Phosphorus Requirement of Chickpea (Cicer ... - Thesis

Phosphorus Requirement of Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) Irrigated with Chloride and

Sulphate Dominated Saline Water

DyksjkbM ,oa lYQsV ;qDr yo.kh; ikuh ls flafpr pus ¼lkblj ,jsVhue~½ esa

QkLQksjl dh vko’;drk

Sita Ram Jat

Thesis

Master of Science in Agriculture

2011

Department of Soil Science and Agricultural Chemistry

S.K.N. COLLEGE OF AGRICULTURE, JOBNER - 303329

SWAMI KESHWANAND RAJASTHAN AGRICULTURAL UNIVERSITY,

BIKANER

Phosphorus Requirement of Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) Irrigated with Chloride and Sulphate

Dominated Saline Water

DyksjkbM ,oa lYQsV ;qDr yo.kh; ikuh ls flafpr pus ¼lkblj ,jsVhue ,y-½

esa QkLQksjl dh vko’;drk

Thesis

Submitted to the

Swami Keshwanand Rajasthan Agricultural

University, Bikaner

in partial fulfilment of the requirement

for the degree of

Master of Science

in the

Faculty of Agriculture

(Soil Science & Agricultural Chemistry)

By

Sita Ram Jat

2011

Swami Keshwanand Rajasthan Agricultural University, Bikaner S.K.N. College of Agriculture, Jobner

CERTIFICATE- I

Dated : ----------2011

This is to certify that Mr. Sita Ram Jat has successfully

completed the comprehensive examination held on ……………….. as

required under the regulation for Master’s degree.

(B.L. Yadav)

Head

Department of Soil Science and Agril. & Chem.

S.K.N. College of Agriculture,

Jobner


CERTIFICATE- II

Dated :…………2011

This is to certify that the thesis entitled “Phosphorus

Requirement of Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) Irrigated with

Chloride and Sulphate Dominated Saline Water” submitted for the

degree of Master of Science in the subject of Soil Science and

Agricultural Chemistry embodies bonafide research work carried out

by Mr. Sita Ram Jat under my guidance and supervision and that no

part of this thesis has been submitted for any other degree. The

assistance and help received during the course of investigation have

been fully acknowledged. The draft of the thesis was also approved by

the advisory committee on …………….

(B.L. Yadav)

Head

Department of Soil Science and Agricultural Chemistry

(B.L. Yadav)

Major Advisor

(G.L. KESHWA)

Dean

S.K.N. College of Agriculture, Jobner


CERTIFICATE- III

Dated :----------- 2011

This is to certify that the thesis entitled “Phosphorus

Requirement of Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) Irrigated with

Chloride and Sulphate Dominated Saline Water” submitted by

Mr. Sita Ram Jat to the Swami Keshwanand Rajasthan Agricultural

University, Bikaner, in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the

degree of Master of Science in the subject of Soil Science and

Agricultural Chemistry after recommendation by the external

examiner, was defended by the candidate before the following members

of the advisory committee. The performance of the candidate in the oral

examination on his thesis has been found satisfactory. We therefore,

recommend that the thesis be approved.

(B.L. YADAV) (S.R. SHARMA)

Major Advisor Advisor

(L.R. YADAV) (S.C. Jain)

Advisor Dean, PGS, Nominee

(B.L. YADAV) (G.L. KESHWA)

Head DEAN

Department of Soil Science S.K.N. College of Agriculture,

& Agricultural Chemistry Jobner

Approved

DEAN

POST GRADUATE STUDIES


CERTIFICATE- IV

Dated :----------- 2011

This is to certify that Mr. Sita Ram Jat of the Department of Soil

Science and Agricultural Chemistry, S.K.N. College of Agriculture,

Jobner has made all corrections/modifications in the thesis entitled

“Phosphorus Requirement of Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.)

Irrigated with Chloride and Sulphate Dominated Saline Water”

which were suggested by the external examiner and the advisory

committee in the oral examination held on --------------2011. The final

copies of the thesis duly bound and corrected were submitted on ---------

-----2011 and forwarded herewith for approval.

(B.L. YADAV)

Major Advisor

(B.L. YADAV)

Head

Department of Soil Science & Agricultural Chemistry S.K.N. College of Agriculture, Jobner

(G.L. KESHWA)

DEAN

S.K.N. College of Agriculture, Jobner

Approved

DEAN, PGS

SKRAU, Bikaner

Contents

Chapter No.

Particulars Page No.

1.

Introduction

………..

2. Review of Literature ………..

3. Materials and Methods ………..

4. Results ………..

5. Discussion ………..

6. Summary and Conclusion ………..

Bibliography ………..

Abstract (English) ………..

Abstract (Hindi) ………..

Appendix ………..

Table No.


3.1 Mean weekly parameters for the period of experimentation

(2010-11) ………

3.2 Physico-chemical properties of original soil ………

3.3 Composition of irrigation water

3.4 Methods of soil and plant analysis ………

4.1 Effect of salinity of water (EC) and phosphorus on total and

effective number of root nodules and nodule index ………

4.2 Effect of salinity of water (EC) and phosphorus on plant

height (cm) and test weight (g) ………

4.3 Effect of salinity of water (EC) and phosphorus on number of

pods per plant and seeds per pod ………

4.4 Combined effect of salinity of water (EC) and phosphorus on

pods per plant ………

4.5 Effect of salinity of water (EC) and phosphorus on grain and

stover yield ………


grain yield (g/pot) ………


stover yield (g/pot) ………

4.8 Effect of salinity of water (EC) and phosphorus on

phosphorus content (%) in root and shoot and P-mobility

ratio at flowering stage

………

4.9 Effect of salinity of water (EC) and phosphorus on

phosphorus content (%) in root, stover and grain and P-

mobility ratio at harvest stage

………

4.10 Effect of salinity of water (EC) and phosphorus on nitrogen

and potassium content (%) in grain and stover ………

4.11 Effect of salinity of water (EC) and phosphorus on sulphur

content (%) in grain and stover ………

4.12 Effect of salinity of water (EC) and phosphorus on calcium,

magnesium and sodium content (%) in grain and stover ………

4.13 Effect of salinity of water (EC) and phosphorus on chloride

content in grain and stover ………

List of Tables

Table

No.

Particulars Page

No.

4.14 Effect of salinity of water (EC) and phosphorus on EC

(dSm-1), pH and SAR of soil after harvest of crop ………

4.15 Effect of salinity of water (EC) and phosphorus on available

phosphorus, sulphur and chloride content in soil after

harvest of crop

………

4.16 Effect of salinity of water (EC) and phosphorus on Na/K and

Ca/Mg ratio in grain and stover ………

4.17 Effect of salinity of water (EC) and phosphorus on Na+K/Ca

and Na/Ca ratio in grain and stover ………

4.18 Effect of salinity of water (EC) and phosphorus on ionic

regulation index for Ca, Na and K at harvest stage of crop ………

4.19 Effect of salinity of water (EC) and phosphorus on degree of

compartmentation at flowering stage ………

List of Tables

Figures

No.

Particulars Between

pages

3.1 Mean weekly parameters for the period of experimentation

(2010-11) ………

4.1 Combined effect of salinity of water (EC) and phosphorus

on pods per plant ………


on grain yield (g/pot) ………


on stover yield (g/pot) ………

List of Figures

Figures No.


I Interrelationship (correlation) between grain yield, stover

yield, P content in grain and stover, P-mobility ratio at

harvest and soil physico-chemical properties of soil

………

II Analysis of variance for total and effective number of root

nodules and nodule index

III Analysis of variance for plant height (cm) and test weight (g) ………

IV Analysis of variance for number of pods per plant and seeds

per pod ………

V Analysis of variance for grain and stover yield ………

VI Analysis of variance for phosphorus content (%) in root and

shoot and mobility ratio at flowering stage ………

VII Analysis of variance for phosphorus content (%) in root,

stover and grain and mobility ratio at harvest stage ………

VIII Analysis of variance for nitrogen and potassium content (%)

in grain and stover ………

IX Analysis of variance for sulphur content (%) in grain and

stover ………

X Analysis of variance for calcium, magnesium and sodium

content (%) in grain and stover ………

XI Analysis of variance for chloride content in grain and stover ………

XII Analysis of variance for EC (dSm-1), pH and SAR of soil

(after harvest of crop) ………

XIII Analysis of variance for available phosphorus, sulphur and

chloride content in soil after harvest of crop ………

XIV Analysis of variance for Na/K and Ca/Mg ratio in grain and

stover ………

XV Analysis of variance for Na+K/Ca and Na/Ca ratio in grain

and stover ………

XVI Analysis of variance for ionic regulation index for Ca, Na and

K at harvest stage of crop ………

XVII Analysis of variance for degree of compartmentation at

flowering stage ………

List of Appendices

Acknowledgements

I take great pleasure to express my intense sense of gratitude to modest, industrious,

generous and courteous personality Dr. B.L. Yadav, Head, Department of Soil Science & Agricultural Chemistry, S.K.N. College of Agriculture, Jobner for suggesting and planning the present investigation, valuable guidance, helpful criticism and constant encouragement throughout

the course of investigation and preparation of this manuscript.

I am highly thankful to members of my advisory committee namely, Dr. S.R. Sharma, Associate Professor, Department of Soil Science and Agricultural Chemistry, Dr. L.R. Yadav,

Associate Professor, Department of Agronomy and Dr. S.C. Jain, Associate Professor, Department of Plant Pathology (Dean, PGS nominee) for their valuable guidance during the course of study.

Words can hardly acknowledge the help made by Dr. S.P. Majumdar, Ex-Prof., Head, Deptt. Soil Science and Agril. Chemistry and Dr. B.L. Kakraliya, Head, Department of Plant Physiology for providing necessary facilities and benevolent patronage.

I wish to record my cordial thanks to Dr. G.L. Keshwa, Dean, S.K.N. College of Agriculture, Jobner for providing necessary facilities during the study.

I feel gratified to record by cordial thanks to Dr R. S. Manohar and Dr. K.K. Sharma, Associate Professors, Sh. K.S. Manohar Assistant Professors, Sh. Teja Ram Boori, Sh. S.K. Kala

and B.R. Singh and other staff members of the Department of Soil Science and Agril. Chem. for their ready help whenever needed during the course of investigation.

Also the help rendered by my seniors Sita Ram Kumawat, Alka Choudhary, Rajendra

Bhanwaria, Manjeet Singh, Sita Kumawat, Pardeep Kumar, Bhoop Singh, Sewa Ram, colleagues Bhanwar Lal Meena, Kamla Choudhary, dear juniors Sita Ram, Raj Kumar, Champa Lal, Surendra, Hansa and friends Gangraj, Nema Ram, Dinesh, Gangaram, Rajendra, Mukesh,

Shankar, Rajesh, J.P. Bishnoi, Arvind ji, Vishnu ji and Hukma Ramji during study period is duly acknowledged for their regular support, motivation and inspiration.

My vocabulary falls short to express heartiest regards to my grand parents Late Sh.Kalu Ram Godara and Smt. Jayani Devi and my parents Sh. Kumbha Ram Godara and Smt. Jayani Devi whose consistent encouragement and blessings are beyond my expression that brought me here up to dream without which it could not have been sketched. I tender my deep affection to my younger brothers Sh. Bhanwar Lal, Parmeshwar Lal, and Bhabi Ji Manju Devi and Jyoti Devi, , sister Suman and Jijaji Sh. Abhishek, Nephew and niece Bhavishya, Parushi for their great affection, constant inspiration and moral support during my education.

The credit goes to my wife Mrs. Santosh whose sincere and continuous encouragement were the constant source of inspiration which have been always and all ways with me.

I am also grateful to Sh. Shankar and Suresh Yadav, M/s. Vimal Computer's, Jobner, for typing the script neatly and efficiently within a very short period.

Lastly I just do not find the words how to express my heartful feeling to my esteemed

mother Smt. Jayani Devi whose blessing, desire and spiritual effect sustained my good academic as well as social career, as gratification I bow my head and seek more blessings.

Last but not the least, a million thanks to almighty GOD, who made me to this task and

made every job a success for me.

Place : Jobner Dated : / /2011 (Sita Ram Jat)

1. Introduction

In many parts of the arid and semi-arid regions, ground water is the

major or the only source of irrigation. The salinity and sodicity of soil and

inadequate supply of water, that too of poor quality, are some of the severe

problems faced by the farmers of arid and semi arid regions, which leads to

unsatisfactory returns from their lands. The major constituents of irrigation

water are sodium, calcium, magnesium as cations and chloride, sulphate and

bicarbonate as anions. However, potassium, nitrate and carbonate ions are

also present in appreciable amount in some cases. Boron is also found in low

concentrations in irrigation water. These salts affect the physical and chemical

properties of soil and ultimately crop growth. Sometimes the concentrations of

a particular ion becomes too high, which causes toxicity. Most of the ground

water are highly saline and dominated not only by Cl- salts but a considerable

proportion of them are dominated by SO42- salts as well.

The use of saline water for irrigation adversely affects productivity of

soil by influencing the uptake of nutrients and many soil properties (Chauhan

et al., 1988). This problem becomes more aggravated when the chloride and

sulphate of saline waters occur in association with calcium and sodium

creating the problem of salinity.

Plant growth is either depressed or entirely prevented due to excessive

build-up of salinity in soil due to irrigation with saline water. In addition to the

osmotic stress, crop productivity is adversely affected due to specific ion

toxicities, inadequate nutrient availability and cationic imbalances within the

plants. These soils, which are underlain with poor quality ground waters in the

arid and semi-arid regions tested low in organic matter and hence are poor in

fertility (Bajwa et al, 1998). Therefore, the importance of judicious

management of plant nutrients in these soils is as important as their

reclamation.

In saline water irrigated saline soils, availability of P decreases due to

precipitation of applied P, higher retention of soluble P, antagonism due to

excess Cl- and SO42- and restricted root growth. As phosphorus and Cl- are

adsorbed by essentially the same mechanism, excess concentration of Cl- in

highly saline soils may adversely affect the uptake of phosphorus (Chhabra et

al. 1976). Therefore, P content and uptake is generally lowered by soil

salinity. P is relatively immobile nutrient in saline soil and for its uptake, plant

roots must mine the soil. Increasing soil salinity restricts root growth that in

turn decreases the sunface area of the roots in contac t with soil P,

consequently P uptake is decreased.

The supply of phosphorus to legumes is more important than nitrogen.

Phosphorus is necessary for growth of Rhizobium bacteria, responsible for

nitrogen fixation through nodulation. Phosphorus application to legume not

only benefits the current crop but also has favorable affects on succeeding

non-legume crop. Phosphorus has beneficial effects on nodulation

stimulation, growth and also hastens maturity as well as improves quality of

crop produce. It also improves the crop quality and resistance to diseases. It

is a part of ADP, ATP, nucleic acid, flavin nucleotides, thiamine phosphate,

phospholipids and phosphorehytade sugar etc. It act as a energy storage and

transformation in plant it is also essential for cell division, protein synthesis,

root development, flowering, fruiting and seed formation. It also provides

strength to straw to prevent them from logging. In saline condition phosphorus

application makes tolerant to plant from salt concentrations.

India grows a large variety of pulses. The most popular being of which

are gram, moong, arhar, masur and urad. Pulses are grown annually in 23.86

million hectares with a production of 15.12 million tonnes in India, however its

average productivity is only 633 kgha-1 (MoA, 2008). Among total pulses,

gram (Cicer arietinum L.) is the major contributor. In India, gram grows in 7.58

million hectares with annual production of 6.91 million tonnes and an average

productivity of 911 kg ha-1 (MoA, 2008). Gram contributes near about 45 per

cent pulse in total pulses production of India. Gram is consumed as a dry

pulse crop or as a green vegetable with the former use being most common.

Seeds are sold in markets either dry or canned. Area under gram in India

accounted 7.97 million hectares and production was 7.06 million tones

(Annual report, 2008-09). Area under chickpea in Rajasthan accounted 17.38

lac hectare and production was 16 lac tones (Directorate of Agriculture

Rajasthan, Jaipur, 2010-11).

Chickpea is the major pulse crop mainly grown under unirrigated

condition during the Rabi season. Chickpea besides being a rich source of

highly digestible dietary protein (17-21 per cent), it is also rich in calcium, iron,

niacin, vitamin C and vitamin B, fat (5%) and carbohydrate (55%). Its leaves

contain malic acid which is very useful for stomach ailments and blood

purification. Chickpea can be used for various kinds of food preparation which

not only increases the taste but also the quality of food. Its seed and straw are

highly rich in nutrients and are mostly used as productivity ratio. The major

gram growing state in India are Madhyapradesh, Maharashtra, Rajasthan,

Uttar Pradesh, Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, Gujarat, Chhatisagarh, Bihar,

Orissa, Tamil Nadu, Jharkhand, West Bengal and Haryana. Rajasthan

contributes 13.48 per cent area and 13.74 per cent production for gram during

2006-07 (Singh et al., 2009).

Chickpea is an important pulse crop but its productivity particularly in

saline soil is quite low because the cultivars grown are not so tolerant to

salinity. However, information on its P requirement for growth under Cl- and

SO42- dominated salinities is scanty. Therefore, the present investigation

entitled “Phosphorus requirement of chickpea [Cicer arietinum L.] irrigated

with chloride and sulphate dominated saline water” was undertaken with

the following objectives:

(i) To explore the effect of saline water and phosphorus on yield and nutrient content of

chickpea

(ii) To evaluate the effect of saline water and phosphorus on soil properties and

(iii) To study the effect of phosphorus on salinity tolerance of chickpea.

2. Review of literature

Importance of chickpea has bean amply recognized in India and

abroad as it is valuable asset for human nutrition, soil fertility and medicinal

use. A brief review related to different aspects of the experiment entitled

“Phosphorus requirement of Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) irrigated with

chloride and sulphate dominated saline water” is being presented in this

chapter. However, a very few studies have tackled the salinity effect on

response of chickpea, therefore, some references from other crops have been

reviewed.

2.1 Effect of saline waters on

2.1.1 Yield attributes and yield

Ashraf and Rasal (1988) working on two Vigna radiata cultivars,

reported that increasing salt concentration, significantly reduced the

percentage germination, fresh and dry weight, leaf area, shoot and root

length, shoot/root ratio.

Khandelwal et al. (1990) reported that grain yield of chickpea cultivars

decreased significantly with increasing level of salinity (EC) of irrigation water

from 0.8 to 6.0 dSm-1. None of the cultivars survive at 6.0 dSm-1.

Mathur and Lal (1998) reported highly significant reduction in plant

height, number of pods per plant, number of grains per pods, grain yield per

plant and harvest index of fenugreek genotypes due to increasing levels of

salinity in clay loam soil under pot condition.

Pathan et al. (2000) reported that plant height, seed index, seed and

straw yield of clusterbean decreased significantly with increasing levels of

ECe and adjusted SAR of irrigation water.

Nayak et al. (2001) observed an at par situation in case of mustard

crop with application of one saline water irrigation of 4 dSm-1 at branching

stage and two irrigation with BAW (best available water) gives at par seed

yield with that of 3 irrigations with BAW without increase the soil salinity.

