Plant Variety Protection (PVP) Flexibilities available to WTO Members: Country Profiles related to...

C o u n t r y p r o f l e s r e l a t e d t oimplementation of TRIPS article 27.3(b)

Sarita BraultJanuary 2014

Introduction and Background

Most WTO Members are obliged to provide some formof intellectual property (IP) protection for new plantvarieties. According to the WTO TRIPS AgreementArticle 27.3(b), this can either be a sui generis system orpatents, or a combination of the two.

Te WTO does not yet require Least-DevelopedCountries (LDCs) to provide intellectual propertyprotection for plant varieties; nevertheless some LDCshave already implemented or committed to providingsome form of plant variety protection.

Tus, also the WTO itself allows fexibility in what kindof PVP system WTO Members may implement,1 manycountries have waived that fexibility either by joiningUPOV or through regional or national arrangementswhich restrict their leeway to adapt their plant varietyprotection system to their national needs.

Most developing countries who have implemented IP protection for new plant var ieties have a d o p t e d t h e U P OV m o d e l . U P OV i s t h e International Union for the Protection of NewPlantVarieties – a system developed in Europe, for the type of agriculture practiced in Europe.

1 See Carlos Correa, TRIPS-Related Patent Flexibilities and Food Security – Options for Developing Countries, 2012.

number 5

Briefng paperFood, biological diversity and intellectual property

QUNO’s Briefng papers on IntellectualProperty and Agriculture aim to informdiscussion about what kind of intellectualproperty systems can best encourageinnovation and economic development,whilst also fostering resilient, equitableand sustainable food systems.

We envision an international system thatensures long-term food security, protectsfragi le l ive l iho ods and providesincentives to maintaining biological andgenetic diversity.

PVP fexibilities available to WTO Members

CONTENTS

Introduction and Background 1

Country Profles 3

Level of Protection that EachCountry has Committed to or

Implemented, and OtherRelevant Laws

3

PVP-related Legislation &Regulations

42

Key Websites and Databases 58

QUNO Quaker United Nations Ofce January 2014

Most technical assistance and advice is geared to encouragingcountries to adopt a system based on the current version of UPOV,UPOV 1991, that is even less suited to developing countries’agricultural systems than the previous, 1978 version.

Not all the countries who are implementing a UPOV system havejoined UPOV itself. Meanwhile, several countries that have joinedUPOV 1978 are actually applying the more stringent UPOV 1991standards.

For these and other reasons, QUNO has found, in our work onintellectual property, food and biological diversity, that it is difcultto ascertain what level of plant variety protection (PVP) countriesare bound to apply, or are actually applying. We have thereforeinvested a signifcant amount of time to identify the standardsapplicable to several dozen WTO Members; through this documentwe are sharing this information more broadly.

Te country profles section outlines the main PVP-relatedobligations for each country. By clicking on the hyperlinks for theinstruments referred to you will be able to access the text of thelegislation or instrument itself.

To assist those wishing to further pursue the details presented in thetables, we have provided sources of information on particularcountries and legal processes, in sections 3 and 4 (from page 42below), as well as websites setting out comments and analyses (insection 4).

Te information contained in this table is, to the best of ourknowledge, correct as at October 2013. However, as this is anevolving area, we may have overlooked some recent developmentsand ask for readers’ indulgence if this is so.

Caroline Dommen

Representative, Global Economic IssuesQuaker UN Ofce13 avenue du Mervelet1209 Geneva

2


Country Profles

Level of protection that each country has committed to or implemented

State Highest PVP Standard Applicable UPOVMember

PVP Requirements (Multilateral, Regional,Bilateral Agreements & Other)

Comments Other InternationalAgreements & Year

of Ratifcation

ArgentinaUPOV 1978 Act by virtue of UPOVMembership

Implemented into National Law: YESLaw No. 24.376 of September 21,1994

Member1978 ACT

25.12.1994

MERCOSUR Agreement of Cooperation relatedto the Protection of Plant Breeding, 1999 Object & Purpose of Agreement is to harmonizetechnical co-operation and as Member States’legislation incorporated UPOV 1978 Act at thetime of the Agreement.

Argentina-New Zealand Bilateral InvestmentTreaty, 1999Article 1, Defnitions, Investment* (d) intellectual property rights including … plantvariety rights …’

MERCOSUR-Colombia, Ecuador & VenezuelaFTA, 2004Sec. XVII, IPRs: Te Parties shall be governed byTRIPS as well as the Convention on BiologicalDiversity, 1992. Tey shall also develop norms forthe protection of traditional knowledge.

* Inclusion of PBR as‘investment’ in BIT: Shouldthe host state lower the levelof IP protection for PVPholders , they must becompensated.

E U - M E R C O S U R F r e eTrade Agreement (FTA) -Negotiations ongoingNegotiations commenced inM a y 2 0 1 0 . Negotiationsinclude protection of IPRs.

INASE Resolution No.35/96 of February 28, 1996,on the Farmer's Privilege

CBD, 1995

3

http://www.upov.int/upovlex/en/details.jsp?id=9520



http://www.sice.oas.org/Trade/mrcsrac/eca1_s.asp#T%C3%8DTULO_XVII_

http://www.sice.oas.org/Trade/mrcsrac/eca1_s.asp#T%C3%8DTULO_XVII_

http://www.aladi.org/nsfaladi/nuevostemas.nsf/2c617e60b2a993cb032574920060b614/341ef919f7ef40b50325728e0060d37d?OpenDocument

http://www.upov.int/upovlex/en/acts.html






of Ratifcation

BangladeshAs an LDC, Bangladesh is not obligedto implement TRIPS until 2021.H o w e v e r, B a n g l a d e s h s h o u l dimplement UPOV 1991 by virtue oft h e EU - Bangladesh CooperationAgreement, 2001

Te EU-Bangladesh CooperationA g r e e m e n t h a s n o t b e e n implemented into National Law

NO EU-Bangladesh Cooperation Agreement, 2001Art. 4(5)(a) IPRs: ‘Bangladesh confrms it willtake all necessary measures to improve theconditions for adequate and efective protectionand enforcement of intellectual, industrial andcommercial property rights.’

Art . 4( 5) (b) Without prejudice to TRIPS,Bangladesh shall accede UPOV 1991 no laterthan 1 January 2006. Te Joint Commission maydecide to modify this period.

Te following Draf Lawswere laid in Parliament buthave not been passed intolaw to date.Plant Varieties Bill, 1998 &Biodiversity & KnowledgeProtection Bill, 1998

CBD, 1994

International Treatyon Plant GeneticResources for Foodand Agriculture,2004

4

http://www.farmersrights.org/pdf/asia/Bangladesh/Bangladesh-biodivknowdraft98.pdf

http://www.farmersrights.org/pdf/asia/Bangladesh/Bangladesh-biodivknowdraft98.pdf

http://www.farmersrights.org/pdf/asia/Bangladesh/Bangladesh-pvpdraft98.pdf

http://eeas.europa.eu/delegations/bangladesh/eu_bangladesh/political_relations/agreements/index_en.htm

http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=OJ:L:2001:118:0048:0055:EN:PDF



http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=OJ:C:1999:143:0009:0016:EN:PDF

http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=OJ:C:1999:143:0009:0016:EN:PDF





of Ratifcation

BarbadosUPOV 1991-Consistent by virtue ofenactment of national PVP law in2001.

Implemented into National Law: YESProtection of New Plant VarietiesAct, 20011. Coverage: To be determined byMinister, 45 Genera & Species eligiblefor protection 2. Protection Term: 25 & 20 years,UPOV 19913.Scope of Breeder’s Rights: Art. 15 ofAct, UPOV 1991-consistent4. Exceptions to Breeder’s Rights:Art. 16 of Act, UPOV 1991-consistent5. Farmer’s Rights: Minister may issueRegulations to implement UPOV 1991Art. 15 (2) Optional Exception 6. Plant Variety Patents: Prohibited,Art. 11 Patents Act, 2001

NO

*Barbadoshasrequestedassistancewith drafingof laws basedo n U P O VConvention

Economic Partnership Agreement betweenCARIFORUM States and the European Union,2008 Article 149(2): ‘Te EC Party and the SignatoryCARIFORUM States shall provide for theprotection of plant varieties in accordance withthe TRIPS Agreement. In this respect, they shallconsider acceding to the International Conventionfor the Protection of New Varieties of PlantsUPOV (Act of 1991).’

Partnership Agreement EU-ACP (‘CotonouAgreement’), 2000 (as rev. 2010)Art. 46(1) Protection of IPRs: ‘…the Partiesrecognize the need to ensure an adequate andefective level of protection of intellectual propertyrights...’ Art. 46(5) IPRs include ‘…plant varieties or otherefective sui generis systems…’

Canada-Barbados BIT 1997 Article I, Defnitions, Investment*(e) "intellectual property rights" includes …plantbreeders' rights…’

U S A : Trade andDevelopment Act, 2000:( Non - re c ipro c a l t r a d epreference with USA) S e c t i o n 2 1 1 , C B P TABenefciary Country Tr a d e B e n e f t s t o b eaccorded in relation to ‘‘(ii)Te extent to which thecountry provides protectionof intellectual propertyrights consistent with orgreater than the protectionaforded under TRIPs.”

*Inclusion of PBR as‘investment’ in BIT: Shouldthe host State lower the levelof IP protection for PlantBreeder’s Rights holders, theP B R h o l d e r m u s t b ecompensated.

CBD, 1994


5

http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/PLAW-106publ200/pdf/PLAW-106publ200.pdf


http://ec.europa.eu/europeaid/where/acp/overview/documents/devco-cotonou-consol-europe-aid-2012_en.pdf

http://www.wipo.int/wipolex/en/text.jsp?file_id=125100

http://www.wipo.int/wipolex/en/details.jsp?id=8772




http://www.ecolex.org/ecolex/ledge/view/RecordDetails;jsessionid=620834C67A0083DFB172570F883BE36F?id=LEX-FAOC033170&index=documents

http://www.ecolex.org/ecolex/ledge/view/RecordDetails;jsessionid=620834C67A0083DFB172570F883BE36F?id=LEX-FAOC033170&index=documents





of Ratifcation

BeninAs an LDC, Benin is not obliged toimple ment T R I P S unt i l 2 0 2 1 .However, Benin should implementUPOV 1991 by virtue of Annex X ofthe Revised Bangui Agreement

B e n i n h a s n o t i m p l e m e n t e dAgreement into national law

NO

O A P I h a sinitiatedAccession toUPOV

(‘Cotonou Agreement’), 2000 (as rev. 2010) Art. 46(1) Protection of IPRs: ‘…the Partiesrecognize the need to ensure an adequate andefective level of protection of intellectual propertyrights.’ Art. 46(5) Protection of IPRs: IPRs include ‘…plant varieties or other efective sui generissystems…’

Agreement Revising the Bangui Agreement onthe Creation of an African Intellectual PropertyOrganization, 1999 Annex X - Plant Variety Protection: Obligationto adopt UPOV 1991, entry into force, 2006.

U S A : Trade andDevelopment Act, 2000: ( Non- re cipro c al tradepreference with USA) *Sec. 104 Under this thisAct , the USA grants tradepreferences in relation to theextent to which IPRs areprotected in Benin, thebenefciary country.

CBD, 1994International Treatyon Plant GeneticResources for Foodand Agriculture,2006

6

http://www.state.gov/p/af/rt/agoa/145178.htm









of Ratifcation

BoliviaUPOV 1978-Plus (Plant Breeder’sRights & Farmer’s Rights) by virtue of - UPOV Membership- Decision 345 (1994) of the AndeanCommunity on Protection of theRights of Breeders of New PlantVarieties

Implemented into National Law: YES- Law No. 1.968 of March 24, 1999Accession to UPOV 1978 - R.M 040 of April 2, 2001,Regulations on Protection of PlantVarieties

Member 1978 ACT

21.05.1999

Bolivia-Paraguay, 2003 Article I , Defnitions, Investment* (d) '… rights to plant varieties;’

Bolivia-USA,1998 Article I, Defnitions, Investment (d)(v) '…rights to plant varieties,’

*Inclusi on of P BR as‘investment’ in BIT: Shouldthe host State lower the levelof plant variety protection,the State must compensateIP owners

A n d e a n C o m m u n i t yDecision 345 (1994):Common Provisions on theProtection of the Rights ofBreeders of New PlantVari eti es , Application ofU P O V 1 9 7 8 A c t f o rMember States.Decision 486 (2000) C o m m o n I n t e l l e c tu a lProperty Regime, Article 3,'IPRs shall be accordedwhile safeguarding thebiologica l and genet icheritage together with theTK of indigenous, African,A m e r i c a n o r l o c a lcommunities.’

Bolivia became a Membero f M E R C O S U R i nDecember 2012 (yet to beratifed by State legislature).

CBD, 1995

Bolivian 2001 Regs. & Dec. 345, Andean Community1. Coverage: Art. 2, Dec. 345/Art. 3 Regs. All genera & species, except where prohibited for human, animalor plant health reasons2. Protection Term: Art 21, Dec. 345/Art. 40 Regs. 25 years for vines, forest & fruit trees/20 years for otherspecies3.Scope of Breeder’s Rights: Arts. 24 & 25, Dec. 345 /Art. 32 Regs. UPOV 1991-consistent4. Exceptions to Breeder’s Rights: Art. 25, Dec. 345/ Art. 35 Regs. UPOV 1991-consistent5. Farmer’s Rights: Art. 36 Regs. -Producers may store as seed or sow the product obtained on their own holdings which are equal to or lessthan 200 hectares.-Tey may sell the product of the protected variety as raw material or food irrespective of the size of thecultivated area.-Te owner of a breeder’s right ‘shall be obliged to grant a license’ to producers with holdings larger than 200hectares for the purposes of sowing and reserving, for their own use, the product obtained from thecultivation of the protected variety.

7



http://www.comunidadandina.org/ingles/normativa/D345e.htm








http://www.ftaa-alca.org/intprop/natleg/decisions/dec486_e.asp

http://www.ftaa-alca.org/intprop/natleg/decisions/DEC345_e.asp














of Ratifcation

BrazilUPOV 1978 Act by virtue of UPOVm e m b e r s h i p a n d MercosurAgreement of Cooperation related tothe Protection of Plant Breeding,1999

Implemented into National Law: YESDecree No. 3.109 of June 30, 1999Promulgation of UPOV 1978 Act

Member 1978 ACT

23.05.1999

MERCOSUR Agreement of Cooperation relatedto the Protection of Plant Breeding in1998/1999 Object & Purpose of Agreement is to harmonizetechnical co-operation and as Member States’legislation incorporated UPOV 1978 Act at thetime of the Agreement. Tis Agreement does notoblige Member States’ to ratify UPOV 1978 Act.

EU-MERCOSUR Free Trade Agreement (FTA)-Negotiations ongoing* Negotiat ions commenced in May 2010,negotiations include protection of IPRS.

Brazil-USA Agreement onT r a d e & E c o n o m i cCooperation, 2011Wor k P ro g r a m: TheCouncil shall considerprotection of IPRs

*EU-Mercosur FTA:Nine negotiation roundscompleted, negotiations on-going.

CBD, 1994


CambodiaCambodia is bound to implementUPOV 1978 or 1991 Act by virtue ofthe Cambodia-USA IPR Agreement,1995, which it has implemented intoNational Law through the Law onSeed Management and Plant BreederRights, 2008 (Text in Khmer only,unable to locate ofcial translation ofNational Law)

NO

Hasrequestedassistancewith drafingof laws basedo n U P O VConvention

ASEAN-Australia-New Zealand FTA, 2009Ch. 13, Art 9(7) Co-operation: ‘Should any Partyintend to accede to … UPOV 1991, it can seek toco-operate with other Parties to support accessionto and implementation …’ of UPOV 1991.

