1910the output was 80,00 0.000. The lampsof 30 years ago consumed 4.66 watts percandlepower as compared with the 1.17watts consumed by the latest type oftungsten.

SCIENCE EXTRACTS FROM FOREIGNJOURNALS

London Railway Electrification.-The London and Northwester& railway aswell as other railroad lines which are soextensively used in the suburbs of Londonare now to be equipped for running elec-tric trains. This is a very extensive un-dertaking, and for the lines owned by onecompany alone the length of railroad tobe fitted out for electric operating isabout 80 miles. Passengers will now beable to travel between the city and sub-urbs under much better conditions thanbefore, and it has long been desiredto replace the steam trains by elec-tric trains. Direct current on the 600volt third rail system is to be used here,and the plans call for a power station oflarge size which will cover a seventeenacre site near the electric line and will belaid out so that it can be readily increasedin the future. Steam turbines will bemounted in the station and they will sup-ply high voltage current upon a powerline which runs to a number of sub-stations located along the railroad line soas to be able to supply this latter. Each ofthe electric cars will carry four motorsand the trains will be made up of motorcars and trailers.-The Electrician. Lon-don.

Palace of Light at Ghent.-The Pal-ace of Light is to be one of the originalfeatures of the Ghent Exposition of 1913.What is desired is to have the electricalexhibits laid out so that they will be dis-played with a better effect than has usu-ally been done at exhibitions. In factthe exhibits are rarely open at night, andduring the day the lighting effects are notwell brought out, seeing that daylight in-terferes with this. The new plans arequite original, and call for a vast spacewhich is to be entirely closed, so that it isdark even during the day. But night willbe turned into day by the brilliant arclights, also incandescent and mercury

vapor lamps, as well as the new Mooretubes and neon tubes which will be placedall around the hall. A very attractive effectis given by Geissler tubes of many hueswhich will be set in constant movementby electric motors.-L'Electricien, Paris.

Ordnance Manufacturing in Rus-sia.-A large part of the ordnancethe Russian army and navy is made atthe large works of Motovilika, in thePerm district and within a recent datethe works is engaged in putting in quitea number of electric motors so as to takethe place of steam engines. To run themotors there is erected a good sized elec.tric plant with '300 horsepower steamengines and dynamos and also a 400 horse-power Diesel oil engine set working oncrude oil from the Russian wells. Be-sides, there will soon be installed a 1,200horsepower Brown-Boveri steam turbinegroup of Swiss make. Throughout theshops are motors to the number of 2,450at the present time, also eighteen travelingelectric cranes of frfteen to 90 tonslift. The extensive shops are lighted by6,450 incandescent lamps and 100 arcs.In the foundry is now running an electricfurnace of considerable size which isproving very useful for this kind of work.The nickel plating shop is laid out on alarge scale, and here are plated 25,000projectiles a month.-Revue Electrique,Paris.

Low Aerials for Wireless.-M. E.Rothe finds that he can receive wirelessmessages from quite a long distance bythe use of an aerial wire running along notfar from the ground, so that this will beeasier to mount than upon a pole. Forinstance at Nancy in the east of Francehe picked up signals from the EiffelTower and also from several Germanposts, with an 80 foot wire stretched atless than eight feet from the ground. In

1252


later experiments at St. Dié, he used acopper wire run along on small stakessix inches high, the wire being attachedwithout care as to having it insulated,and it even touched the grass at times.The shortest length he used was 50 feetand the wire was connected to buriedwater piping, using a self induction coilbetween. With a detector telephone andbattery set, he could easily hear the EiffelTower signals. The garden in this caseis entirely surrounded by an iron fencemore than three feet high, but this didnot appear to have a bad effect.-JournalAcadeinie des Sciences, Paris.

Bearded Grain Draws Electricityfrom the Air.-Prof. Lemstrom, of theHelsingfors University, shows thatbearded grain such as wheat acts in ahitherto unexpected way in order to drawin electricity from the air, and thus itserves as a veritable lightning rod. Thisproduces a pronounced beneficent effectupon the wheat plant, seeing that thegrain, at least and no doubt the otherparts of the plant, are constantly in aa bath of electricity, and it is now wellknown that this acts to further the growthof plants to quite a considerable extent.Thus the yield of grain or vegetables isfound to increase, according to experi-ments which have been made in variousplaces. In Europe, farmers have hithertopreferred wheat which is not of thebearded variety for various reasons, al-

. though the latter is hardier in growthand produces more grain, as is wellknown. Now Prof. .Lemstrom seems toprove that this superiority is due to theelectric currents from the atmosphere.This is another point to be added to theknowledge we are now gaining on thesubject of "electro -cultivation," as it iscalled.-La Nature, Paris.

Radium and Plant Growth.-It hasalready been observed that radium hasthe effect of increasing the growth ofplants, and the new experiments made byJ. Stoklasa throw new light upon this

interesting field of study. Other workersused. radium minerals or salts, but hemakes use of the radium bearing min-eral waters of Joachimsthal, taking thewater directly from the springs each dayand beforeit loses its effect. He showsthat when grains are placed in this water,they grow at a surprisingly rapid rate ;for instance, using barley grains, at eightclays' growth the results were quitestriking, for the roots were two incheslong and the stalk three inches, virile inordinary water the roots showed but aquarter of an inch and the stalk onlyhalf an inch. Other plants gave equallygood results. Grain also sprouts muchquicker, as for instance it took only 24 to36 hours for it to sprout when in theradium water and as long as 56 to 120hours otherwise. Other equally sur-prising results come from the weight ofthe plants. After 40 clays' growth, theweight for ten stalks of the same plantwas over four times as much by theradium treatment.-Journal Academicdes Sciences, Paris.

New Telegraph Recorder.-At the re-cent exhibition of new apparatus held inLondon by the Physical Society, Mr. S.G. Brown spoke of a new recorder for re-ceiving telegraph messages over longlines and especially ocean cables. Thecurrent is very weak in such cases, andthe signals are usually received in thesiphon recorder, as the current is notstrong enough to work another kind ofdevice. Mr. Brown magnifies the cur-rent by the use of a new relay of hisdesign. As usual, the current comes intoa suspended coil which swings under theaction of the current, but instead of usingthe siphon for ink signal record on the endof the arm attached to the coil, he uses avery ingenious method which consistsof a pair of minature thermo-electriccouples mounted on the arm. The twocouples lie midway between two smallspirit lamps, so that when the coil is notworking, the ends of the thermo-couplesare equally heated. When the coil moves


one of the couples comes, nearer theflame, and these are now unequally heatedso as to give rise to a current. What isremarkable is that this current is nearly30 times as great as the telegraph cur-rent, so that it can be used to work otherrecording devices for the signals.-TheElectrician, London.

Sending Colored Photograhps Overthe Wire.-A scheme for sending photo-graphs. over the wire in their naturalcolors is devised by an Italian engineer,Q. Marino. As the apparatus is not madeas yet, it is too soon to say whether itwill work in practice, but the idea appearsto be an attractive one, at any rate. Eachpoint on the oniginal color photograph,or even a natural object, is made to passbefore an opening so that the light fromthis point is decomposed by a prism intothe seven colors, in the case of white light,or into a less number. Each .color fallson a separate selenium cell whose officeis to send current over the line so thatthe cell having, for instance, red light up-on it, will produce red at the other end.This is done by having the cells send avibratory current which is tuned so as towork with tuned Poulsen arc lights at thereceiving end. Without going into de-tails, the selenium cell sends current insuch way that the corresponding arc lightoperates and throws light through a redscreen on to an autochrome photographicplate. Thus the red color spot at thesending end gives a red light spot at thereceiving end and so on for all the dif-ferent colors of the photograph.-GenieCiz.hl, Paris.

Keeping Tab on an Eledtric WagonA convenient application of recording

watt-hour meters is made in the electricwagon service of the Lowell, Mass.,Electric Light Corporation, which is oneof the most carefully handled services ofits kind in New England. The powerwagons shown are equipped with a San -gamo watt-hour meter calibrated be-tween GO and 115 volts, in addition to an

ampere -hour meter, and by these instru-ments the company keeps a close recordof the energy consumption of the ma-chine in various classes of service, aswell as the condition of the battery withrespect to charge and discharge. Themeters are mounted on the dashboarddirectly in front of the driver's steeringwheel.

NEW BOOKSLESSONS IN WIRELESS TELEGRAPHY. By Cole

and Morgan. Newark, N. J.: Cole andMorgan. 1912. 62 pages with 59 illustra-tions. Price, 25 cents.There are 30 lessons, arranged as far

as possible in logical sequence, giving asystematic elementary course in the prin-ciples of wireless telegraph apparatus andthe electrical laws upon which it depends.

WIRELESS TELEGRAPHY AND TELEPHONY' SIMPLYEXPLAINED. By Alfred P. Morgan. NewYork: Norman W. Henley Publishing Com-pany. 148 pages with 156 illustrations. Price,$1.00.The book furnishes a comprehensive

explanation in simple language of thetheory and practice of wireless teleg-raphy and telephony and explains as faras possible the importance of its positiontoday and the possibilities of tomorrow.

SAW FILING AND MANAGEMENT OF SAWS. ByRobert Grimshaw. New York: Norman W.Henley Publishing Co. 1912. 129 pages with106 illustrations. Price, $1.00.This book is designed as a practical

aid to those who use saws for any pur-pose. While, as its title implies, it treatsprincipally of saw filing, it also goes intothe questions of gumming, spring settingand swaging.

GASOLINE ENGINE TROUBLE CHART. By VictorW. Page. New York: The Norman W. Hen-ley Publishing Company. Price, 25 cents.A chart 25 by 38 inches showing a sec-

tional view of a typical four cylinder,four cycle, gasoline engine and a tabu-lation of troubles, causes, symptoms andremedies to aid in clearing up any enginetrouble.

Tiny organisms or bits of mineral havebeen studied up to now by placing themupon a piece of glass called a "slide" andthen slipping this glass into a holder un-der a microscope.

The electric photomicrographic ap-paratus, as it is called, changes all this

APPARATUS FOR PHOTOGRAPHING MICROSCOPICOBJECTS

by taking a picture of the slide, using themicroscope in doing so and giving usan enlarged picture of what we see ifwe look into the microscope itself.

The device consists of a camera, anordinary microscope and either an arclamp or a Nernst lamp enclosed in a lamphouse and fitted with lenses for illuminat-ing the slide during the picture taking.The equipment is fitted to a lathe liketable with adjusting devices for accuratework. The camera may be placed in avertical position and the microscope slideused to hold minerals and opaque objectswhile they are photographed.

Electric urrent-.:

.

Photographing Microscopic Objects By removing the camera and micro-scope from the stand the remaining ap-paratus may be usedas a stereopticon.

A Revolutionary Improvement inPlate Printing

Plate printing, that is, printing fromengraved steel plates, is likely to be revo-lutionized as the result of an experimentnow in progress by the United Statesgovernment. Until recently it was heldby all experts in this, {he highest branchof the printing art, that impressions ofthe first quality could be obtained fromsteel plates only by means of hand workand the use of a hand power press thathas shown little modification in designfrom the original type of printing pressdevised by the Italian inventors cen-turies ago. It is this demand for manuallabor unaided that Uncle Sam is nowchallenging by the unique experimentlately undertaken.

The old style plate press has beenretained but the old wheel which theplate printer had to revolve in order tobring to bear the pressure needed foreach impression has been supplanted. Inits place there has been installed an elec-tric motor which supplies energy for theprinting operation and brings to beareach successive sheet of paper upon theinked steel surface with all that precisionand evenness attained by the hand im-pression and which are essential for thetransfer to the paper of all the exquisitedetails of lines and shading. The elec-tric manipulation of the roll of the pressnot only minimizes labor but results inan appreciable saving of time.

The national government has workedout this problem in order to simplify the

1255


task of printing our currency but it isexpected that the discovery will be takenadvantage of by commercial houses inall parts of the country that are engagedin the production of any of the classesof work to which the new scheme will beapplicable. Uncle Sam is disposed to let

PLATE PRINTING PRESS MOTOP DRIVEN

all such interested persons into thesecrets of the special type of motor whichthe experts designed for this work.

A specially wound armature on themotor, in conjunction with a controllerof original design, results in the pressstarting slowly and gradually increasingspeed until the roll reaches and engagesthe printing plate. Maximum speed ismaintained during the passage of theroll across the engraved plate and thenthere is a gradual decrease in speed toan automatic stop. \Vhen it is explainedthat one second is the total elapsed timerequired for this operation from thetime the current is turned on by meansof footpedal control until the roller hasmechanically come to rest it will be

appreciated that careful calculation hasbeen made and when it is stated thatthis operation will be repeated more than100 times an hour during eight or sixteenhours per day it can be realized thatsevere exactions are placed upon themotor.

Tests already made show that motordrive will increase the speed of a platepress at least ten per cent. The averageskilled operative of a hand press printsabout 110 sheets per hour whereas aspeed of 121 sheets per hour has beenrecorded by the electrically operatedpress under favorable conditions and arecord of 100 sheets in 35 minutes hasbeen made in a spurt. The aid of themagic current does not reduce this highlyspecialized form of printing to the levelof the mechanical because now, as forr -erly, the inking of the plate, which isdone by hand, determines in great meas-ure the quality of the product but, as hasbeen explained, it increases productionand by relieving the operative of themost arduous manual labor allows him todevote greater care to the exacting dutyof inking and rubbing the surface of theprinting plate by hand.

Emergency Extension PlugIn a case where

a plug could not beobtained in time for

wax use on an exten-:sion light I madea plug from a tung-sten lamp base inthe following man-ner : The two wiresof an ordinary dropcord were solderedone to the centercontact and the

other to the screw shell of a tungstenlamp, the whole interior being then filledwith sealing wax. A socket connectedto the other end completed the extensionwhich was used until a regular plugcould be delivered.-H. G. WILSON.

Lcmp Base

CenterContact

EXTENSION PLUG


Stethoscope to Detect "Valve Slap"

There is no marked similarity betweenthe physician's office of a life insurancecompany and the engine testing room ofa motor car factory, yet they have pointsin common. Among the tests given ineach place is that of the stethoscope.

LISTENING FOP. VALVE

The physician uses it to detect irregulari-ties of the heart-the mechanic to dis-cover any unevenness of operation inthemotor.

While serving the same purpose as thestethoscope, the instrument used in thehigh grade motor car factories is slightlydifferent in appearance. It consists of asteel rod made of three separate piecescombined with a regulation telephone re-ceiver. By placing the end of the rodagainst the side of a motor it is possibleto locate the source of the smallest dis-turbance. The lightest of "valve slaps"or knocks in the engine are thus noted,allowing the correction of any fault be-fore mounting the motor on a chassis.The road testers carry similar instru-ments as an extra precaution against thepossibility of a car being turned over tothe sales department with a faulty motor.

The accompanying photograph showsa workman testing a six cylinder motor.for interior trouble.

Automatic Eleáric Generator forCountry Homes

There has lately been put on the mar-ket in France an electro -generative outfitwhich seems to have overcome some ofthe difficulties of small lighting equip-ments by means which are both simple

and ingenious. Whenthe motor is suppliedwith its combustible,lubricating oil and cool-ing water, the apparatusfurnishes automaticallythe current necessaryfor lighting or otherpurposes on the turningof a switch,

The arrangement con-sists of a small gasolineor benzine engine at-tached by a belt to adynamo, a tank for thecombustible and anotherfor the cooling water, abattery of a small num-ber of elements acting

as an accumulator and a starting rheostat.The whole is mounted on a pair of Ibeams, and is so light that it can be movedaround very easily.

The apparatus being connected withthe wiring system of the house, a switchis closed which discharges the current ofthe accumulators upon the circuit thusopened; this current is sufficient to sup-ply, for a time, three or four lamps with-out the help of the engine. But if an-other switch is closed and the current be-comes insufficient for doing the work inhand the dynamo, acting as a motor, isconnected. This moves with increasingspeed, carrying with it the engine,until the latter begins to work of it-self. The dynamo is then driven by theengine and produces current to feed thelamps and to re -charge the accumulators.

If at any moment the charge dimin-ishes to a point where it does not exceedthe capacity of the accumulators, the dy-namo stops and the accumulators are dis-


charged upon the, line. Each time that theaccumulator charge is lowered below itsnormal voltage, even if there are nolamps lighted, the apparatus is automat-ically set in motion to re -charge the ac-cumulators. All these maneuvers areeffected by the movements of an electro-magnetic relay on the switchboard.

The Bond TesterThe current which leaves the trolley

wire through the trolley pole passesthrough the car motor and then mustreturn to the power house along the railsof the tracks if no _return wire is pro-vided. For this reason each rail is con-nected to the next by a good heavy wirewhich is called a "rail bond." This bond

BOND TESTER

or connecting wire between the rails musthe at all times in good condition and todetermine this men called "bond testers"travel along the tracks and make testswhere the rail ends meet.

Without going into detail the testershown in the picture equipped with aRoller outfit works about as follows:The inverted T shaped wooden bar isplaced on the rails under test. It hasthree saw bladecontacts which are con-nected by flexible conductors to the port-

able galvanometer swung from his neck.Since current from cars is always flow-ing along the tracks some of it will flowby way of the contacts through the gal-vanometer and deflect the needle, but justhow much will depend upon the condi-tion of the bond wire.

Electric LanternAn electric lantern designed by a loco-

motive engineer and following the linesof a Pullman conductor's lantern is beingplaced on themarket by a Chi-cago firm.

The body ofthe Jenks lanternis matte of brassheavily nickelplated and weighs2' pounds. Inthe base is athree cell dry bat-tery which sup-plies current to incandescent lamp.When the lantern is lifted by the bail thelamp lights up. By dropping the bail onone side the light is turned out, whiledropping the bail to the other side keepsthe light burning.

The lantern does away with the use ofoil and the cleaning of smoky chimneysand it cannot be blown out by wind.

ELECTRIC LANTERN

Battery SwitchThis switch is designed for service

upon battery and magneto circuits. TheFahnestock spring binding posts make itappeal to experimenters on account of the

BATTERY SWITCH

ease and quickness with which wires areconnected and disconnected.


Automobile Tire Pump

Considering the amount of hard workthis pump can save, its low cost of oper-ation is surprising, since at ordinaryrates for electricity it will operate forless than one cent an hour. The costof filling a tire is therefore insignifi-cant.

The operating parts of the Vaile-Kimes pump, which is operated by a

TIRE PUMP

small Westinghouse motor, are enclosedin an oil tight, dust proof casing, so thatpractically no attention is required.

A pressure gauge registering up to 150pounds is provided as part of the out-fit. The automobile 'owner is, therefore,able to maintain his tires at the properpressure, which adds greatly to theirlife. It is impossible for oil to get intothe tire through this pump, so that rot-ting from this cause is prevented.

Moving Pictures by IncandescentLamp

Much enjoyment as well as instructioncan be had during winter evenings by theuse of the new .moving picture machinesof small size, and these are coming intoservice in Paris and other cities for usein the family circle. It may seem strangethat the metallic filament electric lamp isresponsible for a great deal of this prog-ress in making a simple and inexpensivemachine. As soon as it was found that the1anns would flash up and die out much

quicker than the ordinary carbon fila-ment lamp, inventors set to work to makea machine in which the lamp would flashup at one -tenth of a second, that is,making a separate flash just as each pic-ture passed before it. This brilliant flashsends a strong light through the picturefilm just at the moment it is needed, thenthe light goes out while the film ispassing on..

Before this a revolving shutter wasneeded to stop off the light while the pic-tures were being changed.

The new Pathé machine is here illus-trated. It uses non-combustible film ofsmaller size than usual, and at the factorythere is a special camera apparatus forreproducing the standard films in thissmall size. The film will be seen passingin front of the small electric lamp, thelight being concentrated by reflector andlens. A magneto supplies the currentand an extra brilliant light is given ateach impulse by the use of a much highercurrent than the lamp is made for. Thisuses up the lamp very quickly, but it costsbut little, and one lamp lasts for aboutten hours. Even with this small appara-

MOVING P CTURE MACHINE OPERATED BYINCANDESCENT LAMP

tus and using an incandescent lamp whichwould give but two candlepower usually,the picture appears in an excellent lighton a screen three feet square, which isvery good for use in an ordinary room.For schools the new machine will proveexcellent.

The cadmium vapor lamp which has.just been invented by a German phy-

sician, M. Wolfke, gives aA New white light. Every oneElectric knows the mercury vaporVapor Lamp lamp : it has the advantage

of being very economicalfrom the point of view of current con-sumption, but the green coloration ofits light limits its usefulness very con-siderably. M. Wolfke, after havingtried a great number of metals andalloys, seems to have solved the problemby an amalgam of cadmium with a smallquantity of mercury. Cadmium hasthe following properties which makeit very suitable for this purpose ;its temperature of vaporization in avacuum is low (4500 C.) ; it does notattack glass; its spectrum contains redradiations. Pure cadmium used in alamp gives a red light ; with the additionof from three to ten per cent of mercuryit produces a very satisfactory whitelight. Here seems to be an interestingquestion for inventors and electricians.If a mercury vapor lamp gives a greenlight, and a cadmium lamp a red light.and a combination of the two in certainproportions gives a white light, then howshall a blue or yellow light be produced,if such should be desired?

For a time, during the transition fromsteam to electricity on the Southport

Branch of the LancashireSteam, and Yorkshire Railway, itElectricity was necessary to run steamand Coal trains between the electrical

trains, at the same speed.This afforded an opportunity to com-pare the coal consumption of the loco-motives with that of the power house

supplying the electric trains. It wasfound that the six wheeled, coupledtank engines consumed 80 pounds of coalper train mile for express trains, and 100pounds for accommodation trains. Theconsumption of coal at the power stationfor the electrical trains was 49 poundsper train mile.

A rather unusual accident occurred atVenice, Calif., recently, when the captive

Trolleyballoon with three pas -

Wire Frees sengers was suddenly freed

Captive and blown out over the

Balloon ocean.The balloon had just

risen to the end of its cable when afreakish wind caught the big bag andforced it towards the ground. The steelcable came in contact with a trolley wireand the electric current burned it, in twoalmost instantly. The balloon floatedupward and for an hour and a halfdrifted about in the air sometimesnear the land and sometimes far out overthe water. About four miles from theSan Pedro breakwater the pilot finallynoticed some boats beneath him and,descending, they were rescued.

Something over three years ago a newunit of electric illumination, called the

"international candle," wasThe adopted by France, Eng-International land and the United States.Candle T h e American standard

candle was thereby re-duced one and six -tenths per cent inorder to make it uniform with theEnglish candle and the Bougie Decimaleof France. The value of the Hefner, theGerman unit, is nine -tenths that of; heinternational candle.

1260

The French visitor to Gelligaer showed somealarm at the prospect of passing a savage lookingdog that stood in the way, barking furiously.

"It's all right," said his host. "Don't youknow the proverb, 'Barking dogs don't bite?' "

"Ah yes," said the Frenchman, "I know zeproverbe, you know ze proverbe, but ze questionis, does ze dog know ze proverbe?"

* * s

A traveler in Indiana noticed that a farmerwas having trouble with his horse. It wouldstart, go slowly for a short distance and thenstop again. Finally the traveler approachedand asked, solicitously: " Is your horse sick?"

"Not as I knows of.""Is he balky?""No. But he is so danged 'fraid I'll say whoa

and he won't hear me, that he stops every oncein a while to listen."

* * *

"God bless mama and papa, and God blessHarrigan," said little George, aged four years,as he knelt beside his mother for his eveningprayer.

"Why, George," said his mother, "who isHarrigan?"

"That's me," he replied.*

"You are rather a small boy to be earning fivedollars a week."

"I suppose I am," he replied. "I know Ismall for my age, but to tell the truth, since I'veworked here I've been so busy I haven't hadtime to grow."

He got the "raise."* *

Some years ago a prominent man went intothe business of raising hogs. Friends congratu-lated him on his success, as his breeds were cer-tainly fine. "Hogs!" replied he contemptuously." Why, these people never knew what a big hogwas till I came here!" And he wondered whythey laughed.

*

Teacher-" Johnny, what is a skeleton?"Johnny-" Please, ma'am, it's a man with his

insides out, and his outsides off."

Subbubs had taken Chumleigh home to dine.Everything went well until they were seated atthe dinner table, when Willie Subbubs re-marked, " Why, pa, this is roast beef ! "

"Well," said his father, 'what of it?""Why, I heard you tell ma at breakfast that

you were going to bring a mutton head homefor dinner this evening."

* * w

" Why do you use paint?" asked a violinistof his daughter.

"For the same reason that you use resin,papa."

"How is that?""Why, to help me draw my beau."

* *

Not long ago Bishop Greer recounted someamusing replies to examination questions givenby Chinese students. The first of them isevidence how rapidly the sporting instinct isspreading. In answer to the question, "Whatare the five great races of mankind?" onestudent replied: "The hundred yards, thehurdles, the quarter mile, the mile and the threemiles."

* * *

"It is the duty of everyone to make at leastone person happy during the week," said aSunday school teacher.

"Now, have you done so- Johnny?""Yes," said Johnny, promptly."That's right. What did you do?""I went to see my aunt, and she's always

happy when I go home!"* * *

"So you advertised for your lost purse, pre-tending that the person who found it wasrecognized?"

"Yes.""How did the bluff work?""Didn't work át all. Next day this ad

appeared in the same paper: 'The recognizedgentleman who picked up the purse on Boylstonstreet requests the loser to call at his house.' "

* * s\

"That lawyer of mine has a nerve.""Why so?""Listen to this item in his bill: 'For waking

up in the night and thinking over your case,55.7 31

1261

THE ELECTRICAL HOUSE THAT JACK BUILT

THIS IS THE J IOUSE IHATCIACK BUILT THESE ARE THE WIRES THATWIRED THE HOUSE THATJACKBUILT

THIS IS THE ELECTRIC RANGETHATJ.'S WIFE BOUGHT ANDATTACHED To THE ENDS OFTWO OF THE WIRES THATWIRED THE H.THATJ. BUILT

_----._- (ii

o

/woo0

BRIcK oRCONCRETE

`.MI

_IIliI'tl')U-¡¡IIIfi¡IIh_-' -_= _¿`i =A = i-' s 1D...

