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HYDRAULICS BRANCH

OFFICIAL FILE COPY

Bur..u G! Reclamation

HYffl\AULICS BRANCK

OFRCE Rt' C9P1

YHEN BORtlOlfED RETURN PROMPTLY

* * * * * * * * * * * * * -l} * * -� * * -r( * * * * {i- * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * *

UNITED STATES DEP ARTI-1:EliIT OF THE IN'l'ERIOR

BUREAU OF RECLAMATION

HYDRAULIC LABORATORY REPORT NO. 133

HYDRAULIC MODEL STUDIES FOR NEEDLE AND TUBE VALVES FOR FRIANT DAM

AND CALIBRATION OF NEEDLE-VALVE AND SLUICE OUTLETS

AT BAR'I'LETT DAM

By

F. C. LOWE

Denver, Colorado July 15 :, 1943

* * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * �-,.-* * * * * *

********* **** *** ***************

.. •

'

CONTENTS

1. Foreword

CHAPTER I - INTRODUCTION

Intro duo ti on • • • • • • 0 • • ••••• ••• • •••••••• • • • • • • • • •••••• • • ••• •••• l.

2.

3.

Sullll'lllry- of tests •••••••••••••• , ... . ... . . .... .. ....... . ... . . . . .

Conclusions ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••

CHAPTER II - CALIBRATION OF NEEDLE-VALVE AND SLIDE-GATE OUTLETS AT BARTLETT DAM

Page No.

l

6

9

4. Proposed measurement of needle-valve and slide�gate outlets •• 10

6. Calibration of outlets by medels ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 14

CHAPTER III - NEEDLE-VALVE TESTS

6. Use of the 1:8 Bartlett Dam model for initial Friant Dam

7.

8,

9.

10.

11.

12.

13.

14 0

needle-valve tests ·· · ··· · ··· · · · ···· · ··········· · · ··· •• • a • • • • 19

The model .. ........ .. . . ... , •••••••• •. ••••••••. ••••••.•• . , •••••

Testing procedure and measureme nt of coefficient of d isohArge.

Des er ipti on of tests •••.••. •••••••• • •••••. ••. . •• . ••. .•. . . . . . .

Selection of a valve for Friant Dam ••••••••••••••••••••••••••

Measurement of jet pr.ofi les ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••

Pressure-discharge study •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••

Pressure studies • . • . . . •••••••. ••••. .•••. •• ••. •••. • . • . . . ••. . • .

Disollarge studies ••••.•••••. •. •••.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . •. . . . .

CHAPTER IV - TUBE VALVE TESTS

22

25

26

31

32

33

36

31

15. Tube valve .models •'••••• • • ••• ••• ••••• ••••••• • •••••• •••• • •••••• 42

16, The preliminary test • , • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 42

17. The final design ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 45

,,

...

FOREWORD

In 1937 the Salt River Water Users' Association at Phoenix, Arhona,·

requested provision for tneasuremmt of discharge from the outlet works at

Bartlett Dam in tbe Verde River. These outlets, consisting of two 66-

inoh needle valves and three 6- by 7-foot 6•inoh slide gates, were cali•

brated by obtaining discharge data from hydraulic mo�ela. The rnults,

included in this report, were transferred to the prototype structure ac­

cording to the laws of eydraulic similitude and the Association was fur­

nished tables and diagrams showing the relation between head, disohe.rge,

and gate or valve opening,.

During the calibration of the model of one of the 66-inch needle

valves, pressure gradients through t'he pas.sages of the valve were obtained,

which furniehed another link in the study of the relation between the cavi­

tating pressures and the de1truotion of metal in certain regions of pro­

totype needle Talves which had required exoessi ve maintenance. -Pilot tests

on a 5-inoh needle .valve under heads up to 500 feet had demonstrat&d that

the oavitating pressures and the erosion or pitting could be eliminated by

changing the profile of the_ outlet passages. However, in changing the ' profile of the pa&sage, the discharge oapaoi ty had been reduced-. Further-

lnOre, the pressure-di,oharge data were not sufficiently complete to de­

sign a speoifio valve.

With the deta.1 led press�re and dischlrge measurements on the model of

the Bartlett valve a_s a basis of comparison, a series of 16 test's was Dfl.de

using the information from the 5•inoh valveo A design for the needle valves

at Friant Dam was thus obtained in which the pressures would no longer

cause cavitation e.nd pitting and ·in which the discharge capaoi ties were com­;

parable to the original design of the need�e valves o Those tests are de­

scribed in detail in this report •

Concurrently a modifioation of the needle valve, known as the tube

valve, was s_tudied to obtain detailed pressure and discharge data •

• ..

.. I

- - -·- --- -�-

The designs of the various valves teated were prepared in the meohani- ·

cal seotion of the Bureau by B. H. Staats, engineer, under the supervision � of P.A. Kinzie and w. c. Beatty, 1enior engineers. The testing of the

models was performed by the personnel of the hydraulic laboratory.

f All laboratories of the Bureau of Reo�amation in Denver, Co lorado,,

are in the Materials, Testing, and Control Division. All design work is

under the 81.lperviaion of J. L. Savage, Chief Designing Engineer, and all

work of the Bureau is directed by s. o. Harper, Chief Engineer. The ao•

tivities of the Bureau are directed by John c. Page, Oommiaaioner •

•

.. ...

D·�: '· .. �-., !T iY T;;,, ET J-�LR BU.t-J,_;AU OF RECLAr,!,'I ION

Branch of 10si011 and Construction Eni:;ineerin,, and Ueological Control and P.esearch Division

Denver, Colorado July 15, 1943

Laboratory Report Noo l33e Hydraulic Laboratory Compiled by: F. C. Lowe

Reviewed b'" .J. J. E. Warnock.

Subject: !Iydra•.il ic model studieson needle and tube valves for Fri ant Dam and calibration of nee,ne valve and sluice outlets at Bartlett Damo

CW.PTER I - INTR0'1eCTION

1. Introduction. Three outlet works were COYistructed at Friant

Darn: (1) the rivur outlet, consisti.r"b of four 110-inch diemeter con­

duits; (2) the T-'riant-Kern Canal outlet, also consisting o!' four 110-

inch diameter conduits; and ( 3) the '7riant-i,:arl9ra Ca;-,al outlet consist­

in6 of two 91-inch diameter conduits. Dischar&e t)�roL<t,h these conduits

will ::ie rei::; .hted by valves ,;:ila.ced at their exits. Two 110- by 105-

inch needle valves o.nd two 110- by 102-inch tube valYes will be used at

the river 0,..1.tlet; two 110- by 105-inch needle valves and tw0 110- by

102=inch tube valves at the Friant-Kern Canal outlet; and two 91- by

87-inch needle valves at the Fri ant-Madera Canal outlet. The needle

valves w:i.11 be of the interior differential t1pe 9

hydraulically oper­

ated (fi0ure 1), while the t�te valves will be the internal tube type,

mechanicall:"- operated (fi�ure 2). The needle valves will be ·ised for

rei:;ulatio,1 of s:-:i.a.11 Hschar6es beoa lSe t' e ,:ets issuinf:: from those

valves are s,,1ootl--1 at any o:ienit1t,, whi1e t11e jets from the tu'be valves

wi 11 ':le unsta-:.Jle at openi!\;. s less tl-ac1 �O :,er cent and will form consid­

erable spr-ay. At openint_;s .;reater 'than 30 percent the jets of the

needle and tn1Je val "Jes will be n0arl:r identical. It is anticinated

that unier a maximum h'.:'ad of 248 feet a 11is char6e of 5,900 second-feet

can be obta·'_r,ed t 1·trou�h eaoh cf the needle valves at the river outlet

and a. disci:arb e, of 5,200 second-f'eet through eac11 of the tu>Je valves,,

These estimates were obta� necl from a coefficie;1t of d!..sct:a1t;e of Oo59

for the needle ,ra.l ·es and O .52 for the t ."be valves which was based upon

the area of t· e conduit ani t:1e e.,lergy h•:Jad :neasured one d:Le.rneter up­

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The outlet section of the needle valves for Friant Dam wil l be differ­

ent from that of many needle va.lves us ed in previous installationse The

Fri ant need le valve will have a 59-degree need le and a 40-degree sharp-edged

no zzle , while the previous needle valves, such as those at Bartlett Dam,

had e. 42-degree needle and e. 36-degree 22-minute round-edged nozzleo Thi s f" new desi gn, developed with the aid of hydraulic model studies, was necessary

because valves in the fie ld were being damaged by pitting due to cavitation .