Gururaja Rao et al. (2003) reported that the yield attributes like

tiller, panicle length and test weight, plant height and yield of wheat crop

decreased with increase in number of saline water irrigation at MT (maximum

tillering) stage and rest with BAW (Best available water) resulted in

significantly higher yield (28.1 g ha-1) over saline water given at CRI stage,

(27.2 q ha-1) and F.I. (flower initiation) stage, (27.4 q ha-1).

Netwal (2003) reported that increasing level of soil salinity decreased

the plant height, number of branches, number of pod per plant, number of

seeds per pod, seed index, seed and stover yield and harvest index of

cowpea. Kumawat (2004) observed that increasing level of EC iw decreased

the plant height, total number of nodule per plant, seed and straw yield and

seed index of fenugreek.

Anantharaju and Muthiah (2007) reported that germination percentage,

seedling growth and dry matter production decreased in different cultivars of

gram by using different concentration of salt solutions (0, 4, 8 and 12 dSm-1).

These different salinity levels were created by dissolving NaCl solution in

distilled water.

2.1.2 Nutrient concentration

Lal and Bhardwaj (1984) studied the effect of two levels of soils salinity

(ECe 4.0 and 8.0 dSm-1) on mineral composition of field pea and found that

higher dose (ECe 8.0) of salinity were more deleterious than the lower (ECe

4.0) ones.

Khandelwal et al. (1990) stated that N content in grain increased while,

P and K content decreased significantly with an increase in salinity of

irrigation water from 0.8 to 6.0 dSm-1.

Sudhakar et al. (1990) reported that lower dry weight of shoot and root

of green gram under salt stress condition and there was significant increase in

the levels of Na+, Ca++ and Cl- in shoot and root of the plant. On the other

hand, in horse gram the increase in the levels of Na +, Ca++ and Cl- was less

than that of green gram which did not decrease the dry weight of its seedlings.

Besides growth, suppression due to salinity, chickpea plants also showed

necrosis and salt injury on the main (or primary) stem, its lower leaves being

first to suffer (Sharma, 1990).

Gill and Sharma (1993) conducted an experiment with soybean and

reported that the protein content in soybean reduced by higher salinity due to

decrease in K+ and increase in Na+ accumulation.

Pathan et al. (2000) studied the effect of increasing level of EC and

adjusted SAR of irrigation water and reported increased content of N and Na

while decreased content of P, K and Ca in grain and straw of clusterbean.

Essa (2002) worked on different levels of salinities (0.5, 2.5, 4.5, 6.5

and 8.5 dSm-1) on soybean and found a significant increase in Na+, Cl- and

decrease in the accumulation of K+, Ca2+ and Mg2+ in the leaves of plants.

Virdiya et al. (2008) reported that the effect of K on groundnut (Cv.

GG2) under different level of salinity. In this case nutrient concentration in

groundnut pod, the N and P concentration was not significantly affected by

salinity levels or potassium. Whereas, K, Ca and Mg concentration decreased

significantly with increasing salinity levels, while, Na concentration increased

significantly.

2.1.3 Soil properties

Kanwar and Kanwar (1968) studied that increase in EC of water

lowered the pH of the saturation paste but increase of SAR raised it.

An increase in pH values with an increase in SAR of irrigation water

and decrease in pH values with an increase in salt concentration of irrigation

water was also reported by Lal and Lal (1980).

Yadav and Tomar (1982) in a pot experiment involving the effect of

saline and sodic water on soil characteristics using a normal soil of sandy

loam texture, found increased salinization and alkalization of soil with

increasing EC and RSC of irrigation water. Also at the same level of EC, use

of sodic waters decreased the ECe of soil whereas pH and SAR value of the

soil increased with an increase in the RSC of irrigation water from 5 to 15

meL-1.

A decrease in pH of soil with increasing EC of irrigation water was also

reported by Puntamkar et al. (1988)

Sharma (1988) reported that increase in ECe of soil with increasing EC

and Adj. SAR of irrigation water.

Kumawat (1989) observed that the increasing levels of EC and Adj.

SAR of irrigation water increased the ECe, SAR and ESP of soil.

Khandelwal et al. (1990) reported that ECe of soil after harvest of crop

was increased significantly with an increase in irrigation water while, pH of

saturation paste decreased significantly.

Khandelwal and Lal (1991) found that the ECe of soil increased with an

increase in EC of irrigation water, ESP and pH of the soil increased with an

increase in SAR of irrigation water

Moolchandani (1994) reported that salinity of irrigation water increased

the EC of soil, cations (except Na+) and anion content of soil and decreased

the pH and SAR of soil solution.

Netwal (2003) reported that the available NPK, organic carbon, pH,

ESP decreased with increasing level of salinity whereas, the ECe increased.

Kumawat (2004) reported that available NPK, organic carbon, pH, ESP

decreased with increasing levels of EC iw . The ECe of soil increased with

increasing levels of EC iw .

Sharma et al. (2007) reported that concentration value in soil would not

only increase with the increase in the ECe of soil, but would also vary with the

predominance of Cl or SO4 salts.

2.1.4 Computation of salinity tolerance

The plant characteristics related to sodicity tolerance have been

studied in several ways at various stages of crop growth. There is great

variation in relation to the same crop as observed by different workers working

under varying conditions and varying parameters of convenience (e.g. seed

germination and foliage symptoms in seedling) or relevance to their

immediate need (Rana and Singh, 1977), ability to establish and survive

under severely limiting environments, vegetative growth potential and capacity

to yield (grain in case of cereals) are the most desired characteristics but

these are not synonymous. From practical point of view, yield appears to be

more acceptable criteria to designate a crop as tolerant, semi tolerant or

susceptible.

Chhipa (1984) conducted pot and field experiment and concluded that

seed of tolerant varieties of wheat varying in sodicity tolerance having Na/K

ratio less than 0.25 or straw of any variety having Na/K ratio less than 0.6

(less than 1.2 at tillering stage) can be designated as tolerant to sodicity.

Gupta and Srivastava (1989) also observed that under salinity and

alkalinity stress in a tolerant genotype of wheat (Kharchia-65), Na exclusion

mechanism was operative, K was preferentially observed, Na + K/Ca ratio in

tolerant genotype remained low, while on susceptible genotype with an

increase in salinity-alkalinity, rise in Na + K/Ca ratio was more abrupt. It is

suggested that Ca absorption is more important in salinity/alkalinity tolerance.

Sharma and Manchanda (1989) concluded that irrigation for chickpea

with HCO3 dominated sodic waters, was not as harmful as its irrigation with Cl

dominated sodic waters of equal EC and Na contents.

Sharma (1996) observed that growth reduction caused by increased

sodium in soil was accompanied by increased plant Na+ and Cl- content, Na/K

ratio and decreased concentration of K.

Misra (2001) reported that zinc helped in narrowing Na/K and Na/Ca +

Mg ratio in plant tissue of chickpea indicating an increase in tolerance to

alkalinity.

Rajpaul et al. (2006) conducted an experiment in microplots (2 m x 2

m) with four varieties of okra and these are grown under irrigation with 0.65

(canal), 2.75, 5.0 and 8.5 dSm-1 saline water. Three amendments of FYM @

15 t/ha, FYM @ 15 t/ha + phosphorus @ 50 % above the recommended dose

and FYM 15 t/ha + phosphorus @ 100% above the recommended dose were

applied in the height EC saline water. The mean germination, high of plant,

number of plant and fresh yield per pot decreased significantly with increase

in the EC of irrigation water.

2.2 Effect of phosphorus on


Kasturikrishna and Ahlawat (1999) pointed out that pods per plant,

number of grains per pod, and test weight of pea (Pisum sativum) significantly

increased with the application of 26.2 kg P ha-1 over 13.1 kg P ha-1 and

control.

Agarwal and Meena (1999) observed that the increasing levels of

phosphorus and sulphur also increased the yield attributes and seed yield

significantly in fenugreek. The interactions, I x P or I x S and P x S were found

significant for seed yield, net return and B:C ratio.

Thakur et al. (1999) reported that the yield attributes and yield of

chickpea significantly were higher with the application of phosphorus

throughout SSP and DAP over rock phosphate. The grain, quality and uptake

of phosphorus also improved with the application of SSP and DAP @ 21.8

and 32.7 kg P/ha as compared to rock phosphate.

In field experiment, Patra and Bhattacharya (2000) recorded highest

pod yield of pea with the application of 30 kg P2O5 ha-1.

Kumawat (2004) observed that the increasing level of P increased the

plant height, total number of nodules per plant, seed and straw yield, seed

index, NPK content and uptake by seed and straw of fenugreek.

Jat (2004) reported that P and S had no significant effect on number

and dry weight of nodules per plant. Application of P and S upto 80 kg P2O5

ha-1 and 100 kg S ha-1 significantly increased the biological yield, N and P

uptake of fenugreek. Yadav and Luthra (2005) at Durgapura reported a

significant increase in yield of pea up to 40 kg P2O5 ha-1.

Meena et al. (2006) observed that the application of P2O5 @ 60 kg

ha-1 gives significantly higher growth and yield attributes and seed yield of

chickpea as compared to preceding levels.

Sepat and Yadav (2008) reported that the increasing levels of

phosphorus upto 30 kg P2O5 ha-1 significantly increased the dry matter

accumulation per metre row length and number and dry weight of root

nodules per plant, yield attributes, yield, nitrogen, phosphorus and sulphur

concentration in seed and straw as well as protein content in seed of

mothbean were increased significantly at 30 kg P2O5 ha-1 but remained at par

with 45 kg P2O5 ha-1 straw yield increased significantly upto 45 kg P2O5 ha-1.

Kumar and Thenua (2008) reported that the increasing levels of

phosphorus and combination of rhizobium + PSB improve all growth

parameters and net cropping as well as phosphorus uptake by pigeonpea.

Tiwari and Kumar (2009) reported that application of 60 kg P2O5 ha-1

along with recommended dose of N (20 kg N ha-1) and K (20 kg K2O ha-1)

resulted in increased number of nodules per plant, yield attributes and yield of

green gram.

Deo and Khandelwal (2009) observed the synergistic effect of P and S

on yield and number of nodule per plant of chickpea and results indicated that

grain and straw yield, increased with increase in rate of application of P and S

individually as well as in various combinations, which range from 0, 15, 30 kg

ha-1 of S and 0, 20, 40 and 60 kg ha-1 of P.

Akbari et al. (2010) reported that plant height, number of branches and

number of pods per plant of groundnut significantly increased from different

duration of phosphorus application. Maximum value of each yield attributes

were obtained when phosphorus was applied @ 20 kg P2O5 ha-1.

Kumar (2011) conducted a field experiment on garden pea and

reported that the application of 120 kg P2O5 ha-1 with rhizobium inoculation

significantly increased the plant height, number of leaves per plant, number of

nodules per plant, fresh weight of nodules per plant and dry weight of nodules

per plant.

Nawange et al. (2011)reported that application of phosphorus upto 60

kgha-1 provide a linear increase in various growth characters, yield attributing

traits, seed and stalk yield of chickpea and application of 60 kg P2O5ha-1

produced the highest mean, seed yield and stalk yield.

2.2.2 Nutrient concentration

Agarwal (1997) reported that increasing levels of phosphorus upto 50

kg P2O5 ha-1 increased the nitrogen, phosphorus and protein content in grain

and straw and total uptake of N, P and S significantly.

Kumawat et al. (1998) conducted a field experiment at Jobner and

reported that application of 40 kg P2O5 ha-1 significantly increased the

nitrogen and protein content in seed and phosphorus content in seed and

straw of fenugreek.

Meena and Agarwal (1999) reported that with increasing levels of

phorphorus, uptake of N, P and S and protein content increased significantly

in fenugreek crop. The highest protein content in seed and straw and total N

uptake was obtained with combined use of 50 kg P2O5 and 60 kg S /ha as

compared to other combination of their lower levels.

Yakadri et al. (2004) conduct an experiment on green gram and it‟s

results indicate that 20 kg N + 60 kg P2O5 ha-1 recorded maximum dry matter

production, N and P uptake, higher seed and haulm yield, but increasing level

of N from 20 to 60 kg ha-1 did not show any response in this regard.

Singh et al. (2009) pointed out that the effect of P on fodder yield,

uptake and to establish the critical limit of available P for Indian mustard crop,

a screen house experiment was conducted on P deficit soil (Typic

Haplustept). Application of fifteen graded levels of P from 0 to 300 mg/kg soil

significantly increased the N content and uptakes of N, Fe and Cu upto 40 mg

P/kg soil. The P content significantly and subsequently increased with all level

of applied P whereas, its uptake was significantly enhanced only upto 80 mg

P/kg soil. The critical limit of Olsen‟s P was established as 13.5 kg P/ha for

forage production of Indian mustard crop.


Aulakh et al. (1990) reported that the amount of PO43- adsorbed in soil

is expected to be higher than SO42- because it is a stronger competitor for

anion adsorption site. They have shown that with the addition of P, the

increased addition of PO43- with time resulted in a concurrent desorption of

SO42- from the colloidal surfaces. Therefore, large dressings of fertilizer P may

result in increased S mobility and availability in soil and may make the soil

system devoid of SO42- due to its subsequent leaching.

Indiati et al. (1995) revealed that the soil P addition increased the

available phosphorus.

Bhal and Singh (1997) conducted a greenhouse experiment on ten

soils to study the effect of added P on Olsen‟s P and inorganic soil P fraction.

The amount of Olsen‟s extractable P decreased during first 40 days but

increased thereafter.

Panwar (1997) conducted an experiment with a sandy soil having pH

8.6, OC 0.6 g kg-1, CEC 3.2 cmol (p+) kg-1, Olsen P 4.2 mg kg-1. The

treatments comprised three levels of phosphorus (0, 20 and 40 mg P kg -1 soil

as DAP) and showed that addition of P significantly increased the Olsen P in

the soil. The mean value were 3.1, 9.1 and 17.7 mg P kg-1 soil at 0, 20 and 40

mg P kg-1 soil P, respectively at the harvest.

Deo and Khandelwal (2009) reported that the available P increased

consistently with increase in rate of P application in the soil. P content

increase from 24.5 kg ha-1 in control to 45.9 kg P2O5 ha-1 with application of

60 kg P2O5 ha-1. Phosphorus application had no effect on the sulphur content

in soil.

2.2.4 Salinity tolerance

Bernstein et al. (1974) reported that increasing level of phosphate (0.1

to 2.0 mM) aggravated salt injury in corn and decreased salt tolerance.

Cerda et al. (1977) reported that salinity reduced yield by 50% in pod

yield at an osmotic potential of approximately -2.7 bars. Increasing P

concentration increased yield only at low salinity levels.

Rajpaul et al. (2006) conducted an experiment in microplots (2 m x 2

m) with four varieties of okra and these are grown under irrigation with 0.65

(canal), 2.75, 5.0 and 8.5 dSm-1 saline water. Three amendments of FYM @

15 t/ha, FYM @ 15 t/ha + phosphorus @ 50 % above the recommended dose

and FYM 15 t/ha + phosphorus @ 100% above the recommended dose were

applied in the high EC saline water. The addition of FYM increased the mean

yield of Okra from 24.75 q/ha under EC of 8.5 dSm-1 in water to 26.75 q/ha

under EC of 8.5 dSm-1 in water plus FYM treated plots, which increased

further on addition of phosphorus to 27.50 q/ha. The double dose of

phosphorus further improved the yield to 27.75 q/ha. Maximum yield of okra

was obtained in all the varieties in canal water and minimum yield was

obtained in 8.5 dSm-1 EC in water.

Sharma et al. (2007) pointed out that the external P requirement of

wheat also increased with increase in the ECe of soil, as grain yield at 30 mg

P kg-1 soil at ECe 6 and 60 mg P kg-1 soil at ECe 8 under Cl and 30 mg P kg-1

at ECe 10 dSm-1 under SO4- salinity were comparable.

3 Materials and Methods

An investigation entitled “Phosphorus requirement of Chickpea (Cicer

arietinum L.) irrigated with chloride and sulphate dominated saline water” was

conducted in cage house of Department of Plant Physiology, S.K.N. College

of Agriculture, Jobner (Rajasthan) during the rabi season of 2010-11. The

materials used and the methods followed during the course of investigation

are described in this chapter.

3.1 Location of experimental site

Jobner is located at 75.280 East longitude and 26. 060 North latitude at

an altitude of 427 metres above M.S.L. This region falls under Agro Climatic

Zone III-A (Semi-arid eastern plain).

3.2 Climate and weather condition

The climate of the region is typically semi-arid characterized by the

aridity of atmosphere and salinity of rhizosphere with extremes of the

temperature both during summer and winter. The annual rainfall of locality

ranges between 400 to 500mm, which is mostly received between July and

September. Data on temperature, relative humidity, rainfall and evaporation

recorded at college meteorological observatory during the period of

experimentation are presented in Table-3.1 and diagrammatically depicted in

Fig. 3.1

Table 3.1 Mean weekly parameters for the period of experimentation

(2010-11)

SMW* Period Temperature Average

RH (%)

Evaporation

(mm/day)

Total

rainfall

(mm)

From To Max. Min.

16 12.11.10 18.11.10 28.2 18.1 74 01.8 0.00

17 19.1110 25.11.10 23.1 12.5 77 01.5 0.00

18 26.11.10 02.11.10 23.9 08.1 63 02.0 0.00

49 03.12.10 09.12.10 23.0 06.1 57 02.1 0.00

50 10.12.10 16.12.10 23.0 03.4 55 02.1 0.00

51 11.12.10 23.12.10 24.7 02.0 59 02.3 0.00

52 24.12.10 31.12.00 22.5 07.0 65 02.3 0.00

1 01.01.11 07.01.11 17.8 07.4 71 01.5 0.00

2 08.01.11 14.01.11 22.5 03.7 59 02.3 0.00

3 15.01.11 21.01.11 21.5 01.6 61 01.9 0.00

4 22.01.11 28.01.11 22.5 04.5 57 02.4 0.00

5 29.01.11 04.02.11 23.5 04.3 57 02.4 0.00

6 05.02.11 11.02.11 26.7 07.0 56 02.9 0.00

7 12.02.11 18.02.11 24.0 09.1 67 02.6 32.30

8 19.02.11 26.02.11 23.5 09.1 66 02.9 0.00

9 26.02.11 04.03.11 25.3 11.0 61 03.7 1.00

10 05.03.11 11.03.11 28.1 10.6 53 04.1 0.00

11 12.03.11 18.03.11 33.0 09.5 49 04.4 0.00

12 19.03.11 25.03.11 34.8 12.6 41 04.6 0.00

13 26.03.11 01.04.11 36.2 15.7 39 04.7 0.00

14 02.04.11 08.04.11 34.5 13.5 36 04.4 0.00

15 09.04.11 15.04.11 35.1 17.8 34 05.2 0.00

16 16.04.11 22.04.11 35.9 17.6 34 07.4 0.40

*SMW = Standard Meteorological Week

3.3 Soil

The loamy sand soil of the field was used for this pot experiment. The

physico-chemical properties of experimental soil are presented in Table 3.2.

