TRIBAL EDUCATIONImplications for D evelopment

E′ゴナθグby

S.No Chaudhaγ

, and former Deary Faculty ofChair Professor at Barkatullahe has also been a fellow of thes, Patna, Indian Instittrte ofs. He has also conducted fieldmbia (Canada). Dr. Chaudharyuch projects and published 27,ntly Professor Chaudhary isrct of Technology on Society,ral ,Development.

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CONCEPT PuBLISHING COMPANY PVT LTD.,NEW DELHI-110059

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All righs rcscrved. No part of this work may bc rcproduccd, storcd, adaptcd, or transmitrcdrn any torm or by any *.*., .1...roi., _:;;i;, ph",."";;;;;,;#:fiil:;trccording or othc.wisc, i. .o*t"*a,ir, "nyl1#;#;:ut thc prior wrincn pcrmissionof thc copyrighr owncr end the publishcr. rrrJu.".i ir'ro,o r"o;"o to thc condition that;",lllffi ll#,,:fi :f,:r.*:"',1i'"".*.,.a,'i,..-r.9*,orotherwisecircurarcd

chat in *hi.i it il';ffii.*"tten consent in any form of binding or.or..-oiiir-.il'

The vicr'rn and opinions exn1655qd in this book arc author(s) own and the facts reponcdiL,l;.i[I"#n vcrifild ,o ,r,. o,*, p.-,riii" ".i,ii. r,uishers are nor in a,,y,.ay

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6

Parliamentary Initiatives towardsTribal Education

S. Prabhakar

Parliament of India is the highest legislative body representingthe people in implementing the proviiions or consirtutron and itsgoals. Indian Parliamenthas earned the glory of being the largestworking parliamentary democracy in th- world.

our Constitution provides for abolition of untouchability,prohibition of discrimination on grounds of religion, race, caste,

.sex or place of birth; equality of opportunity in riatters of publicemployment, promotion of educational and economic interlsts ofdeprived and oppressed strata of society, particularly, STs, SCs,and other weaker sections, reservation oi seats for sCs and srs inthe House of the People, and Legislative Assemblies of the states,Panchayats and Municipalities. According to Census of 2001, wehave 8'43 crore tribal popuration in trre cointry. It is a well knownfact that they are lagging-behind in many spheres, particularly,economy and education. They are deprived of basic amenities likedrinking water, good healthcare, etc. It is an accepted fact that lessthan 1 per cent of the Budget alrocation of the country is given iothe Ministry of Tiibal Affairs. To be precise, it was 0.ao ier centfor 2010-11. For 2009-10, the Budgef alrocation for the Mi.irtrywas 0.98 per cent and in 2OOB-09, it was even less, 0.74 per ceni.Considering the 8.43 crore tribals spread across the country, it isundoubtediy a meagre sum.

Our Constitution contains various provisions for thedevelopment of such marginalized groups. ior instance, Article342 for srs. After the Constitution came inio being on26thianuary,1950, Parliament has enacted a number of laws to iniiiate t(e

)wards

dy representingrstitution and itsoeing the largest

' untouchabilitY,gion, race, caste,

natters of PublicLomic interests of:ularly, STs, SCs,

rr SCs and STs inrlies of the States,:nsus of 2001, we[t is a well known:res, particularlY,rsic amenities like:pted fact that Iess

ountry is given towas 0.86 per cent

the Ministry

s, 0.74 per cent.country, it is

.ons for theArticle

January,the

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tthe COVernmentalso tO implement

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Parliamentary lnitiatiVes on Tribal Affairs

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Ministry of Tribal Affairs

Ministry of Tribal Affairs is the nodal Ministry which iakes care of

the weliare and development of tribals in the country. Ministry of

Tribal Affairs came into being in october 1999. Its objectives were

providing more focused attention on the integrated socio-ecorromic

d".r"lopriur,t of the most under-privileged sections of the Indian

society, namely, the Scheduled Tribes (STs), in a coordinated and

plannld manner. It also oversees the overall policy, planning and

ioordination of programmes for development of STs'