I

.-:',-_1 . ~,-,. -

THIS ISTHE SINKER ALL FORLORNTHATJ.S WIFE COOKED UPON

THE RANGE ATTACHED TOTHE ENDS OF TWO OF THEWIRES THAT WIRED THEH. THAT J. BUILT

THIS IS THE BITE ALL TATTER-

EDB'TORN cJ.TOOK FROMTHE SINKER ALLFORLORN THATWAS COOKED ON THE RANGEATTACHED TO THE WIRESTHAT WIRED THE H. THAT J.BUILT

THIS IS THE WINDOW OUT OFWHICH J.HEAVED THE SINKERALL FORLORN THAT 1WS COOKED

ON THE RANGE ATTACHED TOTHE WIRES THAT WIREDTHE H. THAT J. BUILT

-

_

_-_-: ---- (2) T--- -. -jjj-railtwuuWW11/J-

O=(b Q- =_

THIS IS THE HOUSE IN RENOWHERE J.5 WIFE WENT WHENHE CAST AWAY THE BEAUTIFULSINKER ALL FORLORN THATWAS COOKED ON THE WA NGEATTACHED TO THE W IRE 5

THAT WIRED THE N. ThATJ. BUILT

THIS IS THE LET TE Rj SENT HIS WIFE

SO SHE CAME BACK ANDTHEY LIVED HAPPILY ANDPROSPERED - AND SHECOOKS NO MORE S,<5ALL FORLORN UPON THERANGE ETC.

-,- /y -

_nYY"N

p' Jyn ,,gE p S{ a^<1EGe,,,Ja2Q as dp. c, tr -1.-/

11/4)`"--UkJd""V

C 0 Áya( /G_ pfd 9

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1262


WestinghouseBuffing and GrindingMotor has plenty ofPower to do theWork Required

THIS powerful little motor takes righthold of any buffing, polishing or grind-

ing work you may have to do.Storekeepers find such a motor a good stock -

keeping investment. Tarnished or dingystock made to look like new in a minute.

If you run a small shop you need an efficientmotor of this type. Belt it to a lathe and it willeasily care for all your light lathe work at verylittle expense for electric current.

Many householders are buying this motor.They use it to grind knives, polish silver, run alathe, a circular or jig saw or the family icecream freezer.

There's no motor like a Westinghouse motor.Write today for full specifications and prices onsmall motors.

Westinghouse Electric & Mfg. Co.Dept. M F, East Pittsburgh, Pa.



The Telescope of SpeechThe astronomer, by the power of his

telescope, becomes a reporter of themovements of a hundred worldsgreater than ours, and the student ofcelestial activities millions of milesaway.

He points his instrument at anyspot in the heavens, and his sightgoes rushing through space to dis-cover and inspect a star hithertounknown.

Up to the power of his lenses, hisvision sweeps the universe.

As the telescope may be focusedupon any star, so the telephone may

be "ocused upon any person withinthe range of its carrying power.

Your voice may be directed any-where in the Bell System, and it willbe carried across country at light-ning speed, to be recognized andanswered.

The telescope is for a very limitedclass, the astronomers. The telephoneis for everyone.

At the telescope you may see, butcannot be seen. At the telephone youmay speak and be spoken to, youmay hear and be heard. By means ofthe Bell System this responsive ser-vice is extended to the whole nation.

AMERICAN TELEPHONE AND TELEGRAPH COMPANYAND ASSOCIATED COMPANIES

One Policy One System Universal ServiceFor our Mutual Advantage mention Popular Electricity when writing to Advertisers.


fStandards

ofEssential

to the

Electrical FraternitySINGLE-PHASEMOTORS

POLYPHASEMOTORS

GENERATORS

TRANSFORMERS

INSTRUMENTS

CONVERTERS

RECTIFIERS

The Wagner BA Single -Phase Motor leads in thesingle-phase field. High starting efficiiency-simplicity in control-minimum maintenancecost.The Wagner BK Small Users' Unity Power -Fac-tor Type marks a great advance in the motorart. It improves voltage regulation-increasesearning capacity-reduces fixed charges andproduces dividends.The Wagner Polyphase Motor is the most ruggedin construction. Its frames, end plates, bear-ings, etc., are designed for a continuity of service.The Wagner Generator has ample material in allparts and is able to withstand sudden changesor unusual demands with success.The Wagner Lighting Transformer maintains thevoltage at the end of your lines. It keeps yourlights bright without increasing your copper.The Wagner Power -Transformer embodies theresult of twenty years' research, study and ex-perience and insures the highest degree ofefficiency and dependability.The Wagner Instrument List includes the mostcomplete line of direct and alternating currentinstruments the market affords. Wagner in-struments are guaranteed.The Wagner Converter is the simplest and mostefficient charging outfit yet devised. No com-plication-no breakage-perfect centre]. Canbe used as a power -motor for operating tire -pumps, machine -tools, etc.The Wagner Rectifier for automobile electriclighting is unequalled. Connect the rectifier toany ordinary lamp socket and charge your stor-age battery over night.

2210

For our Mutual Advantage mention Popular Electricity when writing to .Advertisers.


The "BEE" Electric Suction CleanerThe powerful suction of this machine, together with its numerous

superior and exclusive features make it the most efficient sweeper -typeCleaner ever made.

This Cleaner has more good points than any other on the market.

NOTE THE FOLLOWING:1. Adjusting Device-by means of which the machine operates on

loose carpet, instead of pressing it down and shutting off the air.2. Can be raised or lowered to

suit the thickness of carpet.3. Weight all borne on three rub-

ber tired wheels, consequently thereis no dragging, scraping or wearon carpet.

4. The Nozzle is always level onthe floor.

5. Easiest machine to opearte.6. Requires no special care. Oiling

once a month.7. Universal type motor; of great

advantage in any household apparatus.8. Construction mostly aluminum.

Best material used throughout. Utmostcare in assembling.

9. Each machine carries our absoluteguarantee.

10. Equipment for cleaning bedding,drapery, upholstered furniture, etc.

AGENTSSome good territory still available. I¡ Best

Best season for sale of Cleaners justopening. Exclusive and remunerativeagency proposition. Write today.

The BEECleaner

Model "D"The Most Highly

DevelopedSanitary Suction

Cleaner

Manufacturers of full line of Suc-tion Cleaners, Massage Vibrators, HairDryers, etc.

EfficiencyIncreased1 005 o by ourNew Devicefor raisingor loweringthe nozzleto suit thethickness ofthe Rug orCarpet.

BIRTMAN ELECTRIC CO., Chicago, Ill.For our Mutual Advantage mention Popular Electricity when writing to Advertisers.


The Untrained Man The Trained Man

Your Futth:-e DependsOn Yourself

A few years hence, then what? Will you still be an untrained, underpaidlaborer, or will you be a specialist in your chosen line of work where you can earnmore in one day than the untrained man earns in a week?

Your future depends upon yourself. You must decide now. To hesitate, to put it off,or to be undecided means that you must plod the hard road of disappointment, poverty, andfailure. To mark and mail the attached coupon is the first step to promotion and success.

The only way to keep out of the dollar -a -day pla_ss is to get the special training that willcommand the attention and a better salary from the man higher up. The InternationalCorrespondence Schools have shown to thousands the way to positions of power andincreased salaries. They can do the same for you.

Your future is before you. Are you inter-ested enough in it to learn how the I. C. S. canfit you for a real big job? No matter where youlive, how little you earn, or what your previouseducation has been, the I. C. S. have a way ofhelping you. For over 21 years the I. C. S. havebeen helping young men to increase their earn-ings and to rise to positions that insure a betterincome.

The 400 or more letters that are sent to usevery month reporting increased salaries, proveour ability to help you.

Choose a high -salaried future and

Mark and Mail the Coupon NOW.

International Correspondence Schools .Box 1102, Scranton, Pa.

. Please explain, without further obligation on my part, how can qualify for a larger salary and advancement to the

position, trade, or profession before which I have marked X

Name

St. and No.

Electrical EngineeringElectric LightingElectric RailwaysElectdciºnElectric Car RunningDynamo ForemanWiremºnMining EngineerTelephone ExpertSurveyorCivil EngineerAutomobile RunningAgriculture

Mechanical EngineerMechanical DraftsmanR. R. ConstructionConcrete ConstructionArchitectContracting and Build'gArchitectural DraftsmanPlumbing and HeatingChemistBookkeeperAdvertising ManCivil Service Exam..Salesmanship

City State

.

Present Occupation



IntelligentIndustry Insures

IndependenceBy FRANKLIN O. KING

The Man Who tries to Kill an Elephant with aPop -Gun is on a Par with the Person who wouldplan to Pulverize a Peanut with a Pile -Driver.Both may be Terribly in Earnest but Neither has aCorrect Idea of the Eternal fitness of Things.Fools Spoil their Tools when they try to ReapResults without Rules. Like the Horse on theTreadmill-They are Walking Fast, but not GettingAnywhere, in Particular. The Untrained Man,with only Brute -Strength tocommend Him, is up against aHard Proposition in this Dayand Age of Specialized Suprem-a.

n other Words, the Man whoKnows How to do one or twothings well, has most Every-body, else "On the hummer,"when it comes to Competition.Emerson said:-"The Man whoMakes the best Mouse -trap willfind a Beaten Path to his Door,even though he Live in theMidst of a Forest." I am notso Sure about the quotation, butit simply bristles with Truth,like Quills on the Ridge -pole of aFretful Porcupine. The Manwith the Hoe would make more"dough" if he used ModernMethods to Sow and to Reap.

The Business Man makes theBest Farmer, because he Ap-plies Business Principles to Buy-ing and Selling, as well as toGrowing his Crops. His Creedis Simply to make a Two -DollarBill grow where only a "One -Spot" grew before, and with allDue Respect to the Yokel who is Merely Multiply-ing Blades of Grass, I think the Business Farmer hasthe Bulge.

The Mechanic, the School -teacher, the Doctor,the Lawyer and the Day -laborer are all "BusinessMen," when it comes Right Down to it.-" Even asYou and I." Most of Them have had Training inthe "School of Hard Knocks," and Know How toListen when "Money Talks." It only requires theApplication of Brains in Order to make the Earthmost Anywhere Bloom with Life.

Ben Franklin said:-" He who by the Plow wouldThrive, Himself must either Hold or Drive." TheMan who is Really in Earnest will absolutely makegood on a Small Farm, if he will only Put his Shoulderto the Wheel, and stay "Put." Work Wins-It Al-ways Wins, but Industry and Intelligence areIrresistible and Invincible.

Since Investigating Conditions in the Rain Beltof Gulf Coast Texas, I have no Fear of Old Age orPoverty, because I Know I can Take Up a Few Acres

Two Texas Gulf Coast Products

down there and be Absolutely Independent. I amFirmly Convinced that with Average Intelligenceand Average Industry, any Man who is now WorkingHis Head off in the North to make a Bare Living,where they Snatch one Crop between Snow -Stormsand Blizzards, can soon Lay up a Nice Bank Accountin the Winter Garden of America. Come to theLand of Least Resistance, where You can Grow ThreeBig Money -Making Crops a Year on the Same Soiland Without a Dollar's Worth of Expense for Irriga-tion or Fertilization.

I believe you could save Twenty -Five Cents aDay if You Tried. I know you would Try if youRealized that our Growers of Figs, Strawberriesand Early Vegetables clear a net profit of $300 to$500 an Acre. Men have Realized more than $1,000an Acre growing Oranges in our Country. Remem-ber that our Early Vegetables get to Northern Mar-kets in Mid -Winter and Early Spring, when theycommand Top Prices.

One German Truck Grower on adjoining landslast spring realized nearly $500from three -fourths of an acreof Strawberries. You could doas well if you only Tried, and ona Ten -Acre Trait Find Finan-cial Freedom.

The Biggest Price paid for acar of watermelons on theHouston Market last year was$140. The car was shipped bythe Danbury Fruit and TruckGrowers' Association.

We are situated within con-venient shipping distance ofThree Good . Railroads and in

'S addition to this have the in-estimable Advantages of WaterTransportation through theSplendid Harbors of Galvestonand Velasco, so that our FreightRates are Cut Practically inHalf. The Climate is Extreme-ly Healthful and Superior tothat of California or Florida-Winter or Summer-owing tothe Constant Gulf Breeze.

Our Contract Embodies Lifeand Accident Insurance, andshould You Die or become total-ly disabled, Your family, or any

one else You name, will get the Farm without thePayment of Another Penny. If you should be Dis-satisfied, we will Absolutely Refund your Money, asper the Terms of our Guarantee.

Write for our Free Book, which contains nearly100 Photographs of Growing Crops, etc. Fill Outthe Blank Space below with your Name and Ad-dress, plainly written, and mail it to the Texas -GulfRealty Company, 1383 Peoples Gas Bldg., Chicago,Ill. Read it Carefully, then use your own GoodJudgment.

Please send me your book, "Independence WithTen Acres."

Per our Mutual Advantage mention Popular Electricity when writing to Advertisers.


ÁLMOST FREE!Practical Books With The Magazine ThatMakes Facts More Fascinating Than Fiction

We offer your choice of these practical books. Each one ofthem was written by an acknowledged authority in his special line.No technical education is necessary for their complete understanding.They are just the thing for the beginner, the practical man, orfor that studious boy who is continually asking questions. Theyare not only for the worker or student in each special field, butfor the intelligent reader who wants to know in a general way,how things are done in the trades and professions, or in business.

Just Read These Titles glrWe want new readers to TECHNICAL WORLD MAGAZINE-

the most fascinatingly interesting. illustrated monthly published. Wewant practical men to realize the immense good that they can do forthemselves by seeing TECHNICAL WORLD every month. and onthat account we make the following

EXTRAORDINARY OFFERTechnical World Magazine AU Only

For One Full Year (12 Wonderful Numbers) $1.65And Any Book Listed Opposite

(Sent Prepaid)After one book and the magazine have been ordered at $1.65, additional books

may be added to your order at only 75 cents each, just hal pace. This is a splendidopportunity to get a full set of practical books. Read the titles over again and leehow many there are that you ought to have.

Now Read Why You Should Be a Subscriberto Technical World Magazine

TECHNICAL WORLD MAGAZINE believes that real achievements, real events,when properly presented, are far more interesting than mere fiction; that the mostthrillingstory in the world is the story of man's ceaseless fight to conquer and overcome, and bendto his service the tremendous forces of :nature. Its heroes are men of action, the oneswho, the World over, are really doing things, really encountering dangers, really comingout triumphant at the end of the story with a new achievement to be written large in theannals of our progress. These are the stories that are more fascinating than fiction ; thestories that you want to read-that everyone in your family wants to read ; the things thatyou must know about in order to keep up-to-date: the things that you can only read aboutentertainingly in the pages of TECHNICAL WORLD MAGAZINE.

TECHNICAL WORLD MAGAZINE is not "technical," lust wonderfully, inform-ing and fascinatingly interesting. You don't need a college edueaticn to like TECH-NICAL WORLD MAGAZINE ; just brains.

Order at OnceOf course you know that this offer is going to produce a perfect avalanche of orders.

Of some of the books listed above, we have only a few hundred copies It will be bestin ordering, to name one or two additional books as alternatives, in case our stock of theone you particularly want is exhausted. But better still. to insure getting what you want,sit right down this minute, cut out the coupon, and mail to us. with currency, stamps,silver or money order.

Technical World Magazine CooupoynBack

5760 Drexel Avenue, Chicago, Ill., U. S. A.

Nema

THE BOOKSAutomobilesCarpentryGas Engines and ProducenMasonry ConstructionReinforced ConcreteSteam EnginesElectric RailwaysEstimatingContracts and Specification.Valve GearsStn.ngth of MaterialsEle..trio TelegraphMeekanieel DrawingPower StationsPattern MakingPlane SurveyingSteel ConstructionBuilding SuperintendenceArcki teeth rai DrawingMachine Shop WorkMachine DesignTool Making

BUSINESS BOOKSBank BookkeepingBusiness Management, Part IBusiness Management, Part IICorporation Accounts and the

Voucher SystemDepartment Store AccountsFactory AccountsInsurance and Real Estate

AeeountsPractical Bookkeeping

New, up-to-date material, pre-pared especially for us. Size ofbooks Is 6% -in. x 9S( -in. ; print-ed on a fine grade of super-calendered book paper, pro-fusely illustrated with fine draw-ings and half tones, durablyand artistically bound in hand.some red cloth. They are $1.50books judged from every stand-ard of value in the publishingbusine::s. They sell regularlyfor $1.50 in first class bookstores. Some of them sell for$2.00.

s

.ond)111111l'-: c¡Riga;I

wnw nIM, ICTION

TECHNICALWORLD

MAGAZ I N E

OYeIL Enclosed herewith is $

TECH.WORLD

MAGAZINE5760 Drexel Ave.

Chicago. Ill.

for which send me TECHNI-I CAL WORLD MAGAZINE forone year and the following handbooks,

prepaid:

Five days after receiving books and first copy of the magazine,1f I am notsatisfied. I may return the books, and you are to return

my money. Popular Electricity 3-13

ADDRESS


3- POPULAR ELECTRICITY MAGAZINE for MARCH

CLASSIFIEDADVERTISEbIENTS

THE COST OF ADVERTISING IN THISSECTION IS 5 CENTS PER WORD

Remittance must accompany order,or advertisement will not be inserted.

Forms for the April issue close March 1st.

AERONAIITICS

MAKE AN AEROPLANE OUT OF YOURbicycle for $6.00. Drawings 30c. Thomas Hof-meister, Overlea, Md.

ARE YOU LOOKING FOR ROTATINGplanes on a flyer? Get the model plans and ex-planations of my "Circle Aeroplane" for 25c. It'sa sure winner. C. R. Zickler, Route No. 29, Yon-kers, N. Y.

TWO FOOT MODEL AEROPLANES, BLER-iot, Antoinette, Demoiselle, $1.00 each. Curtiss,Farman, Wright, $2.00 each, in knock -down formwith blueprint and instructions for building, post-paid. Yale Mfg. Co., D5, Newark, N. J.

COMPLETE PLAN, DRAWN TO SCALE,with concise Instructions for building a 3 -footNieuport Monoplane, 25c. Other Plans: Bleriot,15c, Wright, 25c, Curtiss, 35c, "Cecil Peoli" Cham-pion Racer, 25c. Set of five, $1.00. 40 pp. ModelSupply Catalog, 5c. IDEAL AEROPLANE CO.,86B West Broadway, New York.

AGENTS WANTED

AGENTS, RENEW OLD DRY BATTERIES;complete instructions, 25c, guaranteed. Clark,1613 North 13th, Philadelphia.

NEW $$$, BIG BARGAIN FOUNTAIN PEN.Sample 25c; five for $1.00. postpaid. Johnson Co.,112 Viola St., St. Paul, Minn.

DON'T ACCEPT AN AGENCY UNTIL YOUget my samples and particulars. Money makers.Address SAYMAN, 706 Sayman Bldg., St. Louis,Mo.

SHOW CARD AGENTS ARE MAKING MON-ey in bunches. Catalog free. Popular Show CardCo., Dept. C. H., 1235 Michigan Ave., Chicago.

GET POSTED WHERE TO BUY EVERY -thing the Mail Dealer or Agent needs. Our newDirectory is just off the press. Tells you where tobuy from first hands about two thousand differentarticles. It will save you many dollars. Price$1.00 postpaid. Hardware Electric Supply Co.,56 Charlotte St., Buffalo, N. Y.

SEE WHAT I SAY UNDER "TYPE -writers." ATCHISON.

SEE DISPLAY AD, PAGE 63. DOUD LIGHT-ing Co., Chicago.

AGENTS-YOU CAN SELL ADDING MA -chines at $1.00 and $3.50. Big Profits. B. Bas-sett, 5921 Indiana Ave., Chicago.

AGENTS WANTED

PERFECTION POCKET . ADDING MA-chine-Lightning seller; agents wanted. CincinnatiSpecialty Co., Dept. E, Cincinnati, Ohio.

AGENTS:-MY TWELVE MONEYMAKERSbring repeat orders. Easy selling plans. Big prof-its. G. Rolfe, 923 N. Alder, Philadelphia, Pa. -

AGENTS WANTED TO SELL ARTICLEwhich can be used in every home and schoolhouse.Non -Draft Ventilator Co., Frankfort, Ind.

190% PROFIT. HOUSEHOLD NECESSITY"IS" New "Will" Sell itself, 20c. package-proposition 10c. John Hellwig, 494 Clinton St.,Albany, N. Y.

DISTRICT MANAGERS - PEERLESS POL-isher - an ingenious, indispensable article; wonder-ful seller, producing $200 to $500 monthly. Fors-lund Sales Agency, Superior, Wisconsin.

A DOZEN NEWLY PATENTED ELECTRI-cal devices, all quick sellers; 32 -page catalogue; ex-clusive territory. PRESTO ELECTRIC COM-PANY, 325 Geary, San Francisco.

$100.00 TO $300.00 INVESTED IN OUR NEWBall gum vending machines will turn your sparetime into big money. May make you independent.Universal Mfg. Co., Box 18, Columbus. Ohio.

AGENTS SELL PALS CHANGEABLE SCARFPin; make $30 weekly, send stamp for FREE sample.Pals Manufacturing Company, 25 East 14th Street,N. Y. City.

WONDERFUL INVENTION JUST OUT,makes what was drudgery, "just fun." Sells for$3.00. Agent pockets half. Big demand. Illus-trated circular. Tarbox Coy, Haverhill, Mass.

AGENTS - OUR "HOME LAUNDRY TRIO " are winners. Greatest time and labor savers.Money Makers. Write for attractive proposition-To-day. Leibman, Lefferts Ave., Richmond Hill,N. Y.

SELL AND INSTALL OUR NO -BATTERYElectric Bells at big profit. $5 to $10 a day.Expert knowledge not necessary. We can helpyou start a big profitable business. Write forterms. Searles Electric Co., 1155C MonadnockBlock, Chicago.

AGENTS - TO SELL THE NEWEST ELEC-tric appliance on the market; sold everywhere thereis electricity, in the home and office; liberal profits;sales -driving sample, weighs a pound, no experienceor knowledge of electricity required; it shows how touse one light instead of two and get the same results;sells for $3.50 and saves the purchaser an invest-ment of $25. Write for particulars. THEHANDY LIGHT CO., 25 Handy Light Block, Cin-cinnati, Ohio.

500 PER CENT PROFIT-YOUR OPPOR-tunity. Act how. Buyers everywhere for ourU. S. Fire Extinguisher. Low Cost; fast seller;sure profits; exclusive territory. District man-agers wanted. United Mfg. Co., 1027 Jefferson,Toledo, O.

AGENTS - WOULD YOU TAKE A STEADYjob where you can clear $20 to $30 weekly and workup to yearly profits of $3,000 or more? My line issnappy household goods. Quick sellers! Get busywith postal asking particulars. E. M. Davis, B16Davis Blk., Chicago.


AGENTS WANTED

MANUFACTURER OF GUARANTEEDhosiery with linen heels and toes wants agent inevery town and city. Re -orders insure permanent,increasing income. Exclusive territory. Credit.Parker Mills, 707 Chestnut St., Philadelphia, Pa.

AGENTS AND SALESMEN WILL SECUREFREE, complete information of numerous money-making selling propositions and newest specialtiesin hands of responsible concerns by addressingDISTRIBUTOR, R. 15, 26 Cedar St., N. Y.

AGENTS - SOMETHING NEW - FASTESTsellers and quickest repeater on earth. Permanent,profitable business. Good for $50 to $75 a week.Write for particulars. AMERICAN PRODUCTSCO., ,6157 Sycamore St., Cincinnati, O.

AGENTS - OUR NIGHT WATCH BURGLARalarm. Explodes a blank cartridge if window ordoor is tampered with; never fail; big seller. Sam-ple 35 cents. Wedge Mfg. Company, H. Bing-hamton, N. Y.

AGENTS MAKE BIG MONEY SELLINGour new gold letters for office windows, store frontsand glass signs. Anyone can put them on. Writetoday for a free sample and full particulars. Metal-lic Sign Letter Co., 400 N. Clark St., Chicago, Ill.

AG 3NTS-PORTRAITS 35c, FRAMES 15c,Sheet Pictures lc. Stereoscopes 25c. Views lc.30 days' credit. Samples and catalog free. Con-solidated Portrait Co., Dept. 8403, 1027 W. AdamsSt., Chicago.

MAKE AND SELL YOUR OWN GOODS.Formulas by Expert Chemists. We obtain yourGovernment Serial Number. Catalogue for stamp.E. MYSTIC COMPANY, Washington, D. C.

WE MANUFACTURE GLASS PAPER.Plain glass windows made to look like real stainedglass. Easily applied and beautifies the home.Something new for agents. Two sheets of this glasspaper sent as a sample with catalogue in colorsand complete instructions on receipt of 10c. S. H.Parrish &-Co., 202 S. Clark St., Chicago.

AGENTS - SALESMEN. .SEASONABLEseller, latest $3.50 electric invention fills demandnever before supplied; home, office, store, every-where eagerly sought. Repeat orders outnumberfirst sales; you control territory, no competition,unlimited possibilities. Write Frank W. Alden,Agency Manager, 241 Station F., Cincinnati, Ohio.

