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Αξιος ωφελειν τους αλγουντας“Be Worthy to Serve the Suffering”

Manuscripts being prepared for The Pharos should be typed double-spaced, submitted in triplicate, and conform to the format outlined in the manuscript submission guidelines appearing on our website: www.alphaomegaalpha.org. They are also available /;86%1."1*;8<8/D,.-2=8;2*56*=.;2*5<18>5-+.<.7==8-@*;-*;;2<;-2=8;%1."1*;8<2--5.D.5-#8*-$>2=..758"*;4*52/8;72*Requests for reprints of individual articles should be forwarded directly to the authors.%1."1*;8<8/591*!6.0*591*878;.-2,*5$8,2.=B$$ 2<9>+52<1.-:>*;=.;5B+B591*!6.0*591*878;.-2,*5$8,2.=B2--5.D.5-#8*-$>2=..758"*;4*52/8;72**7-9;27=.-+B%1.!?2-.55";.<<7,>5=872<<8>;2 ".;28-2,*5<98<=*0.9*2-*==1.98<=8/D,.*=.758"*;4*52/8;72**7-*=*--2=287*56*252708/D,.<89B;201=© +B591*!6.0*591*878;.-2,*5$8,2.=B%1.,87=.7=<8/%1."1*;8<,*7875B+.;.9;8->,.-@2=1=1.@;2==.79.;62<<2878/=1..-2=8;$$ Circulation information: The Pharos is sent to all dues-paying members of Alpha Omega Alpha at no additional cost. All correspondence ;.5*=270=8,2;,>5*=287<18>5-+.-2;.,=.-=8<*;*.5.+2(.+6*<=.;2--5.D.5-#8*-$>2=..758"*;4*52/8;72*6*[email protected]

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Alpha Omega Alpha Honor Medical Society8>7-.-+B(2552*6(#88=27

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Officers and Directors at Large

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Councilor Directors

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Coordinator, Residency Initiatives

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Student Directors

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Editorial Board

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T H E

P H A R O SEditor -@*;-*;;2<;

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The Pharos/Autumn 2010 1

The smiling face of Ted Harris graced the cover of the Summer issue of The Pharos. The

editorial page featured a moving memorial for Ted, penned by David Dale, former president of Alpha Omega Alpha. The issue also contained, fortuitously or not, my poem “Endings Are Beginnings,” written on the occasion of my retirement from medical practice, fifty years after seeing my first patient as a sophomore medical student. The title of the poem, or at least the concept, also forms the theme of this editorial for the Autumn issue of The Pharos. This issue marks the transition from Ted’s stellar leadership at the helm of the magazine to that of a yet-to-be-chosen editor, and prompts the following thoughts:

Endings indeed are beginnings. Future issues will feature essays, stories, tributes to Ted, and poems, solicited by the interim editor from the distinguished members of the editorial board of The Pharos. They are thus a further reflection of Ted’s influence on the stature of the magazine, and may help to point the way for the future direction of The Pharos.

In trying to discern the major themes championed by Ted Harris, I have seen the following:

. A sharp focus on the future of health care policy and health care reform in this country.

. A strong commitment to the human aspects of medical practice, illuminating the humanity of both the patient and the practicing physician.

. Steady emphasis on the role of the arts and the humanities in the field of medicine, executed through the publication of poems, paintings, illustrations, cur-rent literature, and the cinema.

. Ample use of illustrations to enhance the words carried in this magazine.

In short, Ted made The Pharos both relevant and

fun. Accordingly, I see the following as challenges for the next editor of The Pharos:

. To participate in the daunting task of helping to shape the debate about the future of health care; there is little doubt that our current “system” of health care is in need of reform. This goes far beyond the passage of a piece of legislation mandating certain desirable goals for health care to actually making health care change come alive. It will be in operationalizing reform in health care delivery that the real pay-off will come, not only for the benefit of patients receiving care but also for the benefit of the men and women delivering such care. I think that The Pharos could play an important catalytic role in this process.

. To never waver from emphasizing the human as-pects of health care delivery.

. To continue and even to expand the role of the arts and the art of medicine in medical practice.

To accomplish these goals, I envision an opportu-nity to expand the audience reached by The Pharos from its current engaged but circumscribed readership to a broader and more diverse audience. For I believe that the potential for good residing in AΩA and its journal, and the creative fertility of its readers, are forces that can energize and even potentially redirect the health care debate at this momentous time. The need has never been greater. In making these state-ments, I am inviting spirited discussion of these ideas through letters to the editor and discussion among the members of both the Alpha Omega Alpha board and The Pharos editorial board.

Finally, I want to express my appreciation to the board of directors of Alpha Omega Alpha for giving me the opportunity to serve as Interim Editor while the search for a permanent new Executive Director of AΩA and Editor of The Pharos proceeds.

EditorialEndings are beginnings

Eric Pfeiffer, MD, Interim Editor

I n T h i s I s s u e

1 EditorialEndings are beginningsEric Pfeiffer, MD

32 Health policyCost of a life: Resource allocation in the current health care environmentBenson Shih-Han Hsu, MD

34 The physician at the moviesPeter E. Dans, MDExtraordinary MeasuresThe Hurt Locker

39 Reviews and reflectionsDying for Beginners

Reviewed by Jack Coulehan, MD

On Being Certain: Believing You Are Right Even When You’re NotReviewed by John L. Wright, MD

Technological Medicine: The Changing World of Doctors and PatientsReviewed by Frederic W. Platt,

MD

43 Letter

48 Commemorating the fiftieth anniversary of a medical landmark

58 Index

Tinsley Randolph Harrison, MDA legacy of medical education

K. Tinsley Anderson

Stroke in black and whiteSrijita Mukherjee

A medical ear in the early morning tennis group—when to advise and

what to sayHerbert Y. Reynolds, MD

Commentary Charles M. Plotz, MD, Med ScD

Herbert L. Abrams, MD

4

DEPARTMENTS

ARTICLES

Page 12

12

Page 14

14

I n T h i s I s s u eAttuning to equlibrium

Physician as artist, artist as physicianEliza C. Miller

One simple question can change the worldGeorge L. Spaeth, MD

44 Program announcements2010 Edward D. Harris

Professionalism Award2009/2010 Visiting Professorships2009/2010 Medical Student Service

Project Awards2009/2010 Administrative Recognition

Awards2009/2010 Volunteer Clinical Faculty

Awards

50 Alpha Omega Alpha members elected in 2009/2010

50 Richard L. Byyny, MD, appointed Executive Director of Alpha Omega Alpha

POETRY

11 Quiet Snow among the DarkGeoffrey B. Crawford, MD

17 Post Chemo TreatHenry Langhorne, MD

25 WindSharon Maas

26 EchocardiogramPaul Rousseau, MD

29 HearingMichael R. Milano, MD

30 Poems by Linda CantrellLinda Cantrell Richard Patterson, MD

33 AdwoaJulia Geynisman

60 Amanda’s GardenFredric L. Coe, MD

33 PoppiesSara Parke

AΩA NEWS

On the coverSee page 4

Page 18

18

Page 27

27

INSIDEBACKCOVER

BACKCOVER

4 The Pharos/Autumn 2010

Dr. Tinsley Randlolph Harrison.Photo courtesy of Dorothy Carpenter Medical Archives of Wake Forest University.


Tinsley Randolph Harrison, MDK. Tinsley Anderson

The author is a member of the Class of 2011 at Wake Forest University School of Medicine.

Tinsley Randolph Harrison is a grand figure in the his-tory of medicine who touched many lives through his teaching, philosophy of education, and personal care.

He is important not only for such seminal works as Principles of Internal Medicine, but because he reached into the future of medicine by establishing a model of internal medicine departments and medical education that remains largely in-tact today. Tinsley Harrison was destined to be a doctor. His heritage in the medical arts prepared him to refine his skills at several renowned institutions. After establishing himself as a dynamic teacher, thought-provoking researcher, and re-markable physician in sixteen years at Vanderbilt University, Harrison made the historic move to Winston-Salem to es-tablish the Department of Internal Medicine at the newly relocated and revamped four-year Bowman Gray School of Medicine (BGSOM, now the Wake Forest University School of Medicine). Harrison’s philosophy touched all aspects of medicine at BGSOM—medical student education, intern and resident schedules and instruction, the in- and outpatient de-partments, research, and more. His model of medical instruc-tion and student integration into the workings of a hospital shaped the future of every student’s experience and learning at BGSOM and ultimately set a model for medical schools everywhere.

Harrison was in born in Talledega, Alabama, on March

!", !#$$, to a sixth-generation physician, William Groce Harrison. Groce Harrison was more educated than most of his nineteenth-century medical contemporaries, having gradu-ated from Auburn University and studied at the University of Nashville, with more academic instruction further afield in later years. But his early medical education consisted mostly of lectures from local practitioners and a few examinations. Medical education in the United States in the later part of the nineteenth century lacked anatomical dissections and much of the scientific instruction like laboratory work that would come to characterize twentieth-century medicine. Groce Harrison recognized his educational deficiencies, and when money and time afforded, he pursued greater knowledge in his field. In !%#&, he enrolled in Baltimore Medical College, his second medical school, and there learned of a new insti-tution in the European model being set up nearby at Johns Hopkins Hospital. At Hopkins, Groce Harrison met and be-friended William Osler, the man who would come to influence American medicine and the lives and careers of Groce and his descendants.1p26

Groce Harrison and William Osler kept in touch through-out the years and Groce often wrote or met with Osler to ask career advice. In one such encounter, Groce asked for counsel about taking a chief of Medicine position in Mobile, Alabama, and giving up general practice. After discussing the young Harrison family’s finances, Osler instructed Groce to “get into a small subspecialty that does not involve exposure to all kinds of weather. Go abroad and get a year’s training, if that is all you

A legacy of medical education

Tinsley Randolph Harrison, MD


can afford. And train those boys [Groce’s sons] to be teachers of medicine.” 1p38 Though Tinsley later said that he had no knowledge of this encounter until after he took his first posi-tion as chairman of Medicine at BGSOM, Osler was obviously a great influence in the Harrison household. Of his childhood, Tinsley later noted, “I believe that learning to distinguish be-tween the synonyms God, Jehovah, Adonai, the Lord, and Dr. Osler are my earliest memories.” 1p2

Young Tinsley was a good student and his parents were willing teachers. From his mother he was imbued with scrip-ture and Shakespeare; from his father, on their long walks together and home visits to the ailing, he learned about biol-ogy, astronomy, and certainly medicine. Tinsley’s interests were as varied as his parents’. Groce Harrison wanted only the best education for his son, so Tinsley applied to Harvard College, planning to study law. He was accepted, but family finances precluded his attending. Therefore, upon high school graduation, he matriculated at the University of Michigan. Osler’s and Groce’s influences were strong, however, and after one year in Michigan Tinsley transferred to Johns Hopkins. Unfortunately for Tinsley, Osler died in , the year Tinsley arrived in Baltimore.1p15

Harrison’s early career was successful and notable for the friendships he made. He spent his first two years after medical school graduation at Peter Bent Brigham’s hospital in Boston, returning to Johns Hopkins for his third year of internal medicine training. Canby Robinson of Vanderbilt University School of Medicine persuaded Harrison to take

up the chief resident position there in . His lifelong friend Alfred Blalock accompanied him. Both served as junior fac-ulty at Vanderbilt for sixteen years, arriving and leaving on the same day.

At Vanderbilt, Harrison began his research career in earnest, focusing primarily on heart failure and the circula-tory system. In he published Failure of the Circulation based on his own investigations. In it he promoted the idea of qualitative investigation instead of the descriptive methodol-ogy that had been the norm. After publishing a new edition in , he refused to write further editions because he had no new data to contribute. Though some of his research is not well known, he also made advances in basic science, such as proving that digitalis shifted potassium out of myocardial cells. He was prolific in his sixteen years at Vanderbilt, ul-timately publishing papers in addition to Failure of the Circulation.2

The move to Bowman GrayWhen Bowman Gray died in , the former chairman

and president of R. J. Reynolds bequeathed , in stock to Wake Forest University to convert its two-year program to a four-year medical school in Winston-Salem. The North Carolina Baptist Hospital was to expand from its -bed fa-cility to beds to serve the school and to allow the program to grow to the more modern four-year model. Dean Coy C. Carpenter of the Wake Forest University School of Medicine worked tirelessly for several years to appoint faculty and

Left, Dr. Harrison as full faculty member, bottom left, 1944. Right, the Bowman Gray School of Medicine cornerstone laying cer-emony: Mrs. Bess Gray Plumly, sister of the late Bowman Gray, had the honor of laying the stone. From left to right: James A. Gray, Jr., Smith Hagaman (Superintendent of NCBH), Bess Gray Plumly, Governor Melville Broughton, Gordon Gray, Bowman Gray, Jr., Coy C. Carpenter. Photos courtesy Dorothy Carpenter Medical Archives of Wake Forest University.


arrange the structure of the new school. Dr. Herbert Wells, soon to become professor and chairman of the Department of Physiology at Bowman Gray, suggested Tinsley Harrison’s appointment to Dean Carpenter. Harrison seemed intrigued when Wells proffered the idea: “I am thoroughly open minded on the subject and the possible prospect of being able to start from the ground up and build a department . . . second to none.” 3

Harrison’s credentials were as strong as his desire to create a first-rate school. Vanderbilt’s Dean W. S. Leathers had no hesitation, except his unwillingness to lose Harrison, in rec-ommending him to Dean Carpenter. In a letter to Carpenter, Leathers noted: “He is a conscientious and untiring worker and at the same time possesses a degree of brilliancy that is unusual.” 4 But Harrison was not just an ideal physician. Leathers also commented, “The students tell me that he has remarkable ability as an instructor and presents his subject enthusiastically and effectively. In other words, he possesses marked inspirational qualities as a teacher.” 4

After being tentatively offered the position of the chair of Medicine, Harrison and his wife visited Winston-Salem. Along with his desire to create a department to his own liking, the charming people the Harrisons met apparently sealed the deal. Harrison said of Dr. Wingate Johnson, one of a few physicians who had already committed to be on staff, “The impression he made on me had a great deal to do with my decision to accept the position.” 5p2 He also seemed to be swayed by the charisma of the Gray family as well as their support of the new school.

Harrison later said of the Grays, “They indicated to me they were behind the school and were going to stay behind it.” 5p3

Dean Carpenter’s many appointments strengthened the fledgling school’s reputation: Dr. Camillo Antom, a world-renowned chemist, Dr. Wingate Johnson, clinical professor of Medicine and chief of the Private Diagnostic Clinic, and Dr. John Williams, a well-known researcher from Johns Hopkins, among others. Dr. Rusty Holman, chairman of the Department of Pathology at the University of North Carolina at the time, said of Harrison’s acceptance of the position, “Now for the first time, I know you are going to have a first class medical school because you’ve got Tinsley Harrison there.” 5p3

Once he decided to take the job, Harrison worked unremit-tingly to create his ideal department. He and Dean Carpenter corresponded frequently in the months running up to the July , , beginning of the school year. After one conversation on December , , regarding plans for the school and the department for the next few years, Dean Carpenter suggested Harrison write him a letter summarizing the details. The next day, Harrison wrote a twenty-five-page letter detailing the outlines of the new department, from the minute to the gran-diose. Harrison wrote,

Aim of the Department of Internal MedicineTo become the best department of internal medicine

anywhere. This should be looked on as not just a praisewor-thy Utopian dream but as an attainable although difficult objective. The velocity of progress toward this aim will

The expansion of the original medical school building in 1959 doubled the square footage of the school, adding 75,490 new square feet of space. Photo courtesy Dorothy Carpenter Medical Archives of Wake Forest University.



naturally vary according to conditions, but the direction of progress should not be altered under any circumstances. 6p2

In this letter, he described salaries, educational philosophy, physical layout of the facilities, and much more. In subsequent correspondence, Carpenter and Harrison discussed such trivia as the style of furniture and the color of the walls. Being wily and aware of the limited funds of the school, Harrison was clever in his allocation of resources:

From a psychological standpoint it is probably better to have very inadequate space for the Outpatient Department rather than moderately inadequate space because in the former instance the defect will be so apparent that there will be more opportunity to obtain special grants to remedy it.7

Educational ethosAs Harrison and Carpenter discussed their plans for the

new Bowman Gray School of Medicine, Harrison suggested a major change in the training of students and house staff. Traditionally, most of the teaching in medical schools was conducted by local practitioners who contracted with the schools but worked in their own clinics outside of the institu-tions for which they taught.8 Harrison believed that proper instruction of the trainees required considerable time from seasoned physicians who were faculty and primarily academic. In Nashville, he had noted the antagonism between the medi-cal school and private practitioners; he therefore preferred that his faculty not practice outside of the school. With great tact, he refrained from objecting to members of his depart-ment practicing privately, but made it known that he would not. “The indigent patients will be my patients and I was happy with that decision and I never regretted it, because I do not think I made a single enemy for the school during the years I was there.” 5p5

Harrison also believed in the value of bedside teaching. He said, “Teaching was all with patients, so patient care and

Dr. Harrison in 1944. Photo courtesy Dorothy Carpenter Medical Archives of Wake Forest University.


teaching were the same thing.” 5p12 He did not particularly care for lectures and worked to make the bulk of medical education at BGSOM patient centered. As well as focusing on the patient, Harrison concentrated on the students and tried to inspire them: “The purpose of clinics and lectures will be primarily to stimulate thinking rather than to teach facts.” 6 One tradition of his was to have several students over to his house about once a month for dinner. After the meal, one student would present a paper and then the group would discuss it. Harrison apparently enjoyed baiting each side so that each member would be so convinced of his own position that they all pursued the subject to seek an answer or proof. Harrison took teaching seriously, saying, “There was a close emotional bond between teacher and student, not just an intellectual bond and that’s the difference between education and instruction.” 5p9

Harrison followed in the footsteps of his father and William Osler by becoming a huge proponent of lifelong education for both trainees and seasoned physicians. He often ran a Monday night Clinical Pathological Conference (CPC) in which a case was presented and first the students, then the house staff, then a faculty member reviewed the case and suggested their assessment, diagnoses, and plans. Robert Morehead of Bowman Gray and a former student of Harrison’s wrote, “Almost without exception, the CPC was regarded as the most stimulating and informative educational exercise conducted at the medical center.” 9 The conference was given on Monday nights to allow regional physicians, who sometimes came from a hundred miles away or more, to attend. The aisles were especially packed when Harrison was running the CPC. The CPC at Wake Forest continues to this day, but only once a month. Unfortunately for the audience but definitely benefiting the attending and pathologist who give the final review, the patient and his outcome are known to those final presenters, unlike in Harrison’s day, when the senior staff was as blind as the students. When Harrison was the attending presenter, he was rarely wrong but noted that he always learned something.

Besides the CPCs, patient-centered teaching, clinical dem-onstrations, and only the necessary amount of lectures, Harrison also wanted his students to be able to educate themselves:

Our students do not finish school with enough facility in using the library. I believe it would be a good plan if, from the very beginning, the students were given a list of articles to read, . . . The object of this would be to try to teach the students that their learning must in the long-run come from the journals rather than from textbooks.10

As students progressed from didactics to practice, Harrison pushed upperclassmen to take on more responsibility and learn the skills they would need in their new lives as doctors

in practice. He implemented significant changes to the fourth-year curriculum. In a letter to Dean Carpenter he wrote,

My notion would be that the fourth-year students should have perhaps two hours a day of lectures and clinics and the rest of the time they should act as rotating internes, having somewhat less authority than our present internes have but more authority than students ordinarily have.

. . . . This as I see it, is the greatest defect in medical edu-cation at present—that the boys simply wait around during their fourth year for their interneships and don’t really work the way they do the other years at medical school.10

To this day in virtually every medical school in the country, fourth-year students continue to act in this capacity as sub-interns, learning the day-to-day skills of practicing clinicians.

Harrison was a model for his students and colleagues. His work ethic was impeccable and virtually unattainable by oth-ers. He tried to instill this into his students:

You owe me only one thing; I don’t care whether you go into surgery, obstetrics or internal medicine or what, but do it better than anybody else. That’s a feeling I still have, that my boys must do it better than anybody else and they may have to decide what they do, but if they don’t do it better than anybody else, then I’ve fallen down as a teacher.5p13

His work ethic permeated his thoughts on medicine as a profession.

I don’t believe that a -hour week is compatible with be-ing a member of a profession. A -hour week is for a man who has a dull job, repetitive, an assembly line sort of stuff, or heavy labor and that’s ample because this man derives no satisfaction from his work, he has to get his satisfaction during his leisure time. But for a person to consider himself a professional, which means your client, or your patient, or a member of your congregation, or your pupil—you come first, I come second. That’s what a professional person is.5p12

Harrison’s reasons for going to BGSOM were the personal connections and his desire to establish a department second to none. His reasons for leaving after two short years were mul-tifold and might have been in part because of his unrelenting attitude towards work. There are suggestions that disagree-ment about the attending faculty arrangements coupled with Harrison’s notoriously meticulous nature led him to move to Southwestern Medical College in Dallas in !"#$.11 However, Harrison also noted that his feeling of responsibility to use his expertise to help establish another school and more personal family reasons pushed him to move on.5p24 Whatever the truth, Southwestern Medical College was the benefactor.

BGSOM and Winston-Salem remained special places for



Harrison. He wrote to the members of the class of !"#$, the last class he taught at BG,

I still look back on the period in Winston-Salem as one of the peak periods of an academic life that has now lasted nearly one-half century. The greatest thing about it was the smallness of the classes which enabled me to know, person-ally, every one of you.12

He said Winston-Salem was

the greatest community I’ve ever lived in. . . . The people there, the friendliness, the open-armed attitude they had toward our faculty. I’ve never encountered this anywhere like it was in Winston-Salem.5p25

Beyond BGSOMHarrison achieved much in his long career. Besides his

accomplishments at Vanderbilt, his remarkable influence as chair of Medicine at BGSOM, Southwestern Medical College, and the University of Alabama at Birmingham, he achieved many other eminent positions—president of the American Society of Clinical Investigation, founder and first president of the Southern Society of Clinical Investigation, President of the American Heart Association, founding member of the Council of the National Heart Institute, and recipient of the Kober Medal, one of the greatest honors an internist can receive.2 Beyond these, his most well known contribution to medicine is Harrison’s Principles of Internal Medicine, first published in !"%& and now in its seventeenth edition. Arguably his greatest gift to medicine is the spirit and philosophy he gave to U.S. medical education. His forward thinking ideas still propel BGSOM’s current curriculum for students and house officers. His ethos of medicine still hums in the principles and objec-tives of American medical education and in our personal and professional development. His words say it best, as he writes in the introduction to the first edition of his seminal work:

No greater opportunity, responsibility, or obligation can fall to the lot of a human being than to become a physician. In the care of the suffering he needs technical skill, scientific knowledge, and human understanding. He who uses these with courage, with humility, and with wisdom will provide a unique service for his fellow man, and will build an endur-ing edifice of character within himself. The physician should ask of his destiny no more than this, he should be content with no less. . . .

Tact, sympathy, and understanding are expected of the physician, for the patient is no mere collection of symp-toms, signs, disordered functions, damaged organs, and disturbed emotions. He is human, fearful, and hopeful, seek-ing relief, help, and reassurance. To the physician, as to the anthropologist, nothing human is strange or repulsive. The

misanthrope may become a smart diagnostician of organic disease, but he can scarcely hope to succeed as a physician. The true physician has a Shakespearean breadth of interest in the wise and the foolish, the proud and the humble, the stoic hero and the whining rogue. He cares for people.1p8

References !. Pittman JA Jr. Tinsley R. Harrison, M.D.: Teacher of Medi-

cine. Subject file: Harrison, Tinsley. Winston-Salem (NC): Dorothy Carpenter Medical Archives, Wake Forest University School of Medicine.

'. Dalton ML. William Osler’s influence on the career of Tins-ley Randolph Harrison. South Med J '&&!; "#: ('#–'(.

$. Harrison TR. Letter to Dr. Herbert Wells of October '', !"#&. Subject file: Harrison, Tinsley. Winston-Salem (NC): Dorothy Carpenter Medical Archives, Wake Forest University School of Medicine.

#. Leathers WS. Letter to Dr. Coy C. Carpenter of December !#, !"#&. Subject file: Harrison, Tinsley. Winston-Salem (NC): Doro-thy Carpenter Medical Archives, Wake Forest University School of Medicine.

%. Morehead R. Oral History Interview No. ) with Dr. Tins-ley Harrison, interviewed by Dr. Robert Morehead, February !), !"(%. Subject file: Harrison, Tinsley. Winston-Salem (NC): Dorothy Carpenter Medical Archives, Wake Forest University School of Medicine.

*. Harrison TR. Letter to Dr. Coy C. Carpenter of December '!, !"#&. Subject file: Harrison, Tinsley. Winston-Salem (NC): Doro-thy Carpenter Medical Archives, Wake Forest University School of Medicine.

(. Harrison TR. Letter to Dr. Coy C. Carpenter of December !!, !"#&. Subject file: Harrison, Tinsley. Winston-Salem (NC): Dorothy Car-penter Medical Archives, Wake Forest University School of Medicine.

). Eddleman EE Jr. Tinsley Randolph Harrison: Medical investi-gator, physician, and educator. Clin Cardiol !")"; !': !*"–('.

". Morehead RP. The contribution of a great man to Wake For-est University and its Bowman Gray School of Medicine—Tinsley R. Harrison, M.D. N C Med J !")$: ##: )&"–!!.

!&. Harrison TR. Letter to Dr. Coy C. Carpenter of April (, !"#!. Subject file: Harrison, Tinsley. Winston-Salem (NC): Dorothy Carpenter Medical Archives, Wake Forest University School of Medicine.

!!. Dalton ML. The friendship and letters of Alfred Blalock and Tinsley Harrison. Am Surg '&&(; ($: $!)–'*.

!'. Harrison TR. Letter to Dr. John R. Ausband of December $, !"($. Subject file: Harrison, Tinsley. Winston-Salem (NC): Dorothy Carpenter Medical Archives, Wake Forest University School of Medicine.

The author’s address is:1409 W. 4th Street, Apartment DWinston-Salem, North Carolina 27101E-mail: [email protected]

The Pharos/Date 11

The cold and bitter night.Alone.Sometimes I think about death.And sometimes,I yearn for somethingBeyond the reasonOf my being,And beyondThe being of my reasoning.Alone.I am not reallyThinkingAbout anythingExcept the beating of myHeart.

Geoffrey B. Crawford, MD

Dr. Crawford (AΩA, Albany Medical College, 2007) is a resi-dent in Preventive Medicine at the University of Maryland. His address is: 649 Washington Boulevard, Apt. A, Baltimore, Maryland 21230. E-mail: [email protected].

Photo courtesy of the author.

Quiet Snow among the Dark


A medical ear in the early morning tennis group– when to advise and what to sayHerbert Y. Reynolds, MD

The author (AΩA, University of Virginia, 1965) is Medical Officer in the Division of Lung Diseases at the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute of the National Institutes of Health; Adjunct Professor of Medicine at the Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences in Bethesda, Maryland; and Professor of Medicine, Emeritus, at the Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine in Hershey, Pennsylvania.

At our early-birds group assembles to play tennis and talk. The exercise is invigorat-

ing and the tennis is quite good, given some foot faulting with serving and occasional confusion about keeping the game’s score. Players are trim, with bags full of rackets, and often carry-ing a cup of coffee or Gatorade; but a closer look shows some with a wrist support or a knee strap stabilizer. We are all older. The group, numbering about twenty-three men and women, has been together for almost a decade with little turnover. Most play multiple

times a week. Exercise is extolled as the main reason for playing, but talk-ing has increasingly crept in. It first occurs as the group assembles in the clubhouse, then before the warm-up, and during court changeovers on odd games. Conversation gets to the essence of what is becoming more important as the years pass along. Individuals in the group are in academics, the professions, and government leadership. There are seven other physicians, two of whom are in clinical practice; two of us volunteer in free medical clinics.1 Thus, getting advice or hearing opinions on a variety


of topics is an unexpected bonus pro-vided by the group.

The interaction of our tennis group probably mirrors the dynamics found in other groups of collegial people doing something together. Our group might be similar to book discussion groups, investment clubs, bridge tables, musical ensembles, or just social friends. You may find yourself in one or a number of these group situations. My inten-tion is to stimulate reflection about the appropriate role for one with special health care knowledge to assume in the group: Just listen? Say little or nothing? Give personal advice as appropriate? These are not our patients, so offering official medical advice is not the issue, or shouldn’t be.

Court medicineAs chatting is frequent, a spectrum

of health-related topics have been pre-sented and some actual health issues encountered, as a few examples briefly illustrate:

may be made, such as “I worry about the future health of my children and grandchildren who tend to be gaining weight and don’t exercise enough.”

-ents with a recent significant health event. They may require relocation, reluctantly, to a retirement complex.

which seems to be a rehearsal of a pre-sentation for others, is bounced off you; my giving some technical explanation about the kind of imaging study done, and correcting pronunciation of several tests and parts of the procedure seems appreciated.

knee meniscus tear and is awaiting ar-throscopic surgery, but still wants to hit tennis and get some exercise, the situa-tion becomes more immediate when I see him favoring his leg and appearing to limp a bit. Should I offer the advice “let’s stop and rest your knee and not aggravate things,” or continue the tactic of hitting balls down the middle of the

court, so he doesn’t have to move much?

more urgent and force a decision. At a court changeover, my opponent com-mented, “My chest feels tight and I need to cough; I think I am wheezing.” “I’ve had a cold for a few days; should I worry?” Ouch. For a pulmonologist familiar with dealing with upper respi-ratory infections that might settle in the chest, perhaps this was all, and a few questions might clarify the symptoms. The need for a direct ear auscultation on the chest wall, obviated by Laennec’s invention2 that I usually carry in my tennis bag for such a possibility but didn’t have then, seemed excessive. But the late sixth-decade age of my partner made “let’s sit down awhile” seem the better option than resuming tennis play. Fortunately, nothing untoward subse-quently happened.