In his memo randum, "Report on inspection trip to study operation of

outlet works , Alcove. Dam, Kendrick Project , Wyoming," dated November 16,

1938, As sociate Engineer C . W . Thomas included, as figures 3, 4, and 6 of

his report, photographs o f one of the needle valves in the Alcove. outlet,

showing the extent· of pitting from cavitation on that valve ( figure 3 ) .

Photographs of damage by cavitation were also included in the report " Tests

to determine operating characteristics of tunnel-plug out let works at Boulder

Dam, Boulder Canyon Pro ject ," by the Board o f Engineers, dated F ebruary 3 ,

1939 . Later, fie ld reports were received from several pro jects describing

the perfo rmance of needle valve s designed by the Bureau of Reclamation o

Concerning cavitation, these reports were simi lar . When the valves were op­

erated from 5 to 30 percent open , the effects of cavitation were severe, but

when operated 100 percent open, the effects of cavitation were negligible.

Pitting occurred on an annular section of the needle six to eight inches

wide, located immedie.tel;y downs.tre8Jll from the seat . Some pitting occurred

on the outlet section of the no z z le .

Causes o f thi s oe.vitation were studi ed originally on a 5-inoh mode l

of an Alcova Dam needle valve designed so that the outlet section could be

revised e asi ly. This model was te sted in the laboratory under heads up to

70 feet and at Boulder Dem under heads as large as 500 feet. The te sts

e.re describe d in detail in the report , " Hydraulic Model Studies for the

� sign o f Valves for Outlet Works," dated August 1941, by N . G. Noone.n, H.

M. Marti n , and D. J. Hebert, associate engineers . Cavitation occurred .. in the original design, and pitting of the valve resulted. Since cavi-

tation occurred in regions of extreme negative pre ssure, tnree principles

of design were recommended to · in su r e po.si ti ve pressure's throughout • t • ,. \ .,· � • �· • ... • .. ' -

General View

Close -up of Pitted Are a

84-INCH CASPER ALCOVA VALVE

FIGURE 3

,

..

the valve passage ,

" (l ) The angle between the needle and no z zle must not be divergent in th'9 .direction of the flow. If t he needle and the noz zl, pro files �re parallel, the pre s sures are maintained. However, a co nvergence from one to three degr ees will give an 1noreased factor o f safety.

( 2 ) The valve no z z le should ha ve no point o f inflection and should have a sharp edge. Thi s keeps the minimum section at the outlet edge of the valve noz z le , and allows free acces s o f air to the jet.

( 3) The sealing point of the needle must be on the oone portion, that is, the base diame ter o f the cone must be slightly larger t han t he outlet diameter o f the no z zle. "

*

The needle valves for Friant Dam were not designed directly from the

results o f those recommendations beoaus e the coefficient o f discharge was

l�•ered by the changes. Therefore, a serie s of 15 tests was made to study

more completely the pressure and disoharge oharaoteristics of needle

valve s to obtai n thro ugh a step-by-step approaoh the de sirable de sign.

The initial tests o f this series were mde on a 1 : 8 model o f a Bartlett

Dam 66-inoh needle valve which was the same desi gn a s those being damged

in t he field . These initial tests served two purpose s , first , to complete

an existing assignment invo lving the calibration o f the Bartlett Dam needle

valve and slide-gate outlets and secondly, to provide pressure-dis charge

measurements as a basis for subsequent tests on the Friant needle valve s .

Since needle valves were expensive, due to the intrica cy of the oper­

ating me chanism, t ube valves were introduced. The tube valve differs from

the needle valve in that a cylindrical tube replaces the needle, resulting

in an appreciable saving o f material. The per formance of this valve de•

sign was also studied in th; tests on a 5-inch model at Bo ulder Dam where

it was fo und trat the jet was unstable at small o penings. Additi onal teats

were necessary to find the range o f regulation giving a stable jet, to make

sure that no cavitation o ccurred and to determine the coefficient of dis­

charge .

2. Summary o f tests. The needle valve and the slide- gate outlets at

6

..

..

Bartlett Dam were first studied. A 1 : 8 model o f the 66-inoh needle va lves , .,.

a 1 1 15 mode l o f the three slide -gate o utlets , and a 1 : +0 model of a single

slide gate were calibrated to furnish discharge tabl es and diagrams for

use in the fi e ld . Pressure gradients were also obtai ned on the needle­

valve model to serve as initial tests on the Fri ant Dam needle-valve studies.

Subatmospheric press ure s were o bserved in the 1 : 8 needl e-valve model

at the saim location and for the same openings that pitting by cavitation

was occur ring in similar proto type valves. This suggested that if a model

were d esigned with positive pressures, it wo uld be certain that no ca vita-

tion wo uld occur in the prototype . Therefore , the 1 : 8 Bartl ett model was *'

revised according to recommendations o btained from previous tests on the 5-

i noh need le valve as describ ed in section 1 . The angle between the needle

and the not zle converged 3 degrees, e.nd the no zzle exi t had a sharp edge .

Positive pre s sure s were obtained , but the discharge was reduced approxi -

�tely 15 percent .

Since the out let diameter and the pro fil e were variables in subsequent

te sts , the coeffici ent of discharge based on the outlet diameter could no

longer be used a s a basis of compa rison. It was decided to base the dis­

chnrge coefficient o f needle val ves, and o ther val ve s , upon the area of

the intake co nduit and upon the energy head measured one diameter upstream

fro m the valve. The 1 : 8 Bartlett mo1el had an expanding entranoe seotion

not suitable for evaluation of the discharge coeffici ent. Losses in this

expanding s ection were also questioned. Therefo re , the earl y tests were

repeated with a co nstant rliameter conduit. The ooeff'i cient o f the original

Bartlett val ve, 0.51, wa s favo rable , while the co efficient of the revised

val ve , Oo 42, was to o l �w. Twelve additiona l test s were made on this r e­

vised valv e to increase the co efficient a s much a s pos sible but still main­

tain positive pres sures •

From the se te sts a valve ha ving a co efficient of 0.48 was selected

as a basis for the Friant design. This val v e was not similar to the pro­

po sed Friant design because the intake diameter, in prototype, was 12 1 �1/2

inche s 'instead of 110 inches . Therefore , a. model of the proposed Fria.nt

7

•

\

valve was constructed to a s cale of 1 : 1 8 . 33 . Pre s sures on thi s 1 : 18 . 33

model we re , for a l l p ra.oti cal purposes , the same a s those on the sel ected

vqlve , but too discha rge coeffici ent , based on 110 inche s instead of

121°1/2 inches , was 0 . 59 . Howeve r , the actual di scharge through the two

valve s was propo rtionately the same , demonstrating that discharge through

the valve was independent of the intake dieme te r within reu ona ble limi ta.­

ti one . It be came apparent that a coeffici ent of dischar ge based upon the

intake diameter coul d be mi sleading unless more info rmati on about the valves

were avai lable . To avo i d this , the nominal si ze of the valves i s des cribed

by incl urting both inlet and exit diameters, and i t i s believed that differ•

ent types of valves may be c ompared mo re fai rly i f their intalce and exit

dia meters are the s8.JD9 .

To expedi te the testing program on tube valves , a pre liminary test

w�s made by revising a model tube valve whi ch rad been p reviously tested

in studies of the Shasta Dam outlets. Although the valves were simi l ar ,

the resu lt s of the Shasta tests co uld not be appli e d to the Fri ant studies ,

fo r the Shasta valves are to b e placed in the conduit near the entrance ,

while the Fri e.nt valves are to be pl aced at the end of the outle t so as to

dischar ge free ly into the atmosphere . Thus di fferent probl ems ha d to be

consid ere d for each type of instal l ati on.