Ministry is divided into Divisions of Scheduled Castes

Development, Backward Classes Development, Disability and

social Defence. Ministry's annual plan allocation for 2009-10 is

Rs. 2,500 ctore, of which around 76-9 per cent is for development

of SCs; 11.6 per cent for OBCs; 9.3 per cent for Disability and 2'2

per cent for social Defence sector.r It is'heartening to note tl-rat 98

per cent of the said allocation had been utilized up to 31.3'2010'

i3ut the budgetary allocation of the Ministry has substantiallyincreased to Rs. 4,500 crore for 2010-11, which is a marked increase

of 80 per cent over the previous year.2 It is to be noted that the

Planning Commission has allocated only Rs. 2,500 for 2009-10 as

against the proposed plan outlay of Rs. 5,000 crore. r'According to the Ministrv, educational development is a

stepping stone to economic and social development. Ministry ismaking maximum efforts to improve their education status'Varioui plans, schemes, Programmes are in place to realize the

overall development of the tribals of the country. For example, the

flagship scheme of the Ministry is'Post-Matric Scholarship (PMS),

a Centrally sponsored scheme to promote higher education among

STs. Under this scheme, an amount of Rs. 140-85 crore was spent

up to 3Lst December, 2007 to benefit more than 10.52 lakh students'

Likewise, the scheme of Hostels for ST Boys and Girls aims at

reducing the present dropout rates of the middle/higher leveleducation among STs, by providing a major suPPort service to ST

boys and girls. Rs. 35.28 crore has already been incurred up to31st Decemb er,2007 in constructing 304 hostels across the country'

Ashramschools is yet another innovative effort which aims at

extending educational facilities and conducive educationalatmospheie to ST boys and girls through dedicated residentialschooli. A sum of Rs. 3.74 crore has been released for construction

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iakes care ofz. Ministry ofiectives were:io-economic:f the Indian:dinated andrlanning and;.

uled Castessability andrr 2009,10 islevelopmentiltty and2.2, note that 98to 31.3.2010.;ubstantiaily'ked increaseated that the>r 2009-10 as

opment is a. Ministry isition status.c realize theexample, thership (PMS),ation amongre was spentrkh students.Girls aims athigher levelservice to ST:urred up to; the country.drich aims at

ucationalresidential

of Ashram Schools to the Governments of Madhya Pradesh and

Karnataka as on 31st December, 2007'

Up to 31st December, 2007, Ministry has extended a grant of

Rs. 8.7i crore to voluntary organizations and autonomous societies

of State govemments foi constructing 59 F'ducational Complexes

under 'IEducational Complex in Low Literacy Pockets' for

Jurr"iop^u"t of ST female iit"tu"y in tribal areas' This covered

T,TT5shndents.TherearesimilarschemesundertheMinistrywhichaims at the development of primitive tribal groups'

There is also a standing Committee on Inter-Sectoral Issues

relating to tribal Development headed by Dr'-Balchandra

tttr.,g"iur, Member, Planning Commission, with Secretaries of

,o*"" key Ministries concerned with tribal development-as

Members. It submitted its Second lnterim Report on Tthllday'2007

entitled "Displacement, Resettlement and Rehabilitation of

Scheduled Tribes".National Commission for scheduled Tribes (NCST), under the

Ministry, was constituted with effect from 19th February'2004'lts

main function are (i) to investigate and monitor matters relating

to safeguards provided for 5Ts, (ii) to inquire iry: t9.::ifi'complalnts relating to rights and safeguards of STs' (iii) toparticipate and advlse in the planning process relating to socio-

""ono*i. development of STs, and (ivito evaluate the progress-of

their development under the Union and any State' etc' The

Commission hu, po*"r, to investigate and inquiry *9 1t ":t|"d

*irh po*"r, of a civil court.3 The Commission presented the Third

Repolt for the year20A7-08 to the President on 29th March' 2010'1

Ministry of Tribal Affairs is also providing insurance cover

through']anshree Beema Yojana'to 91e earning member from all

the fainilies of Particularly Vulnerable Tribal Groups (PTGs) in

the country. This is an insurance scheme of Life Insurance

Corporation of India. Needless to add that the cost of the insurance

cover of PTGs is borne by the Ministry of Tribal Affairs'

Most of the schemes tf th" Mi.,ittiy are deemed to be demand

driven and the States are the implementing agencie} for these

schemes. States are not able to p,o'lde their matching share of 50

per cent for various schemes.