Wrap upMy example is a tennis group where

friends get to know each other through playing a sport, socializing while doing so, and develop a comfort for picking at each other’s expertise in the context of a familiar environment. Candid questions can arise and unexpected circumstances develop; one’s medical opinion can be sought. Other readers can extrapolate this to similar groups you are involved with where you develop an easy rap-port with other members. As part of a broader message, there are two things to consider: First, physicians often get accustomed to and even enjoy a rather formal medical persona, as found in the academic or clinical practice of-fice setting with the white coat, re-stricted accessibility, and salutatory “Doctor.” But playing a sport or engag-ing in a common activity helps strip away the veneer of formality, making one more approachable. Second, in this informal atmosphere medical questions or concerns may come forward more easily. It is a gratify-ing feeling to be asked, but there are obligations to consider. Beyond empathy, how to respond, what to

say, and how much to get involved, are the more difficult issues to consider. I didn’t anticipate that medical questions would be so intertwined with a sport-ing or social activity. Sometimes it is difficult to refrain from offering advice or comments on a suggested diagno-

gives some assurance that getting too involved is not appropriate,3 but curbing the impulse can be hard. What advice and experience might you share about this dilemma?

References

helping indigent patients and dealing with emerging health care needs. Acad Med !""#; $%: &%'%–'#.

Clinicopathologic observations, using the stethoscope, made chest medicine more scientific. Trans Am Clin Climatol Assoc !""%; &&(: &–!#.

B.C.]: Rational Medicine. In Doctors and Discoveries: Lives That Created Today’s

!#–''.

The author’s address is:

Potomac, Maryland 20854E-mail: [email protected]

A medical ear in the early morning tennis group


direct answer is avoided. In the very rare instance in which you believe that harm is being done, or about to be done, it might be wise to remark that: “I guess that if it were I with that problem I’d get another opinion.”Charles M. Plotz, MD, MedScD(AΩA, State University of New York,

Downstate Medical Center)Professor Emeritus of Medicine,

SUNY DownstateBrooklyn, New York

I can evade questions

without help; what I need

is answers.—John F. Kennedy

The score is -, you’re changing sides and having a sip of water at the net, and your tennis buddy says,

then a bunch of biopsies, and now, at the age of seventy-nine, they want to cut out my prostate. Whaddya think?”

Reynolds for articulating a question that comes up every day across the planet and evokes a different response from everyone who’s asked.

We have thirty-four fellows in our tennis group in Palo Alto, locally known as the “Termites” because we used to play at Terman Park. The median age is about seventy-eight, the range sixty-five to ninety. Each of us plays two or three times a week at .

The issues that arise cover the future of the planet, the economy, immigration, Afghanistan, and doz-ens of others. The medical questions

tend to span the panoply of chronic disease and more: osteoarthritis, heart disease, cancer, hips, knees, shoulders, headaches, and general aches and pains. Should my wife continue with mammograms each year? My memory is going down-hill: should I be worried? What will become of the younger generation?

that question, “They’ll grow up and start worrying about the younger generation.”)

I try to respond to each and every medical question (and a few planetary matters) as helpfully as possible, al-ways with a caveat: “I don’t give advice to anyone based on partial informa-tion. I will sometimes indicate what I would do if I were in your position. More importantly, if this keeps both-ering you, see your primary physi-cian.” If it’s clearly a special problem, I don’t hesitate to name a doctor whom I consider outstanding in that area.

My buddy with the prostate cancer had no symptoms, no palpable mass, and a normal bone scan. I went into some detail as to the options, the risk/benefit of each, age and prostate cancer, and the meaning of a PSA. I told him that if I were in his position, I would hold off on surgery, radia-tion therapy, and hormones, and en-joy his grandchildren, life in general, and tennis in particular as central to maintaining his good spirits and good health. That was four years ago, and he’s still hitting unreturnable drop shots.

(AΩA, State University of New York, Downstate Medical Center, !"##)

Professor Emeritus of Radiology, Stanford University School of Medicine

Palo Alto, California

CommentaryFirst of all, congratulations to Dr.

Reynolds for being part of a long-term tennis group where “players are trim”

far ahead of my game.The tennis, however, is just a

symbol for any group of friends who meet regularly and include several physicians along with a majority of

to respond when medical questions arise? This can sometimes be a deli-cate problem.

Some time ago, in The Pharos, I longed for a return to the Doctors’ Dining Room where physicians from varying specialties could cross-fertilize with speculative conversa-

Reynolds problem is quite different since it involves predominantly lay people in a non-professional environ-ment.

The problems Reynolds warns of are quite familiar to most physicians. Casually met lay people often ask one’s specialty and then proceed to ask a question clearly personally re-lated. Dermatologists in particular are susceptible to the person in the next airplane seat rolling up a sleeve and asking: “Doc, what do you think this is?” (I myself insulate myself by declaring myself a proctologist, thus ending the questioning.)

It is almost always more prudent, however, in a social situation such as described here, to avoid anything which could be interpreted as specific advice, positive or, worse, negative. Always include the caveat that one should rely on the opinion of one’s personal physician.

In Dr. Reynolds’s enviable tennis club there are several other physi-cians, so it is easy to manage a diffi-cult question by passing it around and creating enough multiplicity so that a

Post%Chemo%Treat

Dr. Langhorne (AΩA, Tulane Medical School, !"#$) is in private practice in cardiology at Cardiology Consultants in Pensacola, Florida. His address is: !"!% Seville Drive, Pensacola, Florida &'#%&. E-mail: [email protected].

Home again after chemotherapy—low white blood countand anemiamandate solitudeand no virus exposure,so she curls upin a mohair throwon her American Sheraton sofaand reads a favorite,Henry James,fortifiedwith a bowl of popcornand a glassof chardonnay.

Henry Langhorne, MD

The Pharos/Date 25

WindAnd so it has come to you too. The winds of deathbrushed past your door; scraped the paint away.

Long shreds hang helplesslyBare wood stares through

And I, who seek to form my life in the shape of a shieldagainst the wind

I search for paint and brush

And find none.

Sharon Maas

Ms. Maas (AΩA, West Virginia University, !""#) is a resident in Family Medicine at Albany Medical Center. Her address is $ Englewood Place, Albany, New York %!!"&. E-mail: [email protected].

Illustration by Jim M’Guinness

26 The Pharos/Date

EchocardiogramEchocardiogramA caricatured performance reminiscent of anold black and white moviewith an occasional Doppler rainbowmuscular walls thrusting with dutyvalves fluttering like industrious butterflies.Whoosh, whoosh, whoosh,tricuspid I’m told, then pulmonicfollowed by mitral andlastly, the Grande Dame,the aorticlike the mouth of a puffer fish blowing human surfwithout the ebb, just the flow.

Paul Rousseau, MD

Dr. Rousseau is associate professor of General Internal Medicine and Geriatrics and medical director of the Palliative and Supportive Care Program at the Medical University of South Carolina. His address is: Medical University of South Carolina, !"# Rutledge Tower, MSC #$!, Charleston, South Carolina %$&%#. E-mail: [email protected].


George L. Spaeth, MD

One$simple$question$can$change$the$world

Illustrations by Erica Aitken

The author (AΩA, Harvard Medical School, 1959) is the Esposito Research Professor at the Wills Eye Institute and professor of Ophthalmology at Jefferson Medical College.

Many patients in my practice today are elderly, a good proportion of them are comfortable from a financial point of view, and many live in retirement

homes. The overwhelming majority previously had a produc-tive vocation. In response to a question that is a routine part of my history taking, specifically, “What are you doing with your time now?” the answer is almost always, “Nothing.” Many feel bored, and almost none are involved in activities directed toward the well-being of others.

These individuals could be doing much that would help our world’s needs. Other people have had a similar thought, as a result of which there are a variety of opportunities for “retired” individuals to be active in a constructive way.

Several months ago, I asked an eighty-five-year-old, vibrant,

well-dressed woman, “What are you doing to make the world better?” Her response was one of stunned amazement. Why would I possibly ask that question? The issue seemed never to have crossed her mind. There was no answer. She immediately started describing her visual symptoms. For the rest of the day, I asked every patient the same question, interspersed among other routine parts of history, such as, “Are you having any trouble using the eye drops?” “Do you think your visual ability is the same, better or worse than it was when I saw you last?” and other routine and expected questions. The query, “What are you doing to make the world better?” was presented just as if it were a usual part of history taking.

A few people were so dumbfounded that they simply ignored the question. Most were doing nothing that they thought was making the world better; they justified this by detailing the difficulties they were having in just taking care of themselves. A small portion mentioned volunteer work such as being “active in my church,” but on further questioning this


One simple question can change the world

involved arranging flowers, counting the money in the collec-tion boxes, cooking for the parish get-togethers, etc.

What was certain was that none of those thirty or so pa-tients that day were thinking beyond themselves.

I left that day discouraged. Here was a group of relatively wealthy, intelligent, productive people who were for all practi-cal purposes essentially ignoring the current state of the world. The hundreds of thousands of Iraqi citizens dying as a result of an ill-conceived and probably unnecessary war were just too far away to be of concern, the millions of abused woman too distant, the millions of undernourished, sick children with no reasonable hope for things getting better just too remote. One month later, when at the same office, I saw several of the patients again. One told me that, as a result of the question I had asked, she had signed up to go work with Habitat for Humanity in New Orleans. “It was the best week I have ever spent,” she added. Another, Mrs. B told me that she had de-cided to use extra land she had for a camp to which she would invite young Palestinian and Israeli boys and girls to come spend a month together in order to get to know each other.

Two out of thirty is a relatively low percentage, but much higher than zero.

Most of us who live in the United States consult a physi-cian at least once yearly. If all physicians asked, “What are you doing to make the world better?” as a routine part of the examination, my hunch is that it would have a significant ef-fect on the patients, helping them to get past their fixation on themselves and their tiny surroundings. That in itself would probably help them to become healthier, happier people. Probably such a question would help broaden the physicians and their staffs, as well. Additionally, the medical profession would come to be perceived as a group of people sincerely concerned about the well-being of the world, as well as their individual patients.

Let’s all take that additional thirty seconds with each pa-tient to ask, “What are you doing to make the world better?”

The author’s address is:Wills Eye Institute/Jefferson Medical College840 Walnut Street, Suite 1110Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19107E-mail: [email protected]

Where to go to help change the world

Action Without Borders (www.idealist.org)American Red Cross (www.redcross.org)

America’s Promise—The Alliance for Youth (www.americaspromise.org)

AmeriCorps (www.americorps.gov)Elderhostel (www.elderhostel.org)The Executive Service Corps (www.escus.org)Experience Corps (www.experiencecorps.org)Generations United (www.gu.org)Habitat for Humanity (www.habitat.org)Mentor (www.mentoring.org)National Retiree Volunteer Coalition (www.nrvc.org)Peace Corps (www.peacecorps.gov)Points of Light Foundation & Volunteer Center

National Network (www.pointsoflight.org)Service Corps of Retired Executives (SCORE)

(www.score.org)Senior Corps (www.seniorcorps.org)United Way of America (www.unitedway.org)USA Freedom Corps (www.usafreedomcorps.gov)Volunteer Match (www.volunteermatch.org)Volunteers in Medicine (www.vimi.org)Volunteers of America (www.volunteersofamerica.org)

Illustration by Erica Aitken


HearingIn seventh grade my teacher said,“If no man hears, there is no sound.”What of the honking goose, the howling wolf?Does human absence still their voices, make them mute?

How like ourselves to hear a worlddefined by just our presence.

Yet goose and wolf speak for themselves, about themselves, but with an aural modesty.They cannot dictate that their sounds, their words,are those that only merit hearing.

Somewhere an ancient elm falls dead.Honor its demise. Grant that it too makes a sound.

Michael R. Milano, MD

Dr. Milano (AΩA, Albany Medical College, !"#$) is a psychiatrist living and practicing in Teaneck, New Jersey. His e-mail address is: [email protected].

In my thirty-one-year career as a pediatric hematologist/oncologist I received many heartrending letters and poems from patients and their parents, but my greatest treasure came from seven poems written in the late s by a teenaged girl who had acute leukemia from which she later died. Seeing inside the mind of a teen with a known fatal disease is a rare and unusual gift. To be allowed to share this is even more unique.

I have read enough in Pharos over many years to know this is not your usual source. Yet I guess I am search-ing for a way not to lose this unusual insight from a teen. Linda gave me permission to use her poems before she died, and her parents welcomed the idea. Richard Patterson, MD(AΩA, Wake Forest University, !"#")Winston-Salem, North Carolina

Poems by Linda Cantrell

Address reprint requests to:Richard B. Patterson, MDEmeritus Professor of PediatricsDepartment of PediatricsWake Forest University School of MedicineMedical Center BoulevardWinston-Salem, North Carolina 27157

WhyOh, God, why are you doing this to me?I can’t handle it, can’t you see?You closed me out like a jammed door.This thing you do, do it no more!A hospital room for a home?Something about that is cruel and wrong.My friends, they’ll never look at me the same,

each day I live is like playing a game.Win or lose?What is for me?Win

or lose . . .

FightingWill there be another day?To you, oh, God, that’s what I pray.To let me live and do my best,Tell me now, is that my test?Or to try and make others seehow unimportant little trials can be.They don’t mean too much to me.I’m fighting, just to be . . .

DreamsLord, give me a dream tonight.One my soul won’t have to fight.About guys and cars and rings.Any of those teenage things.Tonight, dear God, don’t make me scream.Just a plain ole staying alive dream.

Hearts BreakMike’s passed away and Teddy’s gone.This whole world has gone all wrong.Parents’ hearts break and the children ache.Up here Leukemia is just like a popular song.You play it for a while, until you grow tired,

then you quit and tag along.Most don’t give in or die, they really, really do try.But it seems like everything goes wrong.With their little bald heads and puffed out tummys.Maybe with Jesus they’ll belong,Me—I don’t know where I belong.I’m just so tired of playing this song.

Oh, GodThose threats of people’s lives, please make no more.I care too much for life to let it slip away.Oh, God, I need you to comfort me, each and every day.Please, tell me the reason why.All life is important to me. I can’t sit and watch it go by.I don’t have all the answers to these awful things.You’ll never know how much sorrow and sadness they bring.I’ve got too many problems hanging over me.Dreams and visions are all that I see.It says in the Bible you’re what we’re here for.So think of us before you take any more.

The PromDon’t guess I’ll go to the prom this year.Don’t think I can stand the glare.Tim says that this isn’t so.But he’s one of a kind, you know.He says that they won’t care,

and will love me just the same.Pity is the word—not love.I wonder if that’s why he’s playing the

dating game.After all, what will people say?If he dumped my bald head and walked away.No—think I’ll stay home.Anyway I don’t feel all that strong.Think I’ll get him a date with Pam.Tell him I don’t want him around.So he won’t feel guilty when he walks away.Oh, God, give me a Prom someday!

Not AloneIf ever you should walk down the road alone, someday,Know you are not that way, and nothing is wrong.“ ’Cause you are not alone!”

You may not see me, but I am there by way of my love.Sincere, real and pure, as we felt the sensation of touch,

I am there!

I grew in my love, just as a flower, to full blossom!I may in the same way fade and not be there.But my love was as beautiful as the flower!

Wise thoughts I cannot give you, to continue alone.You’re something special, chosen, you alone, chosen by me.Look beside you, darling, though I may not be there, I will

never be gone.

Don’t let my memory make you blind to love you have inside to give—the love that was mine.

The love that was good—so, darling,Want to live!


Cost of a lifeResource allocation in the current health care environmentBenson Shih-Han Hsu, MD

The author is a fellow in Pediatric Critical Care at the University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health.

JR had trisomy !", a chromo-somal disorder affecting three in !,### births. Patients with

trisomy !" possess a characteristic set of physical findings including small size, clenched hands with overlapping fin-gers, short sternum, prominent occiput, low-set ears, micrognathia, and rocker bottom feet. For the overall trisomy !" population, a recent case series from Japan showed fifty percent mortality within one month and less than ten per-cent survival within one year.1 Cardiac abnormalities are the primary source of morbidity and mortality.2

JR was born with significant congeni-tal heart disease. His cardiac anomalies included a PDA, an ASD and a VSD with left to right shunting. Secondary to his cardiac lesions, he developed severe pulmonary hypertension. The already dismal prognosis for trisomy !" became even worse once his cardiac anomalies were diagnosed. Nevertheless, his par-ents were clear that there be no limita-tions on care.

I met JR within the first few weeks of his life. I was a senior

resident on the wards when I heard that a child with

trisomy !" was to be admitted for failure

to thrive and con-gestive heart

failure. Knowing the overall poor prog-nosis of this condition, I wondered if his continued medical care was appropri-ate—not from a perspective of futility but from one of resource allocation. This was the question I battled as I took care of him over the next several years.

To have any chance for survival, JR required repair of his cardiac defects. A $##% study in the American Journal of Cardiology reported that most tri-somy !" patients undergoing cardiac repair averaged about four months old.3 JR was thus discharged home to grow until cardiac surgery was more likely to be successful. Unfortunately, given his heart failure and feeding difficulties, he suffered multiple medical setbacks over the following eighteen months, undergoing several operations including gastric and duodenal tube placements, central lines placements, and pulmo-nary artery banding. His postoperative recovery was constantly fraught with complications as he developed mul-tiple infections and respiratory failure. Despite the repeated setbacks, his par-ents maintained their resolve to not limit his care.

I continued to care for JR as I finished residency and began a fellowship in crit-ical care. When he reached eighteen months, he was finally deemed medi-cally ready, and underwent the success-ful repair of his VSD and ASD. But after over four weeks in pediatric intensive care with multiple failed extubations, his parents decided to withdraw care, convinced that he had endured more

than enough suffering. Although numerous ethics consul-

tants discussed the futility of JR’s care, I wondered whether his treatment was a just use of our limited health care resources—a topic that was rarely, or even peripherally, discussed. No one wanted to consider limiting care based on an abstract view of scarce resources.

JR had been admitted over fifteen times to the wards as well as the neonatal and pediatric intensive care units. He under-went numerous operations and proce-dures. He received consultations from more than eight separate pediatric ser-vices. He suffered countless infections and was mechanically ventilated on several occasions. He spent most of his life in the hospital and the cost of his care exceeded that of most hospitalized patients.

JR was a beautiful child who brought happiness to his parents and family. He was aware of his environment, with-drawing from pain, having vital sign changes with stress, and even occasion-ally smiling. At the same time, JR was one patient in a population of millions. He had a dismal initial prognosis with an incalculable but small chance for sur-vival. Millions of dollars were spent on his care. In treating patients like JR, are we denying resources to others?

Health care economists try to quan-tify the best method for resource alloca-tion. Cost effectiveness analysis (CEA) is one of the most commonly used evalu-ations. CEA defines the quality adjusted life years (QALY) saved for a given cost of intervention.4 For instance, to justify

Health policyThe editors invite original articles and letters to the

editor for the Health Policy section, length !"## words or fewer for articles, $"# words or fewer for letters.

Please send your essays to [email protected] or to our regular mail-

ing address: "$" Middlefield Road, Suite !%#, Menlo Park, CA &'#$". E-mail submissions preferred. All es-says are subject to review and editing by the editorial board of The Pharos.


a treatment costing million that will increase your life by ten years (at the presumed normal quality of life), a year of life must be worth at least ,. But how much is a year of life worth? In Great Britain, the National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence (NICE) has determined that the national health care system would not support any in-tervention costing more than , per one year of life.5 This decision has led to cries of rationing.

Rationing is defined as “to distrib-ute equitably” by the Merriam-Webster dictionary.6 Although many dispute that health care rationing occurs here in the United States, Peter Singer noted in his New York Times article that “health care is a scarce resource, and all scarce resources are rationed in one way or another.” 5 Rationing in the United States is not based on public policy as it is in countries such as Great Britain; instead, our rationing is based on the ability to pay. As Dr. Singer points out, rationing in the United States is hidden. With our substantial uninsured popu-lation, rationing is based on who has insurance and who does not. Instead of determining what appropriate care is, we have created a class of uninsured cit-izens who generally do not receive any type of health care outside of emergency care.5 This leads to well-documented declines in overall health outcomes.7

JR was born in the United States, which lacks a nationalized health care system, so considerations of cost were not addressed in his treatment. I won-dered what would have happened if he had not had virtually unlimited health care. Would others have benefited? Would the money and resources have been used to save another child who lacked care?

Nationalized health care systems al-locate resources by determining what is appropriate before treatment starts, allowing equitable distribution of re-sources. In the United States, restricting treatment for one does not necessarily lead to the gain of another. The re-sources spent or not spent on JR’s care

thus had little immediate impact on the care for others.

After JR died, I felt comfortable in saying that his care was necessary. As physicians, our duty to our individ-ual patients. Resource allocation and rationing will be debated for years to come as our society heads toward im-proving health care coverage for all. Until then, limiting care on arguments of allocation makes no sense, ethically or economically.

References. Imataka G, Nitta A, Suzumura H, et

al. Survival of trisomy cases in Japan. Genet Couns ; : –.

. Bay CA, Steele MW. Genetic Disorders and Dysmorphic Condi-tions. In: Zitelli BJ, Davis HW, editors. Atlas of Pediatric Physical Diag-nosis. Fourth Edition. Philadelphia: Mosby; : –.

. Graham EM, Brad-ley SM, Shirali GS, et al. Effectiveness of cardiac surgery in trisomies and (from the Pedi-atric Cardiac Care Con-sortium). Am J Cardiol ; : –.

. Griebsch I, Coast J, Brown J. Quality-adjusted life-years lack quality in pediatric care: a critical review of pub-lished cost-utility studies in child health. Pediatrics ; : e–.

. Singer P. Why We Must Ration Health Care. New York Times Jul . www.ny-times.com////magazine/healthcare-t.html. Accessed July , .

. Merriam-Webster’s Collegiate Dictionary.

Tenth Edition. Springfield (MA): Merriam-Webster; .

. Fry-Johnson YW, Daniels EC, Levine R, et al. Being uninsured: impact on chil-dren’s healthcare and health. Curr Opin Pediatr ; : –.

The author’s address is:Department of PediatricsUniversity of Wisconsin School of Med-icine and Public Health600 Highland AvenueH4/442 Clinical Science CenterMadison, Wisconsin [email protected]

(Born on a Monday in Ghana)

Golden apples on a dress two sizes too big,Adwoa picks at her scab(ie)s.An illiterate girlAn inaudible voiceWithout currency to live in her bankrupt country.Like a doll that was left in the rain, A drab child‘s toy —a troll with a round belly but no rhinestone gem in the center to wish on, just a fleshy pink diamond under the frayed edge of apples from which children will ripen and fall and return to the red dirt from which they came.

Julia Geynisman

Ms. Geynisman is a third-year medical student at the University of Michigan. Her address is: !"#$ South University Avenue, Ann Arbor, Michigan %&!#%. E-mail: [email protected].

Photo courtesy of the author.

AdwoaAdwoa


The physician at the movies

Peter E. Dans, MD

Keri Russell and Diego Velazquez in Extraordinary Measures.CBS Films/Photofest.

Extraordinary Measures

Starring Harrison Ford, Brendan Fraser, Keri Russell, and Meredith Droeger.

Directed by Tom Vaughan. Rated PG. Running time 106 min-utes.

Based on Geeta Anand’s book The Cure1 and said to be “in-spired by true events,” this film takes considerable license

with the story of John Crowley (Brendan Fraser), who quit a high-paying job at Bristol-Myers Squibb to join a biotech com-pany aimed at finding a cure for Pompe disease.

A form of muscular dystrophy, Pompe disease affects about !,""" to #",""" children and adults worldwide. It was

discovered in #$%& by J. C. Pompe, a Dutch pathologist who autopsied a seven-month-old child who died of heart

disease and found the heart muscles to be filled with glycogen.1p26 Pompe joined the Dutch Resistance at

the outset of World War II, and when the Nazis found a secret radio transmitter in his lab,

they arrested and executed him. The next breakthrough was by Belgian scientist Henri Hers, who

in #$'% discovered that patients

either lacked or were deficient in the enzyme acid alpha-glucosidase (GAA), which breaks down glycogen. As a result, glycogen builds up in muscles, the liver, heart, and other organs, leading to progressive weakness, and respiratory and other systemic disorders. Dr. Rochelle Hirschhorn, a profes-sor of medicine at NYU, published a description of a portion of the genome in #$('. Two years later, Dutch researcher Dr. Arnold Reuser described the rest of the genome.1p26 Efforts to produce a suitable replacement enzyme that could be tolerated by patients and penetrate the target cells proved elusive.

This takes us to #$$(, when Crowley’s story begins. The film opens at the eighth birthday party of Megan Crowley (Meredith Droeger), one of two of Crowley’s children who has the disease. Haunted by the fact that the usual life expectancy is nine, Crowley is unwilling to heed the doctor’s advice that he and his wife Aileen (Keri Russell), in the absence of a cure, should take the children home and enjoy them, and regard death as a blessing. In real life, the afflicted children were fif-teen months and seventeen days old when Crowley, a devotee of Churchill, vowed never to quit in his search for a cure. He began a journey of almost five years to get his children a pos-sibly effective therapy.

Crowley, a hard-driving graduate of Georgetown’s School


of Foreign Service, Notre Dame’s law school, and Harvard Business School, with one year at the Naval Academy,1p8 tracks down Dr. Robert Stonehill (Harrison Ford) a reclusive PhD studying the disease in Nebraska. Stonehill is portrayed as an irascible, eccentric, cocksure, workaholic with two ex-wives. (“Because I’m so easy to get along with.”) Over dinner, Stonehill explains that attempts to infuse the missing enzyme have been ineffective because it doesn’t get into the cell. When asked to help find a cure, Stonehill says that he is just an academic at the University of Nebraska, which pays a football coach more than what his lab costs for a year. Finally, he agrees to work with Crowley if he comes up with half a million dol-lars, and then goes off bass fishing. Crowley meets with other Pompe families, challenging them by saying, “Do we accept our fate and listen to these well-meaning doctors?” Still, he is only able to raise about ,, but Stonehill agrees to work with him because he’s “tired of begging bread crumbs from the university while they keep my patents.” He says, “I can’t cure your kids but I can sure make their lives better.”

Crowley and Stonehill form a love-hate partnership and establish biotech company Priazyme (actually Novazyme), even though Crowley is cautioned that nine out of ten such ventures fail. When Crowley sees Stonehill’s college-aged lab assistants, he worries that no venture capitalist will take them seriously. Stonehill responds, “Scientists get all sensible and careful when they get old. Young ones like risk and are not afraid of new ideas, and you can pay them less.” There are some harrowing setbacks such as when the electricity goes out in the lab during a storm and they must scramble to get a backup generator to save the precious enzyme. Finally, Crowley, without Stonehill’s knowledge, makes a deal with Eric Loring (Patrick Bauchau), an investor whom Stonehill had alienated, to sell Priazyme to a larger company, Zymogen (ac-tually Genzyme). The company gets a cash infusion and avoids bankruptcy, while making millions for Stonehill, Crowley, and the venture capitalists who had invested in the company.

Zymogen now has four pro-totype enzymes to test head-to-head in what is dubbed the “Mother of all experiments,” consisting of experiments over two months with the iden-tities of the candidate enzymes blinded.1pp257–58 When one clear winner surfaces (not the one Crowley touted), it is decided that only one will go on to hu-man trials. Because the prod-uct is in short supply, the initial study will involve only infants, excluding Crowley’s children, who are too old. Crowley first tries to steal enzyme (actually he

thought about it but didn’t try it because of the obvious lo-gistical and medical problems).1pp270–71 Then he works out a sibling study with Portland Rose Hospital (actually Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia1p279 and later the University of Florida Hospital1pp285–86) but both are nixed because of nepotism and a conflict of interest given that Crowley is a company executive. Finally Stonehill suggests a compromise involving Crowley’s being terminated by the company and the study proceeds at Portland Rose Hospital (actually at St. Peter’s University Hospital in New Jersey under the auspices of Dr. Debra-Lynn Day-Salvatore on January , ).1pp301–302

The film is worth seeing primarily for the acting, especially of young Megan, who is as spunky in the movie as in real life. It is full of scientific jargon, formulas on blackboards, and PowerPoint presentations, presumably because the director wanted to be sure “that the scientists acted in a way that would be realistic to real scientists.” I’ll let you judge whether he suc-ceeded; whatever the case, Ford’s over-the-top portrayal of a scientist is entertaining. His performance joins the rogue’s gallery of arrogant and abrasive cinematic scientists, including such gems as when he refuses to cash the large buy-out check until the experiments succeed, saying, “I don’t care about money. I’m a scientist. I care about more important things.” Or when, after another outburst, he walks out of an investor meeting, telling Crowley, “Nobody is going to tell me how to run my lab. I’m a scientist!”

As I noted, the film is highly fictionalized, so the major rea-son I’m glad I saw it was that it led me to read the book, which is a very interesting and readable chronicle of the business side of drug development, replete with biotech companies, venture capitalists, Harvard MBAs, and an orchestrated buyout, as well as competing patient support groups and the pressures by des-perate parents trying to get life-saving drugs for their afflicted children. In fact Crowley had to watch while precious enzyme was sent to Italy and Spain after government-to- government involvement, before his kids could be treated.1pp270–71

Brendan Fraser and Harrison Ford in Extraordinary Measures.CBS Films/Photofest.