This preliminary test demonstrated that a tube valve may not be suit­

able for regul ation at sxml l openings because of a di sintegrati on of the

jet and accompaeying spray . Thi s design we.a also unsati sfactory because

negative pr e s sures occurre d on the li p of the tube when the valve was le ss

than 50 percen t open.

After the pre li minary test the new mode l was bui l t to a design whi ch

was based on knowle dge gained from the preliminary test . The princi pal

dimensi ons of this new model were made simi lar to those of the Fri ant nee dle

val ves which had been previ ously tested . This new design prove d to be ade·

quate and was consi dere d as a final de sign for the Friant Dam outlete . As

was a lso demonstrate d in the pre liminary test , sati s factory regu la t ion at

sme l l openine; s , less than 30 percent , was not attaine d . However , a l l nega-

8

t....

tive pres sures were eliminated and the coefficient of dis ch.8.rge was 0. 51.

3. Conclusions. The pressure-di sc:t.rge measuren�nt on the - needle

valves confirroo d the conclusions of previous tests on the 5-inch needle

valve that to maintain positive pres sure s in the valve three considerations

are neces sary : ( 1) the angle between the needle and the noz zle must not

be diverging ; ( 2 ) the n o z zle should have a sharp-edged e xit i and ( 3 ) the

seating point of the needle must be on the oone portion • .,

To have a DBXimum coefficient of di scharge and still maintain posi­

tive pres sures according to the criteria above, the exit diameter and the

needle travel should be as large as pos s ib le . Once the eJd. t diameter and

the needle travel are established by the size of the valve . the outlet

seoti on of the valve oontr ols the dis charge.

This outlet section is the short section of the no zzle upstream from

its exit forming the frustrum of a cone and the similar conical s ection

on the needle downstream from its seat. The discharge can be increased

by diverging this section, that is, by makixig the angle of the oonical

section of the needle greater than the angle of the conical section of the >(. noz zle. However, negative pres s ures will result. A parallel outlet sec-

tion - the same angle on the needle and the noz zle - wi 11 give the largest

di scherge c oefficient and still maintain positive pres sures. The tests

were insufficient to 9etermine the angle s of the needle and the noz z le

which would give the DJl.l.Ximum coefficient . On the Fri ant D&lil nee dle valve

the angle of the n ee dle was 39 degrees and the angle of the no zz le 40 de­

grees . It was indicated, however, tlilt the coefficient would be larger

if these angles were about 45 degrees . Add itional needle -valve tests would

be required t o confirm this indication.

Since the outlet section of the valve controls both pressures e.nd

di scharge, it is believed that the b orty of the va lve upstream from the out ­

let sect ion can be designe d f rom a structural viewpoint, providing the area

of pas sage i s greater than the area of passage at the outlet section .

Frictional los ses , even in a crude vRlve, will be negligible .

Another feature that is unimportant l'\Ydraulically is the downstream

9

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l 1 1 / , c:_4 1 1 1 1 JI I . , j • � .r , ,. ' / ), - , , ' .·' \ •· • ·•· · - ---·-- -· .---- •·--• - l f, 0 0 1/ · . ,/,:, : 1 1 : i : 1 1 · 1 >1 1:< 1a ·· 1a ·> < ; 1 r:.yfY . .J s .. , .

1 \' 'v 1 \/; � ....... .

• - ,// , , , , 11 1 1 , , • 1 , 66 " Needle ' ··- . -3 - 6 ' 7 c: · )', //j \ 1 1 � , : 1 1 1

1 1 1 ti '. I : :

/ ! -- � _ _,,

El 1 ,60 87 /!/ /,,,_ Ir .--6, , 1 • 1 , 1 vc, ves i Slide qCttes . --�

·, ,',' ///q':! Q " : 1 - 1�0 ,, I , :1 I rl : : ,.' 'I • I I I I ' J I J._ •

1 s so _ � __ _ _ ,(/El l5i+o i� 1 , • , 1. 64 · ?.O' "-i2 ! 6 - 20 , 21 s·- 20·-2 1 6'- r S E C T I O N B - B Grau hold S E C T I O N C -- C � , /n · · X 1 1 , / ' 1 I ti I ' ,.., � 5 _ {__,,.-:!:,y , .1 , ,. _, , ,.. __ -"---'--� ,, . . • crs.

-LE />-, "l'(f :; 7�0 " 1, � t'. I I -11 � f-:2.._l.L.,; _ _; _JL Li._ _ _ __J [_ . LL _ _ J _ , L _ i_ _ii .'..L _, ] _ _ _ �j -- - - - - - - N O TE S

L-<.- -, - I 5 0 0 ::

· ·r at El. 15 40.13 = 7 ' 0 " meCJsurea normc,/ to top of slob.

Arches normCt! to sprinqinq !me CJre circular and of uniform thickness. A rch th iclcne:s at infrndos

Grout holes ___ ,· MAX I M U M S E C T I O N sprinqinq line VCtries from Z fl. at El. 1 795.57 to 7 ft. at E.! 154 0 . /3. Tote,/ cen tral onqle of intrados of normal arch is 180.0 etf S' crs. - -

1 9 0 0

1 8 0 0

- 1 1 0 0

· I G O O

1 5 0 0

MCJX. , - £1. 1 7 99. 5

--5-- Variable - -- El. 1803. 0 - �

vctlvf?S

J - 6 'x 7S ��i�e·q�

3 4 5 I - - - L· T "('i=""c·,1- -p==-"-�1 8 0 0

/ 2{ Steel q,·out / FT.

Sfcrirwc1v in , 3 ho llow /Juftress1

Trussed 4 ; walk way £!. 1 65 7. o -· -� Buftress footings /\' _/ 6 of downstream foes-'- -- -- -

_ 10

1 2

�- 1 1

,-Needle valve hoLJse

· - -slide qc,fe outlets - - -7

' ··- - Exccrvc,ted rock line a t buffress downstream foes

0 O WNS TR E A /Vl E L E VA T I O N (DAf/1 AND SPILLWAY D E: V E L OPE.D ON A x 1;;)

"

pipe· - -- - ;/'- ---4�Drc11n h�les of /O ' crs ��<'f/ 5 E C . D D

1 1 0 0 -

\ Grout holes ol 5' crs. -·1 ,

Max. w. s. E..I. 1798. 0 ·- El. 1803- 0 , , 1..-£ 1. 1799. 5

1 6 0 0 �;-· ·E.I /625. 0

> < Z,, ·:. 5 • 0 63 1 5 0 0 ��_,-, I

----- - /· o,_;,¥.' -5'/ "'

';/ � � -<1�,n holes_

->! <" - at IO ' crs

CAPAC I T Y - A R EA - D I S C H A R G E C U R V E

RECORD DRAWING

O.EPARTM£NT OF Ti-iE. !NT£RI OR BURE.AU OF R.E.CLAMATJON

S A L. T R I VE R PR O rJ £ C T - AR IZONA

BARTL £. TT DAM PL.A N, £.L£VA T I O N S. AND SECTIONS,

.. S E C. A · A ���M

I

....,,.� �· . ·:,: :, ;; . . I T""''" ."" �-., r - · · \S

:," ·- 8 I

- !- / - -- -- ' �

� i '2. 8 1 4 \ 1

- SEC'. E - E . '

:, � Groll.' holes @, S:crs · 1d

I .:.. DRA 'N .V _ 6: 1)!._-_ !\�': C . . S u tJ Vi : T T-ED

TRA C E D �·� !"- ,V_1·!< ?: .. R£COrv: wE.NDE.D _ � . m :!,_ , . A 0F' R OV£ Q _ _ __ . _ _ � .. . ,, _

•

.. \

•

C ""1 ,--([. Buf fress No. 9 , I

l___) Troshrock quide s u_oporf -- --- --- - _ , - -<l--_ -0

- �. ---

F I G U R E 6

.-Symme!ricol obouf <f. excepf drainaqe ,,/ sump ond walk way support

/- -1 - D wg. 25 - D- /598 , -----:::���:;;;;:;��::ai�-'t ·' � )-- Melo/ seo!inq s trip -_':- i::=:::,: -·---�===c- - .c "c c o.;,.-