GENERAL AGENTS - CAPABLE OF CALL-ing on the big trade themselves and handling can-vassers for the house to house and office to officebusiness to sell the newest electric specialty on themarket; sold everywhere there is electricity; in thehome, office, factory, store, hotel; liberal profits;sales -driving sample, weighs a pound, no experienceor knowledge of electricity required; shows how touse one light instead of two and get the same results;sells for $2.50, $3.50, $5.00 and saves the purchaseran investment of $25.00. Write for particulars.THE HANDY LIGHT CO., 253 Handy LightBlock, Cincinnati, Ohio.

WANTED-DISTRIBUTORS OF ADVERTIS-ing matter everywhere. American Distributor,Blairsville, Pa.

AGENTS-COST 2c, SELL 25c. SIGN LET-ters put on with roller. Samples free. Em-bossed Letter Co., 232 West Illinois, Chicago.

AGENTS WANTED

DIME SAFETY RAZOR. BIG SELLER.Agents. Sample 10c. McGuinness, 612 EastFourth St., Brooklyn, N. Y.

AGENTS WANTED FOR ORIENTALnovelties, never before seen in America. Quicksellers. Repeaters. Immense profits. JosephKanematz, Box 529, Portland, Oregon.

GREAT NEW AGENTS' ARTICLE! "FAM-ily knife and fork cleaner" made of cork, felt andsteel. Sells like wildfire. Dozen postpaid 75c.Sample 10c. Bauer, 135 East 341h St., New York.

MANUFACTURER OF FAMOUS BRANDPackages. "Forkola" wants Men and Women tosell direct to the consumer. Protected territory.Send for particulars. Bacorn Co., Elmira, N. Y.

AGENTS CAN MAKE BIG MONEY SELLINGour line of newly patented household articles. Writeto -day. Main Specialty Company, Dept. 9,Williamsport, Pa.

INVISIBLE PEN -PENCIL H O L D E R.Holds several. Unique. Agents over hundredper cent. Sample 10 cents. Nouveau Sales Co.,Raleigh, N. C.

AGENTS - JUST OUT - BIG PROFITS.Parcel Post Hand Book with map, regulations,rules for finding rates by zones. It's worth 50c.Free circulars. Sample and full particulars 15c.J. Julian & Co., Dept. 5, 110 Mott St., New York.

GUILFORD KEROSENE MANTLE LAMPS-America's largest variety. Burners fit ordinarylamps. The agents' sure money makers. GuilfordCo., Seville, Ohio.

HOME BUSINESS-COLLECT NAMES, IN -formation, etc., for business concerns. Steady in-come. Instructive booklet for stamp. Informa-tion System, 412, Marietta, Ohio.

SELL DEALERS, MAKE 50 PER CENT.ONsales; good article, attractively displayed; retails10c; send 5c for sample. Rawlings, Box 1053,Central Station, St. Louis, Mo.

SIGN AGENTS, PAINTERS 500% PROFITwith our splendid line guaranteed non -tarnishablegold sign letters, trade emblems, make -up -yourselfaluminum door -plates. Catalogue, samples, free.Eastern Specialty Co., Dept.. 3, 63 Barclay St., N. Y.

ANY INTELLIGENT CANVASSER CANearn $150.00 monthly selling our patented House-hold Specialties. Every housekeeper a customer.Investigate to -day. Main Specialty Co., Dept. 27,Williamsport, Pa.

CHI-LAQ - NEW IDEA. REPEATER.Sells year 'round. Agents double money. 25cpackage makes full quart superior polish, cleanserand renewer. Cleans and polishes everything -automobiles, pianos, furniture, etc. General agentswanted to organize and manage sub -agents. Out-fit 25c. Rebated first order. Proposition free.CHI CHEMICAL COMPANY, 5185 EuclidAvenue, Cleveland, Ohio.

BE INDEPENDENT! START A MAIL OR -der business in your own horrie. We tell you how,and furnish everything needed wholesale. Anhonorable and profitable business for man or woman.Particulars free. Many make $3000 a year. Mur-phy Mfg. Co., South Norwalk, Conn.


AGENTS WANTED

$2.50 PER DAY PAID ONE MAN OR WOMANin each town to distribute free circulars and takeorders for concentrated flavoring in tubes. Per-manent position. J. S. Ziegler Co., 445-B, DearbornSt., Chicago.

AGENTS SELL RICH LOOKING IMPORTED36x68 Rug, $1. Carter, Tenn., sold 115 in four days.Profit $57. You can do as well. Write for sellingplan. Sample offer. Exclusive territory. Samplerug sent by prepaid parcel post 98c. R. Condon,Importer, Stonington, Me.

ATTENTION! WONDERFUL MACHINEmerges one pint of milk into one pound of butterin two minutes. Write for names and addresses of500 home users, sworn testimonials, illustratedcirculars, and agents' credit terms. Family ButterMerger Co., Washington, D. C.

MILK TESTER "INSPECTOR" SHOWSimmediately if milk is pure or watered. Utmostpractical household article at present. Protectsevery family against fraud. Just out. Sells atsight. Retail 50c. 100% profit. Specialty Co.,Dept. II, 672 Eagle Ave., New York, N. Y.

AGENTS WANTED QUICK. CLEAN LE-gitimate money -making proposition. No space forexplanations. Write for full particulars and ex-clusive territory. Krueger Mfg. Co., Dept. 8A,167 W. Washington, Chicago.

SAMPLE FREE -BOYERS' AUTOMATICRe -Finisher for Furniture, Store, Bank and OfficeFixtures - Finest thing in the World. One ap-plication lasts a year. Applied with cheese cloth.Boyer Chemical Laboratory Co., State and Michi-gan Sts., Chicago.

AGENTS WANTED EVERYWHERE TOsell our wonderful substitute for the back collarbutton. Agents make good all over. Vest pocketsample. Will convince any merchant. Sample 10c.Laskin Collar Clip Co., 333 S. Market St., Chicago.

KEROSENE FOR AUTOMOBILES. AIR -Friction Carburetor, new "Model B" uses success-fully half and half mixture lowest grades keroseneand gasoline. Starts easy at Zero. One third morepower. One third more economy. Satisfactionguaranteed or money refunded. Suits all auto-mobile and marine motors. Special agents' prices.Department "A," Air -Friction Carburetor Co.,Dayton, Ohio.

AGENTS - DROP DEAD ONES. AWAKE!Grab this new invention. Low-priced waterpowerhome massage machine. Magical, marvelous,mysterious. New field. Big profits. Sold onmoney back guarantee. " Margwarth sold 5 in 10minutes; 31 in 2 days." " Parker sells 8 first day."" Vaughn, your machine has merit. Express 6dozen." Free information. Blackstone Co., 656Meredith, Toledo, Ohio.

WE WANT A FEW LIVE, TOP-NOTCHsalesmen, with experience selling books, subscriptionor specialty lines, who are looking for a high-classproposition that offers a permanent future with achance to make good money right from the start,to call on business firms only, with a subscriptionproposition which is a necessity, and on which thereis no competition. Men now with us are makingfrom $25.00 to $60.00 weekly. Address W. A.Clink, 1705 Kesner Bldg., Chicago.

AGENTS WANTED

GET VALUABLE AGENCY EXCLUSIVELY,in your locality - $50 to $100 a week commissioneasily made by reliable, energetic men and womenselling low-priced Ind -Electric Beauty and Healthmachine. Sells on sight. Write immediately orlose big opportunity. Ind -Electric Mfg. Co., Desk13, 432 Peoples Gas Building, Chicago.

AGENTS - $200 MONTHLY DISTRIBUT-ing Newell's needle cases. Sell 115 needles in bookfor 10c and make 200% profit. Approval Planenvelopes make talking unnecessary. Crew Man-agers write. Send 10c for sample book and particu-lars. Newell Company, 509 N. Grand, St.Louis, Mo.

AUTOMOBILES

WHITE STEAM AUTOMOBILE, EXCEL -lent condition, $75. Geo. Wills, Canal Dover,Ohio.

AUTOMOBILE BARGAINS. LOWESTprices and largest list in the world. All guaranteed,shipped freight prepaid; get my prices beforepurchasing. Runabouts, Oldsmobile, Reo, Cadillac,$50; Fords, Buicks, $150; Touring cars, Cadillac$90; Reo $150; Buick $175; Winton $275; PopeToledo $300; Ford $300; Maxwell $275; I have allmakes on hand. I desire agents to sell my cars;write for Special Agents' proposition at once. P. E.King, 217 West 125th St., New York City.

AUTO ACCESSORIES

ELECTRIC LIGHT FOR MOTORCYCLES.Storage Battery, built right, $5.00. AmericanBattery Co., 1121 Fulton St., Chicago.

CHARGE THE BATTERY YOURSELF."American" rectifiers-all sizes. Storage bat-teries-all sizes. American Battery Company,1123 Fulton St., Chicago.

TIRES-ALL MAKES, ALL GUARANTEED.28x2% $4.50; 30x3 $6; 30x3% $13. Write for ourcomplete list of tires and tubes before purchasing.We ship C. O. D. Guarantee Tire Company,Dept. E, 213-219 West 125th St., N. Y. City.

GUARANTEED 5,000 MILES WITHOUTpuncture. If your tires are old, don't throw themaway, or you'll throw away $50 to $200. WithDurable Treads we give you a written guarantee for5,000 miles without puncture. This is bindingwhether your tires are new or old -tread -worn,rim -cut or rut -worn. Durable Treads cost onlyhalf as much as tires. Write for booklet and specialdiscount at once to Colorado Tire & Leather Co.,1234 Majestic Bldg., Chicago, Ill., 528 N. W. 34thSt., New York City. 435 -N Golden Gate Ave.San Francisco Cal. 1348-N Acoua St., DenverColo.

BOOKS AND PERIODICALSNEW 32 PAGE BOOK FOR GENTLEMEN.

Send 12c. Curtis Co., E5 Englewood, Chicago.HOW TO MAKE STORAGE BATTERY -

Book tells how, and Digest, one year, 25c. Digest,Grand Rapids, Mich.

"TELEPHONE TROUBLES AND HOW TOFind them," 15th edition (56 pages), 25c. HydePub. Co., 183 5th St., Milwaukee, Wis.


BOOKS AND PERIODICALSCLASSY BOOKS - STAMP BRINGS CATA-

logue. Paul Duff, 2713 N. Mozart St., Chicago."RHYMES OF DAVID." RACY, RARE,

true to nature. One dollar. Fetter Book Co.,Robinson, Md.

THREE LITTLE " BOOKS FOR LADIES,postpaid¡ in plain cover, for 25c. (Tell what youwant to know.) O. K. Pub. Co., Decatur, Ill.

HOW TO MAKE DYNAMO-BOOK TELLShow, and Digest, one year, 25c. Digest, GrandRapids, Mich.

SECOND-HAND BOOKS, HALF -PRICES ONevery subject. New 25 per cent discount. Booksbought. Catalogue 544 post free. Foyle, 121Charing Cross Rd., London, England.

NO MORE DEAD ENGINES, OR WALKSback to town. New discovery guaranteed. In-struction booklet 25c. Thomas Mfg. Co. StarTheater Building, Des Moines, Iowa.

WONDERFUL BOOK ON HYPNOTISM,personal magnetism, magnetic healing and occultscience sent free to anyone. Send your addresstoday. M. D. Betts, Sta. 129, Jackson, Mich.

THE MARRIAGE GUIDE, TELLS RAREthings you should know before and after marriage.276 pages of valuable information. Price $1.00.J. F. Sheridan, 417 E. 151st St., New York.

SEND 12c FOR "SEXUAL PHILOSOPHY,"clearest, best, most instructive sex manual pub-lished. Actually teaches, not merely argues. Writetoday. "Health -Wealth" Publishing House, 85Bennington St., Lawrence, Mass.

"THE GUARDIANS OF THE COLUMBIA."Just published, describes the beautiful PacificCoast scenery, with maps and 210 illustrations(eight in colors) size 7x10% inches. Cloth binding.$1.66 postpaid. Circular for 2c. N. B. Pearson,340 East 45th St., S. Portland, Ore.

ELECTRICITY. JUST WHAT YOU HAVEbeen looking for. Our Modern Blue Print ChartMethod of Electrical Wiring Diagrams. Thor-oughly explained so that you can easily understandthem. All kinds of Bell Wiring, Annunciators,Telephones, House Wiring, Conduit, Theatre, Iso-lated Plants, Dynamos, Transformers, Arc Lights,Special Treatise on Motor Wiring. Write now forinformation. ELECTRICAL WIRING DIA-GRAM CO., Box B 173, Altoona, Pa.

"WIRING A HOUSE," BY H. PRATT,shows a house already built; tells you just howto start about wiring it; where to begin; whatwire to use; how to run it according to insurancerules; in fact, all the information necessary forwiring a house and shop. Postpaid, 25c. PopularElectricity Book Department.

BUSINESS OPPORTUNITIES


MAIL ORDER BUSINESS. ONE DIME FORfour plans and you're started. E. Dunne, 7631Sangamon St., Chicago.

JUST OFF THE PRESS! TWENTY SUCCESS-ful money -making plans. All sure money -gettersby mail, 50 cents. No stamps. B. W. NettlebeckFalls City, Nebraska.

BUSINESS OPPORTUNITIES

WE HAVE ONE OF THE GREATEST PROP-ositions on the market to -day for the live agent.Catalogue free. Main Specialty Co., Desk 218,Williamsport, Pa.

FREE! MONEY -MAKING PLAN. JUSTsend a self-addressed envelope with a lc stamp at-tached for postage. Frank Cote, Box 1, Saco,Maine.

EARN MONEY WRITING MOTION PIC-ture Plays; Big Demand. Complete legitimateinstructions 10c. Hester, 651 Northampton, East-on, Pa.

BE A MANUFACTURER! BIG PROFITS.Easily done. Your kitchen will serve as a factory.Sample formula, lists and plans 10c. The AnjoCompany, A497, Galesburg, 111.

CONDUCT PAYING MAIL ORDER BUSI-ness from your home: $5.00 Starts business, com-plete course $1, particulars FREE. Box 115,Brooklyn, N. Y.

START A GOOD PAYING BUSINESS OFyour own during your spare time. The "KEY"will tell you how. Price 10c. L. J. Mathewson,Waubay, S. Dak.

PATENTS BRING WEALTH. WRITE FORproof and book which tells the kind that pay.Your idea may make your fortune. AlexanderWedderburn, Atty., Dept. M, Washington, D. C.

MAIL ORDER BUSINESS IN IT'S TRUElight, 100 testimonial letters, and particulars howyou may obtain on loan, advertised mail order"instructions" and plans, sent on request. LibraryDivision 46, "MAIL ORDER NEWS," FISH -KILL, N. Y.

WE FURNISH YOU CAPITAL TO RUNprofitable business of your own. Become our localrepresentative and sell high-grade custom-madeshirts, also guaranteed sweaters, underwear, hosieryand neckties, direct to homes. Write, SteadfastMills, Department 21, Cohoes, N. Y.

IF I START YOU MAKING $50 to $200monthly utilizing spare time evenings will you payme $50 in six months time for my services? Re-member I GUARANTEE success under forfeiture ofmy fee. If interested enclose ten cents (to keep outtriflers) for full instructions. Address V. K. Lein -miller, 1013 Olive St., Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.

EARN GOOD PAY SENDING US NAMESand addresses. Particulars 8 stamps. PrincessPerfume Co., 506 East Utica St., Buffalo, N. Y.

EARN $10 TO $15 A WEEK AND HOLDyour position besides. No canvassing. We, asmanufacturers of patented just -in -season special-ties, have new easy Mail Order Plans to keepfactories busy. We furnish everything. Largeprofits. Small capital. Experience unnecessary.If you are ane of the wart -to -go-ahead kind, writefor our most modern (copyrighted) plans. Swornstatement. J. M. Pease Mfg. Co., 550 Pease Bldg.,Main St., Buffalo, N. Y.

WE START YOU IN BUSINESS, FURNISH-ing everything; men and women, $30.00 to $200.00weekly operating our ORIGINAL "New SystemSpecialty Candy Factories;" home or small roomanywhere. Opportunity lifetime; booklet free.H. RAGSDALE CO., East Orange, N. J.


BUSINESS OPPORTUNITIESBE YOUR OWN BOSS - WE SHOW YOU

how. One hundred profitable business chances toselect from, particulars free.' Peoples SupplyHouse, Connellsville, Pa. Dept. A.

OPEN AUTOMOBILE & MOTORCYCLEbusiness of your own; capital and experience unnec-essary. We show you how to get all the machinesyou can sell. Full instructions for $1.00. Nostamps. John Routier, Rochester, N. Y.

ACTIVE STOCK, WHEAT AND COTTONmarkets make extraordinary profits possible fromventures of $10 up; buying option -contracts; bestspeculative plan; particulars furnished. GEO. B.REIMEL & CO., 6 Wall St., New York.,

ADVERTISERS! MAIL DEALERS. OURAdvertisers' Guide gives rates, circulation of 2,000Different Publications. Includes 30 Mail OrderPlans. Sent complete 10c. Dearborn AdvertisingAgency, 527 Franklin Bldg., Chicago.

WE HELP YOU RAISE CAPITAL AT ONCEto start you in retail, manufacturing, patent, realestate, mail order or any legitimate business bymeans of "Our Practical Method." Particularsfree. The Business Aid Co., K 508, Detroit, Mich.

DANDY HOME BUSINESS - COLLECTnames, information, etc., for business concerns.Steady income. Fascinating work. Instructivebooklet for stamp. Information System, 410,Marietta, Ohio.

FOR 10c. TO COVER ADVERTISING, MAIL-ing, etc., I'll send sample circular and full instruc-tions for operating legitimate scheme that broughtme $2 an hour. If satisfactory remit $1; if not,return. Fink, Y.M.C.A., Kane, Pa.

TRY THIS - YOUR NAME IN OUR SYNDI-cate magazine directory three issues 25c. Big mailfor you and the latest propositions from dealers andmanufacturers. Results guaranteed. Copy of ourmagazine 10c. The "LEVER" MAIL TRADER,449M, Elizabeth, New Jersey.

LET ME START YOU IN THE MAIL ORDER.business anywhere. I started with an idea and$100.00 and made six hundred and fifty thousanddollars in 18 months. I tell yyou WHAT TO DOAND HOW TO DO IT. Don't be a wage slave; getout of the rut; get grit; get backbone; wake up andstart NOW. Write and learn of my money -makingmail order plans. My great FREE book, "How toAchieve Mail Order Success," tells all about myown achievements and how I equip, teach and getyou started. This book tells how to quickly startin your home, while otherwise employed. It is a Bline to a large income. Send for my new free bookand start makingmoney now. Address President,Mail Order School, Suite 2292 Brecht Bldg., Den-ver, Colo.

RESIDENT MANAGER WANTED INevery city and town to open and manage branchoffice; brand new proposition; Wonder Cloth findsa steady sale in every home, office, store, factory,garage, etc; three big sources of profit-a local, amail sales and a jobbing business; cash sales; dupli-cate orders; samples, printed matter and new sellingmethod furnished free; no experience needed; canmake up to $5,000 yearly. If you have a few dollarsand good reference, write-Bethlehem Utilities Co.,Dept. 25, 65 Pine Street, New York.

BUSINESS OPPORTUNITIESBIG MONEY IN THE MAIL ORDER BUSI-

ness. Experience unnecessary. Small capital. In-structions free. Keith, 722 Central Building, Roch-ester, N. Y.

$1.00 A WEEK WILL START YOU IN A BIGmoney -making mail order business with the bestline-in spare time. Particulars Free. Nadico Co.,1671 Belmont Ave., Chicago.

COINS AND STAMPSSTAMPS -100 ALL DIFFERENT, FREE.

Postage 2c. Mention paper. Quaker Stamp Co.,Toledo, Ohio.

STAMPS - ALL KINDS OF ' STAMPSbought and sold. If an active collector write forfree copy of "Philatelic Opinion." Poole, Box 2,Altadena, Calif.

OLD COINS BOUGHT AND SOLD - MYnew 50 page fall coin selling catalogue just out.Free to collectors only. Buying coin catalogue senton receipt of IOc. William Hesslein, Malley Bldg.,New Haven, Conn.

CAMERAS AND OPTICAL GOODSWE BUY, SELL AND EXCHANGE. BAR -

gains in microscopes telescopes binoculars, cam-eras, etc. Bargain list sent. Kahn & Son Op-ticians, No. 54 John St., New York. Established63 years.

DOGS

TRAINED HOUNDS-PEDIGREED COON,cat, bear, deer, wolf, fox and rabbit hounds, pupsthat make good with little training. Sharon CenterKennels, W. J. Little, Prop., Sharon Center, Ohio.

BLOODHOUNDS - FOXHOUNDS, REGIS-tered; trained bear, deer, wolf, coon, and cat dogs;illustrated catalogue 5 -cent stamp. RookwoodKennels, Lexington, Ky.

ELECTRICALRENEW DRY BATTERIES. FORMULA

20c. Johnson, 4333 N. Sawyer Ave., Chicago.WITHOUT CHARGE, WE WILL PLAN THE

wiring of home or business place, showing cost andlocation of each material, enabling you to do it athalf cost. Hadwal Eng. Co., ARECO Building,Bronx, N. Y.

EXPERIMENTERS, INVENTORS ANDProfessional Builders. We can supply anything inin special and regular raw material and articlesfor experimental and model work. Lowest prices.Free advice for Amateurs, Catalog. 6 cents may bededucted with first order of $1.00. ExperimentersSupply Co., 125 S. Fifth Ave., Chicago, Ill.

FOR SALE OR EXCHANGEFOR SALE PEDIGREED AIREDALES.

W. F. Goodin, Columbus, Mont.ONE DOLLAR MONTHLY WILL PROVIDE

you with latest policy paying cash benefits for sick-ness, injury, accident, death. It's great. Writeto -day. Edw. Pauley Insurance, Buffalo, NewYork.



FOR SALE OR EXCHANGE

FELT PENNANTS, ALL COLLEGES, 40c.each. Larger sizes 50c. Harold Hartzman, Moline,Ill.

FENCEPOSTS AND POLES OF RED MOUN-tain cedar-all sizes. Write for price list. Mott& Berg, Cedar Hill Farm, Cocolalla, Idaho.

FOR SALE - ELECTRIC STREET CARtracks, bridge and switch; any reasonable offeraccepted. Fred Loos, 249 Lelia St., Pittsburgh, Pa.

40,000 POUNDS LEAF TOBACCO FOR SALE.Mail stamps for samples to Anton Wavrin, Frank-lin, Ky.

HOUSE ROBBED? PROTECT YOURS.Burglar alarm best on market, 35c. "Juron,"J-1400 Noble St., Chicago, Ill.

FOR SALE OR EXCHANGE-ELECTRICVibrator slightly used. Cost $35.00. E. M. Rider,Central Village, Conn.

200 BONA FIDE NAMES OF GOOD BUYERSsecured by campaign advertising in Popular Elec-tricity, $2.00., T. J. Newlin, Denver, Colo.

EXTRA LARGE BULL ELK HEAD, 13points; one 20 point Moose head. Fine specimens.Reuben Sayler, 497 So. Broadway, Dayton, Ohio.

TATTOOING SUPPLIES, MACHINES $2.50.To advertise, 6 colored designs 15c price list free.F. Barber, 1019 Vine St., Cincinnati, Ohio.

SALE - COMPLETE I. C. S. STEAM ELEC-tric course (cost $106.00). Cheap if taken at once.Lawrence Gates, Winnebago, Minn.

TATTOO MACHINE, INK, AND DIREC-t ions, 50c silver. Electric Machines, Supplies.Rehec Mfg. Co., Cedar Rapids, Iowa.

GUARANTEED RAZOR AND SELF-HON-ing Strop. Two Dollars. Money returned if un-satisfactory. J. Regan, Twenty-second St., EastOrange, N. J.

REMOVE THAT STAIN! INK, FRUIT,coffee, rust, grease, etc., quickly removed. Willnot injure fabric. Sample prepaid, 30c. Otto, Box83, Elizabeth, N. J.

INK PILLS THE BEST FOR LOADINGfountain pens. No soiled fingers. Put contentsof pill in pen, add cold water and write on. 10cents a box. Schuck, 133 Meserole St., Brooklyn,N. Y.

MAKE YOUR AUTO PUMP WATER, SAWwood, etc., by using QUICK DETACHABLEPULLEY. Clamps on rear wheel. Postal bringsillustrated circular with prices. SIMPLEX CO.,5002 Victor Building, Washington, D. C.

ELECTRIC COOKING STOVES WITH CORDAND plug ready to use $1. Big money attachingthese to percolators, chafing dishes, etc. Neville,Broadway 256th Street. N. Y.

BOYS-WE HAVE WHAT YOU NEED,small Power Plants for Shop or House. Enclosestamp for circular. Modern Supply Co., Dept. B.,Connellsville, Pa.

300 PER CENT PROFIT ON GLIDINGcasters, noiseless, won't scratch floors; save carpets,rugs and furniture; child can attach; sell many sets,homes, hotels, restaurants, everybody buys; from15c to 25c a set, cost 4c. Samples etc., 10c. GlidingCaster Co., Willows, Calif.

FOR SALE OR EXCHANGE

FOR SALE-ADVANCE 1911 MINNEAPOLIStwo -speed Motorcycle, with Thor four -motor, PurdyExhaust Whistle_ In perfect condition, $125.00.Gus. A. Anderson, Sauk Centre, Minn.

FOR SALE OR EXCHANGE - VALUABLEcoin collection. Lewis Pendleton, Dodge City,Kansas.

QUICK SHAVE WITHOUT A RAZOR WITHRazorine the new shaving powder, just rub on,wash off and you have a, smooth face. Once used,always used. Box of kve shaves 25c postpaid.Clyde Fahrney, Lock Box 157, Waynesboro, Pa.