Besides the wrong age of the children, the actual scientist Dr. William Canfield was a physician at the University of Oklahoma, not the University of Nebraska, which has every right to be upset at the cheap shots taken by the filmmak-ers. Whether they are or not, Oklahomans certainly resented the way Canfield was fictionalized but Crowley was not, and Oklahoma City and its pioneering lab were airbrushed out, along with Canfield. Although described as being “surly” or “shy and quirky” at times, Canfield appears to be nothing like the arrogant cinematic portrayal.2,3 If anything, it was Crowley who was consistently described as arrogant, irascible, and peremptory, much of which was excused because of his concern about his children. Actually, it was Canfield who founded Novazyme in Oklahoma City and hired Crowley as its CEO. Independently, Genzyme developed Myozyme (called “special medicine” in the film) and the two other prototypes in collaboration with Dr. Y. T. Chen at Duke University1p27 and Dr. Reuser at Erasmus Medical Center in the Netherlands.2 Although unfavorably portrayed in the film, it was the medi-cal director at Genzyme, Dr. Hal Landy, who came up with the sibling study, not Crowley or Canfield.1p272 In addition, Genzyme let Crowley retire with a generous severance pack-age, including coverage of million in medical expenses to supplement COBRA and what Bristol-Myers Squibb had provided.1p301 All in all, not only did Crowley become wealthy but he was treated very well by his employers, who hardly fit the stereotype of ruthless capitalists.

Finally, the book gives a much more balanced picture of the effects of this devastating illness on the family, especially the older sibling and the mother who, in my opinion, is the real heroine. She tolerated her husband’s behavior, which at one point almost led to divorce, while being the primary caregiver for two children on respirators, often with inadequate help un-til a saintly woman named Sharon Dozier became almost part of the family. Usually I agree that the deleted scenes provided as extras on DVDs should have been deleted, but in this case I do not, because they show the tough times and frustration that the family suffered through and their inclusion would have provided a realistic counterbalance to the heroic portrait of Crowley and the “feel-good” storyline. Still, Nina Raben, an NIH doctor who grew up in the former Soviet Union, summa-rized the story best: “This is a very American story. It’s about hope, it’s about will power, it’s about money, it’s about a belief in happy endings.” 1p321

References. Anand, Geeta. The Cure: How a Father Raised Million

and Bucked the Medical Establishment in a Quest to Save His Chil-dren. New York: HarperCollins; .

. Genzyme website: Myozyme Product Information. www.gen-zyme.com/pompemovie/.

. Lackmeyer Steve. Extraordinary Measures takes extraordinary measures to rob OKC of credit for scientific breakthrough. The

Oklahoman Jan . blog.newsok.com/okccentral////extraordinary-measures-takes-extraordinary-measures-to-rob-okc-of-credit-for-scientific-breakthrough/?searched=extraordinarymeasures&custom_click=search.

The Hurt Locker

Starring Jeremy Renner, Anthony Mackie, and Brian Geraghty.Directed by Kathryn Bigelow. Rated R. Running time 130 min-

utes.

The film opens in Baghdad in , the worst period of the Iraq war when improvised explosive devices (IEDs) were

the predominant means of killing American soldiers. The title comes from the expression for being injured and being sent to the “hurt locker.” The screenwriter (Mark Boal) draws on his six-week experience as an embedded journalist with an

Jeremy Renner in the Hurt Locker.CBS Films/Photofest.


explosive ordnance disposal company (EOD). The film follows three EOD technicians who have thirty-eight days left in their rotation, as the filmmakers countdown each of the days.

When a radio-controlled roadside bomb is detonated, killing the unit’s leader, Staff Sgt. Matthew Thompson (Guy Pearce), the screenwriter plays off the Army recruiting slogan, “Be all you can be in the Army,“ adding, “what if all you can be is dead on the side of an Iraqi road?” The film conveys the differing rhythms of the war, where conditions can turn from calm to chaotic without warning. It also portrays the stress of having to cope with sandstorms, torrid temperatures exacer-bated by the need to carry heavy equipment, and especially the difficulty in identifying enemies when every minute may possibly be one’s last.

The major character is an intrepid EOD technician Sgt. First Class William James (Jeremy Renner), who has defused !"# bombs. Under his bed he keeps a box of parts from bombs that nearly killed him as he was dismantling them. James is engaged in a running conflict with Sgt. J. T. Sanborn (Anthony Mackie), who insists on doing things by the book. The third member of the team, Specialist Owen Eldridge (Brian Geraghty), is a rookie who is not only introspective but not afraid to say he is scared. He has never killed an enemy and is put to the test when faced with that choice. As Iraqis silently watch, Sgt. James dons his elaborate equipment and walks down the street towards a suspected bomb vehicle. By creating an archetypical High Noon moment, the director successfully puts the viewer in his shoes and transfers the tension.

While defusing the bomb, James takes off the headset that connects him with his mates in the Humvee so he can ignore any warnings to abort the mission. On his return to the vehicle after successfully defusing the bomb, Sanborn chews him out for being a “hot dog.” When commanding officer Colonel Reed (David Morse) later asks him what’s the best way to disarm a bomb, James answers “The way you don’t die”. The Colonel admiringly responds, “Spoken like a wild man. That’s good.” This fits what the screenwriter intends to convey at the film’s beginning, using a quotation from Chris Hedges’s $%%$ book, War Is a Force that Gives Us Meaning: “The rush of battle is a potent and often lethal addiction, for war is a drug.” While perhaps partially true, some knowledgeable EOD veterans have criticized the portrayal of the EOD technician as being rather cavalier and unrepresentative.

James’s personal life is as chaotic as his military life. He talks about having gotten a girl pregnant back home and mar-rying and then divorcing her, at least he thinks he divorced her, although she is still living in the house. He’s asked how he takes the risks. He admits that every time he goes out he rolls the dice, but can’t explain why. His softer side is shown in two scenes with young boys. James takes a liking to a boy who sells black market CDs and is so enamored of soccer that he calls himself Beckham (Christopher Sayegh). Later James comes to believe that the boy is a suicide bomber who died

when the bomb went off prematurely. He goes off the base at night into the heart of Baghdad to find the boy’s relatives and barely escapes with his life. This scene is so improbable that it detracts from the film. Later, James is shown with his wife and their young son, trying to be a father. He tells his son, “You love playing with all your stuffed animals. You love your mommy and daddy. You love your pajamas. You love ev-erything, don’t you? You know what, Buddy, as you get older, some of the things you love might not seem so special any more like your Jack-in-the-Box. Maybe you’ll realize it is just a piece of tin with a stuffed animal inside. And the older you get, the fewer things you really love, and by the time you get to my age maybe it’s only one or two things. With me, I think it’s one.” This attempt to humanize James while having him confess that it’s war that he loves seems a little forced.

The only medical aspect of the film is the portrayal of a doctor, Major John Cambridge (Christian Camargo), who decides to go on a mission with the technicians. When asked why, he says that going to war is a once-in-a-lifetime experi-ence and can be fun. He also says that it will help him better understand people like Sgt. Eldridge whom he is counseling. It turns out that he is also very naive and when he insists on talk-ing to a bunch of Iraqis rather than getting into the Humvee, he is blown up.

The film was nominated for nine Academy Awards and won for best original screenplay, best sound editing, best sound mixing, best film editing, best film, and best director. The latter was particularly noteworthy in that Bigelow was the first woman to win an Oscar for directing. An interesting bit of intrigue played out on Oscar night in that she is the ex-wife of director James Cameron, who was pitted against her in both categories for Avatar, which was an enormous box office success, whereas Hurt Locker was the lowest grossing best picture ever.

Bigelow chose well in casting three unknown actors in the pivotal roles. This allowed the viewer to focus on the story rather than on a celebrity like a Clooney, a Cruise, or a Gibson. There were two better known actors in minor roles: David Morse and Ralph Fiennes. The latter gives a rather uncon-vincing performance as the head of a private British company probably patterned on Blackwater. The film also benefited from Bigelow’s insistence on filming in Jordan (in some cases only a few miles from the Iraq border), where she could use many Iraqi refugees as extras. The climatic conditions further enhanced the film’s authenticity, especially since Bigelow did the location shots without air-conditioned trailers or private bathrooms, keeping everyone uncomfortably in character.

Although the film got many awards, it was not immune to criticism. Many veterans liked the film but some cited inac-curacies. They were best expressed by Jonathan Foreman, who was embedded with the troops for six weeks in $%%# and $%%&.3 He believed that The Hurt Locker was the best film yet made about post-'/(( wars and praised many of the things



that the filmmakers got right despite a low budget. However, he noted that:

. You’d never see a single Humvee driving around Baghdad or into the desert.

. The idea of a soldier running around town at night in a sweatshirt and finding his way through the unmarked streets of a neighborhood he doesn’t know was impossible.

. The whole sniper scene with the British mercenaries was absurd.

. No EOD team would be left alone in the school or an ex-plosion site, which happens during the film a number of times.

. The noncommissioned officers in the film would have had to answer to officers they would meet with regularly and not be allowed to act as Lone Rangers.

The film reminded me of the excellent television series starring Anthony Andrews called Danger UXB. Set in London during the Blitz, it follows bomb squad members whose job was to dig up and disarm unexploded bombs (UXB). It shows how little the people knew at the time about defusing bombs and how scant was their training and thus how many got killed. The DVD set has a fascinating bonus History Channel documentary entitled “Bomb Squad.” The narrator points out that there are an average of bombs per year in the United States. The most famous of them were at Columbine High School where the bombers who killed them-selves hid about sixty-five bombs that had to be retrieved, with one person killed in the process. They trace the history

of anarchists planting bombs in New York City, which led to the forma-tion of the New York Police bomb squad in . This includes the bombing on Wall Street protesting the Sacco-Vanzetti verdict, which killed and injured many; the plant-ing of a bomb in the British Pavilion at the New York World’s Fair, where two bomb squad members were killed; the New Year’s Eve bombing by the Puerto Rican ter-rorist group FALN, which led to the serious maiming of two detectives whose interviews are particularly poignant; and the World Trade Tower bombing,

An ex-IRA bomber discusses what led him to plant bombs and why he tried to warn authorities, whereas other bombers were less concerned with the deaths of inno-cent people. EOD veterans discuss the mentality of those who take on

this risky job. One says, “We don’t want to say we’re in it for the adrenaline rush

but that plays into it.” Another says that the typical EOD tech is not “living on the edge” because you have to keep your com-posure. He added that there were “no experts, no one knows it all, and if you ever get to that point, you’re dangerous.” The good news is that they now have dogs and robots to try to expedite detection and defusing of bombs, minimizing the possibility of loss of life of the technician. There’s also a joint Army/FBI Hazardous Devices school in Huntsville, Alabama, that works with police departments. In short, I recommend the film and also encourage those interested in the subject to check out Danger UXB.

References. Internet Movie Database web site. The Hurt Locker. www.

imdb.com/title/tt/.. Hedges C. War Is a Force That Gives Us Meaning. New York:

Random House; .. Foreman J. The Corner: An Oscar Encounter. National Review

Online. Mar . corner.nationalreview.com/post/?q=YzlhMjgOGEzNMYjANjhjNmQyNDRhYTgYmIMDM=.

Dr. Dans (AΩA, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, 1960) is a member of The Pharos’s editorial board and has been its film critic since 1990. His address is:

11 Hickory Hill RoadCockeysville, Maryland 21030E-mail: [email protected]

Jeremy Renner in the Hurt Locker.CBS Films/Photofest.


Reviews and reflectionsDavid A. Bennahum, MD, and Jack Coulehan, MD, Book Review Editors

Dying for Beginners

Patrick Clary Lost Borders Press, Big Pine, California 2006, 86 pages

Reviewed by Jack Coulehan, MD (AΩA, University of Pittsburgh, 1969)

When a palliative care physician publishes a book of poems en-

titled Dying for Beginners, you’d think most of the poetry would focus on his clinical experience in the hospital and hospice. Vignettes of patients and their families, for example, or didactic po-ems about the value of palliative care. After all, the title suggests a handbook of sorts. Nonetheless, the reader soon discovers that Patrick Clary’s Dying for Beginners is actually a collection of vi-brant poems about life and living, about family, friends, music, loss, war, and love. The book’s title is more evocative than it initially appears, for it conveys the countercultural insight that dying is an essential part of living. We only become fully human by coming to grips with our own mortality. Our engage-ment with mortality emerges from love and humor, as well as from pain and loss. This is a lifelong project. Patrick Clary’s poems speak to what he has discovered

about himself, as a beginner to his fellow beginners.

Clary’s route to discov-ery traverses Death Valley,

where he undertakes a retreat and vision

quest. In an open-ing poem about

this experience, he concludes, “Suddenly, I find all my wounds are turning into blessings.” This inversion of categories is not an exotic, one-off event for Clary, but a new way of looking at the world. It’s a perspective in which events in the poet’s life, carefully observed and described, suddenly reveal deeper mean-ings that can only be expressed by meta-phor or paradox. For example, in “Days I Don’t Remember,” Clary reflects, “And all my roads are turning into rivers.” p27 Or, in “Meditation on the Pays d’Oc,” he observes, “Instead of dying, I cough up a butterfly, watch it/dry its wings in the sun.” p74 Or the essential quietism of “That silence moving through our lives was me” (“The Translator”).p33

The poet learned his first lessons in dying during the Vietnam War, in which he served as a medic with U.S. infantry units. During “Orientation at Bien Hoa,” he discovers,

Yes, gentlemenThis little war hereExists onlyFor one reason:To give you all the pleasureYou can handle.p10

He is also taught how easy it is to kill with an M rifle, which can

Put eighteen holes inWhatever you point it atInside of two seconds.p11

Meanwhile, the human tragedy of Vietnam takes place all around him. For example, Vo Vanh Thom, a Vietnamese peasant whose son died in an explosion set off by a careless American soldier who threw a match into the “firebase dump,” observes two bodies being loaded onto a Chinook helicopter:

Though now they lay on the floorOf the gray Chinook together,The man with the match would be

alive inAmerica tomorrow, my child dead in

Da Lat. p15

The American whose action killed the peasant’s son would survive.

In another place, Clary writes about taking care of patients from earthquake-prone and war-torn El Salvador.

They say war is another kind of earthquake, worse,

The real earthquake, the one that has lasted years.p66

This earthquake can reach into your own home,

Bind your son with wire in front of you, cut off

His genitals and stuff the organs into his mouth.p66

The Vietnamese peasant had lost one of his hands in the explosion. In a dif-ferent poem (“Three Variations”), Clary calls to mind his own hands

. . . square, Filled with themselves, professionally Tender on demand, but still uneasy At your easy tenderness.p35

The words “professionally tender on demand” evoke his work in palliative medicine, although the same words could—and should—apply to medical practice in general. But Clary recognizes that the human capacity for compassion is not inexhaustible. There will always be a tension between the work that needs to be done (“another pair of hands in the emergency room” p63) and our limited reserves of kindness and empathy.

“Five Tasks Taught by Hospice Nurses” pp72–73 is among the most mov-ing poems on love and death I’ve ever read. Dedicated to the poet’s brother who died in an accident, the poem con-sists of five sections, each expressing one of the tasks of “successful” dying: say goodbye, express forgiveness, request forgiveness, affirm affection, and express gratitude. In this case, Clary performs each task in turn, as he reflects on inci-dents in his and his brother’s lives. The poem speaks with clarity, dignity, and compassion. True to the central theme

Reviews and reflections


of Dying for Beginners, Clary affirms that forgiveness, affection, and gratitude are tasks for the living, as well as the dying. He concludes,

Now I see: living is a kind of slow burning,

And love is what we salvage from the fire. p73

I can think of no better way to end this review than to quote a section of the book’s eponymous poem, which refers to a chaplain’s visits to a dying patient:

The engineer with end-stage cancer lived for their visits,

not only meandering with the chaplain through memories—

his loving marriage, work well done, well-educated children—

he prized the weekly chance to scoff at angels and any possibility of heaven.

His last word? “Wow!” p78

Dr. Coulehan is a Book Review Editor for The Pharos and a member of the journal’s editorial board. His address is:

Center for Medical Humanities, Com-passionate Care, and BioethicsHSC L3-080State University of New York at Stony BrookStony Brook, New York 11794-8335E-mail: [email protected]

On Being Certain: Believing You Are Right Even When You’re Not

Robert A. Burton St. Martin’s Press, New York, 2008, 223 pages

Reviewed by John L. Wright, MD (AΩA, Hahnemann Medical College, 1956)

On Being Certain by Robert A. Burton, MD, former chief of Neurology at

Mt. Zion-UCSF Hospital and author of three acclaimed works of fiction, is the

most enjoyable and informative nonfic-tion I’ve read in several years. It’s enjoyable because the writing smoothly integrates personal narrative, historical reference, and anecdotes from literature and pop culture, along with hard data from clinical medicine and laboratory studies; informa-tive because it sheds light on the enor-mous subjectivity with which we come to our opinions and decisions. As an example of the latter, in a discussion of the role of DNA and its influence on the way we think about religion, Burton, comments on his own “idiosyncratic world-view” p105 and his “overwhelming existential bent.” p105 He uses a personal experience from high school to illustrate his belief that his mind is “programmed” to shun black and white answers for the most difficult questions.

As a high school student, Burton worked as an usher in a San Francisco theater that featured Samuel Beckett’s Waiting for Godot, a play depicting the meaninglessness of man’s existence. Burton writes of that purely accidental exposure,

I left the theater stunned. The res-onance was unnerving, as though Beckett had slipped inside my head and written what I hadn’t yet thought. Yes, this is how the world is. The pleasure was profound and comforting, as though I’d discovered a kindred spirit.p106

And here again he writes

After fifty years my admiration per-sists. More than any other artist (or neuroscientist), Beckett has captured the wondrous and amusing frustra-

tion of observing the mind in action. His “you must go on, I can’t go on, you must go on, I’ll go on,” under-scores the paradoxical and philo-sophically irresolvable relationship between thought and biology.p106

Finally, Burton contends that,

A stance of absolute certainty that precludes consideration of alterna-tive opinions has always struck me as fundamentally wrong.pxiii

These personal revelations, and the data presented in On Being Certain, suggest that human beliefs span a bell-shaped curve with aggressive conviction on one end and dysfunctional ambiguity on the other. However, in his enthusiasm for Godot, Burton seems to overlook the paralyzing stasis that the play also por-trays.

In the preface, Burton states his goals in writing the book: () “I have set out to provide a scientific basis for challenging our belief in certainty,” pxiv () “My goal is to strip away the power of certainty by exposing its involuntary roots,” pxiv and () “To dispel the myth that we ‘know what we know’ by conscious deliberation . . . [by showing] how the brain creates the involuntary sensation of ‘knowing’ and how this sensation is affected by everything from genetic predispositions to perceptual illusions common to all bodily sensations.” pxiii In other words Burton is convinced that certainty (or the need for certainty) is a serious deter-rent to problem solving

In two interesting chapters (“Neural Networks and Modularity ” and “Emergence”), Burton builds the foun-dation for a deeper understanding of the individual neuron and its triggering impact on the vast neural network, such that sensory input eventually emerges seamlessly into the conscious mind. In discussing the neural network, he uses the term “hidden layer,” partly I sus-pect to avoid the baggage carried by such terms as “unconscious” and “sub-conscious.” He illustrates the “hidden


layer” with an in-depth discussion of how amazon.com manages to digest a consumer’s book purchases for the pur-pose of building a roving user-profile that is fed back to the consumer sug-gesting similar books. What becomes clear is that every sensory experience is registered and evaluated in the “hid-den layer.” Depending on its strength and relationships, the input provokes an appropriate response, either as thought leading to action, or as cataloging for future reference. However, he doesn’t discuss yet another function that the “hidden layer” must also have, i.e., pro-tection from the disabling chaos that would otherwise result from a flood of useless or inert stimuli.

What follows logically from Burton’s analysis of the “hidden layer” is a re-eval-uation of the question of free will versus determinism. While Samuel Johnson’s statement, as reported by James Boswell, that “All theory is against the freedom of the will; all experience is for it” (!""#) continues to be the default opinion, I’ve never read anything that raises the stakes in favor of determinism more than does On Being Certain. In the penultimate chapter, Burton summarizes much of what he has presented earlier, conclud-ing that, “the free will–determinist de-bate is limited by its own biological constraints.” p214

Along the way, Burton reveals, where possible, the genetic components and biochemical and neurological pathways that underpin an array of clinical syn-dromes as a way of validating his conten-tion that feelings of conviction, knowing, and correctness have deep neurolog-ical roots. Among the syndromes he discusses are blindsight, Cotard’s syn-drome, addiction, mystic states and reli-gious experience, obsessive-compulsive disorders, cognitive dissonance, placebo effect, and déjà vu.

At the end of the preface, Burton gives another reason for writing this book. He states, “The sense of inner quiet born of acknowledging my limita-tions has been extraordinary; I would like to share this with you.” pxiv I ap-

plaud this conclusion, being grateful for having come to that experience myself. Yet, doesn’t this bring us back to the beginning? Think of the anxiety or re-pulsion a reader who insists on absolut-ism might experience in being pushed toward uncertainty. After all, much of what is going on in the “hidden layer” (mostly the primitive areas of the brain) has to do, it seems to me, with survival, triggering the fight-or-flight reaction to surprise or stress. What are the chances, then, that this brilliantly argued trea-tise will change the orientation of indi-viduals deep in the certainty region of the certainty/ambiguity curve? Burton writes, “The more committed we are to a belief, the harder it is to relinquish, even in the face of overwhelming contradic-tory evidence,” p12 and further, “once es-tablished, emotional habits and patterns and expectations of behavioral rewards are difficult to fully eradicate.” p97

Finally, as if recognizing the difficulty in effecting a full conversion, Burton merely hopes that people will come to the point of saying, “I believe this or that is right” rather than “I know it is right.” A rather weak response for such a strong book. But perhaps that’s all we can hope for.

Dr. Wright is clinical professor emeritus of Medicine at the University of Washington. He is a published poet. His address is:

P.O. Box 761Edmonds, Washington 98020E-mail: [email protected]

Technological Medicine: The Changing World of Doctors and Patients

Stanley Joel Reiser Cambridge University Press, New York, 2009. 203 pages plus references.

Reviewed by Frederic W. Platt, MD

In the United States, we have the most advanced medicine in history. We are

technological wizards wielding techno-

logical miracles. Yet despite our great achievements, we often fail to connect with our patients. What is going on? How did we reach this point?

Stanley Joel Reiser clarifies it all. He begins with Laennec and his invention of a stethoscope, a wooden peg with a longitudinal hole. Reiser notes that:

respect for female modesty and bodily privacy required male medi-cal attendants to refrain from modes of examination that trespassed on these mores. Because of this prob-lem, Laennec rejected the use of auscultation on the patient he was examining.

[But] . . . he recalled . . . a well known fact of acoustics, sounds grow louder when they pass through solid bodies. . .p5

After rolling up some papers he later recalled:

being “not a little surprised and pleased, to find that I could thereby perceive the actions of the heart in a manner much more clear and distinct than . . . by the immediate application of the ear.” p5

The wooden peg came shortly after.Being able to learn the condition

of the human interior without having to listen to the patient’s story, being able to ask the patient to remain silent while the truth was divined, was a boon to physicians. Not only could they lis-ten to those clicks and murmurs, those wheezes, crackles, and bronchial breath sounds, but they could put the patient’s

Reviews and reflections


story on the back burner. Physicians could get closer to their key question and its key answer: where is the disease? For the first time in history physicians could learn something that the patient could not know. Not only would the stethoscope distance patients from their physicians physically, but a metaphoric space would open, a space that physi-cians today have difficulty bridging.

Laennec’s invention was not the first technological step forward in medi-cine, nor perhaps the most important, but today we still carry, and sometimes use, variations on his little invention. Nor is this the first time Reiser wrote about the stethoscope; he discussed it in a !"#$ book, Technology and the Reign of Medicine. Reiser even noted that Laennec’s teacher, Corvisart, had translated a !#%! monograph by Leopold Auenbrugger, and that this translation prompted Laennec to create the first stethoscope.

Reiser discusses some of his favorite technologies: the x-ray, the artificial kid-ney, the pressure ventilator, ultrasound, the obstetrical forceps, and the medical record. Would you have considered the medical record a technological break-through? A mere hundred years ago few doctors kept written records about their patients. Our medical records have gone through many generations since and are now becoming computerized, to our benefit and despair. As you consider the history of medicine, what would get your vote as the most important step forward? Antibiotics? Vaccines? The CAT and the MRI? Flexible endoscopes? Artificial knees and hips? My favorite is the disease theory itself. Prior to !#&&,

The idea of balance—among the basic constituents of the self, and of the self with the essential elements of the natural and social world—was the foundation of treating illness and preserving health.p132

The linkage of the external en-vironment to health and illness is innovatively, wisely, and elegantly portrayed in the Hippocratic work Airs, Waters, Places. It advised phy-sicians . . . to consider [the patient’s] situation, how it lies as to the winds and the rising of the sun . . . whether it be naked and deficient in water, or wooded and well watered . . . and the mode in which the inhabitants live, and what are their pursuits.p131

Having edged into the twenty-first century, it is difficult for us to realize that medicine had focused on the envi-ronment, the patient’s emotional style, and the four humors for almost '&&& years. But it did. Then, around !#&&, largely through the work of Thomas Sydenham and his colleagues, every-thing changed. Sydenham thought we should classify diseases as we do other entities of the natural world—plants or animals. He wrote:

Nature, in the production of disease, is uniform and consistent; so much so, that for the same disease in dif-ferent persons the symptoms are for the most part the same; and the self same phenomena that you would observe in the sickness of a Socrates you would observe in the sickness of a simpleton.1

From this he deduced that specific remedies could be found to treat those specific diseases. Aha! And what has happened in the ensuing (&& years? We have become experts at disease. We study the causation, diagnosis, pre-vention, and treatment of disease. And medical education, all eight to twelve years of it, has become an education in disease.

But in the process we may fail to no-tice that knees and elbows don’t come into our clinic unless surrounded by a person. We may not care to learn how

to relate to that person. And here’s the rub. If we don’t realize that we are doc-tors for living persons, not injured joints and ears, our patients may stop listen-ing to us, fail to follow our suggestions, and end up angry and dissatisfied. We forget George Engel’s remark that ours is a unique profession in which the ob-ject of our scrutiny is at the same time scrutinizing us!

This is a fine piece of writing. Fun to read, with an aha! on every page. Would you have imagined that the fam-ily of obstetricians who invented the obstetrical forceps managed to keep it a secret for almost a century? Might you have expected that physicians ar-gued mightily against Laennec’s simple wooden tube because it made them more like mechanics and less like wise men? That every technological step for-ward had both proponents and detrac-tors? Reiser’s prose is precise, lyrical, and entertaining. If I were asked to name a book that clarifies the heart of medicine, what we are really about, I would suggest Eric Cassell’s The Nature of Suffering and the Goals of Medicine. But if it is the history of medicine you are after, if you want to come to under-stand how we got to where we stand to-day and what that stance looks like, the very best might be Stanley Joel Reiser’s Technological Medicine: The Changing World of Doctors and Patients.

Reference!. Sydenham T. Medical Observations

Concerning the History and Cure of Acute Diseases. In: Latham RG, translator. The Works of Thomas Sydenham. Volume I. London: Sydenham Society; !")$: !*.

Dr. Platt is a general internist in private practice and clinical professor of Medicine at the University of Colorado. His address is:

396 Steele StreetDenver, Colorado 80206E-mail: [email protected]


Letter to the editor

Neither/norIn the Spring issue of The

Pharos (pp. –), Andrew Radu argues that existentialism has much to offer the suffering patient and the treating physician, contending that this philosophy liberates us to “create our-selves as we go along, even when faced with suffering and death.” p33

However, despite its eloquent pre-sentation, the approach advanced in Radu’s essay is unconvincing. He says early on that “existentialism advises us to reach mutual understanding through our different personal approaches and to draw deeply from our subjec-tive experiences.” p27 This statement is not only vague, it is antithetical to what existentialist philosophy actu-ally argues. Jean-Paul Sartre asserted, “Man is nothing else but that which he makes of himself.” 1p28 This is the supreme existentialist presupposition. In the play No Exit, Sartre has his char-acter Garcin declare, “Hell is—other people!” 2p61 Why is hell other people?

Because, in any universe containing more than one person, individual

freedom is necessarily limited. One person can do whatever

he will, but millions of persons cannot do the

same without in-fringing on each

other’s freedom. I ask Dr. Radu, exactly how would such a worldview promote “mutual understanding through our different personal approaches”? p27

The author goes on to argue the inadequacy of the Stoic and Epicurean worldviews. I join him in his critique of these philosophies, but I fail to see how existentialism solves the problems at-tendant in Stoicism and Epicureanism. For instance, Radu says that “the Stoic misses the valuable lessons and pro-found knowledge that can be gained only through attachment and loss.” p29 The existentialist is concerned with how man should act in an absurd world in which he knows he will die, and he elevates the will over the intellect—do-ing over knowing. As such, existential-ism has no “profound knowledge” to offer either; it is concerned with the will. Radu concedes as much when he says that true knowledge is always ab-stract in an existentialist worldview.

Radu’s apology for existentialism refers to universal categories such as “people,” “human beings,” and “whole persons.” But true existentialism de-nies the existence of these categories. Sartre said, “[T]here is no human na-ture, because there is no God to have a conception of it.” 1p28 Sartre unwittingly invokes a universal called “man,” but that contradiction aside, he definitely affirms that there is no such thing as human essence for the existentialist. Radu fails to grasp this. It is fortunate nonetheless; a consistent existentialist would say that humanness itself carries no attendant dignity.