Cambodia-USA IPR Agreement, 1995Article XI, Ch. II, Intellectual Property Rights:‘…each Party shall, at a minimum … adhere to, orrejoin or reestablish its membership in (d) UPOV1978 OR UPOV 1991.’ ‘If the Party has notacceded to, or rejoined or reestablished itsmembership in, the specifed text of theseconventions on or before the date of entry intoforce of this Agreement, it shall make everyreasonable efort to do so as soon as possible, butno later than December 31, 1998.’

ASEAN F r a m e w o r kAgreement on IntellectualProperty Cooperation,1995.O b j e c t : To f a c i l i t a t ec o o p e r a t i o n a n dconsultation in the feld ofIntellectual Property amongASEAN Members.

ASEAN-EU FTANegotiations Ongoing

ASEAN-USA FTANegotiations Ongoing


8

http://www.maff.gov.kh/en/



http://www.wipo.int/wipolex/en/other_treaties/details.jsp?group_id=23&treaty_id=505


http://www.whitehouse.gov/sites/default/files/uploads/Brazil_ATEC.pdf



http://trade.ec.europa.eu/doclib/docs/2006/december/tradoc_118238.pdf




http://www.mercosur.int/innovaportal/v/3188/1/secretaria/decisiones_1999







of Ratifcation

CameroonUPOV 1991 by virtue of Annex X,Revised Bangui Agreement, 1999

Implemented into National Law: YESL o i n° 2001/014 du 23 Juillet 2001relative à l'activité semencière (Ch. IV Protection des ObtentionsVégétales)

NO

OAPIInitiatedAccession toUPOV

Partnership Agreement EU-ACP (‘CotonouAgreement’), 2000 (as rev.2010)Art. 46(5), Protection of IPRs: IPRs include ‘…patents including patents for bio-technologicalinventions and plant varieties or other efective suigeneris systems …’

Agreement Revising the Bangui Agreement ofMarch 2, 1977, on the Creation of an AfricanIntellectual Property Organization, 1999*Annex X Plant Variety Protection: Obligationto adopt UPOV 1991 Stds. Entry into Force,2006.

In t e r i m A g r e e m e n tE conomic PartnershipA g r e e m e n t b e t w e e nCentral Africa Party andthe European Union, 2009Article 58: Continuation ofNegotiations related to IP &Recognition of Role ofOAPI

U S A : Tr a d e a n dDevelopment Act, 2000: Sec. 104: Under this Act theU S A g r a n t s t r a d epreferences in relation to theextent to which IPRs areprotected in Cameroon, thebenefciary country.

CBD, 1995


9



http://www.spm.gov.cm/fr/documentation/textes-legislatifs-et-reglementaires/article/loi-n-2001014-du-23-juillet-2001-relative-a-lactivite-semenciere.html



http://www.oapi.int/index.php/fr/oapi/cadre-juridique/accord-de-bangui






of Ratifcation

ChileUPOV 1991 by virtue of the Chile-Jap a n E c o n o m i c P a r t n e r s h i pAgreement (EPA), 2007USA-Chile FTA, 2004

Implemented into National Law: NO

UPOV 1978 Act currently enactedLaw 19.342 on Plant Breeder’sRights, 1994

Member 1978 ACT

05.01.1996

Chile-Japan Economic Partnership Agreement(EPA), 2007Art. 162 provides that each Party shall become aParty to UPOV 1991 by 1 January 2009.

USA-Chile FTA, 2004Art. 17.1(3), Ch. 17 IPRS provides that eachParty shall ratify or accede to UPOV 1991 by 1January 2009.

Chile-EU FTA, 2003 Art. 170(a)(v) provides that Parties shall ratifyUPOV 1978 or UPOV 1991.

Trans-Pacifc Strategic Economic PartnershipAgreement, 2006 (Chile, Brunei, Singapore &N.Z.) Art. 10.1, Ch. 10, I.P. also includes plant varietyprotection.

*Passage of the ProposedBill in Chilean Parliamentto enact UPOV 1991.Dissenting Senators fled amotion in the ChileanC o n s t i t u t i o n a l C o u r tcontesting the Senate’s May2011 approval of accessionto U P OV 1 9 9 1 c i t ingviolation of fundamentalconstitutional guarantees. InJ u n e 2 0 1 1 , t h eConstitutional Court ruledthat there was noConstitutional impedimentto accession to UPOV 1991.Decision accessed June2013. 2nd Reading of Bill Boletín6355-01, to enact UPOV1991 in Chilean Senate on14.08.20131

Trans-Pacifc Partnership(TPP) Negotiations ongoing.Texts expected to includep r o t e c t i o n o f I P R s ,ne g oti at i ng te xt s n otavailable to public.

CBD, 1994


10

http://www.senado.cl/appsenado/templates/tramitacion/index.php?boletin_ini=6355-01

http://sullivanlaw.net/cases/ChileConstitutionalCourtUPOV91.pdf





http://www.ustr.gov/trade-agreements/free-trade-agreements/chile-fta/final-text

http://www.mofa.go.jp/policy/economy/fta/chile.html







of Ratifcation

ColombiaUPOV 1991 by virtue of Colombia/Peru-EU FTA, 2012Colombia-EFTA FTA, 2008Colombia-USA Trade PromotionAgreement, 2006Colombia-USA FTA, 2004

UPOV 1991 Implemented intoNational Law: NO Law 1518 of 2012 to enact UPOV1991 2 struck down by ConstitutionalCourt, Dec. 2012.

UPOV 1978 Implemented intoNational Law: YES Law No. 243 of 1995 Approval ofUPOV 1978 Act

Res. 2046 of 2003

Decree No. 533 of 1994 introducingCommon Regime for PVP

Member1978 ACT

13.09.1996

Colombia/Peru-EU FTA, 2012*Art. 232, Sec. 7, Plant Varieties: ‘Te Partiesshall cooperate to promote and ensure theprotection of plant varieties based on…’ UPOV1991. Tis includes Art. 15 (2) optional exceptionof UPOV 1991.

Colombia-EFTA FTA, 2008 Art. 6.4(2)(b) Parties shall ratify UPOV 1978 orUPOV 1991. Art. 6.9(3) ‘Parties shall protect plants by patentsor an efective sui generis system or by anycombination thereof.’

*Approved by theColombian Congress June2013. P r o v i s i o n a lapplication of FTA from 1st

August, 2013.

I n c l u s i o n o f P B R a s‘investment’ in BIT: Shouldthe host State lower the levelplant variety protection, theState must compensate thePVP right holder.

CBD, 1995


Colombia-USA Trade Promotion Agreement, 2006Art. 3(c), Ch. 16 IPRs: Each Party shall ratify or accede to 1991 UPOV Act.

Colombia-USA FTA, 2004 Art. 16.1(3)(c), Ch. 16 IPRS provides that each Party shall ratify or accede to UPOV 1991 by 1January, 2008 or entry into force of FTA whichever occurs later.

Andean Community Decision 345 (1994): Common Provisions on the Protection of the Rights of Breeders of New PlantVarieties Application of UPOV 1978 Act for Member States. Decision No. 391 (1996): Common Regime on Access to Genetic Resources;Decision 486 (2000) Common Intellectual Property Regime, Article 3 IPRs shall be accorded whilesafeguarding the biological & genetic heritage together with the TK of indigenous, African, American orlocal communities.’

Colombia-Japan BIT, 2011 Article 1(a)(vi) Defnition of Investment includes …plant breeder’srights…

2 April 2012: Law 1518 of 2012 passed to give efect to UPOV 1991; Dec.2012 Law No. 1518 of 2012 struck down as unconstitutional by Colombian Constitutional Court. See http://sullivanlaw.net/colombian-court-strikes-law-approving-1991-plant-variety-protection-convention or www.grain.org/fr/article/entries/4641-la-corte-constitucional-de-colombia-declaro-inexequible-la-ley-1518-de-2012-que-aprueba-upov-1991

11




http://www.upov.int/upovlex/en/text.jsp?file_id=224431


http://www.ica.gov.co/getattachment/beee209b-ff25-4827-adb6-9ed48b48484f/2003R2046.aspx



http://www.secretariasenado.gov.co/senado/basedoc/cc_sc_nf/2012/c-1051_2012.html#INICIO

http://www.secretariasenado.gov.co/senado/basedoc/cc_sc_nf/2012/c-1051_2012.html#INICIO

http://wsp.presidencia.gov.co/Normativa/Leyes/Documents/ley151813042012.pdf

http://wsp.presidencia.gov.co/Normativa/Leyes/Documents/ley151813042012.pdf

http://www.grain.org/fr/article/entries/4641-la-corte-constitucional-de-colombia-declaro-inexequible-la-ley-1518-de-2012-que-aprueba-upov-1991

http://sullivanlaw.net/colombian-court-strikes-law-approving-1991-plant-variety-protection-convention

http://sullivanlaw.net/colombian-court-strikes-law-approving-1991-plant-variety-protection-convention

http://www.ustr.gov/uscolombiatpa

http://www.fas.org/sgp/crs/row/RL34470.pdf

http://www.fas.org/sgp/crs/row/RL34470.pdf

http://www.efta.int/media/documents/legal-texts/free-trade-relations/colombia/EFTA-Colombia%20Free%20Trade%20Agreement%20EN.pdf

http://trade.ec.europa.eu/doclib/press/index.cfm?id=691





of Ratifcation

Costa RicaUPOV 1991 by virtue of CAFTA-DR–USA, 2004

UPOV Membership

Implemented into National Law: YESLaw No. 8631 on the Protection ofNew Varieties of Plants (as amended),2008

Member1991 ACT

12.01.2009

EU-Central America Association Agreement,2012* Art. 259(1)(F) Parties ‘…shall provide for theprotection of plant varieties by patents or by ane f e c t i v e sui generis system or by anycombination thereof.’Art. 259(3) (Farmer’s Rights) stipulates thatParties shall have the right to allow farmers to‘…save, use and exchange protected farm-savedseed or propagating material.’

CAFTA-DR –USA FTA, 2004Art. 15.5(a) provides that Costa Rica shall ratifyor accede to UPOV 1991 by 1 June, 2007.Art. 15.5(b) provides that a party whichprovides efective patent protection for plants atthe time of the Agreement ‘...shall make allreasonable eforts to ratify or accede to...’ UPOV1991.

*Approved by Costa RicanNational Assembly on 1st

July, 2013.

CBD, 1994


12






http://www.ustr.gov/trade-agreements/free-trade-agreements/cafta-dr-dominican-republic-central-america-fta






of Ratifcation

Côted’Ivoire

UPOV 1991 by virtue of Annex X,Revised Bangui Agreement, 1999


NO


Partnership Agreement EU-ACP (‘CotonouAgreement’), 2000 (as rev. 2010)Art. 46(1), Protection of IPRs: ‘…the Partiesrecognize the need to ensure an adequate andefective level of protection of intellectual propertyrights…’Art. 46(5), Protection of IPRs: IPRs include ‘…patents including patents for bio-technologicalinventions and plant varieties or other efective suigeneris systems…’

OAPI Agreement Revising the BanguiAgreement of March 2, 1977, on the Creation ofan African Intellectual Property Organization,1999 Annex X- Plant Variety Protection: Obligationto adopt UPOV 1991 Stds. Entry into Force,2006

G 8 C o o p e r a t i o nFramework to support TeNew Alliance for FoodS ecurity & Nutrition inCôte d’Ivoire, June 2013‘Objectives: 2.8. Te drafseed Act fnalized andadopted; procedures for theapproval of seed varietiesand their entry in the ofcialcatalogue simplifed’ byDecember 2014.

CBD, 1995


Côte d’Ivoire-EU Stepping Stone EconomicPartnership Agreement (EPA), 2008Art. 44: ‘On the basis of the Cotonou Agreement,the Parties shall take all necessary measures andcooperate in order to encourage … earliest possibleconclusion of a global EPA in accordance with therelevant WTO provisions between the EC Party andWest Africa as a whole, in the following areas:intellectual property.

USA: Trade and Development Act, 2000: (Non-reciprocal trade preference with USA)Sec. 104 Eligibility Requirements: Tis Actprovides for AGOA trade and investmentpreferences to Sub-Saharan countries with whichthe USA has no FTA. Trade Preferences to begranted in relation to the extent to which IPRs, interalia, are protected in Côte d’Ivoire, the benefciarycountry.

13











of Ratifcation

DominicanRepublic

UPOV 1991 by virtue of CAFTA-DR–USA FTA, 2004

UPOV Membership

Implemented into National Law: YES

Law No. 450-06 on Protection of theRights of Breeders of New Varietiesof Plants

Law No. 424-06 on Implementationof the (CAFTA-DR), 2006

Member1991 ACT

16.06.2007

Economic Partnership Agreement betweenCARIFORUM States and the European Union,2008Article 149(2): Te EC Party and the SignatoryCARIFORUM States shall provide for theprotection of plant varieties in accordance withthe TRIPS Agreement. In this respect, they shallconsider acceding to UPOV 1991.

CAFTA-DR-USA FTA, 2004a. UPOV 1991: Ch. 15 IPRS Art. 15.5(a)provides that the Dom. Rep. shall ratify oraccede to UPOV 1991 by 1 January, 2006. b. Patents: Ch. 15 IPRS Art. 15.5(b) providesthat a party which provides efective patentprotection for plants at the time of theAgreement ‘... shall make all reasonable efortsto ratify or accede to ...’ UPOV 1991.

CBD, 1997

14













of Ratifcation

Ecuador

UPOV 1978-Plus by virtue of -US-Ecuador IPR Agreement, 1993-UPOV Membership

Implemented into National Law: YES-Book III, Intellectual Property Law(Consolidation No. 2006-13)-Regulations for the application ofDecision No. 345 on the Commo nRegime for the Protection of PlantBreeders' Rights

Member1978 ACT

08.08.1997

Andean Community Decision 345 (1994): Common Provisions onthe Protection of the Rights of Breeders of NewPlant Varieties, Application of UPOV 1978 Actfor Member States.Decision No. 391 (1996) : Common Regime onAccess to Genetic ResourcesDecision 486 (2000) :Common IntellectualProperty Regime, Article 3, IPRs shall beaccorded while safeguarding the biological andgenetic heritage together with the TK ofindigenous, African, American or localcommunities.’

US-Ecuador IPR Agreement, 1993Art. 6(3) each Party shall provide for theprotection of plant varieties through patents, oran efective scheme of protection consistent withUPOV 1978, or UPOV 1991 or both.

Ecuador-Costa Rica BIT, 2002Article 1 (d) defnition of investment* includes…plant breeder’s rights.

Ecuador-Canada BIT, 1996 Article 1 (f) defnition of investment* includes…plant breeder’s rights.

EU-Ecuador Free TradeA g r e e m e n t ( F T A ) -Negotiations ongoing F o l l o w i n g E c u a d o r ’ssuspension of participationin negotiations for the EU-Andean Community FTAtalks, the EU has initiatedtalks to negotiate a FreeTrade Agreement withEcuador, similar to EU-Peru/EU-Colombia FTA,2012. The Chamber ofCommerce of Quito hasindicated that Ecuador’sconstitutional provisions ongen et i c res ources andbiodiversity* have causeddelays in negotiations.

CBD, 1993


Book III IP Law, 2006 & Dec. 345, AndeanCommunity1. Coverage: Art. 2, Dec. 345/Art. 248 Book III Allgenera & species, except where prohibited for human,animal or plant health reasons2. Protection Term: Art. 21, Dec. 345/Art. 268 BookIII 25 years for vines, forest & fruit trees/20 years forother species3. Scope of Breeder’s Rights: Arts. 24 & 25, Dec. 345/Art. 270 & 271 Book III UPOV 1991-consistent4. Exceptions to Breeder’s Rights: Art.25, Dec.345 /Art. 273 Book III UPOV 1991-consistent5. Farmer’s Rights: Art. 26, Dec. 45/Art. 272 Book III:Farmers may store and sow the product of hiscultivation of the protected variety for their own use.