Last year, HomeMinister of the Govemment of Indiahas made

a slaternent to the effect that law for SCs and STs could be

strengthened.s This shows the reality that laws governing the SCs

/´ /

〃 ;`′

Zg Tribal Education

and STs are not really serving them the way it should be and muchmore needs to be desired. To highlight as to how much of the fundsof the Govemment of India is allocated to the Tribal Affairs, I wouldlike to state that the total budgetary allocations of all the Ministriesand Departrnents of Government of India put together isRs.12,57,728.83 crore, out of whicl, a paltry sum of Rs' 3,740.01

crore is allocated to the Ministry of Tribal Affairs, which is 0'30

per cent. Considering the tribal population of 8'43 crore spread

i.rorr the country, the allocation for the Minisfry of Tribal Affairsshould be increased to at least 3 per cent.

A mere sum of Rs. 3 crore was kept for the purpose ofgenerating awareness in 2010-11' This year, 201.1-i2, it is Rs' 2'89

irore. Awareness is spread primarily through advertisements and

publication. For a vast country like ours and for the tribalpopulation that is spread in different States, this meagre amount

is i pittance. More funds should be allocated for spreadingawareness about various schemes and programmes of the Ministryof Tribal Affairs.

Exchange of Visits by Tribals is a good scheme but funds werb

not utilized during 2008-09 and 2009-10 as no ProPosal has come

from State and UT governments or ProPosals which came were

incompleted and revised proposals were not sent thereafter to the

Ministry. But in 2010-11, tipura, Assam and Chhattisgarh received

Rs. 10.43 lakh for undertaking the exchange of visit.Under 'Organization of Tribal Festivals' scheme, Gujarat,

Orissa and Assam organized tribal festivals during 2008-09 and in

2OOg-10, Madhya Pradestu Maharashtra, Tamil Nadu, Tripura and

Chhattisgarh received funds to organize a national level Tribal

Festival 'PRAKRITI'in Delhi for 3 days.Under'special Central Assistance to Tribal Sub-Plan', in 2008-

09, out of Revised Estimates of Rs. 860.50 crore, only Rs.780.87

crore has been utilized; in 2009-70, it could utilize the fundsallocated to the tune of Rs. 481.24 crore. But in 20L0-LL, out ofRs. 941.96 crore, only Rs.769.49 (as on 31stJanuary,20l\) has been

utilized. There is a need to utilize funds without ascribing reasons

of non-receipt of complete proposals in prescribed format and non-submission of utilization certificates but efforts should be made

to ensure that State and UT Governments fulfil the requiredformalities to avail funds.

Under the National Overseas Scholarship Scheme of the

Parliane

Ministrthe budutilizecutilize<ot29 t

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rose ofRs.2.89nts and: triballmount'eading4inistry

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delivering this verdict that these cOnllnunities′sOcially and

economically backward′ need tO be taken care of even in theSPeCialtted h轟如は。ns hke ⅡЪ andIM,[鷲

』篤 :思 蟹 盤drawing the assistance OfinstitutiOns like C

EducatiOn fOr sOcial TransfOrmatiOn in KOzhikOde/which since

2002 had already been wOrking with hundreds of Sc and sT

Ittl淵 1首 .『

dmttSttom FOた 面 mれ w鍵♂ lh劇 sm

Thsぉ cert灘 Jya b“hhOugh ttlttr::糧此educatiOnal asPiratiOns Of tribals and effOl

庶ぶfl翼穏』:∫∬槻露IttIS"hぬe mttn■ _am and

AnOther emulating example has beenreported in the natiOnal

Press.Tata lnstitute of sOcial sciences′Muibait。 。k initiative t。

ni辮華灘聾聾轟重胤紺犠itti引∝hnd H∝h彎舞Fぢ『冨:資撫 l駕識品:壼P00reStin the cOuntr

CategOry/getintOBenarasHinduuniVlill[:i卓

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彙路]嗅凝盟総 httIPglf we cOmpare the literacy rate Of the tOtaI POpulatiOn vis_う