FOR SALE. ONE 12" SCHEIDEL WESTERNinduction coil, with single point interrupter, rectifier,etc. Suitable for wireless or X-ray work. Firstmoney order for $50 gets outfit. The Pope Sana-torium, 115 W. Chestnut, Louisville, Ky.

FOR SALE-PATENT ON NURSING BOT-tle holders; something entirely new. Recommend-ed by all physicians who have seen it in use. FrancisH. Escherich, 1917 K St., N. W., Washington, D.C.

FORMULAS

THERE ARE ONLY THREE GOOD FORMU-las for recharging dry batteries. All three for 10c(silver). Box 126. Winfield, Kans.

TESTED FORMULAS. HAIR REMOVER,Hair Restorer and Hair Grower, all for 25c. Ellis,18 John St., Newark, N. J.

START A FORMULA BUSINESS, MAKE$50.00 weekly. 50c. brings complete instructionsand 25 best formulas. Parker, Dept. F., Box 28,Columbia, Tenn.

DRY CELL BATTERIES RENEWED FORone cent each. Two guaranteed formulas 15 centseach or both for 25 cents. Both formulas are en-tirely different. L. M. Kachel R Co., Whitewater,Wisconsin.

GAMES AND AMUSEMENTSMAGIC POCKET TRICK, 10c. ISRAEL,

440E, East 146th St., New York.105 TRICKS, 25c WITH THREE CATALOGS.

Klein, 1193 Broadway, N. Y.PLAYS, VAUDEVILLE SKETCHES, MONO-

logues, Dialogues, Speakers, Minstrel Material,Jokes, Recitations, Tableaux, Drills, Entertain-ments, Make-up Goods, Large Catalog Free.T. S. Denison & Co., Dept. 26, Chicago.

EVERYBODY'S TALKING ABOUT PRESI-dent, the new card game. The most interestinggame of Science and Humor ever published. Printedso they may be used as ordinary playing cards.You'll enjoy it immensely. 50c per deck prepaid.Dealers write President Card Co., Detroit, Mich.

INSTRUCTIONLEARN AUCTIONEERING BY CORRE-

spondence. P. O. Box 72 A, Attica, Indiana.THE MASTERY OF WORDS. HOW TO

command the right word. Invaluable. WriteE. D. Snow, 8 Main, Hornell, N. Y.

OLD DRY BATTERIES MADE NEW AT Acost of lc each. Instructions 15c. Lotton, Wav-erly St., Buffalo, N. Y.


INSTRUCTION

BE A DETECTIVE. EARN FROM $150 TO$300 per month; travel over the world. Write toC. T. Ludwig, 201 Scarritt Bldg., Kansas City, Mo.

CANDY MAKING - $15 COURSE 50c; CIR-cular free. Eagle Co., "D," Quincy, Mass.

HYPNOTIZE (PRACTICALLY) WITHOUThypnotic sleep! 16 Lessons-$1.00 Course, 20c.Publisher, 49¡ Clinton St., Albany, N. Y.

PLAY PIANO OR ORGAN - WALTZES,songs, harmonies, instantly without teacher. Hu-manity's blessing - world sensation. AddressMusician Selfmaker, 2806 Lake St., Chicago.

HOME MADE CHEWING GUM. SELLSlike hot cakes with enormous profits. Art of GumMaking teaches how from A to Z. Address withstamp, H. B. Elliott & Sons, Harbor Springs, Mich.

SECURE CASH FOR YOUR PROPERTYNo matter where located. To buy or sell write forparticulars giving full description. National Prop-erty Salesman Co., Dept. 9, Omaha, Nebr.

"LEARN SOMETHING" - "BE SOME -thing." Complete course in Modern Bookkeeping,Penmanship, Banking, Letter -writing, etc. Allsent postpaid $1. Williams Co., 721 Dearborn Ave.,Dept. 20, Chicago.

MYSTIFY YOUR FRIENDS. BECOME ANEscape King. Packing case, cloth bag and milk -can escape. These three secrets besides 3 methodsof handcuff release, all for 25c in coin. L. J.Knittel, Lyons, N. Y.

NOTES FOR OPERA TIORS. PRACTICALInformation of Real value to motion pictureoperators and beginners. How to produce clear,steady pictures, avoid trouble, and how to take careof the Projecting apparatus. 20c. in coin. J. W.Buickerood, Bound Brook, N. J.

UNCLE SAM IS A LIBERAL EMPLOYER.Qualify for a Government position. We prepareyou by mail for any Civil Service Examination.Many vacancies now exist. Write to -day for freeBooklet 49. Capital Civil Service School, Wash-ington, D. C.

LET US TELL YOU ABOUT OUR COURSESof instruction in Electricity.- One is to make youproficient as an electric wirer; the other, a completecourse in Electrical Engineering - as good as thecourses given in ANY school of Electric Engineering.Maryland Correspondence School, Union Bridge,Md.

SPECIAL INTRODUCTORY OFFER FORa limited time only. My latest; just off thePress. Book of Individual Instructions on HYP-NOTISM MESMERISM VERY INTEREST-ING; VERY ENTERTAINING. Written so thatanyone can understand it. You can become a suc-cessful Hypnotist by carefully following my verysimple instructions in a very short time. For limit-ed time only. Postpaid 50c. D'MARC, 1820Wash St., St. Louis, Mo.

MAGIC

250 MAGIC TRICKS AND CATALOGUE, 10c.Curtis Co., E -Englewood, Chicago.

LEARN TO HYPNOTIZE AND MAKE FUNand money. Send for free book to M. D. Betts,Sta. 129, Jackson, Mich.

MAGICFREE, 250 TRICKS TO INTRODUCE MAGIC

Catalogue. Send 10c to pay packing and postage.Trick Co., 305 East 51st Street, Chicago.

MISCELLANEOUS

ANYTHING IN RAW OR SPECIAL MATE-rials for experimenters, inventors, manufacturers.W. Brunier, 2249 N. 6th Street, Phila.

GO INTO BUSINESS FOR YOURSELF. W.H. Smith Co.; Columbus, Ind., will tell you parti-culars free.

FREE! SECRETS OF THE COLLECTIONBusiness. Mercantile Letter Co., 141 W. Forest,Detroit, Mich.

13 FUNNY LOVE LETTERS (READ TWOways), all new, 10 cents; J. Hardway Co., 207 S. LeeSt., Bloomington, Ill.

ANYONE CAN MAKE GOOD MIRRORSwith my complete instructions; price $1.00. Formu-la for preserving eggs; price $1.00; both for $1.00.Parker, Dept. G, Box 28, Columbia, Tenn.

ANYBODY CAN MAKE GOOD CUTS WITHmy simple zinc etching process; price, $1.00;specimens and particulars for stamp. T. M. Day,Box E., Windfall, Ind.

IDEAS DEVELOPED, SPECIAL AND EX-perimental machines designed. Dowler Manu-facturing Co., 5155 Wakefield St., Germantown, Pa.

BROTHER - ACCIDENTALLY DISCOV-ered Root will cure both tobacco habit and indiges-tion. Gladly send particulars. F. F. STOKES,Mohawk, Fla.

I WILL START YOU EARNING $4.00 DAILYat home in spare time, silvering mirrors; no capital;send for free instructive booklet, giving plans ofoperation. G. F. Redmond, Dept. H., Boston, Mass.

THEATRICAL MANAGERS WILL REQUIREhundreds of young men and women this year. Par-ticulars Free telling you how to go on the stage.Ross, 310H E. 15th St., Kansas City, Mo.

DO YOU EXPECT TO ATTEND THE PAN -ama -Pacific Exposition in 1915, at San Francisco?Organizers wanted in every city and town, for theCalifornia Travel Club. Two -cent stamp for in-formation, to California Travel Club, 1547 Devisa-dero St., San Francisco, Cal.

FREE-INVESTING FOR PROFIT MAGA-zine. Send me your name and I will mail you thismagazine absolutely free. Before you invest adollar anywhere-get this magazine-it is worth$10 a copy to any man who intends to invest $5 ormore per month. Tells you how $1,000 can growto $22,000-how to judge different classes of invest-ments, the Real Earning Power of your money.This magazine six months free if you write today.H. L. Barber, Publisher, 423, 20 W. Jackson Blvd.,Chicago.

MOTION PICTURE MACHINES$5.00 TO $40.00 AND UP TO $275.00 MOVING

Picture Machines and all other Apparatus. Cata-logue. Ralph J. Golsen, 65 East 46th St., Chicago.

MOTION PICTURE AND STEREOPTICONoutfits, film, song and lecture sets bought and sold.Bargain list free. National Employment Com-pany, Duluth, Minn.


MOTORCYCLESSTOP! ACT QUICK - REBUILT MOTOR -

cycles, Indians, Excelsiors, Harley-Davidsous, Kull -tares, Standard, Reading, singles and twin, $25.00up. Every motorcycle guaranteed. Buy direct,save dealer profits. Denniger Mfg. Co., Rochester,N. Y.

MOTORCYCLES, I HAVE ALL MAKES; Ican save you dollars, my illustrated catalogueis the largest published, mailed free. Marshes $20up; Indians $25 up; shipped freight prepaid andguaranteed for six years, send for my lists beforepurchasing. P. E. King, 213 West 125th St., NewYork City.

MUSICONE SHEET POPULAR MUSIC AND LIST

of reliable publishers. Fifteen cents silver. Melo-dy Music, Box 402, Bridgeport, Connecticut.

POEMS WANTED. CASH FOR GOOD TAL-ent. Send MS. to INLAND MUSIC HOUSE,Chicago.

FREE-BIG SONG HIT. WE WANT YOURname. Send 2 two -cent stamps to cover wrappingand mailing. Bostonia Co., Central Exchange,Worcester, Mass.

SONG POEMS WANTED-SEND US YOURsong poems or melodies. They may become bighits and bring thousands of dollars. Past expe-rience unnecessary. Available work accepted forPublication. Instructive booklet and informationfree. MARKS -GOLDSMITH CO., Dept. 21,Washington, D. C.

PATENTSPATENTS SECURED. WRITE FOR

terms. Harry Patton, 340 McGill Bldg., Wash-ington, D: C.

SEND FOR FREE BOOKLET, ALL ABOUTpatents and their cost. Shepherd & Campbell, PatentAttorneys, 500B, Victor Bldg., Washington, D. C.

PATENT YOUR INVENTION. FIRST GETfree "Inventor's Primer" with statistical data.Milo B. Stevens & Co., Estab. 1864, 640 F St.,Wash.; 351 Monadnock Blk., Chicago.

WE SELL PATENTS. IF YOU WISH TOadd a new product to your line write us. Estab-lished 1900. CHARLES A. SCOTT CO., 1086Granite Bldg., Rochester, N. Y.

PATENT - ADVICE AND BOOKS FREEHighest references. Best. results. I procurepatents that protect. Watson E. Coleman, PatentLawyer, 622 F St., N. W., Washington, D. C.

MODELS MADE OF ANY DESCRIPTION.Inventions protected and simplified. Electricalwork a specialty. Our long experience will be yourbenefit. Moderate prices. Atlas Model Works,125 S. Fifth Ave . , Chicago, Ill.

THE PATENTOME IS INTERESTING ANDinstructive. A liberal education in patents and howto get them. Free on request. Established 1865.Anderson and Son, Patent Solicitors, 729 G. St.,Washington, D. C.

PATENTS SOLD. I DO THE BUSINESSnot merely collecting advance fees: If you own avaluable patent send for a free booklet, "How I canget cash for Your Invention." No charges made forlisting. Patent Advertising & Sales Co., Frank -ford, Phila.

PATENTSSEE WHAT I SAY UNDER "TYPE -

writers." ATCHISON.SEND FOR NEW HELPFUL PLAN FOR

inventors and booklet free. Mason, Fenwick &Lawrence, 618 F. Street, Washington, D. C., andNew York. Established 52 years. Submit sketchof your invention.

PATENTS OF VALUE. PROMPT ANDefficient service. No misleading inducements.Expert in Mechanics. Book of Advice and PatentOffice Rules free. Clements & Clements, PatentAttorneys, 705 Colorado Bldg., Washington, D. C.

PATENTS BRING FORTUNES-OUR FREEBook tells how. Send sketch for Free opinion as topatentability. Best references from inventors ofmany years' experience. Wm. N. Moore & Co., 508Loan & Trust Bldg., Washington, D. C.

PATENT SECURED OR FEE RETURNED.Send sketch for FREE EXPERT SEARCH andReport as to patentability. Books on inventionsand patents, and reference book. sent free. John S.Duffie & Ca., Dept. 2, Washington, D. C.

PATENT BOOKS ILULED FREE-SHOW-ing 100 mechanical movements invaluable toinventors and mechanics-and telling what ispatentable, how to obtain patent or partner, etc.Free on request. Chas. E. Brock, 703 Eighth St.,Washington, D. C.

PATENTS SECURED AND TRADE -MARKSregistered. You get honest personal work backedby 10 years experience. Write to -day! GeorgeA. Hutchinson, 729 Loan & Trust Building, Wash-ington, D. C.

"PATENTS AND PATENT POSSIBILITIES"is a 72 -page treatise which tells all about patents,what to invent and where to sell it. It gives honestadvice to inventors, and is full of valuable and inter-esting information. Write for it today! It is FREEH. S. HILL, 929 McLachlen Bldg., Washington,D. C.

PATENTS EXPLAINED IN MY FREEbooks telling what you should know - what to in-vent - what NOT to invent - how to sell yourpatent, etc. Write to -day. H. L. Woodward, 901G Street, Washington, D. C.

BUSINESS GOES WHERE IT IS INVITEDand stays where it is well treated. For 27 years Ihave given my personal attention to procuring pat-ents for successful inventors and manufacturers.The opportunity is open to you to get the benefit ofthe same attention and method of procedure.Write or semi sketch. Vernon E. Hodges, 631 Bar-rister Bldg., Washington, D. C.

FIND OUT FOR YOURSELF WHAT TOinvent and how to procure and sell a patent for thesame. My book, "Inventor's Universal Educator,"covers the matter from A to Z. 140 pages, elegantlybound. Also contains 600 mechanical movementsand 50 perpetual motions. Price $1.00, postagefree. Money returned if not more than satisfactory.F. G. Dieterich, 654 Ouray Bldg., Washington, D.C.

PATENT ATTORNEYSC. L: PARKER, PA I ENT ATTORNEY, 915

G St., Washington, D. C. Inventors' handbook,"Protecting, Exploiting and Selling Inventions,"sent free upon request.


PATENT ATTORNEYSGET YOUR PATENT SPECIFICATIONS

written up and handled for you absolutely freeby joining the Inventors Cut-rate Association,36 Florida Avenue, N. W., Washington, D. C.

I WRITE PATENT SPECIFICATIONSfor $15. Soliciting agents wanted. Address EdwardH..Young, 36 Florida Avenue, N.E., Washington,D. C.

PATENTS THAT PAY BEST. FACTSabout Prizes, Rewards, Inventions Wanted, etc.Send 10 cents postage for valuable books. R. S. &A. B. LACEY, Dept. 52, Washington, D. C. Es-tablished 1869..

PERSONAL"FOOT TROUBLES-CAUSE AND PREVEN-

tion." Address, Dr. Tracy, South Boston, Mass.GET MARRIED-MATRIMONIAL PAPER

containing advertisements marriageable people fromall sections, rich, poor, young, old, Protestants,Catholics, mailed sealed free. THE CORRE-SPONDENT, Toledo, Ohio.

PHOTOGRAPHYCOLOR PHOTOGRAPHY: PRINT YOUR

landscape views in colors. Send 2 stamps forcircular. Isenmann, 385 Bergen St., Newark, N. .J.

MONEY IN PHOTOGRAPHY. I STARTamateurs making money at home taking portraits;become professionals. Studio secrets, retouching,etc., fully explained. Wells' Studio, East Liverpool,Ohio.

PICTURES AND POST CARDS50 DIFFERENT. 10 CENTS. BURT Mc-

Cann, 321 Newton, Minneapolis, Minn.12 REAL PHOTO POSTALS, COTTON

scenes, salt industry, etc., 50c. Salt City Studios,Grand Saline, Tex.

10 PERFUMED POSTCARDS. YOUR NAMEin gold, 10c. W. Bloomington Co., Bloomington,Ill.

JUST GIRLS. 25 POST CARDS OF GIRLS,25c. postpaid. No landscapes. Harold Hartzman,Moline, Ill.

PHOTOS "PRETTY GIRLS FROM LIFE,"12 for 25c, 4 for 10c. Harold Hartzman, Moline,Ill.

5 PHILADELPHIA VIEWS AND TRIALmembership 10c. International Postcard Club,130 Wishart St., Philadelphia, Pa.

POSTALS - JUST GIRLS; 10 NIFTY POSES10c. 30 for 25c. Bailey, 111 Maple, Napanoch,N. Y.

POSTCARDS OF EGYPT, MOROCCO,India, Soudan, Wales and many others 12c, 17c,25c pkg. Imperial Art Co., Box 45, Stockport,Ohio.

RECEIVE POST CARDS AND LETTERSfrom everywhere. Membership 10c. ThomasHoward, 2420 South Elm Street, Spokane, Wash.

TWELVE HIGH GRADE POSTALS, EASTERor St. Patrick's, and one Illustrated Song, Wordsand Music, 10c -3 sets 25c. Bailey, 111 Maple,Napanoch, N. Y.

PHOTOS-"PRETTY GIRLS" -36 BEAUTYposes 10c. Curtis Co., E4 Englewood, Chicago.

PICTURES AND POST CARDSLADIES AND GENTLEMEN. JOIN THE

Florida Correspondence Exchange, and Boostyour State. Trial membership 10c. Box 1342,Jacksonville, Fla.

COLLECT POSTCARDS: NAME IN, EX -change list and our 20 page magazine 4 months for10c. Elite Exchange, Dept. E4, 3827 N. 44th Ct.,Chicago.

ART STUDIES - PHOTOGRAPHS FROMlife models. Finest collection for artists and artlovers. Illustrated catalogues sent free on demand.C. Klary, 103 Avenue de Villiers, Paris, France.

JOIN EUREKA POSTCARD EXCHANGE.Membership 10c. 451 Oakwood Boulevard, Chicago.

JUST GIRLS -25 POST CARDS OF GIRLS,25c, postpaid; no landscapes. O. K. Pub. Co.,Decatur, Ill.

POULTRYPOULTRY PAPER - ALL ABOUT POUL-

try, small fruit, garden. Best combination forpleasure and profit. 18 months, 25c. Kiger, Pub-lisher, Donnellson, Iowa.

PRINTING AND ENGRAVINGBEN FRANKLIN PRINTING OFFICE, COM-

plete, $1.50. Juron & Co., 1400 Noble, Chicago.PRINTING. BUSINESS CARDS, ENVE-

lopes, Letterheads -100 of each $1.00; 100 of either35c. List, write Rex Printery, Trenton, Mo.

ENVELOPES, LETTERHEADS, CARDS,statements printed $1.20 per 1000. Sample 100 ofeither above printed and sent prepaid 32c. AndrewBrems, Corona, N. Y.

125 BOND LETTERHEADS AND 125 EN-velopes, white, pink, blue or green, printed, $1 pre-paid. Samples. W. Kinnier, Box 206, Brooklyn,N. Y.

ALL FOR $1.10 100 LETTERHEADS, 100envelopes, and 100 biusiness cards printed to yourorder on bond paper. Prepaid. Samples free.Carter Company, State St., Rochester, N. Y.

GOOD PRINTING AT LOW PRICES. 1000Good Letterheads, Envelopes, Cards, Bullheads,Labels, Circulars, $2.50. Samples Free. Cata-logues, Booklets and Circulars our specialty.Ernest L. Fantus Co., 523 S. DearbornSt., Chicago.

PRINTED ENVELOPES. BUY YOUR EN-velopes from us and save money. Prices includingprinting, per 1000 envelopes, 3000 $1.50, 5000 $1.2510,000, $1.00. Fine white stock. Larger quanti-ties lower prices. Write for samples and prices onany kind, style or quantity. Satisfáction guaran-teed. NEW ENGLAND PAPER GOODS COM-PANY, Springfield, Mass.

RUBBER STAMPSRUBBER STAMPS AND SPECIALTIES-

Most complete line. Send today for my big cata-log. Free. Theo. Helbling, 607 Marquette Bldg.,Chicago.

SALESMEN WANTEDWANTED SALESMEN - EARN $250 PER

month, sell advertised goods. Samples unneces-sary. Best contract on earth. Elato Co., StationL, New York, N. Y.


SALESMEN WANTEDSALESMEN WANTED TO HANDLE THE

Chase Shock Absorbers for Typewriters. Ex-clusive territory. Fine opportunity for the rightmen. The Chase-Dunipace Co., Toledo, Ohio.

REAL ESTATEBALANCE EASY MONTHLY PAYMENTS -

at Dalworth Park; Texas, suburb on Interurbanmidway between Dallas and Ft. Worth, the fastestgrowing cities in the Great Southwest, only 32 milesapart. Millions going into new skyscrapers, hotels,factories in the two cities and population hastrebled in ten years. Fortunes will be made here insuburban property. Early buyers will make enor-mous profits. Dalworth Park offers best opportu-nities, being on Interurban, which is to be doubletracked, and on railroad and automobile pike.$100,000.00 already spent on waterworks, naturalgas, street improvements, etc.; 43 trains daily.Beautiful, large homesites, only $50 and up in thisspecial sale; $1 makes first payment. Write to -day,before prices advance, for FREE booklet, show-ing views, maps and all particulars. The DalworthCompany, 73 Stewart Title Bldg., Dallas, Texas.

SCHOOLSSEE WHAT I SAY UNDER "TYPEWRITERS.

ATCHISON.DETECTIVES EARN FROM $100.00 TO

$500.00 per month. How much are you earning?Write foikparticulars. Interstate Detective School,Suite No. 15, McDougal Bldg., Peoria, Ill.

WE TRAIN DETECTIVES. YOU CAN BEone. Splendid Opportunities. Travel. Earn$100 to $300 monthly. This fascinating profes-sion taught practically and scientifically by mailat a nominal cost. American School of Criminology,Dept. G, Detroit, Mich.

$35 PAYS FOR COMPLETE, PRACTICALunlimited course in automobile driving and repair-ing. We have the best, most up-to-date andoomplete school and shop in the city. Actualexperience on various makes of cars. State licenseguaranteed. Day and evening classes. Call orwrite. Academy of Automobile Engineering,Dept. C, 1452 Michigan Avenue, Chicago.

TELEGRAPHYTELEGRAPHY-MORSE AND WIRELESS-

Railway Accounting (Station Agency) taughtquickly. Railroad Dispatchers' and Western Unionwires and complete Wireless Station in school.Splendid opportunities. Graduates assisted. Liv-ing expenses low-may be earned. Largest andoldest school-established 38 years. Investment$25,000. Correspondence courses also. Catalogfree. Dodge's Telegraph, Railway and WirelessInstitute, 16th St., Valparaiso, Ind.

TRADE SCHOOLSMAKE $5 TO $8 A DAY AS SKILLED ELECT-

trician, plumber, draftsman, painter, decorator,moving picture operator. We teach you in shorttime at small expense profitable trade. Free em-ployment bureau places graduates in good jobs.Special limited offer now. Write at once for cata-logue and full particulars-no obligations. Dept.8403, Coyne National Trade School, 51 E. IllinoisSt., Chicago, Ill.

TYPEWRITERSSTENOGRAPHER MUST SELL HER REM-

ington typewriter, $9.00. Miss King, 2230 SeventhAve., New York City.

LARGEST STOCK OF TYPEWRITERS INAmerica. All makes: Underwoods, L. C. Smiths,Remingtons, etc., one -quarter to one-half manu-facturers' prices (many less). Rented anywhere,applying rent on price. Write for catalogue 102.Typewriter Emporium (Est. 1892), 32-34 Lake St.,Chicago.

I WANT TO CORRESPOND WITH PERSONSwho are about to buy a high-grade typewriter,and object to paying the high prices generallyasked by manufacturers and dealers. Any make onapproval. Catalogue, bargain list and valuableinformation sent free. A. E. Atchison, 4125 West21st St., Chicago.

SAVE 65% TO 85% OF MANUFACTURERS'Prices on Typewriters. All Makes, Underwoods,Olivers, Remingtons, etc. Guaranteed 2 years.500 typewriters $10.00 to $15.00. Send for catalogue. Dept. 103. Dearborn Typewriter Ex-change, Chicago, Illinois.

TYPEWRITER BARGAINS, LOWESTprices and largest list in the world, all guaranteedfive years and shipped on 15 days trial. Reming-ton $10.00, Smith Premier $10.09, Underwood $20.-00, send for our large illustrated catalogue, and spe-cial agents offer. Harlem Typewriter Exchange,213 West 125th St., New York.

TYPEWRITERS - OFFICE SUPPLIES.Typewriters - All Makes, Lowest Prices. Bigvolume of business and cash terms enable us toundersell. Smiths, Remingtons, Underwoods,Olivera, etc., at $10 up. Fully guaranteed. WriteYoung Typewriter Company, 64 W. Madison St.,Chicago.

WIRELESS90 MILE WIRELESS TELEPHONE BLUE -

print, 25c. H. SECOR, 162 West 123 St., NewYork City.

WIRELESS INSTRUMENTS FOR SALE.Young experimenter wishes to sell out instruments,for particulars, write George Ives, Statesville, N. C.

BRANDES 2, 800 RECEIVERS, SPARK GAP,Coil, Detector, Tuning Coil, Key, Condenser, andSwitch. Cost $23.70. Sell for $15.00. Frank A.Webb, Bridgton, Maine.

AIR-COOLED GAPS, GOOD FOR ANY SETup to 4 K.W., $1.50. 4 K.W. gap, 50c. Vest pocketflash lights, nickel plated case, Tungsten battery,69c. All prepaid. Catalogues for stamp. A. W.Bowman, 554 Sudbury St., Boston.