2008 Constitution prohibits appropriation ofresources containing genetic diversity & agro-biodiversity.

*Inclusion of PBR as ‘investment’ in BIT: Shouldthe host State lower the level plant varietyprotection, the State must compensate the PVP rightholder.

Tey may sell the product of the protected variety as a raw material or food. Te commercial use ofreproductive or propagating material without the breeder’s authorization is prohibited. 6. Plant Variety Patents: Art. 126 (c), Book III Plants and essentially biological processes for production ofplants excluded from patentability.

15


http://www.asambleanacional.gov.ec/documentos/constitucion_de_bolsillo.pdf














http://www.eluniverso.com/2011/04/06/1/1356/propiedad-intelectual-patentes-son-temas-pendientes-acuerdo-ecuador-ue.html


http://ec.europa.eu/enterprise/policies/international/facilitating-trade/free-trade/#h2-2



















of Ratifcation

EgyptUPOV 1991 by virtue of Egypt-EUAssociation Agreement, 2004

Implemented into National Law:UPOV 1978-Plus

Book IV, Law on the Protection ofIntellectual Property Rights, Law No.82, 20021. Coverage: Art. 189, Book IV ‘Allplant varieties derived inside or outsideEgypt’2. Protection Term: Art. 193, Book IV25 years for trees & vines/20 years forother crops3.Scope of Breeder’s Rights: Art. 194,Book IV UPOV 1991-consistent

NO

InitiatedAccession toUPOV

Egypt-EFTA FTA, 2007Art. 23: Protection of IPRs in accordance withTRIPS.

Egypt-EU Association Agreement, 2004Art. 37 of Annex VI requires Egypt to accede toUPOV 1991 by the end of the 4th year afer entryinto force of Assoc. Agreement.

EU-Egypt FTA, 2004 Egypt must join UPOV within 5 years of entryinto force.

Egypt-Canada BIT, 1996Article 1(e) defnition of investment* includes …plant breeder’s rights.

Common Market for Easta n d S o u t h e r n A f r i c a(COMESA), 2013Approval of the COMESATrade in Seed Regulationson 6 th November, 2013 bythe Council of Ministers,COMESA.

Te COMESA Regulationson Trade in Seed govern,inter alia, the registration oflandraces, local varieties andg e n e t i c a l l y m o d i f e dvarieties. Member Statesbound by Regulations of theCouncil of Ministers byv i r t u e o f Art. 9(3) ofCOMESA Agreement.

*Inclusi on of P BR as‘investment’ in BIT: Should the host State lowerthe level of IP protection forPlant Breeder’s R ightsholders, they must be dulycompensated

CBD, 1994


4. Exceptions to Breeder’s Rights: Art. 195, Book IV Art.15 (2) UPOV 1991 Optional Exception forFarmer’s Rights; Scientifc Research; Teaching, Breeding New Varieties and Use, Commercial exploitationand consumption of crop material (entire plant or part thereof).5. Farmer’s Rights: Art. 195 (1), Book IV ‘Non-commercial activities and use of the result of propagationmaterial, by farmers on their own holdings for private propagating purposes.’ UPOV 1991-consistent6. Plant Variety Patents: Art. 1, Book IV Plants and essentially biological processes for production of plantsexcluded from patentability.

16




http://www.comesa.int/attachments/article/28/COMESA_Treaty.pdf


http://www.comesa.int/attachments/article/970/ecomesa%20newsletter_396.pdf











http://eeas.europa.eu/egypt/eu-egypt_agreement/index_en.htm

http://eeas.europa.eu/egypt/eu-egypt_agreement/index_en.htm





of Ratifcation

El Salvador

P A T E N T S by virtue of implementation of national law.

Implemented into National Law: YESNew Plant Varieties to be protected byp a t e n t s . R e q u i r e m e n t s includei nv e nt i ve s te p a n d i n d u s t r i a lapplication.

Intellectual Property Law, LegislativeDecree No. 604 of 15 July 1993

Reforms to the Law on the Promotiona n d Protection of IntellectualProperty, Legislative Decree No. 912of 14 December 2005

Legislative Decree No. 985 of 17March 2006

NO

Requestedassistancewith drafingof laws basedo n U P O VConvention,UPOV StatusUpdate as of09.09.2013

EU-Central America Association Agreement,2012* (in force Aug. 2013) a. Types of Protection: Section F, Art. 259(1)provides that Parties ‘…shall provide for theprotection of plant varieties by patents or by ane f e c t i v e sui generis system or by anycombination thereof.’b. Farmer’s Rights: Art. 259(3) stipulates thatParties shall have the right to allow Farmer’srights to ‘…save, use and exchange protectedfarm-saved seed or propagating material.’

CAFTA-DR-USA FTA, 2004 UPOV 1991: Ch. 15 IPRS Art. 15.5(a) providesthat the El Salvador shall ratify or accede toUPOV 1991 by 1 January 2006.b. Patents: Ch. 15 IPRS Art. 15.5(b) providesthat a party which provides efective patentprotection for plants at the time of theAgreement ‘...shall make all reasonable eforts toratify or accede to...’ UPOV 1991.

*Ratifed by the House ofRepresentatives, July 2013

CBD, 1994


17

http://www.upov.int/export/sites/upov/about/en/pdf/pub437.pdf















of Ratifcation

EthiopiaU P O V 1 9 7 8 A c t by virtue ofimplementation of national law.

Implemented into National Law: YES

Plant Breeders' Right ProclamationNo. 481/2006

NO Partnership Agreement EU-ACP (‘CotonouAgreement’), 2000 (as rev. 2010)Art. 46(1), Protection of IPRs: ‘…the Partiesrecognize the need to ensure an adequate andefective level of protection of intellectual propertyrights...’ Art. 46(5), Protection of IPRs: IPRs include ‘…patents including patents for bio-technologicalinventions and plant varieties or other efective suigeneris systems…’

Common Market for Easta n d S o u t h e r n A f r i c a(COMESA), 2013Approval of the COMESATrade in Seed Regulationson 6 th November, 2013 bythe Council of Ministers,COMESA.

Te COMESA Regulationson Trade in Seed govern,inter alia, the registration oflandraces, local varieties andg e n e t i c a l l y m o d i f e dvarieties. Member Statesbound by Regulations of theCouncil of Ministers byv i r t u e o f Art. 9(3) ofCOMESA Agreement.

W T O - Observer,MembershipApplication pending

CBD, 1994


FijiArt. 27.3(b) TRIPS by virtue ofWTO, 1995

Adequate and Efective Level ofProtection of IPRs by virtue ofPartnership Agreement EU-ACP(‘Cotonou Agreement’) 2000

NO Partnership Agreement EU-ACP (‘CotonouAgreement’), 2000 (as rev. 2010)Art. 46(1), Protection of IPRs: ‘…the Partiesrecognize the need to ensure an adequate andefective level of protection of intellectual propertyrights…’Art. 46(5), Protection of IPRs: IPRs include ‘…patents including patents for bio-technologicalinventions and plant varieties or other efective suigeneris systems…’

CBD, 1993


18


http://eeas.europa.eu/delegations/sierra_leone/eu_sierra_leone/political_relations/partnership_framework/acp_eu_agreement/index_en.htm


http://www.wto.org/english/docs_e/legal_e/legal_e.htm














of Ratifcation

GabonUPOV 1991 by virtue of Annex X,Revised Bangui Agreement, 1999


NO

O A P I h a sinitiatedAccession toUPOV

Partnership Agreement EU-ACP (‘CotonouAgreement’), 2000 (as rev. 2010)Art. 46 (1), Protection of IPRs: ‘…the Partiesrecognize the need to ensure an adequate andefective level of protection of intellectual propertyrights...’ Art. 46 (5), Protection of IPRs: IPRs include ‘…patents including patents for bio-technologicalinventions and plant varieties or other efective suigeneris systems…’

OAPI Agreement Revising the BanguiAgreement of March 2, 1977, on the Creation ofan African Intellectual Property Organization,1999Annex X- Plant Variety Protection: Obligationto adopt UPOV 1991 Stds. Entry into Force,2006.

U S A : Tr a d e a n dDevelopment Act, 2000:( Non - re c ipro c a l t r a d epreference with USA) Provides for AGOA tradeand investment preferencesto Sub- Saharan countrieswith which the USA has noFTA. Trade Preferences tobe granted in relation to theextent to which IPRs, interalia, are protected in Gabon,the benefciary country.

CBD, 1997


19










of Ratifcation

GhanaUPOV 1991 by virtue of proposeddraf PVP law, Plant Breeder’s Bill ofGhana, 2013

Implemented into National Law:PENDING

Te 1st Reading of Plant Breeder’s Bill(Draf Law) in Parliament took placein June 2013. Te 2 nd Reading of theBill is scheduled for October 2013.

NO

InitiatedAccession &Requestedassistancefor drafingo f l a w s ,UPOV

Plant Breeder’s Bill of Ghana considered by UPO V Council, 24 th October, 2013

Partnership Agreement EU-ACP (‘CotonouAgreement’), 2000 (as rev. 2010)Art. 46(1), Protection of IPRs: ‘…the Partiesrecognize the need to ensure an adequate andefective level of protection of intellectual propertyrights...’Art. 46(5), Protection of IPRs: IPRs include ‘…patents including patents for bio-technologicalinventions and plant varieties or other efective suigeneris systems…’

Ghana-USA Trade and Investment FrameworkAgreement (TIFA), 1999Commitment of Parties to IPR Protection

U S A : Tr a d e a n dDevelopment Act, 2000:( Non - re c ipro c a l t r a d epreference with USA) Tis Act provides for AGOAt r a d e a n d i nv e s t m e ntpreferences to Sub-Saharancountries with which theU S A h a s n o F T A .Preferences to be granted inrelation to the extent towhich IPRs, inter alia, areprotected in the benefciarycountry.

CBD, 1997


ARIPO Draf Regional Framework on PVP Law,UPOV 1991 compliant, considered by ARIPOCouncil November 2012. March 2014: Submission of Framework to UPOVCouncil for determination of conformity withUPOV 1991.Aug. 2014: Diplomatic ConferenceNov. 2014: Planned adoption of PVP Frameworkby ARIPO Council

Ghana-EU EPA NegotiationsInternational Trade Committee of Europe setdeadline for signing full EPA Agreement forOctober 2014.Ghana-EU Stepping Stone EPA Agreementcurrently in place as interim agreement.

20





http://www.upov.int/edocs/mdocs/upov/en/c_47/c_47_18.pdf








http://www.upov.int/meetings/en/doc_details.jsp?meeting_id=29623&doc_id=251263













of Ratifcation

GuatemalaPAT E N T S b y v i r t u e o f implementation of national law.Arts. 93, 96 & 126, Decree 57-2000Industrial Property Law, 2000

U P O V 1 9 9 1 by v irtue of ‘al lreasonable eforts’ clause to ratify oraccede to UPOV 1991 CAFTA-DR –USA FTA, 2004

Implemented into National Law:UPOV 1991: YESDecree No. 19-2006 Approval ofUPOV 1991 Convention, 2006

NO

Has initiatedaccession toUPOV.

D r a f L a wNo. 4013 of2009examined &approved byUPOVCouncil forconformitywith UPOV1 9 9 1 inOctober2009.

EU-Central America Association Agreement,2012*a. Types of Protection: Section F, Art. 259(1)provides that Parties ‘…shall provide for theprotection of plant varieties by patents or by ane f e c t i v e sui generis system or by anycombination thereof.’b. Farmer’s Rights: Art. 259(3) stipulates thatParties shall have the right to allow Farmer’srights to ‘…save, use and exchange protectedfarm-saved seed or propagating material.’

CAFTA-DR-USA FTA, 2004 a. UPOV 1991: Ch. 15 IPRS Art. 15.5(a)provides that Guatemala shall ratify or accede toUPOV 1991 by 1 January, 2006.b. Patents: Ch. 15 IPRS Art. 15.5(b) providesthat a party which provides efective patentprotection for plants at the time of theAgreement ‘...shall make all reasonable eforts toratify or accede to...’ UPOV 1991.

*Ratified by Congress inJune 2013

CBD, 1995


21

http://old.congreso.gob.gt/archivos/decretos/2013/CCXCVII0320200010002201326062013.pdf

http://old.congreso.gob.gt/archivos/decretos/2013/CCXCVII0320200010002201326062013.pdf

http://www.upov.int/meetings/fr/doc_details.jsp?meeting_id=17484&doc_id=129767



http://www.oj.gob.gt/es/QueEsOJ/EstructuraOJ/UnidadesAdministrativas/CentroAnalisisDocumentacionJudicial/cds/CDs%20leyes/2006/pdfs/decretos/D019-2006.pdf









of Ratifcation

HondurasUPOV 1991 by virtue of NationalLaw ImplementedDecreto N° 21-2012 Ley para la protección de lasobtenciones vegetales

NO

Hasrequestedassistancewith drafingof laws basedo n U P O VConvention

EU-Central America Association Agreement,2012 (in force Aug. 2013) a. Types of Protection: Section F, Art. 259(1)provides that Parties ‘…shall provide for theprotection of plant varieties by patents or by anef e c t i v e sui generis s y s t e m o r b y a nycombination thereof.’b. Farmer’s Rights: Art. 259(3) stipulates thatParties shall have the right to allow Farmer’srights to ‘…save, use and exchange protectedfarm-saved seed or propagating material.’

CAFTA-DR-USA FTA,2004 a. UPOV 1991: Ch. 15 IPRS Art. 15.5(a)provides that Honduras shall ratify or accede toUPOV 1991 by 1 January, 2006.b. Patents: Ch. 15 IPRS Art. 15.5(b) providesthat a party which provides efective patentprotection for plants at the time of theAgreement ‘...shall make all reasonable eforts toratify or accede to...’ UPOV 1991.

Honduras-USA Bilateral Investment Treaty(BIT), 2001 Defnition of Investment* includes …rights inplant varieties.

Canada-Honduras FTA,2011Awaiting Signature andR at if c at ion . Negotiationsconcluded Aug. 2011. Textsundergoing legal review,awaiting signature andratifcation by HonduranC ong re s s & C a na d i anParliament.

*Inclusion of PBR as‘investment’ means that,should the host State lowerthe level of IP protection forPlant Breeder’s R ightsholders, they must be dulycompensated.

CBD, 1995


22

http://www.poderjudicial.gob.hn/institucional/organizacion/dependencias/cedij/Leyes/Documents/Ley%20para%20la%20Proteccion%20de%20Obtenciones%20de%20Vegetales%20(3,1mb).pdf







of Ratifcation

IndonesiaUPOV 1991 Act +Transfer of Communal Rights to Stateby virtue of National Law. Law No. 29 of 2000 on Plant VarietyProtection implements UPOV 1991.

J a p a n - I n d o n e s i a E c o n o m i cPartnership Agreement (EPA), 2008

NO

Requestedassistancewith drafingof laws basedo n U P O VConvention

ASEAN-Australia-New Zealand FTA, 2009Ch. 13, Art 9(7) Co-operation: ‘Should anyParty intend to accede to … UPOV 1991, it canseek to co-operate with other Parties to support itsaccession to and implementation…’ of UPOV1991.

Japan-Indonesia Economic PartnershipAgreement (EPA), 2008 Art. 106(3)(c) Each party ‘shall endeavour’ tobecome a party of UPOV 1991. Art. 116 each Party ‘...shall provide for theprotection of all plant genera and species by anefective plant varieties system which isconsistent with the 1991 UPOV Convention.’