!�-, ' o _/ ·t d1scon f1nued of fl l6 25. 67

Pressure qi-: r 1r� _ '.,l "ti���2;�J�; · : :,<- -� � Nee>dle l �alve fras11rock seaf

1 . . - - 't. Arch No. 8 ,,__. £/. !6 35. 0 · :·, ,. �I - · . • . - , - · n "" "

pip inq- Dwqi -�74-' r-- -- -- --,,- <or�7n�ql? g� ffe r, o -0

- • <�- - - - - - - 1 - - S ee De foil " Y " 25-0 -/ 799 - , - - -'t · S . - - -- - -- - - - . - - - - - , . _ _ : .-:i_ . = 0 004 - - ·: ·-- ,_,;;;,,.,:-,:�-----�,,, ;. i ·t-- - - - --EJ e c for /,n e -

S�j�/'' · · · , . . . 'J:·::;� '"�'.;'·::�--9� -����·�;-r:l/; . L, Dwq " D ,,,,

, I , , , • , , 3 " -·Y- , , ,.,,, "· , . , - - 1 2 A,r mle fs -Sfop loq s /o f r-1 /ler« 4 -9" v 1- ·0 - •r:-"<f - - -.' - - -- - 31 "e J - - - -- - - V- - -,l?-BB r - ·;- . , _ - -- -- ' o q 25 - 0 - 1587 anchor bolfs - 1.-·- - . ;, -'- - ,£- -;..-�"fP.--0

- �- - --- - - - - -,,-- - - - - --- - - - - - 1J" - -,-- f,; · , ,;, w

Dwq 25- �� � - --<�: -< -� - ' - ' - -} l6 '-o"/ - >--< - - - 1 2 '- o " - ->-< - - - - - 15 ·-o " ,-_ -·1 _15,, l � __ . ([ Oul le f chonne! / 76 4 - - - - - .;===j---- · ·-"'+--·-t;- -l -r- - -r;- - - ---�- - - -- - ---�- -� - - - -::�-1:: r , / and arch No 8

a t_ - -- r¼- , l� v:1· 1 l1'' -� _[� -- ,, - �i .. ; - r ;1 : - - · 1 ·1:· - ct -�tl � �--it�,· ��- - �J� _j a

S ia 4 + 02 09 on , : , , .-�i � �-.J=-;�.h�_ - ;,..J---.---.¾---. · - -:- --sto 4 , s 2 59 on <f. Ouflef channel 1

.- 7 3 ",; 90,,010 c -- d l-;{rcir,�,rJQn_ J,?Qi-- -r- 6 ,, 6 ,_0 ,,c,r;du•f- '? (£ Ou/lei channe l

+11_. - -<··:4{. [. C�. ,,'1:£ h,il : D:r::�:[· _ : -§r]r 1ft �:;a- -;r -1 -� . --,---;-���(()-;. . .. . 1m1

-' , I � f1 ,I I • I ,' � ,, '-0 1 11 1 11 1 11 I j I l � I !j t I I I 11 ,' _9 � 'i . S i i i i r . _...

r<---h¥r-,-'.-: - ,

·-o "t· -�

1 2 ·- o ·c _ + - - - 12 ·�

0 " - -j ' I : I : --

�l. 16Z/ 50 I

: _/ I ' ..____ ) _,.-· E/ 1621.75

I' . � I - 00 �1 ' 9 ' 6"0 ' I I I . . • . - _ ' I - I �\ _.- 1 - " 10

fc\'t- " ':: �- rr :'jl - -�-,-f��!�::,. I _- -- B '- 7l - i _> - 3'-4-1 : t:Ja, : LJ , _ ]/� .,.: - - · < � -- , - 1�- , _:_ ;-

f I _ lr·- 'f [I. /6 13. 75

Pcess,ce q,q, p ,pmq q , . . - · . , C - , , · a· · ' . . - . . - . " . .a . . I -� \... ,. I

<t u 1509_50 - - - ·l;J , ::, , . J l,/ ��. c.;'wic,.\ ,<f £1 ,eo,.o

,- - [!lip fica! cur 111? ' Major ax is 9.5 '

Minor ax is 2.0' � � - - - - - - - - - - 4 ' -9 "

7 6 D,a_ -· : ' 7 '· 6 " D io. fop !oq s!o fs :

S EC TI O N D - D

I " ,� 3"

£1. 16 25 67· · --.. El. 16 24- . 0 - - -:.,

�----- ---- . � :..C _ _ 19 '- 7 " ,-. ·· - ,- - --

--':J - - Wolk woy supporf af lhis 1

,-A ,r mlefs - 1_._ :- -· I end or wall only

: D wq. 25 - D - 158 7 , -�\ -- - - - - - -L-- - �:- - --, ,_,�- ':· _,_ [jec for drain

(j - \QI- � � !£ O u fie f channel

and Arch No. 8 - .. ,-< 1 2 '- 0 " 'r' 9'-0" > [ -- · · - · - Gravdy dram

---�p, ,·., f trR�M · ,f:' _:� ;-��

-

E!_

_

l_�l_}-

75

I 4 6 -Li--6 � - - - - - · - · - [/ /6 /0 0 Y._ � '( ' y I ,

..... ,\ - � .....

"' �

S E C TION E - £

/Screen no/ shown

G L co y , _ ' • "' _J G

V> � C) ::' � o-i N ;°<

,- q��-=-�cc"'=-== =="=======--;:= : -:::: _-_ _ 'c,_ . _ _ <· _ _ __ --- -: - - = C -o· : ): _.- Reser voir l e v e l qoqe pipinq--f; · ' ""- ,:_. 'f. ':iafes -

-��� -- ,-i: +

·> 1· 12 R . - >- 2� -<· _,_._. - - - Iii D,:0.

.v ·':ij-·-- /-1- - �-- -} l

'>:' : . :.�? I s -� -� � � \ -,N n�- -,.-- ' I " I

Buffress wa ll - - - - -- - -- -- -< 3 - 6 ;; - >: / Check valves

tJ ci � ....._ � D '- � � .� .� � �

·:: -D wg. 25 - 0 - 1799 · _ , · . ,_ , _ _ < ' _ _ _ J ��:21 · > i0e taisea1inq s trip- i

,-io:.--'� ,: · D vva. 25 - D - 1769 .,

':;'-_\f'.-------!§7--,/ _.._

-X --,N :h- - ' , l Oroin a91? quffer - - - --:

r-.:::..:- �-" ' '.·� -, � <i'.1_,,' �,,_> Grovi fy drain

F L_ � """ :I - ::�<\ - ,Y _j,F

� � 2,:,

D £ TA IL "Z " R £ S £R V O I R L E VE L G A G E IN TA K E B O XE S

D WG. '/5· 0 · /7 9 9 - o._ Cl, :§-� � lr)

··5 ee De fa ii

------------=::�- "-�',o,�:/.:�,> . ;��[ [,,°' ""' : J __ ��J_j: �

-<J '- . , .'f_ Buflress No. 8 C

11z,1

S E C TIONA L PL A N A - A

/'

/ '·' ,( /.-.

,/. :

/

/-.

· · -Hois l anchor -

- -Dwq 2'

· , - - - D - 1319

, ,. _ ·

· . Se q 'Je fail "W"

0::

_ ,

0:: 0:: 0:: cc 0:: :: "' "' "' ,. -ICQ -1N r-/CQ "°11-,:t- (1')1� l.C') "' a :::: � � � ""..:t- -fr) (Y)

0:: 0:: 0:: 0:: �IQ;) �Q:) :_ ,..::- =

-I�

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3"-<6 ''.-..,..:: C>-< 6">-< 6"� 6 H>-< 6 ''>-,- 6"� 6 "� 6'1·

: I ; :

I ,

' ·-� - �-- � - ·---'-,: · · ·-!£ Ou/le f

D E TA IL "X "

Ct'.

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1 C i'""".-

Y. ··r · - - -Arch in/rados 1

.. t· - · t Gofe hoist >: 4 R. , -

DE TA IL " W "

_,_ �y- ---.- -- -Hois f anchors -

· - I ox_ D wq. 25 - D - /3 19 ;f-'-

lsee D f ·1 · w:,t· !f A rch No. 8 - - . . e o, - -·

l c,-. ""1

�-< - L. N

I =<"'-' / - . ·l :_...:. ,- � X Drainaql? sump - --'.: _ _ _ _ -- �-- _:,-,� - ,, .