Table-3.2 Physico-chemical properties of original soil

S.No Soil properties Value

1 Mechanical analysis

(i) Coarse sand (%) 35.68

(ii) fine sand (%) 44.49

(iii) Silt (%) 10.27

(iv) Clay % 8.91

(v) Textural class Loamy sand

2 Bulk density (Mg m-3) 1.48

3 Partical density (Mg m-3) 2.65

4 pH 8.0

5 ECe (dSm-1) at 25 0C 1.40

6 Na(meL-1) 11.0

7 Ca+Mg (meL-1) 2.8

8 SAR 9.32

9 Organic carbon (g kg-1) 1.80

10 CEC (cmol (P+) kg–1 soil 5.6

11 Exchangeable Na (cmol kg-1) 8.60

12 ESP 10.7

13 Available nutrients

(i) Nitrogen (kg ha-1) 118.10

(ii) Phosphorus (P2O5 kg ha-1) 13.25

(iii) Potassium (K2O kg ha-1) 152.18

3.4 Filling of pots

Soil was filled in cylindrical ceramic pots (20 cm in diameter and 28 cm

in height). Each pot had 10 kg of soil. At the time of filling the pots, the broken

pieces of stone were placed on the bottom hole to allow free drainage.

3.5 Quality of irrigation water used in the experiment

Three different types of irrigation water as per treatment were used for

irrigating the crop.

3.6 Development of salinity

The desired levels of salinity (i.e. 2, 4, 6 dSm-1) were prepared by

adding chloride and sulphate salts of Ca, Mg and Na in irrigation water (Table

3.3).

3.7 Detailed plan of the experiment

The pot experiment was conducted for one season by taking chickpea

crop in Completely Randomized Design with the following treatments.

3.7.1 Treatments details

A. Saline water of EC (dSm-1)

EC (dSm-1) Cl : SO4 Symbol

(i) Control (0.5) - C 0

(ii) 2 1:3 C1

(iii) 2 3:1 C2

(iv) 4 1:3 C3

(v) 4 3:1 C4

(vi) 6 1:3 C5

(vii) 6 3:1 C6

B. Phosphorus (mg kg-1)

Treatment Symbol

(i) Control P0

(ii) 15 P15

(iii) 30 P30

Table 3.3: Composition of irrigation water

ECe

(dSm-1)

Cl:SO4

(meq L-1)

Na

(meq L-1)

Ca

(meq L-1)

Mg

(meq L-1)

SO4

(meq L-1)

Cl

(meq L-1)

SAR

2 1:3 18.6 3.45 3.45 15 5 10

3:1 18.6 3.45 3.45 5 15 10

4 1:3 26.2 6.8 6.8 30 10 10

3:1 26.2 6.8 6.8 10 30 10

6 1:3 35.2 12.4 12.4 45 15 10

3:1 35.2 12.4 12.4 15 45 10

3.7.2 Experimental details

(i) Season Rabi 2010

(ii) Crop Chickpea

(iii) Variety RSG-888

(iv) Experimental design CRD

(v) Replication 3

(vi) Total number of treatments 21

(vii) Total number of pots 21x 3 = 63

(viii) Weight of soil per pot 10 kg

3.8 Treatment application

3.8.1 Application of phosphorus

Phosphorus was applied @ 15 and 30 mg kg-1 soil through NH4H2PO4

and throughly mixed in soil as per treatment before sowing.

3.9 Agronomical operations

3.9.1 Fertilizer application

Nitrogen was applied @ 15 mg kg-1 soil as basal dose. The nitrogen

supplied through NH4H2PO4 was taken into account in each treatment and the

remaining N was compensated through urea.

3.9.2 Sowing

The chickpea, seed of variety RSG-888 was treated with bavistin @ 3 g

kg-1 seed to control seed borne diseases followed by rhizobium inoculation. 10

treated seed per pot were sown on 5th November, 2010 and after germination,

only five plants per pot were maintained.

3.9.3 Irrigation

Measured volume (1.25 litres) of water was applied to each pot

according to plan of experiment. Besides one pre sowing irrigation eight

subsequent irrigations were given on field capacity of 11.5 per cent.

3.10 Treatment evaluation

The effect of treatments was evaluated in term of growth and quality

parameters.


3.10.1.1 Total number of nodule per plant

The number of nodules per plant were counted at 45 DAS. Two plants

randomly selected from each pot were uprooted carefully and soil mass

embodying the roots of the plant was washed off by water and total nodules

were counted. The mean value was recorded as total number of nod ules per

plant.

3.10.1.2 Effective nodule

Effective number of nodules was counted from same plants as taken

for total number of nodules. Healthy, pink coloured nodules were counted and

mean value was recorded as effective number of nodules per plant.

3.10.1.3 Nodule index

Number of nodule counted from randomly selected two plants from

each plots at the time of flowering stage and nodule index (number of nodule

per cm. of taproot) was computed by formula (Sandhu et al. 1992) :

No. of nodules per plant

Nodule index = ---------------------------------- Length (cm) of tap root

3.10.1.4 Plant height

The height of plant at harvest was measured from base of the plant to

tip of main shoot by metre scale.

3.10.1.5 Pods per plant

Plants used for recording the height were also used for counting the

number of pods and average was taken and recorded as pods per plant.

3.10.1.6 Seeds per pod

At the time of threshing, 10 pods were randomly selected from each

pot and total seeds were counted. The mean number of seeds per pod was

taken.

3.10.1.7 Test weight

One thousand seeds were counted from each sample and weight was

recorded in gram.

3.10.1.8 Grain yield

Three plants of each pot were harvested at maturity and tied up and

kept on threshing floor for sun drying. After complete sun drying the produce

of each pot was weighed for recording biological yield. After threshing,

winnowing and clearing the produce of each pot was weighted separately and

the weight recorded as seed yield in g pot-1.

3.10.1.9 Stover yield

The weight of harvested material after picking the pods and weight of

pod husk were added together and recorded as stover yield in gram per pot.

3.11 Chemical analysis and quality attributes

3.11.1 Nutrient content

For estimation of nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, sulphur, calcium,

magnesium, sodium and choloride representative samples of seed and stover

taken at the time of threshing were ground to fine powder nutrient content in

seed and stover were estimated by using standard methods given in Table

3.4.

3.11.2 Empirical degree of compartmentation

Degree of compartmentation determined at flowering stage of crop with

the help of the following formula proposed by Kylin and Quatranto, (1975).

ECo-ECy

Degree of compartmentation = ----------------- x 100

ECo

ECo = Electrical conductivity of old leaves

ECy = Electrical conductivity of young leaves

3.11.3 Ionic regulation index

Ionic regulation index determined at harvest of crop with the help of the

following formula proposed by Sacher et al. (1982).

Foliar ion content (% DW) with specified concentration of salinity

IRI = ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Foliar ion content (% DW) with control

3.11.4 Phosphorus mobility ratio

Phosphorus mobility ratio determined at flowering and harvest stage of

crop with the help of the following formula :

P content in shoot/grain

P mobility ratio = ----------------------------------- x 100

P content in root

3.12 Soil studies

The soil of each pot was analysed for available phosphorus, sulphur

and Chloride, EC, pH and SAR as per method given inTable 3.4.

3.13 Collection of soil samples

Soil samples were collected from each pot after harvest of the crop.

These were dried and passed through 2.0 mm sieve for subsequent analysis.

3.14 Methods of analysis

Table 3.4 Methods of soil and plant analysis

S.No.

Item of analysis Methods Reference

A. Soil analysis (i) Mechanical

analysis International pipette method as described by Robinsons

Piper (1950)

(ii) Soil Reaction (pH)

By electronic method with systronics pH meter in 1:2 soil water suspension

Piper (1950)

(iii) Preparation of extract

Saturated soil paste and extract obtained as per method (3a) USDA Hand Book No. 60

Richards, (1954)

(iv) Electrical conductivity (ECe)

ECe of soil with the help of „solubridge‟ (In soil saturation extract) as per method (4b) of USDA Hand Book No. 60.

Richards (1954)

(v) Soluble cations (a) Ca++ + Mg++ Titration for Ca+Mg with standard EDTA

solution as per method No. 7 of USDA Hand Book No. 60.

Richards (1954)

(b) Na+ Sodium with the help of flame photometer as per method (10a) of USDA Hand Book No. 60

Richards (1954)

(vi) Sodium adsorption ratio (SAR)

Na+

SAR=-------------------------------------- Ca++ + Mg++/2

All cations being expressed as meL-1

(vii) Cation exchange capacity

The method No. 19 of USDA Hand Book No. 60

Richards (1954)

(viii) Available nitrogen

Alkaline potassium permanganate method

Subbiah and Asija (1956)

(ix) Available phosphorus

Extraction of soil with 0.5 m NaHCO3 at pH 8.5 and development of colour with SnCl2

Olsen et al. (1954)

(x) Available potassium

Estimation with 1 N ammonium acetate at pH 7.0 and determined by flame photometer

Jackson (1973)

(xi) Available sulphur Turbidimetric method Chesnin and Yien (1951)

(xii) Cl- content Titration for Cl- with standard AgNO3

solution as per method No.13 of USDA Hand Book No.60.

Richards (1954)

B. Plant analysis 1. Degestion of

plant sample-1

Wet digestion of plant sample with

H2SO4 and H2O2

Jackson (1973)

2. Nitrogen content Colorimetric determination on

spectronic-20 after development of

colour with Nesseler‟s reagent.

Snell and Snell

(1949)

3. Digestion of plant

sample-II

Wet digestion of sample with triacid

mixture (Nitric acid, sulphuric acid and

perchloric acid in ratio of 10 : 1 : 3

Johnson and Ulrich

(1959)

4. Phosphorus

content

Estimation of phosphorus on spectronic-

20 by using vanadomdybdo phosphoric

yellow colour method in nitric acid

system.

Jackson (1967)

5. Potassium

content

Analysis of suitable aliquot of digested

material with the help of flame

photometer

Richard (1954)

6. Calcium content Analysis of suitable aliquot of digested

material with the help of flame

photometer as per method 55a and 57a

respecivley as outlined in USDA Hand

Book No. 60.

Richard (1954)

7. Magnesium content

Digestion of plant sample diacid (HNO3 and HClO4) 9:4 ratio and analysis of suitable aliquot of digested material with flame photometer

Bhargava and Raghupati (1993)

8. Sulphur content Turbidimetric method Tabatabai and

Bremner, (1970)

9. Sodium content Digestion of plant sample in diacid (HNO3 and HClO4) 9:4 ratio and analysis of suitable aliquot of digested material with flame photometer

Bhargava and Raghupati (1993)

10. Cl- content Digestion of plant sample in diacid (HNO3 and HClO4) 9:4 ratio and analysis of suitable aliquot of digested material by AgNO3 titration.

Ward and Johnston (1962)

3.15 Statistical analysis

The experiment was laid out in Completely Randomized Design. The

statistical analysis of the data on the final value of nodule count, (Total,

effective, Nodule index), plant height, pods per plant, seeds per pod, test

weight, grain yield and stover yield content of N, P, K, S, Ca, Mg, Na and Cl in

seed and stover and soil analysis for available P and S, Cl- content, EC, pH

and SAR were done by statistical method of analysis of variance. To compare

the treatment difference, the critical difference (CD) at 5 per cent level of

significance was calculated as per method described by Panse and Sukhatme

(1967) wherever „F‟ test came out significant. The analysis of variance of

different characters is given in “Appendices”.

4. Results

The findings of the experiment are being presented in this chapter. In

the succeeding pages, experimental results obtained in the present

investigation have been presented in tabular form and summarized. The

appendices at the end show the analysis of variance. The results have also

been illustrated diagrammatically. The finding of the pot experiment are

described under the following headings:

4.1 PLANT STUDIES

4.1.1 Yield and yield attributes

4.1.1.1 Total and effective nodules per plant

Effect of salinity:

A reference to data in Table 4.1 revealed that different levels of salinity

of water significantly decreased the total and effective nodules per plant over

control (0.5 dSm-1). Irrigation water containing Cl->SO42- at the same level of

EC i.e. C2, C4 and C6 recorded significantly less nodules than those obtained

with water containing SO42- >Cl- at same level of EC i.e. C1, C3 and C5. The

treatment C1 remained at par with C0 for both total and effective nodules per

plant. Treatment C6 remain at par with C5 only for total nodule per plant. The

C1, C2, C3, C4, C5 and C6 decreased the number of total and effective nodule

per plant to the extent of 2.37, 5.46, 10.56, 15.66, 20.16 and 23.50 per cent in

total nodules and 3.00, 6.93, 22.86, 26.78, 44.57 and 50.58 per cent, in

effective nodules, respectively over control (C0).

Table : 4.1 Effect of salinity of water (EC) and phosphorus on total and

effective number of root nodules and nodule index

Treatments Total Effective Nodule index

Salinity EC (dSm-1)

C0 (Control) 8.43 4.33 1.75

C1- 2 (1:3)* 8.23 4.20 1.74

C2- 2 (3:1)* 7.97 4.03 1.67

C3- 4 (1:3)* 7.54 3.34 1.58

C4- 4 (3:1)* 7.11 3.17 1.54

C5- 6 (1:3)* 6.73 2.40 1.44

C6- 6 (3:1)* 6.47 2.14 1.37

SEm+ 0.13 0.06 0.03

CD (P=0.05) 0.37 0.17 0.08

P levels (mg P kg-1 soil)

P0 6.48 2.92 1.47

P15 7.61 3.26 1.58

P30 8.40 3.94 1.70

SEm+ 0.09 0.04 0.02

CD (P=0.05) 0.25 0.11 0.05

* Cl- :SO42-

Effect of phosphorus:

It is evident from the data in Table 4.1 reveal that the total and effective

number of root nodules per plant increased significantly with an increase in

the levels of phosphorus. The increase in total and effective root nodule were

recorded 17.44 and 29.63 per cent and 11.64 and 34.93 per cent over that of

control with application of phosphorus @ 15 and 30 mg kg-1, respectively.

4.1.1.2 Nodule index

Effective of salinity:

It is obvious from the data in Table 4.1 that nodule index significantly

decreased with increasing level of salinity. The maximum nodule index was

obtained under the treatment C0 and minimum under C6. The treatment C1

and C2 remained at par with C0 and each other. while, treatment C6 remained

at par with C5. Nodule index decreased by 0.57, 4.57, 9.71, 12.00, 17.7 and

21.71 per cent due to application of C1, C2, C3, C4, C5 and C6 over C0,

respectively.


It is evident from the data summarized in Table 4.1 that increasing level

of phosphorus increased nodule index significantly with an extent of 7.48 and

15.64 per cent with the application of 15 mg P kg-1 and 30 mg P kg-1 of soil,

respectively as compared to control.

4.1.1.3 Plant height

Effect of salinity:

The plant height tended to decrease or decreased significantly with

increasing level of salinity in irrigation water and magnitude of decrease was

more pronounced in Cl- dominated water at all salinity level except 2 dSm-1

where both salinities (Cl- and SO42-) differed non significantly (Table 4.2). The

maximum plant height was obtained under the treatment C0 (31.29 cm) and

minimum under C6 (21.94 cm). The decrease in plant height was to the extent

of 9.50, 12.46, 14.54, 23.30, 24.38 and 29.88 per cent, respectively due to C1,

C2, C3, C4, C5 and C6 over C0.


A perusal of the data (Table 4.2) further revealed that application of

phosphorus increased the plant height significantly. Application of 15 mg kg -1

and 30 mg kg-1 of phosphorus increased the plant height to the extent of

13.65 and 24.74 per cent, respectively over control and the maximum plant

height (29.14 cm) was recorded at 30 mg P kg-1 soil.

4.1.1.4 Test weight

Effect of salinity:

An examination of data (Table 4.2) indicate that test weight decreased

with increasing level of salinity in irrigation water and magnitude of decrease

was more pronounced in Cl- dominated water at all salinity levels. The

maximum test weight (123.42 g) was obtained under the treatment C0 and

minimum (104.57 g) under C6.

Table : 4.2 Effect of salinity of water (EC) and phosphorus on plant

height (cm) and test weight (g)

Treatments Plant height Test weight

Salinity EC (dSm-1)

C0 (Control) 31.29 123.42

C1- 2 (1:3)* 28.89 122.57

C2- 2 (3:1)* 27.94 119.14

C3- 4 (1:3)* 26.74 114.00

C4- 4 (3:1)* 24.00 110.57

C5- 6 (1:3)* 23.66 107.14

C6- 6 (3:1)* 21.94 104.57

SEm+ 0.40 1.98

CD (P=0.05) 1.15 5.65


P0 23.36 110.23

P15 26.55 114.94

P30 29.14 118.29

SEm+ 0.26 1.29

CD (P=0.05) 0.75 3.70

* Cl- :SO42-


Data given in Table 4.2 further showed that the levels of phosphorus

influenced the test weight significantly. The application of 30 mg kg -1

phosphorus recorded significantly higher test weight over control but it

remained statistically at par with 15 mg P kg-1 soil. The highest (118.29 g) test

weight was recorded under 30 mg P kg-1 soil and lowest (110.23g) under

control (C0).

4.1.1.5 Number of pods per plant

The data relating to the effect of different levels of saline water and

phosphorus on number of pod per plant of chickpea have been summarized in

Table 4.3.

Effect of salinity:

The data in Table 4.3 shows that number of pods per plant significantly

decreased with increasing level of salinity in irrigation water and magnitude of

decrease was more pronounced in Cl- dominated water at all salinity levels.

However, the difference between C2 & C3, C4 & C5 and C5 & C6 remained

statistically at par. The C1, C2, C3, C4, C5 and C6 decreased the number of

pods per plant to the extent of 21.16, 33.52, 36.19, 46.47, 48.51 and 50.30

per cent, respectively over normal water (control).

Table : 4.3 Effect of salinity of water (EC) and phosphorus on number

of pods per plant and seeds per pod

Treatments Pods per plant Seeds per pod

Salinity EC (dSm-1)

C0 (Control) 25.09 2.10

C1- 2 (1:3)* 19.78 1.80

C2- 2 (3:1)* 16.68 1.70

C3- 4 (1:3)* 16.01 1.50

C4- 4 (3:1)* 13.43 1.37

C5- 6 (1:3)* 12.92 1.15

C6- 6 (3:1)* 12.47 1.01

SEm+ 0.32 0.03

CD (P=0.05) 0.91 0.09


P0 9.10 1.23

P15 17.58 1.54

P30 23.20 1.78

SEm+ 0.21 0.02

CD (P=0.05) 0.60 0.06

* Cl- :SO42-


Application of phosphorus enhanced significantly the number of pods

per plant (Table 4.3). The highest number of pods were recorded under the

application of 30 mg P kg-1 soil which was higher by 154.95 and 31.97 per

cent over control and 15 mg P kg-1 soil.

Interactive effect of salinity and phosphorus:

Interactive effect of salinity and phosphorus levels on pods per plant

was found significant (Table 4.4 and Fig. 4.1). The data revealed that with

every level of salinity (EC), the pods per plant increased significantly with an

increase in the levels of phosphorus. The magnitude of reduction of pods per

plant was minimum with the application of P30 under all levels of salinity of

irrigation water e.g. reduction in pods per plant at C6P0 was 82.67 per cent

which decreased to 40.20 and 15.03 per cent, respectively due to application

of 15 and 30 mg P kg-1 soil at the same level of saline water i.e. C6P15 and

C6P30 combination.