Article 7(1), Law No. 29 of2000 on PVP provides that‘…local varieties owned bythe community shall beunder the control of theState.’ T i s c o n t r o l i n c l u d e sdenomination of the variety,registration, and the use oflocal variety (Art. 7 (4)).



CBD, 1994


KyrgyzRepublic

PATENTS by virtue of national law

UPOV 1991 UPOV Membership

Implemented into National Law: YESLaw of the Kyrgyz Republic on LegalP r o t e c t i o n o f S e l e c t i o nAchievements, 2003 (as amended,2006)

Member1991 ACT

26.06.2000

Economic Cooperation Organisation TradeAgreement (ECOTA), 2008 (entry into force2008)Art. 19(3): Parties shall grant IPRs for plantvarieties and ‘gradually improve’ theirprotection in acc. with the substantive standardsof multilateral agreements in Annexes beforethe end of the eighth year of entry into force ofAgreement.Annex III, IPRs: UPOV Conventions notincluded

CBD,1996


23

http://www.upov.org/export/sites/upov/en/publications/npvlaws/kyrgyzstan/pages_from_gazette_103_kg.pdf




http://www.mofa.go.jp/policy/economy/fta/indonesia.html








of Ratifcation

MalaysiaU P O V 1 9 7 8 - P l u s by virtue ofimplementation of national law.

Protection of New Plant Varieties Act,2004 (entry into force 2008)1. Coverage: Te Act does not specifywhich genera and species are to beprotected.2. Protection Term: Art. 32 Trees&Vines 25 years, Registered plant(NDUS) 20 years, Registered plantvariety (N, D, Identifable) 15 years3.Applicants: Art. 13 incl. ‘farmer orgroup of farmers, local community orindigenous people who have carriedout the functions of a breeder.’ 4.Scope of Breeder’s Rights: Art. 30UPOV 1991-consistent5. Exceptions to Breeder’s Rights:A r t . 3 1 (1)(a)-(c) UPOV 1991-consistent6. Farmer’s Rights: Art. 31(d)-(f)‘Propagation of harvested material onown holdings, exchange of reasonableamounts of propagating materialsamong small farmers, sale of farm-saved seeds’ in specifed circumstances(natural disaster, emergency etc.)7. Plant Variety Patents: Art. 13Patents Act Plant Varieties excludedfrom patentability.

NO


ASEAN-Australia-New Zealand FTA, 2009Ch. 13, Art. 9(7) Co-operation: ‘Should anyParty intend to accede to … UPOV 1991, it canseek to co-operate with other Parties to support itsaccession to and implementation …’ of UPOV1991.

Japan–Malaysia E conomic PartnershipAgreement,2006Art. 74(e)(vi): ‘Investment’ includes new plantvarietiesArt. 114: Exclusion of PBRs from NationalTreatmentArt. 123: Countries recognize the imp. ofprotecting PVP consistent with internationallyharmonised system. Each country shall ensureadequate PVP protection. Each country shallendeavour to protect as many genera andspecies in the shortest time possible.

Trans-Pacifc Partnership(TPP) N e g o t i a t i o n songoing. Texts expected toinclude protection of IPRs,n e g o t i a t i n g t e x t s n o tavailable to public.

EU-Malaysia FTA,2010Negotiations Ongoing


4. ASEAN-USA FTANegotiations Ongoing

CBD, 1992


24










http://pvpbkkt.doa.gov.my/






of Ratifcation

MauritiusArt. 27.3(b) TRIPS by virtue ofWTO, 1995

PVP: Recognition of PBR for Registered Plant Varieties Seeds Act, June 2013

Enactment of UPOV 1991 intoNational Law: PENDING

Plant Breeders Rights Bill was drafedin 2003 to pave the way for Mauritius'accession to…(UPOV). According tothe authorities, the bill was beingfnalized in 2008. (para. 123 WTOTrade Policy Review 2008.)

NO


Interim Agreement Economic PartnershipAgreement between Eastern and SouthernAfrican States, 2012Art. 35(d)(ii) Areas of Cooperation: ‘…supporting ESA States in developing appropriatelegal and regulatory instruments on intellectualproperty rights (IPR).’Art. 53(e)(iv): Areas for future negotiation:Intellectual Property Rights Annex IV, Development Matrix, Art. 4(d) Key Areas: Legal & RegulatoryFramework: ‘Protection of … IntellectualProperty Rights including folklore and traditionalknowledge.’

Partnership Agreement EU-ACP (‘CotonouAgreement’), 2000 (as rev. 2010)Art. 46(1), Protection of IPRs: ‘…the Partiesrecognize the need to ensure an adequate andefective level of protection of intellectual propertyrights...’Art. 46(5), Protection of IPRs: IPRs include ‘…patents including patents for bio-technologicalinventions and plant varieties or other efective suigeneris systems…’

U S A : Tr a d e a n d Development Act, 2000:( Non - re c ipro c a l t r a d epreference with USA) S e c . 1 0 4 E l i g i b i l i t yRequirements: Tis Actprovides for AGOA tradeand investment preferences

CBD, 1992


to Sub Saharan countries with which the USA hasno FTA. Preferences to be granted in relation to theextent to which IPRs, inter alia, are protected in thebenefciary country.

Common Market for East and Southern Africa(COMESA), 2013Approval of the COMESA Trade in SeedRegulations on 6 th November, 2013 by the Councilof Ministers, COMESA.

Te COMESA Regulations on Trade in Seedgovern, inter alia, the registration of landraces, localvarieties and genetically modifed varieties. MemberStates bound by Regulations of the Council ofMinisters by virtue of Art. 9 (3) of COMESAAgreement.

Southern African Development Community(SADC) Draft Protocol for the Protection of NewVarieties of Plants (Plant Breeder's Rights), 2012 inthe SADC Region modelled afer UPOV 1991 iscurrently being considered by the SADC Council.

25

http://www.ip-watch.org/weblog/wp-content/uploads/2013/04/SADC-Draft-PVP-Protocol-April-2013.pdf












http://www.farmersrights.org/pdf/Africa/Mauritius/Mauritius-pvpdraft03.pdf

http://attorneygeneral.gov.mu/English/Documents/Acts%20By%20Year/2013/SEEDS%20ACT%202013.pdf






of Ratifcation

Mexico

UPOV 1978 Implemented intoNational Law: UPOV 1978 Act Federal Law on New Plant Varieties,1996 (as consolidated, 2012)

UPOV 1991 by virtue ofNAFTA, 1994 & EFTA-Mexico, 2000 1. Coverage: Art. 2, Breeders mayapply for breeding certifcates for allgenera and species2. Protection Term: Art. 4(II)(a), 18years for trees & vines/15 years forother crops3.Scope of Breeder’s Rights: Art. 4,UPOV 1978-consistent4. Exceptions to Breeder’s Rights:Art. 5, Research, Multiplication ofPropagating Material for personal use,Human or Animal Consumption5. Farmer’s Rights: Art. 5(II),Farmers may multiply propagatingmaterial for person use as grain forconsumption or seed for sowing.6. Plant Variety Patents: Art. 16(IV )Plant Var iet ie s excluded f rompatentability

Member 1978 ACT

09.08.1997

EFTA-Mexico FTA, 2000: Art. 69 & Art. 3 Annex XXI, Protection ofIPRS: ‘Te Parties which are not parties to one ormore of the agreements listed below shallundertake to obtain their adherence thereto before1 January 2002 or at the date of entry into force ofthis Agreement, if this date is later: InternationalConvention of 2 December 1961 for theProtection of New Varieties of Plants (UPOVConvention).’

EU-Mexico Economic Partnership, PoliticalCooperation and Cooperation Agreement,2000: Art. 12: ‘Parties undertake to establish theappropriate measures with a view to ensuring anadequate and efective protection in accordancewith the highest international standards.’

Trans-Pacifc Partnership(TPP) N e g o t i a t i o n songoing, Round 18 held inJuly 2013. Texts expected toinclude protection of IPRs,n e g o t i a t i n g t e x t s n o tavailable to public.

CBD, 1992

North America Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA), 1994: Annex 1701.3, Intellectual Property Conventions ‘1. Mexico shall: (a) make every efort to comply withthe substantive provisions of the 1978 or 1991 UPOV Convention as soon as possible and shall do so nolater than two years afer the date of signature of this Agreement; and (b) accept from the date of entryinto force of this Agreement applications from plant breeders for varieties in all plant genera and speciesand grant protection, in accordance with such substantive provisions, promptly afer complying withsubparagraph (a).’

26

https://www.nafta-sec-alena.org/Default.aspx?tabid=97&ctl=SectionView&mid=1588&sid=b6e715c1-ec07-4c96-b18e-d762b2ebe511&language=en-US

https://www.nafta-sec-alena.org/Default.aspx?tabid=97&ctl=SectionView&mid=1588&sid=b6e715c1-ec07-4c96-b18e-d762b2ebe511&language=en-US



http://www.efta.int/free-trade/free-trade-agreements/mexico

https://www.nafta-sec-alena.org/Default.aspx?tabid=97&language=en-US

http://www.diputados.gob.mx/LeyesBiblio/pdf/120.pdf






of Ratifcation

MongoliaArt. 27.3(b) TRIPS by virtue ofWTO, 1995

No PVP System/Law Found. Plants & Biological/ Processesexcluded from Patentability, Art.4.7.6 of Patent Law, 2006

NO Agreement on Trade Relations between theGovernment of the United States of Americaand the Government of the Mongolian People'sRepublic, 1991Art. X, Protection of IPRs, Patents ‘(i)Patentable Subject Matter: Patents shall begranted for all inventions, whether they concernproducts or processes, in all felds of technology...’

Japan-Mongolia EconomicPartnership Agreement(EPA)F o u r t h R o u n d o f t h eNegotiations were held inJuly 2013.

CBD, 1993

MoroccoUPOV 1991 by virtue of Law on theProtection of New Plant Varieties,2006 (implementing UPOV 1991 intoNational Law)

Euro-Mediterranean Agreement,2000

Member1991 ACT

08. 10.2006

EFTA-Morocco FTA, 2000: Art. 16 & Annex V: Morocco must join UPOVand provide ‘adequate and efective patentprotection for inventions...similar to...EuropeanPatent Convention which allows the patentingof transgenic plants and animals.’

Euro-Mediterranean Agreement, 2000 Art. 1, Annex 7: Morocco must accede to UPOV1991.

Deep and ComprehensiveFree Trade Area (DCFTA)b e t w e e n t h e E U a n dMorocco was launched on1st March 2013. The firstround of negotiation startedon 22 April 2013 in Rabat.

CBD, 1994


27




http://trade.ec.europa.eu/doclib/docs/2006/march/tradoc_127906.pdf

http://trade.ec.europa.eu/doclib/docs/2006/march/tradoc_127906.pdf





http://www.mofa.go.jp/press/release/press6e_000147.html

http://www.mofa.go.jp/press/release/press6e_000147.html

http://www.jpo.go.jp/shiryou_e/s_sonota_e/fips_e/pdf/mongolia_e/e_tokkyo.pdf






of Ratifcation

NicaraguaUPOV 1991 by virtue of CAFTA-DR–USA FTA, 2004 and the US-Nicaragua IPR Agreement, 1998

Implemented into National Law:UPOV 1991-consistentLaw No. 318 for the Protection ofNew Plant Varieties, 19991. Coverage: Art. 10 All plant generaand species 2. Protection Term: Art. 22, 20 yearsfor all species 3. Scope of Breeder’s Rights: Art. 8 &9 UPOV 1991-consistent 4. Exceptions to Breeder’s Rights:Art. 12, UPOV 1991-consistent 5. Farmer’s Rights: Art. 12, Farmermay only use ‘the harvest producefrom cultivation for reproduction ormultiplication on his own land.’6. Plant Variety Patents: Art. 7, Lawon Patents Plants/Plant Varieties notexcluded from patentability.

Member1978 ACT

06.09.2001

EU-Central America Association Agreement,2012 Provisional application: 01 Aug. 2013 Section F, Art. 259(1) provides that Parties ‘…shall provide for the protection of plantvarieties by patents or by an efective sui generissystem or by any combination thereof.’Farmer’s Rights: Art. 259(3) stipulates thatParties shall have the right to allow Farmer’srights to ‘…save, use and exchange protectedfarm-saved seed or propagating material.’

CAFTA-DR FTA,2004 a. UPOV 1991: Ch. 15 IPRS Art. 15.5(a)provides that Nicaragua shall ratify or accede toUPOV 1991 by 1 January, 2010.b. Patents: Ch. 15 IPRS Art. 15.5(b) providesthat a party which provides efective patentprotection for plants at the time of theAgreement ‘...shall make all reasonable eforts toratify or accede to ...’ UPOV 1991.

US-Nicaragua IPR Agreement, 1998 Art. 1.2 & 7.2: Nicaragua must accede to UPOV.It may not exclude plants and animals from itspatent law.

CBD, 1996


28



















of Ratifcation

NorwayUPOV 1978 Act Implemented into National Law Also by virtue ofEuropean Patent ConventionPlant Variety Act, 1993Patents Act, 1967 (as amended, 2010)UPOV Membership

Member1978 ACT

13.09. 1993

European Patent Convention, 1973 (14th ed.,2010)Art. 53(b): Plant varieties are not patentableBUTRule 27: Plants are patentable ‘if the technicalfeasibility of the invention is not confned to aparticular plant … variety.’Patents: Plant varieties excluded but Plants arePatentable if invention not confned to aparticular plant variety, Patent Act, 2010 Ch. 1General Obligations.

Plant Breeder’s Bill, 2005 –adoption of UPOV 1991w a s r e j e c t e d b y t h eNorwegian Parliament in2005.

CBD, 1993


29


http://www.patentstyret.no/en/For-Experts/Patents-Expert/Legal-texts/The-Norwegian-Patents-Act/


http://www.epo.org/law-practice/legal-texts/epc.html





of Ratifcation

PakistanUPOV 1978-Plus implemented intonational law

Plant Breeder's Rights Ordinance,19991. Coverage: Art. 6(a) All sexuallypropagated species 2. Protection Term: Art. 29 25 yearsfor trees & vines (may be furtherextended for no more than 5 years), 20years for all other plants3. Scope of Breeder’s Rights: Art. 27UPOV 1991-consistent 4. Exception to Breeder’s Rights: Art.32 Scientifc Research 5. Farmer’s Rights: Art. 31 preserves‘farmer’s traditional right to save, use,exchange, share or sell his farmproduce of a protected variety…’Exception- ‘sale for the purpose ofreproduct ion under a brandedmarketing arrangement.’6. Plant Variety Patents: Art. 7 (4)Patents Ord. Plants and essentiallybiological processes excluded frompatentability.

NO

*Hasrequestedassistancewith drafingof laws basedo n U P O VConvention

Economic Cooperation Organisation TradeAgreement (ECOTA), 2003 (entry into force2008)Art. 19(3): Parties shall grant IPRs for plantvarieties and ‘gradually improve’ these inaccordance with the substantive standards ofmultilateral agreements before the end of theeighth year of entry into force of Agreement.Annex III, IPRs: UPOV Conventions notincluded

CBD, 1994


30



http://faolex.fao.org/cgi-bin/faolex.exe?rec_id=022709&database=FAOLEX&search_type=link&table=result&lang=eng&format_name=@ERALL












of Ratifcation

ParaguayUPOV 1978 Act by virtue of UPOVMembership

UPOV 1978 implemented intoNational Law Law No.988/1996 Approval of UPOV1978 Act

Member1978 ACT

08.02.1997

Paraguay-Bolivia BIT, 2003Article 1(d) Defnition of Investments*includes: ‘…rights in plant varieties,’

Argentina-New Zealand, 1999‘A r t i c l e 1 , D e f n i t i o n s , I n v e s t m e n t * (d) intellectual property rights including inparticular … plant variety rights …’

Paraguay was temporarilysuspended from Mercosuri n J u n e 2 0 1 2 . T esuspension was lifed on 15th

August, 2013 - Paraguay hasindicated its intention toreturn to Mercosur in 2014.