Radu needs to be more critical of existentialism. The most critical re-mark he makes is, “Existentialism is often viewed as bleak,” p30 as though such a critique is leveled from the outside looking in. Not so. Martin

Heidegger said the human experience consisted of being thrust into the world arbitrarily and ultimately accepting oneself as nothingness, a being-toward-death.3 Sartre said that “man is . . . forlorn, for he cannot find anything to depend upon either within or outside himself,” 1p34 and resigned himself to the idea that freedom is our great-est doom. Albert Camus said the two choices available to human beings are an absurd, meaningless existence on one hand, and suicide on the other.4p144 These bleak remarks come from the existentialists themselves. Is that the kind of worldview that should direct the physician-patient relationship?

Ultimately, existentialism is subjec-tive, fatalistic anti-philosophy—what C. Everett Koop and Francis Schaeffer called “the modern irrationalism.” 4p145 If there is a worldview that exudes humanistic despair, it is existentialism. We would do well to practice medicine independent of this philosophy that would leave us with our feet firmly planted in mid-air.

References. Sartre JP. Existentialism and Human-

ism. Mairet P, translator. London: Meuthen & Co.; .

. Sartre JP. No Exit and The Flies. Gilbert S, translator. New York: Alfred A. Knopf; .

. Heidegger M. Being and Time. St-ambaugh J, translator. Albany (NY): State University of New York Press; .

. Schaeffer FA, Koop CE. Whatever Happened to the Human Race? Old Tappan (NJ): Fleming H. Revell Co.; .

Miles Otto Foltermann, MD(ΑΩΑ, The University of Texas at

Houston, !""#)Houston, Texas


The Board of Directors of Alpha Omega Alpha is pleased to announce the winners of the Edward D. Harris

Professionalism Award. The award emphasizes AΩA’s commit-ment to its belief that professionalism is a crucial facet of be-ing a physician, a quality that can be both taught and learned. Originally named the AΩA Professionalism Fellowship, the award has been renamed to honor Edward D. Harris, the longtime executive director of the society, who died in May. Applications were open to medical schools with active AΩA chapters. Faculty who have demonstrated personal dedication to teaching and research in specific aspects of professional-ism that could be transferred directly to medical students or resident physicians were encouraged to apply for these funds.

The winners of the Edward D. Harris Professionalism Award are:

Louise Aronson, MD, MFA Associate Clinical Professor of Medicine, Division of Geriatrics, University of California, San Francisco, School of Medicine

Dr. Aronson received , funding for her project, “Improving the Learning Environment for Professionalism by Implementing and Assessing a Faculty Development Program on Reflection.” Critical reflection is considered both

a core component of professionalism and a tool useful in the promotion and assessment of professionalism. Moreover, reflection allows both educators and learners to consider those aspects of professionalism cited in the literature as inad-equately addressed by traditional approaches to professional-ism education: the informal curriculum, clinical uncertainty and behavioral gray areas, medical system complexities, the context and conflicts leading to unprofessional behaviors, and the reasons students make the choices they do. Dr. Aronson’s project is designed to improve the learning environment for professionalism by implementing a faculty development program on reflection and assessing its impact on educators’ knowledge and attitudes about reflection, the feedback educa-tors give students on reflections related to the professionalism competency, and participants’ dissemination to other core faculty of strategies for teaching reflection.

C. Scott Hultman, MD, MBA, FACS Chief and Program Director, UNC Plastic Surgery, Department of Surgery at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine

Dr. Hultman received , fund-ing for his project, “Understanding and Achieving Professionalism in a Surgical Practice.”

Because few formal courses exist at the medical student level to address professionalism in medicine, Dr. Hultman’s project proposes adding an elective to the curriculum at the UNC School of Medicine that introduces this important concept to the senior medical student. The suggested cur-riculum will specifically address the conduct for surgeons in training and in practice. The project is designed to improve knowledge, skills, and attitudes regarding professionalism, to understand the role of professionalism in a surgical practice, and to achieve and maintain competency in professionalism as a health care provider.

Heather Johnston, MDAssistant Professor of Pediatrics, University of Chicago Pritzker School of MedicineShalini Reddy, MDAssociate Professor of Medicine, University of Chicago Pritzker School of Medicine

Dr. Johnston and Dr. Shalini received , for their project, “Enhancing Professionalism in the Developing Doctor: The GROW (Guided Reflective Online Writing) Project.”

Educators have struggled with the optimal format for teaching profes-sionalism to students, and have found success in methods that are based on context and experience, such as the use of reflection to work through critical events. Purposeful and guided reflec-tion can help students constructively

analyze events that shed a spotlight on the principles of professionalism that are taught versus those espoused by the informal curriculum. The project is designed to teach and facilitate medical students’ purposeful and guided reflections on professionalism beginning in the first year, and to enhance students’ self-efficacy in identifying and processing events that impact their professional development.

2010 Edward D. Harris Professionalism Award


Beginning in !""!, Alpha Omega Alpha’s board of directors offered every chapter the opportunity to host a visiting

professor. Fifty-five chapters took advantage of the opportu-nity during the !""#/!"$" academic year to invite eminent persons in American medicine to share their varied perspec-tives on medicine and its practice.

Following are the participating chapters, their councilors, and their visitors.

ALABAMAUniversity of Alabama School of Medicine

Stephanie D. Reilly, MD, councilor John Tooker, MD, MBA, American College of Physicians

University of South Alabama College of Medicine T. J. Hundley, MD, FACP, councilor Charles S. Bryan, MD, MACP, FRCP (Edin), University of South Carolina School of Medicine

ARKANSASUniversity of Arkansas for Medical Sciences College of Medicine

C. James Graham, MD, councilor Donald P. Levine, MD, Wayne State University School of Medicine

CALIFORNIALoma Linda University School of Medicine

Sarah M. Roddy, MD, councilor Joanne M. Conroy, MD, AAMC

UCLA David Geffen School of Medicine Neil H. Parker, MD, councilor Robert Wachter, MD, University of California, San Francisco, School of Medicine

University of California, San Francisco, School of Medicine Steven Z. Pantilat, MD, councilor Rita Charon, MD, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons

DISTRICT OF COLUMBIAThe George Washington University School of Medicine and Health

Sciences Alan G. Wasserman, MD, councilor William Magee, DDS, MD, FACS, Magee-Rosenblum Plastic Surgery, Inc.

FLORIDAUniversity of Miami Miller School of Medicine

Alex J. Mechaber, MD, councilor Stephen K. Klasko, MD, MBA, University of South Florida College of Medicine

University of South Florida College of Medicine Patricia J. Emmanuel, MD, councilor Danielle Ofri, MD, PhD, DLitt (Hon), FACP, New York University School of Medicine and the Bellevue Literary Press

GEORGIAMedical College of Georgia School of Medicine

Clarence Joe, DMD, MD, councilor Douglas Paauw, MD, University of Washington School of Medicine

Morehouse School of Medicine Frances J. Dunston, MD, MPH, councilor Roger I. Glass, MD, PhD, National Institutes of Health

ILLINOISLoyola University Chicago Stritch School of Medicine

John A. Robinson, MD, councilor Gail Hecht, MD, University of Illinois at Chicago College of Medicine

Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science/The Chicago Medical School Cathy J. Lazarus, MD, FACP, councilor Eric Gall, MD, MACP, MACR, University of Arizona

Southern Illinois University School of Medicine Andrew J. Varney, MD, councilor Alan Birtch, MD, professor emeritus, Southern Illinois University School of Medicine

University of Chicago Division of the Biological Sciences Pritzker School of Medicine Holly J. Humphrey, MD, councilor Jordan J. Cohen, MD, George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences

INDIANAIndiana University School of Medicine

Richard B. Gunderman, MD, PhD, councilor Mark A. Malangoni, MD, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine

IOWAUniversity of Iowa Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine

Chrisopher Cooper, MD, councilor Jay A. Rosenberger, DO, University of Iowa, Des Moines Internal Medicine, Methodist Plaza Internal Medicine

KANSASUniversity of Kansas School of Medicine

Jeffrey M. Holzbeierlein, MD, councilor Robert Rich, MD, University of Alabama School of Medicine

KENTUCKYUniversity of Kentucky College of Medicine

Charles Griffith, MD, councilor Ralph Jozefowicz, MD, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry

LOUISIANALouisiana State University Health Sciences Center School of Medicine

in New Orleans Peter M. C. DeBlieux, MD, councilor Leigh A. Neumayer, MD, University of Utah School of Medicine

Louisiana State University School of Medicine at Shreveport Jeffrey German, MD, councilor Douglas Levine, BA, MD, Mount Sinai School of Medicine of New York University

Tulane University School of Medicine Russell W. Steele, MD, councilor Ruth-Marie Fincher, MD, MACP, Medical College of Georgia School of Medicine

MARYLANDJohns Hopkins University School of Medicine

Peter E. Dans, MD councilor Fred Schiffman, MD, the Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University

Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences F. Edward Hébert School of Medicine Robert E. Goldstein, MD, councilor Kenneth Prager, MD, FACP, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons

2009/2010 Visiting Professorships


Visiting professorships

University of Maryland School of Medicine Donna L. Parker, MD; Gary D. Plotnick, MD; Yvette Rooks, MD; councilors Joshua Sharfstein, MD, U.S. Food and Drug Administration

MICHIGANMichigan State University College of Human Medicine

E. James Potchen, MD, councilor Alexa Canady, MD, Florida State University College of Medicine

University of Michigan Medical School Cyril M. Grum, MD, councilor Mary E. Tinetti, MD, Yale University School of Medicine

MISSOURIUniversity of Missouri—Columbia School of Medicine

Thomas Selva, MD, councilor Thomas Inui, ScM, MD, Indiana University School of Medicine

University of Missouri—Kansas City School of Medicine John Foxworth, PharmD, councilor Jeffrey G. Wiese, MD, Tulane University

NEBRASKACreighton University School of Medicine

William J. Hunter, MD, councilor Steven Zweig, MD, University of Missouri—Columbia School of Medicine

University of Nebraska College of Medicine James R. O’Dell, MD, councilor Gretchen Berggren, MD, Harvard School of Public Health

NEW JERSEYUMDNJ—New Jersey Medical School

Robert A. Schwartz, MD, MPH, councilor P. K. Carlton, MD, Lt. General, U.S. Air Force

NEW YORKAlbany Medical College

Neil Lempert, MD, councilor Gary Gottlieb, MD, Brigham and Women’s/Faulkner Hospitals

Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons John C. M. Brust, MD, councilor C. Ronald Kahn, MD, Harvard Medical School

State University of New York, Downstate Medical Center College of Medicine Arthur H. Wolintz, MD, councilor Samuel Packer, MD, New York University School of Medicine

State University of New York, Upstate Medical University, College of Medicine Lynn M. Cleary, MD, councilor L. D. Britt, MD, Eastern Virginia Medical School

Stony Brook University School of Medical Jack Fuhrer, MD, councilor Steven Galson, MD, MPH, Acting Surgeon General of the United States

NORTH CAROLINAThe Brody School of Medicine at East Carolina University

Thomas G. Irons, MD, councilor John Gianopoulos, MD, Loyola University Chicago Stritch School of Medicine

Wake Forest University Health Sciences School of Medicine K. Patrick Ober, MD, councilor Jack Coulehan, MD, Stony Brook University School of Medicine

OHIOOhio State University College of Medicine

Sheryl Pfeil, MD, councilor Jonathan Woodson, MD, Boston University School of Medicine

The University of Toledo, College of Medicine Patricia J. Metting, PhD, councilor John E. Billi, MD, University of Michigan Medical School

Wright State University Boonschoft School of Medicine Linda Barney, MD, councilor Paul Haidet, MD, MPH, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine

PENNSYLVANIAJefferson Medical College of Thomas Jefferson University

Clara A. Callahan, MD, councilor Thomas J. Nasca, MD, MACP, ACGME

Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine Robert G. Atnip, MD, councilor Russell Rose

Temple University School of Medicine Amy Goldberg, MD, councilor Sanjiv Chopra, MD, Harvard Medical School

PUERTO RICOPonce School of Medicine

Rafael Iván Iriarte, MD, councilor Amy Hutchinson, MD, Emory University School of Medicine

University of Puerto Rico School of Medicine Humberto Guiot, MD, councilor Stephen Beeson, MD, Studer Group

SOUTH CAROLINAMedical University of South Carolina College of Medicine

Christopher G. Pelic, MD, councilor Michael S. Saag, MD, University of Alabama School of Medicine

University of South Carolina School of Medicine Joshua T. Thornhill IV, MD, councilor William P. Magee, DDS, MD, FACS, Eastern Virginia Medical School

TENNESSEEUniversity of Tennessee Health Science Center, College of Medicine

Owen Phillips, MD, councilor L. D. Britt, MD, MPH, Eastern Virginia Medical School

TEXASTexas A&M Health Science Center College of Medicine

Mark L. Montgomery, MD, councilor John Pierce, MD, Veterans Adminstration, U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs

Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center School of Medicine Robert C. Schutt, Jr., MD, councilor Thomas P. Lutterbie, SRA International, Inc., Fairfax, Virginia

University of Texas Medical Branch, University of Texas Medical School at Galveston Lisa R. Farmer, MD, councilor Raymond Mis, DO, New England College of Osteopathic Medicine

WASHINGTONUniversity of Washington School of Medicine

Douglas S. Paauw, MD, councilor Serena Koenig, MD, Brigham and Women’s Hospital

WEST VIRGINIAWest Virginia University School of Medicine

Melanie Fisher, MD, MSc, councilor Nancy H. Nielsen, MD, American Medical Association


Begun in as the Chapter of the Year award, this pro-gram was intended to recognize outstanding contribu-

tions made by an AΩA chapter. In , the program became the AΩA Chapter Development Award, aimed at encouraging ongoing original and creative programs being carried out by AΩA chapters. In , the program again changed to the AΩA Medical Student Service Project Award, available to any student or group or students at a school with an active AΩA chapter.

Funds of up to per year, renewable for a second year at and a third year at , are available to students to aid in the establishment or expansion of a medical student service project benefiting a school or its local community. One application per year per school is allowed, selected by the school’s AΩA councilor and dean from the proposals submitted.

Medical Student Service Projects funded by AΩA during the / school year were:

CALIFORNIAKeck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California

Long Term Education of Beauticians on Tanning Beds and Its Association with Melanoma

University of California, Irvine, School of Medicine Medical Initiative Against Homelessness (MIAH)

FLORIDAUniversity of Florida College of Medicine

Mobile Gator (startup costs)ILLINOISRosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science/Chicago Medical

School STEP UP

University of Chicago Division of the Biological Sciences Pritzker School of Medicine Project Brotherhood-SNMA Partnership Proposal (renewed)

University of Chicago Division of the Biological Sciences Pritzker School of Medicine Pritzker Community Service Fellowship


Taking Root in the Community—MS Class Service ProjectIOWAUniversity of Iowa Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine

Health and Nutrition Curriculum in Local Elementary SchoolsLOUISIANALouisiana State University Health Sciences Center School of Medicine

in New Orleans Patient and Visitor Library Interim Hospital in New Orleans

Tulane University School of Medicine Covenant House: A community reproductive health center


The Student Preceptor Program

MASSACHUSETTSBoston University School of Medicine

th Annual Haitian Health Career Seminar: Emergency Preparedness, Relief and Beyond

MICHIGANWayne State University School of Medicine

Robert R. Frank Student Run Free Clinic (RRFSRFC)MINNESOTAMayo Medical School

Winter Warmth FestivalMISSOURIUniversity of Missouri—Kansas City School of Medicine

Second ServingsWashington University in St. Louis School of Medicine

Farmers’ Market Nutrition ProgramNEW YORKMount Sinai School of Medicine of New York University

The MedStart ProgramNew York Medical College NYMC Careers in Medicine WebsiteSophie Davis School of Biomedical Education of the City College of New York Health Fair in Harlem (renewed)

University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry Cooking with the Community Volunteer

Weill Cornell Medical College Weill Cornell Youth Scholars Program (renewed)

OHIOOhio State University College of Medicine

Be the Change Health FairWright State University Boonschoft School of Medicine

Community Collaborative Spring Food DrivePENNSYLVANIADrexel University College of Medicine

Accessibility Adventure DayJefferson Medical College of Thomas Jefferson University

Refugee Health PartnersRHODE ISLANDThe Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University

Two Channels to Cambodian Patient Advocacy: Medical Student and Patient Education

SOUTH CAROLINAMedical University of South Carolina College of Medicine

COM Career NightUniversity of South Carolina School of Medicine

Fall Giving TreeTENNESSEEVanderbilt University School of Medicine

Shade Tree Family Clinic—Vaccine Outreach ProgramTEXASUniversity of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio School of

Medicine BEST (Breastfeeding Education and Support for Teenage Mothers)

University of Texas Medical Branch, University of Texas Medical School at Galveston Stay Shady! (renewed)

2009/2010 Medical Student Service Project Awards

2009/2010 Administrative Recognition Awards

On January , , U.S. Surgeon General Luther Terry released what would become one of the most widely cited documents in the annals of medicine: Smoking and Health—Report of the Advisory Committee of the Surgeon General of the Public Health Service. The findings were blunt, sobering, and unequivocal: “Cigarette smoking is causally related to lung cancer in men; the magnitude of the effect of cigarette smok-ing outweighs all other factors.”

The landmark report proved to be the catalyst for broad-based antismoking efforts in the United States and around the globe. In the two decades following its publication, more than million Americans stopped smoking, resulting in a signifi-cant decline in heart attacks and a slow but steady decrease in the incidence of lung cancer in men.

Yet cigarettes remain the most preventable cause of dis-ability and death in the United States, killing more Americans than AIDS, breast cancer, motor vehicle accidents, alcohol, illegal drugs, homicides, and suicides combined.

Since sixty-five countries have issued stamps with an anti-smoking message, but the United States is not among them.

Backed by twenty-two medical societies, a resolution was

approved in June by the American Medical Association that calls upon physicians to urge the U.S. Citizens’ Stamp Advisory Committee to issue a stamp commemorating the fiftieth anniversary of the Surgeon General’s Report in .

In support of this campaign, two companion exhibitions, curated by Alan Blum, MD (AΩA, Emory University, ), director of the University of Alabama Center for the Study of Tobacco and Society, are available for display at museums, medical libraries, and other venues. “Dr. Luther Terry and the Publication of the Surgeon General’s Report on Smoking and Health” and “Anti-Smoking Postage Stamps from Around the World” (featuring the collection of more than anti-tobacco stamps and philatelic covers, amassed by retired Baton Rouge chest physician James Lutschg, MD) will be on view at Roswell Park Cancer Institute for the rest of . They will also be seen at the American Society of Clinical Oncology annual conference in June .

To preview the exhibitions: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fIRnOUuIn

To inquire about hosting the exhibitions, contact Dr. Blum at [email protected].

Commemorating the Fiftieth Anniversary of a Medical Landmark

This award recognizes the AΩA chapter administrators who are so

important to the functioning of the chapter. The nomination is made by the councilor or other officer of the chapter. A gift check is awarded to the indi-vidual, as well as a framed Certificate of Appreciation.

The following awards were made in /:

ALABAMAUniversity of Alabama School of Medicine

Stephen Smith, PhDGEORGIAMorehouse School of Medicine

Dorothy ClairILLINOISUniversity of Chicago Division of the

Biological Sciences Pritzker School of Medicine Kate Blythe

Southern Illinois University School of Medicine Kay DeFord


Ruth PattersonIOWAUniversity of Iowa Roy J. and Lucille A.

Carver College of Medicine Jeannie Panther

KANSASUniversity of Kansas School of Medicine

Valerie PoulsonLOUISIANALouisiana State University Health Sciences

Center School of Medicine in New Orleans Bobbie Millet

MARYLANDUniformed Services University of the Health

Sciences F. Edward Hébert School of Medicine Daphne Thomas

MISSOURIUniversity of Missouri—Columbia School of

Medicine Suzanne Neff

NEW YORKUniversity at Buffalo, School of Medicine and

Biomedical Sciences, State University of New York Susan M. Burger

OHIOThe University of Toledo, College of Medicine

Ardella CrociOKLAHOMAUniversity of Oklahoma College of Medicine

Leila M. McLeanPUERTO RICOUniversidad Central del Caribe School of

Medicine Milagros Rodriguez

SOUTH CAROLINAMedical University of South Carolina College

of Medicine Mary Ann Snell

University of South Carolina School of Medicine Karen David

WISCONSINMedical College of Wisconsin

Lesley Mack


The Alpha Omega Alpha Volunteer Clinical Faculty Award is presented annually by local chapters to recognize com-

munity physicians who have contributed with distinction to the education and training of medical students. AΩA provides a permanent plaque for each chapter’s dean’s office; a plate with the name of each year’s honoree may be added each year that the award is given. Honorees receive framed certificates. The recipients of this award in the / academic year are listed below.

ALABAMAUniversity of South Alabama College of Medicine

Leonard S. RichCALIFORNIAUniversity of California, San Francisco, School of Medicine

Albert Yu, MD, MPH, MBADISTRICT OF COLUMBIAHoward University College of Medicine

Reginald D. Wills, MDThe George Washington University School of Medicine and Health

Sciences Paul Schlein, MD

GEORGIAMorehouse School of Medicine

Lisa A. Counsell, MDILLINOISRosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science/The Chicago

Medical School Melvin Wichter, MD

University of Chicago Division of the Biological Sciences Pritzker School of Medicine Richard Aronwald, MD


Todd R. Bagwell, MDIOWAUniversity of Iowa Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine

Nathaniel Meyer, MDKANSASUniversity of Kansas School of Medicine

Jennifer Brull, MDKENTUCKYUniversity of Louisville School of Medicine

Michael Alt, DOLOUISIANALouisiana State University Health Sciences Center School of Medicine

in New Orleans Michael Kemp Amacker, MD

Louisiana State University School of Medicine at Shreveport William Norwood, MD, FACS

Tulane University School of Medicine Vincent R. Adolph, MD


David Schwartz, MBBChUniformed Services University of the Health Sciences F. Edward

Hébert School of Medicine Adam Saperstein, MD

University of Maryland School of Medicine Leonard Sowah, MD

MICHIGANUniversity of Michigan Medical School

Beth C. Kimball, MDMINNESOTAUniversity of Minnesota Medical School

Charles Horowitz, MDNEBRASKAUniversity of Nebraska College of Medicine

Brian K. Buhlke, DONEW JERSEYUMDNJ—New Jersey Medical School

Richard Levandowski, MDNEW YORKMount Sinai School of Medicine of New York University

Richard A. Skolnik, MDNew York University School of Medicine

Neal A. Lewin, MDState University of New York, Downstate Medical Center College of

Medicine George N. Braman, MD

State University of New York, Upstate Medical University, College of Medicine Mitchell Brodey, MD

Stony Brook University School of Medicine George L. Hines, MD

University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry Lawrence N. Chessin, MD

Weill Cornell Medical College Timothy C. Dutta, MD

NORTH DAKOTAUniversity of North Dakota School of Medicine and Health Sciences

Napoleon Espejo, MDOHIOOhio State University College of Medicine

Danilo Polonia, MDUniversity of Cincinnati College of Medicine

Bruce Allen, MDPENNSYLVANIADrexel University College of Medicine

Kevin Kasper, MDJefferson Medical College of Thomas Jefferson University

Anthony J. Macchiavelli, MDUniversity of Pittsburgh School of Medicine

Veena Dhar, MDSOUTH CAROLINAMedical University of South Carolina College of Medicine

James G. Ward, MDUniversity of South Carolina School of Medicine

William C. Giles, MDTEXASUniversity of Texas Medical School at Houston

Daniel G. Corredor, MD, FACE

2009/2010 Volunteer Clinical Faculty Awards


ALABAMAUniversity of Alabama School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham—Alpha AlabamaStudents: Victoria Shamblin Anderson, William Charles Barrow, Lindsay Elizabeth Brown, Nathan Michael Bullington, Jennifer Lauren Burgess, Adam L Edwards, Joseph Tyler Fuqua, Eddie Lee Hyatt, Jacob Don Kelley, William Purvis Lancaster, Samuel Keener McElwee, Virginia Logue Menendez, Troy Elijah Mott, Stephen Pehler, Brandon Allen Perry, Zachary David Reardon, Stefanie Lycans Riddle, Cleon Louis Rogers, Mark Edward Rogers, Christopher Paul Roth, Kyle J Rudemiller, Rebekah Joy Savage, Kyle William Schuller, Daniel Schuster, Shannon Elizabeth Simpson, Inge Juljana Tamm-Daniels, Stephanie LeeAnn Wilson, Jonathan William Wright Faculty: Ona Marie Faye-Petersen, Brian P GleasonHouse staff: Jamie Lin Erwin, Peter J Frederick, William Fish Marstellar IVUniversity of South Alabama College of Medicine—Beta AlabamaStudents: Tyler Paul Black, Russell Douglas Goode, Panayiotis Petros Grevenitis, Geoffrey Lewis Hancy, Brandon Winslett Kirkland, Ross Alexander Mullinax, Ashley D Myers, Michael Travis Pierce, Lauren Jennifer Platt, Ruchit R Shah, Rachel Kristina TraylorAlumni: Frank V deGruy IIIFaculty: Anthony L GardHouse staff: Manuel Damian RodriquezARIZONAUniversity of Arizona College of Medicine—Alpha ArizonaStudents: Sohail Abdi-Moradi, Nicola Jane Baker, Kathryn Elizabeth Bradley, John Michael Carter, Efrain Israel Cubillo IV, Amelia Kathleen Decker, Kevin Patrick Engelhardt, Veena Vanessa Goel, Jessica Erin Haley, Stephanie Elise Hartz, Juliana Michele Kling, Drew Joseph B Kurtzman, Vivian Lien, Connor Thomas Lundy, Loan Thanh Pham, Christine Nicole Poach, Emily Nicole Prendergast, Minah Shin, Lenka StankovaAlumni: Faculty: Ronald E PustHouse staff: Wynter Nigel Phoenix, Thye Matthew Schuyler ARKANSASUniversity of Arkansas for Medical Sciences College of Medicine—Alpha ArkansasStudents: Kaete Alexandra Archer, Daine Thompson Bennett, Timothy Jay Bilbruck, Robert Wilder Bradsher III, Elizabeth Cottrill, Heather Christine Delahunt-Moore, Dragon Do, Jennifer Ileen Doyle, Megan Suzanne Evans, Adam Nicholas Franklin, Charles Marvin Gordon, David Sharpe Heister, Lauren Nash Hendrix, April Marie Hill, Samuel Jordan House, James Wesley Stakesby Lewis, Colt Michael McClain, Michael Sean McLaughlin, Sean Necessary, Blake Andrew Phillips, Jennifer Raible, William Reyenga, Daniel Levi Shepherd, Courtney L Sick, Chase Douglas Smith, Justin WaldenAlumni: Paula Wyatt MorrisFaculty: Mark J Heulitt, Laura P JamesHouse staff: James Stewart Blachly, Rachel Howell KingCALIFORNIAUniversity of California, San Francisco, School of Medicine—Alpha CaliforniaStudents: Naomi Aloysia Adler, Heather Dawn Bennett, Tene Aneka Cage, Danielle Marie Chammas, Craig Chen, Allen C Cheng, Hao Jun Jonathan Chong, Daniel James Chrobak, Jordan M Cloyd, Taraneh Terry Farsani, Ari Benjamin Hoffman, Jennifer Lin Hsiao, Benjamin Huang, Nicholas James Johnson, Devin William Kehl, Mary Watson Montgomery, Sarah Uhler Morton, Venu M Nemani, Patrick Michael Newman, Praveen Panguluri, Anna Theresa Panighetti, Adam David Schickedanz, Lawrence Raymond Shiow, Jed Wolpaw, April Joy Zaat, Harras Bin Zaid, Mary Hui ZhangAlumni: Lee Rachel Atkinson-McEvoy, Alma M MartinezFaculty: Calvin Chou, Elisabeth Brayton WilsonHouse staff: Sami J Barmada, Jocelyn S Chapman, Damon E FrancisKeck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California—Gamma CaliforniaStudents: Julianne Marie Awrey, Yekaterina Bakhta, Natalie Burns, Philippe Champagne, Summer Puanani Chong, Erik Irvin Curtis, Alexis Elise Dixon, Kelly Therese Erickson, Margaret Fleming, Jamie Lauren Funamura, Carolyn Alexander Gates, Andrea Halim, Ivan Peter Harnden, Michael Jesse Hendricks, Isabel Rey Huey Hsu, Felicia Rachel Katz, Adrienne Marie Keener, Kathleen Lee Kiernan, Nicole Mie Mei-Oi Mau, Elana Halks Miller, Gina C Rossetti, Leah Ruslen, Stuart Tomlinson Schroff, Kathryn Lee Serowka, Grant Shifflett, Sergei Terterov, Justin Philip WagnerFaculty: Kenneth Allen Geller, Rayudu GopalakrishnaDavid Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA—Delta CaliforniaStudents: Mary Lou Bui, Amanda Chao-Yu Chi, Jennifer A Fulcher, Caitlin Laurel Gomez, Jonathan D Grant, Rebecca Jean Hammon, Osamu F Kaneko, Nicole M