Table 4.4 : Combined effect of salinity of water (EC) and phosphorus

on pods per plant

Treatments P0 P15 P30

C0 (Control) 23.08 24.50 27.70

C1- 2 (1:3)* 13.91 20.40 25.04

C2- 2 (3:1)* 7.12 18.02 24.91

C3- 4 (1:3)* 6.38 17.35 24.31

C4- 4 (3:1)* 4.90 14.76 20.62

C5- 6 (1:3)* 4.30 14.26 20.21

C6- 6 (3:1)* 4.00 13.80 19.61

SEm+ 0.55

CD (P=0.05) 1.58

* Cl- :SO42-

The maximum pods per plant was obtained with combined application

of C0 (control) and P30 (30 mg P kg-1 soil) while, minimum under C6 (6 dSm-1

Cl-:SO4-2 (3:1) and P0 (control). The treatment combination C1P15 remained

statistically at par with C4P30, C5P30 & C6P30.

4.1.1.6 Number of seeds per pod

Effect of salinity:

It is apparent from the data (Table 4.3) that the number of seeds per

pod significantly decreased with increasing level of salinity and magnitude of

decrease was more in Cl- dominated salinity as than that of SO42- salinity i.e.

19.05, 34.76 and 51.90 per cent under C2, C4 and C6 against 14.29, 28.57

and 45.24 per cent under C1, C3 and C5, respectively over control.


Further reference to data given in Table 4.3 showed that application of

phosphorus increase the number of seeds per pod significantly. The highest

number of seeds per pod were recorded with P30 (30 mg P kg-1 soil) while

lowest with P0 (control). Application of 15 and 30 mg P kg-1 soil increased the

number of seed per pod to the extent of 25.20 and 44.72 per cent over

control.

4.1.1.7 Grain yield

The relating to the effect of different levels of saline water (EC) and

phosphorus on grain yield of chickpea have been summarized in Table 4.5.

Effect of salinity:

The grain yield of chickpea tended to decreased significantly with


more pronounced in Cl- dominated water at all salinity levels (Table 4.5). The

maximum (19.46 g) grain yield was recorded under C0 and minimum (11.25 g)

under C6. However, the treatment C2 and C3 were remained at par with each

other. The decreasing order for salinity level was C0>C1>C2>C3>4>C5>C6. The

grain yield decreased by 10.18, 23.40, 25.87, 31.47, 36.85 and 42.20 per cent

with C1, C2, C3, C4, C5 and C6 over C0.

Table 4.5 : Effect of salinity of water (EC) and phosphorus on grain and

stover yield

Treatments Grain yield (g pot-1)

Stover yield (g pot-1)

Salinity EC (dSm-1)

C0 (Control) 19.46 25.29

C1- 2 (1:3)* 17.48 22.72

C2- 2 (3:1)* 14.90 19.37

C3- 4 (1:3)* 14.42 18.75

C4- 4 (3:1)* 13.33 17.33

C5- 6 (1:3)* 12.29 15.97

C6- 6 (3:1)* 11.25 14.62

SEm+ 0.27 0.36

CD (P=0.05) 0.78 1.02


P0 6.07 7.89

P15 18.22 23.69

P30 19.91 25.88

SEm+ 0.18 0.23

CD (P=0.05) 0.51 0.67

* Cl- :SO42-


On going throught the data in Table 4.5 shows that the application of

phosphorus at increasing levels brought significant increase in grain yield of

chickpea. Phosphorus application @ 30 mg kg-1 soil gave significantly highest

(19.91 g pot-1) gain yield, respectively as compared to preceding phosphorus

levels. The increase in grain yield was obtained to the extent of 200.38 and

228.26 per cent with the application of 15 and 30 mg P kg-1 of soil,

respectively over to control.


Interactive effect of salinity and phosphorus levels on grain yield was

found significant (Table 4.6 and Fig. 4.2). The data revealed that with every

level of salinity (EC), the yield increased significantly with an increase in the

levels of phosphorus. The magnitude of yield reduction was minimum with the

application of P30 under all level of salinity in irrigation water e.g. reduction in

grain yield at C6P0 was 82.43 per cent which decreased to 12.18 and 19.26

per cent, respectively due to application of 15 and 30 mg P kg -1 soil over to

control. The magnitude of P response was maximum under chloride followed

by sulphate and least in normal saline water (control). Further the magnitude

of P response at the highest added P level under SO42- and Cl- salinity relative

to control (C0P0) was 2.1 and 4.2 times, respectively at EC of 2, 4.5 and 5.2

times, respectively at EC of 4 and 5.7 and 6.8 times, respectively at EC of 6

dSm-1 compared to only 1.8 in the normal water(control). Difference in yield

under treatment combinations viz., C1P15 and C2P30, C3P15 and C4P30, C5P15

and C6P30 was found non significant which indicate that for obtaining relatively

equal yield at comparable salinity level, the P requirement of chickpea was

considerably more (50%) under Cl- than SO42- salinity. The maximum grain

yield was obtained with combined application of C0 (control) and P30 (30 mg P

kg-1 soil) while, minimum under C6 [6 dSm-1 Cl-:SO42- (3:1)] and P0 (control).


on grain yield (g/pot)


C0 (Control) 13.55 20.80 24.02

C1- 2 (1:3)* 10.30 20.51 21.62

C2- 2 (3:1)* 5.10 18.21 21.40

C3- 4 (1:3)* 4.55 18.26 20.46

C4- 4 (3:1)* 3.55 17.99 18.46

C5- 6 (1:3)* 3.03 16.57 17.26

C6- 6 (3:1)* 2.38 15.20 16.16

SEm+ 0.470

CD (P=0.05) 1.344

* Cl- :SO42-

4.1.1.8 Stover yield :

Effect of salinity:

A perusal of the data (Table 4.5) revealed that stover yield decreased

significantly with increasing levels of salinity and the magnitude of decrease

was more in Cl- dominated salinity as than that of SO42- salinity i.e. 23.40,

31.47 and 42.20 per cent under C2, C4 and C6 against 10.18, 25.87 and 36.85

per cent under C1, C3 and C5, respectively over control. However, the

treatments C2 and C3 remained at par with each other.


The data (Table 4.5) revealed that application of phosphorus at

increasing levels brought significant increase in stover yield. Application of 15

mg kg-1 and 30 mg kg-1 phosphorus increased the stover yield to the extent of

200.38 and 228.26 per cent, respectively over control.



on stover yield (g/pot)


C0 (Control) 17.62 27.04 31.23

C1- 2 (1:3)* 13.39 26.66 28.11

C2- 2 (3:1)* 6.63 23.67 27.82

C3- 4 (1:3)* 5.92 23.74 26.60

C4- 4 (3:1)* 4.62 23.39 24.00

C5- 6 (1:3)* 3.94 21.54 22.44

C6- 6 (3:1)* 3.09 19.76 21.01

SEm+ 0.619

CD (P=0.05) 1.768

* Cl- :SO42-

Interactive effect of salinity and phosphorus levels on stover yield was

found significant (Table 4.7 and Fig. 4.3). The data revealed that with every

level of salinity (EC), the yield increased significantly with an increase in the

levels of phosphorus. The magnitude of yield reduction was minimum with the

application of P30 under all level of salinity in irrigation water e.g. reduction in

stover yield at C6P0 was 82.46 per cent which decreased to 12.14 and 19.23

per cent, respectively due to application of 15 and 30 mg kg -1 phosphorus

over to control. The magnitude of P response was similar to that of grain yield

under chloride followed by sulphate and least in normal saline water (control).

The maximum grain yield was obtained with combined application of C0

(control) and P30 (30 mg kg-1 phosphorus) while, minimum under C6 [6 dSm-1

Cl-:SO42- (3:1)] and P0 (control).

4.1.2 Mineral content

4.1.2.1 Phosphorus

4.1.2.1.1 Phosphorus content in root and shoot at flowering stage

Effect of salinity:

The data presented in Table 4.8 explicit that the phosphorus content in

root and shoot at flowering stage of chickpea significantly decreased with

increasing level of salinity and the magnitude of decrease was more in Cl-

dominated salinity as than that of SO42- salinity i.e. 8.00, 17.71 and 28.00 per

cent in root and 16.87, 35.54 and 46.99 per cent in shoot under C2, C4 and C6

against 3.43, 13.14, 22.86 per cent in root and 9.04, 27.11 and 42.17 per cent

in shoot under C1, C3 and C5, respectively over control. However, in case of

root the difference between C1 and C2 and C3 and C4 remained statistically at

par with each other.

Table : 4.8 Effect of salinity of water (EC) and phosphorus on

phosphorus content (%) in root and shoot and P-mobility ratio at flowering stage

Treatment P content P-mobility

ratio

Root Shoot

Salinity EC (dSm-1)

C0 (Control) 0.175 0.166 94.59

C1- 2 (1:3)* 0.169 0.151 89.16

C2- 2 (3:1)* 0.161 0.138 85.62

C3- 4 (1:3)* 0.152 0.121 79.62

C4- 4 (3:1)* 0.144 0.107 74.43

C5- 6 (1:3)* 0.135 0.096 71.34

C6- 6 (3:1)* 0.126 0.088 70.17

SEm+ 0.003 0.002 1.35

CD (P=0.05) 0.008 0.006 3.86


P0 0.131 0.103 77.72

P15 0.152 0.123 79.99

P30 0.171 0.146 84.40

SEm+ 0.002 0.001 0.88

CD (P=0.05) 0.005 0.004 2.53

* Cl- :SO42-


On going throw the data in Table 4.8 show that phosphorus content in

root and shoot of chickpea at flowering stage increased significantly with the

application of phosphorus. Significantly highest P content in root and shoot

recorded with the application of 30 mg P kg-1 soil which was higher by 30.53

and 12.50 per cent in case of root and 41.75 and 18.70 per cent higher in

case of shoot over control and 15 mg P kg-1 soil, respectively.

4.1.2.1.2 P-mobility ratio at flowering stage

Effect of salinity:

The data given in Table 4.8 indicate that P mobility ratio of chickpea at

flowering decreased significantly by increasing salinity in irrigation water. The

magnitude of decrease was more pronounced in Cl- dominated water at all

salinity levels except 2 and 6 dSm-1 where both salinities (Cl- and SO42-)

differed non significantly. The maximum P-mobility ratio was obtained under

treatment C0 and minimum under C6. The decrease in P-mobility ratio at

flowering stage was to the extent of 5.74, 9.48, 15.83, 21.31, 24.58 and 25.82

per cent, respectively due to C1, C2, C3, C4, C5 and C6 over C0.


It is explicit from the data (Table 4.8) that application of different levels

of phosphorus significantly increased the P-mobility ratio in chickpea at

flowering stage. Application of 15 and 30 mg P kg-1 of soil significantly

increased the P- mobility ratio to the extent of 2.92 and 8.59 per cent at

flowering stage, respectively over control. The treatment P15 remained at with

P0.

4.1.2.1.3 Phosphorus content in grain, stover and root at harvest stage

Effect of salinity:

An examination of data (Table 4.9) indicated that different levels of

salinity of water significantly decreased the P content in grain, stover and root

over control (0.5 dSm-1). Irrigation water containing Cl->SO42- i.e. C2, C4 and

C6 recorded significantly less P content than those obtained with water

containing SO42->Cl- i.e. C1, C3 and C5. In case of root C1 and C2 remained

statistically at par with each other. The C1, C2, C3, C4, C5 and C6 decreased

the phosphorus content in grain, stover and root to the extent of 7.23, 11.66,

19.11, 24.47, 29.60 and 34.73 per cent in grain, 8.98, 16.77, 26.95, 33.53,

40.72 and 46.71 per cent in stover and 4.97, 8.70, 13.66, 18.63, 22.36 and

27.33 per cent in root, respectively over contro l.


Further reference to data given in Table 4.9 shows that increasing

levels of phosphorus increased the P content in grain, stover and root

significantly. Significantly highest P content in grain, stover and root recorded

with application of 30 mg P kg-1 soil which was higher by 27.33 and 14.45 per

cent in case of grain, 57.14 and 24.19 per cent in case of stover and in root, it

was 20.47 and 11.68 per cent over control and 15 mg P kg-1 soil, respectively.

Table : 4.9 Effect of salinity of water (EC) and phosphorus on

phosphorus content (%) in root, stover and grain and P- mobility ratio at harvest stage

Treatments P content P-mobility ratio

Root Stover Grain Stover Grain

Salinity EC (dSm-1)

C0 (Control) 0.161 0.167 0.429 102.79 266.07

C1- 2 (1:3)* 0.153 0.152 0.398 98.22 259.15

C2- 2 (3:1)* 0.147 0.139 0.379 93.48 256.83

C3- 4 (1:3)* 0.139 0.122 0.347 87.17 249.84

C4- 4 (3:1)* 0.131 0.111 0.324 84.38 248.13

C5- 6 (1:3)* 0.125 0.099 0.302 78.52 241.34

C6- 6 (3:1)* 0.117 0.089 0.280 75.37 238.93

SEm+ 0.002 0.002 0.005 0.81 2.22

CD (P=0.05) 0.007 0.006 0.015 2.31 6.35


P0 0.127 0.098 0.311 76.52 244.60

P15 0.137 0.124 0.346 89.75 252.27

P30 0.153 0.154 0.396 99.42 257.54

SEm+ 0.002 0.001 0.004 0.53 1.45

CD (P=0.05) 0.005 0.004 0.010 1.52 4.16

* Cl- :SO42-

4.1.2.1.4 P-mobility ratio in grain and stover at harvest stage

Effect of salinity:

A perusal of the data (Table 4.9) revealed that P-mobility ratio of

chickpea at harvest (in both grain and stover) decreased significantly with


more in Cl- dominated salinity as than that of SO42- salinity i.e. 3.47, 6.74 and

10.20 per cent in grain and 9.06, 17.91 and 26.68 per cent in stover under C2,

C4 and C6 against 2.60, 6.10 and 9.29 per cent in grain and 4.45, 15.20 and

26.61 per cent in stover under C1, C3 and C5, respectively over control.

However, in case of mobility ratio of grain all salinity levels differed non

significantly. The maximum P-mobility ratio at harvest stage was obtained

under C0 and minimum under C6.


On going throught the data in Table 4.9 show that application of

different levels of phosphorus significantly increase the P-mobility ratio in

chickpea at harvest stage in both grain and stover. Application of 15 and 30

mg P kg-1 soil significantly increased the P-mobility ratio to the extent of 3.14

and 5.29 per cent grain and 17.29 and 29.93 per cent in stover, respectively

over C0.

4.1.2.2 Nitrogen

Effect of salinity:

It is apparent from the data (Table 4.10) that N content in grain and

stover tended to increase or increased significantly with increasing level of

salinity in irrigation water and magnitude of increase was more pronounced in

Cl- dominated water at all salinity levels. Significantly higher N content in grain

was recorded with C6 over rest of the salinity levels. Similar trend of increase

was also notice in case of stover. Both Cl- and SO42- dominated treatments of

each salinity levels (2, 4 and 6 dSm-1) of irrigation water remained at par but

C1 and C2 remained at par with control (C0) only in case of stover. The C1, C2,

C3, C4, C5 and C6 increased the nitrogen content to the extent of 4.06, 5.37,

8.38, 10.04, 12.01 and 13.33, per cent in grain and 1.70, 3.70, 3.40, 7.84,

11.24, 22.48 and 46.01 per cent in stover, respectively over control.


It is evident from the data summarized in Table 4.10 that increasing

levels of phosphorus increased the nitrogen content in grain and stover

significantly. Significantly highest N content in grain and stover recorded at 30

mg P kg-1 soil which was higher by 5.32 and 2.77 per cent in case of grain and

in stover it was 11.42 and 6.75 per cent over control and 15 mg P kg-1 soil,

respectively.

Table : 4.10 Effect of salinity of water (EC) and phosphorus on nitrogen

and potassium content (%) in grain and stover

Treatments Nitrogen Potassium

Grain Stover Grain Stover

Salinity EC (dSm-1)

C0 (Control) 2.589 0.765 0.970 1.845

C1- 2 (1:3)* 2.694 0.778 0.929 1.808

C2- 2 (3:1)* 2.728 0.791 0.896 1.758

C3- 4 (1:3)* 2.806 0.825 0.853 1.688

C4- 4 (3:1)* 2.849 0.851 0.808 1.628

C5- 6 (1:3)* 2.900 0.937 0.764 1.568

C6- 6 (3:1)* 2.934 1.117 0.741 1.468

SEm+ 0.017 0.014 0.013 0.026

CD (P=0.05) 0.048 0.040 0.037 0.075


P0 2.743 0.823 0.754 1.457

P15 2.811 0.859 0.861 1.690

P30 2.889 0.917 0.940 1.894

SEm+ 0.011 0.009 0.009 0.017

CD (P=0.05) 0.031 0.026 0.024 0.049

* Cl- :SO42-

4.1.2.3 Potassium

Effect of salinity:

A perusal of data the data (Table 4.10) revealed that different levels of

salinity of irrigation water significantly decreased the K content in grain and

stover over control (0.5 dSm-1). Irrigation water containing Cl->SO42- at same

level of EC i.e. C2, C4 and C6 recorded significantly less K content than those

obtained with water containing SO42->Cl- at same level of EC i.e. C1, C3 and

C5. In stover treatment C0 and C1 and C3 and C4 remained statistically at par

but treatment C1 and C2 and C5 and C6 remained at par in case of grain only.

The C1, C2, C3, C4, C5 and C6 decreased the potassium content to the extent

of 4.23, 7.58, 12.06, 16.70, 21.24 and 23.61 per cent in grain and 2.01, 4.72,

8.50, 11.76, 15.01 and 20.44 per cent in stover, respectively over control.


Data revealed that (Table 4.10) increasing level of phosphorus

increased the K content in grain and stover significantly. In case of grain,

highest K content was obtained under the application of 30 mg P kg-1 soil and

it registered 24.67 and 9.18 per cent increase over control and 15 mg P kg -1

soil, respectively. Similarly, in stover, the corresponding K content was 29.99

and 12.07 per cent.

4.1.2.4 Sulphur

Effect of salinity:

On going through the data in Table 4.11 shows that S content in grain

and stover tended to increase or increased significantly with increasing levels

of salinity in irrigation water and magnitude of increase was more pronounced

in SO42- dominated water at all salinity levels except 6 dSm-1 where it was

more in Cl- dominated water. Both SO42- and Cl- dominated treatment of each

salinity levels (2, 4 and 6 dSm-1) of irrigation water remained at par. The

treatment C1 and C2 also found at par with C0 only in case of grain. The C1,

C2, C3, C4, C5 and C6 increased the S content to the extent of 8.97, 7.37,

20.19, 13.78, 23.40 and 29.81 per cent in grain and 9.15, 6.78, 16.95, 13.90,

22.03 and 26.78 per cent in stover, respectively over Control (normal water).