―

島 :難 搬 蠣 fi驚赫 奪 」 壁 熙Was 36.23 per cent and fOr tribal POpulatiOn′

16.35 Par cenり in1991ノ it WaS 52.21 and 29.60 and in 2001′it was 63.38 and 47.l per

cent respectively13

Even in the case Of drOpout rates among sTs and totalpopulatiOn between 1990_91 and 1998-99′

thereis a huge gap.ThedЮpo■ n∝ cOnOr壺 ng btt pop」謳On d狂

窺 熱∬器Was 42.60per centittd tribalPopulatiOnwas 6`

91′ in 1998-99′ it was 39.74 per centand 57.36 per cent′in 199o_91′it Was 60.90 per cent and 78.57 per cent in 1998-99′

it was 56.82

島i群」電子11:雪l;路L″1枇移.舞懇【:ふlT品を留cent respectively.14

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When itcomes tO tribal wOment literacyritis abygmalin states

likl Bihar/Uttar Pradesh′ Andhra Pradtth′ Madhya Pradesh′Raiasthan and orissa.お

。pF腎堕。III」1繁■ai季■ぉis:uii:iililililliⅢan 270 1anguages and inaintain exclusiv(

I翡三識T:発#:」:;TI鍔肝腸`mb景

b出e…研female/ithas cOme dOwn t0 34.8 in 20ol.11

There are rnany asPects that go intO the tribal educati071ill the

teaChよ :lk雷:1:留Fllll::『l[|::IPl]il鷲ii]讐

°

lil∫鍬l::infrastructure′ nature Of curriculum.I、 voulon these asPeCtS・

彦∞鼻:羅『蹴lwttI:[雛:拒W覇認:l世雷認:backwardness.In this reghrd′、linistry of Tribal Affairs

:盤》 聾1鷲塾理露躍崇1選:

窯lilill:l意

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'attiS諄

ぬ′Madhtt R記軌 Kttn裁ょ 4andfI[::::ale:f:licschemecalledstrengtheningEducatiOn

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m面 鴨 ご b輛 md.誠 H鴨 Qntres面‖ 豊 瀦 稚 墓槻 虞鍛

J ttb」 yOtth h彎 五叫 廿aと

AccOrding t0 1991 census′hteracyratefOri:,」

I[lli(:fl思Centand fOr sTs 29.41 per cent.Butin 201l c(

選辮熙難鰍er.

P′ 182 Tr力′I Eα 夕εαォ:θ 71

If we take the overview ofthe Annual RePort fOr 2010-110f

NIlinistry of Tribal Affairs′ COverrlment of hdia′ wecome out withthe following facts:

● There are sPeclally tailored schemes for thё ecOnOmic′

educatiOnal and social development of tribals Of the

country.

● Educational develoPmentiS a stepping stone to economic

and social development.

o Maxilnuln efforts should be made to improve theeducational status of tribals.

o FlagsliPSChemeoftheMinistry一 Post Matric Schohrship

(PMS)COntinues to be an important centrally sPOnsoredscheme to promote higher education among STs.Tll1 30th

December/2010′ Rs.319.91 crore has been spent during2010-11. ・

o Hostels for ST BOys and(]irls scheme ailns at augmenting

the availability of educational facilities to ST students with

the intention to reduce the dropouts at middle/hiaher level

education.Rs.74.80 crore had been inαttced under theScheme til1 31st December/2010.