, , _ _ _ _ ,. ,.- 5? <·A 1 � EJ e c for - - - -7_ - _ __ ,_ c;:; -1 - , ::__ ·>' 15 "'-<

<f. A rch No. 8 �- --..., / -

D E TA IL "Y"

for slide qo le ch amber dr·oin and ser 11ice p ipinq see D wq. 25-0 - 1 731

�- 3 '- 6 � �>-: 1s '1!.c:­= -- - _J{ '-0 :1/

-�.- - -Check valve

(£ El. 1 6 10. 5 and E l. 1620. 5 - - . .

- - - __ L- ,-' "i.o ' - .;v_ - 1, - :::: '

I.O == ' I.C - - - h - co _, - "' _y

;-- - - - -r- -L S E C T I O N G - G

/-- · - . - ".

Top of occh ' [ ,

.•. .

E

Dw , oo f1nq _ ,/ ·.

"""'l Jor de fails ofs frucfurol s teel wa lk way and pipe railina, see D wq. 25 - D - 1 7 7 7

1 2 '- 0 " /2 '- 0 " j El. 1625 67::- _,._ · :;::'�

-+,-

'-?"/;} · 5 = 0 004- - · ·+ /

�, - .

;�:-�r_avif y drain

NOTE

9 25 - 0 -z /.. -. - . .

102-- -- -/; 0 · / ' ,,

<,;-

"' IZ : , 1 "/ '- '- �' :o

,:

_;:__ L' !635.0

>4' ¾;a - - ; > · , D �· , 08 , , t,.1/-'-oJ" . , · romoqe qu' I

'..;- _ ,, ,3-ag"c,,,, B ?: - ;-i-

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er

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--

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.,, .. •

,

U ,.,,;,.'1" «.;;.n�

.. . . AU"W ·-

5tfo1p//

l,q s/o�

. ---. --.-- .

El!ip fical curves Major axis 9. 5 ' Minor axis 2.0 ' See De/ail "X,"

· : ·�, -,;-

· · L ine of arch cen fers and infrodos sprinqinq line

7, A

er- Owq ' , '

?5·0- / 76 1+ _

£/. 1609. 0 - - - · 1·­EI. /607. 50 --··

Specifica f,on Foof inq lim its -·

r/// :_ -:\;, - - -·c _. -,5:: - � ., - .-·-_ -- l - - - A ir m le / pipe

),:,- £/. 1619.50

11 ii : i I I .· , , - - 1- [/. /6/3. 75 �i·1 ,r - --1 ao J __ �-'

1 I · > Et. 16 10. 0

11nrrt,1 ,: . _µ..__.._,.,.I

_ _ _ _ _ , _. ·:-c:-· �,:: ,_:-'{?i:;'l-)l_,_7_ _4J: _r_o_ (!!',J§_l}f_ _d_g_lT} _ _ _ > -->-- - - -;1- - · - · , - . •- - · · · · · · - · , . · ,,, on 'f of Arch No 8 � . . ·· ·. · . · .y-:-�· : . . . . �. : .-. ;.'- ) f . . _,.. · . · ·\. -: '.· Z _- -�� - - - �- -l \ .. 5 f I

.

�,§")'.',:) u 160 7. 15--' -&N \:·,r sz;/7 ,� = '

' ··- Construction joint- - -:' ., Pressure qoqe p1pinq - 'f. U 1609.50;

SEC TION B -B

--<J £ Buf/ress

. : - / '< ' · � - �

;;- '� · "' ... , . (f_ti;J;x;�1;s� �- - '- - - - - -5= ---- - il mJ

� +- I I - - - - - --- I \\ S E C T IO N F - F

l , [/ 16 25 6 7 ->,- -- -

- - - -- -

-- - b

" I � ·- n -< 6 /" , · -. ,.. -- I , , � .... ,.,- .v, ... : ... -� . , ,,,. ,r,, ,,.ilJ.\1�.:f�f.,T,;::--;';�}nm1n� 7, A

. . ;;! \:-<- 9 "

�-�� - � .:·- (;·( tJ � . -Me lo! sea /,nq s fr1p

- - - -_- - - - - - - - �- - - --- '->-- - - - - · - [Jf? C for /,ne

:: _ : ,F·;· - - - - -: - -- - - - - -,' - - Pressure qaqe p,p,nq-

: \..-,��� -� ' 0 ' (f_ 'cl 1609 50

-: ; �[/ l6Too - -:- - 0 . . �-- --r - - Cans lrucl ,on JO Jnl--� ' ., > t,/P<K I [/. 16 0 7. 50

Bu l frl?SS No 9 cu/off- - - -· ,\ .

S E C T I O N C - C

R E CORD DRAWING

• � . E".': _, ?� it) "'I :::

� <; i:c <J � · 7 '< � " " ;\ ; ; 'lr '.: it "' � -� 0 � � ,., <c t1 C I °' � ;;:; u

Cham fe r corne rs o .F reservoir le v e l qoqe in f ak e b o x es f; all o fh er exp o s l? d c or n e rs ! "

R E:FTRENCE: DR AWIN G S S L /O E GAT£ O U TL E T S - R£/NF'ORC£M£NT . . 25 ·0 - 2 179 SL ID£ G A TE OUTLE TS - A RCH NO. 8 ·

FOO TING L A YO U T . . ?5-D - 2 1 0 2

THIS DRA WING SUPE R S E D E S D W G . '15 - 0 - / 0 2 0

DE.PARTME:NT OF THE I N TE:R/ O R B U REAU OF RE.CLA MATION

S A LT R I V E R PR O J E C T - ARIZONA

BA RTLETT DA M S L / O E GA T E O U TL E T S

PLA N ANO S EC TI O N S

C R l, v..//\/ . . � J. S. - C O. W SUBMI T T£ C 8& -� .,.R A C � D f. H._C . . .t'U (0\4MFND£0 °1",��

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tip of the needl e . In previous t e st s on the 5-inch valve a t Boulder Dam

it was demonstrated too t the sh& pe of the tip he.d e. negl i gible e ffect upon

the di scharge a.nd l it t le e ffect upon the je t except at very sme ll openings .

The tests on the tube va lve s confirmed the previ ous co ncl usi on� that

the jet was uns table at srm l l openinEs and simi lar t o the ne edle va lve at

l arger opening s . These tests ware ins uffi ci ent to state any other general

conc lus i on s . ' CHAPTER II - CALIBRATION OF NEEDLE -VALVE AND SLIDE-GATE OUTLETS AT BARTLETT DAM

4 . Propos ed me asurement of di scharge at nee dle valve and e l i de-gate

outlets . The normal fl ow throut:;h the Bartlett De.m i s contr ol led by two

outlet works . One consi sts of two 66-inch needle -valve outlets pla ce d 2 3

feet and 40 feet , respectivel y, above tr.e ri ver b e d ( figures 4 an d 5 ) . T he

othe r , consistine; o f threfl 6-fo ot by 7-foot 6-inch slide gates , wa s placed

neA r th e river leve l for ut ili z ing the bot tom storage of the dam ( fi gure s

4 and 6 ) . As the fl ow t hr ough t he outlets i s for i rri e;ati on , some means

of ne asuri ng the cli s char ge quanti ty was ne ce s sary .

In a letter to the Chief Engi ne er dated Februa ry 1 8 , 1 937 , t he Con­

structi on Engineer at Phoeni x , Ari zona , trans mi t ted a letter fr om B. J .