Khadavi, Mohammed Ali Khan, Jennifer Kung, Ryan Martin, Sarah E Medeiros, Amy Marie Metzger, Matthew Mossanen, Jacqueline C Newton, Rafee Obaidi, Molly Quinn, Sangeetha Meda Reddy, Adam Rees, Nicholas D Reese, Lobna Shahatto, David Shamouelian, Vatche Tchekmedyian, Dina Wallin, Chantel L Washington, Annie Rui Zhang, Zachary S ZumstegFaculty: Michael Wynn YehLoma Linda University School of Medicine—Epsilon CaliforniaStudents: Claire Andrews, Krysten Marie Bell, James Alan Chenoweth, Michael Chiang, Jessica Claridge, Blake Christopher Fowler, Howard David Guan, Allison Linnea Hinz, Jason Hong, Shino Dorothy Magaki, William Wilbur Millard II, Janet Modad, Jeremy Michael Moretz, William Soren Mortensen, Denise Palke, Robert Quigley, Stephen Joseph Rechenmacher, Jeniffer Sicalo, Michael Wisung Sim, Matthew Joel Storment, Luke Christopher Strnad, Chad Van Ginkel, Daniel Eric Westerdahl, John Rawles WuchenichFaculty: Lynda Daniel-UnderwoodHouse staff: Cherie Amour Colbert, Michael John Orlich, David TurayUniversity of California, Irvine, School of Medicine—Zeta CaliforniaStudents: Scott Aaron Atkins, Nicholas S Boehling, Noah Canvasser, Jonathan H Chen, Alexander Chao-Yu Chiang, William G Chu, Jonathan Joseph Falakassa, Pedram Ghasri, Emily Michelle Grant, Jacqueline Rowena Ho, Becky Annie Lim, Madhukar Shirish Patel, Jesus Gildardo Ulloa, Jason Warren, Edward C WuUniversity of California, Davis, School of Medicine—Eta CaliforniaStudents: Helen Bai, Blair Rosella Louise Colwell, Kendell Riley German, Charity B Hope, Robin Anne Talcott Huffer, Margaret Lawless, Bill Ran Luo, Joshua Phillip Melvin, Karen Jenning Mu, Rasanamar Sandhu, Sonia Sonik-Spielvogel, Elizabeth Rose Stewart, David Trent, Tammy Shingpei Wan, Charles Qian YuHouse staff: Vishal GoyalCOLORADOUniversity of Colorado School of Medicine—Alpha CaliforniaStudents: John Deitrich Anderson, Erik Angles, Mim Ari, Sean Baran, Jerry Bodily, Keely Marie Chevallier, Kelly Ann Fair, Geoffrey Fasen, Patricia Monica Federczyk, Kelsey Flint, Laura Sturgess Huff, Jason Navid Mansoori, Brook Kim McConnell, Travis James Menge, Andrew Cook Nelson, Keri Jean Propst, Evan Michael Pushchak, Tyler Richard Reese, James Cameron Rose, Gina Leigh Schiel, Tierney A Sparks, Christopher Brett Warner, Julie Ann Weintraub, Kristina Linnea Welton, Bryan Phillip WertDISTRICT OF COLUMBIAThe George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences—Alpha District of ColumbiaStudents: Shivani Manhar Bhatt, Laura Crystal Cookman, Jaclyn L Davis, Natasha Nikhil Desai, Marc F Dobrow, Kayla Terese Enriquez, Laura Ridgely Hatch, Lisa Roselin Jacob, Michelle Anne Kaplinski, Steven V Kardos, Brian Edward Kaufman, Rachel E Kutteruf, Brian J Linder, Brian Scott Martell, Rachel Elana Mednick, Kirsten Poehling Monaghan, Ryan James Mountjoy, Katherine Steinfeld Perry, Patricia Reutemann, Kirsten M Rose-Felker, Anjuli Shah, Edward J Silverman, Frank Horace Valone III, Christopher C Vanison, Maria Victoria Vargas, Lauren S Wade, Ajay D Wadgaonkar, Robert Carlton WardFaculty: Karen Ann Blackstone, Thomas William JarrettHouse staff: Ashté Collins, Nihar Kiritkumar Patel, Palak ShahGeorgetown University School of Medicine—Beta District of ColumbiaStudents: Marika Alois, Aaron Conner Babb, Meghan Laura Bernier, Andrew James Braziel, Daniel Robert Bunker, Rachel Caravella, John Thomas Cardella, Trent David Emerick, Jill Elizabeth Euteneuer, Paul Nicolas Fiorilli, Michael Freeman Githens, Christopher Michael Jones, Scott Michael Karpowicz, Danielle Olivia Kaw, Kent Kwok Kin Lam, Robert William McDermott, Marie LaPenta McHenry, Kathryn Maureen McKenna, Kathleen Genevieve Mitchell, Jason Paul Moran, Teresa Jean Nasabzadeh, Caitlin O’Brien, Megan Carroll Paulus, Hubert Pham, Nicholas Henry Pope, Kirsten Regalia, Carleen Marie Risaliti, John Anthony Savino III, Andrea M Spiker, Paul Joseph Switaj, Zachary Scott WallaceFaculty: James Francis Duffy SJHouse staff: Elizabeth Ashleigh David, Michelle Denise ZookHoward University College of Medicine—Gamma District of ColumbiaStudents: Elliot Amponsah Asare, Ugochukwu Onyibo Egolum, Aslam Ejaz, Zafir Kalamadeen, Mariel Ames Kerr, Christina Nicole Lawson, Preeti Manavalan, Stephen James Martin, Luke Archer Neilans, Chinyere Ndidi Nwaneri, Jessica A O’Babatunde, Olusola Obayomi-Davies, Olaleke Oke, Islamiat O Olaribigbe, Sabrine Semoin, Kristen Marie Trulear, Jhade Woodall, Raymond Kenneth YoungAlumni: John Hubert Stewart, Anthony Evans WatkinsFaculty: Andre J Duerinckx, Kanwal Kumar GambhirHouse staff: Mohankumar KurukumbiFLORIDAUniversity of Miami Miller School of Medicine—Alpha FloridaStudents: Ian Blake Amber, Marissa Lea Anderson, Heidi Hansen Ashbaugh, Raheel Bengali, Frank Bouchard Cortazar, Daniel M Cushman, Erin A Fender, Jessica Marie

Alpha Omega Alpha members elected in 2009/2010Chapters are listed alphabetically by state, province, or country, then in order of charter


Figueroa, Holly Fish, Robert Cunningham Gerring, Stephen Eugene Guyette, Isaac Stirling Jones, Mohamed Kaif, Isabel Anais Lamour, Ella Hoshuen Leung, Jessica M Linder, Alina Mercedes Lopez, Emilio Enrique Lopez, Sharon Lorraine McCartney, Paru D Mehta, Raja Mohan, Stephanie Olga Peacock, Timothy Jerad Rearick, Isaac Harry Ritter, Andrew Louis Ross, Jonathan Weiss, David Griffin WholeyAlumni: Gauri Agarwal, Jason L RadickFaculty: Jeffrey P Brosco, Matthias A SalatheHouse staff: Marcela A Ferrada, Marc Richard Gualtieri, Manuel L Ribeiro-NetoUniversity of Florida College of Medicine—Beta FloridaStudents: Sheyan Armaghani, Spencer H Bachow, Mara Alexa Clapp, Keirsun Crockett, Aaron David Falchook, John Henry Faryna, Jason Aaron Freed, Justin Michael Gomez, Jonathan Grant Harrell, Jonathan Kai Hu, John Paul Magulick, Timothy Nywening, Paul David O’Rourke, Drew Alexander Palmer, Glen Thomas Robinson, Christina E Rodriguez, Andrew Michael Romano, Naziya Samreen, Benjamin Charles Service, Jennifer Wilkinson, Brent Thomas Wise, Dong Dawn Yang, Gregory David YoungFaculty: Jamie Beth Conti, Maureen Anne NovakHouse staff: Christopher Lawrence Bray, Adam D Falchook, Ashish Kumar GuptaUniversity of South Florida College of Medicine—Gamma FloridaStudents: Bryan Joseph Allen, Brandon Brown, Andrew Rising Carey, Karan Anil Desai, Casey Erin Gooden, Michelle Grace Hamel, Gregory Shannon Henderson, James Trever Highsmith, Jarrod Adam Keeler, Menyoli Michael Malafa, Matthew W Manry, Michaela Nguyen, Robert LeRoy Plews, Michael Allen Roberts, Melinda Leigh Shiver, Ryan Telford, Laura Anne Thornsberry, Philip Vuong Tran, Seth James Trifiro, Kristy Lynn WesighanAlumni: Richard Elmer WeibleyFaculty: H Juergen Nord, Kevin O’BrienHouse staff: Robert Ledford, Brice Thomas TaylorFlorida State University College of Medicine—Delta FloridaStudents: Brandon Russell Allen, Elizabeth Brooks, Michael William Hall, William Adam Hammond, Jennifer Kinley, Melissa Lee Kozakiewicz, Christina Annette McCall, Nicole Courtois McCoy, Molly McIntyre, Jimmy Lewis Moss Jr, Emily Taylor Overholser, Kate Ross, Amanda Marie Sebring, Vanessa Vasquez, Eilene Kales Weibley, Katie Ann WolterGEORGIAMedical College of Georgia School of Medicine—Alpha GeorgiaStudents: John Bradley Allen, Beau Taylor Bryan, Charya Chhauv By, Justin Thomas Cheeley, Amy Vinod Chudgar, Jarrod Craig, Brooks William Ficke, Melanie Lyn Freeman, Scotty Gadlin, Amy Reed Goss, Bronwen Ann Halstead-Nussloch, David Joseph Heinsch, Andrew Judson Hill IV, Matthew Preston Huges, Tracie Catherine Hughes, Sara Johnston, Daniel McCollum, John LeCraw Mikell, Lauren Courtney Mitchell, Shalin Jitendra Patel, Jeff Ryan Petrie, Roja Chandrashekhar Pondicherry-Harish, David Elliot Roffwarg, Sirikishan Ramkishan Shetty, Adam Daniel Singer, Matthew Chesley Steele, Frank Durham Stegall, Matthew Garrett Stewart, Hari Mrugesh Trivedi, Blake Michael Troiani, Viren Sahai Vasudeva, Jeremy Clady Wells, Karen Brown WoodAlumni: W Thomas Jenkins, Julie LaCraw MikellFaculty: Walter ‘Ted’ Kuhn, Laura L MulloyHouse staff: Jason Odell Burnette, Jason Paul ChampagneEmory University School of Medicine—Beta GeorgiaStudents: Robert Beaulieu, Mary Jane Bryant, Robert William Contino, Aisha David, Theresa Mary Dulski, Samuel Aaron Funt, Kimberly Bogard Horner, Lauren Ann Hudak, Laura Johnson, Osama N Kashlan, Lynn Hua Lee, Jessica Manning, Carrie Ann Nalisnick, Daxa Mahendra Patel, Adam G Perry, Luke Tyler Peterson, Adam Benjamin Prater, Jennifer Spicer, Amanda Wartner Stinger, Sean Robinson Stowell, Dane Todd, Berendena I Vander Tuig, Aaron David Weiss, Daron J Williams, Ariel ZodhiatesFaculty: Raymond James Kotwicki, Barbara J StollHouse staff: Jeremiah Deneve, Andrew Nathan Kobylivker, Ian NeelandMorehouse School of Medicine—Gamma GeorgiaStudents: Tiffany Marie Bell, Melinda Fernandez, Jennifer Lee Kim, Shreyas Girish Makwana, Celeste Miller, Cam Tu Nguyen, Jamie Francesca Nguyen, Jessica Gowramma T ShanthaMercer University School of Medicine—Delta GeorgiaStudents: Daniel Aubrey Grace, Maribeth Banks Hamrick, Blake Steven Kimbrell, Jason Robert Laney, Tracy Lynn Nolan, Martin Daniel Rosenthal, Joshua Perkins Simpson, Melissa McLane TaylorAlumni: Christopher Charles Moore, Oliver Christian WhippleFaculty: David C Parish, Leon Newton Sykes JrHouse staff: Jason Ryan Chapman, Eric Lee Long, B Darren Preuninger

HAWAIIUniversity of Hawaii at Manoa John A Burns School of Medicine—Alpha HawaiiStudents: Scott Alexander Harvey, Eric Nicholas Lau, Andrew Lee Middleton, Heather Rose Kaipolani Miner, Heather Mitsuru Motonaga, Lynn Ly Ngo, Knewton Kazunori Sakata, Joshua Iokepa Santos, Ryan Makoto Sato, David Richard VealILLINOISUniversity of Illinois at Chicago College of Medicine—Alpha IllinoisStudents: Jihan Akhtar, Catherine Anderton, Catherine Anderton, Alpheus Benjamin Appenheimer, Kristen Michelle Aquino, Meredith Blythe Barnes, David Alan Barounis, Jason Gary Bill, Heather Rose Binder-Jereb, Christopher Bohac, Katherine Chen, Krista Jo Childress, Lucia Yun Chou, Bart Chwalisz, Vincent Michael Colin, Taylor Dennison, Farhan Farooqui, Panagiotis Flevaris, Jonathan Andrew Gehlbach, Christopher Mark Graves, Matthew D Hall, Suzanne Hatsumi Hiramatsu, Samuel L Hutson, Sachin Jain, Monique Kamaria, David Khatami, Esther Jean Kim, Tiffany Kim, Joel David Kolmodin, Michael E Kralovec, Loryn K Kromrey, Pamela J Lang, Molly Kristine McMorrow, Eric R Mehlberg, Virginia Akua Mensah, Akhil Narang, Hammed Abidemi Ninalowo, Joshua Aaron Novak, Audrey Nuccio, Ephraim Edward Parent, Neel Bhaskar Patel, Ritbune Prakobkit, David Prigge, Sarah Ann Richman, Adam Joseph Sanchez, Rudi Scharnweber, Brian Edward Schwartz, Melina Shabani, Manthan R Shah, Kara Jane Simonson, Christopher T Sparrow, Joshua David Troyer, Renee Westley, Loren Zech, Bree Zimmerman, Loren David ZuiderveldFaculty: Ben Gerber, Martha SweeneyHouse staff: Giai Thieu LoUniversity of Chicago Division of the Biological Sciences Pritzker School of Medicine—Beta IllinoisStudents: Mary Kathleen Bister, Markus Daniel Boos, Elizabeth Jane Brown, Ahmed Aziz Chaudhary, Meghan Ann Connett, Lindsay Amanda Finger, Jonathan Grinstein, Sara Alison Kalantari, Josephine Kim, Ryan Kohlbrenner, Charles Glen Kulwin, Drew Anderson Lansdown, Gautam Malhotra, Shanshan Mou, Cameron Elizabeth Nienaber, Michael Thomas Osborne, John Anthony Paro, Charlotte-Paige Melanie Rolle, Geoffrey WoolNorthwestern University, The Feinberg School of Medicine—Gamma IllinoisStudents: Praveen Anchala, Beau Brinckerhoff, Melissa Joy Chen, Benjamin David Currie, David Michael DiBardino, Leo L Han, Nikolas H Kazmers, Melissa Keene, Thomas Klumpner, Andrew Edward Kott, Christine Lin, Matthew David Lipton, Jeremy Scott Markowitz, Jessica Newman, Sarah Novis, Jason Oppenheimer, Senad Osmanovic, Matthew Patton, Martin Pham, Rachel Phelan, Amanda J Redig, Tamika Smith, Paul J Speicher, David Alan Vermylen, Diego Cole Villacis, Whitney Elizabeth ZirkleAlumni: Karen SheehanFaculty: Robert Listernick, Stanford T ShulmanHouse staff: William John Bulsiewicz, Katherine Anne Connor, Laleh Golkar MelstromChicago Medical School at Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science—Delta IllinoisStudents: Shant Ashdjian, Benjamin Joseph Aumiller, Sebastian Nathaniel Bienia, Oscar Pelayo Bravo, Stephanie Ann Carapetian, Shinn-Huey Shirley Chou, Isha Dhingra, Wand Yee Gan, Akash Garg, Paula S Ginter, Mariah Lynn Hindes, Alexandar Jovanovich, Jordan Christopher Kawano, Natalia Kazakevich, Zaihleen Shariff Keller, Isaac Kennedy, Nima Mehran, Craig Mescher, Megan Ann Mezera, Joelle Dominique Millikin, Walter Osias, Anthony Chapman Palmer, Hemang Kirkteekumar Pandya, Amit Patel, Chetak A Patel, Scott Aaron Ritterman, Sarfaraz Sadruddin, Scott Jospeh Siglin, David Samuel Tager, Jillian Lee Theobald, Alex Barathan Theventhiran, Karen Elizabeth WrightAlumni: Erik Larsen, Mildred MG OlivierFaculty: Stuart Lewis GoldmanHouse staff: Vamsi Kiran Kodumuri, Param Puneet SinghLoyola University Chicago Stritch School of Medicine—Epsilon IllinoisStudents: Peter Harry Anastopoulos, Daniel Baluch, Tracy L Binius, Anthony Christopher Brown, Joseph Daniel Campbell, Margaret Susan Carter, Matthew Pierce Connor, Casey Andrew Dauw, Timothy F Feldmann, Lauren Hewell Fischer, Justin William Griffin, Claire Gushurst, Marc Edward Heincelman, Rana Marie Higgins, Umair M Jabbar, Eric Kamenetsky, Brad C Knox, Mary Alison Mahieu, Joseph Marmora, Moira Courtney McNulty, Megan Elizabeth Mietelski, Risha Li Moskalewicz, Bretton P Mularski, Ryan Joseph Estoesta Salvador, Karan K Shah, Ganesh SivarajanFaculty: Gregory GruenerHouse staff: Aaron Thomas GerdsRush Medical College of Rush University Medical Center—Zeta IllinoisStudents: Theresa M Adams, Mary Mercedes Bailey, Kristin Beaver, Julia Michelle Boll, Elizabeth Chruscinski, Kelly Colleen Cushing, Cullen Dutmer, Alison Freeman, Nicole Anne Friel, Julia Rose Howell, Faiyaaz Ahmad Kalimullah, Jennifer Losavio, Michele Lee Nassin, Aris Oates, Purvi Pravinchandra Patel, Matthew James Raday, David Joseph Ruta, Mina Sedrak, Eric Arthur Swanson, Anthony J Weston


New members

Southern Illinois University School of Medicine—Eta IllinoisStudents: Sumer K Allensworth, Blake Cohen, Ashley Kohaus, Mark R Krohe, Minh-Bao Le, Adam Justin Rodos, Drew Allan Spencer, Mary Eileen Sterrett, Adam Donald Wallace, James Roy Waymack, Kendra Suzanne WoodsAlumni: Roxanne J GuyFaculty: Thomas Howard TarterHouse staff: Brooke M French, Masaya Higuchi, Abiy Kebede KelilINDIANAIndiana University School of Medicine—Alpha IndianaStudents: Erin Olivia Aakhus, Megan Anne Alderman, Tyler Stephen Arnold, Andrew Justin Bishop, Amber Brannan, Jared R Brosch, Abigail Faith Weliver Donnelly, Barrett B Fricke, Kyle Mark Harry, Laura Jean Hinkle, Michael L Hopen, Emily Marie Horvath, Anthony Christopher Illing, Elisa Anne Illing, David Alan Isaacs, Sarah Beth Jacob, Mark Matson Kaehr, Colleen Marie Kiernan, Hayley Knollman, Laura Kruter, Jordan D LeGout, Cathryn J Luria, Joseph Daniel Lutgring, John Paul Magno Manalo, John Ryan Martin, Kevin Charles McCammack, Emily Anne Merryman, Jacob Ryan Miller, Andrew Arthur Millis, Christopher Carl Muth, Emma Joy Nordstrom, Benjamin Gordon Northcutt, Michael Glenn O’Connor, John T O’Malley, Ruchin Patel, Diana Marie Patterson, Anne E Penner, Benjamin Francis Redmon, Troy Roberson, Ian Cooper Sando, Zafar Sayed, Meghann Lynn Schenk, Chad E Tewell, Michael Cassimer Veronesi, Kimbre L Vogel, Katherine Anne VogesAlumni: Richard Thomas Beeler, Michele Smallwood SaysanaFaculty: David Alastair Flockhart, Robert J HavlikHouse staff: Paul Richard Crisostomo, Anthony David Kaiser, Laura Jean NelsonIOWAUniversity of Iowa Roy J and Lucille A Carver College of Medicine—Alpha IowaStudents: Nusayba Ali Bagegni, Jennifer Lynn Baker, Anastasia V Bassis, Nathan Thomas Beins, Jill Marie Bowman, Shannon Elizabeth Cassel, Dianna Lynn Edwards, Andrew Elson, Elizabeth Hester Gauger, Jesus Eduardo Gomez, David Winthrop Hennessy, Katie Hoyme, Sobia Fehmi Khaja, Andrew Norbert Laczniak, Shannon Lee Schauer Leveridge, Nikolas S May, Jason Benjamin Mueller, Bryant G Oliverson, Erin Powell, Johanna Marie Savage, Bradley Steele Schoch, Harmony Schuttler, Elizabeth Ana Vanderah, Laura Joy Watkins, Jeffrey David Welder, Kija Marie Weldon, Scott Gregory Westphal, Jospeh Robert Nelson ZabellAlumni: James Richard HubbardFaculty: Scott WilsonKANSASUniversity of Kansas School of Medicine—Alpha KansasStudents: Smita Aggarwal, Willis Barrow, Nathan S Cuka, David Michael Dupy, Sushant Govindan, Deborah A Holland, Megan Leigh Jones, Marcus Allen Kater, Sarah Latif, Cameron Ledford, Shelby Richard Lies, Jeffrey Desmond Markey, Mallory Glynnis Martinez, Kerri Ailene McGreal, Anne Katherine Miller, Stephanie Yeager Murray, Brooke L W Nesmith, Thuan Ba Nguyen, Erin Marie O’Brien, Devon Paul, Andrew Pirotte, Abhishek Ray, Katherine Seymour, Bruce Tjaden Jr, Zachary Jon Viets, Blair Wendlandt, Nicole Wieghard, Matthew Steven Wilson, Trenton C Wray Alumni: Lisa Starcke Gilmer, Jerry L OldFaculty: Michael L KennedyHouse staff: Gerhard Aron Fast, Lucas Pitts, Mayra Esperanza SanchezKENTUCKYUniversity of Louisville School of Medicine—Alpha KentuckyStudents: Sabra M Abner, Folasade A Ademosu, Ashley Lynn Alumbaugh, Joseph David Bailey, Dustin Webb Dillon, Destinee Lucy Eakle, Rachel S Ford, Joel M Fritz, Mark Tye Haeberle, Lakshmi Kartha, Matthew Kelleher, Benjamin Klausing, Sofya Kuznetsov, Mary Lacy, PariaEsmaily Majd, Elizabeth Lee Matera, Chester Joseph Mays, Justin Thomas Phillips, Luke Patrick Robinson, Sarina Sahetya, Zachary Richard Simpson, Clint Marshall Tucker, Gregory C WilsonAlumni: Paige HertweckFaculty: Anthony J Casale, Henry Jerrold KaplanHouse staff: Christopher Robert Janowiecki, Brian M Plato, Mary Ann SandersUniversity of Kentucky College of Medicine—Beta KentuckyStudents: Cady Blackey, Joseph Allen Blackmon, Lindsay Block Blackmon, Joseph Clay Brown, Adam Gerard Cole, Borys Gvozdyev, Alan Montgomery Hall, James Donald Hawthorne III, Amanda Fleming Marsch, Marlena Nicole Mattingly, Lucas Haynes Rifkin, Megan Song, Taylor Vaughan, Charlotte Marie Walter, Mark J YuhasFaculty: Cletus Savio Carvalho, Joseph A IoconoHouse staff: Michael Douglas Goble, Fadi R Makhoul, Kevin Harris SmithLEBANONAmerican University of Beirut School of Medicine—Alpha LebanonStudents: Salim Daouk, Lana Saleh Dbeibo, Ali El Mokdad, Abdallah El Sabbagh, Nathalie Malek El Ters, Rashed Ali Ghandour, Racha Zeid Halawi, Nemer Junior Robert Muallem, Ibrahim Nassour, Wassim Abdul Razzak ShatilaHouse staff: Maya Georges Barake, Khaled M Musallam, Carlos Noujeim

LOUISIANATulane University School of Medicine—Alpha LouisianaStudents: Robert Michael Bacigalupi, Shannon Kristina Barry, Laura Bateman, Todd Borenstein, Jenny Buck, Siu Ping Chin Feman, Jennifer Coleen Creedon, Joshua Lee Denson, Alex Fokin Jr, Sumitha Santhoshini Ganji, Brian Thomas Halbert, Alan Joseph Hathcock, Megan Maureen Henderson, Lucius Alexander Howell, Katerina O Kimonis, Michael Marino, Garland Herring McQuinn, John Moscona, Glenn Alan Moulder, Melody Becnel Oncale, Arvind Kant Pandey, Christopher D Press, Reinaldo James Quevedo, Renee Shiao, Camille Linick Stewart, Joseph TarsiaAlumni: Paul Krogstad, James E RobinsonFaculty: David Mushatt, Eboni Price-HaywoodHouse staff: Son Van Nguyen, Nicholas Joseph Van Sickels, David Christopher YuLouisiana State University School of Medicine in New Orleans—Beta LouisianaStudents: Christopher A Belfour, Stephanie Lynn Bourque, Zackary Paul Bruce, Paul Buzhardt, Jeffrey Reid Claiborne, Ryan K Couvillion, Daniel Michael Englert, Matthew Thomas Finn, Jesse Gills, Carrie Margaret Goodson, Ashley Ayo Guy, Vandon Joseph Habetz, Jonathan Morgan Hand, Elliot T Hardy, David Patrick Kennedy, Brandon M Lopez, Christel Cary Malinski, McCall Guyton McDaniel, Bevan Ambus Myles, Rachel Ann Pastorek, Ana Paunovic, Wesley Ray Porta, Eric John Schmidt, Jason R Schwartz, Andrew Bennett Sewell, Mark Winston Stalder, William Steffes, Lauren Michelle Thomassie, Mark Patrick Trahan, Catharine Grace WolfeAlumni: Catherine Marie Hebert, Gerard PenaFaculty: Murtuza Juzar Ali, Lee S EngelHouse staff: Patrick Greiffenstein, Emily B Kauffman, Davey L Prout JrLouisiana State University School of Medicine at Shreveport—Gamma LouisianaStudents: Drexell Hunter Boggs, Jason Patrick Calligas, Christopher A Cefalu, Brian Edward Etier Jr, Jill Fruge, Joshua Paul Holstead, Kristopher Katira, Austin Thomas Lash, Mathew John Mazoch, Jared Lundy Moss, Andrew Merlan Nida, Patrick Ryan Redmond, Jamie L Rister, Kristopher Case Sanders, Matthew James Sewell, Jesse Arthur Standifer IIFaculty: Jan HoodMARYLANDJohns Hopkins University School of Medicine—Alpha MarylandStudents: Alexander Billiioux, Laura Cappelli, Steven Chen, Keith Curtis, Matthew John Czarny, Catherine Distler, Paul Doherty, Pavle Doroslovacki, Lauren Elizabeth Graham, Andrew Hughes, Kristen Johnson, Karim Ladha, Damaris Nou, Eric Nou, Meghan O’Neill, Justin Schaffer, Melanie Schorr, Shannon J C Shan, Shan Tang, Maya Subbalakshmi Venkataramani, Khinh Ranh VoongAlumni: Neil M Bressler, Lee Hunter Riley IIIFaculty: Henry Brem, Francis GiardielloHouse staff: Charles Hugh Brown IV, Amy DeZern, Matthew WeissUniversity of Maryland School of Medicine—Beta MarylandStudents: Edward Hyunsun Ahn, Mariam Hassan Ayub, Jason Bradley Brill, Laura Marie Caputo, Stephanie Cha, Michael B Chang, Laura Figueroa-Phillips, Jamie L Goldberg, Michael Conrad Grant, Christian Richard Halvorson, Andrea Harriott, Kyle Hatten, Jenna Khan, Elizabeth Julianna Le, Nancy Ann Lentz, Stephen Andrew McNutt, John D Morris, Jonas Allan Nelson, Omobonike O Oloruntoba, Paul William Perdue Jr, Jacklyn Lindsay Quade, Sowmya Ravi, Casey Marie Rice, Charles Rutter, Meghna S Trivedi, Mamata Venepally, Linda XuAlumni: Ronald GoldnerFaculty: Joseph Patrick MartinezHouse staff: Temilolu Olayinka Aje, Adam D Friedlander, Leroy Brown VaughanUniformed Services University of the Health Sciences F Edward Hébert School of Medicine—Gamma MarylandStudents: Tatyana Babina, Jeremy Baran, Jason Bingham, Stuart Kent Brigham, Gregory Thomas Chesnut, Paul Andrew Cripe, Nathan S Cutler, Diane Ungos Elegino-Steffens, Jason Foerter, Ian Funnell, Antonino Germana, Jason David Hoskins, Dinchen Anna Jardine, Nathan Ross Kelsey, Gregory Ivan Kelts, Andrew Ching-An Kung, David Alton Lindholm, Jonathan Michael Melzer, Eric Gerard Meyer II, Matthew Michalowicz, Heather DeVane Mundy, Christopher Neil Premo, Katherine Helen Racicot, Kristen Elizabeth Saenger, Robert R Shawhan, Kimberly Ann Vance, Robert Vietor, Bryant James Webber, Thomas Joseph Willson, John I YoungFaculty: Jerri Curtis, David Robert WellingMASSACHUSETTSTufts University School of Medicine—Beta MassachusettsStudents: Claudia Bartolini, Christopher Boisselle, Marjory Bravard, Emily Elizabeth Bunce, Priya Chandra, Karen Elizabeth Glatfelter, Sarah Lauren Harkness, Karen Elizabeth James, Arjun Nimalan Jeganathan, Laura Moynihan Kerr, Kathleen Mary Killilea, Juhee Lee, Michael Zvi Lerner, Jeffrey Michael Martin, Matthew Mifsud, Matthew Aaron Nitzberg, Nainesh Sharad Parikh, David Picker, Betzalel Reich, Kenneth Lee Roach, Christopher Sanchez Sales, Sara Schoenfeld, Clota Heazel Snow, Aferdita Spahillari, Sohil Raj Sud, Patrick Burke Sullivan, David Alexander Wang, Ana Weil, Jeffrey Harrison WilliamsFaculty: Robert A Kalish