MOLYBDEIUM-PLUMBIC DIOXID MOSTrecently discovered and positively the most sensi-tive mineral detector known. Guaranteed to in-.crease your receiving radius and magnify signalsfully fifty per cent. Sample Crystal fifteen cents.Full ounce fifty cents. Detector Stand, especiallyadapted for this crystal, special price fifty cents.UNITED SPECIALTY COMPANY, St. Louis,Mo.

HELP WANTEDPLEASANT SPARE TIME WORK-MAIL-

ing circulars. No scheme, Good pay. Instruc-tions free. Home Pub. Society, 1217 Market St.,Philadelphia, Pa.


HELP WANTEDBIG PROFITS - OPEN A DYEING AND

cleaning establishment, little capital needed. Weteach by mail. Write for booklet. Ben-VondeSystem, Dept. AD, Charlotte, N. C.

WANTED, PEDDLERS TO SELL DOCTORBlair's Medicine. We pay big commission dis-tributing circulars. Address Niantic Company,204 Grape St., Buffalo, N. Y.

START HOME BUSINESS. SELL YOURideas, plans, formulas and knowledge by mail.Some make $1,000 monthly. Instructive bookletfor stamp. Information System, 411, Marietta,Ohio.

$$$ REPORT LOCAL INFORMATION,names, addresses, etc., to us. Big Pay. Confiden-tial. Enclose stamp. National Information SalesCo.-AJM-Cincinnati.

SONG POEMS WANTED-NEW PLAN, BIGmoney. Free book tells all. Hayworth Music Co.,661 G, Washington, D. C.

WANTED-TEN THOUSAND GENTLEMENof good taste to try our "FIGOLA" Havanacigar, 25 box $1 prepaid. Beaver Cigar Co.,Canton, Ill.

WANTED: COLLEGE GRADUATES INElectrical Engineering for work in our TestingDepartments. Good opportunities for experienceand advancement. Apply, Employment P. O. Box911, Pittsburgh, Pa.

RAILWAY MAIL CLERKS WANTED. $900first year, promotion to $1800. Examinations May3 in every state. Common education sufficient withmy coaching. Full information free. Write forbooklet V 50. Earl Hopkins, Washington, D. C.

GET PREPARED FOR MAY 3d RAILWAYMail Clerk and other Government "exams" byformer U. S. Civil Service Secretary -Examiner.Free booklet 94. PATTERSON CIVIL SERVICESCHOOL, ROCHESTER, N. Y.

HOW MUCH ARE YOU WORTH? WHENsick, or injured, and at death? Who pays yourloss, or your family's then? That's our business!Let us tell you all about it. Write quick for Cash -Bonus offer. The I -L -U 1025, Covington, Ky.

AGENTS MAKE BIG MONEY AND BE -come sales managers for our goods. Fast officesellers. Fine profits. Particulars and samplesfree. One Dip Pen Company, Dept. 4, Balti-more, Md.

DRAW BIG SALARY DRAWING CARTOONDemand for cartoonists way ahead of supply.I teach rapidly and thoroughly in your home byproven methods. Low cost, easy terms, big returns.Particulars for stamp. Ted Hamilton, 209 E.Ontario St., Chicago, Illinois.

CIVIL SERVICE EXAMINATION -I PRE -pare you for any branch of Mail Service. Pay meafter appointment. Write for free entrance test.Dan Tuhey (Retired R. R. Clerk), 18 Tuhey Bldg.,Denver, Colo.

BIG MONEY WRITING SONGS-WE PAYhundreds of dollars a year to successful writers.Experience unnecessary. Song poems wanted withor without music-will pay one-half of profits ifsuccessful. Send us your work today. ACCEPT-ANCE GUARANTEED IF AVAILABLE. Larg-est concern in the country. Free particulars.Dugdale Co., Dept. 13, Washington, D. C.

HELP WANTEDDON'T PAY ANYTHING TO LEARN A

trade. Investigate our system of teaching onactual contract jobs. Plumbing, bricklaying, elec-tricity, automobiles; 200 workmen; six years experi-ence. Catalog free. United Trade School Con-tracting Co., Los Angeles.,

FREE ILLUSTRATED BOOK TELLS ABOUTover 360,000 protected positions in U. S. service.More than 40,000 vacancies every year. There isa big chance here for you, sure and generous pay,lifetime employment. Easy to get. Just ask forbooklet A-50. No obligation. Earl Hopkins,Washington, D. C.

WANTED: A MAN OR WOMAN ALL Oi3,spare time to secure information for us. Work athome or travel. Experience not necessary. Noth-ing to sell. GOOD PAY. Send stamp for particu-lars. Address M. S. I. A., 583 L Bldg., Indianapolis,Indiana.

MEN AND WOMEN WANTED FOR GOV-ernment Positions. $90.00 month. Annual vaca-tions. Short hours. PARCELS POST meansthousands of Railway Mail Clerks needed. "Pull"unnecessary. Farmers eligible. Write immediate-ly for free list of positions open. Franklin Institute,Dept. L, 53 Rochester, N. Y.

LOCAL REPRESENTATIVE WANTED.Splendid income assured right man to act as ourrepresentative after learning our business thor-oughly by mail. Former experience unnecessary.All we require is honesty ability, ambition andwillingness to learn a lucrative business. Nosoliciting or traveling. This is an exceptional oppor-tunity for a man in your section to get into a bigpaying business without capital and become inde-pendent for life. Write at once for full particulars.National Co -Operative Realty Company, H-604Marden Building, Washington, D. C.

Pull Up Your Socks

Yr

-JUST ONCE and slip on the "Newilia" Supporters. If they do not STAY in place-i f > oti re even conscious that you WEAR eaTpprtere-áf they do not give you more COttkORT and SECURITY thanb.00 worth of the creeping, binding Ieetic kind, we will returnyour money end let you keep than. the PRICE-tbo for S nickel

plated pair, od for five years. For $6.00 worth of Comrort endservice, endow, iso today fora pair postpaid. arc -Ware Fre.MODERN SPECIALTY CO., 82 St.. Raotaa, WI.,

Crease Your Pantsin 5 Minutes for t/4 Cent

-with the "Nu -Pants" Creaser. Not aniron but a practicallow-priced machinewhich works by automatic pressure. Alum-inum eelC-heatingoutfit wgt. 2 lbs. Alwaysready. No trouble, Wonderful results. Save $30 peryear and add $100 to appearance by writing today forcomplete description and approval offer. Ad I

1 Modern S$ecialty Co., Si St., Recine,Wie.

A NOSE FOR NEWSHave you a"nose for news" as the newspaper editors

say? Can you write a simple, interesting description ofsome unusual application of electricity? Have you acamera to illustrate the article? Send for our littlepamphlet "What to Write and How to Write It." Itwill put you on the track of some easy and profitablework for spare moments.

POPULAR ELECTRICITY MAGAZINE54 W. Lake Street, Chicago, Ill. Editorial Dept.


CHICAGOMichigan and Jackson Boulevards

FOR

1_A-OFNI0t"S

I'01"S

FOR

ECILIXIC.ILTOYS

SPECIAL SALE of BATTERY MOTORSTHESE miniature battery motors will give any boy or girl a whole lot of

pleasure and instruction. They are sturdy little affairs and on one or twodry cells will develop a speed of 3500 revolutions per minute. There is a typefor every purpose; will operate all sorts of mechanical toys-lathes, planes, jig-saws, windmills, etc. These miniature motors are substantially constructed and willgive good service. We have only a few of each type of motor, as noted below:

Were Now

23 Type C (Semi -Enclosed, snap switch) . . $1.50 $ .9023 Type D reversible . . . 2.00 1.206 Type E " " snap switch, 2 speed . 2.00 1.20

15 Type F it id 2 speed, reversible . 2.50 1.502.50 1.5014 Type G (Fan Motor, semi -enclosed, snap switch) .

The above prices are NET, that is, pur-chases will be sent express charges collect

Act Quickly to Secure These BargainsSelect the motor you want and send us your money order for the amount

of your purchases. But you should send in the coupon at once as there os

are only a few of these left at these bargain prices. Be sure to write y4Iplainly, telling which type wanted, how many and the price. ono

cars

ELECTRIC SHOP ra,1áwD%)9<sas

04

.t, ,t4

c araaoo

For our mutual Advantage mention Popular Electricity when writing te Advertisers.


Do Your Laundry Workthe Easy and Economical Way

i

By Using YourElectric LightCurrent and a

ThorElectric

HomeLaundryMachine

The Thor does all the hard work of WashdayWashes and Wrings the Clothes by Electricity

Furnished complete with specially designed tworoll reversible Wringer andguaranteed Westinghouse electric motor

The Thor washes the clothesBETTER-it gets them spotlessly clean-does the work

better than any woman can-and without the washboard wear.QUICKER-does the average family washing in on minutes,

work that would take a woman all day.EASIER-relieves the housewife.or household help of all

the washday drudgery.CHEAPER-it costs less to buy a Thor than to hire wash-

day help or send the clothes to the laundry. The one essen-tial is that you have electric light in your home.

$1.50 A WEEKquickly pays for the Thor. 3 cents worth of electric currentdoes the average family washing.

Free Test for 15Days

Let us give you the name of ourdealer in your city who will de-liver a machine to your home fora 15 days' Free Test.

Write today for Catalog F describing Electric Washing Machines from $30.00 up

HURLEY MACHINE COMPANYNew York, 1011 Flatiron Bldg. Chicago, 27 S. Clinton St.

For our Mutual Advantage mention Popular Electricity s-hen writing to Advertisers.

l'OPL AIAGAZI:\ l; for 11:C1-1 45

Danger Lurks in Hidden DustSafeguard Your Family:

A clean -looking house may still be insanitary. That's /the danger of sweeping with a broom. Shoes collectdried sputum from sidewalks and deposit its dust on rugsand carpets. You can't see it, perhaps. But it's there. r

Then comes sweeping day. Your broom fills theair with invisible, germ -laden dust. It finds itsway into your lungs-into your food-settles on the floorwhere playing children stir it up again and become in-fected. The broom is even more dangerous than the fly.

IliadTatum dlautt.13

Sucks Up the Germ -Laden DustNo dirt too heavy-no dust too light andinvisible to escape the FEDERAL VacuumCleaner. Its powerful suction searches everythread and fibre of rugs and carpets-clothingand drapery. Yet it can't injure the mostdelicate fabric. From the innermost depths of thick,heavy padding, the powerful FEDERAL sucks out thedust and germ -laden air-making upholstery, pillows andmattresses as sweet and clean as new. Nr

The FEDERAL is the Guaranteed CleanerBut don't think that just any vacuum cleaner will do this.Some really do no more than a carpet sweeper. They pick up the surface dust-the visible dirt-but not the hidden, germ -laden dust. The Federal, whichhas no parts to wear out, like a fan device, a bellows or a diaphragm, createsa tremendously powerful suction. Constant use increases, not decreases,its power. The Federal is the machine that has stood the test of time.

The Powerful Rotary PumpThe Rotary Pump in the FEDERAL revolves steadily in onedirection-like a powerful turbine engine on an ocean liner. It creates asuction impossible with a fan or bellows type of cleaner. Its working partsare few-simple-easy of access. No valves to work loose-no gears to rattle-no piston to pound up and down-no bellows to wear out-just a pow-erful, substantial pump and a motor-both revolving in one direction-steadily, silently, without jar or jerk.

SEND FOR ILLUSTRATED BOOKLET

ro,

p"Purity in the Home" Sign System(Eiectrie,

The Federal is not a cheap machine-price, $125-but it is Lake & DesplainesStreets, Chicago,

the most economical cleaner to buy. We will gladly tell you 4. KimilY "" meMust ratod booklet 'No:- - - 441 tel. ed" s"-Use the coupon now.

lewhy in our illustrated booklet N 1451 tlie'loem"'it r, "Purity in the Home,"atood that this plan,. silt

ter tic. obligation..

Vacuum Cleaner Department

Federal Sign System (Electric) ..Lake & Desplaines Sts., Chicago

......

7ty

For our It tit wit ii, :Ming.' 1111.111 ..... Eleetrivit %. hen sl to iisertier..


llll.11lll 11111 II IIIII Illlll l 11111 ' ,. .i1 1, II 11 111111

It will pay to Read These AdvertisementsBecause they are small you should not pass them over. The

good things in life are worth looking for and many of the smalleradvertisers have worthy products which they can sell you althoughmany of them are not in a position to buy large space to tell theirstory. We bespeak your patronage for these advertisers.

POPULAR ELECTRICITY MAGAZINESmall Ad Department

-illll 111111 1111111 11111 II 111111' IIII 1111 111

LL

TYPEWRITERSFACTORY REBUILT

Remington Nu. 6-$27. Smith Premier lo,2-$23.Only two of our special bargains. Havetrademark and guarantee like new ma-chines. Arethoroughlyrebnilt,and perfectin appearance. Satisfaction guaranteed.We can save you $25 to $75 on any machine.Branch stores in leading cities.

Write for The Typewriter's Confession+º and catalog.AMERICAN WRITING MACHINE CO., Inc., 345 Broadway, N. T.

AUTOMATIC TELEPHONE-The one logical phone. 10 -second secret con-

nections-no delays, no wrong numbers-low incost-local and long distance. Automatic service isblanketing Chicago. For details phone or write

ILLINOIS TELEPHONE & TELEGRAPH CO.162 WEST MONROEI ST., CHICAGO, Coml. Dept. fie -1r1

pIIÍ'liliI

HAFOR GEMSBlue -white Gems of Wonderful Brillianoy, Look,Wear, and stand the test like genuine Dia-monds, ate the cost. No Imitations, Brilliancyguaranteed for life, set in 14 K. solid Gold dia-mond mountings, See them before buying, sentfree for examination. Send for booklet, specialprices, Eto.

The Jodean Gem Co. Dept. 41043 Greenwood Terrace Chicago. III,

TYPEWRITERS MñKEs$100.00 Underwoods, Smiths, Oliver.;,Remington, etc., from $10.00 Grp. Everymachine in perfect condition, guaran-teed two years, with privilege to ex-change at any time. $100 typewriters at$15.00 each, while they last. Write forOur out rate prices and Free Trial Offer.All Makes Typewriter Exchange Co.

166 N. Dearborn St.. Chicago, 11I-

GASFNERGYA newsy, reliable monthly for all inter-

ested in any kind of gas or gasoline engine.One valuable feature, a comprehensivereview, monthly, of all new patents, des-cribed and illustrated. 5Oc a year.

GAS ENERGY COMPANY26 Murray Street - - New York City

FREE' -If yousend in your order right away, mention-

ing this magazine, we will mail you gratis a copyof "How to' Run and Install Gasoline Engines.'

31 Square Deal MillerDIAMONDS WATCHES JEWELRY`. On Easy Monthly Payments

II SMASH H TERMSPine. White, Perfect Diamonds in Solid Cold. 14 Karat, Latest Style

Mountings. No matter where you live or what your income isYOUR CREDIT IS GOOD

Lowerprices than all cash houses. Send nameand address for Guarantee and Easy Payment Plan.

SQUARE DEAL MILLER, Pres.Miller -Reefer Ce. 129 Miller Bldg., Detroit, Mich.

Canadian Branch, Windsor. Ont.A Squat

Be Your OWN BOSSAGENTS EARN

BIG MONEYselling Golden Rule genuinehand forged English Razor

steel Knives. We will put any photo or lodge emblem on one side ofthe transparent handle, and name and address on the other. We haveacomplete, fully guaranteed line of knives,razors, strops, and cutlery special-ties. Quick sales. Big profits.Experience unnecessary. Write to-day for catalog and terms.GOLDEN RULE CUTLERY CO., 553 W. Lake St., Dept. 47, Chicago

,,To Entertain 311 Jokes and Riddles, 78Toasts, 91 Parlor Amusements,

0 A 21 Puzzles, 15 Tricks with Cards, 7 Comic Recita-tions, 3 Monologues, 12 Funny Readings, 8 FortuneSecrets, 52 Money Making Secrets. All 10c postpaid.

J. C. DORN, 70 So. Dearborn St., Dept. 5O, Chicago, Ill.

LET ME READ YOUR CHARACTERtrout your handwriting. Mimi youget a really GOOD read-ing that will help you ha love, health. business and domes-tic affairs. Price 10s. Sure to please you. Money back ifIl dissatisfied. ,y, G, BEAUCHAMP 8583 8th Ave. News ork City

Bookletof INVENTORS' SUPPLIESUNION MODEL WORKS IL'stailished 10.331 119 S. Clark St.. ChicagoThe oldest, most reliable, most efficient, model making and experi-mental house in the West.

with 75 illn:tratfons for mak-Boy Electrician ins Batteries, Dynamos, Motors,Telegraph apparatus, Telephone, Lights. Bells, Alarma, Coils,

I - "Wireless" Current Reverser, Electric Engine Etc. By Elec-trical Experts so that anyone can understand It. With Cat. All 100 Ppd.J. C. DORN, 709 So. Dearborn St., Dept. 49, Chicago, DI.

INVENTORS We manufacture METALSPECIALTIES of all kinds,to order; largest equip-

ment; lowest prices. Send perfect sample FREEfor low estimate and best expert adviceTHE EAGLE MFG. COMPANY, DEPT. C. CINCINNATI, O.

Agents $5°° a Day!Many earn more. Get neat to this big money maker. Writetoday for beautiful free outfit showing all the latest materialsfor Men's Made -to -Measure Clothes. ExpressSuits $9.00 up - Pants $2.50 up PaidFit, workmanship and wear guaranteed. Fashions shown in beautifulcolor-handsomest line on the market. Write at orce for free outfit.

The Progress Tailoring Co., Dept.813, Chicago



1111111111111 IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII11 III,111111111111111111111111111111111111IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIINIIiIIIi11

It will pay to Read These Advertisements =.I

Because they are small you should not pass them over. Thegood things in life are worth looking for and many of the smalleradvertisers have worthy products which they can sell you althoughmany of them are not in a position to buy large space to tell theirstory. We bespeak your patronage for these advertisers.

POPULAR ELECTRICITY MAGAZINESmall Ad Department

Inn......II° CII'"'Il;pll,'tr

1111111

i'111111

ONE DOLLAR A MONTHBuys a Standard Typewriteri ` Your choice. Remington Oliver, Smith-.:.-s . Premier, L. C. Smith or Underwood. Pricesj t' Y

G

lower than other cash prices. Perfect ma-+ chines only. Guaranteed.

j`, ¡. Typewriter Installment Co.Dept. 9., 180 N. Dearborn St. Chicago

I will send as long as they last my 25c. Book

STRONG ARMSFor 10c in stamps or Coin.

Illustrated with 20 full page halftone cuts, showingexercises that will quickly develop, beautify, andgain great strength, in your shoulders, arms,and hands, without any apparatus.

PROF. ANTHONY BARKER1298 Barker Bldg. 110 West 42d Street, New York

Guaranteed Non -MagneticThis watch, a handsome stem wind and set,thin model, duet proof time piece, will pos-itively withstand all magnetic attrac-tions. Tested to 2000 Volta Guaranteed accurate.Money back if not as represented. Approved by allelectrical engineers. Price only $1.00. Delivery FREEGreat Bargains in Diamonds and Jewelryall

E. KIRCHBERG, 134 NORTHfSTATElsST., CHICAGO

IMPORTEDfrom FRANCESEE THEM BEFORE PAYING!

These erne are chemical white sapphires-LOOK like Diamonds. Stand acid andfire diamond tests. So hard they easily scratcha Ole and will cut glass. Brilliancy guar-

anteed 25 years. All mounted in 14k solid gold dia-mond mountings. Will send you any style ring, pin or stud for exam-ination-all charges prepaid-no money In advance. Write today forfree illustrated booklet, special prices and ring measure.WHITE VALLEY GEM CO.. 7422 Saks Bldg., Indianapolis. Ind.

Haveday

THE

BILLIARDSHOME

and Pool Table. A few cents perroom needd. Write for particulars.

CO. 126 Free St., Portland, Me.

ATyour own Burrowes Billiard

will buy it. No special billiard

E. T. BURROWES

WOULD YOU,,,,.,,¢¢¢ pr "__- Snow this wholly visible Type-

writer to ycur friends and letS? ' thins see wherein it excels

. s _ ,\ any S100 Typewriterntade, if we wood send one

__= d = to pos Free of One Cent3f Cos$ for you to keep

'' ,!its . .rc forever es your own?Then on a postal mud, or in ahatter to m, simply say: Nailparticulars.

EMERSON TYPEWRITER CO. Doi 512, Woodstock, Bind*.

opPrint. your own cards, circulars,ya / hook newspaper. PRESS $5, lar-ger cis, Rotors $sa. All eery, rules

insent. Print ?or others, big profit.Writs factory for press catalog,TYPE, cards, paper, etc.

TIIE PRESS CO.. Meriden, Conn.

DDING MACHINEMU LTIPS.1 ES-SUBTRACTSFor General Officeor Personal Desk Use

Over 60,000 in useMostly sold through recomL,endet l onParchase through your Stationer

If he will not supply you, send remittauce to se. We guarantee everymachine - money refunded it wrtsatisfactory within 10 days.

P. CANCHERatsilraM."á°.'yN.Y.LIVE &GENTS WANTED

Our SmartCards inCases

A Brand NewTypewriter for sl8That does work equal to any $100 machineThat's what you get in this unique, wonderful little typewriter, so small it can be car -tied in pocket or grip, with every modern im Use It 1 O Days Freeprovement. Standard keyboard 84 characters.Get out letters, orders, records, etc., on train, in office, at home, everywhere-seethe neat, rapid work the Bennettdoes-we know you'll decide to keep the machine.Write for catalog and free trial offer. Foreign Address. 75 Cannon St., London, E. C.Splendid chance for agents A Vto Bennett Typewriter Co., 366 Broadway,Newyork

TO THE END OF TIMEYou will be judged by your acts. If you PEERLESS Patent Book Form Cardprefer not to be misjudged send in aIts smooth edges; its genuine elegance will tell the character of Iran you are. Nothing elselike it. Used by the men who care for appearances and who command big pay. It ought tobe used by you.

Send today for sample tab of engraved cards, and get get right, in the card line.The JOHN B. WIGGINS COMPANY, Sole Manufacturers

Engravers, Die Embossers, Plate Printers. 85-88 East Adams Street, I hicago

For our Alutaal .tdvantagge mention Popular Eleetrieity when writing' to Advertisers.


A Signal on your backis money in your pocketIt pays to wear Signal Coat Shirts becausethey outlast any shirt of equal price, andcomfort is guaranteed by the greatest combinationof comfort features in any shirt at any price.

These extra improvements of

Two detachable collarsalways furnished.

SIGNAL $1COAT SHIRTSinclude: Extra button at bottom of breast plait for smooth fit; rip -proof, gap -proof, sleeve slit; specially cut skirts overlapping threeinches in front; two detached or an attached collar as desired; but-ton -holes for white cuffs; double needle machine stitching; twopockets, one a triple combination for pencil, watch and handker-chief. Made by expert union labor from fast, shrinkless percales

in big variety of neat patterns.Send for a couple if your dealer hasn't Signal Coat Shirts; tell usyour name and your size and we will express you a couple C.O.D.If not delighted with them on examination, return at our expense.

Write for folder showing big variety of other styles and sample swatches.

Hilker-Wiechers Manufacturing CompanyManufacturers of SIGNAL Work Clothes

1248 Mound Ave. Racine, Wisconsin.

The Recognized Authority on Wiring and Construction

Handy. Sizefor the PocketBlack Limp LeatherGold Embossed

Standard Wiring for ElectricLight and Power As adoptedby the Fire Underwriters of the United States

The only book on Wiring and Constructionkept strictly up-to-date

What the 1913 Edition ContainsThe latest rulings of The National Board of Fire Underwriters, ex-

plained and illustrated with line cuts and half -tones of the most modernand approved methods.

Directions for installing and operating Dynamos, Motors, Arc Lamps,Switchboards, etc.

Full details on outside wiring and construction for both telephoneand power lines.The simplest and most approved methods of inside wiring for light,heat and power, with examples worked out for both direct and alternat-ing current for all systems-especially prepared for "Standard Wiring"by the greatest electrical engineering company in the world.

The latest data on Carbon, Gem, Tantalum, Tungsten and Mazdaincandescent lamps.All the necessary tables for every requirement of the ConstructingEngineer, Contractor, Central Station and Wireman.

The Standard Symbols for wiring plans. -

A special chapter on the treatment of electrical injuries, by Chas. A.Lauffer. M.D., of the Westinghouse Co.

Definitions of electrical units.

Price 1'00 Postpaid

POPULAR ELECTRICITY BOOK DEPT.,- 54 W. Lake St., Chicago, Ill.



Best Things in LifeYours for 3 Cents a Day

A million homes with modest incomes have everyhome -like comfort. They buy these comforts all fromus, on open charge account.

They pay, if convenient, a little each month. We haveno rigid rules. Nor do we have collectors. All goodsare sent on 30 days' trial, subject to return.

And by selling direct, and buying whole factoryoutputs, we save them from 30 to 50 per cent. Thatwe guarantee.

New -Style CreditOur plan is not like others. We ask no contract

or mortgage, no red tape or publicity, no interest, noextra price.

\Ve take your word. Then you pay us by saving 2or 3 cents a day. Pay as you can. We won't hurry orpress you.

Think what comforts you can have at these lowprices and these easy terms.

4,782 BargainsWe

ar oPay

FurnitureCarpets-RugsLinoleumsStoves-RangesBaby CabsRefrigerators

SilverwareChinawareSewing MachinesKitchen CabinetsCameras-GunsTrunks, etc.

Dollar Book FreeOur mammoth Spring Bargain Book is ready. It

pictures 4,782 home things, and many of the picturesare in actual colors. You never saw such an exhibit.