Lawson , General Superintendent and Chief Engi neer of the Salt Ri ver Va lley

Wate r User s ' As sociation , re que sti ng th at provision be made in the con­

struct ion o f Bar tlett Dam for a di scha rge measurement station immedi ate ly

downstream from the outlet works . The As so,ia ti on was c oncerne d fr om a

standpoint of accuracy and convenience of locati on so that the operato r at

the dam cou l d qui ckly determine the discharge from the reservo i r . In di s­

cus s ing the reply to thi s le tter i t was sugte sted that t he outlet s be rated

and us ed t o measur e t he outflow of water . T hi s was covered in a memorandum

by J . E . Warnock to K . B . Keener on March 4 , 1 93 7 :

11 A relatively si mple method of measur ing the outfl ow of water from Bartlett Da.m with a reasonable de gree of a ccuracy would be to inste.1 1 'pr e s sure gage s in the condui t s of b oth the nee dle -valve outle ts and the slide-gate outlet s . A model of one nee dle va l ve and conduit , and a mode l of one sli de -gate out-

10

outlet can b e oons tructerl and operate� to obtai n a fami ly of curves wit h three variable s - pre s s ure head vs . gate or valve openings vs . di s chnrge quantity . The r e s ul t s of t he se two mod e l s o an t hen be trP-ns ferre d to the actua l outlets . It i s bel ieve d that the r e sult by thi s ll!'l thod will be more accurate thsn the control establ i s he d i n th� river dO'IVnstream end it w i l l c ertainly be more convenient and cheaper . In insta lling the gage s . a ri ng p i e zoireter should be installed in each con­duit to whi ch the r ages woul d be attache d . A recor d inc gage can be use d wh i ch woul d give e. c onti nuous recor d of t he pre s ­sure . The gate or VRlve opening c an b e recorded each time the operator change s the set ting . By integration . the to tal flow can be computed over a given pe ri od .

The piezome ter ring shoul d be insta lled befo re the c on­crete around the c ondu i ts i s poure d . I have indi cated the probable location of the piezometers on the d rawing 2 5-D-1019 and 25-D-1020. in your copy of the speci t'i oat ions . The se should be brought to the surface s ep arately anrl then connecte d into a man ifo l d so that e a.ch pi ezon:e ter oan b e flus he d occa­sional ly ·"

!hl s proposal was out line d i n a l etter from the Chi e f Engi neer to the Con­

struct ion Enrineer on t�roh 6 . 1 93 7 . and wa� transmi tted to the General

Supe r intendent and Ch i e f Engi neer of the Se.lt River Val ley Water User s '

As soci ation by a l etter dated March 1 1 , 1937 . The approva l of thi s p lan

by the As soci ati on was irnii cate d in e. l etter dated Apri l 1 0 , 1 937 • from

the Cons tru ct ion Engineer .

5 . Calibrati on of outl ets by model s . ThrM mod els �·ere bui lt and

calibrated by the hyd raul ic l abore tory in the fol l owing orde r : ( 1 ) the

three s l i de -gate out lets on a s ee.le re.tl.o of l s l 5 ; ( 2 ) one s l i rle -gate

out let to a scale ratio of 1 , 1 0 1 and ( 3 ) a mo�el of one of the 66-inch

need le valves on a s ca le ratio of 1 1 8 .

A rating ('tab le 1 ) base d _on a sluiceway ge.te being ope rated at the

completely open pos iti on was obtai ned fr om tests o n the 1 :·15 mo de l o f

the three slui oeway outlet6 . This table we.s sent to tho Construo ti on

Engi neer at Phoenix , Ari zona . by a letter dated February 1 . 1933 , whi ch

inoluderl instructions a s fo l l ow s :

14

Wate r- surface e l evat ion

1 610 .0 1 61 0 . 5 1 61 1 . C Hil l . 5 1 6 1 2 .0 1 61 2 . 5 1 613 . 0 1 6 1 3 . 5 1 614 .0 1 614 . 5 1 615 . 0 1 615 . 5 1 61 6 . 0 1 6 16 . 5 1 6 1 7 . 0 1617 . 5 1 6 1 8 . 0 1 6 1 8 . 5 1 619 . 0 1619 . 5 1620 . 0 1620 . 5 1 62 1 . 0 1621 . 5 1622 . 0 1622 . 5 1 6 2 3 . 0 1623 . 5 1 624 . 0 1 524 . 5 1 625 . 0 1625 . 5 1 62 6 . 0 1626 . 5 1 G27 .0 162 7 . 5 1 62 8 . 0 1628 . 5 1 62 9 . 0 1629 . 5 1 630 . 0

TA31S I

DARTL:,T� DAi,i SLU ICr.:,,AY OUTL�TS P.ATL'G TABLE

ONE OUTLET - GATE FULi,Y Or·:SN

Di s char::;e se cond- feet

i"iate r-surfa.ce elevat i on

Di s charge second-feet

0 11 2 7 4 2 5 7 73 9 1

109 1 2 9 1 5 1 1 7 6 202 2 3 1 2 62 298 337 3 85 441 5 17 6 1 2 680 738 788 835 831 922 960 995

1 , 02 7 1 , 05 7 1 , 085 1 , 11 1 1 , 136 1 , 1 6 1 1 , 187 1 , 2 1 2 1 , 236 1 , 260 1 , 2 84 1 , 307 1 , 32 8

1 630 . 5 1 631 . 0 1 631 . 5 1 632 . 0 1 632 . 5 1633 . 0 1633 . 5 1 631 . 0 1 634 . 5 1 635 . 0 16Z5 . 5 1 63 6 . 0 1636 . 5 1637 . 0 1 637 . 5 1638 . 0 1 63 8 . 5 1 639 . 0 1639 . 5 1 640 . 0 1 640 .5 1 64 1 .0 1 64 1 . 5 16-i:2 . 0 1 642 . 5 1643 . 0 1 643 . 5 1 644 . 0 1644 . 5 1 645 . 0 1 645 . 5 1646 . 0 1 646 . 5 1647°. o 1 647 . 5 1 648 . 0 1 648 . 5 J. G49 . 0 1 649 . 5 1 650 . 0

1 , 350 1 , 372 1 , 393 1 , 415 1 , 4.35 1 , 45 6 1 , 477 1 , 496 1 , 51 7 1 , 536 1 , 555 1 , 574 1 , 502 1 , 610 1 , 62 7 1 , 645 1 , 663 1 , 680 1 , 698 1 , 71 6 1 , 733 1 , 750 1 , 767 1 , 783 1 , 800 1 , 816 1 , 832 1 , 849 1 , 865 1 , 880 1 , 896 1 , 91 2 1 , 92 7 1 , 942 1 , 95 8 1 , 97 3 1 , 987 2 , 00 1 2 , 016 2 , 030

This table app li cable only to r,e.te s c omplete ly open.

Wate r- surface e leYati on

1 650 . 5 loS l . 0 1 651 . 5 1 652 . 0 1 65 2 .5 1 65 3 . 0 1 G5 3 . 5 1 654 . 0 1 654 . 5 1 655 . 0 1 655 . 5 1 65 6 . 0 1 65 6 . 5 1 65 7 . o 1 657 . 5 1 65 8 . 0 1 65 8 . 5 1 65 9 . o 1 659 . 5 1650 .0 1660 . 5 16Gl.O 1661 . 5 1662 . 0 16 ,32 . 5 1 663 . 0 1 66 3 . 5 1 6 G4 . 0 1 664 . 5 1665 . 0 1665 . 5 1 6 66 . 0 1 6 6 6 .5 1 66 7 . 0 1667 . 5 1668 . 0 1668 . 5 1 669 . 0 16G9 . 5 1 670 . 0

Di scharr;e second-feet

2 , 043 2 , 05 8 2 , 072 2 , 085 2 , 098 2 , 112 2 , 125 2 , 137 2 , 150 2 , 1 62 2 , 174 2 , 1 86 2 , 1 97 2 , 208 2 , 221 2 , 233 2 , 244 2 , 256 2 , 267 2 , 280 2 , 292 2 , 303 2 , 315 2 , 326 2 , 337 2 , 349 2 , 361 2 , 372 2 , 383 2 , 394 2 ,407 2 ,417 2 ,429 2 , 440 2 , 452 2 , 463 2 , 474 2 , 485 2 , 495 2 , 507

Di s cha.r;::.e for more t:han one out let no.y be obtaine d ':Jy multiplying value s in t! . i s table by the number in ope ra.t. ion.