MERCOSUR Agreement ofCooperation related to theP r o t e c t i o n o f P l a n tBreeding in 1998/1999

EU-MERCOSUR FTANegotiations commenced inM a y 2 0 1 0 , negotiationsinclude protection of IPRS.

*Inclusion of PBR as‘investment’ means that,should the host State lowerthe level of IP protection forPlant Breeder’s R ightsholders, they must be dulycompensated

CBD, 1993


31



http://en.mercopress.com/2013/09/18/paraguay-expects-to-return-to-mercosur-in-2014-chile-offers-closer-links-and-access-to-the-pacific

http://www.mercosur.int/innovaportal/file/3862/1/dec_028-2012_es_reglam_suspension_paraguay.pdf

http://www.mercosur.int/innovaportal/file/3862/1/dec_028-2012_es_reglam_suspension_paraguay.pdf









of Ratifcation

Senegal

As an LDC, Senegal is not obliged toimple ment T R I P S unt i l 2 0 2 1 .However, Senegal should implementUPOV 1991 by virtue of Annex X,Revised Bangui Agreement, 1999

Tis has not been implemented intoNational Law

NO


OAPI Agreement Revising the BanguiAgreement of March 2, 1977, on the Creation ofan African Intellectual Property Organization,1999 Annex X - Plant Variety Protection: Obligationto adopt UPOV 1991 Stds. Entry into Force,2006

Partnership Agreement EU-ACP (‘CotonouAgreement’), 2000 (as rev. 2010)Art. 46(1), Protection of IPRs: ‘ …the Partiesrecognize the need to ensure an adequate andefective level of protection of intellectual propertyrights...’ Art. 46(5), Protection of IPRs: IPRs include ‘…patents including patents for bio-technologicalinventions and plant varieties or other efective suigeneris systems…’

U S A : Trade andDevelopment Act, 2000:( Non - re c ipro c a l t r a d epreference with USA) S e c . 1 0 4 E l i g i b i l i t yRequirements: Tis Actprovides for AGOA tradeand investment preferencesto Sub Saharan countrieswith which the USA has noFTA. Preferences to begranted in relation to theextent to which IPRs, interalia, a r e p r o t e c t e d i nSenegal, the benefciarycountry.

CBD, 1995


32











of Ratifcation

SouthAfrica

UPOV 1978 Act implemented intonational law (UPOV-1978 Plus) (SeePlant Breeder’s Rights Act, mainprovisions, below)

Member1978 ACT

06.11.1977

EFTA-SACU Free Trade Agreement, 2006 Art. 26(1): IPRs include plant variety rightsArt. 26(2): Te Parties shall grant and ensureadequate, efective and non-discriminatoryprotection of intellectual property rights, andprovide for measures for the enforcement of suchrights against infringement thereof.’

Partnership Agreement EU-ACP (‘CotonouAgreement’), 2000 (as rev. 2010)Art. 46(1), Protection of IPRs: ‘…the Partiesrecognize the need to ensure an adequate andefective level of protection of intellectual propertyrights...’ Art. 46(5), Protection of IPRs: IPRs include ‘…patents including patents for bio-technologicalinventions and plant varieties or other efective suigeneris systems…’

EU-South Africa Trade, Cooperation andDevelopment Agreement, 1999Art. 46(5)(c) IPRs: ‘Te Parties confrm theimportance they attach to…’.(c) UPOV 1978Convention.

4. South Africa-Canada BIT, 1995*Article 1(e) Defnition of IPRS includes: ‘… plantbreeder’s rights…’.

U S A : Tr a d e a n dDevelopment Act, 2000:( Non - re c ipro c a l t r a d epreference with USA) S e c . 1 0 4 E l i g i b i l i t yRequirements: Tis Actprovides for AGOA tradeand investment preferencesto Sub Saharan countrieswith which the USA has noFTA. Preferences to begranted in relation to theextent to which IPRs, interalia, are protected in SouthAfrica , the benefciar ycountry.

CBD, 1996

Also UPOV 1978 by virtue of UPOV Membership andE U- S outh Africa Trade, C o operation andDevelopment Agreement, 1999

Plant Breeder’s Rights Act, 1976 (amended, 1996) 1. Coverage: Sec. 2, All varieties 2. Protection Term: Sec. 21, 25 years for trees & vines,20 years for all other plants3.Scope of Breeder’s Rights: Sec. 23, UPOV 1991-consistent4. Exceptions to Breeder’s Rights: Sec. 23(6), resale ofpropagating material, sale of plant, reproductivematerial or product derived from propagating materialother than further propagation or multiplicationthereof (Sec. 23(7) exception for ornamental plants),research, private & non-commercial purposes5. Farmer’s Rights: Sec. 23 (6)(f), a farmer may use‘harvested material obtained on such land from thatpropagating material for purposes of propagation..’provided that the harvested material shall be usedexclusively by the farmer.6. Plant Variety Patents: Art. 25 (4) ( b ) Patents Act(cons'd. 2002), Plant Varieties or any essentiallybiological process for the production of plants excludedfrom patentability.

Southern African Development Community(SADC)Draf Protocol for the Protection of New Varietiesof Plants (Plant Breeder’s Rights) , 2012 in theSADC Region modeled afer UPOV 1991 iscurrently being considered by the SADC Council.

*Inclusion of PBR as ‘investment’ means thatshould the host State lower the level of IP protectionfor Plant Breeder’s Rights holders, they must be dulycompensated

33








http://www.nda.agric.za/docs/plant_breeders_act/Act15.htm








http://eur-lex.europa.eu/JOIndex.do?year=1999&serie=L&textfield2=311&Submit=Search&ihmlang=en

http://eur-lex.europa.eu/JOIndex.do?year=1999&serie=L&textfield2=311&Submit=Search&ihmlang=en










of Ratifcation

Sudan

Te highest standard applicableappears to be that in the CotonouAgreement

-No PVP Laws found-Seeds Act, 1990 in Arabic

Plants/Plant varieties not expresslyexcluded from patentability.

Implemented into National Law: Patent Law No. 58 of 1971

NO

S u d a n h a srequestedassistancewith drafingof laws fromUPOV

Partnership Agreement EU-ACP (‘CotonouAgreement’), 2000 (as rev. 2010) Art. 46(1), Protection of IPRs: ‘…the Partiesrecognize the need to ensure an adequate andefective level of protection of intellectual propertyrights...’ Art. 46(5), Protection of IPRs: IPRs include ‘…patents including patents for bio-technologicalinventions and plant varieties or other efective suigeneris systems…’

USA: Trade and Development Act, 2000: (Non-reciprocal trade preference with USA) Sec. 104 Eligibility Requirements: Tis Actprovides for AGOA trade and investmentpreferences to Sub Saharan countries with whichthe USA has no FTA. Preferences to be granted inrelation to the extent to which IPRs, inter alia, areprotected in the benefciary country.

Common Market for Easta n d S o u t h e r n A f r i c a(COMESA), 2013 Approval of the COMESATrade in Seed Regulationson 6 th November, 2013 bythe Council of Ministers,COMESA.

Te COMESA Regulationson Trade in Seed govern,inter alia, the registration oflandraces, local varieties andg e n e t i c a l l y m o d i f e dvarieties. Member Statesbound by Regulations of theCouncil of Ministers byv i r t u e o f Art. 9 (3) ofCOMESA Agreement.

Not a WTO M e m b e r

CBD, 1996


ARIPO Draf Regional Framework on PVP Law,2012UPOV 1991 compliant, considered by ARIPOCouncil November 2012. ARIPO planned PVP Law Schedule:Aug. 2014: Diplomatic ConferenceNov. 2014: Adoption of PVP Framework byARIPO Council

34
















of Ratifcation

TanzaniaAs an LDC, Tanzania is not obliged toimple ment T R I P S unt i l 2 0 2 1 .However, Tanzania has alreadyimplemented a U P O V 1 9 9 1 -consistent national law: the PlantBreeder’s Rights Act, 2012 (entry intoforce 01.06.2013) (Repeals & ReplacesTe Protection of New Plant Varieties(Plant Breeders' Rights) Act, 2002) 1. Coverage: Art. 12, All plant genera& species2.Scope of Breeder’s Rights: Art. 30UPOV 1991-consistent3. Exceptions to Breeder’s Rights:Art. 31 UPOV 1991-consistent 4. Farmer’s Rights: Art. 31(2) UPOV1991 Art.15 (2) Optional Exception,Farmers may use the product of theharvest obtained from his ownholdings for propagation. Tis isapplicable for the list of agriculturalcrops specifed by the Minister, this listexcludes fruits, ornamentals, vegetablesor forest trees. 5. Plant Variety Patents: Art. 7 (2)(b),Patents Registration Act, Cap. 217Plants variet ies and essential lybiological processes excluded frompatentability.

NO

Tanzania hasinitiatedAccession toU P O V &requestedassistancewith drafingof laws.

G8 Cooperation Framework to support “TeNew Alliance for Food Security and Nutrition inTanzania”, 2012 Annex I, Art. 7, Key Policy Commitments:Revised Seed Act that aligns plant breeder’s rightswith the International Union for the Protection ofNew Varieties of Plants (UPOV) system’ byNovember 2012.

Interim EU-East African Community EPA,2007Art. 35 Areas of Cooperation: Support to EACPartner States in developing appropriate legal andregulatory instruments on Intellectual PropertyRights Art. 37: Commitment to Negotiate on IPRs/EPAtext*

*Economic Partnership Agreement EU-EACOngoing Negotiations, latest meeting of seniorofcials in July 2013 in Arusha, Tanzania, meantto be the fnal meeting before the Ministerial inview of concluding the EPA.

Partnership Agreement EU-ACP (‘CotonouAgreement’), 2000 (as rev. 2010)

* U n i t e d R e p u b l i c o fTanzania/Zanzibar According to Section 64(2)of the Constitution of theUnited Republic of Tanzania1977, legislative power overnon-union matters, Art. 4 (3)

CBD, 1995


is vested in the House of Representatives.Agriculture is a non-union matter (Art. 4 (3) & FirstSchedule). Zanzibar’s PBR Bill was approved by theUPOV Council in March 2013 as UPOV 1991Compliant. Te Bill must be passed into law by theHouse of Representatives of Zanzibar in order toenable accession to UPOV by the United Republicof Tanzania.

ARIPO Draf Regional Framework on PVP Law, UPOV 1991 compliant, considered by ARIPOCouncil November 2012.

Southern African Development Community(SADC) Draf Protocol for the Protection of NewVarieties of Plants (Plant Breeder’s Rights), 2012 inthe SADC Region modelled on UPOV 1991 iscurrently being before SADC Council.

Art. 46(1), Protection of IPRs: ‘…the Parties recognize the need to ensure an adequate and efectivelevel of protection of intellectual property rights...’Art. 46(5), Protection of IPRs: IPRs include ‘…patents including patents for bio-technologicalinventions and plant varieties or other efective sui generis systems…’

USA: Trade and Development Act, 2000: (Non-reciprocal trade preference with USA) Sec. 104 Eligibility Requirements: Tis Act provides for AGOA trade and investment preferences to begranted in relation to the extent to which IPRs, inter alia, are protected in Tanzania, the benefciarycountry.

35





http://www.upov.int/export/sites/upov/news/en/pressroom/pdf/pr92.pdf



http://www.judiciary.go.tz/downloads/constitution.pdf








http://trade.ec.europa.eu/doclib/docs/2009/september/tradoc_144912.pdf

https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/208218/new-alliance-progress-report-coop-framework-tanzania.pdf



http://www.upov.int/edocs/mdocs/upov/en/c_extr_30/c_extr_30_www_231262.pdf




http://polis.parliament.go.tz/PAMS/docs/22-2002.pdf

http://polis.parliament.go.tz/PAMS/docs/22-2002.pdf



http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Flag_of_Tanzania.sv





of Ratifcation

TailandWTO TRIPS 27.3(b) Implementedby virtue of Tai national law suigeneris law.3

Plant Varieties Protection Act, 1999

NO

Tailand hasrequestedassistancewith drafingof laws fromUPOV

ASEAN-Australia-New Zealand FTA, 2009Ch. 13, Art. 9(7) Co-operation: ‘Should anyParty intend to accede to…UPOV 1991, it canseek to co-operate with other Parties to support itsaccession to and implementation…’ of UPOV1991.

Tailand-Japan EPA, 2007 Art. 135: ‘1.Te Parties recognize the importanceof protection new varieties of plants in a mannerbased on international standards. For thispurpose, each Party shall ensure that rightsrelating to new varieties of plants are adequatelyprotected.2.Each Party shall, having due regard to concernsof the other Party, endeavour to protect as manyplant genera or species as possible in a mannerstated in paragraph 1 above as early as practicable.’

Tailand-Chile FTA, 2013Tai land-C hile s ignedFTA on 4th October, 2013.ASEAN-EU FTA Negotiations Ongoing


Trans-Pacifc PartnershipAgreement (TPP)Negotiations Ongoing

EFTA-Tailand FTANegotiations on hold

CBD, 2004

Tailand-Australia FTA, 2005 Art. 1301, Ch. 13: IPRs include plant varieties. Article 1302, Ch. 13 Observance of International Obligations: ‘Te Parties shall fully respect theprovisions of the WTO Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights and anyother multilateral agreement relating to intellectual property to which both are parties.’

Tailand-New Zealand Closer Economic Partnership Agreement,2004 (entry into force, 2005) Art. 12.1, Ch. 12: IPRs include plant varieties. Art. 12.2, Ch. 12: ‘Te Parties shall fully respect the provisions of the WTO Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS) and any other multilateral agreement relating tointellectual property to which both are party.'

3 See Pawarit Lertdhamtewe, Tailand’s sui generis system of plant variety protection, 2014, available at www.quno.org/areas-of-work/intellectual-property-and-agriculture

36

http://www.efta.int/free-trade/ongoing-negotiations-talks/thailand


http://www.quno.org/areas-of-work/intellectual-property-and-agriculture





of Ratifcation

Trinidad &Tobago

UPOV 1978 Act by virtue ofUPOV Membership US-T&T IPR, 1994

UPOV 1978 Act Implemented intoNational Law, through theProtection of New Plant VarietiesAct, 1997 (as amended, 2000)

Member 1978 ACT

30.01.1998

Economic Partnership Agreement betweenCARIFORUM States and the European Union,2008Art. 149(2): ‘Te EC Party and the SignatoryCARIFORUM States shall provide for theprotection of plant varieties in accordance withthe TRIPS Agreement. In this respect, they shallconsider acceding to the International Conventionfor the Protection of New Varieties of Plants —UPOV (Act of 1991).’

US-Trinidad & Tobago IPR Agreement, 1994 Art. 1(2): ‘2. To provide adequate and efectiveprotection and enforcement of intellectualproperty rights, each Party shall, at a minimum,give efect this Agreement and the substantiveeconomic provisions of:…(d) UPOV 1978 ORUPOV 1991 Convention.’

USA-Trinidad & Tobago BIT, 1994* Art. 1(v): Defnition of Investments includes:‘…rights in plant varieties,’

Partnership Agreement EU-ACP (‘CotonouAgreement’), 2000 (as rev. 2010) Art. 46(1), Protection of IPRs: ‘…the Partiesrecognize the need to ensure an adequate andefective level of protection of intellectual propertyrights...’