Boston University School of Medicine—Gamma MasschusettsStudents: Paul Bower, John Cuaron, Christopher D’Ardenne, Alexander DeHaan, Steven Deso, Daniel Faden, Sarah Regina Freilich, Ravi Garg, Mathew Geltzeiler, Justin Daniel Golden, Ashleigh Anna Halderman, Elizabeth Judith Housman, Ryan Hunt, Nicole Jaffe, Amy Judy, James Nicholas Kimbaris, Nitin Krishnaji Kulkarni, Jamal Abdoalah Nabhani, Patrick Hoi Ginn Redmond, Ari C Sacks, David A Salz, Matthew Sullivan, Matthew Watto, Emily Anne WelshAlumni: Marie Elizabeth McDonnellFaculty: Todd Michael HoaglandHouse staff: Jon David Dorfman, Amanda VestUniversity of Massachusetts Medical School—Delta MassachusettsStudents: Daniel Joseph Barker, Katharine Crawford Barnes, Lauren Busekroos, Katherine Cembrola Cembrola, Erik Domingues, Parag Goyal, Laura Hagopian, Lydia Helliwell, Maurice Francis Joyce III, Teri Tung Kleinberg, Alexis Carey Lawrence, Andrew Leone, David M Miller, Julia Claire Randall, Meghan Shea, Kyle David WoodAlumni: Carolyn Clancy, Thomas Emery ScammellFaculty: Nancy Marshall Fontneau, Robert ZwerdlingHouse staff: Anne Cameron Coates, Daisy Dylan Fischer, Nils HenningerMICHIGANUniversity of Michigan Medical School—Alpha MichiganStudents: Ketti Sophia Augusztiny, Lauren Andrea Bohm, Emily Jane Deringer, Katherine Mary Gast, Nava Geula, Jennifer Hasvold, Susan Mary Hiniker, Maha Sada Jawad, Michael Sivash Khodadoust, Karen Anne Kinnaman, Alice D Lam, Rosalyn Elizabeth Maben, Jennifer Marie McDonald, Lowell Evan Michael, Aaron Charles Miracle, Darren Morris, James Paul Reinhart, Lauren Anne Sanlorenzo, Julia Theopisti Saraidaridis, David Shalowitz, Benjamin Singer, Christina Garcia Ulen, David Werny, Angela Christine Weyand, Andrew Yenphu Yew, John Montgomery Yost, Justin William ZumstegFaculty: Ameed Raoof, Cosmas J M VandevenWayne State University School of Medicine—Beta MichiganStudents: Marijana Atanasovski, Julian Barbat, Jane Elizabeth Beimer, Jaida Celeste Bourke, Katherine Lynn Caretti, Erica Lynn Chimienti, David Crawford, Kunal Sanjay Dalal, Samantha S Dewundara, Iuliana Dit, Justin Richard Dueweke, Tim Ta-Chih Ferng, Elizabeth Frayer, Ryan Matthew George, Alissa Karyn Gottesman, Ciprian Stefan Gradinaru, Pooja U Gupta, David Hackenson, Aaron Heindl, Levi Jefferson Hilton, Levi Hinkelman, Adrienne M W Hoban, Taemyn Hollis, Sarah Elaine Kenning, Brandon William King, Laura Ann Kitzmiller, Bonita D Kozma, Ashlee Ellen Krisko, Thomas Patrick LaRoche, Remy Rosario Lobo, Allison Long, Randee Cherie Miller, Mazen Mislmani, Brett Mollard, Jesse Douglas Morrison, Laura Ashley Most, David McKeon Prior, Jason Joseph Rose, Courtney Elizabeth Rowling, Gurpriya K Sethi, Edward Shields, Matthew Stemer, Justin Jay Stenz, Gilbert Siu Fai Tang, Jesse James Veenstra, Katherine Vitale, Leah Ashley Weitz, Benjamin Jay Workman, Joseph Yang, Daniel Aaron ZeldesAlumni: Monte Lance HarvillHouse staff: Eleazar Eduardo SotoMichigan State University College of Human Medicine—Gamma MichiganStudents: Staci Miriam Batchelder, Catherine Elizabeth Burger, Nikunj Rashmikant Chauhan, Katherine Elizabeth Clark, Kelly Ann Conley, Benjamin Thomas Ebner, Carrie Ann Fales, Michelle Gilmer, Meghan Regina Harper, Brian Christopher Hill, Peter Klaas Hoekman, Meaghan Renee Misiasz, Michael Douglas Peacock, Andrew Leonard Ray, Shawna Marie Ruple, Jeffrey Russell Sachs, Kara Melissa Jacobs Slifka, Stefanie Vincenzina Stachura, Joel Patrick Veldhouse, Shannon Joy VoogtAlumni: Michael James PotchenFaculty: Jose Goldman, Isoken Nicholas OlomuHouse staff: Chelsea Alisa Coston, Ashima Makol, Peter Hoang PhanMINNESOTAUniversity of Minnesota Medical School—Twin Cities—Alpha MinnesotaStudents: Jacob Scott Ankeny, Usman Anwer, Nicholas Schumacher Briese, Matthew D Cascino, Kevin Cavanaugh, Brittani Conway, Carmen Rebecca Dargis, Shireen Elizabeth de Sam Lazaro, Rebecca Donahue, Meghann Duffy, Lydia Ioanna Eleftheriou, Heidi L Erickson, Melanie Fearing, Adam Phillip Foss, Sarah Anne Frommer, Nathaniel Thomas Gaeckle, Nicole Gergen, Melissa Rae Haehn, Luke Thomas Hafdahl, Elizabeth Ann M Johnson, Jennifer Kleinman, Lisa Kristine Koch, Virat Ashwin Madia, Sean Brady McAdams, Benjamin Miller, Shauna S Morrow, Mikal Nelson, John David Nerva, Maiken Ann Overton, Elizabeth Mae Petersen, Vanessa Raabe, Kevin Michael Flannery Rank, Samuel Gibson Rayner, Jon Charles Reich, Geoffrey Merritt Rutledge, Bridgette Marie Suri, J Allen Swanson Jr, Christine Thomas, Kelsey Ann Watt, Jeffrey Peter WillgingMISSISSIPPIUniversity of Mississippi School of Medicine—Alpha MississippiStudents: Matt Burford, Jay Oliver Craddock, Stacey Elizabeth Douglas, Michael Foster, Benjamin Lucas Hodnett, Mark Gill Kosko, Elizabeth Spence Piazza, Marcus Andrew Presley, Katherine Leigh Ragland, Mark Andrew Runnels, Benjamin Forrest Tillman, Helga Bacareza Vamenta-Morris, Joseph Verzwyvelt, Sidney Larken Ware, Shelby Young White, Ryan Yates

MISSOURIWashington University in St Louis School of Medicine —Alpha MissouriStudents: Alexander William Aleem, Lauren Kali Biesbroeck, Bradley John Carra, Brian Francis Flaherty, John Michael Gansner, Michael John Geske, Kimberly Meng Hsu, Carlie Rebecca Kennedy, Peng Lei, Vanessa Ann Lewis, Jessica McAlister, Casey Kent McCullough, Bryce Abram Mendelsohn, Jason Alan Meyers, Eric Austin Millican, Lina Nayak, Gerald Johnstone Palagallo, Ira Hyman Schachar, Manjool Manoj Shah, Kavitha Rajeswari SivaramanAlumni: Herluf Gyde Lund Jr, William T ShearerFaculty: Dana Abendschein, David WindusHouse staff: Miranda Ming-Wai Lim, Robert Guy Neumann, Ben Julian PalancaSaint Louis University School of Medicine—Beta MissouriStudents: Michael G Azzam, Yvonne Ellen Bailey, Nathan Allen Cannon, Katherine Ann Fernandez, Daniel Kevin Holt, Amanda Nicole Kimber, Meghana Ram Kunkala, Nicholas J Kuntz, Kathryn B Leonard, Matthew Anthony Marino, Lindsey Lea Michaels, Gretchen Mae Oakley, Patrick Joseph Rose, Clare Elizabeth Rudolph, Joshua M Sappington, Andrew Gregory Silver, Courtney Anne Tobin, Laura Elizabeth Tranel, Yee Men WongUniversity of Missouri—Columbia School of Medicine—Gamma MissouriStudents: Adam A Alter, Anjali Patel Anders, Brett Charles Bade, Jordan Michael Brown, Katie Elizabeth Cameron, Shelby Marie Dickison, Deiter James Duff, Savita Leanne Fanta, Wesley Frevert, Matthew Edward Johnson, Mary Bridget Keegan, Linsey Jane Monaghan, Katherine (Kay) Anna Rodgers, Jason Andrew Showmaker, Mark Sucher, Stacy Michelle Syrcle, Theodore Seth ThomasAlumni: Todd Darian ShafferFaculty: Ghassan M Hammoud, Thomas P MawhinneyHouse staff: Clark Olavi Andelin, Jacob A QuickUniversity of Missouri—Kansas City School of Medicine—Delta MissouriStudents: Hasan Chowdhury, Maria Luisa Ciani, James Lewis Gentry, Allison Sue Glass, Jared Scott Halpin, Will R Hotchkiss, Afrin Nahar Kamal, Justin William Langan, Sagar Tushar Mehta, Spencer Menees, Miral Patel, Radhika Kausalya Ravindran, Akta Sehgal, Lindsay Martin Smith, Zachary Lee SmithAlumni: Jeffrey David Kerby, Rahul Kumar KhareFaculty: James J MonganHouse staff: Jennifer Lynn Flint, Andrew Jacob Moore, Stephanie Anne ReidNEBRASKAUniversity of Nebraska College of Medicine—Alpha NebraskaStudents: Sara Elizabeth Brostrom, Steven Louis Gogela, Brian Craig Kitamura, Jared Kvapil, Melissa Ann Langdon, Alex Charles Lesiak, Kendra Lesiak, Kristin Marie McGregor, Gina Leigh Morgan, Melanie Ortleb, Jason Patera, Eric John Meyer Reed, Lyndsay Dale Schwab, Mark Murdoch Smith, Mark Joseph Stavas, Benjamin A> Teply, Joseph Jay Vavricek, Sarah Elizabeth WunderAlumni: Gretchen Glode Berggren, Warren BerggrenFaculty: Devin R Nickol, Weining Ken ZhenHouse staff: Aaron Todd Benner, Angela Jo Kratochvil-StavaCreighton University School of Medicine—Beta NebraskaStudents: Jennifer Kelly Beckman, David G Crockett, Rose Christine Gomes, Erin Kathleen Ham, Jonathan Leo Hatch, Anne Brittany Haugen, Sarah Grace Herby, Thomas Joseph Jensen, Ashley Marie Lane, Michael Lanfranchi, Ryan Craig LeBaron, Christopher John Neeley, Brendan Joseph O’Connor, Amanda L Oertli, Allison Nicole Rasband-Lindquist, John Thomas Ratelle, Tara Lynn Sabby, Douglas Snodgrass, Erik Stites, Kaitlyn Marie WeidenbachFaculty: Chhanda Bewtra, Sumeet Kumar MittalHouse staff: Jamil Yousef Abuzetun, Shipra Arya, Senthil ThambidoraiNEVADAUniversity of Nevada School of Medicine—Alpha NevadaStudents: Benjamin Jared Allen, Derek Brady Covington, Chantelle Marie DeCroff, Kristina Doris Eaton, Lisa Ann Kafchinski, Jason Daniel Michaels, Erik Joseph Olson, Erin Marie Royal, Timothy David Struve, Chad WattsFaculty: Miriam Bar-on, Richard Caringal BaynosaNEW HAMPSHIREDartmouth Medical School—Alpha New HampshireStudents: Laura Gillian Amar-Dolan, Dana Carne, Kimberly Beth Cartmill, Alissa Jeanne Curda, Sarah Kathleen Dotters-Katz, Michael Guilliver Erkkinen, Noah J Hoffman, Chetan Prakash Huded, Nicholas G Maldonado, Jessica Ann Morgan, Ziev Ben Moses, Aimee Rosann Peck, Christopher Ryan Russo, Sherzana Sunderji, Mark Douglas TysonAlumni: Sarah Garlan Johansen, Edward Jonathan MerrensFaculty: Joseph Peter Cravero, Susan Marie PepinHouse staff: Antonia Altomare, Christina Janelle Azevedo, Jonathan Trumbull HuntingtonNEW JERSEYUniversity of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School—Alpha New JerseyStudents: David Matthew Bennett, Bryan Thomas Burke, Alessia Carluccio, Michael B DiGiacomo, Kelly Elizabeth Fabrega, Brian David Fernholz, Travis Cron Foster,


New members

Alison Grazioli, Gowtham Jonna, Noreen Patricia Kelly, Dallas Kingsbury, Laura Longo, Caitlin Martin, Nicole Irene Montgomery, Erin Patricia Murphy, Molly Rose Nadelson, Chiti Parikh, Dupal R Patel, Shanon Thomas Peter, Julianne Pupa, Matthew Douglas Saybolt, Danielle Marie Sciorra, Christopher Philip Sereni, Margarita Marie Sergonis, Anjali B Sheth, Alan Sing, Neil Kanth Taunk, Julia Ham Terhune, Matthew David Treiser, Wan-Ju WuAlumni: Jeffrey Neil BruceFaculty: Anthony Tobia, Stephen TrzeciakHouse staff: Terrence Curran, Fedele DePalmaUMDNJ—New Jersey Medical School—Beta New JerseyStudents: Mafudia Abibatu Bangura, John Henry Bast, Chinmoy Bhate, Adam Chen, Isaac Chu, Brian Do, Summer Elshenawy, Eugene Daniel Festa, Michaela Grace Ibach, Michael B Jacoby, Neil Kapadia, Mary Elizabeth Kelleher, Michael Klodnicki, Monica Koncicki, Timothy Meehan, Haresh Vijay Naringrekar, Kevin Paul O’Donnell, Joseph Benton Oliver, Laju M Patel, Shriji Patel, Chuanxing Qu, Nakul P Raykar, William Henry Rossy, Shannon Frances Scrudato, Amit Sharma, Douglas Michael Smith, Kathleen Sullivan, Nikhil Thaker, Ashley Gayle Winter, Ronald ZvitiFaculty: Rajendra KapilaHouse staff: Vadim PisarenkoNEW MEXICOUniversity of New Mexico School of Medicine—Alpha New MexicoStudents: Sean Biggs, Jeremiah Manuel Bustos, Kenneth Michael Downes, Kathlyn Joan Drexler, Coughi Camille Edens, Joshua Frederiksen, Heidi Hillesland, Michelle Rae Longmire, Jill Katherine Oldewage, Brandon Robert Peterson, Dustin RichterFaculty: Martha Cole McGrew, Alan Garlett WaxmanHouse staff: Pablo Garcia, Tony B Salazar, Selina SilvaNEW YORKColumbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons—Alpha New YorkStudents: Mohsin S Ahmed, Priya Batra, Mauer Biscotti, Alexandra Jane Borst, Laura N Brenner, Adam M Buck, Alison B Callahan, Louisa Canham, Peter N Chalmers, Elizabeth J Diver, Erica DaVonne Farrand, Magni Hamso, Kathie Kai Huang, Ryan Michael Joshi Ivie, Michael Ma, Robert Allen McGovern III, Martha R Neagu, Kristen A Pastor, Ravi Pathak, Sara Plett, Alvin Rishi Rajkomar, Katelyn Smithling, Moeun Son, Robert A Sorabella, Mary L Stevenson, Danielle Trief, Emily A Vail, Matthew J WeinstockWeill Cornell Medical College—Beta New YorkStudents: Konstantinos John Arnaoutakis, Wesley Hurst Clark, Audrey Diane Crummey, Sandra Marie Demars, Narat Eungdamrong, Daniel Joseph Friedman, Katharine Corbett Goheen, Jonathan Stanley Gordin, Erica Lisa Greenberg, Chloe Electra Hill, Michael Adrian Klufas, Sarah Lewis, Alison Brooke Santopolo May, Anthony Ehren Rosen, Sarah Hall Schaefer, Allison Raye SchulmanState University of New York, Upstate Medical University, College of Medicine—Gamma New YorkStudents: Sarah L Averill, Niladri Basu, Jeffrey A Belair, Caitlin Bernard, Douglas Michael Hildrew, Quynh N Hoang, Katharine Driscoll Maglione, Sean Robert McMahon, Jonathan Naysan, Julie M Rombaut, Michael Francis Sorrentino, Charles Nicholas WeberAlumni: Blanche Antionette Borzell, Joseph William HinterbergerFaculty: Kwame Sarpong AmankwahHouse staff: Matthew Bryant Crowell, Pankaj Mehta, Sekou Robertson RawlinsNew York University School of Medicine—Delta New YorkStudents: Marra Gillian Ackerman, Joshua Will Allen-Dicker, Alana Rose Amarosa, Bradley Stephen Bloom, Arlene Sujin Chung, Thomas Michael Facelle, Ely Richard Felker, Emily Ford, Benjamin Hairan Ge, Luba Gulyaeva, Elizabeth Price Gurney, Robert Raymond Kule, Jesse Miller Lewin, Evan Seth Marlin, Michelle Mergenthal, Ryan William Morgan, Rose O’Rourke, Carly Browning Oboudiyat, Rushi Parikh, Derek Daniel Reformat, Kathryn Ross, Lourdes Maria Sanso, Jeffrey Shyu, Nathaniel Smilowitz, Emily Frank Stamell, Bobby A Tajudeen, Jolyn Sharpe Taylor, Vitaly Terushkin, Patrick Robert Varley, Amelia Mackenzie Wnorowski, Edward William ZaghaAlumni: Fritz Francois, Burton D RoseFaculty: Iman Osman, Harvey I PassUniversity at Buffalo, School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, State University of New York—Epsilon New YorkStudents: Jessica B Badlam, Brian P Batt, Jamie Benway, Joyce Meng-Tin Chang, Samantha Chase, Angela Rose Girvin, Elizabeth Anne Gruber-Brem, Darren Michael Huffman, Sara Hylwa, Jennifer Lee Jung, Anjum Faruk Koreishi, Allana Krolikowski, Evan Leibu, Allie Marie Massaro, Gina Matteson, Justin Mazzillo, Scott R Nodzo, Jeet Patel, Melissa Lynn Rayhill, Arsalan Q Shabbir, Lisa Marie Stabel, Jonathan J Stone, Ashley WentworthFaculty: David M. HolmesUniversity of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry—Zeta New YorkStudents: Jennifer Rhoda Abrams, Joshua Burton Brown, Laurence Donahue, Tracy Lynn Fuhrmann, Romeo Regi Galang III, Samuel Horr, Brian Paul Jenssen], Ajay Eapen Kuriyan, Andrew Hall Marky, Marlene Theresa Mathews, David Jonathan Mener, Christine Marie Osborne, David Henry Perlmutter, William Joseph Sauer, Jeremy Sinkin, Leslie Kathryn VilkhuAlumni: Dennis Harry KrausFaculty: Rabih M Salloum

House staff: Constantine Farmakidis, Miranda Harris-GlockerState University of New York, Downstate Medical Center College of Medicine—Eta New YorkStudents: Alexandre Paul Ancheta, Robert Brownell, Jeffrey Thomas Bruckel, Yair Chaya, Ivanka Choumanova, Ilana Juliett DeLuca, Gregory S Dibelius, Fara Friedman, Elizabeth A Gancher, Kelly James Givens, Jeffrey Gusenburg, Chenchan Huang, Sara Elizabeth Kopple, Eugenia C Kuo, Timothy Connor Leupp, Elie Boaz Lowenstein, Oleg Mironov, Franklin Nwoke, Susan E Pesci, Emily Lauren Robbins, Giorgio Antonio Roccaro, Annaheta Salajegheh, Nicholas Spartan Santavicca, Dominick Santoriello, Guy Savir, Avraham Sofer, Sherwin Leu Su, Jennifer Sweet, Louise Marie Truong, Alexander VolodarskiyAlumni: Samuel Packer, Andrew Charles YachtFaculty: Salvatore J A Sclafani, George A VasHouse staff: Graciela Beatriz De Jesus, Marina Kogut, Brandon George SmagloAlbany Medical College—Theta New YorkStudents: Alin Lina Akopians, David E Auringer, Jesse Tao Buedefeldt-Pollard, Erin Marie Cooney-Qualter, Justin Corey DeWillers, Erika Beth Ebert, Jeremy M Esposito, Greg Everett Gin, Rashmi Jayadevan, Melissa Dawn Kivitz, Karilyn Theresa Melanie Larkin, Tsang Lau, Frank S Lin, Lindsey Adair MacFarlane, Julia A Mathew, Lindsey Ann Tillack, Amanda Marie Tower, Timothy Y Tran, Jenanan Prakasha Vairavamurthy, Mae Whelan, Jennifer Wootten, Edmund S Wu, Devin Stephen ZarkowskyFaculty: John Hinty Burton, John W SimonNew York Medical College—Iota New YorkStudents: Kerry Apostolo, Timothy Paul Capecchi, Jessica Clima, Jacqueline Marie Cook, Rachel Dahlborg, Matthew Dattwyler, Adam Ryan Demner, Ezra Detroy, Amanda Jane Fantry, James Felker, Patricia Fermin, Heidrun Elizabeth Gollogly, John Patrick Curtis Gonzales, Jennifer Tome Higa, Shipra Hingorany, Miriam Kishinevsky, Andrew Steffes Korson, Megan Rae Linnebur, Jessica May, Hristina N Natcheva, Nita Nayak, Jennifer Anne Nowak, Julie Rice, Daniel Ricotta, Jordan Isaac Roth, Jayne B Rozelle, Lauren Spring, Jamie Stratton, David Tian, Edward YapAlumni: John Joseph Degliuomini, Joanna PessolanoFaculty: Jay D Draoua, Ray WhittAlbert Einstein College of Medicine of Yeshiva University—Kappa New YorkStudents: Alaleh Akhavan, Lukas Robert Austin-Page, Revekka Babayev, Adam Finn Binder, Laura Eve Brown, Kathleen Mary Buchheit, Yu Chen, Larissa Ann Chismar, Matthew Czaja, Izak Faiena, Jonathan Ross Groden, Evan Kandler Grove, Nancy Habib, Margo Shawn Harrison, Svetlana Sarah Kachan-Liu, David Khalil, Sameer Kumar Kulkarni, Nicholas Kwaan, Brenda F Levy, Caitlin Patricia McMullen, Yolanda Michetti, Troy Anthony Miles, Jonathan U Peled, Jennifer Ann Schaub, Jessica Schreiber-Zinaman, Natasha Shapiro, Alan T Sheyman, David Greenfield Snetman, Ari Spiro, Angela Mable Trinh, Danielle Justine Usatin, Roger E Wiltfong, Sarah Marie YannascoliFaculty: Amy Emanuela KesselmanMount Sinai School of Medicine of New York University—Lambda New YorkStudents: Tara E Albano, Luke John Benvenuto, Mai-Khanh Bui-Duy, Justin Chan, Lora Rabin Dagi, Ralph Michael DeBiasi, German Echeverry, Naamit Kurshan Gerber, Lisa Michelle Hammond, Jonathan Lee, Rebecca Lucy Luckett, Emily Claire McClung, Alexander James Millman, Courtney Nagel, Meghan Pearl, Andrea Schwartz, Sheryl Serbowicz, Maria Widmar, Lauren ZajacAlumni: Daniel Caplivski, June KimFaculty: Katherine T Chen, Edward John RonanHouse staff: Edward Chan, Brian Marc Elliott, Ilene B GoldsteinStony Brook University Medical Center School of Medicine—Mu New YorkStudents: Kristen Ann Aliano, Yelena Bogdan, Kenneth Friedman, Sara Kalkhoran, Mahsa Hoshmand Kochi, Kevin Lai, Daniel J Lee, Lorena LoVerde, Amar Buddhadev Manvar, James E Miranda, Eugene Jon Pietzak III, Michaela Danielle Restivo, Mark Snyder, Brandon Scott Sprung, Ashley Ward, Benjamin YamAlumni: Scott JohnsonFaculty: William L Jungers, Daniel YellonNORTH CAROLINADuke University School of Medicine—Alpha North CarolinaStudents: Matthew Murray Crowe, Susan Emmett, McKinley Glover, Stephen Cannada Harward, Robert Andrew Henderson, Michael Hodavance, Elmer Philip Lehman IV, Wenjing Liu, Paula Pecen, Matan Isaac Setton, Lauren Rebecca Simel, Weiyi Tan, Richard Christopher Waters, David Alan Watkins, Tyler Steven Watters, Caroline Eva YeagerAlumni: Edward Hecht BossenFaculty: Sharon Fridovich Freedman, Cynthia ShortellHouse staff: Brent Allen HanksWake Forest University Health Sciences (School of Medicine)—Beta North CarolinaStudents: Timothy Bruce Alton, Hoyt Randall Beard, Joseph Charles Benjamin, Bradley Edward Bowen, Ashley Renee Brown, Michelle Lynn Bryan, Snow Daws, Michael Wayne Evans, Stuart David Ginn, Ilya Gorbachinsky, Matthew Ryan Grace, Kathleen Harknett, Jessica Lynn Hata, Elizabeth B Hunt, Christopher Hunter, William P Huntington, Ida Sheevaun Khaki, Dylan Corey Lippert, Emily Myers Mann, Carrie Elizabeth Quinn McCloskey, Todd Peacock, Jeremy WebbAlumni: Gary Lon Morgan


Faculty: Tamison Jewett, Vinay ThohanHouse staff: Montgomery Lee Roberts, Oliver Adrian VarbanUniversity of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine—Gamma North CarolinaStudents: Michael Joseph Adelman, Shereen Azam Alavian, Craig Joseph Baden, Kaitlyn Marie Bailey, Joshua Berkowitz, Jason E Blatt, Ross Mathew Boyce, Ashmita Chatterjee, Steven H Cook, Casey Jae Davis, Joshua Seth Davis, Matthew Morris Dedmon, Bradley C Fetzer, Maria Katherine Henry, Christopher Horvat, Matthew Ramseur McDaniel, Charles Brandon Mitchell, Nathan Montgomery, Haley Burchfield Ringwood, Alyssa Darcelle Searles, Lauren Claire Smith, Abhineet Uppal, Daniel Paul Verges, Sally D WoodAlumni: Leonard Alden ParkerFaculty: Luis A Diaz, Hong Jin KimHouse staff: James Darrell Laudate, Allen Fletcher Marshall, Lucas WymoreThe Brody School of Medicine at East Carolina University—Delta North CarolinaStudents: Phillip Andrew Austin, Linda Bridges Bialobrzeski, Michael Brian Burris, Natalie Lucas Davies, Stephen Wayne Davies, Natalie Desouza, Hayley Michelle Fischer-Hayes, Samuel Allen Hayes, Steven Todd Hobgood, Kathryn Leigh Idol-Xixis, Susan Ashley Morgan, Alexandra Te Stang, Neel George Thomas, Ying ZhangNORTH DAKOTAUniversity of North Dakota School of Medicine and Health Sciences—Alpha North DakotaStudents: Cameron Mark Charchenko, Amanda Jean Johnson, Emily Koeck, Justin LeBlanc, Jared Michael Mahylis, Erica Leigh Martin-Macintosh, Jeffrey Brian Nelson, Luke William Van Alstine, Tiffany Kristen WeberAlumni: Andrea Rochelle HowickFaculty: Joan Marie Connell, Erdal DiriHouse staff: Georges El Hoyek, Jay Martin MacGregor, Avish NagpalOHIOCase Western Reserve University School of Medicine—Alpha OhioStudents: Shannon Nicole Acker, Ashley D Alexander, Pamela MaryJane Aubert, Emi Elizabeth Bays, Stephanie Frances Chandler, Patrick Fitzgerald Elliott, Natalia Grindler, Ihab Halaweish, Michael Lee Hudson, Matthew Douglas Kalp, Allen Lam, Aaron Joseph Lindsay, Syed Saad Mahmood, Jovana Yanique Martin, Shibani Mukerji, Pankit Parikh, Morgan Kate Richards, Jonathon O Russell, Daniel Sand, Sarah Beth Smith, Gregory Ward, Amber Nicole Watters, Nicholas James Wilson, Nina R WoldenbergFaculty: Elizabeth Dorr McKinleyUniversity of Cincinnati College of Medicine—Beta OhioStudents: Jared C Bentley, Catherine Callie Coombs, Elizabeth Courtney Crane-Sherman, Meghan M Crute, Lauren Elizabeth Dubas, Anne Marie Guappone, Patrick James Haas, Aliecia Margeurite Hochhausler, Robert William Isfort, Heather Kaiser, Robert James Larke, William J Moravec, Rachael Nemcic, Robert Orlowski, Neha Patel, Allison Rose, John David Sargent, Kristin Anne Schmidlin, Jeffrey Michael Sutton, Paul Toste, Kara E von Zychlin, Michael James Wert, Willis Taylor Williams, Trisha Wise-Draper, Ke XieAlumni: Faculty: Karl Golnik, Joel TsevatHouse staff: Jocelyn Marie Logan-Collins, Udayakumar Navaneethan, Colby A WyattOhio State University College of Medicine—Gamma OhioStudents: Alicia Marie Alcamo, Clayton Bettin, Elaine Michele Binkley, Tirza Mary Costello, Peter Croft, Coral Xantia Day, Angela Fan Zhou Douglas, Taylor Andrew Finseth, Andrew David Foster, Haven Rebecca Garber, Aaron M Gerstenmaier, Patricia Anne Gilligan, James Wes Halderman, Elizabeth Halley, Jeffrey William Hawk, Vincent Ho, Brittany Belcastro Hubbell, Elizabeth Anne Huffman, Jennifer Louise Hunnicutt, Rowan Karaman, Katelyn Elizabeth Krivchenia, Jeffrey I Kutsikovich, Rein Lambrecht, Jessica Lynn Leadford, Bryan Jennings Liming, Mary Elizabeth Mccrate, Michael Wesley Milks, Mary Sandquist, Mary Scaduto, Scott Thomas Shemory, Janice R Shook, Rebecca Anne Sieber, Jennifer Sopkovich, Clayton Robert Taylor, Kenneth D Varian, Kiersten WaltherAlumni: Clotilde Bowen, Francis Michael MinchFaculty: Michael Rhodes Grever, Richard Davis ShellHouse staff: Nicholas John Behrendt, Hallie Prescott, Erin Nicole RicciardiThe University of Toledo, College of Medicine—Delta OhioStudents: Patrick C Beeman, Jaime Michelle Bucher, Elvis Cami, George Andrew Carberry, Eric Dockter, Dustin Fleck, Amanda Irene Jan, Christina Sue Jenkins, Stephen C Johnson, Bruce Franz Kaufman, Derek Klaus, Adam Mahoney, Emily McDonnell, Bryan Moloney, Thomas Richard O’Toole, Anand Pattani, Clayton Richard Perry, Brittany Raburn, Grant William Reed, Jessica Lynn Reynolds, William Patrick Schmitt, Erica Sprague, Robert Brent Steiner, Jill Tseng, Jason Russell YoungAlumni: Donna A WoodsonFaculty: Maurice Manning, Gretchen TietjenWright State University Boonschoft School of Medicine—Epsilon OhioStudents: Erin Leigh Brattoli, Megan Marie Chambers, Jason R Ferrel, Melanie Elizabeth Golembiewski, Jessica Erin Guyer, Jennifer King, Katrina Lambert, Crystal Rose Lantz, Yuchun Grace Liao, Aminata N Mansaray, Laura Dawn Phillips-Chou, Shanthi S Ramesh, Jeffrey Scott Robinson, Lindsay Michael StollingsFaculty: Terry Lee Correll