" • • • • This table is for a s ingle sluiceway operating but the model studies indioated that the flow through two or three sluiceways can be computed by mult iply ing the d ischarge from one ge.te by the number in operat ion. The water surface elevat ion in this table is that which wi ll be indicated on the cont inuous recording gage e.t the downstream end of the sluice ­w:ays •"

Soon after the 1 : 15 model was built , it was ant icipated that the gates

would be operated at other posit ions than wide open. The 1 : 15 model was

too small to accurately me asure the d ischArge of a single gate partially

open ; so the 1 : 10 model of a s ingle slu iceway was used. The rating

(table 2 ) was prepared from data obtaine d from the 1 : 10 model and sent to

the Construct ion Engineer by letter dated April 29 , 1939 , with instructi ons

as follows 1

" The d ischarge relationship is shown for each one-half foot between elevati on 1615.5 and 1670. 0 and for each one foot incre­ment of gate openi�g. Discharges for intermed iate heads and gate opening s may be obtained by interpolat ion. The water eurface elevati on in this table is that indicated on the cont inuous record­ing gage at the downstree.zn end of the outlet for low heads and on the reservoir gage on the downstream abutment for high hee.ds e

In the studies of the 1 to 15 model of the three outlets and the 1 : 10 model of the single outlet, a region of unstable flow was found whi ch it will be well to avoid in the operati on of the

\ outlets. This reg ion is the incremen t of gate open ing between seven feet and full open . The behavi or of the stream in this re-gion is uncert a in for purposes of measureIMnt. Furthermore, the outlets s hould not be operated at partial gate open ings where dis-charge values are omi tted in the accompanying tables .

When a choice is feas ible , it w ill be more sat is factory for the purposes of flow measurements to operate at partial gate open­ings . This condition is due to the much more pos it ive control fore d by the gates thsn by the bell-mouth entrances . 1'hi s also avoids the unstable region where the change occurs between orif ice flow and open o ha.nne l flow •"

The 1 : 8 model of the ne edle valve outlet included the needle valve

and a suitable length of approach condu it to insure proper velocity d is ­

tri bution at t he valve and at the piezometers which measured the pres s ure

head 15 .. 3/16 inches upstream from the up stream flange of the valve (fig­

ure 7 ) . From the data obtaine d on the mode l , a family of curves was de-

16

rl'J.\..131E II BARTLETT DAM SLUICEW.A.Y OUTLETS Sheet 1 of 3

RATING TABLE

ONE OUTLET GATE PAR1TLY -OPEN

Reservo ir Discharge in s eeond-feet elev. in Gate opening

feet 1 foot 2 feet 3 feet 4 feet 5 feet 6 feet 7 feet

1615 . 5 82 1616 .0 85

6 . 5 88 151 7 .0 92 157 7 . 5 95 163 225 8 .0 97 169 235 8 . 5 100 175 245 307 9 .0 102 1 80 255 320 9. 5 105 185 264 332 398

1620.0 108 190 272 345 415 0 . 5 1 10 195 282 357 433 504 1 .0 113 201 290 370 450 527 1 . 5 115 206 299 381 .467 549 2 .0 117 210, 307 392 483 571 2 . 5 120 216 315 404 499 593 736 3 .0 122 220 323 415 515 614 762 3. 5 125 225 330 425 529 633 787 4.0 127 230 338 436 545 654 812 4 . 5 129 235 345 446 558 672 836

1626 .0 132 240 351 456 572 692 860 5 . 5 134 245 359 466 585 710 881 6 .0 136 250 365 476 598 728 903 6 . 5 1 38 254 372 > 485 610 745 923 1 . 0 140 258 378 495 623 762 943 7 . 5 143 262 384 504 635 778 963 8 .0 145 267 391 513 647 795 983 8 . 5 147 271 396 _,521 658 810 1 ,002 9.0 150 275 402 531 670 825 1 ,022 9 . 5 152 280 408 538 680 838 1 ,040

1630 .0 154 284 414 547 690 855 1,061 0 . 5 156 288 419 556 703 867 1,080 1.0 158 292 425 564 714 880 1, 100 1 . 5 160 296 431 573 724 893 1, 119 2 .0 162 300 436 580 736 905 1 , 138 2. 5 164 304 441 588 745 918 1 , 157 3 .0 166 308 447 595 756 930 1 , 175 3 . 5 167 312 452 603 766 943 1, 193 4 .0 169 316 458 610 776 955 1 , 212 4 . 5 171 320 464 617 785 967 1, 229

• 1635.0 173 324 469 624 796 980 1, 248 5 . 5 175 327 475 632 805 992 1 . 267 6 .0 177 330 480 638 814 1 ,003 1, 284 6 . 5 1 78 334 485 645 823 1,015 1 , 302 7 .0 1 80 337 490 653 832 1 ,027 1 , 319

TJlliLE II

BARTLETT DAM SLUICEWAY OUTLETS Sheet 2 of 3

RATING TABLE

ONE OUTLE T GATE PARTLY OPEN

., Reservoir,:' Dis charge in second-feet elev. in Gate opening

feet l foot 2 feet 3 feet 4 fe et 5 feet 6 feet ,7 feet - � 1637. 5 182 340 495 660 841 1,038 1, 337 �.

8 . 0 184 344 600 667 850 1,050 1, 354 8 . 5 185 348 505 674 858 1 . 062 1 , 370 9 . 0 187 351 510 681 866 1 , 074 1 , 386 9. 5 190 354 515 688 875 1,085 1 , 402

1640 . 0 192 358 520 6�5 883 1 , 096 1, 418 0. 5 · 193 361 525 702 892 1 , 108 1, 433 L O 196 364 530 708 900 1, 120 1, 449 1. 5 197 367 534 715 908 1 , 132 1,464 2 . 0 199 3 70 639 723 915 1 , 143 1,479 2. 5 200 373 543 729 922 1, 154 1 , 493 3 . 0 202 377 648 736 931 1, 165 1 , 508 3 . 5 204 380 553 742 939 1, 176 1, 523 4 . 0 205 383 557 749 947 1, 187 1, 536 4 . 5 207 385 562 755 955 1 , 1 99 1, 550

1645 � 0 208 388 565 .. 762 963 1 , 210 1, 564 5 . 5 210 391 570 768 911 1, 220 1 , 578 6 . 0 212 393 574 774 ; - 978 _J ., 231 1 ;590 6 . 5 213 396 578 780

0

987 1, 242 1, 604 7 . 0 215 398 583 787 995 _ .. 1 , 252 1 , 6 18 7 . 5 216 401 587 793 1, 003 1, 262 1, 632 8. 0 218 403 592 798 1, 011 1, 272 1, 645 8. 5 220 406 596 803 1 , 01 8 1, 282 1, 658 9.0 221 408 600 !?08 1 , 026 1, 292 1, 670 9 . 5 223 411 604 ·813 1 , 033 1, 303 1, 683

1650. 0 224 413 608 819 1, 040 1 , 313 1 , 696 0 . 5 225 415 613 824 1 , 049 1 , 323 1, 710 1.0 227 418 617 829 1, 056 1 , 333 1 , 722 1 . 5 228 420 621 834 1 , 063 1 , 342 1 , 735 2 . 0 230 423 625 839 1, 071 1 , 352 1 , 748 2 . 5 231 425 630 844 1 , 078 1, 362 1 , 761 3 . 0 233 428 635 850 1, 086 1 , 371 1, 774 3 . 5 234 430 639 855 1 , 093 1,381 1, 786 4. 0 235 433 643 859 1, 101 1, 391 1, 799 4 . 5 236 435 646 863 1 , 108 1, 400 1, 812

1655.0 237 437 · 651 868 1, 115 1,410 1 , 824 5 . 5 239 440 655 873 1, 123 1 , 420 1 , 836 6 . 0 240 442 659 878 1, 130 1, 429 1, 849 6. 5 242 445 663 883 1 ; 137 1 , 438 1 , 861 7 . 0 2� 447 667 888 1, 144 1 , 448 1 , 874 7 . 5 244 450 671 892 1 , 151 1, 458 1, 887 8 . 0 245 452 675 897 1, 158 1,466 1, 898 8 . 5 247 454 678 902 1, 165 1, 476 1, 911 9 . 0 249 456 683 907 1, 172 1, 485 1, 923