It is evident from the data summarized in Table 4.11 that subsequent

addition of phosphorus significantly increased the S content in grain and

stover. Significantly highest (0.400 and 0.367 %) S content in grain and stover

recorded at 30 mg P kg-1 soil which was higher by 25.00 per cent in case of

grain and 32.33 per cent in case of stover over P0, respectively.

Table : 4.11 Effect of salinity of water (EC) and phosphorus on sulphur

content (%) in grain and stover

Treatments Sulphur

Grain Stover

Salinity EC (dSm-1)

C0 (Control) 0.312 0.295

C1- 2 (1:3)* 0.340 0.322

C2- 2 (3:1)* 0.335 0.315

C3- 4 (1:3)* 0.375 0.345

C4- 4 (3:1)* 0.355 0.336

C5- 6 (1:3)* 0.385 0.360

C6- 6 (3:1)* 0. 405 0. 374

SEm+ 0.010 0.008

CD (P=0.05) 0.028 0.023


P0 0.320 0.305

P15 0.355 0.335

P30 0.400 0.367

SEm+ 0.006 0.005

CD (P=0.05) 0.018 0.015

* Cl- :SO42-

4.1.2.5 Calcium

Effect of salinity:

A perusal of data (Table 4.12) revealed that calcium content in grain

and stover tended to increase or increased significantly with increasing levels

of salinity in irrigation water and magnitude of increase was more pronounced

in Cl- dominated water at all salinity levels. Significantly higher Ca content in

grain recorded with C6 over rest of saline water treatments. Similar trend of

increase was also notice in case of stover. The C1, C2, C3, C4, C5 and C6

increased the Ca content in grain and stover to the extent of 6.67, 16.97,

26.06, 35.76, 47.88 and 55.15 and 13.49, 24.34, 35.78, 48.09, 62.17 and

74.49 per cent, respectively over control (C0).


The data presented in Table 4.12 explicit that increasing level of

phosphorus decreased the Ca content in grain and stover significantly.

Significantly highest Ca content in grain and stover recorded at P0 which was

higher by 12.14 and 20.31 per cent in case of grain and in stover was 16.98

and 50.81 per cent over P15 and P30, respectively.

Table : 4.12 Effect of salinity of water (EC) and phosphorus on calcium,

magnesium and sodium content (%) in grain and stover

Treatments Calcium Magnesium Sodium

Grain Stover Grain Stover Grain Stover

Salinity EC (dSm-1)

C0 (Control) 0.165 0.341 0.77 0.98 0.291 0.276

C1- 2 (1:3)* 0.176 0.387 0.80 1.08 0.306 0.290

C2- 2 (3:1)* 0.193 0.424 0.73 0.99 0.328 0.315

C3- 4 (1:3)* 0.208 0.463 0.76 1.04 0.345 0.337

C4- 4 (3:1)* 0.224 0.505 0.72 1.00 0.366 0.354

C5- 6 (1:3)* 0.244 0.553 0.84 1.12 0.384 0.374

C6- 6 (3:1)* 0.256 0.595 0.70 1.04 0.395 0.385

SEm+ 0.003 0.008 0.01 0.02 0.006 0.005

CD (P=0.05) 0.010 0.022 0.02 0.03 0.016 0.015


P0 0.231 0.558 0.80 1.05 0.361 0.353

P15 0.206 0.477 0.73 1.01 0.345 0.335

P30 0.192 0.370 0.70 1.00 0.328 0.311

SEm+ 0.002 0.005 0.01 0.01 0.004 0.003

CD (P=0.05) 0.006 0.014 0.02 0.03 0.010 0.010

* Cl- :SO42-

4.1.2.6 Magnesium

Effect of salinity:

The data pertaining (Table 4.12) to the effect of salinity of irrigation

water on Mg content in plant and revealed that Mg content in grain and stover

tend to increase or increased significantly due to application of increasing

level of salinity in irrigation water and magnitude of increase was more

pronounced in SO42- dominated salinity as than that of Cl- dominated salinity

i.e. 3.90, 1.30 and 9.09 per cent in grain and 10.20, 6.12 and 14.29 per cent in

stover under C1, C3 and C5 against 5.19, 6.49 and 9.09 per cent in grain and

1.02, 2.04 and 6.12 per cent in stover under C2, C4 and C6, respectively over

control. All salinity treatments differed significantly .Significantly higher Mg

content in grain and stover recorded with C5 over rest of salinity levels.


Data (Table 4.12) revealed that every level of applied phosphorus

significantly decreased the Mg content in grain and stover. Application of

phosphorus @30 mg kg-1 soil decreased the value of Mg by 9.59 and 14.29

per cent in case of grain and 3.96 and 5.00 per cent lower in case of stover

over P15 and P30, respectively.

4.1.2.7 Sodium

Effect of salinity:

On going through the data in Table 4.12 show that effect of different

levels of salinity of irrigation water on Na content in grain and stover was

found significant and data revealed that a marked improvement in Na content

in grain and stover was recorded due to increase in salinity of irrigation water.

Irrigation water containing Cl->SO42- i.e. C2, C4 and C6 level recorded 12.71,

25.77, 35.74 per cent higher Na content in grain and 14.13, 28.26 and 39.49

per cent higher Na content in stover over control (C0), respectively. The

corresponding increase in Na content due to water containing SO42->Cl-

salinity i.e. C1, C3 and C5 was 5.15, 18.56 and 31.96 per cent in grain and

5.07, 22.10 and 35.51 per cent in stover. In grain and stover C0 with C1 and

C5 with C6 remained statistically at par to each other.


It is evident from Table 4.12 that Na content in chickpea grain and

stover trend to decreased significantly with successive increase in the levels

of phosphorus. The application of 30 mg P kg-1 soil significantly decreased the

Na content by 9.14 and 4.92 per cent in case of grain and 11.90 and 7.16 per

cent in stover over control and application of 15 mg P kg-1 soil, respectively.

4.1.2.8 Chloride

Effect of salinity:

An examination of data (Table 4.13) indicate that the increasing level of

salinity increase the chloride content in grain and stover significantly and the

magnitude of increase was more pronounced in Cl- dominated water at all

salinity levels. The C1, C2, C3, C4, C5 and C6 increased the chloride content to

the extent of 67.09, 73.42, 79.75, 86.08, 92.41 and 100.00 per cent in grain

and 167.37, 174.74, 183.16, 193.68, 203.16 and 212.63 per cent in stover,

respectively over control (normal water).


Data given in Table 4.13 further showed that application of phosphorus

significantly decreased the chloride content in grain and stover. Application of

15 and 30 mg P kg-1 soil decreased the chloride content to the extent of 7.59

and 12.41 per cent in grain and 7.14 and 12.41 per cent in stover, respectively

over control.

Table : 4.13 Effect of salinity of water (EC) and phosphorus on chloride

content in grain and stover

Chloride content (%)

Treatments Grain Stover

Salinity EC (dSm-1)

C0 (Control) 0.79 0.95

C1- 2 (1:3)* 1.32 2.54

C2- 2 (3:1)* 1.37 2.61

C3- 4 (1:3)* 1.42 2.69

C4- 4 (3:1)* 1.47 2.79

C5- 6 (1:3)* 1.52 2.88

C6- 6 (3:1)* 1.58 2.97

SEm+ 0.01 0.02

CD (P=0.05) 0.04 0.06


P0 1.45 2.66

P15 1.34 2.47

P30 1.27 2.33

SEm+ 0.01 0.01

CD (P=0.05) 0.03 0.04

* Cl- :SO42-

4.2 SOIL STUDIES

4.2.1 EC of soil

Effect of salinity:

A perusal of data in Table 4.14 revealed that the electrical conductivity

of soil saturation extract at harvest increased significantly with increasing

levels of salinity of irrigation water. Minimum EC was observed under C0

(normal water), while maximum under C6 [6 dSm-1 Cl-:SO42- (3:1)] which was 3

times higher as compared to C0. The general pattern of effect of different

levels of salinity of irrigation water on ECe of soil in increasing order was

C6>C5>C4>C3>C2>C1.

Effect of phosphorus :

Further reference to data given in Table 4.14 showed that EC in soil

influenced non-significantly (Appendix-XII) with application of phosphorus.

However, decreasing trend was observed with the application of phosphorus.

4.2.2 pH of soil

Effect of salinity:

It is apparent from the data given in Table 4.14 that application of

different saline water non-significantly decreased the soil pH over control. The

highest pH (8.79) of soil recorded under C0 (control) and minimum under C5.

The magnitude of decrease was more in SO42- dominated salinity as than that

of Cl- salinity. All salinity levels (2, 4 and 6 dSm-1) remained at par with in

them. The C1, C2, C3, C4, C5 and C6 decrease the soil pH to the extent of 3.64,

3.07, 6.14, 4.66, 7.74 and 6.71 per cent, respectively over C0 (control).

Table : 4.14 Effect of salinity of water (EC) and phosphorus on EC (dSm-

1), pH and SAR of soil after harvest of crop

Treatments EC pH SAR

Salinity EC (dSm-1)

C0 (Control) 1.94 8.79 11.29

C1- 2 (1:3)* 2.40 8.47 13.13

C2- 2 (3:1)* 3.11 8.52 14.78

C3- 4 (1:3)* 3.75 8.25 17.38

C4- 4 (3:1)* 3.94 8.38 19.22

C5- 6 (1:3)* 4.55 8.11 23.65

C6- 6 (3:1)* 5.65 8.20 25.15

SEm+ 0.06 0.15 0.46

CD (P=0.05) 0.18 0.41 1.30


P0 3.67 8.46 18.25

P15 3.61 8.38 17.90

P30 3.58 8.33 17.25

SEm+ 0.04 0.10 0.30

CD (P=0.05) NS NS NS

* Cl- :SO42-


It evident from the data summarized in Table 4.14 that application of

phosphorus non-significantly influenced the soil pH (Appendix-XII).

4.2.3 SAR of soil

Effect of salinity:

A critical examination of the data in Table 4.14 indicate that different

levels of salinity significantly increased the SAR of soil over control (C0). The

magnitude of increase was more pronounced in Cl- dominated water at all

salinity levels. All the levels of salinity differed significantly among them. The

highest SAR (25.15) of soil was recorded under C6 and minimum (11.29)

under C0 (control).


Further examination of the data revealed that (Table 4.14) the

application of phosphorus unable to attained the level of significance with

respect to SAR of soil (Appendix-XII).

4.2.4 Available phosphorus

Effect of salinity:

A perusal of the data (Table 4.15) revealed that available phosphorus

in soil after crop harvest significantly decreased with increasing level of EC iw

over C0 and decreasing trend was more pronounced in SO42- dominated water

at all salinity levels. All salinity treatments differed significantly. The maximum

(21.92 kg ha-1) available phosphorus obtained under the treatment C0 and

minimum (10.96 kg ha-1) under C5. The decrease in available phosphorus was

to the extent of 12.50, 5.79, 29.15, 22.45, 50.00 and 43.20 per cent,

respectively by C1, C2, C3, C4, C5 and C6 over control (normal water).


Data presented in Table 4.15 clearly indicate that the available

phosphorus content in soil after crop harvest increased significantly with the

application of phosphorus. The maximum available phosphorus (21.67 kg ha -

1) recorded under P30 (30 mg P kg-1 soil) and it was higher by 77.04 and 31.17

per cent over control and 15 mg P kg-1 soil, respectively.

4.2.5 Available sulphur

Effect of salinity:

It is obvious from Table 4.15 the available S in soil after harvest of crop

increased significantly with irrigation of different levels of salinity over control.

The magnitude of increase was more in SO42- dominated salinity. The highest

(11.73 ppm) available sulphur was obtained under treatment C5 and lowest

(6.39 ppm) under C0. Available S in soil significantly increased with increasing

level of ECiw containing SO42->Cl- to the extent of 21.13, 47.10 and 83.56 per

cent, respectively by C1, C3, and C5 over control (normal water). Whereas,

water containing Cl- >SO42-, i.e. C2, C4 and C6, the extent of increase was

1.72, 28.79 and 69.17 per cent, respectively.

Table : 4.15 Effect of salinity of water (EC) and phosphorus on available

phosphorus, sulphur and chloride content in soil after harvest of crop

Treatments Phosphorus

(P2O5) (kg ha-1)

Sulphur

(ppm)

Chloride

(ppm)

Salinity EC (dSm-1)

C0 (Control) 21.92 6.39 1.63

C1- 2 (1:3)* 19.18 7.74 1.72

C2- 2 (3:1)* 20.65 6.50 1.90

C3- 4 (1:3)* 15.52 9.40 2.04

C4- 4 (3:1)* 17.00 8.23 2.26

C5- 6 (1:3)* 10.96 11.73 2.44

C6- 6 (3:1)* 12.45 10.81 2.71

SEm+ 0.51 0.21 0.05

CD (P=0.05) 1.46 0.61 0.15


P0 12.24 7.59 2.07

P15 16.52 8.55 2.08

P30 21.67 9.92 2.15

SEm+ 0.33 0.14 0.03

CD (P=0.05) 0.95 0.40 NS

* Cl- :SO42-


The data pertaining to the effect of phosphorus on available S content

in soil after harvest of crop are summarized in Table 4.15 shows that available

sulphur increased significantly with all levels of phosphorus. The data further

indicate that the magnitude of increased in sulphur status of soil was found

more (9.92 ppm) under 30 mg P kg-1 soil compared to 15 mg P kg-1 soil over

control. The maximum available sulphur in soil recorded under P30 which was

higher by 30.70 and 16.02 per cent over control and 15 mg P kg -1 soil,

respectively.

4.2.6 Chloride content

Effect of salinity:

A reference to data in Table 4.15 revealed that chloride content in soil

after harvest of crop significantly increased with increasing level of EC iw to the

extent of 5.59, 16.71, 25.00, 38.94, 50.00 and 66.71 per cent, respectively by

C1, C2, C3, C4, C5, C6 over control (normal water). The magnitude of increase

was more in Cl- dominated salinity. The highest (2.71 ppm) Cl content was

obtained under treatment C6 and lowest (1.63 ppm) under C0 and treatment

C1 remained at par with C0 (control).


On going through the data in Table 4.15 and Appendix-XIII obviously

show that Cl content in soil after harvest of crop influenced non-significantly

with all levels of phosphorus. However, increasing trend was observed with

the application of phosphorus.

4.3 COMPUTATION OF SALINITY TOLERANCE

4.3.1 Inoic ratio

4.3.1.1 Na/K ratio

Effect of salinity:

An examination of data presented in Table 4.16 revealed that Na/K

ratio in grain and stover increased significantly with increasing level of salinity

of irrigation water. The magnitude of increase was more pronounced in Cl-

dominated water at all salinity levels. The difference between C0 and C1

remained statistically at par with each other in both grain and stover. The

treatment C5 and C6 remained at par only in case of grain.


Further examination of data (Table 4.16) shows that increasing level of

phosphorus significantly decreased the Na/K ratio in grain and stover. The

application of 30 mg P kg-1 soil decreased the Na/K ratio significantly to the

extent of 27.25 and 12.99 per cent in grain and 32.11 and 16.92 per cent in

stover over control (P0) and 15 mg P kg-1 soil (P15), respectively.

4.3.1.2 Ca/ Mg ratio

Effect of salinity:

The perusal of data given in Table 4.16 show that increasing level of

salinity of irrigation water significantly increased the Ca/Mg ratio in grain and

stover. The magnitude of increase was more in Cl- dominated water as than

that of SO42- dominated water. Irrigation water containing Cl- > SO4

2- i.e. C2,

C4 and C6 level recorded 23.36, 45.33 and 71.03 per cent higher Ca/Mg ratio

in grain and 24.14, 44.83 and 63.79 per cent higher Ca/Mg ratio in stover over

control (C0) respectively. The corresponding increase in Ca/Mg ratio due to

water containing SO42- >Cl- salinity i.e. C1, C3 and C5 was 2.80, 27.57 and

35.51 per cent in grain and 2.87, 27.59 and 41.38 per cent in stover. Highest

Ca/Mg ratio in grain and stover increased under C6.


It is evident from the data (Table 4.16) that increasing level of

phosphorus significantly decreased the Ca/Mg ratio in grain and stover. The

application of 30 mg P kg-1 soil decreased the Ca/Mg ratio significantly to the

extent of 2.84 and 5.19 per cent in grain and 30.38 and 21.26 per cent in

stover over control and 15 mg P kg-1 soil, respectively.

Table : 4.16 Effect of salinity of water (EC) and phosphorus on Na/K and Ca/Mg ratio in grain and stover

Treatments Na/K Ca/Mg


Salinity EC (dSm-1)

C0 (Control) 0.303 0.152 0.214 0.348

C1- 2 (1:3)* 0.333 0.163 0.220 0.358

C2- 2 (3:1)* 0.370 0.182 0.264 0.432

C3- 4 (1:3)* 0.409 0.203 0.273 0.444

C4- 4 (3:1)* 0.458 0.221 0.311 0.504

C5- 6 (1:3)* 0.508 0.243 0.290 0.492

C6- 6 (3:1)* 0.539 0.267 0.366 0.570

SEm+ 0.012 0.006 0.002 0.003

CD (P=0.05) 0.033 0.017 0.006 0.008


P0 0.488 0.246 0.289 0.530

P15 0.408 0.201 0.282 0.471

P30 0.355 0.167 0.274 0.369

SEm+ 0.008 0.004 0.001 0.002

CD (P=0.05) 0.022 0.011 0.004 0.005

* Cl- :SO42-

4.3.1.3 Na+K/Ca ratio

Effect of salinity:

Table 4.17 show that there was significant decrease in Na+K/Ca ratio

in grain and stover with increasing level of salinity of irrigation water. The

magnitude of decrease was more pronounced in Cl- dominated water. The

highest value of Na+K/Ca ratio of grain and stover under C0 (7.702 and

6.301). The C1, C2, C3, C4, C5 and C6 decrease the Na+K/Ca ratio to the

extent of 8.17, 16.98, 24.60, 31.39, 38.37 and 41.86 per cent, in grain and

10.32, 19.14, 27.69, 35.01, 41.87 and 48.47 per cent in stover, respectively

over control (normal water). The treatment C5 and C6 remained at par with

each other in both grain and stover.


Further, reference to data given in Table 4.17 show that Na+K/Ca ratio

in grain and stover increased significantly with application of phosphorus. The

maximum Na+K/Ca ratio obtain under P30 and minimum under P0.

Significantly height Na+K/Ca ratio in grain and stover recorded with

application of 30 mg P kg-1 soil which was higher by 37.09 and 12.89 per cent

in case of grain and in stover was 84.05 and 40.52 per cent over control and

15 mg P kg-1 soil, respectively.

4.3.1.4 Na/Ca ratio

Effect of salinity:

It is obvious from data (Table 4.17) that Na/Ca ratio in grain and stover

decreased significantly with increasing level of salinity of irrigation water. The

trend of decrease was more pronounced in Cl- dominated water. The highest

value of Na/Ca ratio in grain and stover under C0 and lowest under C6. Both

SO42- and Cl- dominated treatment of each salinity levels (2, 4 and 6 dSm-1)

remained at par with each other. The C1, C2, C3, C4, C5 and C6 decrease the

Na/Ca ratio to the extent of 1.36, 3.52, 5.79, 7.15, 10.50 and 12.26 per cent in

grain and 4.74, 5.49, 7.37, 10.61, 13.86 and 17.60 per cent in stover,

respectively over control (normal water).