It quotes cur prices, tells our plan, shows our orderblank. We send it free, though each book mailed costsus just $1.

Write us for it. Let us prove these things to you.Write us now for fear you may torget it. (372)

5PJ.ge1,Miq,tern1

858 W. 35th Street, Chicago

'ELECTRICAL

I ENO[tEñR'5 ;

THEHANDBOOK'

HeCHANICS'

t+AItDBOON

SpecialOffer

TEG.ú úOKE

.. T$fi'rRAPHhLtlMFiERS. E7EER5

q o HAiyDB00KFITTERS'

TIiEi _ ÍBUILDING:~$o0K';

TRADES ¡

HANDBOOK

'MARINERS

BUBI?7Ess BBoóR

----SYEItOORAPnEFS HANI}'nOk

AND

tORRESfAXDttii . 'T}iE HANDBOOK

EOOKIREPERS

ADVERTISERS w`114!30°'

HANDBOOK

50Cents

No books in existence contain in thesame space so much knowledge aboutthe different trades and professions asdo the I. C. S. Handbooks. They arecompiled from the Courses of the Inter-national Correspondence Schools, ofScranton, Pa., which have been writtenby the best experts in the country.These little books are, therefore, con-sulting experts of the highest rank-pocket memorandas of inestimable valueto the executive, foremen, and man-agers. They are invaluable as promo-tion gainers for ambitious men in subor-dinate positions, because they can beeasily understood without a knowledgeof higher mathematics, and contain justthe information needed by men to securepromotion.

SPECIAL OFFER:-For a limited time we areselling these Handbooks, durably bound in cloth,with gilt titles, containing on an average of875 pages and 175 illustrations, regularly sold for$1.25, at a price for each Handbook of 50c.

Send the Coupon NOW!: International Textbook Company :

Box 1102, SCRANTON, PA.: I enclose 8 for which please send me the

Handbooks BEFORE which I have marked X.-Mechanics' _Advertiser's-Electrical Engineer's -Bookkeeper's-Building Trades __Steno. and Corr. .

Plumbers and Fitters' -Business Man's-Tel. and Telegraph Mariners'

_Concrete Engineer's

: Name .: St. d' No

: City State


.s


Wayne Bell TransformersTake the place of unreliable, troublesome batteries and usepractically no current. Can be connected to any alternatingcurrent lamp socket and will

Operate Door Bells, Buzzers, Toys,Burglar Alarm Systems, Gongs,

Annunciators, Etc.Made in three types and sizes for different classes of workand so neat in appearance that they can be installed any-where in homes, hotels, offices, schools, hospitals, etc.

Built to run for hours on dead short circuit without dangerof burning out.

If your dealer does not have them write us and we will sendour illustrated leaflet 4511.

Fort Wayne Electric Worksof General Electric Company

"Wood" Systems1603 Broadway FORT WAYNE, 1ND.

Branch Offices: Most Large Cities

TESTED APPARATUSMEANS THE ELIMINATION OF FAULTS IN YOUR PRODUCT

Electrical and photometrical tests of every description. Checking electrical instruments of allkinds and classes. Inspecting and testing new electrical machinery, apparatus and material atfactories and after installation. Tests on any electrical machinery and apparatus made any-where. Arc and incandescent lamp tests, either electric, gas, acetylene or oil. Illuminationtests made anywhere. Secondary standards of candle -power furnished. Facilities furnishedto experimenters and investigators.

We have recently added to the above, Coal Testing, and are now prepared to make prox-imate analyses and calorific determinations on samples of coal, promptly and accurately.

ELECTRICAL TESTING LABORATORIESBOTH STREET AND EAST END AVENUE NEW YORK, N. Y.

Electric Lights Turned Down "Like Gas"

Full On Dim Low Way Down Out

Not a lamp-A small portable attach-ment for a single incandescent lamp.

Pull the chain.-Getfive changes of light.That's what the Dim-a-lite will do on anylamp.aF ireproof, fool-proof, unbreakableand easily attached.

Will last a lifetime.A boon for travelers.At your desler'e or by moll

*tooWirt Electric

Co.Germantown . Pa.



GO IN BUSINESSRealize your ambitions! Grip success. Be a business man?Earn $2,500.00 to 53,000.00 per year net-even more ispossible. Here's a wonderful opportunity to make an easy start.Send for one of our money making B. B. Vacuum Cleaners on

30 Days' TrialTryout the proposition 30 days - see how much there is in It.It's a great chance to start business for yourself - just whatyou've been wanting to do - the very opening you've beenlooking for. One of the most wonderful money making propo-sitions ever invented.

Tremendous ProfitsThe headline is conservative. $15 to $30 a day should beeasily made. Some work three machines - operate one them-selves - hire men to work the others. They make big profitsfrom others labor. Maybe that's what someone is doing toyou. You're doing the work for small pay. He's getting theprofits. Change that. Work for yourself. Get all the profits.Be independent.

Big Demand for Profes-sional Vacuum Cleaners

You should get lots of business. Every homehas to be repeatedly cleaned. Everybodynow wants vacuum cleaning. It's the new,easier, better way of cleaning. Nobody wantsto tear up carpets and rugs and pound themto pieces. There's a big demand for theman who can clean the whole house-rugs,mattings, carpets, mattresses, pillows, por-tieres, curtains, upholstered furniture, etc.,- do the whole job in a few hours withoutturning the house upside down. One mancan clean ordinary home in four hours.One woman engages you - then next doorneighbor wants you. So it goes. Think ofthe homes that need cleaning - think ofchurches, halls, lodge rooms hotels, etc.that need cleaning - extra big jobs andextra big money.You should be busy as a bee.Work is easy and fascinating. Always acrowd around your machine. They advertise

FOR YOURSELFyou. You get phone calls - business - business - business-gil the time. When money is earned -Ws yours-all of it.

Let Your Profits Pay for MachineWe sell for cash or on installments. You should earn moneyfrom first day. When payment comes due, pay It out ofyour profits.The B. B. Vacuum Cleaner is a wonder - simple - reliable -complete. We are glad to send it on 30 days' trial. We knowIt will make good.Our 1913 B. B. Machine consists of a powerful gasoline two-cycle, valveless engine, perfectly adjusted and inspected. Ithas all the latest attachments and Improvements of bestquality -y baste patents complete

m every way. Protected

The whole Is erected upon a substantial four -wheeled wagon-steel Or rubber tires-fall elliptic springs-staggered steelspokes - strong and substantial, yet so compact and light it

can be moved from Mace to place with littleeffort. Equipped with vacuum condenser,water tank, vacuum gauge - high pressuresuction hose-observation glass and clean-ing tools all properly connected and ad-justed ready for work.. All fittings beston the market. Simplest and easiest work-ing Vacuum Cleaner proposition ever setup. All our users praise it. , Say it Is thebest ever.

Powerful ProofMust say that the B. B. machine has givenperfect satisfaction. The second day atterit arrived we cleared $22.00.

Montgomery & Porter, Mo.Your favor of the 3rd inst. received. TheB. B. does all you claim. It will knockout from $20 to $25 in six hours easy.

A. O. Rainbow, Mexico.I started out with my machine on March12, and up to the present time, June 6,have made $555.60. I will need anothermachine next season. C. H. Offing, Ky.It is the greatest dirt puller I ever saw. Ican make $20 a day with it which I think isgood for the investment. My customersare well pleased with my work. I havethree or four regular customers by themonth. A. W. Staley, Ill.

FREEBOOKSENDFOR IT

Send today for free book and full partic-ulars regarding our 30 days' trial. A 2 -cent stamp brings It. We tell you how tostart - how to get business and make asuccess. Vacuum cleaning is new-some-thing everybody wants and can afford. It's atremendous money maker. Now is the timeto start. Answer this announcement now.I3e ready for the spring rush. Rememberyou might just as well make $2500 to$3000 or more this year.

McCreery Mfg. Co.964 Dory Street

'Toledo - - - Ohio

WANTED -RIDER AGENIN EACH TOWNand district to ride andexhibit a samW le 1913

Model "Ranger" bicycle furnished by us. Our agents everywhere are making money fast. rite aloncefor/ul Particulars and special offer. NO MONEY REQUIRED until you receive and approve ofyour bicycle. We ship to anyone, anywhere in the U. S. without a cent deposit in advance, prepayfreight, and allow TEN DAYS' FREE TRIAL during which time you may ride the bicycle and putit to any test you wish. If you are then not perfectly satisfied or do not wish 5o keep the bicycleyou may ship it back to us at our expense andyou will not be out one cent.

OW FACTORY PRICES We furnish the highestgrade bicycles it.spossfbleto make at one small profitabove the actual factory cost. You save $Io to $2s middlemen's profits by

buying direct of us and have the manufacturer's guarantee behind your bicycle. DO NOT BUY a bicycle ora pair of tires from anyone at any price until you receive our catalogues and _learn our unheard offactory

WI Bremarkable i offer.when you receive our beautiful catalogue and study our superb models atthe ruonderlul low pricer we can make von. We sell the highest grade

bicycles at lower prices than any other factory. We are satisfied with $r.00 profit above factory cost. BICYCLEDEALERS, you can sell our bicycles under your own name plate at double our prices. Orders filled the day received.SECOND HAND BICYCLES-a limited number taken in trade by our Chicago retail stores will be closed out at once,

at 3 to $S each. Descriptive bargain list mailed free.

TIRES COASTER BRAKE rear wheels, inner tubes, lamps, cycfemeters, parts, repairs and everything to thebicycle line at halt usual prises. DO NOT WAIT-but write today for our

Lorne Cara[oeue beautifully illustrated and containinga great fund of interesting matter and useful information. it only costs a postalto get everything. {'rite it now.MEAD CYCLE CO. Dept. S-109 CHICAGO, ILL..

For our Mutual Advantage mention Popular Electricity when writing to Advertinera


THERE ARE MANY REASONS WHYThe Automatic Electric Washer pleases the people. No woman who uses it will stopat the old reason "Because." She will tell you more than that. It does the workquickly and does it right. It is easy to understand. It is easy to control. There isnothing hard. It makes little noise. It runs smooth. It wrings dry. It will washand wring at the same time. It gets no water on the floor. SHE LIKES IT.

There are reasons fo. all these things. They did not just happen. Listen! Cutgears; careful machine work; control right at hand without reaching; splendidwringer with five year rolls; extra length coil sprijigs that will wring lightest orheaviest articles without changing the tension; reversible water board and extra dripsnout; bottom outlet made of galvanized brass, with faucet; mounted on ball bearingcasters; guaranteed-wringer and all-for five years for family use.

Send for Bulletin 88.

Automatic Electric Washer Co. AutoNewton, Iowa

ELECTRICAL SUPPLY & SALVAGE CO.527-529 W. VAN BUREN ST., CHICAGO

We Buy, Sell, Exchange, Rent and Repair Everything Electrical

Motors, Dynamos and SuppliesWe offer new -high grade motors as follows: 1-4 H.P., A. C. InductionType 60 -cycle Single Phase, $19.00; 1-6 H.P., D. C. 110 -volt, $9.00;1-12 H.P., D. C. 110 or 220 -volt, $6.50; Bunnell Relays, 150 Ohms, $2.00;Bunnell Telegraph Leg Key. $1.00; 3 -Bar Magneto- Generator, 50c.Write us your wants. Prompt shipments. Every article guaranteed

WALTER L: HODGMAN, Pres.

An Electric BellWithout a Battery

30 DAYS'FREE TRIAL

Our No -Battery Electric Bellis positively the greatest in-vention of the age. This newinexhaustible and inde-structible bell carries itsown generator. When you

turn the button, it generates its own electricity andrings loud and as long as the button is turned.

Anybody Can Install ItNo expert electrician needed to install this bell. Anyman who knows how to use a screw -driver and hammercan place it without any additional cost..30 Days' Trial Send $3.Se and we will send thecomplete outfit. Yon

yourink absolutelynothing. If after a thirty -days' trial yon do not find the bell

as represented, return it to us and we will refund your money.

Searles Electric Co. llssall Ck Block,9 CHICAGO

11MIL _atic

ntnt,ra'4la

The Sanitary DishwasherHAND AND ELECTRIC POWER

FOR FAMILY USEWashes, rinses, dries and pol-

ishes _ the most delicate China-Glassware-Silverware in s to 5minutes. Cleans and sterilizesdishes with scalding soap -sudsand rinses them, completely re-moving all traces of food, grease,etc. _ Hands do not touch water.Saves labor, time, towels, break-age. All metal - compact -strong-lasts a lifetime. Escapethe drudgery of dishwashing..

Write today for catalogueand testimonials

C. FREDERICK RICHARDS, President, DETROIT, MICR.

"HUMAN INTEREST STUFF"Big guns out on the coast are trained on a distant target atnight by a searchlight; someone sent us aphotograph andshort description and we bought it at once. Neae Los ngelesthere is an old, old tree, a government land mark, and a newtrolley line was made to take a curve to get around it-wobought another photograph and a couple of hundred wordsreadily. Someone conceived the idea of treating chickenswith high frequency current to make them grow faster, andwhen photographs and description were sent us we were onlytoo glad to accept them. These are examples of what isknown in journalism as 'human interest stuff.' We wantmore and more of it for the magazine. We want every sub-scriber to be a human interest scout. Good rates are paidfor acceptable material-which must be hinged in- some wayon electricity. Send for our little pamphlet "What to Writeand How to Write It."

POPULAR ELECTRICITY MAGAZINE54 W. LAKE ST., CHICAGO, ILL

Editorial Department

Tub la made ofHerd Rolled Cop-per and SolidBras, Reinforced,1'n n not Shrink.St urn. Leak or ito,t.

Won't Wear Out the ClothesThe Reason It's Perfectly Smooth Inside

Blankets and finest fabrics are all the same to THE JUDD, for thewater is forced through the clothes a hundred times per minute.Ten or fifteen minutes will thoroughly cleanse a tub full.Two hours to do a family washing! The electricity from any lightsocket will do the work at a cost of about four cents.The special motor operates the reversible wringer and washer at the same time.

Let us show you how THE JUDD works.Descriptive literature for the asking.

JUDD LAUNDRY MACHINE COMPANYRoom 335 People's Gas Building, CHICAGO

For our Mutual ldvantnge mention Popular Electricity when writing to Advertisers.

POPULAR ELECTRICITY MAGAZINE for MARCH 5.;

Do You Know That You CanMake $90.00 a Day?

HERMANN'S PERMANENT HAIR WAVEROffers opportunity to make BIG PROFITS QUICKLY !Four Types of Machines. Outfit more than pays for itself thefirst day. Best Paying Line of Work is the Hermann Per-manent Hair Waver. It presents the opportunity you havebeen looking for. There is a Great Demand for this Work.Write Today for Complete Catalogue.

MOLER SUPPLY HOUSE, 742 S. Wabash Ate., Chicago, III.

SAY

All MetalSpringless Tub

YOUR HEALTHYOUR GOOD LOOKSYOUR TIMEYOUR CLOTHESYOUR MONEY

DON'Tgrow prematurely old and haggard over a back-breaking washboard and aside -ache producing w ringer,when there is a better and far cheaper way to wash yourclothes.

DOMESTIC ELECTRICWASHER and WRINGER

5 cents worth ofelectricity and 2 hourstime will wash your clothes clean-make themlook better and wear longer.

Enclosed Working Parts Easily Cleaned15 Lays' Free Trial in Your OK. Laundry.Bend for Catalogue and Easy Payment Plan.

DOMESTIC EQUIPMENT CO.Dept. P. 30 W. Lake St.. Chicago

AFTER A SHAMPOOI)ry the Hair Quickly with a

PELOUZE ELECTRIC COMBAND CURLING IRON

:lets as a tonic for the hair and scalp-makesthe hair luxuriant-saves time and labor-works perfectly. To use Curling Iron-simplyremove the conch-stakes beautiful lasting

eaves or curls. The heater and cord revolvetogether, so that the cord does not kink whilein use. The temper-a rare is so regu-

ti,t i'.t.t: xu tt::utiUlated in the heater thatit can't burn the hair. -

No. THREE STYLES Price lfyourdraler hasn't it vueprepuy542 Electric Comb complete gº75 expre.ea-r on rerotpe of pyjce582 Electric Curling Iron only, º.5o PELC U Z E MFG. CO.852 Curling Iron and Comb

complete can 232-212 L. Ohio Si., I'1111'í .0

The PIONEER andPEER of them ALL Why Pay Exorbitant Prices

for complicated, insanitary wooden washing machines,if you can buy a practicalandeverlastingAll-Metal

Sanitary Paragon Power Washer electric ratgon

motor

AT A TREMENDOUS SAVING IN PRICEPRICES range from $23.75 to $150.00. Three sizes.

OVER 100,000 PARAGONS USED IN THE U. S.,the most convincing proof of unequalled superiority. Before wasting your money in buying inferiormakes send for our interesting catalog No. 2 and further details of the most liberal proposition ever

made by any manufacturer. Established 190Z.

SAN ITANORY ONLYWOOD PARAGON MFG. CO., 2403-05 W. 14th St., CHICAGOMETAL

Let Electricity Make Pure Air for YouSufferers from many ailments travel thousands of miles to breathe ti -e OZONE of the

mountains and pine forests. Yet a recent scientific invention enables everyone to have-RIGHT IN THEIR OWN BEDROOM-air constantly as pure, refreshing and ex-hilarating as the purest oxygen -filled atmosphere of the piny woods anc mountain peaks.This little apparatus is operated by electricity and "ozonizes" the air á the closest roomjust as an electric storm purifies the out -door air. The

..... ,.,. _.. ........ .. . ....:.___ ........ ..................................... ..........................._,I ....................

.

' \'

OZONE PURE AIRIFIERIs of greatest benefit in the treatment of Asthma, Day Fever, Catarrh, Insomnia, Nervous.mess, Pneumonia, Typhoid and Scarlet Fevers, Diphtheria, 'Bronchitis, Tuberculosis, eta.Endorsed by highest medical and scientific authorities a thoroughly tested and demon-strated success.Central Station. Electric Jobber and Dealer, this is the latest Electrical Appliance

on the market. Write now for illustrated catalogue, prke list and descriptive matterand plan of placing for liberal trial.

We want distribution throughout the United States In Every PlaceWhere ElectricalAppliances are Sold.

OZONE PURE AIRIFIER COMPANY900-u08 Rand McNally Bldg. CHICAGO, ILL.mi

For our Mutual Advantage mention Popular Electricity when writing to _td'erti.rers.


2c a Week Pays Wash Bill!,Electricity or Water -Power Does the Work: ---Just a "Twist of the Wrist" Starts or Stops the MachThe 1900 Motor Washers are now at work in thousands of homes. They are doingthe work formerly done by women, at a cost of 2c a week for power! Saving thou-sands upon thousands of dollars in wash bills. Saving worlds of wash -day troubles.Leaving the women free to do other work while the machines are doing the washing.

The 1900 Motor Washer1900 Water Molar WasherCan be connected withany water tap instantly

Washes a Tubful in Six Minutes!Handles Heavy Blankets or Daintj Laces

The outfit consists of the famous 1900 Washerwith either Electric Motor or Water Motor.You turn on the power as easily as you turnon the light, and back and forth goes the tub,washing the clothes for dear life. Then, turna lever, and the washer does the wringing. Allso simple and easy that it is mere child's play.A Self -Working Wringer FreeWith Every Washer! wB hárrrááWringer. We guarantee the perfect working of both.No extra charge for Wringer, which is one of thefinest made. Write for FREE BOOK and 30 Days' FBL,,L TRIAL OFFER!Don't doubt! Don't say it can't he done. The free book proves that it can. But wedo not ask von to take our word for it. We offer to send a 1900 Motor Washer on abso-lute Free Trial for an entire month i.o any responsible person. Not a cent of secur-ity-nor a promise to buy. Just your word that you will give it a test. We even agreeto pay the freight, and will take it back if it falls to do all we claim for it. A postalcard with your name and address sent to us today will bring you the book free be re-turn mail. All correspondence should be addressed to 1900 WASHER CO.. 6009C mrt St., Binghamton, N. Y., or, if you live in Canada, write to theCanadian Washer Co., 455 Yonge St.., Toronto, Canada. (23)

Doing the wringing with1900 Electric Motor Washer

WHETHERAt Home or Traveling you canwith Simplex heating appliancessecure comfort without bother.

The Nursery MilkWarmer, the Indispen-

sable Water Heater,the Heating Pad andthe Toaster are a fewof the many usefulheating appliances of Simplex Qualitysold by good dealers and described indetail in our catalog F 17.

SIMPLEX ELECTRIC HEATING CO.Cambridge. Mass. 15 So. Desplaines St., Chicago612 Howard St., San Francisco Belleville, Ontario

A 30 DayFreeTrial

inyourhome

will dem-onstrate

toyour

satisfac-tionhow

neces-sary the

SIMPLEX

IRONERis for economical management.

It saves your strength, health, beauty.time ami money. It irons five times asfast, better and makes It easier. Servantsare better contented, more efficient. Heatsby gas or electricity. Operates by handor small motor at small expense. It reallycosts nothing because it saves its costevery six months. Write for booklet and"Ironint 1 -Lots." Both free.

AMERICAN IRONING MACHINE COMPANY' 55 East Lake Street Chicago, Ill.

For our Mutual Advantage r lention Popul tr Eleetrieity when writing to Advertisers.


Motors, Dyna-mos, Wireless,

Induction Coils, Rheostats, MiniatureElectric Railways and Parts, etc.It's a valuable, up-to-date catalog of one of thelargest, most reliable electrical manufacturers in thecountry. Send for it -6c in stamps or coin, whi Iiwill be refunded on your first order of 50c or c .-.

NO POSTAL ANSI\ REllroltnmp Electric Mty.Po., Park Blur.. Baltimore. Md.

OONS

Id OMIT IT*

srarw.s e.eiñ;w H:KrpN[S rNr aerroM.

Entertain Your Friendsand Recall the Summer

byusing

a

"Mclntosh Lanterns areHonest Lanterns"

Miopticon The Newest, Neatest, Niftiest of StereopticonsYou can attach it to an ordinary incandescent socket using 5 amperes, 110 to 115 volts, and project pictures for a wholeevening at a coat of about twelve cents for current.Youcan show pictures of people, countries, scenes you have traveled through. You can show pictures of any modernscience or industry. You can also show your summer vacation.You can show pictures of Europe, Asia, Africa or any other country or continent, You can even Blow pictures of thesolar system and its different members, using this wonderful little machine.You can set it down wherever there is a space 5% inches in diameter. You ran operate it without the least difficulty.It is simple: the are lamp is always centered.You can use it in any sise room or even in a small hall up to fifty feet or more from the screen.We will send a little booklet telling about the Miopticon if you want it. It is free. A post -card will bring it to you,Write for it now.

McIntosh Stereopticon Company, 411.420 Atlas Block, Chicago, Illinois

This book is brimful of information on

ELECTRICITY

AGENTSVVETELECTRIC APPSLAIICE

THE

Handy Lightcarry it anywhere in thehouse. Use it in everyroom. Hang on wall-lights the room. Over

dresser-you stand in flood of light. Ontable or sewing machine throws light on thework-not in eyes. In kitchen, throws light onstove and sink. On bed for night reading orsickness-snap it on or off without getting up.One light instead of two-better results. ZIP!It's attached to electric socket ready to use.Puts light where you want it-everywhere-"the light of a thousand uses" for home, office, store,factory, warehouse, garage, hotel,-tremendous field,liberal profits. Sales -Driving Sample. Weighsa pound. No knowledge ofelectricity required. Sellsfor $3.50 complete with tenfeet of cord and plug, andsaves the purchaser an in-vestment of $25.00. Write forparticulars.The HANDY LIGHT Co.

265 Handy Light BlockCincinnati, - - - Ohio

REDUCES ELECTRIC BILLS.NO EXPERIENCE NECESSARY.DOUBLES ILLUMINATION.NO WORK TO INSTALL.

SEWING MACHINEELECTRIC MOTOR

Anyone can attach itto machine. Simpleand durable. S14.00 al-ternating or direct.

FIDELITY ELEC-TRIC COMPANYLancaster, Pa.

Big Price ReductionThordarson's New JuniorBell Ringing Transformer

The New Juniorrepresents Electrical,Magnetic and Mechan-ical Perfection.

Takes the place of un-reliable, troublesomebatteries. . Operatesdoor bells, buzzers,burglar alarm systems,annunciators, etc.When properly installedwill last a lifetime. Con-sumes no current.

New List Price, $2.50Write today for full particulars

For sale by all Leading Electrical Jobbers

THORDARSON ELECTRIC MFG. CO.505 S. Jefferson St. Chicago, Ill.



Big Moneyin

ElectricityThe electrical field affords a wonderful

opportunity to boys with a liking forelectrical work. The salaries paid arelarge-promotion rapid, and, best of all,the profession is not overcrowded.

The International CorrespondenceSchools of Scranton can make you anexpert in the line of electrical work youlike best. Hundreds of boys havealready won success through I. C. S.help. You can do the same. Every-thing is made so clear that you canlearn in your spare time, regardless ofwhere you live or what you do. Nobooks to buy. See your parents aboutit-they want you to succeed.

There's big money in electricity.Get after it by marking and mailingthe attached coupon to -day. Findingout costs you nothing.

rINTERNATIONAL CORRESPONDENCE SCHOOLSBox 1102 SCRANTON. PA.

Explain, without further obligation on my part. how l'I can qualify for the position before which I mark X.

Automobile RunningAline SuperintendentMine Foreman}lambing. Steam FittingConcrete ConstructionCivil EngineerTextile üanufaetarIagStationary EngineerTelephone ExpertMeehan. EngineerMechanical DraftsmanIrehitestural DraftsmanElectrical EngineerElec. Lighting Supt.