U S A : Trade andDevelopment Act, 2000:( Non - re c ipro c a l t r a d epreference with USA) Section 211, BenefciaryCountry Trade Benefts tobe accorded in relation to‘‘(ii) Te extent to which thecountry provides protectionof intellectual propertyrights consistent with orgreater than the protectiona f o r d e d u n d e r t h eA g r e e m e nt on Tr a d e -R e l a t e d A s p e c t s o fIntellectual Property Rightsdescribed in section 101(d)(15) of the Uruguay RoundAgreements Act.’

*Inclusion of PBR as‘investment’ means thatshould the host State lowerthe level of IP protection forPlant Breeder’s R ightsholders, they must be dulycompensated

CBD, 1996


Art. 46(5), Protection of IPRs: IPRs include ‘…patents including patents for bio-technologicalinventions and plant varieties or other efective sui generis systems…’

37




http://rgd.legalaffairs.gov.tt/Laws2/Alphabetical_List/lawspdfs/82.75.pdf

http://rgd.legalaffairs.gov.tt/Laws2/Alphabetical_List/lawspdfs/82.75.pdf

http://www.bilaterals.org/IMG/html/US-TT_IPR_agreement.html






of Ratifcation

TunisiaU P OV 1 9 9 1 by virtue of UPOVMembership

UPOV 1991 implemented intoNational Law throughLaw No. 2002-83 Approval ofa c c e s s i o n t o U P O V 1 9 9 1Convention*

Law No. 99-42 on Seeds, Seedlingsand New Plant Varieties

Member1991 ACT

31.08.2003

EFTA-Tunisia, 2004 Art. 23(1): Te Parties shall grant and ensureadequate, efective and non-discriminatoryprotection of intellectual property rights,including measures for the enforcement of suchrights against infringement thereof, counterfeitingand piracy, in accordance with the provisions ofthis Article, Annex V to this Agreement and theinternational agreements referred to therein.’Art. 2.2, Annex V: ‘The Parties to this Agreementwhich are not Parties to one or more of theagreements listed below shall undertake toobtain their adherence to the fol lowingmultilateral agreements before fve years afer theentry into force of this Agreement:…’ 1978 UPOVConvention or 1991 UPOV Convention.

Euro-Mediterranean Agreement between theEuropean Communities and Tunisia, 1998Art. 1, Annex 7 relating to Intellectual Property:By the end of the fourth year afer the entry intoforce of the Agreement, Tunisia shall accede to..’International Convention for the Protection ofthe New Varieties of Plants (1991)Art. 39(1): ‘Te Parties shall provide suitableand efective protection of intellectual, industrialand commercial property rights, in line with thehighest international standards. Tis shallencompass efective means of enforcing suchrights.’

*At the time of accession toUPOV in 2003, Section 32of the 1959 Constitution ofTunisia provided that ‘…Treaties ratifed by thePresident of the Republica n d a p p r o v e d b y t h eChamber of Deputies have ahigher authority than that oflaws.’ Terefore, Law No. 2002-83approving the accession ofTunisia to UPOV 1991 shallprevail over Law 99-42 onSeeds, Seedlings and NewPlant Varieties should therebe any lacuna or confict ofl aw.

*However, it should benoted that following thee v e n t s o f 2 0 1 1 , t h eTunisi an Tr ansit i ona lParliament is currently inthe process of drafing anew constitution.

CBD, 1993


38

http://www.reuters.com/article/2013/09/10/us-tunisia-crisis-idUSBRE9891CC20130910





















of Ratifcation

UgandaNo WTO obligation to have PVPprotection - see Art. 27.3(b) TRIPS.As an LDC, Uganda is not obliged toimplement TRIPS obligations beforeJuly 2021 or when Uganda ceases to bea LDC)

B u t Partnership A greement EU-ACP(‘Cotonou Agreement’), 2000 requiresUganda to provide Adequate andEfective Level of Protection of IPRs

D r a f Plant Variety Protection Bill2010 before Parliament.

NO Interim EU-East African Community EPA,2007 Art. 35 Areas of Cooperation: Support to EACPartner States in developing appropriate legal andregulatory instruments on Intellectual PropertyRights Art. 37: Commitment to Negotiate on IPRs/EPAtext

Partnership Agreement EU-ACP (‘CotonouAgreement’), 2000 (as rev. 2010)Art. 46(1), Protection of IPRs: ‘…the Partiesrecognize the need to ensure an adequate andefective level of protection of intellectual propertyrights...’ Art. 46(5), Protection of IPRs: IPRs include ‘…patents including patents for bio-technologicalinventions and plant varieties or other efective suigeneris systems…’

Common Market for Easta n d S o u t h e r n A f r i c a(COMESA), 2013Approval of the COMESATrade in Seed Regulations inNovember 2013 by theC o u n c i l o f M i n i s t e r s,COMESA.

CBD, 1993


Te COMESA Regulations on Trade in Seedgovern, inter alia, the registration of landraces, localvarieties and genetically modifed varieties. MemberStates bound by Regulations of the Council ofMinisters by virtue of Art. 9(3) of COMESAAgreement.

ARIPO Draf Regional Framework on PVP Law,2012 UPOV 1991 compliant, considered by ARIPOCouncil November 2012. ARIPO PVP Schedule: Aug. 2014: Diplomatic Conference Nov.2014: Adoption of PVP Framework byARIPO Council.

Economic Partnership Agreement EU-EACOngoing Negotiations, latest meeting of seniorofcials in July 2013 Arusha, Tanzania, meant to bethe fnal meeting before the Ministerial in view ofconcluding the EPA.

39

http://trade.ec.europa.eu/doclib/docs/2009/september/tradoc_144912.pdf







http://www.acode-u.org/documents/PBP_21.pdf

http://www.acode-u.org/documents/PBP_21.pdf








of Ratifcation

VenezuelaArt. 27.3 (b) TRIPS by virtue ofWTO, 1995

Implementation into National Law:Partial*

Art. 93, Biodiversity ManagementLaw, 2008 provides that the State shallgrant a Breeder’s Certifcate for plantvarieties which are new, uniform,distinct, and designated by a varietydenomination. Tis certifcate is to begranted in accordance with the relevantapplicable norms**.

NO

InitiatedAccession toUPOVUPOV StatusUpdate as of09.09.2013

MERCOSUR Agreement of Cooperation relatedto the Protection of Plant Breeding in1998/1999 Object & Purpose of Agreement is to harmonizetechnical co-operation and as Member States’legislation incorporated UPOV 1978 Act at thetime of the Agreement. Tis Agreement does notoblige Member States’ to ratify UPOV 1978 Act.

*Venezuela was previouslyb o u n d b y Decision 345(1994) Common Provisionson the Protection of theRights of Breeders of NewPlant Varieties, AndeanCommunity a n d i t simplementing regulation

CBD, 1994


Decreto Presidencial N° 3.136 Reglamento de laDecisión 345 de la Comunidad Andina (1998).

Venezuela withdrew from the Andean Community(AC) in April 2006 (fnalized in April 2011). ACCommunity Decisions/Regulations and, inparticular the AC Dec. 345 PVP implementationregulation Decreto N°. 3.136, have since ceased tobe directly applicable in Venezuela.4

**L a w o f S e e d s , M a t e r i a l f o r A n i m a lReproduction and Biological Inputs, 2002 grantsauthority to apply Dec. 345 to SAPI5 (VenezuelanI.P. Ofce). Dec. 345 is no longer applicable inVenezuela and the Seed Law does not containsubstantive PVP/PBR provisions. Proposed Bill torepeal and replace Seed Law, 2002 presented toParliament on 9 th October, 2013.

EU-MERCOSUR FTA-Ongoing Negotiations*Ne got i at i ons c om m en c e d i n May 2 0 1 0 ,negotiations include protection of IPRS Ninenegotiation rounds completed thus far, exchange ofmarket access ofers expected to take place duringthe last quarter of 2013.

4. Rojas Matheus, Fernanda del Valle, Acciones Legales en Benefcio del Obtentor de Variedades Vegetales en el Derecho Comparado y Venezolano, Propiedad Intelectual [online] 2010, IX (Enero-Diciembre) Accessed at : < www.redalyc.org/articulo.oa?id=189017092006> p. 9-125. Servicio Autónomo de la Propiedad Intelectual (SAPI), I.P. Ofce designated by Decree 3.3136 to grant PVP Certifcates does not make any express reference to the said Decree or provide PVP guidelines on its ofcial website www.sapi.gob.ve. Website last accessed on 8th December, 2013.

40

http://www.sapi.gob.ve/

http://www.redalyc.org/articulo.oa?id=189017092006


http://www.leyesdesemillas.com/venezuela/



http://www.derechos.org.ve/pw/wp-content/uploads/ley_semillas.pdf

http://www.derechos.org.ve/pw/wp-content/uploads/ley_semillas.pdf

http://www.redalyc.org/articulo.oa?id=189017092006

http://www.sice.oas.org/int_prop/nat_leg/Venezuela/r345pvs.asp





http://www.sice.oas.org/trade/junac/decisiones/Dec345e.asp







http://www.tsj.gov.ve/legislacion/LeyesOrdinarias/6.-GO_39070.pdf

http://www.tsj.gov.ve/legislacion/LeyesOrdinarias/6.-GO_39070.pdf






of Ratifcation

Viet NamUPOV 1991 by virtue of UPOV Membership USA-Viet Nam, 2007 & 200 0Switzerland- Viet Nam, 1999

UPOV 1991 implemented intoNational Law byLaw No. 50/2005 of 29 Nov. 2005 on I. P.

Law No. 36/2009 of June 19, 2009,Amending & Supplementing Law onI. P.

Law on Intellectual Property DecreeNo. 88/2010 of August 16, 2010

Member1991 ACT

24. 12.2006

ASEAN-Australia-New Zealand FTA, 2009Ch. 13, Art 9(7) Co-operation: ‘Should any Partyintend to accede to … UPOV 1991, it can seek toco-operate with other Parties to support itsaccession to and implementation …’ of UPOV1991.

USA-Viet Nam Trade & Investment FrameworkAgreement (TIFA), 2007 Work Program: Te Council shall consider thefollowing 1.Implementation of WTO and BilateralTrade Agreement 2. Protection of IPRs

USA-Viet Nam Bilateral Trade Agreement, 2000

ASEAN-EU FTA Negotiations Ongoing

ASEAN-USA Negotiations Ongoing

Trans-Pacifc Partnership(TPP) Negot i at i ons ongoing .Round 18 was held in July2013. Texts expected toinclude protection of IPRs.Ne g ot i a t i n g t e x t s n o tavailable to public.

CBD, 1995

Art. 3(D), Ch. II: Scope of Obligations Each Party shall ‘…provide adequate and efective protectionand enforcement of intellectual property rights, each Party shall, at a minimum, give efect to this Chapterand the substantive economic provisions of…’ the UPOV 1978 Convention OR the UPOV 1991Convention. Art. 7(2)(c) Ch. II, Patents: ‘Parties may exclude from Patentability C. essentially biological processes forthe production of plants or animals other than non-biological and microbiological processes; animalvarieties; plant varieties. Te exclusion for plant varieties is limited to those plant varieties that satisfy thedefnition provided in Article 1 (vi) of the UPOV Convention (1991). Moreover, the Parties shall providefor the protection of plant varieties by an efective sui generis system in accordance with subparagraph3.D of Article 1 of this Chapter.’

Switzerland-Viet Nam IPR Agreement, 1999 Art. 2(2): ‘ Les Parties contractantes feront tout leur possible pour accéder, si elles n’y sont pas encoreparties, aux accords multilatéraux’ de l’Annexe 1 avant janvier 2002. Annex I, Liste des Conventions Internationales ‘La Convention internationale du 2 décembre 1961pour la protection des obtentions…’

41

http://noip.gov.vn/noip/resource.nsf/vwSelectImageResourceUrl/16FCB6C5300F69804725767200247037/$FILE/US-VN-BTA%20_IP%20Chapter_.pdf

http://noip.gov.vn/noip/resource.nsf/vwSelectImageResourceUrl/16FCB6C5300F69804725767200247037/$FILE/US-VN-BTA%20_IP%20Chapter_.pdf

http://www.ustr.gov/sites/default/files/uploads/agreements/tifa/asset_upload_file81_12935.pdf

http://www.ustr.gov/sites/default/files/uploads/agreements/tifa/asset_upload_file81_12935.pdf

http://www.upov.int/upovlex/en/profile.jsp?code=VN







http://noip.gov.vn/noip/resource.nsf/vwSelectImageResourceUrl/16FCB6C5300F69804725767200247037/$FILE/Viet%20Nam%20-%20Switzerland%20Agreement%20on%20IP.pdf

http://noip.gov.vn/noip/resource.nsf/vwSelectImageResourceUrl/16FCB6C5300F69804725767200247037/$FILE/Viet%20Nam%20-%20Switzerland%20Agreement%20on%20IP.pdf

http://vietnam.usembassy.gov/econ6.html

http://vietnam.usembassy.gov/econ6.html



PVP-Related Legislation & Regulations

Country Laws and Regulations Selected Websites

ArgentinaLaw No. 20.247 of March 30, 1973, on Seed and Phytogenetical Creations

INASE Resolution No. 35/96 of February 28, 1996, on the Farmer'sPrivilege

Decree No. 2.183 of October 21, 1991, Implementing Law No. 20.247 ofMarch 30, 1973, on Seed and Phytogenetical Creations

Law No. 24.376 of September 21, 1994, Approving the Act InternationalConvention for the Protection of New Varieties of Plants (1978 Act of theUPOV)

Agreement between the Government of the Argentine Republic and theGovernment of New Zealand for the Promotion and Reciprocal Protectionof Investments

www.mercosur.int

www.wipo.int/wipolex/en/profle.jsp?code=AR

www.upov.int/upovlex/en/profle.jsp?code=AR

www.sice.oas.org/ctyindex/ARG/ARGagreements_e.asp

www.senado.gov.ar

www.faa-alca.org/busfac/ctyindex/ARG_e.asp

BangladeshEU-Bangladesh Cooperation Agreement, 2001 http://ec.europa.eu/trade/policy/countries-and-

regions/countries/bangladesh/

BarbadosProtection of New Plant Varieties Act, Cap. 267 (consolidated as of 2002)

Protection of New Plant Varieties Regulations, 2001

Protection of New Plant Varieties Order, 2001

http://eur-lex.europa.eu/en/index.htm

www.wipo.int/wipolex/en/profle.jsp?code=BB

BeninG8 Cooperation Framework to support Te New Alliance for FoodSecurity and Nutrition in Benin, June 2013

www.gouv.bj/textes

www.oapi.int

https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/the-new-alliance-for-food-security-and-nutrition-benin-cooperation-framework

42



http://www.oapi.int/

http://www.gouv.bj/textes

http://www.wipo.int/wipolex/en/profile.jsp?code=BB

http://eur-lex.europa.eu/en/index.htm

http://ec.europa.eu/trade/policy/countries-and-regions/countries/bangladesh/

http://ec.europa.eu/trade/policy/countries-and-regions/countries/bangladesh/

http://www.ftaa-alca.org/busfac/ctyindex/ARG_e.asp

http://www.senado.gov.ar/

http://www.sice.oas.org/ctyindex/ARG/ARGagreements_e.asp

http://www.upov.int/upovlex/en/profile.jsp?code=AR

http://www.wipo.int/wipolex/en/profile.jsp?code=AR

http://www.mercosur.int/











BoliviaLaw No. 1.968 of March 24, 1999 - Accession of Bolivia to theInternational Convention for the Protection of New Varieties of Plants(UPOV) of 2 December 1961, as revised at Geneva on 10 November 1972and 23 October 1978