｀― ‐

Vocational Training is imparted to ST youth to increasetheir employability. A maximum assistance of Rs. 30,000per annum per ST trained is given. This is provided to theState Governments/UT Administration Institutions orOrganisations, State run Vocational Training Centres,NGOs. Rs. 5.63 has been spent till 31st December, 2010.During 20L0-11, upto 31st December, 2010, Ministry hasfunded 40 Educational Complexes under the scheme ofStrengthening Education among ST Girls in Low LiteracyDistricts for improvement ef ST female literacy in tribalareas covering about 7,089 ST girl students by extendinggrants of Rs. 7.51 crore to voluntary organizations andautonomous societies of the State governments.Under the scheme of Grants-in-aid to VoluntaryOrganisations working for the welfare of STs, the Ministryduring 2010-11up to 31st December, 2010 has fundedabout 283 projects covering residential schools, non-residential schools, hostels, libraries, mobile dispensaries,ten or more bedded hospitals, computer training centres,

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ねPOrt fOr 201o_110fla′ we cOme out with

s for thё econOnlic/nt of tribals Of the

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e tO improve the

y驚|ず導:驚電:

mong STs.Til1 30th

been spent during

蝋 鰊 器,iddle/hiaherlevellCttCed uttder the

youth to increaseance of Rs. 3e000is provided to thern Institutions orlraining Centres,)ecember,2010.010-Ministry has晏F the sttel`｀群

inLow Literacyin tribal

by extendingtions and

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4 83

rural night school′ agricultural training′ etc.′ by granting

Rs.32.74 crore benefiting about 6′ 14′614 STs.

O Under the scheme of DeveloPment Of ParticularlyVulnerable Tribal Groups(PTCs)during 2010-1l up to 31st

December/2010′ Rs.178.86 crore has been released to 10

States for implementation of PrioritiZed activities as per″Conservation― cuFn―DeveloPment Plans for PTCs.

O Under the scheme of″ Research lnformation and Mass

Education′ Tribal Festivals and Others″ grants are

provided to 17 Tribal Research lnstitutes on 50:50 sharing

basis with the States.

nere are sTs almost in every State― Andhra Pradesh(35)′

Arunachal Pradesh(16)′ Assam(14)′ Bihar(33)′ ChhattiSgarh(42)′

Goa(8)′ Guiarat(32)′ HP(10)J&K(12)′ Jharkhand(32)′ Kamataka

(50)′ Kerala(43)′ MP(46)′ Maharashtra(47)′ Manipur(33)′

Meghalaya(17)′ MizOram(15)′ Nagaland′ (5)′ OriSSa(62)′ Rttasthan

(12)Sikkim(4)′ η (ヾ36)′ Tripura(19)′ Uttranchal(5)′ UP(15)′ WB

(40)′ A&N Islands(6)′ Dadra and Nagar Haveli(7)′ Daman andDiu(5)′ and LakshaoweeP(1)・

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DePartmentally related Standing Committee

Ministry ofTribal Affairs comes under theDepartinentally related

Standing Committee on SociallustiCe and Empowerment whichcorlsists of 21 Members from Lok Sabha and 10 Members from

Raiya Sabha.In the 15th Lok Sabhみ Shri Dara Singh Chauhan is

the Chairman ofthe Committee.

Since the start of 15th Lok Sabha til1 30th August′ 2010′

Committee has taken up the evidence of representatives of the

NIlinistry of Tribal Affairs 4 times.On 20th Octoberr 2010′ it took

uP fOr COnsideration and adoption of draft of Tenth Report on the

heMil愚写funded

ls′ non―

tres,

84Tribα′E′夕εα′ゴ。4

記腫lぶ『1選黛:3HOnofI翼1躙贈%=楡under′′.

藉著キ錯箕批 t霧電猶iarll sch。。Is in Tribal A

■Sl1/it consiaercri ard adOpted the draftFl

RepOri Of the c(〕 i

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I 傷ギ盟COnsideratiOn and l

Demands for Grantdiscussed sch。larsh _s.