Data (Table 4.17) reflect that Na/Ca ratio in grain and stover

significantly increased with application of increasing level of phosphorus.

Maximum Na/Ca ratio obtained under P30 and minimum under P0.

Significantly highest Na/Ca ratio in grain and stover recorded with application

of 30 mg P kg-1 soil which was higher by 9.35 and 2.02 per cent in case of

grain and in stover was 32.86 and 19.58 per cent over control and 15 mg P

kg-1 soil, respectively.

Table : 4.17 Effect of salinity of water (EC) and phosphorus on Na+K/Ca and Na/Ca ratio in grain and stover

Treatments Na+K/Ca Na/Ca


Salinity EC (dSm-1)

C0 (Control) 7.702 6.301 1.762 0.801

C1- 2 (1:3)* 7.073 5.651 1.738 0.763

C2- 2 (3:1)* 6.394 5.095 1.700 0.757

C3- 4 (1:3)* 5.807 4.556 1.660 0.742

C4- 4 (3:1)* 5.284 4.095 1.636 0.716

C5- 6 (1:3)* 4.747 3.663 1.577 0.690

C6- 6 (3:1)* 4.478 3.247 1.546 0.660

SEm+ 0.127 0.149 0.040 0.020

CD (P=0.05) 0.363 0.426 0.114 0.056


P0 4.959 3.367 1.573 0.639

P15 6.022 4.410 1.686 0.710

P30 6.798 6.197 1.720 0.849

SEm+ 0.083 0.098 0.026 0.013

CD (P=0.05) 0.238 0.279 0.075 0.037

* Cl- :SO42-

4.3.2 Ionic regulation index for Ca

Effect of salinity:

An examination of data presented in table 4.18 revealed that significant

increase was recorded in IRI-Ca at harvest stage of chickpea under all levels

of salinity of irrigation water. The magnitude increase was more in Cl-

dominated salinity as than that of SO42- salinity. Both Cl- and SO4

2- dominated

salinity at each salinity levels (2, 4 and 6 dSm-1) remained statistically at par to

each other. The maximum IRI-Ca noted under C6 [6 dSm-1 Cl-:SO42- (3:1)]

which was significantly higher by 21.34, 16.83, 11.59, 8.64 and 1.62 per cent

over C1, C2, C3, C4 and C5, respectively.


Further, reference to data (Table 4.18) indicate that IRI-Ca in chickpea

was increased significantly with the application of different levels of

phosphorus. The maximum value of IRI-Ca was observed under P30 and

minimum under P0 (control). Treatment P30 increased IRI-Ca significantly over

P0 and P15 to the extent of 28.24 and 10.10 per cent, respectively.

4.3.3 Ionic regulation index for Na

Effect of salinity:

The critical examination of data (Table 4.18) show that significant

increase was recorded in IRI-Na at harvest stage of chickpea under all the

levels of salinity of irrigation water. The magnitude of increase was more

pronounced in Cl- dominated salinity as than that of SO42- salinity. Both Cl-

and SO42- dominated treatments of each salinity levels (2, 4 and 6 dSm-1) of

irrigation water remained at par with each other. The maximum IRI-Na noted

under C6 which was significantly higher by 90.41, 80.94, 45.99, 38.67 and

5.30 per cent over C1, C2, C3, C4 and C5, respectively.


It is explicit from the data in Table 4.18 IRI-Na in chickpea was

significantly decreased with increasing levels of phosphorus application. The

maximum value of IRI-Na was observed under control and minimum under

P30. Treatment P30 decreased the IRI-Na significantly over P0 and P15 to the

extent of 41.67 and 37.81 per cent, respectively.

4.3.4 Ionic regulation index for K

Effect of salinity:

A perusal of the data presented in Table 4.18 show that IRI-K

decreased significantly with increasing levels of salinity of irrigation water and

magnitude of decrease was more in Cl- dominated salinity as than that of

SO42- dominated salinity. At all salinity level (2, 4 and 6 dSm-1) both Cl- and

SO42- salinities remained statistically at par to each other. Significantly

highest IRI-K was observed under C1 while lowest under C6. The treatment C6

decreased the IRI-K to the extent of 31.67, 30.26, 22.12, 19.27 and 4.33 per

cent over C1, C2, C3, C4 and C5, respectively.

Table : 4.18 Effect of salinity of water (EC) and phosphorus on ionic

regulation index for Ca, Na and K at harvest stage of crop

Treatments Ca Na K

Salinity EC (dSm-1)

C1- 2 (1:3)* 0.881 1.147 0.840

C2- 2 (3:1)* 0.915 1.207 0.823

C3- 4 (1:3)* 0.958 1.496 0.737

C4- 4 (3:1)* 0.984 1.575 0.711

C5- 6 (1:3)* 1.052 2.074 0.600

C6- 6 (3:1)* 1.069 2.184 0.574

SEm+ 0.022 0.053 0.015

CD (P=0.05) 0.064 0.152 0.043


P0 0.850 1.920 0.621

P15 0.990 1.801 0.701

P30 1.090 1.120 0.820

SEm+ 0.016 0.038 0.011

CD (P=0.05) 0.045 0.107 0.031

* Cl- :SO42-


Table 4.18 show that the effect of phosphorus on IRI-K in chickpea

increased significantly with application of different level of phosphorus. The

maximum value of IRI-K was observed under P30 and minimum under P0

(control). Treatment P30 increased the IRI-K significantly over P0 and P15 to

the extent of 32.05 and 16.98 per cent, respectively.

4.3.5 Degree of compartmentation

Effect of salinity:

A reference to data in Table 4.19 revealed that the increasing levels of

salinity of irrigation water significantly increased the degree of

compartmentation. The magnitude of increase was more pronounced in Cl-

dominated salinity as than that of SO42- salinity i.e. 3.61, 14.46 and 25.30 per

cent under C2, C4 and C6 against 1.81, 12.05 and 21.69 per cent under C1, C3

and C5, respectively over control. At all salinity levels (2, 4 and 6 dSm-1) Cl-

and SO42- dominated treatment remained at par to each other and treatment

C1 also remained at par with C0. The highest value of degree of

compartmentation was obtain under the application of C6 [6dSm-1 Cl-:SO42-

(3:1)] of irrigation water and it registered that C1, C2, C3, C4, C5 and C6

increased the degree of compartmentation to the extent of 1.81, 3.61, 12.05,

14.46, 21.69 and 25.30 per cent respectively over control (C0).


Data presented in table 4.19 show that there was significant decrease

in degree of compartmentation with progressive increase in phosphorus

application up to 30 mg kg-1. The application of 30 mg P kg-1 soil significantly

decreased the value of degree of compartmentation to the extent of 19.52 and

10.24 per cent over control and 15 mg P kg-1 soil, respectively.

Table : 4.19 Effect of salinity of water (EC) and phosphorus on degree of

compartmentation at flowering stage

Treatments Degree of compartmentation

Salinity EC (dSm-1)

C0 (Control) 8.10

C1- 2 (1:3)* 8.45

C2- 2 (3:1)* 8.90

C3- 4 (1:3)* 9.60

C4- 4 (3:1)* 10.20

C5- 6 (1:3)* 10.19

C6- 6 (3:1)* 10.40

SEm+ 0.23

CD (P=0.05) 0.67


P0 10.45

P15 9.37

P30 8.41

SEm+ 0.15

CD (P=0.05) 0.44

* Cl- :SO42-

5 DISCUSSION

In the course of presenting the results of the experiment entitled

“Phosphorus requirement of chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) irrigated with

chloride and sulphate dominated saline water” significant va riation in the

criteria used for evaluating the treatments were observed. In this chapter it is

endeavored to discuss the significant units or those assuming a definite

pattern in respect of various parameters studied, so as to establish cause and

effect relationship in the light of available evidences and literature.

5.1 Effect of salinity


The data about total and effective nodules per plant, nodule index,

plant height, test weight, pods per plant, seeds per pod, grain and stover yield

as influenced by different levels of salinity have been presented in Table 4.1,

4.2, 4.3 and 4.5 and appendices-II-V.

Significant reduction in total and effective nodules per plant, nodule

index, plant height, test weight, pods per plant, seeds per pod, grain and

stover yield with an increase in levels of salinity (EC) of irrigation water was

observed in present study. This is due to the build -up of salinity in soil

irrigated with different saline water containing excessive Cl- and SO42- of Na,

Ca and Mg which affects the plant growth adversely results from high osmotic

stress, low physiological availability of water and direct toxic effects of

individual ions. This may be explained on the basis of fact that increasing

levels of salinity in water increased the EC and SAR of soil resulting into

decreased availability of N, P and K (Bajwa et al., 1998). Soil salinity affects

nutrient availability by modifying retention, fixation and transformation of

nutrients in soils, interfering with the uptake and/or absorption of nutrients due

to disproportionate ionic composition have reduced nutrient metabolisms

mainly due to water stress which leads to poor plant growth and development

(Srinivasrao et al., 2004). Further, poor symbiotic N fixation due to toxic

effects of salts on rhizobia also leads to drastic reduction in nodulation. The

higher amount of salts may also adversely affect the enzymatic activities and

utilization of photosynthates in plant. There are several evidences that

cationic (Ca, Mg, Na, K) imbalance could lead to disturbances in

photosynthesis and activity of stroma enzymes (Brand and Beckler, 1984 and

Plaut and Griew, 1988).

The test weight decreased with increasing EC of irrigation water. This

is due to the fact that the anthesis and grain filling stages are most sensitive

stage to salinity stress in the soil. The grain remained shriveled if the crop

experience salinity, nutritional and water stress at this stage. The results are

in conformity with the work of Pathan et al. (2000) in clusterbean, Gururaja

Rao et al. (2003) in groundnut, Netwal (2003) in cowpea and Kumawat (2004)

in fenugreek.

Pods per plant and seeds per pod decreased with increase in EC of

irrigation water. This is because of the fact that high EC of irrigation water

resulting into high EC of soil which decreased the physiological availability of

water to plants. The normal cell division which is responsible for production of

yield attributes may also be slowed down under saline condition. The

reduction in number of pods per plant and seeds per pod may also be due to

destruction of naturally accruing hormones under saline conditions. Results of

these investigation are in similar line with those of Promila and Kumar (1982)

in pigeonpea, Mathur and Lal (1998) in fenugreek and Netwal (2003) in

cowpea.

The magnitude of decrease in all above yield attributes and yield was

more pronounced in Cl- dominated salinity as than that of SO42- salinity at all

levels of salinity. The adverse effect was less with SO42- than Cl- ions because

the efficient and more absorption of nutrients by plant under SO42- salinity

than under Cl- salinity due to synergism between SO42- and other ions and

antognism between Cl- and other ions particularly PO43- ions. This corroborate

earlier experience in wheat, barley and table pea (Manchanda et al., 1982,

Mor and Manchanda, 1992 and Sharma et al., 2007). Lauter and Munns

(1986) and Manchanda et al. (1991) also reported that chickpea produced

more yield in Na2SO4 than in NaCl salinity.

In general the significant decrease in yield under influence of

application of different salinity water was due to the increase in EC of soil

which inturn responsible for the reduction in grain and stover yield by causing

a restricted availability of water and nutrients to the plant. This was supported

by the existence of a significant negative correlation (Appendix-I) between

grain yield and EC (r = -0.404) and SAR (r = -0.435*) of soil. Several workers

have also observed the significant yield reduction of chickpea (Lauter and

Munns, 1986, Manchanda and Sharma, 1989, Khandelwal et al., 1990;

Manchanda et al., 1991, Sharma and Manchanda, 1989) with the increasing

level of salinity in irrigation water.


The data about N, P, K, Ca, Mg, S, Na and Cl content in grain and

stover, P content in root and shoot at flowering stage and P content in root at

harvest stage and P-mobility ratio as influenced by different levels of salinity

(EC) in irrigation water have been presented in Table 4.8-4.13 and

Appendices-VI - XI.

P content in root and shoot and mobility ratio of P at flowering stage

(Table 4.8), P content in root, stover and grain and mobility ratio of P at

harvest stage (Table 4.9) decreased significantly with an increase in levels of

salinity (EC). The magnitude of decrease was more pronounced in Cl-

dominated salinity as than that of SO42- salinity. This decrease in P content

and mobility ratio may be due to synergism between SO42- and PO4

3- and

antagonism between Cl- and PO43- ions. Antagonism has also been reported

between Cl and P in wheat (Manchanda et al. 1982), tomato (Award et al.

1990), Chickpea (Manchanda and Sharma, 1989, Manchanda et al. (1991).

The correlation coefficient values (Appendix-I) also confirmed that EC of soil

correlated negatively and significantly with P content in grain (r= -0.817**), P

content in stover (r = -0.750**), mobility ratio of P in grain (r = -0.856**) and

stover (r = -0.713**).

N content in grain and stover increased significantly with increasing

levels of salinity and magnitude of increase was more in Cl- dominated salinity

as compared to SO42- salinity (Table 4.10). This increase may be explained on

the basis of hypothesis of Strogonov and Oknina (1961) who stated that in

crop plants grown under higher salinity, the contraction of protoplast destroys

the intercellular connections in many plant parts and this brings about a

diminution in the exchange of water and nutrients between the cells.

Accumulation of nitrogen content in grain of chickpea was also reported by

Manchanda et al. (1991) and in wheat by Sharma et al. (2007) with increasing

level of salinity in irrigation water.

K content in grain and stover of chickpea decreased with increasing

level of EC of irrigation water (Table 4.10) and the decrease was more in Cl-

dominated salinity than SO42- salinity at all EC level (Table 4.9). This is due to

an increase concentration of Na in the soil solution. The increased

concentration of Na in soil solution causes more absorption of Na by plants

and decreases the uptake of K as Na competes with K on absorbing sites.

The ability of crop to grow under high Na saturation is due to the toxic effect of

Na it self and K deficiency caused by antagonistic on the basis of hypothesis

of Heimann (1958) who was of the view that Na-K relationship may be

synergistic or antagonistic depending upon ratio between them. These results

find support from the work of Balki and Padole (1982), Chhipa (1984),

Manchanda and Sharma (1989), Khandelwal et al. (1990) and Manchanda et

al. (1991) who reported a reduction in K content with increasing level of

salinity of irrigation water.

S content in grain and stover increased significantly at all levels of

salinity (Table 4.11) and more with SO42- salinity except highest salinity levels

(6dSm-1) where it was more in Cl- dominated water might be due to the fact

that S absorption in plants was inhibited by Cl- ions, owing possibly to

antagonism between Cl- and SO42- ions. Greater S content in the grain and

stover at highest level of EC of water (6 dSm-1) under Cl- salinity relative to the

normal water could be attributed to connectration effect due to reduced

growth of plants at EC of water of 6 dSm-1. (Sharma et al., 2007). Similar

results were also reported by Manchanda et al. (1991) who reported that S

content in chickpea, broadbean and pea plants decreased with increasing

level of salinity of irrigation water and more so in Cl dominated salinity than

SO42- salinity.

Ca, Mg, Na and Cl content in grain and stover of chickpea (Table 4.12

and 4.13) increased significantly with the increase in EC of water but SO42-

dominated salinity generally contained more Na content in both grain and

stover, however, Ca and Cl content in grain and stover was more under Cl-

dominated salinity. This could be attributed to decreased Ca absorption in

SO42- salinity than in Cl- dominated salinity because of lower activity of Ca in

the former and higher activity of Cl- in later and decreased Ca absorption in

SO42- dominated salinity might have encouraged Mg absorption (Manchanda

et al., 1991). These results are agreement with those Lal and Bhardwaj

(1984), Sudhakar et al. (1990), Gill and Sharma (1993), Pathan et al. (2000),

Essa (2002) and Virdiya et al. (2008) who observed increase in Ca, Mg, Na

and Cl content in plant with increasing level of salinity (EC) of irrigation water.


The data about EC, pH SAR, available phosphorus (P2O5) S and Cl

content of soil after harvest of crop as influenced by different levels of salinity

have been presented in Table 4.14 and 4.15 and appendices-XII and XIII.

Data revealed that a marked increase in EC, SAR and Cl content of

soil have occurred as a result of an increase in levels of salinity of irrigation

water. The magnitude of increase was more pronounced in Cl- dominated

salinity as than that of SO42- salinity. EC of soil increased significantly with

increasing levels of EC of irrigation water. It appears that by increasing levels

of EC of irrigation water, more quantity of salt was delivered to the soil which

ultimately resulted in higher EC of soil. A close relationship between the salt

content of the soil and irrigation water has also been reported by Lal and

Singh (1974), Deo and Lal (1982), Agrawal et al. (2002) and Gururaja Rao et

al. (2003).

The results of present investigation also get support from the findings

of Sharma (1988), Kumawat (1990), Khandelwal et al. (1990) and Khandelwal

and Lal (1991).

pH of soil decreased significantly with increasing level of salinity and

magnitude of decrease was more in SO42- dominated salinity as than that of

Cl- salinity. The observed decrease in soil pH may further be ascribed to the

depression of thickness of the diffuse double layer at higher concentration of

soluble salts in the soil (Russell, 1963). The decrease in soil pH with an

increase in EC of irrigation water was also observed by Lal and Singh (1974),

Deo and Lal (1982), Khandelwal and Lal (1991) and Agrawal et al. (2002). As

described above, the SAR of soil increased significantly with an increase in

EC of irrigation water. Increase in SAR of soil may also be due to the fact that

during accumulation of salts due to irrigation and evaporation, the ratio of Na

to Ca is changed resulting into high SAR values in soil. The existence of

positive and significant correlation between EC and SAR (r = 0.976**) also

support this findings in present study (Appendix-I). The result find support

from the work of Deo (1979), Singh (1980), Pathan (1987), Sharma (1991),

Sharma and Minhas (2004) who found a considerable increase i n SAR of soil

with an increase in EC of irrigation water.

The availability of phosphorus in soil decreased significantly with the

increasing level of salinity in irrigation water. The adverse effect was less with

SO42- than Cl- ions because Na+ and Cl- ions increased the solubility of

CaCO3 more than SO42- ions, which tend to increase phosphate precipitation

(Minhas and Gupta, 1992). This contention also get support from the negative

and significant correlation of available P2O5 with EC (r = -0.635**) and SAR (r

= -0.707**) in present study (Appendix-I).

Available sulphur increased with application of increasing levels of

salinity but magnitude of increase was more pronounced in SO42- dominated

water than that of Cl- dominated water and reverse trend was observed in

case of chloride accumulation in the soil which might be due to the mutual

antoganism between SO42- and Cl- ions. Thus, when Cl content in the root

zone exceeds a threshold value, it adversely affected the availability of

sulphur (Mor and Manchanda, 1992). The findings of present investigation get

support from the work of Minhas and Gupta (1992), Moolchandani (1994),

Netwal (2003), Kumawat (2004) and Sharma et al. (2007).