R.M 040 of April 2, 2001, Regulations on Protection of Plant Varieties

Law of the Productive, Communal, and Agricultural Revolution,2011

www.comunidadandina.org

www.farmersrights.org/database/americas.html

http://www.upov.int/upovlex/en/profle.jsp?code=BO


BrazilLaw No. 9.456 of April 28, 1997 establishing the Plant Variety ProtectionLaw and enacting other Measures

Ordinance No. 85 of April 10, 2006 (Approval of the Internal Regulationof the Department of Agricultural Cooperative Development)

Law No. 11.105 of March 24, 2005 (Biosafety Law)

Ordinance No. 38 of February 7, 2006 (Approval of the InternalRegulation of the National Laboratory of Analysis, Characterization andDiferentiation of Plant Varieties (LADIC))

Decree No. 2.366 of November 5, 1997 (Plant Variety Protection)

Decree No. 3.109 of June 30, 1999 (Promulgation of the InternationalConvention for the Protection of New Varieties of Plants)

Legislative Decree No. 28 of 1999 (Approval of the UPOV Convention)

www.mercosur.int

www.sice.oas.org/ctyindex/BRZ/BRZagreements_e.asp

www.wipo.int/wipolex/en/profle.jsp?code=BR

www.upov.int/upovlex/en/profle.jsp?code=BR

www.faa-alca.org/busfac/ctyindex/BRA_e.asp

CambodiaRoyal Kram No NS/RKM/0508/015 on Seed Management and PlantBreeder’s Rights (2008-05-21)

http://bnglaw.net/index.php

www.wto.org/english/tratop_e/tpr_e/tp_rep_e.htm

CameroonLoi n° 2001/014 du 23 Juillet 2001 relative à l'activité semencière (Ch.IV :De la Protection des Obtentions Végétales)

www.spm.gov.cm/fr/documentation/textes-legislatifs-et-reglementaires/article/loi-n-2001014-du-23-juillet-2001-relative-a-lactivite-semenciere.html

43




http://www.wto.org/english/tratop_e/tpr_e/tp_rep_e.htm

http://bnglaw.net/index.php

http://www.ftaa-alca.org/busfac/ctyindex/BRA_e.asp

http://www.upov.int/upovlex/en/profile.jsp?code=BR

http://www.wipo.int/wipolex/en/profile.jsp?code=BR

http://www.sice.oas.org/ctyindex/BRZ/BRZagreements_e.asp

http://www.mercosur.int/


http://www.upov.int/upovlex/en/profile.jsp?code=BO

http://www.farmersrights.org/database/americas.html

http://www.comunidadandina.org/



ChileProyecto de Ley: Regula derechos sobre obtenciones vegetales y deroga leyN° 19.342, 14 agosto 2013

Ley Nº 19.342 sobre los Derechos de Obtentores de Nuevas VariedadesVegetales

Implementing Regulation of Law No. 19.342 on Plant Breeders' Rights(approved by Decree No. 373)

Resolution No. 733 establishing the Requirements for Designation of theVariety in Regard to Export and Import of Propagating Materials

Law No. 19.039 on Industrial Property (Consolidated Law approved byDecree-Law No. 3)

www.senado.cl/appsenado/templates/tramitacion/index.php?boletin_ini=6355-01


www.ustr.gov/about-us/press-ofce/fact-sheets/2011/november/outlines-trans-pacifc-partnership-agreement

www.mofa.go.jp/policy/economy/fa/chile.html

44


http://www.ustr.gov/about-us/press-office/fact-sheets/2011/november/outlines-trans-pacific-partnership-agreement

http://www.ustr.gov/about-us/press-office/fact-sheets/2011/november/outlines-trans-pacific-partnership-agreement






ColombiaLey No. 1518 de 2012 Aprobacion del Convenio UPOV 1991

Decree No. 533 of 1994 (March 8) - Introducing Regulations to theCommon Regime on the Protection of the Rights of Breeders of New PlantVarieties

Decree No. 2468 of 1994 (November 4) - Partly Amending Artilce 13 ofDecree No. 533 of March 8, 1994 Regulating the Common Regime for theProtection of Plant Breeders' Rights

Law No. 243 of 1995 (December 28) - Approving the InternationalConvention for the Protection of New Varieties of Plants (UPOVConvention) of 2 December 1961 as revised in Geneva on 10 November1972 and 23 october 1978

Law No. 1143 of 2007 (July 4) - By means of which is approved the 'U.S. –Colombia Trade Promotion Agreement (TPA)', its 'Side letters', and its'Understandings', signed in Washington on November 22, 2006

Law No. 1166 of 2007 (November 21) - By which is approved theAmending Protocol to the U.S. – Colombia Trade Promotion Agreement(TPA), signed in Washington, District of Columbia on June 28, 2007 andits Side Letter of the same date

Resolution No. 2808 of 1996 (October 8) - Updating the tarif forformalities relating to the Protection of Plant Breeders Rights

Resolution ICA No. 3123 of 1995 (October 30) - Supplementing andclarifying Resolution ICA No. 1893 de 1995

Resolution ICA No. 1893 of 1995 (June 29) - Ordering the Opening of theNational Registry of Protected Plant Varieties, Establishing the Procedurefor Obtaining a Plant Breeders' Certifcate and Laying Down OtherProvisions

Resolution ICA No. 1974 of 1994 (May 27) - Assigning Certain Functionswith Respect to the Protection of Plant Breeders' Rights

45



Costa RicaLaw No. 8631 on the Protection of New Varieties of Plants (as amended byLaw No. 8686 of November 21, 2008)

Law No. 8686 amending, adding or repealing various Rules governingMatters pertaining to Intellectual Property

Law No. 7475 approving the Final Act Embodying the Results of theUruguay Round of Multilateral Trade Negotiations

Biodiversity Law No.7788

www.upov.int/upovlex/en/profle.jsp?code=CR

www.ustr.gov/trade-agreements/free-trade-agreements/cafa-dr-dominican-republic-central-america-fa

www.eef.ucr.ac.cr/Repositorio%20de%20documentos/costarica-leybiodiversidad-1998-sp.pdf

Côte d’Ivoire

Décret N° 92-392 du 01/07/92 relatif à l’homologation et à la protection età la commercialisation des semences et plants

G8 Cooperation Framework to support Te New Alliance for FoodSecurity and Nutrition in Côte d’Ivoire, June 2013

www.farmersrights.org/pdf/Africa/Cote%20d'Ivoire/Cote%20d'Ivoire-seedpvp92.pdf

https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/the-new-alliance-for-food-security-and-nutrition-cote-divoire-cooperation-framework

DominicanRepublic

Law No. 450-06 on Protection of the Rights of Breeders of New Varietiesof Plants

Law No. 424-06 on Implementation of the Dominican Republic-CentralAmerica-United States Free Trade Agreement (CAFTA-DR)

Law No. 20-00 on Industrial Property

Resolution No. 438-06 on the ratifcation of the International Conventionfor the Protection of New Varieties of Plants of December 2, 1961

Resolution No. 101-99 Approving the Convention Establishing the WorldIntellectual Property Organization (WIPO), signed at Stockholm on July14, 1967 and amended on September 28, 1979

Law No. 231 on Seeds Establishing a System of Production, Processing andTrade

Regulation No. 271 of the Law No. 231 of November 22, 1971 on Seeds


46





http://www.farmersrights.org/pdf/Africa/Cote%20d'Ivoire/Cote%20d'Ivoire-seedpvp92.pdf

http://www.farmersrights.org/pdf/Africa/Cote%20d'Ivoire/Cote%20d'Ivoire-seedpvp92.pdf

http://www.eefb.ucr.ac.cr/Repositorio%20de%20documentos/costarica-leybiodiversidad-1998-sp.pdf

http://www.eefb.ucr.ac.cr/Repositorio%20de%20documentos/costarica-leybiodiversidad-1998-sp.pdf



http://www.upov.int/upovlex/en/profile.jsp?code=CR



EcuadorNational Regulation regulating the Common Regime on Access to GeneticResources in accordance with the Decision of the Andean Community No.391 (Executive Decree No. 905 of October 3, 2011)

Organic Law amending Organic Law on Food Sovereignty,2010

Organic Law on Food Sovereignty,2009

Consolidated Text of Agricultural Laws,2008

Constitution of the Republic of the Ecuador,2008

Intellectual Property Law (Consolidation No. 2006-13)

Resolution No. CD-IEPI 00-61. Rules of Procedure of the Committee onIntellectual Property, Industrial Property and Plant Variety ProtectionIEPI, 2000

Regulations under the Law on Intellectual Property, 1999


www.comunidadandina.org

www.eluniverso.com/2011/04/06/1/1356/propiedad-intelectual-patentes-son-temas-pendientes-acuerdo-ecuador-ue.html

www.wipo.int/edocs/mdocs/sme/en/wipo_ip_bis_ge_03/wipo_ip_bis_ge_03_11-main1.pdf

EgyptLaw on the Protection of Intellectual Property Rights, Law No. 82, 2002 http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?

uri=OJ:L:2004:304:0039:0208:EN:PDF

El Salvador Legislative Decree No. 985 of 17 March 2006

Legislative Decree No. 912 of 14 December 2005

Executive Decree No. 35 of 28 September 1994; Reforms to the Law on thePromotion and Protection of Intellectual Property

Legislative Decree No. 604 of 15 July 1993;Implementing Regulations forthe Law on the Promotion and Protection of Intellectual Property

www. Asamblea.gob.sv/eparlamento/indice-legislativo


EthiopiaPlant Breeders' Right Proclamation No. 481/2006 http://www.wipo.int/wipolex/en/profle.jsp?code=ET

47

http://www.wipo.int/wipolex/en/profile.jsp?code=ET



http://www.asamblea.gob.sv/eparlamento/indice-legislativo



http://www.wipo.int/edocs/mdocs/sme/en/wipo_ip_bis_ge_03/wipo_ip_bis_ge_03_11-main1.pdf

http://www.wipo.int/edocs/mdocs/sme/en/wipo_ip_bis_ge_03/wipo_ip_bis_ge_03_11-main1.pdf



http://www.comunidadandina.org/




Fijiwww.wipo.int/wipolex/en/profle.jsp?code=FJ

Gabonwww.wipo.int/wipolex/en/profle.jsp?code=GA

GhanaSeeds (Certifcation and Standards) Act, 1972

Plant Breeder’s Bill of Ghana

http://www.parliament.gh/publications/36/560

www.upov.int/export/sites/upov/news/en/pressroom/pdf/pr92.pdf

www.aripo.org

http://afsta.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/Proceedings/ARIPO%20THE%20STATUS%20OF%20DRAFT%20ARIPO%20PVP%20LEGAL%20FRAMEWORK. Pdf

http : / /w w w. i nter nati ona l . gc . C a/tr ade -ag re ements - accords-commerciaux/agr-acc/fpa-apie/ghana. Aspx

GuatemalaDecreto N° 19-2006 Aprueba el Convenio Internacional para la Protecciónde las Obtenciones Vegetales

DRAFT Law No. 4013 on the Protection of New Varieties of Plants of 2009

http://www.oj.gob.gt/es/QueEsOJ/EstructuraOJ/UnidadesAdministrativas/CentroAnalisisDocumentacionJudicial/cds/CDs%20leyes/2006/pdfs/decretos/D019-2006. Pdf

http://www.lexglobal. Com/documentos/1239031127. Pdf

http://ec.europa.eu/trade/policy/countries-and-regions/regions/central-america/

HondurasLey para Proteccion de Obtenciones Vegetales, Decreto N° 21-2012

Industrial Property Law (approved by Decree No. 12-99-E)

Law on Seeds and other provisions regulating the Function of the NationalSeed Production Program of the Secretariat of Natural Resources(approved by Decree No. 1046-1980)


48






http://www.lexglobal.com/documentos/1239031127.pdf




http://www.international.gc.ca/trade-agreements-accords-commerciaux/agr-acc/fipa-apie/ghana.aspx

http://www.international.gc.ca/trade-agreements-accords-commerciaux/agr-acc/fipa-apie/ghana.aspx

http://afsta.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/Proceedings/ARIPO%20THE%20STATUS%20OF%20DRAFT%20ARIPO%20PVP%20LEGAL%20FRAMEWORK.pdf



http://www.aripo.org/


http://www.parliament.gh/publications/36/560


http://www.wipo.int/wipolex/en/profile.jsp?code=GA

http://www.wipo.int/wipolex/en/profile.jsp?code=FJ



IndonesiaLaws of Republic of Indonesia No. 29 of 2000 on Plant Variety Protection

Government Regulation No. 14 of 2004 regarding the Requirements andProcedure of the Transfer of Protection of Plant Variety and the Use ofVariety Protected by the Government. State Gazette of 2004, No.

Government Regulation No. 13 of 2004 regarding the Naming,Registration and Use of Original Variety for the Making of EssentialDerivative Variety. State Gazette of 2004, No. 30

Government Regulation No. 34 of June 11, 1991 concerning Procedure forPatent Application

Japan-Indonesia Economic Partnership Agreement,2008

http://eapvp.org/library/member/regulations.html#indonesia

http://www.mofa.go.jp/policy/economy/fa/indonesia.html

KyrgyzRepublic

Law of the Kyrgyz Republic on Legal Protection of Selection Achievements(as last amended by Law No. 155 August 8, 2006)

Law of the Kyrgyz Republic on Inserting Amendments into the Law of theKyrgyz Republic 'on Legal Protection of Selective Achievements ', 2006

Law of the Kyrgyz Republic on making Alterations and Additions intocertain Legislative Acts of the Kyrgyz Republic, 2005

Law of the Kyrgyz Republic on Changes and Additions in some LegislativeActs of the Kyrgyz Republi c, 2003

Law of the Kyrgyz Republic on Trademarks, Service Marks andAppellations of Places of Origin of Goods (as last amended by Law No. 46of February 27, 2003)

http://www.wipo.int/wipolex/en/profle.jsp?code=KG

http://www.upov.int/upovlex/en/profle.jsp?code=KG

MalaysiaProtection of New Plant Varieties Act 2004 (Act 634)

Protection of New Plant Varieties Regulations 2008

http://pvpbkkt.doa.gov.my

http://www.wipo.int/wipolex/en/profle.jsp?code=MY

49

http://www.wipo.int/wipolex/en/profile.jsp?code=MY



http://www.upov.int/upovlex/en/profile.jsp?code=KG

http://www.wipo.int/wipolex/en/profile.jsp?code=KG















http://eapvp.org/library/member/regulations.html#indonesia



MauritiusSeeds Act, 2013 http://www.upov.int/export/sites/upov/news/en/gazette/pdf/gazette_99.pdf

http://attorneygeneral.gov.mu/English/Pages/Acts%20By%20Year/Year-2013.aspx

http://eur-lex.europa.eu/JOHtml.do?uri=OJ:L:2012:111:SOM:EN:HTML

MexicoFederal Law on New Plant Varieties , 1996 (as amended April 2012)

Implementing Regulations for the Federal Law on New Plant Varieties,1998

http://www.wipo.int/wipolex/en/profle.jsp?code=MX


MongoliaPatent Law of Mongolia of June 25, 1993 (as last amended on May 21,1999)

http://www.wipo.int/wipolex/en/profle.jsp?code=MN

50

http://www.wipo.int/wipolex/en/profile.jsp?code=MN




http://www.wipo.int/wipolex/en/profile.jsp?code=MX


http://eur-lex.europa.eu/JOHtml.do?uri=OJ:L:2012:111:SOM:EN:HTML



http://www.upov.int/export/sites/upov/news/en/gazette/pdf/gazette_99.pdf



MoroccoLaw on the Protection of New Plant Varieties

Law No. 9-94 on the Protection of New Varieties of Plants (promulgatedby Dahir No. 1-96-255 of 12 ramadan 1417 (January 21, 1997))

Decree No. 2-02-2325 of 27 Hijirah 1422 (March 12, 2002), establishingthe Remuneration for Services provided by the Ministry of Agriculture inrelation to the Protection of New Varieties of Plants

Decree No. 2-01-2324 of 27 Hija 1422 (March 12, 2002), implementingLaw No. 9-94 on the Protection of New Varieties of Plants

Order No. 1576-02 of 8 rejeb 1423 (September 16, 2002), establishing theRates of Remuneration for Services provided in relation to the Protectionof New Plant Varieties

Order No. 1579-02 of 8 Rajab 1423 (September 16, 2002), establishing theComposition, Responsibilities and Operation of the Advisory Committeefor the Protection of New Plant Varieties

Order No. 1577-02 of 8 rejeb 1423 (September 16, 2002), establishing aList of General and Species in respect of Varieties eligible for Protection,the Elements covered by Breeders' Rights for each Genus and Species andthe Term of Protection of each Species

Order No. 1578-02 of 8 rejeb 1423 (September 16, 2002), establishing theDeadlines for Presenting the Reproductive or Propagative Material ofPlant Varieties and the Amount required for an Examination of theseVarieties with a view to the Issue of New Plant Variety Certifcates

Order No. 1581-02 of 16 September 2002 (8 rejeb 1423) establishing theparticulars, information and other documentation required for inclusionin the National Register of Applications for New Plant Variety Certifcates

Order No. 1582-02 of 16 September 2002 (8 rejeb 1423) determining thefrequency of issue and content of the new plant variety protection bulletin

http://www.wipo.int/wipolex/en/profle.jsp?code=MA

51

http://www.wipo.int/wipolex/en/profile.jsp?code=MA




























Morocco(cont.)