FrOnl time tOrecOrnmendations t(the cOmmittee On Dl

:OminendatiOns.FOr

懇=織

1=驚≧正Pilittζlllttil::lj増l夕よ:::子』碁tili:計路琺irF:

crore and recOnlmen(

concerned state ChieOf these hOtels wii frame. It further

れ よ:亀よ鳳響 penal… 颯 m弓軸施

Out of23 recOmnl( mplellicllicd′lS that

… … …litate the adnlissiOn

難璃塞も雉皿T躙=TК ttage be宙gorOuJy蹟計 言 盤T籠

Tribal Education

l Other Traditionalr Act 2006 and the

evidence of theirs on the subiect. On 5th January,:nthAction Thkentts (2010-2011) of, 2010, it took uprort on the subiectlraditional Foiest16 and the Rules

sues, it has alsolribes and otherRights) Act2006,ken Reports onnts for 2070-17,

been makine14th Report o?the Ministry ofif Social ;usiiceendations. Forthe budgetaryction of hostelsonly Rs.32.40

:en up with therf constructione. It furthern against the

Parliamentary lnitiatiaes towards kibal Etlucation gs

Planning Commission for early clearance of the pre-MatricScholarship scheme for ST students.

In this scenario, one cannot brush aside the role of StandingCommittee in the implementation of various schemes andprogrammes of the Ministry. Apart from the Departmentallyrelated standing Committee, *e h"ru a Consultative Committee,which too plays a part in furthering the interests of tribais of thecountry.

Consultative Committee for the Ministry of Tribar Affairs

In the 15th Lok sabha, shri Kantilal Bhuria, Minister of rribarAffairs was the Chairman of Consultative Corrmittee for theMinistry of Tribal Affairs. shri Mahadev s. Kl-randela, Minister ofstate in the Ministry of Tribar Affairs was also a Member. Thereare 10 Members from Lok Sabha and 6 from Rajya Sabha with 2Ministers of state in the Ministry of parriamentaryAffairs, namely,lFi y Narayanasamy, and Shri Ashwani Kumar u,

"*;i?i.j"Members.reIn the 15th Lok Sabha, till August 19, 201,0, Consultative

Committee met 4 times and discusJed various plans, schemes,programmes of the Ministry of Tribal Affairs and-Empowerment.For example, on 23rd February, 2077, it discussed the issuelgngerning boys and girls hostels for ST students, on l2thAugust,2070, it discussed for providing training centres for tribal aieas,ori 19th May, 2070,lt took up post_Mitric Scholarship for STstudents; and on 17th Febru ary, 2070, achievemenis in theimplementation of Forest Rights Act was taken up.

The Consultative Committees in reality have no authority orresponsibilities. At best, the Members can suggest and rnakerecommendations to the Minister, who is not obrl[ed to considertheir advice or suggestions. But it cannot be said thlt ConsurtativeCommittees serve no purpose. The meetings of the ConsultativeCommittee do, however, serve one usefu"l purpose. Since theproceedings of the meetings are confidential, Vfiniste., .* puriwith details and situations emanating or1 a certain policy or issue,which cannot be disclosed elsewherJ.

The Consultative Committee of parriament on Tiibal Affairsis thus an important institutional link between parliament andGovemment.

meiiicd,is that:e. Committeethe admissiontis purpose, arme coaching/or entrancehips for poorIP Witll the

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Many prominent Members of Parliament participated in the

Debate on th.e Demands for Grants of the Ministry and highlightedvarious finer points and made suggestions' For example,Hemanand Biswal of Congress suggested that in Indian Army, a

Tribal Regiment should be raised on the lines of Dogra Regiment

of Himaihal Pradesh. Shailendra Kumar of Samajwati Party

suggested that a Tribal Advisory Council should be constituted.