5.1.4.1 Inoic ratio

The Na/K ratio in grain and stover of chickpea increased significantly

with increasing level of salinity. The magnitude of increase was more

pronounced in Cl- dominated salinity than that of SO42- salinity (Table 4.16

and appendix-XIV). This may be due to the fact that Na concentration

increased salinity by higher uptake of Na from soil solution and by using Na

salts in the experiment for development of salinity in irrigation water, while the

K concentration decreased. Salinity tolerance was associated with efficient K

regulation in shoot. K concentration and K fluxes were highest in the control

and decreased under salinity. The result find support from the work of Rana

and Singh (1977), Chhipa (1984) and Sharma and Manchanda (1989) who

also observed increased Na/K ratio in grain and stover with increasing level of

salinity.

The Ca/Mg ratio in grain and stover of chickpea increased significantly

with increasing level of salinity. The magnitude of increase was more

pronounced in Cl- dominated salinity than that of SO42- salinity (Table 4.16

and appendix-XIV). This may be due to the fact that Ca concentration

increased with the increasing level of salinity, while the Mg concentration

decreased. The results are in close conformity with Rana and Singh (1977)

and Sharma and Manchanda (1989) who reported increased Ca/Mg ratio in

grain and stover of chickpea with increasing level of salinity.

The Na+K/Ca and Na/Ca ratios in grain and stover decreased

significantly with increase in levels of salinity and magnitude of decrease was

more in Cl- dominated salinity than that of SO42- salinity (Table 4.17 and

appendix-XV). This may be due to the fact that increase in salinity, the

concentration of Ca increased in soil as well as in grain and stover of crop.

The lower Na+K/Ca and Na/Ca ratios at higher levels of EC showed more

tolerance to salinity than higher Na+K/Ca and Na/Ca ratios at lower levels of

EC. Yadav (1993) and Pathan et al. (2000) have also reported lower Na+K/Ca

ratios in wheat and clusterbean, respectively, at higher level of EC. The

results are in conformity with the findings of Gupta and Srivastava (1989),

Chhipa and Lal (1985) and Sharma and Manchanda (1989) who reported

lower Na+K/Ca and Na/Ca ratios in plant with increasing salinity of irrigation

water.

5.1.4.2 Ionic regulation index for Ca, Na and K (IRI-Ca, IRI-Na and IRI-

K)

The IRI-Ca and IRI-Na at harvest increased significantly with

increasing level of salinity in irrigation water and magnitude of increase was

more in Cl-dominated water as than that of SO42- dominated water (Table

4.18). This may be explained on the basis that under saline water,

concentration of Ca and Na increased in soil and Na depressed the uptake of

K and Ca due to competition for uptake across the plasma membrane of plant

cells. Na/K ratio also increased due to higher concentration of Na+, which

results in higher regulation of Ca2+, Na+ than K+ by chickpea. This maintains

high concentration of Na+ in plant cell resulting in reduced plant growth and

development and showed sensitivity at high salinity level. The results of

present investigation are in close conformity with work of Meena (1989),

Kumawat (1989) and Netwal (2003).

5.1.4.3 Degree of compartmentation

The degree of compartmentation is the active secretion of Na+ ions in

to the vacuole which protects the cytoplasm against high concentration of Na

(Kylin and Quatrano, 1975). The degree of compartmentation at flowering

stage of chickpea increased significantly with increasing level of salinity in

irrigation water (Table 4.19). The result are in agreement with the findings of

Meena (1989) and Kumawat (1989) who observed increase in EC of leaves of

wheat and pearlmillet with increasing levels of salt concentration. Higher value

of degree of compartmentation was recorded at higher salinity level and lower

under lower salinity level which shows a salt sensitive behaviour of chickpea.

The salt tolerance at lower degree of compartmentation regulated Na+ and K+

better than a salt susceptible species by maintaining a lower Na+ : K ratio in

each plant part (Qudar et al. 1980, Yadav, 1993 and Shekhawat, 1997).

5.2 Effect of phosphorus


The significant improvement in total and effective nodules per plant,

nodule index, plant height, test weight, pods per plant, seeds per pod, grain

and stover yield of chickpea with increasing level of phosphorus have been

presented in Table 4.1, 4.2, 4.3 and 4.5 and appendices-II-V.

Phosphorus has long been recognized as an essential constituent of all

living organisms and play an important role in the conservation and transfer of

energy in the metabolic reactions of living cells including biological energy

transformations. Phosphorus not only plays an important role in root

development and proliferation but it improves nodules formation and N2

fixation by supplying assimilates to the roots. It is the main constituent of co-

enzymes, ATP and ADP which acts as “energy currency” with in plants. Thus

phosphorus influences photosynthesis, biosynthesis of proteins and

phospholipids, nucleic acid synthesis, membrane transport and cytoplasmic

streaming. Increased availability of phosphorus owing to its application in the

soil which was otherwise poor in its content improved the nutrient availability

status resulting into greater uptake. The greater uptake of nutrients might

have increased the photosynthetic and carbohydrate synthesis and then

translocation to different parts for promoting meristamactic development in

potential apical buds and inter calary meristems which ultimately increased

root and shoot development e.g. plant height and root nodules per plant.

The results obtained in this investigation are in close conformity with

those of Kumawat (2004), Agarwal and Meena (1999) in fenugreek and

Thakur et al. (1999) in chickpea reported that total nodules per plant and plant

height increased significantly due to P fertilization.

The significant increase in grain and stover yield was observed due to

increasing levels of phosphorus upto 30 mg P kg-1 (Table 4.5 and appendix-

V). The increase in grain yield under application of phosphorus might be due

to the concomitant increase in number of pods per plant. This might be due to

the fact that excess assimilates stored in the leaves and later translocated into

grains at the time senescing being the closest sink. Thus, ultimately increased

the grain yield. Further, significant increase in stover yield was also noticed

with the application of 30 mg kg-1 phosphorus. The increase in stover yield

might be due to the result of over all increased growth and development of

plants.

These results were confirmed by Agarwal and Meena (1999) in

fenugreek, Kasturikrishana and Ahlawat (1999) in pea, Yadav and Jakhar

(2001) in mungbean, Patra and Bhattacharya (2000) in pea, Jat (2004) in

fenugreek, Sepat and Yadav (2008) in mothbean, Kumar and Thenua (2008)

in pigeonpea and Deo and Khandelwal (2009) in chickpea, who reported

increased test weight, pods per plant, seed per pod, grain and stover yields

due to P fertilization.


The data about N, P, K, Ca, Mg, S, Na and Cl content in grain and

stover, P content in root and shoot at flowering stage and P content in root at

harvest stage and P-mobility ratio as influenced by different levels of

phosphorus in soil have been presented in Table 4.8-4.13 and appendices-

VI- XI.

P content in root and shoot and mobility ratio at flowering and harvest

stage, N, K and S in grain and stover increased significantly with levels of

phosphorus.

In saline water irrigated soils, availability of P decreases due to

precipitation of phosphorus, higher retention of soluble phosphorus,

antagonism due to excess Cl- and SO42- and restricted root growth. As

phosphorus and chloride are adsorbed by essentially the same mechanism,

excess concentration of Cl- may adversely affect the uptake of phosphorus

(Chhabra et al. 1976). Application of phosphatic ferti lizers in such condition

helps in increasing the uptake of P by increasing the surface area of the roots

in contact with soil solution P consequently higher mobility ratio of P in plant.

Increasing level of P over the recommended dose of P had a better effect on

yield and uptake of P in saline water condition was also reported by Minhas

and Gupta (1992). The increase in N content might be due to well developed

root system which might have increased the availability of phosphorus to soil

microbs which leads to increased multiplication of Rhizobium bacteria and

which inturn resulted in increased atomospheric N2 fixation and better

utilization of soil nitrogen (Tondon, 1991). The increased availability of P

status in soil increased the nutrient content both macro and micro with P

fertilization could be attributed to the balanced nutrient status of soil which

was deficient in N and P and medium in K (Table 3.2). The greater availability

of P improved the plant root system which resulted in greater K accumulation

in the crop. The increase in S content be due to increased available sulphur

status, better growth and increased absorption of sulphur by plants on

account of phosphorus application. These results are in the line with findings

of Agarwal (1997), Kumawat et al. (1998), Meena and Agarwal (1999) and

Singh et al. (2009). Ca, Mg and Na content in grain and stover decreased

significantly with increasing level of phosphorus application because that

SO42- and Cl- salts of Ca, Mg and Na are used in this experiment for

development of salinity (EC) in irrigation water. These Ca2+ and Mg2+ and Na+

ions react with soil-P and get precipited in their insoluble form (Ca-phosphate,

Mg phosphate and Na phosphate) by which availability of Ca, Mg and Na to

plant become very less with increasing level of phosphorus. Na+ and Ca2+

cations may also replaced by H2PO4- anions from exchangeable site by which

a decrease in Na and Ca absorption occur by plants ultimately Ca, Mg and Na

content in grain and stover decreased. Cl content decreased significantly in

grain and stover by application of increasing level of phosphorus due to the

antagonistic effect between PO43- and Cl- ion (Manchanda et al. 1991).


The data about EC, pH, SAR, available phosphorus (P2O5), S and Cl

content of soil after harvest of crop as influenced by different levels of

phosphorus have been presented in the table 4.14 and 4.15 and appendices-

XII and XIII.

The effect of application of P on EC, pH, SAR and Cl content of soil

was found to be non-significant.

The available phosphorus and S content in soil after harvest of crop

increased significantly with increasing levels of phosphorus. This is due to the

fact that P addition increased the available phosphorus. The increase in

available P content of soil with application of phosphorus could be due to the

utilization of native phosphorus with increasing rates of phosphorus which

resulted in building up to higher soil P status besides larger dressing of

fertilizers P may result in increased S mobility and availability in soil and may

make the soil system devoid of SO42- due to its subsequent leaching. A

synergistic effect of P on S availability was also reported by Virmani and

Gulati (1971).

These results of present investigation are supported by Aulakh et al.

(1990b), Indiati et al. (1995), Bhal and Singh (1997), Panwar (1997) and Deo

and Khandelwal (2009).


5.2.4.1 Ionic ratio

The Na/K and Ca/Mg ratios in grain and stover of chickpea decreased

significantly with the application of P (Table 4.16 and appendix-XIV). The

decrease in Na/K and Ca/Mg ratios could be due to the fact that P application

increases the cation exchange capacity of roots by increasing surface area

which helped in increasing absorption of nutrients from the soil. Increased

CEC of roots by P application, helps in more absorption of K+ and Mg2+ and

their translocation to upper parts of plants than Na+ and Ca2+ consequently

decreased Na+ regulation as well as Na/K and Ca/Mg ratios in grain and

stover. The present investigation is targeted to investigate the beneficial effect

of phosphorus application on inducement of salinity tolerance and is

concerned with the use of saline waters with P application. It is suggested

that application of phosphorus reduced the Na/K ratio and induced the salinity

tolerance in chickpea. Additional application of P helps in mitigating the

adverse effect of salinity by lowering the Na/K ratio in grain of wheat was also

stated by Lal and Lal (1992).

The Na/Ca and Na+K/Ca ratios in grain and stover increased

significantly with increase in P levels. P application under saline irrigation

waters, has great importance due to its beneficial role in many physiological,

biochemical and metabolic processes which help in the growth and

development of plant and ultimately in obtaining higher produce (Table 4.17).

This may be explained to the fact that P application decreased the

concentration of Ca2+ more as than of concentration of Na+ in grain and stover

and K+ concentration increased significantly with increasing levels of P

application. Due to increase in CEC of roots, there was more absorption and

translocation of K+ ion and Na+ ions to upper parts of plants including seeds.

Therefore, high concentration of K+, Na+ ions in plant cells leading to higher

Na/Ca and Na+K/Ca ratios in grain and stover due to P application. The

results get support from the findings of Manchanda et al. 1982 and Award et

al. (1990) who reported that increasing the solution P concentration reduced

the affect of salinity.

5.2.4.2 Ionic regulation index for Ca, Na and K (IRI-Ca, IRI-Na and IRI-K)

Application of P significantly increased the ionic regulation index for Ca

and K at harvest stage over control (Table 4.18 and appendix-XVI). The

increase in IRI-K and IRI-Ca in plant parts due to application of P might be

due to increase in K+ and Ca2+ concentration and uptake by plants. It is

evident from data on K, Ca and Na content (Table 4.10 and 4.12) in grain and

stover that P application decreased Na+ concentration, while, increased K+

and Ca2+ concentration resultant into decreased Na/K ratio in plant parts

indicating more regulation of K and Ca uptake than Na by chickpea plant and

higher concentration of K+ and Ca2+ in its cells resulting in higher yield

attributes and yield under P application. The steady state of Na+ ion fluxes as

well as the cytoplasmic and vascular Na+ ion contents were lower in presence

of K+ ions. Ionic regulation index for Na at harvest stage decreased

significantly (Tables 4.18). The decrease in IRI-Na in plant parts due to P

application could be due to decrease in concentration of Na+ and uptake by

plants and increase in uptake of K across the plasma membrane of plant

cells. This can result in lower Na/K ratio that improve the growth and

development of plant and eventually increases the yield. P application

reduces the regulation of Na+ uptake and lower concentration of Na in plant

cells. This shows that P application reduced the IRI-Na resulting in less

absorption of Na by plants which gave better results under higher salinity of

irrigation water. The results of present investigation are in close conformity

with work of Sacher et al. (1983) and Weir (1986).

5.2.4.3 Degree of compartmentation

The degree of compartmentation at flowering decreased significantly

with increasing level of P application (Table 4.19 and appendix-XVII).

The decrease in degree of compartmentation with increase in levels of

P application was due to decrease in Na/K ratio as a result of P application

which results in lower regulation of Na+ in plant cells that increase K+

absorption and regulation in plant cells indicating low salt accumulation in

cells, that‟s why, P application was more responsive under high saline water

conditions. P addition to the saline media enabled the maintenance of

relatively low levels of Na and high level of K in the immature leaves (at

flowering) demonstrates that P addition to saline conditions may enhance the

capacity to regulate ioinic distribution between plant parts (Awad et al. (1990).

The requirement of more P in salinized condition could thus be related to its

role in energy fixation and carbohydrate partitioning and transport (Gibson,

1980), however, P also involved in the formation of cell membrane lipids

which play a vital role in ionic regulation (Bieleski and Ferguson, 1983). The

results get supports with the findings of Awad et al. (1990) who reported that

accumulation of ions necessary for osmotic adjustment and restriction of Na

and Cl accumulation in immature leaves appears to be involved in P

enhancement of salt tolerance of tomato plants.

5.3 Interactive effect of salinity and phosphorus on pods per plant

and grain and stover yield

The combined effect of salinity and phosphorus on pods per plant and

grain and stover yield (Table 4.4, 4.6 and 4.7, appendix-IV & V and Fig. 4.1-

4.3) was found significant. Data show that at all EC levels, the crop under

SO42- salinity yielded more grain than did Cl- salinity at all P levels. As at EC of

2, 4 and 6 dSm-1, grain and stover yield at 30 mg P kg-1 soil under Cl- salinity

was nearly at par with 15 mg P kg-1 soil under SO42- salinity indicating that for

obtaining relatively equal yield at comparable EC levels, the P requirement of

chickpea was considerably more (50%) under Cl- salinity that under SO42-

salinity. In other words, the increased salt/Cl content in the soil accumulated

by Cl- dominated saline irrigation water enhanced the P requirement of

chickpea probably to offset the increased osmotic effects. The pods per plant,

grain and stover yield of chickpea increased with increasing levels of P at all

salinity levels of irrigation water. It can be explained with the fact that the

solubility and availability of P in saline water irrigated soil may increase or

decrease depending upon the total of salinity and nature of the reacting ions.

The adverse effect was less with SO42- than the Cl- because Na+ and Cl-

increased the solubility of CaCO3 more than SO42- ions, which tends to

increase phosphate precipitation. Application of P, thus, seems to mitigate the

adverse effect of salinity. These results showed that the absorption of P in

plant was more efficient under SO42- salinity than under Cl- salinity at

comparable EC levels, suggesting synergism between SO42- and PO4

3- and

antagonism between Cl- and SO42- ions. This corroborates earlier results in

wheat, barley and table pea (Manchanda et al., 1982, Mor and Manchanda,

1992 and Sharma et al., 2007). Studies of Minhas and Gupta (1992) and

Sharma et al. (2007) have also indicated that higher salinity waters can be

used for achieving same level of wheat production if Cl- : SO42- ratio of

irrigation water is lowered or additional doses of P are added indicating more

P requirement of wheat when irrigated with Cl- dominated than SO42-

dominated water having comparable EC values.

6 Summary and Conclusion

Investigation on “Phosphorus requirement of chickpea (Cicer arietinum

L.) irrigated with chloride and sulphate dominated saline water” was carried out

in rabi 2010-11 at cage house of Department of Plant Physiology, S.K.N.

College of Agriculture, Jobner.

The experiment consisted of 21 treatment combinations, comprising

seven levels of salinity waters [0, 2 dSm-1 Cl-:SO42- (1:3), 2 dSm-1 Cl-:SO4

2-

(3:1), 4 dSm-1 Cl-:SO42- (1:3), 4 dSm-1 Cl-:SO4

2- (3:1), 6 dSm-1 Cl-:SO42- (1:3)

and 6 dSm-1 Cl-:SO42- (3:1)], three levels of phosphorus (0, 15 and 30 mg ka-1

phosphorus). The experiment was conducted in pots and laid out in

completely randomized design, with three replications.

The results obtained during the course of investigation are summarized

and concluded as under.

1. Application of different salinity waters significantly decreased the total

and effective nodules, nodule index, plant height, test weight, pods

per plant, seed per pod, grain and stover yield of chickpea. The

magnitude of decrease was more pronounced in Cl- dominated salinity

than that of SO42- salinity.

2. Total and effective nodules, nodule index, plant height, test weight,

pods per plant, seed per pod, grain and stover yield of chickpea

increased significantly with increasing levels of phosphorus upto 30

mg P kg-1 soil.

3. Interactive effect of different salinity levels and P on pods per plant,

grain and stover yields was found significant and maximum were

recorded with C0P30 treatment combination.

4. Increasing levels of salinity resulted in significant decrease in P

content in root and shoot at flowering stage, P content in root, grain

and stover at harvest stage and K content in grain and stover. The

magnitude of decrease was more pronounced in Cl- dominated salinity

than that of SO42- salinity.

5. P-mobility ratio at flowering and harvest decreased significantly with

increasing levels of salinity and magnitude of decrease was more in

Cl- dominated salinity as than that of SO42- salinity.

6. N, Ca, Mg, Na and Cl content in grain and stover increased

significantly with increasing levels of salinity and magnitude of

increase was more in Cl- dominated salinity as compared to SO42-

salinity.

7. S content in grain and stover significantly increased at all level of

salinity but more with SO42- salinity except highest salinity levels

(6 dSm-1) where it was more in Cl- dominated salinity.