House staff: Ryan Patrick Finnan, Christopher Thomas Manetta, Muddassir MehmoodNortheastern Ohio Universities College of Medicine—Zeta OhioStudents: Rachel Elizabeth Barron, Patrick Louis Brine, Michael Chichak, Kelly A Covey, Chad Patrick Henson, Donald Nicholas Hope, Brian Katz, Elena Kazimirko, Katherine A Kutney, David Lerner, Maria Emmeline Lim, Reema Mallick, Kevin Pan, Deepa D Patadia, Jennifer Michelle Rybka, Erin Smith, Sunpreet S Tandon, Brittain Hammill Tulbert, Johanna Sharisse Wilson, Jeffrey Yang JrAlumni: Iain H Kalfas, Melissa Shannon KirvenFaculty: Thomas McDonald File Jr, James Scott YoungHouse staff: Lauren N Burns, George L Trimble IVOKLAHOMAUniversity of Oklahoma College of Medicine—Alpha OklahomaStudents: Jeffrey Belisle, Stephanie Lynn Boes, Cassandra Rae Duncan-Azadi, Joel David Dunn, Brandt Esplin, Jessica Rochelle Fesler, Tyson Dale Fisher, Blake Daniel Forcina, Paul Foreman, Sara Fransen Grace, Larissa Hines, Carla Holcomb, Lisa Holeman, Michael Philip Hood, John Charles Kaufman, Thomas Lance Lane, Kaylan Leigh Lawson, Yaohan Li, Julie Anne Linden, Brooke N McQueen, Gwendolyn Kay Neel, Mary Samantha Paden, Christopher Rose, Crista Jean Thomas, Eric David Thomas, Brandon Trojan, Ryan Joseph Trojan, Mary Elizabeth Turner, Rebecca Jeanne Vana, Joshua Stephen Weingartner, Eric Sa WisenbaughOREGONOregon Health & Science University School of Medicine—AlphaStudents: Shivali Agnani, Alalia Berry, Erin Jean Braithwaite, Matthew Dale Brock, Jill Kathleen R Christensen, Jessica Lee Davis, Ryne Alexandra Didier, Jenna Marie Donaldson, John Phillip Dupaix, Laura Eastburn Keck, Zachariah Kramer, Evan Los, Megan Rose Lundeberg, Geoff Maly, Jonathan Robert Meserve, Kyle Edward Mouery, Kara Siegrist-Taylor, Anna Michelle Stagner, Tara Cathryn Stahla, Sean Summers, Rachel Marie Thomas, Jessica Lynn Voge, Wendy Leigh Walker, Brian Raymond WintersFaculty: Daniel Handel, Rebecca HarrisonHouse staff: Katherine Iossi, Andre Martin Mansoor, Taketo WatasePENNSYLVANIAJefferson Medical College of Thomas Jefferson University—Alpha PennsylvaniaStudents: Victoria Marie Addis, Michael Christopher Aynardi, Shannon Nicole Bailey, Cameron M Bass, Irina Belinsky, John Smith Berry IV, Timothy Baldwin Brown, Sudeshna Chatterjee, Ryan Christopher Cleary, Karen Lynn Connolly, Jennifer Lea Davis, Ismar Dizdarevic, Danielle N Elliott, Matthew C Ferroni, Alithea Gabrellas, Geoffrey Steven Gaunay, Mudit Gilotra, Ian Patrick Hayden, Janae Kathleen Heath, Virginia Jackson, Robert Luke Kinner, Franklin Chong-Ho Lee, Patricia Anne Loftus, Aldo V Londino, Elizabeth Kyle Meehan, Sarah J Nagle, Timothy Eric Newhook, Arpan A Patel, Michael William Quartuccio, Nathan Russell Roberts, Elise Saddleton, Anish N Sen, Colin Lloyd Smith, Joshua Sommovilla, Erica B Stein, Renee Szumski, Kimberly Ann Tefft, Raya Terry, Kathryn McKinna Van Abel, Ryan van Hoff, Elliot WakeamFaculty: Demetrius H Bagley, Robert H RosenwasserHouse staff: Adam Luginbuhl, Ankitkumar Kirankumar PatelUniversity of Pennsylvania School of Medicine—Beta PennsylvaniaStudents: Jane Ilana Bernstein, Lawrence Thomas Bish, Rachael Elizabeth Bonawitz, Beth Dolinsky, Kian Eftekhari, Lea Alexa Filippone, Brandon C Gabel, Ryan Grant, Marie Angelique Guerraty, Alexia Virginia Harrist, Rebecca Sylvie Isserman, Neha Jeurkar, Amit Vikram Khera, Benjamin Monteverde Kleaveland, Susan Catherine Lipsett, Sarah Longworth, Aura Maria Obando, Christina Shearer Palmer, Aaron Paul, Megan Bye Richie, Anna Louise Ross, Jamie Catherine Timmons, Michael Antonio Vella, Jessica Ann Volk, Jennifer L Weinberg, Anna Katharine Weiss, Anthony Joseph Wilson, Alexandra Nicole YurkovicFaculty: James S WhiteUniversity of Pittsburgh School of Medicine—Gamma PennsylvaniaStudents: Neilly Ann Buckalew, Nadine Champsi, Bhumy Dave, Thomas W DeCato, Ian Gorovoy, Robert Frederick Groff, Kristen Nicole Gross, Jessica Sanna Kim, Brian Chei-Fai Lau, Andrew Hans Leuenberger, Sunil Misra, Rachel Lynn Orler, Meera Sheffrin, Melissa Kay Stewart, Matthew James Stull, Sarah Brennan Sullivan, Laura Jean Viccaro, Rachel Ren Wang, Karl Nicholas Yaeger, Zachary Andrew ZatorFaculty: Franklin Bontempo, Stephanie Buck DewarHouse staff: Michelle Moniz, Javier Salgado PogacnikDrexel University College of Medicine—Delta-ZetaStudents: Maire Abraham, Stephanie Ann Austin, Therese Bittermann, Rahul Kumar Biyani, Jeffrey Brennan, Jillian Cronin Buhler, Nicholas Celano, Preston Wyatt Chadwick, Sharon Deol, Timothy Liam Donegan, Lindsay Kathleen Finkas, Tamir Friedman, David Galos, Robert Adam Goldfarb, Sujeet Govindan, Jared Chase Grochowsky, Brianne Elizabeth Hackman, Scott S Harris, Meredith Anne Harrison, Megan Elizabeth Healy, Joann Beth Hunsberger, Jared Alan Johnstun, Krister J Jones, Rachel Bulbul Kadakia, Adam Trowbridge Lipman, Kristin Jeanne Livingston, Peter Stewart Maropis, Amelia McLennan, Michael Joseph Messina, Brian Mosier, Joshua Charles Obuch, Nathan Olson, Elizabeth Lynn Pinney, Sarah Sangnim Rhee, Shawn Paul Robinson, Amanda Celest Roof, Avnee Shah, Christa Marie Siebenburgen,


New members

Gregory Scott Smith, Vikas Thondapu, Shannon Lisa Tocchio, Pollianne Ward, Jason Ben Winkler, Rosemary Yi, Shuhao ZhangAlumni: Carol L Carraccio, Donald M YealyFaculty: Bernard Abraham Eskin, Page MorahanHouse staff: Katherine Anne Gargiulo, Chileshe Nkonde, Lauren Jodie Van ScoyTemple University School of Medicine—Epsilon PennsylvaniaStudents: Daniel Joseph Ackerman, Sang Wook An, Bryn Anne Boslett, Robert John Brenchak, Brian Campfield, Marybeth Rose Concannon, Samantha English Day, Leigh Anne DiCicco, Jonathan Finkel, Gurpreet Kaur Gill, Silke Heinisch, Amy Elizabeth Hosmer, Lauren Elizabeth Krug, Andreas Michael Lamelas, Mollie Abigail Land, Barrett Little, Kelly Loftus, Tiffany Kay Lonchena, Robert Andrew Miller, Daniel Jon Mueller, Ann Marie Murray, Carolynn Joy Ainsworth Nassar, Adaobi I Nwaneshiuu, Michael O’Malley, Kim An Quach, Hannah Ravreby, Nathan Chris Tiedeken, Marc Tolley, Porshia Marie Tomlin, Anne Hemphill WarnerAlumni: Joseph J Thoder, Jacob W UfbergFaculty: Gilbert D’Alonzo, Robert Stephen FisherPennsylvania State University College of Medicine—Eta PennsylvaniaStudents: Steven A Azaravich, David Scott Baird, Annalee Morgan Baker, Jonathan Scott Bassett, Lindsey Alison Beers, Levi Potter Benson, Garret Wayne Choby, Andrea Beth Conway, Christopher Edwards, Galen Toye Foulke, Elizabeth Ann Westen Fountaine, Elisabeth R Garwood, Amanda Bird Gilmartin, Yan Ho, Christine Marie Homcha, Jessica Lauren Hootnick, Nathan C Hull, Seth E Ilgenfritz, Matthew Eugene Jansen, Afif Naji Kulaylat, Kelly Ann Laraway, Mark Joseph Masciocchi, Ryan Michael Mitchell, Erin Lindsay Murata, Charles Michael Pagana, Brandon Shane Smetana, Bozho Todorich, Christina Jayne Tofani, Jordan Anthony TorokFaculty: Michael Jay Green, Thomas J McGarrityHouse staff: Lillian Marie Erdahl, Jessica Lynn Henderson, Paul Howard Smith IIIPUERTO RICOUniversity of Puerto Rico School of Medicine—Alpha Puerto RicoStudents: Milliette Alvarado, Jose A Alvarez-Cardona, Idanis M Berrios-Morales, Eduardo J Colom-Beauchamp, Nydia Ymar Colon-Irizarry, Hector Javier Diaz, Maria Eugenia Florian-Rodriguez, Stephanie Font-Diaz, Reinaldo Jose Fornaris, Jessica Gonzalez-Hernandez, Luis Saul Lizardo-Sanchez, Ronald J Lopez-Cepero Mulero, Akram Mesleh-Shayeb, Ana Maria Pabon-Martinez, Leilanie Perez-Ramirez, Sulimar Rodriguez-Santiago, Jose E Velazquez-VegaAlumni: William Micheo, Carmen D ZorrillaFaculty: Yazmin Pedrogo, Sharee Ann UmpierreHouse staff: Keimari Mendez-MartinezPonce School of Medicine—Beta Puerto RicoStudents: Joanne E Castillo, Daryana Cruz, Nathania M Figueroa Guilliani, Simone Amanda Neuwelt, Leah Ailed Orta Nieves, Yahaira Ortiz-Munoz, Ana-Marie Rojas Sol, Wilson Rovira-Pena, Frances G Tardy-RiveraFaculty: Idhaliz Flores-CalderaUniversidad Central del Caribe School of Medicine—Gamma Puerto RicoStudents: William Arroyo, Dorgam Badran, Luz Juliana Barahona, Daniela Carlos, Lisa Michelle Cruz-Aviles, Kelly Ughini De Souza, Jonathan Guerra, Sullafa Muftah Kadura, Alejandro Lopez Araujo, Nilsa De Jesus RosarioAlumni: Wanda Ivelisse TorresFaculty: Frances Lynn Garcia, Luis A Irizarry-ReyesRHODE ISLANDThe Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University—Alpha Rhode IslandStudents: Andrew Allegretti, Andrew M Brunner, Margret W Chang, Jonah M Cohen, Vincent D Criscione, Michael Steven Gart, Isaac William Howley, Austin Larson, Joanna V MacLean, Charles Mitchell, Natalie J Nokoff, Eric J Palecek, Terence Tai Weng Sio, Mary B Sutter, William G Tsiaras, Juan Camilo Vasquez, Beverly Ray YoungAlumni: Galen Vincent HendersonFaculty: Penelope H Dennehy, Kelly McGarry, John TeichgraeberHouse staff: Alexander Phillip Edward Diaz de Villalvilla, Evangelos Messaris, Thomas MurphySOUTH CAROLINAMedical University of South Carolina College of Medicine—Alpha South CarolinaStudents: Christopher McAlister Ayers, Annie Wei-Ting Chen, Megan Shive Cifuni, Daniel Bryon Cobb, John Clayton Crantford, Stephen Aloysius Cross, Stephen Hughes Finley, Jacob Ross Gillen, Robert A Glass III, Robert John Hosker, Derrick Adam Huey, John Phillips Hungerford, Jason P Lockrow, Matthew Christopher McDermott, John William Nance Jr, Allen Ernest Pendarvis Jr, Ashok K Ramachandra, Eugene Ritter Sansoni, Roger Sullivan, Karin Whitlock Taylor, Daniel Ryan Toms, Jenna Leigh Walters, Zachary Inskeep WillisFaculty: William John Hueston, Patricia Geraty McBurneyHouse staff: James Michael Allen, Paul Thomas EbertsUniversity of South Carolina School of Medicine—Beta South CarolinaStudents: Rose E Coady, Jonathan Ashby Davis, Trevor Michael Downing, April A Grant, Brittany Nicole Knick, Justin Marsh, Jeffrey Paul Radabaugh, Hector Rodriguez, Clara Eileen Sanders, Marion Morgan SwallAlumni: Robert Carter Holleman Jr, Leroy F Robinson

Faculty: Wendy Renee Cornett, L Britt WilsonHouse staff: John Andrew GoldsmithSOUTH DAKOTASanford School of Medicine of the University of South Dakota—Alpha South DakotaStudents: Kimberly Nicole Harer, Seth William Harrer, Ross A Miller, Carrissa Mae Pietz, Travis Scharnweber, Halie Marie Vosler, Emily June Winterton, Jesse Thomas YoungAlumni: Charles Joseph KoprivaFaculty: Paul C BungerHouse staff: Elizabeth Joanne WheatleyTENNESSEEVanderbilt University School of Medicine—Alpha TennesseeStudents: Amir Michael Abtahi, Tiffany Nicole Suzanne Ballard, James Russell Bekeny, Jashodeep Datta, Elizabeth Anne Gordon, Courtney Hayes Harrison, Eve Henry, Natalie Louise Jacobowski, Emily Ann Kendall, Brandon Richard Litzner, Daniel Adam Mordes, Jared Martin O’Leary, Alanna Marie Patsiokas, John Gary Phillips, Miranda Danelle Raines, Johanna Nathania Riesel, Joshua Elliott Rubin, Daniel Eidelberg Spratt, Sara Katharine Tedeschi, Eli ZimmermanAlumni: Sara J PattersonFaculty: Mohana Bhalchandra Karlekar, Amanda Grace WilsonHouse staff: Francine V Arneson, Ryan Donald Hollenbeck, Daniel Garvin StoverUniversity of Tennessee Health Science Center, College of Medicine—Beta TennesseeStudents: Alkesh Ashwinkumar Amin, Leslie Paige Austin, Danielle Lynne Barnard, Jonathan Raines Berger, Emily Marie Bratton, Maryanne Matinee Chumpia, Daniel Haden Doty, Bryan Scott England, Curtis Shannon Gaylord, Mary Katherine Johnson, Emily Defur Joyce, Erik Michael Maryniw, Adam R Militana, Lawrence Kevin O’Malley, Joshua P Parlaman, Jay Girish Patel, Brian Christopher Payne, Barry Joel Pelz, Ron Benton Pitkanen, Ian Craig Reinemeyer, Jerry Mark Smith, Byron Fitzgerald StephensFaculty: Rose Mary Sutton Stocks, Stephanie Ann StorgionHouse staff: Brian Emanuel BrocatoMeharry Medical College School of Medicine—Gamma TennesseeStudents: Ryan Bliss, Cassandra Bradby, Brittany Joy Brown, May Cho, Tiffany Latrice Clay, Jared Michael Davis, Maria Theresa dela Cruz Ramones, Tonya L Dixon, Jeanene H Gabriel, Ikponmwosa Iyamu, Rosanne Leger, Brooke Louisa Morrell, HaiThuy N Nguyen, Luis Horacio Ocampo Jr, Alexis L RodriguezAlumni: Barbara Alfreda Duncan-Cody, Howard Clarence WillisFaculty: Millard D Collins, Ayodeji Ayoola OsoEast Tennessee State University James H Quillen College of Medicine—Delta TennesseeStudents: Maikel Ella Botros, David Dahl, Daniel Weston Hobgood, Laura Kristin Howell, Ginger Lovingood, Charles Orton, Georganna Michelle Rosel, Eric Davis Smith, Jeanne Marie YoungFaculty: Jason B MooreHouse staff: Dinesh SharmaTEXASUniversity of Texas Medical Branch, University of Texas Medical School at Galveston—Alpha TexasStudents: Caitlin Gayle Andrews, Conor John Best, Bo Beus, Jonathan David Braun, Andrew William Chambers, Kelly Elizabeth Cline, Andrew Michael Courson, Adam Djurdjulov, Paul Michael Evans, Jeremy Andrew Halbe, Michael Andrew Hames, Jacey Refaat Hanna, Adriane Floyd Haragan, John Clare Heymann, Paul Houghtaling, Auris Onn-Lay Huen, Sharon Elizabeth Hughes, Titilope Adenike Ishola, Charles William Kimbrough, Katie Lael Kucera, Jillian Whitney Lazor, Anthony James Lewis, Michaela Renee Marek, Robert Nathanson, Julie Nguyen, Matthew Brian Pavelka, Emiko Petrosky, Michael Leroy Rains, Sanjita Ravishankar, Eric Scott Rosenberger, Jennifer Lynn Russell, Christopher Michael Sakowski, Ronald Jeffrey Schmitt, Adam Joseph Schneider, Richa Shukla, Jacob Guia Thomas, Michael WangBaylor College of Medicine—Beta TexasStudents: Amir Aboutalebi, Sunaina Subodhkumar Bhuchar, Sydney Lane Boule, Steven Siangkiat Chua, Mary Caitlin Dooley, Pamela Griffin Ferry, Gary Bryan Fillette, Jennifer Rose Gatchel, Waqar Mohammad Haque, Michael James Holland, Adam Brent Hollander, Gary Lloyd Horn Jr, Kelli Danielle Jones, Reva Kakkar, Ramiro Jose Madden-Fuentes, Christopher Patrick Neumann, Roma Rajesh Patel, Lauren Elizabeth Patterson, Christian David Albert Peccora, Christine Elizabeth Petrich, Brian Craig Rodgers, Robert Donald Russell, Robert Lee Salazar, Amishi Yogesh Shah, Fareesa Shuja, Emma Phyllis WhitcombFaculty: John H CoverdaleHouse staff: Benjamin Davis Fox, Chad Michael RuoffUniversity of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, Southwestern Medical School—Gamma TexasStudents: Krista Ruth Alexander, Eric Arnold, Bryant Carroll Boren, Isaac Alexander Bowman, Lyle Burdine, Shurong Chang, Joy Chen, Lee Warren Chen, Sadia Choudhery, Mark Dalesandro, Jameson Cuyler Dear, Jamie Nella Frediani, Emily Gaddis, Kristina Liselotte Goff, Michael Graves, Elizabeth Ashley Hardin, James Curtis Harms, Ana Kashfia Islam, Rachel Jamison, Megan Marie Johnson,


Anthony Nguyen Khuu, Andrew Brian Kleinberg, George Franklin LeBus V, Meghan McDonald, Markey Carden McNutt, Karim Anthony Meijer, Benjamin D Mouser, Hillary E Myears, Liliana Nanez, Patricia Lorrayne Purcell, James Wirth Sargent IV, Joseph W Spellman, Shena Thomas, Christine Lee Vigeland, Maggie Waung, Sarah A Wingfield, Weilan ZuoAlumni: R Ellwood JonesFaculty: Joel Mitchell GoodmanHouse staff: Dawn S Hui, Grace L Lee, Wayne Kent NelsonUniversity of Texas Medical School at Houston—Delta TexasStudents: Booth Wiley Aldred, Glynda Caga-anan, Jordan Austin Cain, Kevin Chap, Ross Joseph Chapel, Jaclyn Jin-Ling Chen, Joseph Childs, Melissa Louise Diamantis, John Frederick Dunn, Ashleigh Michelle Francis, Elizabeth Rebecca Caroline Geddes, Megan McRee Geloneck, Joshua Scott Griffin, Patrick Thomas Griffin, Quinton Morrow Hatch, Amanda K Hernandez, Diana Margaret Hook, Daniel Rhodes Kievlan, Adam Kingeter, Margaret Markham, William Robert Miller, Gregory Lane Naugher, Sarah H O’Connell, Kathryn Palumbo, Mary Kendall Parker, Phillip Noah Parmet, Matthew James Pommerening, Scott M Reis, Catherine Elizabeth Riddel, Matthew Rogers, Katherine Schroeder, Sara Swineford, Joseph Emile Tayar, Christopher Ross Thompson, Vicente Valero, Haider Virani, Dia Rose Waguespack, Taylor Brooke Wootton, Bryan Charles YelvertonAlumni: Timothy BooneFaculty: Pedro Mancias, John F TeichgraeberHouse staff: Ioannis Alagkiozidis, Katie Leighanne HendleyUniversity of Texas Medical School at San Antonio—Epsilon TexasStudents: Kaessee Lee Brown, Stefanie Bryant, Tina Chou, Edwin Chu, Amit P Desai, Brendan Patrick Dewan, Brian Alan Fishero, Megan Alicia Freeman, Stephanie Marie Gardner, Taggart Taylor Gauvain, Steven David Gibbons, William Garrett Greendyke, Scott Michael Greene, Michelle Moriah Hagopian, Kayla Evonne Ireland, Kiley Johnson, Jaime Jones, Joseph Jongbum Kim, Megan Presley Kostibas, Catherine Megan Lacey, Jeremy D Leland, Victor Lopez, Melissa Ann Muszynski, Anh D Nguyen, Catherine Pham, Jason Bryant Pond, Jorge Alfredo Ramirez, Nainesh Shah, Rachel Rebecca Shepherd, C Grant Staples, Julie Beth Stavinoha, Christopher Roy Stelton, Melissa Ashley Talbert, Nicole Victoria Walker, Kelli Renee YeeTexas Tech University Health Sciences Center School of Medicine—Zeta TexasStudents: Hosam Nabil Attaya, Shila Azodi, Kevin Joseph Barnes, Cody Ryan Beaver, Richard Bliss, Justin Benson Clayton, Ashley Brandon DeLaCerda, Chase Dalton Derrick, Mitchell George Eichhorn, Daniel Evans, Stephen John Griffin, Charlie Andrew Hogan, Shan Renee Huang, Winslo Idicula, Katherine Ikard, Natalie Brittan Lane, Christopher Thomas Lee, James Rex Lemert, Danny Luong, Eric Brandon Martin, Amber Michelle Moreland, Usha Rao, Katie Beth Reding, Jordan Brent Simpson, Ashley Lillian Estes Sturgeon, Raymond Barrier Theodosis, Vincenzo Wong, Brandon Wesley WrightAlumni: B Wayne McNeil, Jennifer Johnson MitchellHouse staff: Sameer Rafiul Islam, Chad Barrett JohnsonThe Texas A&M Health Science Center College of Medicine—Eta TexasStudents: Rohan Ahluwalia, Ananth Kumar Arjunan, Timothy Naff Ball, Blake Bond, Kristin Lee Bond, Nickolas Ray Byrge, Kevin Ching, Elise Eckhardt, Ramesh Kumar, Benjamin Martino, Michael McNeal, Janelle Myers Perrone, Luke Benjamin Potts, Erica Rensvold, Jonathan Walgama, Oliver WuAlumni: Alec Dean SteeleFaculty: Alejandro Arroliga, James Howard BrienHouse staff: Mitchell Edward Deshazer, Anita Dilip Karnik, Alan Ray TrumblyUTAHUniversity of Utah School of Medicine—Alpha UtahStudents: James Ted Allred, Melody R Anderson, Ryan James Bair, Laurel Kristen Bradford, Matthew F Covington, Tricia Hauschild, Rohn McCune, Cynthia Newberry, Leah Anne Owen, Asha Sarma, Joshua Alan Schliesser, Joseph S Schmutz, Rita Sharshiner, Jason William Young, Brian Earl ZauggVERMONTUniversity of Vermont College of Medicine—Alpha VermontNone reported VIRGINIAUniversity of Virginia School of Medicine—Alpha VirginiaStudents: Ryan Peter Bartkus, Steven Edward Bishop, An Hong Bui, Lisa Renee Chastant, William Tessin Derry, Laura Thorne Ekka, Eric J Feuchtbaum, Joseph Derek Forrester, Carrie Katherine Grouse, Paul David Hiles, Clark David Kensinger, Megan Elizabeth Lohr, Vivek Narayan, Elizabeth Anne Nicolli, Andrew Park, Melissa Lanier Collins Park, Arich Ryan Reynolds, Kristen Ritenour, Jeremy Ross, Michael Semanik, Kathryn Stansfield Sutton, James Alexander Thomas, Cynthia Elizabeth Wagner, Matthew WilsonAlumni: Delos M Cosgrove IIIFaculty: Barrett Henley BarnesHouse staff: Karim SadikVirginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine—Beta VirginiaStudents: Srinath Adusumalli, Matthew Curtis Avery, Sudheer Balakrishnan, Sara Tavernier Burgardt, Dana Casey Chan, Sarah Katherine Connell, Sarah Beth Corley, Vladimir Paul Daoud, Maya D Fetter, Daniel Fistere Jr, Breanna Leah Harpstead,

Eddie Keith Hasty, Kami Michelle Hu, Allison Lange, Lauren Terry Lastinger, Robert Brinton Layser, Amanda Lenderink-Carpenter, Pramote Malasitt, Kevin Darrow Marcus, Nathan George Miller, Joshua Aaron Morales, Thomas Matthew Mullin, Collier Stephens Pace, James Michael Pellerin, Duy Lam Phan, Brian Robertson, Joseph Daniel Romano, Erin Janette Saks, Nicholas Rosario Scarcella, Nisha Pulpet Warrier, Roderick Jack Willmore, Caroline WinslowAlumni: Sheldon RetchinFaculty: Jeffrey T Kushinka, Evan ReiterHouse staff: Andrew Binder, Adebowale Odulana, Aamer SyedEastern Virginia Medical School —Gamma VirginiaStudents: David Andrew Ahlers, Jessica Renee Barber, Kimberly Erin Barker, Samuel Llewellyn Casella, Wendy Alford Haft, Julia Johnson, Andrew Evans Leake, Katherine Marie Lunney, Bethany Michele Mulla, Dan-Vinh Pham Nguyen, W Michael Pullen, Baddr Ahed Shakhsheer, Waleed Christos Sneij, Stephen Charles Stacey Jr, Jonathan David van de Leuv, Lyndy Jane Wilcox, Nathaniel Charles Hamm WingertAlumni: Joel Clingenpeel, Daniel Adam NeumannFaculty: Amy Patricia Fantaskey, Jean PannetonHouse staff: Thomas Edward Butler, Nathaniel Robert Poulin, Leah Marie SierenWASHINGTONUniversity of Washington School of Medicine—Alpha WashingtonStudents: Evan James Allan, Juli Anne Armstrong, Nayan Arora, Ryan Thomas Barrett, Daniel J Benedetti, David Paul Dorsey, Karen Christine Halsted, Peter Nicholas Hunt, Elsbeth Chiyo Jensen-Otsu, Paul Samuel Martin, Timothy William Menza, Dayne Mickelson, Sylvia Kana Mollerstrom, Katherine Grace Oldenburg, Elizabeth Peacock-Chambers, Donald Joe Perry, Louis Ludwig Stuart Horst Poppler, Micahlyn Marie Powers, Scarlet Reichenbach, Leah Scanlin Ronald, Erika Cowman Schetter, Hollie Sexton, Mackenzie Slater, Hana Smith, Rachel Sparks, Karna K Sundsted, Laura Cauthorn Swanson, David Tarby, Ana Jorgenson Torvie, Jessica Valentine, David Andrew Williams, Elizabeth Anne ZeeckFaculty: Steven Gerstner, John GeymanHouse staff: Kanishka Garvin, Christine Chen Jensen, David Byung MinWEST VIRGINIAWest Virginia University School of Medicine—Alpha West VirginiaStudents: Simon Levi Amsdell, Ryan Michael Carr, Megan Michele Cecchini, Derek Clark, Christopher Eric Estel, Gregory Hale, Jennifer Lynn Koay, Brittani Kellin Ninness, Ahsley Rawson, Matthew Joseph Schessler, Carl Seynnaeve, Brian Michael Snelling, Dana Michele Tiberio, Ryan Matthew Wilson, Lana Winkler, Bethany Ann WoomerFaculty: Robert James TallaksenHouse staff: Kimberly J FairleyJoan C Edwards School of Medicine at Marshall University—Beta West VirginiaStudents: Jessica Rae Brown, James Bryan Doub, Daniel Roque Felbaum, Andrew Richard Hutchens, Kristin Mary Klosterman, John Gabriel Maijub, Mary Temple Sale, Randall Joseph Schultz, Jarrod Smith, Coben David ThornAlumni: Paul Ray Durst, Ross M PattonFaculty: Charles Eugene Giangarra, Carl Frederick McComasHouse staff: Christopher David Adams, Susan Lee Flesher, Saif Arsan MashaqiWISCONSINUniversity of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health—Alpha WisconsinStudents: Joel Thomas Adler, Stephen John Almasi, Jennifer Jo Barr, Erik Scott Fossum, Meghan Jo’An Furlong, Joseph David Hansen, Brian Carl Hilgeman, Michael Patrick Kehoe, Sean Barrett Kuehn, Micaela Erin O’Neil, Bryan Dustin Pooler, Andrew James Pugely, Lyndsey Nell Runaas, Cassie Marie Schmitt, Meghan Leigh Schott, Joseph John Schreiber, Lisa Yao Shen, Jennifer Ann Stephani, Sarah Emily Amend Tevis, Bimal Vyas, Evan Jared Warner, Shaun Yang, Eric Yanke, Jacqueline ZiehrMedical College of Wisconsin—Beta WisconsinStudents: Laith Mutasem Al-Shihabi, Azam Basheer, Becky Jo Brey, Katherine Elder Brick, Erica Ayami-Sato Byrd, Craig Elliott Cummings, Linda Kaye Czypinski, Alexandra Fairchild, Holly Marie Frost, Jarom Nathan Gilstrap, Erica Corrine Hofland, Alecia Nicole Huettl, Rebecca Marie Jansen, Benjamin Alan Keller, Rachel Ann Kuznar, Benjamin Joseph Lasee, Matthew Christopher Mauck, Eric James May, Elizabeth Ann McCarrel, Matthew John McFarlane, Melissa D Miller, Brad Steven Nance, Jacob Robert Peschman, William Joseph Reynders, Robert Rogers, Stefanie Suzanne Ruffolo, Steven Michael Schuckit, Jordan M Shapiro, David Ross Smart, Corbin Draper Sullivan, Stephen James Summers, Jonathan Kendall VincentFaculty: Bruce Hegstad Campbell, Jean-Franáois LiardHouse staff: Jessica Anne Crawford, Michael Edward Curley, Kory Donald Koerner

Students !"#$Alumni %&Faculty &'(House staff &%!