1.M. aaron Rashid made a suggestion that a ]oint Parliamentary

Committee should be set up to go into the problems being faced

by the tribal community at the grass root level. Mansukhbhai D'

Vasava of Bharatiya ]anata Party requested for establishment of

hospitals which should be well equipped with all modern facilities

for ihe benefit of tribals. M. Anandan of AIADMK has stated that

out of 83 Departments and Ministries under the Government of

India, only 18 have allocated funds for the schemes meant for sTs,

and out of thut 8 Departments and Ministries have made allocation

below 5 per cent.Whiie replying to the debate, Minister of Tribal Affairs, (now

ex) Kanti t-af Strurai has stated that the Ministry is continuouslymaking efforts for uplightment of STs. One of its main objectives

is to biing the STs into the mainstream- While responding to a

suggestion made by the Member in his speech, the Minister too

fetlIf,at the Tribal Advisory Council should be constituted at the

national levei. He highlighted that the Special Central Assistance

under Tribal sub-Plan Programme is being implemented in 22

States and 2 Union Territories and went to State that Rs, 442 ctore

has been provided to the states to implement this project. Hestated

that Rs. 96L .ror" is proposed to be given to this scheme during

the current Year.He gave the information that so far 100 Eklaaya Residential

Schoolslrave been opened with the grants under Article2T5(7) of

the Constitution. These schools are at par with quality schools of

the country. FIe enumerated various other steps initiated by his

Ministry for the upliftment of STs' He concluded by saying that

the Government would endeavour to bring the people living intribal areas into the mainstream of the country and the separatist

forces would be dealt with sternly.Inmes

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Sincere efforts should be made by media and press to set rightthis disturbing trend. This sorry state of affairs can be altered byhighlighting many issues and debates that take place in parliamentduring the Sessions and take the parliamentary news andparliamentary debates many notches up in standard. press canmake general public and readers more aware of the decisions ancldebates that take place in Parliament during the Sessions. Secondly,parliamentary debates should be given more prominence innewspapers, which would attract the attention of readers ofnewspapers, and would ultimately help ihe public to form arropinion on important issues, including those related to tribal affairsthat are being discussed in Parliament.

Another pertinent point to be brought to the notice is that oniya miniscule portion of the policy aspect is scrutinized by thecommittees with the result that majority of the important aspectsof different ministries and departments are left out and nerrer iom"in the domain of discussion and debate in the committees.

The Lok Sabha Speaker, Meira Kumar has expressed herconcern and anguish over collapse of question hour as it woulddent Parliament's image. In this direction, Lok Sabha RulesCommittee has carried out an amendment in the rules to preventcollapse of Question hour. The Committee has also takeni seriesof decisions to ensure that the proceedings of the House were notstalled for some reason or the other.

Suggestions

Parliament should generate public awareness about its role, powersand functioning, particularly matters concerning social Justice.Parliament's role in delivering the social justice is tremendous.Parliament wields enormous power in the governance of thecountry. The actions of government can be questioned andscrutinized by Parliament in its functioning. This advantage shouldbe taken seriously by bringing more and more issues concerningsocial justice. There is a need to increase the budgetary allocationto the Ministry as the target group of this Ministry, that is, tribalpopulation, would be increased to over 10 per cent under thecurrent census, which has started. As stated earlier, when wecompare the total plan and non-plan allocation of GoI Ministries/Departments, Rs. 3,200 crore allocated for the Ministry of Tribal

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Affairs is a measly sum, considering the 8.5 per cent tribalpopulation according to 200L Census. More funds should beallocated to the Ministry considering the beneficiaries of itsprogrammes. A general awareness and proper and effectivemonitoring is lacking with the results we can see funds being notutilized and surrendered. This disturbing trend should change.Publicity of various schemes should be given prominence. CentralGovemment should sensitize the State governments about variousschemes. Most of the schemes of the Ministry of Tribal Affairs are

implemented by the States but States find it difficult to contribute50 per cent of their shares, which lead to underutilization and manytimes non-utilisation and surrender of the funds.

The Members of Parliament Local Area Development(MPLAD) Fund can also be utilized to provide basic amenities tothe tribal populace of the country. Recently, from Rs.2 crore, the

fund has been increased to 5 crore. Stakeholders and NGOs in therespective constituencies can also make efforts to avail MPLADfunds for tribal welfare.

Parliament is bestowed by our Constitution with powers tooversee the functioning of the Executive. This very PurPose wouldbe defeated if the sittings of Parliament are few and fir between.Efforts should be made to evolve a consensus on not only havingnearly 100 days of sitting but also to ensure that there will not beany stalling of parliamentary proceedings on one Pretext oranother.