Civil Service -

ArchitectChemistLangugeCommerciasl EnglishBuilding ContractorIndustrial DesigningCommercial IllustratIngWindow TrimmingShow Card WritingAdvertising ManStenographerBookkeeperPoultry Farming

I Name

I Present Occupation

I Street and No.

city State- -j

Wireless Amateurs!i`rs ^°SciE.vcE's No.3

ThirtyLessons

inWireless

TelegraphyBy

A. P. Morgan

25 CentsPostpaid

Contains jtist theinformation thatevery amateurshould have.Covers the fun-damental p r i n-ciples of elec-

tricity and wireless telegraphy, with a concisedescription of each part of the apparatus, show-ing their purpose and action in connection withthe complete outfit.

Amateur's WirelessHandy Book.

The handiest and most useful book for the wire-less operator, amateur or professional, ever' pub-lished.

What It Will Do for You.Contains a complete list of wireless call letters,1,500 in all, enabling you to locate the origin ofany certain call immediately ; also the owner ofthe station or ship and power rating. The Morseand Continental Codes are shown on two largefull page charts so that they can be read from adistance, also, a Beginner's Speed Chart so ar-ranged to assist in learning the Codes quickly.

All the abbreviations used by operators tosave time andlabor. And last eia miabut not eastover 100 Hook- %¡`}/ urloi:((Zups and Dia-grams.

G/.11JrU V 1L JNo

matter what in-struments youhave you willfind a perfecthook-up thatworks in thisbook. Blankpages are pro-vided for keep-ing a record ofyour own hook-ups.

25 CentsPostpaid.

a>o

Popular Electricity Book Dept.54 W. Lake St., Chicago, Ill.



Complete Wireless Receiving Set Regular $2.50 ValueSPECIAL PRICE 95

Bead the messages that are flying all arousal you in the air. Receives messages up to 500 miles.No. 797. Here is another of our great amateur offers; a complete receiving set

mounted on a base at a price that cannot be approached by any other firm inAmerica. The base of this set is of solid oak 751 inches long by 451 inches wide by

inch thick. It is finished in shellac, rubbed down,'to a dead finish. Theset consists of a combination universal detector, one 75 ohm, nickeledcase telephone receiver and telephone cord. One tuner, 4)6 inches long,wound with bare copper wire by our special method that allows the turnsto touch each other and yet are thoroughly insulated from each other,thereby having a wire length nearly equal to the tuners now on themarket selling for $1.95. 1 inch of Wollaston wire, 2 insulators, and 65feet of aluminum aerial wire. Instructions and codes. Price - $1.95

(Sent by express.) By mall, 82o extra

Complete Sending and Receiving Sets, $3.90, $5.00, $8.95

Continent 1 'NFRvy Hunt & McCrea, 92-94 Murray St., New York

This book makes it easy foranyone to do good lettering

12,000 copies soldContents:

Block Letters:I Leavy. Outline,Condensed, Ex-pended, Fancy ,Shaded and Italics.

Gothic:Condensed. Ex-panded, Italics.

Roman:Fairy, Italics.

Script: Modern,Architectural.

12th Edition-JUST OUTContains 40 alphabets-four of which are new

55c postpaidWell printed no fine paper and handsomely hound In cloth

Spon & Chamberlain, éw York ú s P"

Any _ Electrical Bookon the Market

Can be obtained through our BookDepartment. Tell us your wants

POPULAR ELECTRICITY PUBLISHING CO.54 West Lake Street, Chicago, Illinois

10 Amp. -Hour Storage CellPrice $1.00 A set of these wonderful batteries

will almost double the trans-mitting range of your wireless coil. They will also runtoy motors, lamps, advertising devices, etc. The mostreliable and durable cells made. No renewals. simplyrecharge from direct current supply. We also manu-facture a complete line of Dynamos, Motors. Rectifiers,Transformers, Water Motors, Gasoline Engines, ModesAeroplanes, etc. We

Wax sell complete eats ofmaterials for building

Lose Couplers, Induction Coils, Motor.,Dynamos, Variable Condensers, etc.

We manufacture the largest line ofreliable amateur Wireless apparatus inthe world. With every WirelessCatalogue we give a complete list ofall the Wireless Telegraph Stations, Bat.tleebips, Steamshi etc., together withtheir ZALL LETTERS. Over1,400 in all. It is FREE for 4'cents in stampeto cover the cost of mail-ing. Same may be deducted from thefirst order. A new edition has just beenissued. Send now.

ADAMS-MORCAN CO.'TnE Ex,', aurrsr,tt's

r,Box 74a l'pper Montclair N

6611.0111. rmearvoa=ramsao°®OOard.4°°L

rIIIPZSC~

°QVaQ:oCarrea nanr<lela.Il.r.

Send stamp$1.00 to $18.00.

C. BRA(NDES, Inc.. 111-115 Broadway, New YorkAgents fort SAN iRANCISCO, Ford Eiing, 610 Balboa Bnliding

l CBICA00, Dawson & Winger Eieetrte Ce., 997 S. Dearborn St.

for descriptive

ELECTRO -PLATING OUTFIT

1a+'tl1W I_

BRAN DESWIRELESSRECEIVERS

Guaranteed WoundWith Copper WireMoney Refunded If

Not Satisfied5000 ohm set - .00

(as illustrated)9000 ohm leather

covered doubleheadband set - 4.50

1D00 ohm receiver 1.00matter on receivers from

Our complete electro-plating outfit as abovewill be sent to any ad-dress express collect for$8.45. Wireless Novel-ties and Electrical Sup-plies of every descrip-tion. Send stamp for ourcatalogue. The followingis our special." Anelectrical massage vib-rator to operate on 110-125 A. C. or D. C. for $14.00,

the saute vibrator to operate on dry cells $13.00. Receivers2000 ohms complete with headband for $3.65. Minerals ofevery description also Electro -Surgical Instruments.

DETROIT ELECTRICAL SPECIALTY CO.Department Erskine DETROIT, MICH,

SEND STAMP FOR CATALOGUE

Wireless Course Free20 Lessons. From 1 to 20.

With'each purchase of $1.00 worth ofour wireless material we give you alesson free.

Western Agents ForTHE ELECTRO IMPORTING CO.Same Catalog. Same Prices.

Send to in stamps for catalog

ANDERSON LIGHT & SPECIALTY CO.134 N. La Salle St., Chicago, Ill.

Opposite City Hall.

For oar Mutual Advantage mention Popular Electricity when writing to Ad,,ertisers.


DUCK'S ELECTRICAL &WIRELESS CATALOGCELEBRATED FERRON DETECTORIt yet remains the peer of all Detectors licensed for pri-vate use. Price only $5. The Ferron Detector

contains the same high gradecrystal and an adjustmentequally as admirable as thePyron Detector licensed forcommercial use which sellsfor $65.00. License for pri-vate use permit of low price.A patron of Greenville, Mich-

igan, voluntarily writes-With your Ferron DetectorI received the larger Atlantic Coast stations (700 to 800miles) and have heard Key West very clearly (1500miles) all over land.

Mailed for. 6c. stamps or coin, which you may deduct on firstorder of $1.00. Great cost of catalog and low prices prohibit dis-tribution except to those really interested. Save 25% to 33% onStandard Electrical Goods by getting this big Catalog. There is nocatalog to take its place; neither will you find elsewhere as large avariety of standard electrical goods at such attractive prices.

WHAT OUR BIG CATALOG CONTAINS:100 pp. Wireless Instruments for Experimental and Commercial use. (Wireless

section four times as large as the majority of wireless catalogues. It contains overthirty diagrams showing how to connect all combinations of instruments.) 15 pp.Telegraph Instruments of same quality as used by Western Union and Postal Com-panies. 40 pp. Toy and Commercial Motors. 20 pp. Flash Lights and MiniatureLamps, and 145 pp. of Home Lighting Plants, Mechanical Tools, Guns, PocketKnives, Miniature Railways, and Electrical Supplies.

THE J.. J. DUCK COMPANY, 428 St. Clair St., TOLEDO, OHIO

Variable Condenser No.364The sales of this little condenser dur-

ing 1912 marked it as the most popularwireless instrument ever offered for theuse of experimenters. Some time dur-ing 1913 let THREE of your dollarsbring it to YOU. Your verdict will bethat of the army of amateurs who say,"Just right for secondary circuits."

Your money order now, will bring itto you immediately, post paid.

Wm. J. Murdock Co.50 Carter Street

CHELSEA, MASS.480 Folsom Street, San Francisco

REX MOTORNeat in design and well made-a great

favorite with the boys. Runs efficiently .nione cell, dry or other battery. ,Finished inblack enamel; screws and other trimmingsnickel plated. Polished wood base, packetin a neat box, size 3 x-331 x 34 inches,properly labeled. Weight about 12 ounces.

Sent on receipt of price, $1.00. Postage1 t cents extra,

Special Offer Fewor ailt

limsenitedd thtiisme moot,r

prepaid absolutely free with a trial subscrip-tion to Modern Electric., An Authority

on W reless. Every live boy should take at least one semi-teclmicalelectrical magazine and keep up-to-date on the new wonders and advancesat electricity; Modern Electrics illustrates and describes these subjects instyle that can be read and understood by you. It is nearly five years

old and contains frm 112 to 144 pages monthly. 15 cents per copy;$1.50 per year. Tells you how to make things at home; contains anexperimental department and answers your questions free.

Send $1.50 today in cash, stamps or M. O. and get ModernElectrics for one s -ear and we will send you the Motor prepaid Abso-lutely Free.

Modern Electrics262 Fulton StreetNew York, N. Y.

MODERNELECTRICcJ

DROP US A POST CARDFor our book, catalog and pamphlet, "18 Waysto Make Money. They are free.POPULAR ELECTRICITY MAGAZINE, Book Dept.

BS U and send for our No. 10 Catalog ofWireless and Electrical Supplies con-taindng Hi Grade Instruments of everytype. The prices are rignt and theshipments will be prompt. -Write yourname and address plainly.

JOHN Y. PARKE & CO.127 N. 7th Street, PhiladelphiaDept. A.

Send for Copy of Our New Wireless Manual E 1It contains 06 pages and tells how to erect and maintain wireless telegraph stations. Showsa number of diagrams. Has the Morse and Continental Telegraph Codes. Illustrates the bestinstruments to use; tells what they are for and how to use them. Do not wait until some othertime, but sit down now and send your name and address, and get one. It costs you nothing

Send for Our Pocket Catalog E26It contains 212 papes, with over 1,000 illustrations, and describes in plains, clear language allabout Bells, Push Buttons, Batteries, Telephone and Telegraph Material, Electric Toys,Burglar and Fire Alarm Contrivances, Electric Call Bells, Electric Alarm Clocks, MedicalBatteries, Motor Boat Horns, Electrically Heated Apparatus, Battery Connectors, Switches,Battery Gauges, Wireless Telegraph Instruments, Ignition Supplies, Etc.

It Means Money Saved to You to Have Our Manual and Our Catalog When You Want to BuyMANHATTAN ELECTRICAL SUPPLY COMPANY

NEW YORK, 17 Park Place CHICAGO, 114 So. 5th Ave. ST. LOUIS, 1106 Pine St.

For our Mutual -ldv-antuxxt. mention Popular Electricity ns hen 1%riting to Adv-erttmers.


Double Slide Bare Wire AirDielectric Tuning Coil $4.00

Again we come to the front with something radically new in WIRELESS.The above Tuning Coil le unique in many ways, and we guarantee that

with all other things being equal, it will bring in signals louder and clearerthan any other Double Slide Tuner manufactured, regardless of price.

We have gotten away from the supposedly necessary cylindrical form ofcore, and in so doing are enabled to air space the turns of wire from ecrbother. The only points of actual contact of the turns with a common sup-port are the four Ages of the quadrilateral winding and these supper tsare of vulcanised Hard Rubber, so practically 96 per cent. of the finallength of the wire is air spaced, thus reducing the chance of leakage toa minimum. Price $4 00. express charges to be paid by consignee at des-tination.

The above Tuner equipped with an extra slide, thus making a TripleSlide Tuner, price $4,50. The size of the bare copper wire is either So.22 or 24 as you may select, prices being the same In either Instance

We are agents for the BRANDES" Long Distance Receivers now sowell and favorablyknown that detailed description Is unnecessary.

ABRNDES' SUPERIOR TYPE, 2000 Ohmstotal, per pair postpaid, $5.20

"BRANhms TpRAer DN -Ar pToLeANTICDaN

á C TYPE, 2800"BRANDES" IMPROVED NAVY TYPE, 3200

Ohms total, per pair postpaid, . . $13.20The above receivers are fully guaranteed, each and every phone hart?

the name "BRANDES" plainly stamped on the aluminum case; Bradbands are Hard Rubber covered In the instance of the T. A. T. and Navyand solid German Silver for the "SUPERIOR" type. Cords are greensilk 8 f tin length,Single "BRANDES" SUPERIOR Phone, 1000

$1.00O000Ole hms, withms. h leather co erred head baERIOR nd andsingle cord, postpaid . $2.65

Promptness in delivery is our specialty: a large dock of phones al-ways on hand. Send stamp for descriptive circular of Tuner. togetherwith some of our other specialities.

DAWSON & WINGER ELECTRIC COMPANY727 South Dearborn Street Chiengo, Illinois

F. B. CHAMBERS

OSCILLATIONTRANSFORMERThis Loose -Coupled Helix is built especiallyto meet the requirements of the new regula-tions. By varying the distance between Pri-mary and Secondary, itwiil give any degree ofCoupling, and allows very sharp tuning. TheSecondary can be set at any point on the cen-tral rod, and is held in place by a clampingdevice at the top. Is built on thoroughlyseasoned, varnished Mahogany wood; insula-tion perfect. We have prepared ourselves forthe demand there will be for this Instrument,and can make shipment immediately uponreceipt of order. No. 912 for use on from2 -inch Coils up to 34 K. W. Price, $5.50.No. 920 from 34 to 1 K. W. Price, $8.00.Positively 5 cents in stamps for 1913 Illus-trated Catalog.& CO., 217 N. Ninth St., Philadelphia, Pa.

HOWTO READ

WIRELESSmessages sent in the continental code.A wonderfully simple method every

amateur should know about andpractice. With it you can becomeexpert in a very short time. Readall the news flying through the air.Don't miss this opportunity.

Send 10c (special price) for Book P. I.

HUNT & McCREE 92 MURRAY STREETNEW YORK

For our Mutual Advantage mention

[TYPE..A., 1-15 H. P.

The BlitzenRotary Variable CondenserDon't chase away the small amount of energyin an incoming signal with condensers whichslide in grooves and provide a large leakagepath on every edge of every plate.Capacity is large (.o008) and by filling with castor oilmay be increased five times to .004. Has 15 rotaryand 16 stationary aluminum plates, nickel platedbrass case and hard rubber top and handle (notcomposition).

Better send 4e stamps for oar complete catalog-today.

Price $5.00CLAPP-EASTHAM COMPANY

141 Main St., Cambridge, Mass,Aylsworth Agencies Co. J. J. Duck143 Second Street 430 St. Clair Street

San Francisco, Cal. Toledo, OhioWestern Sales Agents Central Sales Agent

THIS SMALL 110 VOLTPOWER MOTORh::nsancither 110 voltsA.C. or D.C.,can lietonne. ted to any lamp socket, and ispower-

il enough to operate an eight inch fan,sign flashers, small window displays,small buffing wheels and is especiallyrecommended for rotary sparkgaps. Has laminated field and ar-mature, 3.16 -

inch shaft, meta in-sulate commutdor,

phosphor bronzebearings, brass greasecups, puaey and term-inals. Absolutely willnot ran Mil. Built forcommercial pie ,ions and is no toy.

Shipment weight 4 pounds.Send for descriptive circular today.

PRICE$6.00

Wheeler Electric Co. of 7102 Ceatrai St.CHICAGO

C+ut Sou i magi ne it t ins more etc iti ugly interesting than sit-ting in your attic and listening to Wireless messaged "comingin" over your E. L Co. sett H e sell seta from$685 up that receive clear messages 100 milesdistant; our best set receiving messages 2000miles off, costa only $24.00. Can youafford not to afford one of these mod-ern marvelous instruments? Wehave made thousands of peoplehappy with "Wireless" since1905. 11'e don't make toys;

MOONEYdBAs CK fW eOR

a booklet: WWirelessTelegeFREE TOpostageelec--with

just issued"Treatise on

raphy." IT ISALL. Send today 4c

for our great 200 pagetrical cyclopedia No. 11

400 illustrations and 1600electrical articles, valuable in-

formation and loads of experi-ments on wireless and electrical sub-

iects. No ostals answered. ASK FOROUR FREE 160 PAGE "WIRELESS

COURSE" IN 20 LESSONS.THE ELECTRO IMPORTING CO.

233 B FULTON STREET :: NEW YORK"EVERYTHING FOR THE EXPERIMENTER"

Popular Electricity when writing to Advertisers.


10 Toolsin One

"OHIO" CHISELS are made from high grade andspecially selected tool steed. andthe care, skill and experience of e

our 89 years in the Edge Tool business is put into every tool bearing our E OI lI li"Ohio" Trade Mark shown here. The result is a high grade and very tsatisfying tool, with a keen, tough and lasting cutting edge. Via``-' .99

"OHIO" PLANES are fitted with our special Extra REGISTEREDHeavy Cutter, which preventsChattering or Trembling when used in hard or

knotty timber. High grade cutters, accurate adjustments and true faces areonly a few of the points in which our planes excel and make it well worthyour while to insist on having them from your dealer.

Write for our free Catalogue of High GradeTools and Benches. y p

OHIO TOOL CO., (Dept. 12)COLUMBUS, OHIO

This combinationcopeieta of a hollow handle

of c000bola, highly polished andfinely finished. and containingten separate and distinct tools,each of which fit into the steel jaws

of the chuck and perform their work perfectly.

TOOL HOLDER No.5The handle and chuck Is iii inches long over all. The tools are high

grade, tempered steel, honed to a fine cutting edge and highly fin-ished. The jaws of the handle close over the shoulders of the toolssecurely and they will not pull out when in use.

For sale by dealers at $ 11 .25Bend for "TOOL PRACTICF. EE. Inerrtm- ¡19i

rfiveBooklt'sFREE.{MILLERS FALLS CO.28 - amen St., New York

IC..jl.,iILCS--j

For over 45 years

KU/i /(UTTERTools and Cutlery

have been famous for qualityr SIMMONS HARDWARE CO., Inc.

CATALOG FREE

SOUTH BEND

LATHES7 5

Screw Cutting FootPower, Steam Power

or Electric MotorDrive 9 to 13 In.

South Bend Machine Tool Co..427 Madison St., South Bend, Ind

That Thin Nosed "RED DEVIL" still leads allslip joint pliers in popularity, practicability anddurability. It's "RED DEVIL," No. 1025, 6? zinches long, has a very thin nose and is a plier youwill appreciate.

Ask your local dealer for it or any other "REDDEVIL" tool. We make over 3000 different toolsfor mechanics.

If you want to see a sample send us 50 cents andone pair only will be sent you postpaid.

SMITH & HEMENWAYCO. HlwYork,U.S.A.

NO PUMPNO VALVE

9l''TN El

IMPS

R tr$1.50

(. AUTOMATIC1

T..ETORCR

bwluwiticit

y>

delivered.

- '. r ,

GENUINEÑEcs-* "IMP" TORCH2000° FAHRENHEIT

50,000 USEHeats or Solders Anything

Thaws Frozen Water PipesIf dealer's name is given $1.25.

Money back if wanted.

178 Summer Street, BOSTONTIC ( ómúá y

Building Contractor AgentsIV al, .d to n.e ama help - _

NI' II the

Rapid FloorSCRAPER ' r FREE TRIAL

One man serapes more ` ,. `' ` MOS.t RCM MEG. CO.floor than three by hand. - 7-g Shepard Ride.Get our Free Catalog. _...,... Grand Rapids, Michigan

I

FOOT AND POWERt LATH ES, PLANERS

,i)'"` N I Drill Presses. Shapers andGear Cutters. First ClassTools at Low Prices Espe-cially for Garages. Write for catalog

l SHEPARD LATHE CO.,209 E. Sixth St. Cincinnati, O.

THE ORIGINAL AND GENUINEKLEIN TOOLS just keep inorder as a matter of course.It's in the nature of them, and,there is a tool for any of yourneeds shown in the Kleincatalogue.

If you are a tool user sendfor it. Since 1857 Klein Toolshave practically wired theearth. Pretty good proof oftheir worth, isn't it?

Mathias Klein & SonsCanal Station 3, Chicago, Ill.

`

-,yy',/>'

At lrli 1...`j!

¡' fir ly -.zirl

J'

i'l :;..,

For our Mutual Advantage mention 1'opul sr Electricity when writing to Advertisers.


5Adjust=ments:

Plain DrillLeff -nand

Right-handDoubleDo;ehel

Lcekd

These fiveadjustments arecontrolled by theShifter on cylinder,as indicated, andchanges are made ata finger -touch.

Thy "YANKEE'.Double Ratchet permits ofspeedy work in tight places-anymotion of the crank, forward orback, no matter how slight, causesthe drill to cut continuously.

Free Tool Books-Mechanicsand h..nosholdere, r, ite for "YankeeTool Nook." AUTOMOBILIBTS, writefor 'Yankee' Tools in the Goraee.'NORTH BROS. MFG, CO.. Philadelphia

`:K\\ Acli;\ f

"YANKEE" RatchetHand Drill

No. 1530. Price, $2.80Length, 1014 in.Weight, 1% lbs.

\

N

Three -jaw chock;capacity, 3-16 in.

Magazine for drillsin handle of tool.

Your dealerCan

supplyYOU

BUY YOUR FURNACE$1O DOWN $10 A MONTH

Our monthly payment plan of selling directsaves you the dealer's profits and excessivecharges for installation. The

JAHANT FURNACEwith the patented "Down Draft System" isbest for residences, schools, hotels, churches,etc., because it delivers plenty of heat where -ever and whenever desired at a saving of 1-3to 1-2 in fuel bull'. Install the Jahani your-self. We send crimple,- outfit, freight pre-paid with special plans, detailed instructionsand all necessary tools for installation. Satis-faction guaranteed or money refunded.

Write for free illustrated book.THE JAHANT HEATING CO.

132 Mill Street Akron, Ohio

Save'/3tó/2 on Fuel BillsA Awake the"Edison"

in your boy by giving him aplaything that is as instructive'and useful as it is entertainingOur small engines or power plantsare unusually Interesting for the

mechanically or electrically inclined boy. And they maybe profitable too, in the hands of any bright boy. Oneyoung man is helping pay his college ex-penses by charging ignition storage bat-teries with our baby motor.Our engines will furnish power to grind skates, nm ahow e lighting dynamo: drive a motor ice boat, canoe,boy auto, or help mother run the washing machine,cream separator, sewing machine or pump.Start the boy right by getting one of our engines.Askfor catalogue E to -day.

ELGIN WHEEL & ENGINE CO.Elgin, III.

REG. U. S.PAT. OFF,

r11

v

? t1

REG. U. S.PAT. OFF.

Perfect Steel and WorkmanshipGuaranteed by The MARK

of the MAKER

HERE'S the clue to long wearing,sharp - cutting jaws that alwaysmeet accurately-to the service

qualities of the most complete line ofBox -Joint and Lap -Joint Pliers made.

It's taken years of "know how" to temper that steel justright, and develop that skilled workmanship -94 years ofmanufacturing ability, experience and progress.

Learn all about P. S. & W. Pliers aswell as scores of other highest -gradehand -tools for Electricians, Carpenters,Machinists and Tinsmiths by writing{for our free "Mechanics' Handy List.'Many pages of reference tables andvaluable information.

The Peck, Stow & Wilcox Co.MFRS. of the Largest Line of Mechanics'

Hand Tools Offered by Any MakerSOUTHINGTON, CONN. NEW YORK CITY, N. Y.

CLEVELAND, OHIOAddress correspondence, 3o Murray Street, New York City

For our Mutual Advantage retention 1'oln lar Electricity when writing to Advertisers.


MUId,INSSTEELB OATS CADiTSIIVIiBuilt like Government Torpedo Boats of tough, punctureproof, galvanizedsteel plates, pressed to rigid form and so securely joined together that aleak is impossible. The Mullins Steel Boats are GUARANTEED againstpuncture leakingg,, waterlogging, warping, drying -out, opening seams, andNEVER REQUIRE CALKING. Air -tight compartments like a lifeboat,MOTORS-The Loew-Victor 4 -cycle and Ferro 2-cycle-light-powerful-simple-can be operated by the amateur-the beginner-start like auto-mobile motors-one man control-never stall at any speed-exhaust silentlyunder water.

Our beautiful book, illustrated in colors, is free.THE W. H. MULLINS COMPANY Imp

he World's Largest Boat Builders -193 Franklin St -. Salem. Ohio. U.S.A. mews Yale and Harvard Model Canoes

STEEL ROW BOATS AND CEDAR CANOES

SEND FOR MOTOR CYCLE CATALOGUE pope qualm

Three great Pope featuresOverbead-valve motor-more power,

Rear Spring Suspension insures comfort without retarding speed. Springfork absorbs vibration.

Model H "Lightweight" $165Model E "The Big 4" 200Model '.5 h.p. $215Model L 'Twin" $250

Get the details. Write today.THE POPE MANUFACTURING COMPANY

524 Capitol Ave., Hartford, Conn.Makers of Pope Picycles. Catalog Free

DOPEI MPI CYCLES

has pederbeen - -

questioned

GET THIS CATALOGFULL OF VALUABLE INFORMATION TO EVERY

BOAT OWNER ON

RACING PROPELLER WHEELS._REVERSE GEARS ANDMARINE ACCESSORIESLARGE CATALOG FREE. SEND TODAYMICHIGAN WHEEL CO. t

/ na,MONROE AVE. GRAND RAPIDS. MICH.