Total number of new members !"#"


Index by authorAbbott C. Wear Something Red. Poem. Winter, !".Abdulla S. See Floyd CT et al.Abelson HT. The Candidate. Poem. Summer, #!.Abrams HL. Commentary: Reynolds HY. A medical ear in the early morning

tennis group—when to advise and what to say. Autumn, $%.Ambrose CT. Carolus Linnaeus (Carl von Linné), $&'&–$&&(: The Swede who

named almost everything. Spring, )–$'.Anderson KT. Tinsley Randolph Harrison, MD: A legacy of medical education.

Autumn, )–$'.Bales DW. Accelerating human evolution?? Letter. Winter, )(.Basile MA. Christians in the Movies: A Century of Saints and Sinners, by Peter E.

Dans. Reviews and reflections. Winter, )#–)%.Berry J. Accelerating human evolution?? Letter. Winter, )(.Blaha J. Re “Consultations . . . going, going, gone?” Letter. Summer, #".Blum A. Commemorating the Fiftieth Anniversary of a Medical Landmark.

Autumn, )(.Blum A. When I gets big. Poem. Summer, !%.Bowe C. Josiah. Winter, "(–"*.Brenner I. Re: “A Fatal Zest for Living.” Letter. Summer, #$–#".Brillman JC. Worried Sick: A Prescription for Health in an Overtreated America,

by Nortin M. Hadler. Reviews and reflections. Spring, )#–)%.Buskirk M. Informal Education. Poem. Winter, )*.Cantrell L. Poems by Linda Cantrell. Poems. Autumn, !'–!$.Cesari A, Mackowiak PA. A fatal zest for living: The all too brief life of Mario

Lanza. Winter, )–$'.Chase RA. One Breath Apart: Facing Dissection, by Sandra L. Berman. Reviews

and reflections. Summer, )$–)".Chase RA. A Second Opinion: Rescuring America’s Health Care: A Plan for

Universal Coverage Serving Patients Over Profit, by Arnold S. Relman. Reviews and reflections. Summer, )'.

Chesanow RL. A Voyage. Letter. Winter, )(.Claman HN. On Wrinkles (Hiding the Evidence). Poem. Spring, #'.Coe FL. Amanda’s Garden. Poem. Autumn, %'.Cooper RA. Expanding physician supply—An imperative for health care reform.

Health policy. Spring, !#–!&.Coulehan J. Doctors in Fiction: Lessons from Literature, by Borys Surawicz and

Beverly Jacobson. Reviews and reflections. Summer, )"–)!.Coulehan J. Dying for Beginners, by Patrick Clary. Reviews and reflections.

Autumn, !*–)'.Coulehan J. On Apology, by Aaron Lazare. Reviews and reflections. Spring,

)%–)&.Crawford GB. Quiet Snow among the Dark. Poem. Autumn, $$.Dale DC. Memorial: Edward D. Harris, Jr., MD: July &, $*!&–May "$, "'$'.

Summer, $.Dans PE. The physician at the movies

Amelia. Summer, )#–)%.The Curious Case of Benjamin Button. Winter, !(–)'.Extraordinary Measures. Autumn, !)–!%.Gifted Hands: The Ben Carson Story. Spring, )'–)".The Hurt Locker. Autumn, !%–!(.Julie and Julia. Summer, )%–)(.Night at the Museum: The Battle of the Smithsonian. Summer, )%.Taking Chance. Winter, )'–)".Valkyrie. Spring, )!.The Young Victoria. Summer, )(–)*.

Darby R. Ethical issues in the use of cognitive enhancement. Spring, $%–"".DeWitt D. The Challenge. Poem. Winter, )!.Elahi E. See Floyd CT et al.Floyd CT, Michael H, VanHoose JD, Elahi E, Abdulla S, Jinwala F, Reddy K, Solar

B, Freeman A, Huber W III, Palmore J, Sambasivan A. The winning photos from the Web Site Photography Contest. Summer, ""–!).

Foltermann MO. Neither/nor. Letter. Autumn, )!.Freeman A. See Floyd CT et al.Garcia EE. What Would Heifetz Do? Poem. Summer, )).Geynisman J. Adwoa. Poem. Autumn, !!.Grubb BP. The Gaze. Poem. Summer, inside back cover.Haddy FJ. Direct-to-consumer advertising. Health policy. Summer, !(–!*.

Harris ED Jr. "''* Alpha Omega Alpha/Association of American Medical Colleges Robert

J. Glaser Distinguished Teacher Awards. Winter, !'–!$.Alpha Omega Alpha elects honorary members. Spring, !(–!*.Consultations . . . going, going, gone? Editorial. Winter, $.Existentialism, the physician’s philosophy. Editorial. Spring, $.Minutes of the "o'* meeting of the board of directors of Alpha Omega

Alpha. National and chapter news. Spring, #$–#".Haywood LJ. Selling Teaching Hospitals. Letter. Winter, )&.Hsu BS-H. Cost of a life. Health policy. Autumn, !"–!!.Huber W III. See Floyd CT et al.Hudak CD. Undaunted. Poem. Winter, !!.Ilgenfritz S. The Procedure. Poem. Spring, )(.Isenberg SF. A Simple Walk. Poem. Spring, inside back cover.Jacobs J. Re “Getting Drug Money Out of Doctors’ Offices.” Letter. Summer, #'.Jinwala F. See Floyd CT et al.Kahn EN. The Gift. Poem. Winter, !).Kastor JA. An invitation. Health policy. Spring, !&.Kastor JA. Will health reform reduce costs? Health policy. Winter, !#–!%.Kopen DF. The inadquacy of legislative procedures and the infirmity of physician

organizations. Health policy. Summer, !&–!(.Langhorne H. Post Chemo Treat. Poem. Autumn, $&.Le J. Meditation on Surgical Masks. Poem. Winter, $".Lee TH. Health reform requires confronting myths. Health policy. Winter, !%–!&.Lockshin MD. Medical publishing: Will paper live on? Summer, )–&.Lopez FA. Almost five years later: Hurricane Katrina, New Orleans health care,

and the Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center. Summer, (–$$.Maas S. Wind. Poem. Autumn, "#.Majmudar B. A One Bag, One Leg Lady. Poem. Winter, !".Mann A. Smoke. Poem. Winter, #".Marr JJ. Graft Rejection. Poem. Winter, $$.Menkes JS. The right to sue. Letter. Winter, )(–)*.Michael H. See Floyd CT et al.Milano M. Hearing. Poem. Autumn, "*.Miller EC. Attuning to equlibrium: Physician as artist, artist as physician.

Autumn, $(–")Morrison W. Carotid. Poem. Winter, "&.Morrison W. Snapshot. Poem. Spring, !*.Mukherjee S. Stroke in black and white. Autumn, $"–$!.Muller D. Needlestick. Summer, $"–$!.Nagarkar PA. Getting drug money out of doctors’ offices. Winter, $!–$&.Nagarkar PA. Re “Getting Drug Money Out of Doctors’ Offices”: Mr. Nagarkar

responds to Dr. Jacobs. Letter. Summer, #'–#$.Nissenblatt M. Summer, $)–$#.Palmore J. See Floyd CT et al.Parke S. Poppies. Poem. Autumn, inside back cover.Patterson RB. Commentary: Cantrell L. Poems by Linda Cantrell. Autumn,

!'–!$.Pederson T. The Language of Life: DNA and the Revolution in Personalized

Medicine, by Francis S. Collins. Reviews and reflections. Summer, )'–)$.Pfeiffer E. Endings Are Beginnings. Poem. Summer, !#.Platt FW. Technological Medicine: The Changing World of Doctors and Patients,

by Stanley Joel Reiser. Reviews and reflections. Autumn, )$–)".Plotz CM. Commentary: Reynolds HY. A medical ear in the early morning tennis

group—when to advise and what to say. Autumn, $%.Plotz CM. Medical hand-me-downs. Letter. Winter, )&–)(.Quinn S. The effect of Gchat deprivation on medical student productivity.

Winter, ")–"&.Radu A. Eudaimonia, existentialism, and the practice of medicine. Spring, "%–!!.Raphael A. The ethics of cosmetic enhancement. Winter, $(–"!.Reddy K. See Floyd CT et al.Reid EE. Studying in the Afternoon. Poem. Spring, $".Reynolds HY. A medical ear in the early morning tennis group—when to advise

and what to say. Autumn, $)–$#.Richards DD III. Semmelweis: Magyar warrior. Summer, $%–"$.Rousseau PC. Echocardiogram. Poem. Autumn, "%.Roy RC. Spring of My Dying. Poem. Summer, back cover.Sambasivan A. See Floyd CT et al.Scherl ND. Reflections on a Photograph. Poem. Winter, !!.

The Pharos

Volume 73


Shankar PR. Doctors and pharmaceutical promotion. Letter. Spring, !".Smith RJ. Re “The Ethics of Cosmetic Enhancement.” Letter. Summer, #$.Solar B. See Floyd CT et al.Spaeth. One simple question can change the world. Autumn, %&–%'.Staff

%(("/%($( Administrative Recognition Awards. Autumn, !'.%(("/%($( Medical Student Service Project awards. Autumn, !&.%(("/%($( Visiting Professorships. Autumn, !#–!).%(("/%($( Volunteer Clinical Faculty Awards. Autumn, !".%($( Carolyn L. Kuckein Student Research Fellowships. Summer, #!–#).%($( Edward D. Harris Professionalism Award. Autumn, !!.%($( Helen H. Glaser Student Essay Awards. Summer, #%.%($( Pharos Poetry Competition winners. Summer, #%.%($( Write a Poem for This Photo Contest. Spring, #(.Alpha Omega Alpha members elected in %(("/%($(. Autumn, #(–#&.Announcement: Executive Director of Alpha Omega Alpha. Spring, back

coverAnnouncing the %($( Pharos Editor’s Prize. National and chapter news.

Winter, #(Correction. Spring, !&.Correction. National and chapter news. Winter, #$Dr. Francis Neelon joins the Pharos editorial board. National and chapter

news. Winter, #$Interim editor. National and chapter news. Summer, #!.Instructions for Pharos authors. National and chapter news. Winter, #$–#%Leaders in American Medicine. National and chapter news. Winter, #%Memorial donations. National and chapter news. Summer, #!.The new Alpha Omega Alpha web site. National and chapter news. Winter,

#(.The Pharos, Volume &*. Autumn, #'–)(.Web Site Photography Contest. Winter, inside back cover.Winner of the %((" Pharos Editor’s Prize. National and chapter news.

Winter, #(Winner of the Submit a Photo contest. Spring, #(.Winning poems of the %((" Write a Poem for This Photo Contest. Winter,

*%–**.Topol EJ. The consumer movement in health care. Health policy. Spring, *!–*#.Trotter JA. The Picture of Health: A View from the Prairie, by Richard P. Holm

and Judith R. Peterson. Reviews and reflections. Winter, !!–!#.Valdrighi A. The Woman with Everything. Poem. Winter, *%.VanHoose JD. See Floyd CT et al.Warren M. Rhabdomyosarcoma. Poem. Spring, $$.Weiner MF. The Atheist Faces Death. Poem. Summer, &.Wiesenthal A. Death on call. Spring, %!–%#.Williams RC Jr. Dancing at the River’s Edge: A Patient and Her Doctor Negotiate

Life with Chronic Illness, by Alida Brill and Michael D. Lockshin. Reviews and reflections. Spring, !!.

Wilson DE. Richard L. Byyny, MD, appointed Executive Director of Alpha Omega Alpha. Autumn, back cover.

Wolf PL. Ode to a Jaundiced Eye. Poem. Summer, *".Wood JC. The Alabaster Kiss. Poem. Spring, %*.Wright JL. On Being Certain: Believing You Are Right Even When You’re Not, by

Robert A. Burton. Reviews and reflections. Autumn, !(–!$.Zaroff LZ. Drowning in science . . . saved by Shakespeare. Spring, $*–$#.

Index by title%((" Alpha Omega Alpha/Association of American Medical Colleges Robert J.

Glaser Distinguished Teacher Awards. Harris ED Jr. Winter, *(–*$.%(("/%($( Administrative Recognition Awards. Staff. Autumn, !'.%(("/%($( Medical Student Service Project Awards. Staff. Autumn, !&.%(("/%($( Visiting Professorships. Staff. Autumn, !#–!).%(("/%($( Volunteer Clinical Faculty Awards. Autumn, !".%($( Carolyn L. Kuckein Student Research Fellowships. Staff. Summer, #!–#).%($( Edward D. Harris Professionalism Award. Staff. Autumn, !!.%($( Helen H. Glaser Student Essay Awards. Staff. Summer, #%.%($( Pharos Poetry Competition winners. Staff. Summer, #%.%($( Write a Poem for This Photo Contest. Staff. Spring, #(.Adwoa. Poem. Geynisman J. Autumn, **.The Alabaster Kiss. Poem. Wood JC. Spring, %*.Almost five years later: Hurricane Katrina, New Orleans health care, and the

Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center. Lopez FA. Summer, '–$$.Alpha Omega Alpha elects honorary members. Harris ED Jr. Spring, *'–*".Alpha Omega Alpha members elected in %(("/%($(. Staff. Autumn, #(–#&Amanda’s Garden. Poem. Coe FL. Autumn, )(.

Announcement: Executive Director of Alpha Omega Alpha. Staff. Spring, back cover.

The Atheist Faces Death. Poem. Weiner MF. Summer, &.Attuning to equilibrium: Physician as artist, artist as physician. Miller EC.

Autumn, $'–%!.The Candidate. Poem. Abelson HT. Summer, #*.Carolus Linnaeus (Carl von Linné), $&(&–$&&': The Swede who named almost

everything. Ambrose CT. Spring, !–$(.Carotid. Poem. Morrison W. Winter, %&.The Challenge. Poem. DeWitt D. Spring, !*.Commemorating the Fiftieth Anniversary of a Medical Landmark. Blum A.

Autumn, !'.Consultations . . . going, going, gone? Editorial. Harris ED Jr. Winter, $.Correction. Staff. Spring, !&.Death on call. Wiesenthal A. Spring, %!–%#.Drowning in science . . . saved by Shakespeare. Zaroff LZ. Spring, $*–$#.Echocardiogram. Poem. Rousseau PC. Autumn, %).The effect of Gchat deprivation on medical student productivity. Winter, %!–%).Endings Are Beginnings. Poem. Pfeiffer E. Summer, *#.Ethical issues in the use of cognitive enhancement. Darby R. Spring, $)–%%.The ethics of cosmetic enhancement. Raphael A. Winter, $'–%*.Eudaimonia, existentialism, and the practice of medicine. Radu A. Spring, %)–**.Existentialism, the physician’s philosophy. Editorial. Spring, $. A fatal zest for living: The all too brief life of Mario Lanza. Cesari A, Mackowiak

PA. Winter, #–$(.The Gaze. Poem. Grubb BP. Summer, inside back cover.Getting drug money out of doctors’ offices. Nagarkar PA. Winter, $*–$&.The Gift. Poem. Kahn EN. Winter, *!.One simple question can change the world. Spaeth G. Autumn, %&–%'.Graft Rejection. Poem. Marr JJ. Winter, $$.Health policy

The consumer movement in health care. Topol EJ. Spring, *!–*#.Cost of a life. Hsu BS-H. Autumn, *%–**.Direct-to-consumer advertising. Haddy FJ. Summer, *'–*".Expanding physician supply—An imperative for health care reform. Cooper

RA. Spring, *#–*&.Health reform requires confronting myths. Winter, *)–*&.The inadequacy of legislative procedures and the infirmity of physician

organizations. Kopen DF. Summer, *&–*'.An invitation. Kastor JA. Spring, *&.Will health reform reduce costs? Kastor JA. Winter, *#–*).

Hearing. Poem. Milano M. Autumn, %".Informal Education. Poem. Buskirk M. Winter, !".Josiah. Bowe C. Winter, %'–%".Letters

Accelerating human evolution? Bales DW. Winter, !'.Accelerating human evolution? Berry J. Winter, !'.Doctors and pharmaceutical promotion. Shankar PR. Spring, !".Medical hand-me-downs. Plotz CM. Winter, !&–!'.Re “Consultations . . . going, going, gone?” Blaha J. Summer, #$.Re “The Ethics of Cosmetic Enhancement.” Smith RJ. Summer, #$.Re “A Fatal Zest for Living.” Brenner I. Summer, #$–#%.Re “Getting Drug Money Out of Doctors’ Offices.” Jacobs J. Summer, #(.Re “Getting Drug Money Out of Doctors’ Offices”: Mr. Nagarkar responds to

Dr. Jacobs. Nagarkar PA. Summer, #(–#$.Neither/nor. Foltermann MO. Autumn, !*.The right to sue. Menkes JS. Winter, !'–!".Selling Teaching Hospitals. Haywood LJ. Winter, !&.

Love song. Nissenblatt M. Summer, $!–$#.A medical ear in the early morning tennis group—when to advise and what to

say. Reynolds HY. Autumn, $!–$#.Commentary. Abrams HL. Autumn, $).Commentary. Plotz CM. Autumn, $).

Medical publishing: Will paper live on? Lockshin MD. Summer, !–&.Meditation on Surgical Masks. Poem. Le J. Winter, $%.Memorial: Edward D. Harris, Jr., MD: July &, $"*&–May %$, %($(. Dale DC.

Summer, $.National and chapter news

Announcing the %($( Pharos Editor’s Prize. Staff. Winter, #(.Correction. Staff. Winter, #$.Dr. Francis Neelon joins the Pharos editorial board. Staff. Winter, #$.Interim editor. Staff. Summer, #!.Instructions for Pharos authors. Staff. Winter, #$–#%.Leaders in American Medicine. Staff. Winter, #%.Memorial donations. Staff. Summer, #!.Minutes of the %((" meeting of the board of directors of Alpha Omega

Index


Alpha. Harris ED Jr. Spring, –.The new Alpha Omega Alpha web site. Staff. Winter, .Winner of the Pharos Editor’s Prize. Staff. Winter, .

Needlestick. Muller D. Summer, –.Ode to a Jaundiced Eye. Poem. Wolf PL. Summer, .On Wrinkles (Hiding the Evidence). Poem. Claman HN. Spring, .A One Bag, One Leg Lady. Poem. Majmudar B. Winter, .The Pharos, Volume . Staff. Autumn, –.The physician at the movies

Amelia. Summer, –.The Curious Case of Benjamin Button. Winter, –.Extraordinary Measures. Autumn, –.Gifted Hands: The Ben Carson Story. Spring, –.The Hurt Locker. Autumn, –.Julie and Julia. Summer, –.Night at the Museum: The Battle of the Smithsonian. Summer, .Taking Chance. Winter, –.Valkyrie. Spring, .The Young Victoria. Summer, –.

Poems by Linda Cantrell. Poems. Cantrell L. Autumn, –.Commentary. Patterson RB. Autumn, .

Poppies. Poem. Parke S. Autumn, inside back cover.Post Chemo Treat. Poem. Langhorne H. Autumn, .The Procedure. Poem. Ilgenfritz S. Spring, .Quiet Snow among the Dark. Poem. Crawford GB. Autumn, .Reflections on a Photograph. Poem. Scherl ND. Winter, .Reviews and reflections

Christians in the Movies: A Century of Saints and Sinners, by Peter E. Dans. Basile MA. Winter, –.

Dancing at the River’s Edge: A Patient and Her Doctor Negotiate Life with Chronic Illness, by Alida Brill and Michael D. Lockshin. Williams RC Jr. Spring, .

Doctors in Fiction: Lessons from Literature, by Borys Surawicz and Beverly Jacobson. Coulehan J. Summer, –.

Dying for Beginners, by Patrick Clary. Coulehan J. Autumn, –.The Language of Life: DNA and the Revolution in Personalized Medicine, by

Francis S. Collins. Pederson T. Summer, –.On Apology, by Aaron Lazare. Coulehan J. Spring, –.On Being Certain: Believing You Are Right Even When You’re Not, by Robert

A. Burton. Wright JL. Autumn, –.One Breath Apart: Facing Dissection, by Sandra L. Berman. Chase RA.

Summer, –.The Picture of Health: A View from the Prairie, by Richard P. Holm and Judith

R. Peterson. Trotter JA. Winter, –.A Second Opinion: Rescuring America’s Health Care: A Plan for Universal

Coverage Serving Patients Over Profit, by Arnold S. Relman. Chase RA. Summer, .

Technological Medicine: The Changing World of Doctors and Patients, by Stanley Joel Reiser. Platt FW. Autumn, –.

Worried Sick: A Prescription for Health in an Overtreated America, by Nortin M. Hadler. Brillman JC. Spring, –.

Rhabdomyosarcoma. Poem. Spring, .Richard L. Byyny, MD, appointed Executive Director of Alpha Omega Alpha.

Wilson DE. Autumn, back cover.Semmelweis: Magyar warrior. Richard DD III. Summer, –.A Simple Walk. Poem. Isenberg SF. Spring, inside back cover.Smoke. Poem. Mann A. Winter, .Snapshot. Poem. Morrison W. Spring, .Spring of My Dying. Poem. Roy RC. Summer, back cover.Stroke in black and white. Mukherjee S. Autumn, –.Studying in the Afternoon. Poem. Reid EE. Spring, .Tinsley Randolph Harrison, MD: A legacy of medical education. Autumn, –.Undaunted. Poem. Hudak CD. Winter, .Wear Something Red. Poem. Abbott C. Winter, .Web Site Photography Contest. Staff. Winter, inside back cover.What Would Heifetz Do? Poem. Garcia EE. Summer, .When I gets big. Poem. Blum A. Summer, .Wind. Poem. Maas S. Autumn, .Winner of the Submit a Photo Contest. Staff. Spring, .The winning photos from the Web Site Photography Contest. Floyd CT, Michael

H, VanHoose JD, Elahi E, Abdulla S, Jinwala F, Reddy K, Solar B, Freeman A, Huber W III, Palmore J, Sambasivan A. Summer, –.

Winning poem of the Write a Poem for This Photo Contest. Staff. Winter, –.

The Woman with Everything. Poem. Valdrighi A. Winter, .

Late October and all is falling, to watch it fall is to watch an old

man die by stages; are we not caught up in such a progress? Mark him, I told

my friend: last year, last month, even, he was able to that, or this, now lost;

is this not movement in a sound direction, a deeper sinking into the white frost?

Are we happy in our hearts and cannot say that something about the progress of flesh

is moral, and to watch it a secret thrill? And, is it not a judgment of decency

how he—the old man—squares his acts with flesh’s motion toward surrender? The garden is without desire, without sorrow, we believe, and scarcely care

for it anymore, however we waited on its growing, but the old man holds our eye: is it fear?

Is it our judgment of him? A cruel love of change? A love of the close of the year?

Fredric L. Coe, MD

Dr. Coe (AΩA, University of Chicago, !"#!) is professor of Medicine and Physiology at the University of Chicago. He is a member of the editorial board of The Pharos and a previous contributor to the journal. His address is: Nephrology Section, MC $!%%, University of Chicago Pritzker School of Medicine, $&'! S. Maryland Avenue, Chicago, Illinois #%#()- '"(%. E-mail: [email protected].

Amanda’s Garden

Erica

Aitk

en

The Pharos/Date 61

PoppiesI.In the field behind the salt-stained shack,Her fingers curled around the stem.Sinewy flesh, splintered(with only some regret)One pink poppy—Voluminous and shy,A perfect impermanenceShe was only beginning To understand.

The doctor had given him “weeks”—Weeks before,But that afternoon, like always, He spooned sherbet into one No, two, stone saucers.“Come on, old boy,” he called,“Finish it quick now, before she sees!”A tail wag, Worth every objection from his wife.

Small rituals filled their days,Time in the context of every other time—A poppy resting in an awkward clay vase,A Mother’s Day present, wasn’t it? Or an apology For minor crimes of youth?Three children and thirty-five yearsHad not lessened the longing he felt As she grasped his hand in the night.

II.On the day before his lastShe sat alone by the warbling creekAnd watched cascades of ancient light Catch on shimmering salmon scales.

Beneath the surface, other lives Moved rapidly through her reflection—Smooth, diaphanous darts of lossDancing her heart home.

When she called, her voice was calm, Ready. But me? I was a medical studentI thought I knew death—Turns out, observing isn’t knowing.

III.In the nightThe poppies—white and red,Ebony eye to the moon,Break through damp soil:The sound of entering.The earth does not stir her As she is, dreamer,A part of the entering.

Sara Parke

Ms. Parke is a Fulbright Scholar studying medical ethics at the National Core for Neuroethics, University of British Columbia. Her address is: !"#$ S. Ingalls Court, Littleton, Colorado $%#&$. E-mail: [email protected].

The Board of Directors of Alpha Omega

Alpha is very pleased to announce that Richard L. Byyny, MD, will become Executive Director of Alpha Omega Alpha and Editor of The Pharos effective November , . After an extensive search to recruit a successor to Dr. Edward D. Harris, Dr. Byyny was selected from an extraordinary group of talented candidates. Dr. Byyny is quite familiar with AΩA, having served on the AΩA board of di-rectors from through . He received his undergraduate and medical degrees from the University of Southern California, where he was elected to AΩA.

Dr. Byyny received his internal medi-cine training at Columbia University and completed an endocrinology fellowship at Vanderbilt University. He served as Head of the Division of Internal Medicine and Director of the Internal Medicine training program at the University of Chicago from through . He then moved to Colorado to again head up general Internal Medicine

and also serve as v ice-chair man of the Department of Medicine. After hold-ing administrative

positions as Executive Vice-Chancellor at the University of Colorado Health Sciences Center and as Vice President for Academic Affairs and Research/Dean of the System Graduate School at Colorado, Dr. Byyny became Chancellor of the University of Colorado at Boulder, serving from through . Now a Professor of Medicine at Colorado, Dr. Byyny has “crowned” his distinguished career by devoting his efforts to health policy and to the development of a mentored research tract in medical student education.

Dr. Byyny will be devoting most of his time and effort to AΩA and The Pharos. He is looking forward to interacting with the boards, the chapters, and with students. We are all very pleased to have him as our Executive Director. Please join us in welcom-ing Richard L. Byyny, MD.

AnnouncementRichard L. Byyny, MD,

appointed Executive Director of Alpha Omega Alpha

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