Conclusion

As we can see, earnest efforts are being niade by all concerned-be it the Parliament, the Executive and the Fourth Pillar ofDemocracy but the bitter fact is that still Tribals are still at thebottom in most indicators as we could come to know aboutAdivasis of Kerala are still living in abject poverty even after 53

years of Lrdependence. This shows that much needs to be done inbringing in social justice to the less privileged strata of society byproviding the basic quintessential requirements of life like twosquare meal a day, proper clothing and a decent housirtg facilities,apart from imparting education and giving them health amenities.There is no denying the fact that debates and discussions inParliament, meetings of the Department related Standing

Tibal Educatiotr

rer cent tribalrds should beficiaries of itsand effective

rnds being nothould change.inence. Centrals about variousibal Affairs arelt to contributertion and manY

Development;ic amenities toRs.2 crore, therd NGOs intheavail MPLAD

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Parliamentary lnitiatitses towards Tribal Education 91'

Committee on Social Justice and Environment, which examines

the Ministry of Tribal Affairs, Consultative Committee for the

Ministry of Tribal Affairs do have impact on the implementationof the various plans, schemes and programmes of the Government

of India concerning tribal education.On the part oicoru**ent of Lrdia, there is a thinking that

Iaw meant ior STs, specifically in enhancing their educational

aspirations, should be strengthened and efforts are being made inthis direction. There is no doubt, Ministry of Tribal Affairs,Government of India is making every effort with its new initiatives,

as we have seen in this chapter, by paying more focused attention

on education of Scheduled Tribes. These initiatives would ensure

that scheduled Tribes get their due to join and contribute in the

national mainstream. At the same time, renewed efforts should

also be made to make parliamentary debates and interventions

more effective.

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REFERENCES

Annual Report of Ministry of Social ]ustice & Empowerment for

2009-1.0, p.19.Fourth ileport, Standing Committee on Social Justice and

Empowerment (2010-2011), April, 2010.

http://ncst.nic.in. dated 21,.3.2077.

Press Note of the National Commission for scheduled Tribes, dated

29.3.2010.The Pioneer, dated 30th August, 2010.

Indian Express, Delhl 79.1' -2011'.

Debates, Lok Sabha, dated August 30, 2010.

rhid.lndian Express, Delhi, dared 26.7 .2011'.

rbid.Ibid.Ibid.Education Development of SCs and STs, Department of Education'

Ministry of HRD, GoI, Census 2001.

Educatitnal Profile of States/UTs, Departrnent of Education, Ministryof HRD, GoI, New Delhi.Census of India, Series-1, Paper-1, Provisional Population Totals 1961,

7977, 1g81and 1991 and Ministry of FIRD Annual Report'

(6..7

8.9.

10.11.12.13.

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92 Tiibal Education

15. 'Ignored Citizens: A Study on Tribal Education in India,, RajuiVarayana Swamy, Yojana, June, 20L0.

17. Ce.sus of India, series-L, Paper-1, provisicnai population Totals 1961,7971,'198'1. and 1991 and Ministry of HRD Annual Repoi.t.

18. Fourteenth Report, Standing Committee on Soiial Justice &Empowerment (Ministry of tibal Affairs), 15th Lok Sabha Lok SabhaSecretariat, January 2011.

19. http://mns-nic, Accessed on 07.09.2010.20. http:ll'164.100.47.1,321LssNew/psearch/qsearch1.4.aspx, Accessed on

9,1..20'Lo.21. Debates, Lok Sabha, Demands for Grants of the Ministr), of Tribal

Affairs for 2070-1'1,, dated 23.4.2C10.The Pioneer, dated 4th May,201,1.The Pioneer, dated 20th October,2011.Ibid. p.77.Address on "Media as People's Voice-pre and post Independence,,in New Delhi on November 76,2007. http://speakerloksabha.nic.inlSpeech/SpeechDetails.asp Accessed on 3.4.2008.

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