8. Application of phosphorus significantly increased P content in root and

shoot at flowering stage, P content in root, grain and stover at harvest

stage and N, K and S content in both grain and stover, while, Ca, Mg,

Na and Cl content in grain and stover decreased significantly.

9. Increasing levels of phosphorus significantly increased the P-mobility

ratio at both flowering and harvest stage upto 30 mg P kg-1 soil.

10. The EC, SAR and Cl content of post harvest soil was significantly

increased with increasing levels of salinity (EC) and magnitude of

increase was more in Cl- dominated salinity as than that of SO42-

salinity.

11. Available S also increased with increasing level of salinity but

magnitude of increase was more in SO42- dominated salinity.

12. Available P2O5 of soil decreased significantly with increasing levels of

salinity and magnitude of decrease was more pronounced in SO42-

dominated salinity than that of Cl- dominated salinity.

13. Available P and S in soil after harvest of crop increased signi ficantly

with increasing level of phosphorus.

14. Na/K and Ca/Mg ratios in grain and stover increased significantly with

increasing levels of salinity and magnitude of increase was more

pronounced in Cl- dominated salinity as than that of SO42- salinity.

15. Na+K/Ca and Na/Ca ratios in grain and stover decreased significantly

with increasing level of salinity and magnitude of decrease was more

in Cl- dominated salinity as than that of SO42- salinity.

16. Application of phosphorus significantly decreased Na/K and Ca/Mg

ratios in grain and stover.

17. Application of phosphorus significantly increased Na+K/Ca and Na/Ca

ratios in grain and stover.

18. IRI-Ca and IRI-Na at harvest increased significantly with increasing

levels of salinity and magnitude of increase was more in Cl- dominated

salinity as than that of SO42- salinity.

19. IRI-K at harvest decreased significantly with increasing levels of

salinity and magnitude of decrease was more in Cl- dominated salinity

as than that of SO42- salinity.

20. Application of phosphorus significantly increased the IRI-Ca and IRI-K

at harvest upto 30 mg P kg-1 soil.

21. IRI-Na at harvest decreased significantly with the application of

phosphorus.

22. Application of different levels of salinity (EC) significantly increased

the degree of compartmantation at flowering stage of chickpea.

23. Application of phosphorus significantly decreased the degree of

compartmatation at flowering stage of chickpea.

CONCLUSION

Based on the results of present study, it can be concluded as under:

1. Grain and stover yield and nutrient content data pointed out that for

obtaining comparable yield under Cl- and SO42- salinity at comparable

EC levels, P requirement of crop under Cl- salinity was enhanced

considerably as compared to SO42- salinity. The magnitude of

phosphorus response was maximum under Cl- dominated salinity

compared to SO42- dominated salinity suggesting that additional doses

of P are added for yield maximization.

2. Application of P narrowed the ionic ratios in grain and stover indicating

that P fertilization mitigates the adverse effect of salinity of water by

inducing tolerance to salinity in the crop. This showed that salinity

tolerance in chickpea could possible be enhanced to some extent by

application of 50 per cent more phosphorus than recommended under

Cl- dominated salinity.

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with chloride and sulphate dominated saline water

SITA RAM JAT* DR. B.L. YADAV**

(Scholar) (Major Advisor)

Abstract

A pot experiment was conducted during rabi 2010 at S.K.N. College of Agriculture, Jobner (Rajasthan) to study the Phosphorus requirement of chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) irrigated with chloride and sulphate dominated saline water. The experiment was laid out in Completely Randomized Design with three replications by taking seven levels of saline water [0, 2 dSm

-1 keeping Cl

- : SO4

2- in

1:3 and 3:1 ratio, 4 dSm-1 keeping Cl- : SO42- in 1:3 and 3:1 ratio and 6 dSm-1 keeping

Cl- : SO4

2- in 1:3 and 3:1 ratio], three levels of phosphorus (0, 15 and 30 mg ka

-1

phosphorus) as variables. Results revealed that total and effective number of nodules per plant, nodule index, plant height, test weight, pods per plant, seeds per pod, grain and stover yield of chickpea, P content in root and shoot at flowering, P content in root, grain and stover at harvest, K content in grain and stover, P mobility ratio at flowering and harvest, IRI-K at harvest and Na+K/Ca and Na/Ca ratios in grain and stover decreased significantly with all level of salinity of irrigation water over control, while, EC, SAR and Cl content of soil and N, Ca, Mg, Na and Cl content in grain and stover, IRI-Ca and IRI-Na at harvest, degree of compartmentation at flowering and Na/K and Ca/Mg ratios in grain and stover increased significantly over control and magnitude of increase was more pronounced in Cl

- dominated salinity as than that of SO4

2-

dominated salinity but S content in grain and stover increased significantly at all levels of salinity more with SO4

2- dominated salinity except highest level of salinity (6dSm-1) whereas S content increased with Cl- dominated salinity. Available S of soil increased and available P and pH of soil decreased significantly with all level of salinity. The magnitude of increase and decrease was more pronounced in SO4

2- dominated salinity. Application of phosphorus significantly increased the total number of nodules per plant, nodule index, plant height, test weight, pods per plant, seed per pod, grain and stover yield of chickpea, P content in root and shoot at flowering, P content in root, grain and shoot at harvest, K content in grain and stover, P mobility ratio at flowering and harvest, IRI-Ca and IRI-K at harvest, Na+K/Ca and Na/Ca ratios in grain and stover and available P and S content in soil which recorded maximum with 30 mg kg-1 phosphorus. However, Ca, Mg, Na and Cl content in grain and stover, IRI-Na at harvest, degree of comparatmentation at flowering and Na/K and Ca/Mg ratios in grain and stover decreased significantly with increasing level of application.

* A Post Graduate Student, Department of Soil Science and Agricultural Chemistry S.K.N.

College of Agriculture, Jobner (Jaipur-Rajasthan) - 303329.

** Head, Department of Soil Science and Agricultural Chemistry, S.K.N. College of

Agriculture, (Swami Keshwanand Rajasthan Agricultural University, Bikaner), campus - Jobner (Jaipur- Rajasthan).

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* Lukrdksrj Nk=] e`nk foKku ,oa d`f"k jlk;u foHkkx] Jh d-u- d`f"k egkfo|ky;]

tkscusj ¼t;iqj&jktLFkku½ & 303329

tM+ksa] nkuksa vkSj ruk esa QkLQksjl dh ek=k] nkuksa rFkk Hkwlk

esa iksVsf‟k;e dh ek=k] iq"ihdj.k voLFkk ,oa Qly dh dVkbZ ds le;

QkLQksjl ds laogu dk vuqikr] dVkbZ ds le; iksVsf‟k;e vk;uh; fu;U=hdj.k

lwpdkad rFkk nkuksa vkSj Hkwlk esa lksfM;e $ iksVsf‟k;e@ dSfY‟k;e

rFkk lksfM;e @ dSfY‟k;e ds vuqikrksa eas fu;U=.k dh rqyuk esa

flapkbZ ty ds yo.kh;rk ds lHkh Lrjksa ds lkFk lkFkZd deh ikbZ xbZA

tcfd e`nk dh oS|qr pkydrk] lksfM;e vf/k‟kks"k.k vuqikr ,oa DyksjkbM dh

ek=k] nkuksa rFkk Hkwlk esa u=tu] dSfY‟k;e] eSfXuf‟k;e] lksfM;e vkSj

DyksjkbM dh ek=k] dVkbZ ds le; dSfY‟k;e vk;uh; fu;U=hdj.k lwpdkad o

lksfM;e vk;uh; fu;U=hdj.k lwpdkad] iq"ihdj.k voLFkk ij foHkDrrk dh

rhozrk ,oa nkuksa rFkk Hkwlk esa lksfM;e @ iksVsf‟k;e o dSfY‟k;e @

eSfXuf‟k;e ds vuqikrksa esa fu;U=.k dh rqyuk esa lkFkZd o`f) ik;h xbZ

vkSj o`f) dk ;g Øe izpqj ek=k esa lYQsV izHkkoh yo.kh;rk dh vis{kk

DyksjkbM izHkkoh yo.kh;rk esa ik;k x;kA nkuksa rFkk Hkwlk esa lYQj

dh ek=k lkFkZd :i ls lYQsV yo.kh;rk esa ¼dsoy yo.kh;rk ds mPpre Lrj

dks NksM+dj½ flapkbZ ty dh yo.kh;rk ds lHkh Lrkjksa ds lkFk c<+hA

yo.kh;rk ds lHkh Lrjksa ds lkFk e`nk esa izkI; lYQj esa o`f) rFkk

izkI; QkLQksjl ,oa e`nk ih-,p- esa lkFkZd deh ik;h xbZA o`f) vkSj deh

dk izHkko lYQsV izHkkoh yo.kh;rk esa T;knk ik;k x;kA

QkLQksjl ds vuqiz;ksx ls dqy ,oa izHkkoh xk¡Bks dh la[;k izfr

ikS/kk] xk¡B lwpdkad] ikni Å¡pkbZ] ijh{k.k Hkkj] Qfy;ksa dh la[;k izfr

ikS/kk] izfr Qyh nkuksa dh la[;k] pus ds nkuksa rFkk Hkwlk dh mit]

iq"ihdj.k voLFkk ij tM+ksa ,oa ruk eas QkLQksjl dh ek=k] dVkbZ ds le;

tM+ksa] nkuksa vkSj ruk esa QkLQksjl dh ek=k] nkuksa rFkk Hkwlk

esa iksVsf‟k;e dh ek=k] Qwyksa dh voLFkk ,oa Qly dh dVkbZ ds le;

** foHkkxkv/;{k] e`nk foKku ,oa d`f"k jlk;u foHkkx] Jh d- u- d`f"k egkfo|ky;]

tkscusj ¼t;iqj½ ¼Lokeh ds‟okuUn d`f"k fo‟ofo|ky;] chdkus j½

QkLQksjl ds laogu dk vuqikr] dVkbZ ds le; dSfY‟k;e vk;uh; fu;U=hdj.k

lwpdkad ,oa ikSVsf‟k;e vk;uh; fu;U=hdj.k lwpdkad] nkuksa rFkk Hkwlk

esa lksfM;e $ ikSVsf‟k;e @ dSfY‟k;e ,oa lksfM;e @ dSfY‟k;e ds

vuqikrksa o e`nk esa izkI; QkLQksjl ,oa lYQj dh ek=k esa lkFkZd

c<+ksrjh ik;h xbZ tks vf/kdre 30 fe-xzk- izfr fdxzk- ds lkFk ntZ dh xbZA

tcfd nkuksa rFkk Hkwlk esa dSfY‟k;e] eSfXuf‟k;e lksfM;e vkSj

DyksjkbM dh ek=k] dVkbZ ds le; lksfM;e vk;uh; fu;U=hdj.k lwpdkad]

iq"ihdj.k voLFkk ij foHkDdrk dh rhozrk ,oa nkuksa rFkk Hkwlk esa

lksfM;e @ iksVsf‟k;e rFkk dSfY‟k;e @ eSfXuf‟k;e ds vuqikrksa esa

QkLQksjl vuqiz;ksx ds c<+rs Lrjksa ds lkFk lkFkZd fxjkoV ik;h xbZA

Appendix-I Interrelationship (correlation) between grain yield, stover yield, P content in grain and stover, mobility ratio at harvest and soil physico -

chemical properties of soil

Grain yield

Stover yield

P content in grain

P content in stover

Mobility ratio at harvest in

grain

Mobility ratio at

harvest in stover EC pH SAR Available P2O5

Grain yield 1.000 0.980** 0.759** 0.802** 0.763** 0.871** -0.404 0.135 -0.435* 0.796**

Stover yield 1.000 0.759** 0.802** 0.763** 0.871** -0.404 0.135 -0.435* 0.796**

P content in grain 1.000 0.990** 0.984** 0.976** -0.817** 0.588** -0.848** 0.933**

P content in stover 1.000 0.964** 0.989** -0.750** 0.498* -0.785** 0.954**


grain 1.000 0.963** -0.856** 0.666** -0.888** 0.921**


stover 1.000 -0.713** 0.459* -0.751** 0.956**

EC 1.000 -0.843** 0.976** -0.635**

pH 1.000 -0.843** 0.460*

SAR 1.000 -0.707**

Available P2O5 1.000

** Correlation is significant at the 0.01 level

* Correlat ion is significant at the 0.05 level

Appendix – II

Analysis of variance for total and effective number of root nodules and

nodule index

Source of

variation d.f.

Mean sum of square

Total no. of

nodules

Effective nodules

per plant

Nodule index

Salinity 6 5.1422* 6.7958* 0.1931*

Phosphorus 2 19.5593* 5.6782* 0.2613*

Salinity x P 12 0.0284 0.0538 0.0003

Error 40 0.1549 0.0318 0.0068

* Significant at 5% level of significance

Appendix – II

Analysis of variance for plant height (cm) and test weight (g)

Source of

variation d.f.

Mean sum of square

Plant height Test weight

Salinity 6 98.5224* 502.1799*

Phosphorus 2 176.3892* 344.1086*

Salinity x P 12 0.3972 0.2093

Error 40 1.4548 35.1366


Appendix – IV

Analysis of variance for number of pods per plant and seeds per pod

Source of

variation d.f.

Mean sum of square

Number of pods per

plant

Seeds per pod

Salinity 6 184.8905* 1.2974*

Phosphorus 2 1058.3896* 1.5967*

Salinity x P 12 18.1072* 0.0142944

Error 40 0.9174 0.0098


Appendix – V

Analysis of variance for grain and stover yield

Source of

variation

d.f.

Mean sum of square

Grain yield Stover yield

Salinity 6 1.0912* 0.2040*

Phosphorus 2 75.0957* 126.9117*

Salinity x P 12 1198.0199* 2024.6536*

Error 40 6.3589 10.7465


APPENDIX – VI

Analysis of variance for phosphorus content (%) in root and shoot and mobility ratio at flowering stage

Source of

variation d.f.

Mean sum of square

P content Mobility ratio

Root Shoot

Salinity 6 0.0029* 0.0075* 791.4869*

Phosphorus 2 0.0084* 0.0097* 242.0281*

Salinity x P 12 0.00002 0.0001 0.4669

Error 40 0.0001 0.00004 16.4225


Appendix – VII

Analysis of variance for phosphorus content (%) in root, stover and grain and mobility ratio at harvest stage

Source of

variation d.f.

Mean sum of square

P content Mobility ratio

Root Stover Grain Stover Grain

Salinity 6 0.0023* 0.0073* 0.0259* 921.4317* 861.5919*

Phosphorus 2 0.0038* 0.0165* 0.0383* 2777.5312* 889.8393*

Salinity x P 12 0.00001 0.0001 0.0001 5.0851 0.5676

Error 40 0.0001 0.00003 0.0003 5.9012 44.4337


Appendix – VIII

Analysis of variance for nitrogen and potassium content (%) in grain and stover

Source of

variance

d.f.

Mean sum of square

Nitrogen Potassium


Salinity 6 0.0682* 0.1405* 0.0657* 0.1646*

Phosphorus 2 0.1116* 0.0475* 0.1830* 1.0047*

Salinity x P 12 0.0000 0.0001 0.0003 0.0009

Error 40 0.0025 0.0018 0.0015 0.0061


Appendix – IX

Analysis of variance for sulphur content (%) in grain and stover

Source of

variation

d.f.

Mean sum of square

Sulphur

Grain Stover

Salinity 6 0.0093* 0.0066*

Phosphorus 2 0.0338* 0.0202*

Salinity x P 12 0.00004 0.00002

Error 40 0.0008 0.0006


Appendix – X

Analysis of variance for calcium, magnesium and sodium content (%) in grain and stover

Source of

variance d.f.

Mean of sum square

Calcium Magnesium Sodium

Grain Stover Grain Stover Grain Stover

Salinity 6 0.0103* 0.0698* 0.0312* 0.0540* 0.0138* 0.0154*

Phosphorus 2 0.0082* 0.1867* 0.0553* 0.0147* 0.0057* 0.0093*

Salinity x P 12 0.00003 0.0009 0.000049 0.0000 0.00001 0.00002

Error 40 0.0001 0.0005 0.00142 0.0029 0.0003 0.0003


Appendix – XI

Analysis of variance for chloride content in grain and stover

Source of

variation d.f.

Mean sum of square

Chloride content (%)

Grain Stover

Salinity 6 0.6244* 4.3399*

Phosphorus 2 0.1729* 0.5761*

Salinity x P 12 0.0009 0.0064

Error 40 0.0021 0.0042


Appendix – XII

Analysis of variance for ec (dsm-1), ph and sar of soil after harvest of crop

Source of

variance d.f.

Mean sum of square

EC pH SAR

Salinity 6 14.5140* 0.4764* 245.6208*

Phosphorus 2 0.0441 0.0903 5.4075

Salinity x P 12 0.0008 0.0000 0.0665

Error 40 0.0345 0.1896 1.8641


Appendix – XIII

ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE FOR AVAILABLE PHOSPHORUS, SULPHUR AND CHLORIDE CONTENT IN SOIL AFTER HARVEST

OF CROP

Source of

variance

d.f.

Mean sum of square

Phosphorus

(P2O5) (kg ha-1)

Sulphur (ppm) Chloride (ppm)

Salinity 6 152.0441* 38.2368* 1.3985*

Phosphorus 2 468.1803* 28.6359* 0.0439

Salinity x P 12 3.9986 0.2304 0.0002

Error 40 2.3407 0.4049 0.0240


Appendix – XIV

Analysis of variance for Na/K and Ca/Mg ratio in grain and stover

Source of

variance d.f.

Mean sum of square

Na/K Ca/Mg


Salinity 6 0.0708* 0.0158* 0.0200* 0.0455*

Phosphorus 2 0.0931* 0.0331* 0.0011* 0.1387*

Salinity x P 12 0.0006 0.0002 0.000005 0.0005

Error 40 0.0012 0.0003 0.0000 0.0001


Appendix – XV

Analysis of variance for Na+K/Ca and Na/Ca ratio in grain and stover

Source of

variance d.f.

Mean sum of square

Na+K/Ca Na/Ca


Salinity 6 12.9044* 10.7784* 0.0578* 0.0204*

Phosphorus 2 17.9013* 43.0174* 0.1236* 0.2402*

Salinity x P 12 0.1532 0.3894 0.00004 0.0001

Error 40 0.1452 0.1999 0.0143 0.0035


Appendix – XVI

Analysis of variance for ionic regulation index for calcium, sodium and potassium at harvest stage of crop

Source of

variance

d.f. Mean sum of square

Calcium Sodium Potassium

Salinity 5 0.0496* 1.6849* 0.1093*

Phosphorus 2 0.2616* 3.3538* 0.1805*

Salinity x P 10 0.0003 0.0402 0.0007

Error 34 0.0029 0.0254 0.0021


Appendix – XVII

Analysis of variance for degree of compartmentation at flowering stage

Source of variance d.f. Mean sum of square

Degree of compartmentation

Salinity 6 7.7266*

Phosphorus 2 21.8736*

Salinity x P 12 0.0303

Error 40 0.4884


Phosphorus Requirement of Chickpea (Cicer ... - Thesis

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