TISISis a out of our latest expert-Imental lump spark coil. Itiv a spark ?Sin. long with

dry cells, can be used forignition and many other pur-poses, and experimental work;tt is very neat and- compact,.

well worth $5.00. We will"send it toany address in the H. S. A. for a short timeonly for $1.50 cash with order. Send for our

electric lighting plant literature.SCHUG ELECTRIC MFG. CO., 331 East Jell St., Detroit, Mich.

GRAY MOTORS FOR BOATS - ish1--14 Yak

I(

LargestMMoBtors

heof A H."e with f.om tete C2cycle Motors in thep .JWorld. over 1000 Outfit ready to install

responsible dealers. ALSO A,ZTO 36 na{3naranteed by a big responsible concern. Writefor big catalog-tells and shows you all aboutthese high grade motors and how they are made.

GRAY MOTOR CO., 394 Bray Meter Bldg., Detroit, Mich.

BUILD YOURSELF A BOATA RACING CAT OR SPEED LAUNCH

Send for CatalogueYacht and Boat Building Books

RUDDER PUBLISHING CO., :Hodson st.,New York, N. Y.

DROP US A POST CARDfor our book, catalog and pamphlet, ''18 Ways to Male Money."They are Free.

POPULAR ELECTRICITY MAGAZINE, Book Dept.

-----------i---- Complete Launch ReadyN'ith En(ine

to Run $94-5Q

16. 18, 20, 23, 27, 28 and 35 footers at proportionate prices,including Family Launches. Speed Boats. Auto Boats and HuntingCabin Cruisers. We ars the world's largest Power Boat Manufacturers.

A NEW PROPOSITION TO DEMONSTRATING AGENTSSixty-four different modele in all sizes ready to ship equipped with the

simplest motors made; start without cranking; only three moving parts;ten -year -old child can run them. Boats and engines fully guaranteed.12,600 satisfied owners. Write today for large Free Illºstrated Catalog.DETRO t ; T I . 1166 Je arson Ave. DET - s T M C

BUILD "YOUR OWN BOAT

C3,et Our Catalogue

Do you know about knock -down boat frames andboat patterns? Lack of space will not permit us todescribe them here. Send for our free catalogue whichtells the whole story. You can build your own boatand save '/a the cost. Experience in boat building un-necessary. We build frames and patterns for boats ofall sizes from the row -boat to the large cruising yacht.

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DE FOE BOAT & MOTOR WK'SBay City, Mich. 321S State Street



The DEWSBERRY

ELECTRICICE CREAMFREEZEROur power freezer is an

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THE

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Home, Theatre, Farm, Factory. School and Town Lighting andPower Plants. Hunting, Fishing. Bicycle, Carriage, Automobile,Musicians, Necktie, Flash and Decorative Lights. Mazda andFlaming Arc Lamps. Massage, Ozone and Motion PictureMachines. Railways. Transformers, Telephones. Sewing Machineand Power Motors, Heating Pads. Laundry Irons, Lanterns,Hydro Electric Dynomos. Meters, Generators Engines. Storageand Primary Batteries, Belts, Bells, Books. Fortune for Agents.°s Gael a OHIO ELECTRIC WORKS, Cleveland, Ohio

LIGHTING PLANTS

ELECTRIC MOTORSSHOULD BE

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Write for Literature

ROTH BROS. & CO.1385 W. ADAMS STREET. CHICAGO

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Engine is our Special Electric. It gives perfect lightingservice and runs on Kerosene or Gasoline. These outfitsare complete, ready to run (except wiring) and absolutelyreliable. Write for Catalog No. 1163E8. State yourparticular requirements.

Fairbanks, Morse & Co.900 S. Wabash Ave., Chicago, Ill.

Oil and Gasoline Engines, Electric Motors, Primps, Water Systems

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ELECTRIC LIGHT for COUNTRY HOUSES

The convenience and safety of electricity both as an illuminant and as a domesticlabor -saver appeal as strongly to the isolated farmer or country resident as to the citydweller. Heretofore, there has always been the obstacle of remoteness from an electricpower line; this has now been overcome by the advent of inexpensive and easily installedprivate electric plants.

Electric Light for the Farm, by N. H. SchneiderContains practical information on small low voltage electric plants operated by storage batteries and

gasolene engines, giving full details for wiring a house according to the Underwriters' Rules, tells youjust how to start about the wiring, what wire to use, how to estimate the materials required and com-plete the installation. Tables and rules are given for estimating the number and size of lights requiredand the outfit necessary to supply the current.

No technical knowledge is necessary to install or operate these outfits except what may be learnedfrom this book.

172 Pages PRICE $1.00 POSTPAID 66 IllustrationsPOPULAR ELECTRICITY BOOK DEPT., 54 W. Lake Street, Chicago, Ill.

Eighteen Ways to Make Moneyand Advance Yourself in

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This Book May Be Your OpportunityIt may suggest a line of action that had not occurred to you and which you are in a position toact upon and make yourself financially independent. Moreover it is full of suggestions to thewide-awake fellow who is anxious to "make good."

WRITE FOR A COPY NOW SEND STAMP FOR POSTAGE

POPULAR ELECTRICITY PUBLISHING COMPANY54 West Lake Street - Chicago, Ill.

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PRACIICl+L- practical instructions.I 340 Pages $1.50 S= Y 113 Illustrations PRICE P J POSTPAID

MM/NET IND Practical Armature and Magnet Winding1 `-, By H. C. HORSTMAN and V. H. TOUSLEY.

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OVER 67 YEARS'PRACTICE

PATENTSTRADE -MARKS,

'DESIGNS,COPYRIGHTS,

ETC.Anyone sending a sketch and description may quickly ascertain our

opinion free, whether an invention is probably patentable, Communica-tions strictly confidential. Handbook on Patents sent free. Patents takenthrough Munn & Co. receive special notice, without charge, in the

SCIENTIFICAMERICANA handsomely illustrated weekly. ' Largest circulation of any scientificjournal. Terms, $3 a year; four months, $1. Sold by all newsdealers

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WM. D. McJUNKIN ADVERTISING AGENCY35 South Dearborn Street CHICAGO

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Learn and Earn_ No need to give up yourpresent occupation. Just

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Practical 25c HandbooksNo other books contain in such compact form asmuch reliable and up-to-date information on Elec-trical subjects, and at a price within reach of all

SMALL DYNAMOS AND MOTORS handbook.TO MAKE

F. E.USE

WELL Contentscofhapters: 1. General Considerations. 2. Field Magnets. 3, Armatures. 4. Commutators and OtherDetails. 5. Tables of Windings. 6. How to Build a Small Machine. 7. Useful Data. 8. Testing andRepairing. 76 pages, fully illustrated with detail drawings.WIRING HOUSES FOR ELECTRIC LIGHT BympleteN. H. dSCeHNctioñIIDEs R .

wiringContains

cohouse according to Insurance Rules, tells you Just how to starteabout the wiring, what wire to use, howto estimate the materials required and completing the installation. Directions apply equally well to ashop. 86 pages; 42 Illustrations.LOW VOLTAGE ELECTRIC LIGHTING WITH THE STORAGEB ATTERY By N. II. SCHNEIDER. Gives practical information on small low voltage electric

light plants suitable for farms, stores and country homes in general. Full details aregiven showing how to estimate the number and size of lights required, their best location and mostconvenient means of control, and the plant necessary to supply the current. 85 pages; 23 illustrations.ELECTRICAL CIRCUITS AND DIAGRAMS Btegaeli of originaldiagramsinstalling annunciators, alarms, bells, electric gas lighting, telephones, electric power light andwiring circuits, induction coils, gas engine igniters, dynamos and motors, armature windings. ByN. H. SCHNEIDER.ELECTRICAL BELLS AND ALARMS How to install them. By N. H. SCHNEIDER.

Including batteries, wire and wiring cir-cuits, pushes, bells, burglar alarms, high and low water alarms, fire alarms, thermostats, annunciators,and the locating and remedying of faults. With 56 original diagrams.MODERN PRIMARY BATTERIES Their construction, use and maintenance, includ-ing batteries for telephones, telegraphs, motors,electric lights, induction coils and for all experimental work. By N. H. SCHNEIDER. 94 pages; 55illustrations. The best and latest American book on the subject.EXPERIMENTING WITH INDUCTION COILS H.NORRádhoo"Induction Coils

authorMaking." A most instructive little book, full of practical and interesting experiments fully explained Inplain language with numerous hints and suggestions for evening entertainments. Arranged under thefollowing headings: Introduction; The Handling of Ruhmkorff Coil; Experiments with Sparks; Effectsin the Vacuum; Induction and Wireless Telegraphy. With 36 original Illustrations.SIMPLE SOLDERING BOTH HARD AND SOFT. Together with descriptions of inex-

pensive home-made apparatus necessary for this art. By EDWARDTHATCHER. Contents of Chapters: 1. Soldering. 2. Soft Soldering. 3. Methods of holding work.4. Hard Soldering and brazing. 5. Cleaning up work, polishing. 6. Standard apparatus. 7. Home-madeapparatus. 84 pages; 52 illustrations.ELECTRICITY The study of, and its laws for beginners, comprising the laws of electric currentgeneration and flow. Ohm's law, galvanism, magnetism, induction, principles ofdynamos and motors, wiring, with explanations of simple mathematics as applied to electrical calcula-tions. By N. H. SCHNEIDER. With 55 original Illustrations and 6 tables.WIRELESS TELEPHONE CONSTRUCTION By FIARRISO°h-rhen n ofmaking of a Wireless Telephone Equipment. Both the transmitting and receiving stations fully ex-plained with details of construction sufficient to give an Intelligent reader a good start in building aWireless Telephone system and in operating it. 74 pages and 43 illustrations.ALTERNATING CURRENTS SIMPLY EXPLAINED bAn ook Elementarymentaon érnaind-ngCurrent Generators, Transformers, and Motors. By ALFRED W. MARSHALL. This book is writtenfor those who desire elementary information about Alternating electric currents, simply written and yetintensely interesting. Contents of Chapters: 1. What an Alternating Current fs. 2. How AlternatingCurrents are Produced. 3. How Alternating Currents are Measured. 4. Transformers and Choking Coils.5. Alternating Current Motors. 6. Rotary Converters. 7. Rectifiers. 82 pages, 32 illustrations.INDUCTION COILS How to Make and Use Them. By P. MARSHALL. New edition revised

and enlarged by K. STOYE. A practical handbook on the constructionand use of medical and sparking coils for wireless telegraphy, gas engines, automobiles, gas lighting,X-rays, and all other purposes. With complete tables of windings for coils, giving %-inch up to 12 -inchsparks. With full directions for the construction of mercury interrupters. 76 pages, 35 illustrations.SMALL ELECTRICAL MEASURING INSTRUMENTS iHr e é toT hMe me

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PERCIVAL MARSHALL. Contents of Chapters: 1. Instruments for testing the presence of an electriccurrent, detectors, galvanometers. 2. Instruments for measuring the pressure or quantity of an electriccurrent, amperemeters: voltmeters. 3. Instruments for measuring electrical resistance, wheatstonebridge. 4. Instruments for measuring static electricity. 5. Practical details for construction. 6. Theprinciples upon which electrical measuring instruments work. 7. How to use electrical measuring instru-ments. 8. How to choose electrical measuring instruments. 90 pages; 59 illustrations.

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WANT-ED-lEkSManufacturers are

constantly writing me for new ideas

PROTECTED BY OWEN PATENTSFREE! Send for the three finest patent books published and read their letters-

see what they want! "SUCCESSFUL PATENTS"-tells how to pro-ceed; "STEPPING STONES"-contains list of over 200 inventions

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Personal Services. I help my clients sell their patents or dispose of theirapplications. Advice Free. No obligation incurred by writing me. Manu-facturing facilities. I get you strong protection or receive no compensation.

VERY HIGHEST REFERENCESColumbia National Bank, Whitehead Hosiery Mills,

Washington, D. C. Burlington, N. C.American Loktile Co., Dickinson Mfg. Co.,Alexandria. Va. Des Moines, Iowa.

National Metal Tile Co., The Fancher Drug Co.,Washington, D. C. Bridgeport, Iii.

National Supply Co. The Starrett -Mfg. Co.,Berlin, N. H. Shelbina, Mo.

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Antholene Mfg. Co. Lightening Gun and CycleHutchinson, Hans. Works, Okla. City, Okla.

And an Immense number of others whose letters are printed in my booklet:.

RICHARD B. OWEN, 6 OWEN BUILDING, WASHINGTON, D. C.Inventora submitting their invention to me are protected in a tangible manner until their applications are filed.

SPECIAL!Send me a sketch or model of your

invention and I will make a search ofthe U. S. Patent Office Records FREEOF CHARGE and report to you con-cerning patentability, practicability, etc.

PATENTS$15 0 ,0e7l0t&OUr

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TRADEMARKS ANDCOPYRIOI-ITS SECUREDOR FEE RETURNEDSend model or sketch and description of your in-vention for free search of the U. S. Patent OfficeRecord.

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VICTOR J. EVANS & CO.Victor Bldg., 724 9th St. N. W., WASHINGTON, D. C.



Build Your Own Wireless Outfit

Wireless Telegraph Constructionfor AmateursBy Alfred P. Morgan

sHOWS you how to construct various out-fits capable of receiving from 100 to 1,500

miles and of transmitting 3 to 100 miles, givingin minute detail full directions for the con-struction of each part. Also clearly explainsthe purpose and action of each instrumentwith directions for operating and testing, etc.

History and all obsolete forms of apparatus have beenomitted, so the information contained is thoroughly up-to-date.

Its thoroughness is a feature not often shown in such books,this together with its splendid treatise of wireless along con-structive lines make it the ideal book for an amateur.

Endorsed by Wireless Clubs throughout the country asbeing the most practical book published on wireless.

Contents of ChaptersI-Introduction. II-The Apparatus. III-Aerials and Earth Connections.IV-Induction Coils. V-Interrupters. VI-Transformers. VII-Oscilla-tion Condensers and Leyden Jars. VIII -Spark Gaps or Oscillators. IX-Transmitting Helixes. X-Keys. XI-Aerial Switches and Anchor Gaps.XII-Hot Wire Ammeter. XIII-Oscillation Detectors. XIV-TuningCoils and Transformers. XV-Receiving Condensers. XVI-TelephoneReceivers and Head Bands. XVII-Operation.

200 Pages Price $1.50 p°12$° lo°Money refunded if you are not satisfied.

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Popular Electricity Book Department, 54 W. Lake Street, Chicago, Illinois

153 Illustrations

Fur our %ii\artinge mention Popular I;leetrieily when s, riling to Advertisers.


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Three Valuable HelpersFor The Electrical Worker Or Contractor

Motor TroublesBy E. B. Raymond

Alternating andDirect CurrentFor many years Mr. Ray-

mond was the General ElectricCo.'s expert in the tracing ofmotor troubles, so there can beno one better equipped thanhe to fortify you against themany difficulties that arise inthis field. This book containsthe right solution of everyproblem and is so arranged andindexed that you can instantlyput your finger on the remedy.

CONTENTS - Starting Up.Sparking. Brush Troubles.Characteristics of the Induc-tion Motor. Locating Faultsin Induction Motors. WindingFaults. Balking of InductionMotors. Mechanical Troubles,Troubles with SynchronousMotors. Testing Generators.

Testing Direct -Current Motors. Alternating CurrentGenerators. Testing Induction Motors.

197 Pages Illustrated Price $1.50 Postpaid

Electrical ContractingBy Louis J. Auerbacher

How to Get theWork and do It

This book starts at the begin-ning of the average contractor'stroubles-his shop systems andhis estimates.

Mr. Auerbacher covers theseBilly with plenty of good ideason the short cuts, suggestionsand economies which make fora better business and betterprofit.

Most electrical contractors donot realize that their money islost because they lack the rightshop organization and methodsof keeping track of stock, andthe contractor who familiarizeshimself with this book will notonly do better work, but he willdo it at a greater profit and hiscustomer will be better satisfied.A large part of this book is devotedto wiring systems of all kinds, form-ing the most useful wiring handbook on the market. It showsthe latest and best methods, and, however experienced youmay be. you will find plenty of new ideas in this book, as wellas all of the everyday data to which you want to refer.160 Pages Illustrated Price $2.00 Postpaid

Questions and Answerson The NationalA Key and Index to the

Official CodeContents of Sections-

Generators,Transformers,Outside Work, LightingSignalling Systems,Inside Work,Electric Railway

Systems,Marine Work, Tables,Rules and Instructions

for Resuscitation fromElectric Shock.

Electrical CodeWhat Does The Code

Require?That is a question that con-

fronts the practical man everyday-You have to be right withthe Code. By having this bookright on your desk or in yourpocket you can find out exactlywhat the Code prescribes for ev-ery job. The questions, carefullyindexed, are in plain, simple Eng-lish, and the answers straight tothe point. References are givento the Code, so that you can showthe inspector and make sure ofapproval.

Every contractor, isolated plant manager, progressive electrician and well-informed sales-man will find this book of daily use. It prevents mistakes, insures approval of the job, andsaves wrangling, time and money.

232 Pages, Illustrated. Price $1.00 Postpaid. Pocket Size, Flexible Binding.MONEY REFUNDED ON ANY OF THESE BOOKS IF NOT SATISFACTORY.

POPULAR ELECTRICITY BOOK DEPARTMENT54 W. Lake Street, CHICAGO, ILL.



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How to Select the

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How to Select the Right Lamp forAny Part of Your Home

Buy electric lamps to fit your rooms. Don't guess, when this book willshow you at a glance the right size and kind of lamp for every socket from cellar toattic, from closet to garage. Correct Lighting is as important in your home asin your office, factory or store. Every user of incandescent lamps should send fora copy of this book-free.

NATIONThis new lamp is as rugged

as a carbon lamp and givesthree times as much light at thesame cost. It burns in any po-sition, uses any current, fits anysocket, and is made in all sizesfor the home. It is used in trainsand automobiles because it isstrong. It has given electriclighting to the smallest homesand improved the illuminationof the finest residences, stores,

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A Complete Course in Applied ElectricityaPracticalAppliedElectricity

By DAVID PENN MORETON BSEE

Covering every line of electrical workas taught in the Armour Institute ofTechnology, an institution of worldwide fame.

PRACTICAL f RACT! CAL 'APPLIEDAPPLIED

ELECTRICITY

MpRFTUM

Es,ECTRICIT`,'fpRETON

Practical Applied Electricity isthe outgrowth of actual workcombined with classroom experience. The author is AssociateProfessor of Electrical Engineering atthe Armour Institute of Technology.Most of the students taking the elec-trical course attend the evening classes,being employed at electrical workthrough the day. The problems which confront these students are embodied inthis book-one reason for its being so practical and up-to-date. To illustrate thisvaluable information, careful detailed drawings have been made under the personalsupervision of the author. In plain words, this book contains the experience ofa large number of ambitious electrical workers, gathered together by a recognizedauthority on the subject.

CONTENTS:The Electrical Circuit and Electrical Terms Explained by

Means of the Water Analogy; Ohm's Law; Series and Di-vided Circuits; Calculation of the Resistance of VariousCircuits and Conductors; Primary Batteries; Dry and WetCells; Voltage; Internal Resistance and Polarization; Howto Renew; Series and Parallel Connections; Tables of Dataof Commercial Types of Cells; Magnetism; Permanent Mag-nets; Electromagnets; The Magnetic Circuit and QuantitiesInvolved; Magnetic Properties of Various Materials; Mag-netic Calculations; Instruments; Construction of VariousTypes of Ammeters, Voltmeters, Wattmeters. Galvonmeters.etc.; Calibration of Instruments: The Dynamo; Funda-mental Principle; The Magnetic Field; Commutation: Arm-ature Reaction; Characteristics of the Series, Shunt andCompound Types of Generators; Motors. Fundamental Prin-ciple; Various Types and Their Application to DifferentKinds of Work: Motor Speed Control; Variable SpeedMotors; Railway Motors, Elevator Motors, etc.; Storage Bat -

Lary; Fundamental Principle; Commercial Types; Applica-tion; Care of; S,s;tems of Power Distribution; Two andThree Wires; Balancers; Motor Generator Sets. etc. ; Prac-tical Operation or Electrical Machinery; Connections InSeries and Parallel; Motor and Generator Troubles. How toLocate and Remedy Them; Electrical Lighting; VariousTypes of Incandescent and Arc Lamps, Application ofVarious Types; Photometry of Lamps; The Nernst Lamp;Moore Tube; Mercury Vapor Lamp; Electrical Wiring; Cal-culation of Conductors; How to do Exposed Moulding andConduit Work; How to Install and Connect Heaters.Motors, Generators. Fixtures, Arc Lamps, etc.; WiringTables for Differeat Classes of Work; Alternating CurrentCircuit; Comparison of the Direct and Alternating CurrentCircuits; Quantities Involved; Series and Divided Circuits;Measurements of Power; Alternating Current Generators andMotors; Resuscitation; Numerous Miscellaneous ReferenceTables.

The language is so plain, and the mathemattcsso simple that no one can fail to understand. Questions and answersgiven at the end of each chapter. impress upon the mind of the reader the more important points to be remembered.

450 PAGES 323 ILLUSTRATIONS price $2.00 PostpaidBLACK FLEXIBLE LEATHER BINDING

All interested in electricity, old or young --artisan or amateur --expert or experimenter --should own thisabsolute authority. Money refunded if you are not satisfied.

POPULAR ELECTRICITY BOOK DEPT., 54 W. Lake St., Chicago, Ill.



BeardsleeLighting

FixturesIn beauty of design and finish,Beardslee trade -marked lighting fix-tures can not be surpassed. No detailis too small to have the careful atten-

tion of expert workmen. Designs are worked out withminute fidelity. Ml parts are carefully fitted.The wide variety of Beardslee designs includes patternssuitable for every building, whatever its use and -styleof architecture. These designs are derived from au-thentic sources and are true to the school or period towhich they belong.When you build or remodel, give your personal atten-tion to selection of fixtures. Specify the use of "B"trade -marked lighting fixtures throughout-they willadd to the beauty and selling value, and are an insur-ance against dissatisfaction.

Write for our new booklet,"Light and Art in the Home."We shall be glad to mail you acomplimentary copy. Illustratesand describes many designs suit-able for residences.

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;b POPULAR ELECTRICITY MAGAZINE for MARCH

Literary Digest SubscribersPay $245,000,000

for AutomobilesNothing could be more indicative

of the enormous purchasing powerof Literary Digest subscribers thanthe above figures show. Think ofit! Two hundred forty-five milliondollars! This vast sum would builda fleet of forty-one first-class battle-ships! It would wipe out the entirenational debts of the Central Ameri-can Republics of Costa Rica, Gua-temala, Honduras, Nicaragua, Pana-ma, Salvador, and still leave enoughto clean the slate for Cuba and SantoDomingo-with a matter of morethan a million left over.

These figures are not imaginary.They are the result of a census whichthe publishers have taken amongtheir subscribers. A direct personalletter was mailed in which thesequestions were asked:

"Do you own an automobile?""What is its make?""What is your vocation?"Answers were received from sev-

enty per cent. of those addrest, loca-tion nation-wide. The largest city

was represented as well as the small-est village. It was proved that102,695 motor -cars had been boughtfrom 181 different makers at an aver-age cost of $2,391.00 per car.

Thirty-five per cent.-92,450-of thetotal circulation consists of men ofpurely commercial activities-the classthat is potentially automobile buyers.They need cars in their business-they buy them for their pleasure.

More manufacturers and merchantssubscribe fcr The Literary Digest inproportion to its total circulation thanfor any other publication of generalcharacter in the United States.

In fact, no other magazine canshow so large a percentage of yearlysubscribers who are possible auto-mobile buyers and who are responsiveto automokile advertising. Digestsubscribers have a taste for the goodthings of life-and, what is more,they have the inclination and themeans to gratify their tastes. Theyrepresent the most progressive citi-zens, the most successful men andwomen in the country to -day.

The flgary DtestNew York City

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POPULAR ELECTRICITY MAGAZINE for MARCH i 9

f -the.conomy/of the lctri

C

COST OF MAINTAINING 2000 -LB. ELECTRIC WAGON.

ExpenditureCost

per Mile.

General expenses:Supervision, garage rent, wheel tax and state

license

Operating expenses:Fixed charges (interest, depreciation, taxes and in-

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Total cost per mile, exclusive of driver

$0.0tg

0.0400.0250.0240.0190.0110.0106

$0.1476

65 Miles in a Single DayIn 33 days a 1 -ton Electric

made 1490 miles and 950stops for the Patteí sonTransfer Company of Mem-phis, Tenn. At times themileage stood as high as 65miles for a single day's run,all of which was accom-plished without a singlemishap.

A Year of Real ServiceIn one year a 1 -ton Elec-

tric in the service of L. L.Gilbert Baking Company ofNew Haven, Conn., coveredover 11,000 miles-an aver-age of 35 miles a day-and never missed a trip.

The Electric Invites InvestigationThe Electric is the car of swift, silent and economical service

for you. Don't put off investigation any longer. Write usnow for interesting literature, sent gratis gladly.

BOSTON

ELECTRIC VEHICLEASSOCIATION OF AMERICA

NEW YORK: 124 W. 42nd ST. CHICAGO

(58)



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Each is the outgrcwth of some specific need, is distinc-tive in character, and by common consent singularly adaptedfor the purpose intended. It would be difficult to conceive ofa plant or community where any extensive use is made taiele:trical appliances, in which they do not play a prominentpart.

Housewives, storekeepers, office managers, are friendsof the "Benjamin Trouble -Savers", as they are generallyknown. Engineers and Contractors are frequently heardsaying: "When I am up against it for special fitting on ajob, I pull out my `Benamin' catalog."

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Popular Electricity - World Radio History

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