Order No. 1580-02 of 16 September 2002 (8 Rajab 1423) establishing theparticulars, information and other documentation required for inclusionin the National Register of New Plant Variety Certifcates

NicaraguaLaw on Patents, Utility Models and Industrial Designs (No. 354 of 2000)

Law No. 318, Law for the Protection of New Varieties of Plants

Criminal Code (Law No. 641 ) 2007

Decree No. 18-2012 on the Promotion and Protection of Rights ofIntellectual Property of the Nicaraguan People

Regulations to the Law on the Protection of New Plant Varieties (DecreeNo. 37-2000)

Decree No. 18-2001, Approving the Adhesion of Nicaragua to theInternational Convention for the Protection of New Plant Varieties, 1978Act

http://www.wipo.int/wipolex/en/profle.jsp?code=NI

NorwayPlant Variety Act (Act No. 32 of March 12, 1993 relating to Plant Breeder'sRights, as last amended on July 1, 2010)

Patents Act (Act No. 9 of December 15, 1967, as amended up to Act No. 8of July 1, 2010)

Regulations No. 1417 of December 14, 2007 to the Norwegian Patent Act(the Patent Regulations, as last amended on July 1, 2011)

Regulations concerning the Plant Breeder's Right (as amended on July 16,1997)

Regulations concerning the Plant Breeder's Right (as amended on July 16,1997)

http://www.upov.int/upovlex/en/profle.jsp?code=NO

http://www.wipo.int/wipolex/en/profle.jsp?code=NO

52

http://www.wipo.int/wipolex/en/profile.jsp?code=NO

http://www.upov.int/upovlex/en/profile.jsp?code=NO











http://www.wipo.int/wipolex/en/profile.jsp?code=NI

















PakistanPlant Breeders' Rights Ordinance, 2000

Seed Act, 1976

http://www.wipo.int/wipolex/en/profle.jsp?code=PK

http://www.ecosecretariat.org

ParaguayLaw No. 385/94 on Seeds and Protection of Plant Varieties

Decree No. 7797/00, Enacting Regulations under Law No. 385/94 'OnSeeds and Protection of Plant Varieties'

Law No. 988/1996 on the approval of the International Agreement forPlant Variety Protection

Agreement between the Republic of Paraguay and the Republic of Boliviaon the Promotion and Reciprocal Protection of Investments

http://www.wipo.int/wipolex/en/profle.jsp?code=PY

SenegalOAPI Agreement Revising the Bangui Agreement of March 2, 1977, onthe Creation of an African Intellectual Property Organization, 1999Annex X - Plant Variety Protection

http://www.oapi.int

South AfricaPlant Breeders’ Rights Act 1976 (Act No. 15 of 1976, as last amended byPlant Breeders’ Rights Amendment Act 1996)

Regulations on Plant Breeders' Rights 1997

Patents Act 1978 (Act No. 57 of 1978, as last amended by PatentsAmendment Act 2002)

Genetically Modifed Organisms 1997 Act (Act No. 15 of 1997)

Genetically Modifed Organisms Amendment Act 2006

Plant Improvement Act 1976 (Act No. 53 of 1976)

http://www.wipo.int/wipolex/en/profle.jsp?code=ZA

http://www.efa.int/free-trade/free-trade-agreements/sacu

http://www.tralac.org/2010/10/04/sacu-legal-texts/

http://ec.europa.eu/trade/policy/countries-and-regions/countries/south-africa/

53



http://www.tralac.org/2010/10/04/sacu-legal-texts/

http://www.efta.int/free-trade/free-trade-agreements/sacu

http://www.wipo.int/wipolex/en/profile.jsp?code=ZA










http://www.wipo.int/wipolex/en/profile.jsp?code=PY

http://www.wipo.int/wipolex/en/other_treaties/details.jsp?treaty_id=612

http://www.wipo.int/wipolex/en/other_treaties/details.jsp?treaty_id=612






http://www.ecosecretariat.org/

http://www.wipo.int/wipolex/en/profile.jsp?code=PK





TanzaniaPlant Breeder’s Rights Act, 2012

Te Protection of New Plant Varieties (Plant Breeders' Rights) Act, 2002



http://www.upov.int/meetings/en/doc_details.jsp?doc_id=218086

TailandPlant Varieties Protection Act,1999 http://www.dfat.gov.au/fa/tafa/tafa_chapter_13.html

http://aric.adb.org/fa-country

http://eapvp.org/member/thailand/index.html

http://www.wipo.int/wipolex/en/profle.jsp?code=TH

Trinidad &Tobago

Protection of New Plant Varieties Act, Cap. 82:75

Intellectual Property (Miscellaneous Amendments) Act of May 5, 2000

Te Protection of New Plant Varieties Regulations, 2000

http://www.legalafairs.gov.tt/LRC2.aspx

http://www.wipo.int/wipolex/en/profle.jsp?code=TT

http://www.upov.int/upovlex/en/profle.jsp?code=TT

http://www.sice.oas.org/ctyindex/TTO/TTOagreements_e.asp

http://www.faa-alca.org/busfac/ctyindex/TTO_e.asp

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http://www.ftaa-alca.org/busfac/ctyindex/TTO_e.asp

http://www.sice.oas.org/ctyindex/TTO/TTOagreements_e.asp

http://www.upov.int/upovlex/en/profile.jsp?code=TT

http://www.wipo.int/wipolex/en/profile.jsp?code=TT

http://www.legalaffairs.gov.tt/LRC2.aspx




http://www.wipo.int/wipolex/en/profile.jsp?code=TH

http://eapvp.org/member/thailand/index.html

http://aric.adb.org/fta-country

http://www.dfat.gov.au/fta/tafta/tafta_chapter_13.html

http://www.upov.int/meetings/en/doc_details.jsp?doc_id=218086





http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Flag_of_Tanzania.sv



TunisiaLaw No. 99-42 of May 10, 1999, on Seeds, Seedlings and New PlantVarieties

Law No. 2002-83 of 14 October 2002 approving the accession of theRepublic of Tunisia to the International Convention for the Protection ofNew Varieties of Plants

Decree No. 2002-3019 of 19 November 2002 ratifying the accession of theRepublic of Tunisia to the International Convention for the Protection ofNew Varieties of Plants

Minister of Agriculture Order of June 24, 2000 establishing the list ofplant likely to be protected, the data and procedure for the registration oftheir applications and certifcations in the Plant Varieties NationalCatalogue

Decree No. 2000-102 of January 18, 2000, Establishing the membershipand working methods of the Technical Commission for Seeds, Seedlingsand Plant Varieties

http://www.upov.int/upovlex/en/profle.jsp?code=TN

http://www.wipo.int/wipolex/en/profle.jsp?code=TN

http://www.efa.int/free-trade/free-trade-agreements/tunisia


UgandaPlant Variety Protection Bill, 2010

Te National Environment (Access to Genetic Resources and BeneftSharing) Regulations, 2005

Comment:

PVP Bill printed in Uganda’s Gazette, in print form only.

http://www.wipo.int/wipolex/en/profle.jsp?code=UG

VenezuelaLaw of Seeds, Animal Reproduction and Biological Input s, 2002

Law of the National Institute of Agricultural Researc h, 2000

http://www.wipo.int/wipolex/en/profle.jsp?code=VE

http://www.sice.oas.org/ctyindex/VEN/VENagreements_e.asp

http://www.faa-alca.org/busfac/ctyindex/VEN_e.asp

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http://www.ftaa-alca.org/busfac/ctyindex/VEN_e.asp

http://www.sice.oas.org/ctyindex/VEN/VENagreements_e.asp

http://www.wipo.int/wipolex/en/profile.jsp?code=VE





http://www.wipo.int/wipolex/en/profile.jsp?code=UG





http://www.efta.int/free-trade/free-trade-agreements/tunisia

http://www.wipo.int/wipolex/en/profile.jsp?code=TN

http://www.upov.int/upovlex/en/profile.jsp?code=TN

















Viet NamDecree No. 88/2010/ND-CP of the Government of August 16, 2010,Detailing and Guiding a Number of Articles of the Law on IntellectualProperty and the Law Amending and Supplementing a Number of Articlesof the Law on Intellectual Property regarding Rights to Plant Varieties

Law No. 36/2009/QH12 of June 19, 2009, Amending and Supplementing aNumber of Articles of the Law on Intellectual Property (promulgated bythe Order No. 12/2009/L-CTN of June 29, 2009 of the President of theSocialist Republic of Vietnam)

Decree No. 172/2007/NU-CP on the Revision and Supplementing of SomeArticles of the Decree No. 57/2005/ND-CP of April 27, 2005 of theGovernment on Penalties for the Administrative Violations in the feld ofPlant Varieties

Law No. 50/2005/QH11 of November 29, 2005, on Intellectual Property(promulgated by the Order No. 28/2005/L-CTN of December 12, 2005, ofthe President of the Socialist Republic of Vietnam)

Seed Ordinance No. 15/2004/PL-UBTVQH11

http://aric.adb.org/fa-country

http://eapvp.org/library/member/regulations.html#vietnam

http://www.wipo.int/wipolex/en/profle.jsp?code=VN

http://www.upov.int/upovlex/en/profle.jsp?code=VN

http://www.wto.org/english/tratop_e/tpr_e/tp_rep_e.htm#bycountry

https://www.ige.ch/f/news/2000/a107.shtm

http://www.ustr.gov/countries-regions/southeast-asia-pacifc/vietnam

56

http://www.ustr.gov/countries-regions/southeast-asia-pacific/vietnam

https://www.ige.ch/f/news/2000/a107.shtm

http://www.wto.org/english/tratop_e/tpr_e/tp_rep_e.htm#bycountry


http://www.wipo.int/wipolex/en/profile.jsp?code=VN

http://eapvp.org/library/member/regulations.html#vietnam

http://aric.adb.org/fta-country















Key Websites and Databases

African Agricultural Technology Foundation: www.aatf-africa.org/intellectual-property-laws

ARIPO: www.aripo.org

Asia Regional Integration Centre: www.a ric.adb.org

Bilaterals.org: www.bilaterals.org

Droit Afrique: www.droit-afrique. c om/index.php

East Asia Plant Variety Protection Forum: http://eapvp.org/library/member/factsheet.html

European Union Trade Agreements: http://ec.europa.eu/trade/policy/countries-and-regions/agreements

Farmer’s Rights NGO: www.farmersrights.org/database/africa.html

GRAIN: www.grain.org

Leyes de Semillas: www.leyesdesemillas.com

OAPI: www.oapi.int

OAS Foreign Trade Information System: www.sice.oas.org

TRALAC: www.tralac.org

UPOV (UPOV Council Reports): www.upov.int/meetings/en/topic.jsp

UPOV Lex: www.upov.int/upovlex/en

Ofce of the United States Trade Representative: www.ustr.gov

World Bank Global Preferential Trade Agreements Database: http://wits.worldbank.org/gptad/library.aspx

World Trade Law Database: www.worldtradelaw.net/fa/fadatabase/fasannexes.asp

WIPO Lex: www.wipo.int/wipolex/en

WTO Trade Policy Reviews: www.wto.org/english/tratop_e/tpr_e/tp_rep_e.htm

58

http://www.wto.org/english/tratop_e/tpr_e/tp_rep_e.htm

http://www.wipo.int/wipolex/en

http://www.worldtradelaw.net/fta/ftadatabase/ftasannexes.asp

http://wits.worldbank.org/gptad/library.aspx

http://www.ustr.gov/

http://www.upov.int/upovlex/en

http://www.upov.int/meetings/en/topic.jsp

http://www.tralac.org/

http://www.sice.oas.org/


http://www.leyesdesemillas.com/

http://www.grain.org/

http://www.farmersrights.org/database/africa.html

http://ec.europa.eu/trade/policy/countries-and-regions/agreements/

http://eapvp.org/library/member/factsheet.html

http://www.droit-afrique.com/index.php



http://www.bilaterals.org/

http://aric.adb.org/

http://aric.adb.org/

http://www.aripo.org/

http://www.aatf-africa.org/intellectual-property-laws

[email protected]

Sarita Brault

Sarita Brault is an attorney-at-law admitted to the Bar in the Commonwealth Caribbean. She is aformer State Attorney of Trinidad and Tobago and currently works as a legal consultant, particularlyin the areas of intellectual property and commercial law, in Geneva and London.

Quaker United Nations Ofce 13 Avenue du Mervelet1209 GenevaSwitzerlandTel: +41 22 748 [email protected]

CONTACTCaroline [email protected]

Quaker UN Ofce, 2014All QUNO work is published under a Creative Commons License

Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 InternationalMore information and full details of the license are available at http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/deed.en. Readers are encouraged to distribute,translate or quote from this study, provided the source is acknowledged and that it is for educational or non-proft purposes. QUNO would appreciate being informedof such use.

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Te Quaker United Nations OfceTe Quaker UN Ofce, located in Geneva and New York,represents Friends World Committee for Consultation (Quakers),an international non-governmental organization with GeneralConsultative Status at the UN, and observer status to WIPO.QUNO works to promote the peace and justice concerns of Friends(Quakers) from around the world at the UN and other globalinstitutions. QUNO has worked on intellectual property issuessince the late 1990s, in particular focusing on access to medicines,food and biological diversity, and WIPO’s Development Agenda.For QUNO publications in these areas, please visit www.quno.org

Te Quaker United Nations OfceTe Quaker UN Ofce, located in Geneva and New York,represents Friends World Committee for Consultation (Quakers),an international non-governmental organization with GeneralConsultative Status at the UN, and observer status to WIPO.QUNO works to promote the peace and justice concerns of Friends(Quakers) from around the world at the UN and other globalinstitutions. QUNO has worked on intellectual property issuessince the late 1990s, in particular focusing on access to medicines,food and biological diversity, and WIPO’s Development Agenda.For QUNO publications in these areas, please visit www.quno.org

http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/deed.en

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