1659. 5 250 459 686 912 1 , 1 78 1, 494 1 , 935

T.i.BLE II

BARTLETT DAM SLUICEWAY OUTLETS Sheet 3 of 3

RATING TABLE

ONE OUTLE T GATE PARTLY OPEN

, Reservoir / Discharge in second-feet · ·" elev. in Gate opening

feet 1 foot 2 feet 3 feet 4 feet 5 feet 6 feet A 7 feet

1 660 . 0 251 462 690 917 1, 186 1 , 504 1, 947 0 . 5 253 464 693 922 1 , 192 1, 513 1 , 960 LO 254 466 697 926 1, 200 1 , 522 1,971 1 . 5 265 468 701 930 1, 207 1 , 532 1, 983 2 .0 266 471 705 935 1, 213 1, 540 1 , 995 2 . 5 258 473 708 940 1 , 219 1 , 549 2 , 007 3 . 0 259 475 712 944 1, 226 1, 558 2, 018 3 . 5 260 478 715 948 1 , 233 1 , 567 2, 029 4 .0 262 480 718 953 1, 239 1, 575 2, 040 4. 5 263 483 722 957 1 , 245 1 , 584 2 , 052

1 665. 0 264 485 725 962 1 , 252 1,592 2, 063 5 . 5 265 487 728 967 1 , 258 1, 600 2,075 6 . 0 266 490 731 972 1 , 263 1, 608 2,085 6. 5 268 492 735 9 76 1, 270 1 , 617 2 , 097 7.0 269 494 738 980 1, 276 1, 625 2, 108 7 . 5 2 70 497 741 985 1, 282 1 , 632 2 , 1 18 8 . 0 2 72 499 745 990 1 , 28_17 1 , 639 2 , 130 8. 5 273 501 749 994 1 , 293 1 .. ,'547 2 , 141 9 . 0 275 504 752 998 1, 298 ;l , 655 2, 152 9 . 5 276 506 756 1, 003 1 , 304 _., · 1, 662 2 , 163

1670. 0 277 508 759 1, 007 1, 310 / 1, 668 2, 174

Di scharge for more than one outlet may be obtained by multi-plying values in this table by the number in' operation .

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,,--

-- - ---- -

- -),-'

I I I I I I

_ ____ ____ _i:

14 ' - 6 "- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -- - -->i<--- - - - /3 � "

I I I I I I - ---- --- - ----- - - - - -----------;.,,

U N I Tl:D STATl:S D1:PARTMENT DF THE I N T/:/il./DR

B U R l:A U OF Rl:6 L A M A TION SALT R I V ER PROJECT - A R I Z O N A

BA R T L E T T DAM / : 8 S C A L E M O D E L 6 6·/NCH NEEDLE VALVE

FO R C A L I B R A T I ON TES TS

DRAWN . . . . . F;- C. L . . SUBMI TTl:D . . . . • . . . • . .

TRACl:D . _P._L_. H._-_M. l:._I< . . . Rl:CDMMl:NDl:D . . . .

CHl:Cl<l:D . . A PPROVl:D . . . . . . .

veloped with three variab les , pres sure head vs. valve openings vs . dis­

charge quantity (fi gure 8 ) . These results were transmitted to the fi eld

by e. letter de.ted March 2 3, 1 94 0 , with the fo llowing instructions :

" By in stalling e. recording pres sure gage on .the pi� zometer outlet s from the needle valve conduit s , a continuous record of the pres sure wi ll be obtained. The va lve opening oe.n ?e reoorded each time t he operator c rimges the setting. By integre.t ion, the to tal flow can be computed over a given per iod."

The determination of di soharge through nv:,asure1TSnt of presru re head

a short di stance ups tream from the valve may seem unorthodox to the opera­

tor accustomed to obtaining di s charge through o utlets from the water sur­

face elevation in the reservo ir. However, discharge curves ba sed upon the

water surface elevation would no t be accurate because friotiona l losses in

the conduit of the proto type can not be duplicated in the model with any

degree of preci s ion . Even if thi s were done, the results would be uncer­

tain beQause the frict ion of the prototype conduit w ill change with time ,

due to rust accumulations, and growths IDflY appear gradually in the con­

dui t . By measuring t he pressure head near the va lve a ll uncertainties

ce.n be eliminated inasmuch a s losses by frict ion through the valves are

ne gli gib le.

CHAPTER I I I - NF.:EDLE-VALVE TESTS

6 . Use of 1 : 8 Bartlett Dam mo del for initial Frie.nt Dam needle -valve

teets. As oe.n be seen in the difference between the dates of the f'irst

letter requesting means of measuring f low at Bartlett Dam. February 18 ,

1937 , and the f'i nal transmittal of the re.ting curves for needle valves

March 2 3, 1940 , considerable time elapsed . Thi s was due to the problem

of the calibrati on of the model needle valve bei n g subject to postpone­

ment in the fe.oe of more urgent work. However, when the prob lem of im­

pro vi ng the des i gn of the F'riant Dem needle valves was a s s igned to the hy­

draulic la borato ry, the 1 : 8 Bartlett model was used for initial tests

s ince this model wa s si mila r to o ther prototype valves in which adver se

effects of cavitation were observed. These studies included a detai led

19

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501 I I I 11 1 I ' I/ 1 ' I 1 / / / / L/ / -1- ,,.. ,__.. �..... _... - ..-. �- .-- (- ....-i I 1400 1500 1 600 , .

I I I I 1 11 1 I V ·, ' I I/ I/ V V --I-- ,�- V ,--- - �-- - _,_ i-· ,_ -�-- - ' __ ..... --1 I I I I V I I I I I 11 1 / / ,,, V _,,- --- ___ _ ,__ v .,-I,,.'.::_: --1-/;' ,- i:;;--� - .. 0- ..,-;:_ - -_::] ,.._.. i 3oo

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30 'I;. I/

� 20 II I�

II .Ll. /\ ,,,,. v - - _,.,,,,. _,.,,,,. - I---'" - l..-- _,.,,,,. -- -� �

--,_ _ ..... (_. _ - _ �� _ 1 - NOTE 5 . .

L / 1--· ,, - � ,_. 1 , The data for the curves shown by solid Imes were -1 i '...J...L I

11 I, i I/ I/ 17

� 17 � 6,¥ I/ V

� I/ V ./

/ 17 vt ]7 L-'

i I V V 1.,., / 17 / y _/ -/ I/ V L...- 1-· v

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I/ I/ v ,!--·

/

V

/ / .,.. V 7,,..-_ _ _,.... -- __. � -- - -::= 1200 • obtained from a I : 8 scale model ca librated in Y v ...- ,...- ,..- ....- ' - ,.,. - - _,..... � fhe Bureau o f Reclamation hydraulic laboratory, I� V i-

i,...... :,,,,,- .v ... 1----·

- L...-- l- -� i-- i---1- __ 1----- -- 1 100 • Denver, Colo. . _.;- I ....- .- - Curves shown dashed were interpolated. v

J..r 1 .... V J...- c;; b44'. .... v ..... J ....-v _.v v'.....-CF L--

V j..--1..- J...- _L-

...... ...... J..--I-

1...- J-[ ... --1-

1....- 1..-1..-

• ...i--�* k .... -L-1-- t-'--i:;c L

-+'

L...-t" ff

J.- � - L-1--' � :1:$

--,_ - _ - ,..... ,_. 7 �

Actual test data indicated by symbols on solid fines. 1000 [ l L- I ""-:::..: .,.I,,- I A

- ·r ---- [ i<r Pressure data ! . � recorded at .,? iS this P_G_!�:::, �

' �

U N I T E D STA TE S D EPA RTMENT OF T H E INIERIOR BUREAU OF RfiCLA MATION S A L T R I V E: R P R O J E C T - A R I Z O N A

t ....... -- i.--1-' 1..- +--rJ....-- 1-1-- J..-1..-- J...-+- 1.,.-� _ '7 - - - - -- · B A R T L E T T D A M I- .,_4-- ,__,..._

/'

�·

7 V 11 V I/ I 1...-

_ ..... Ri IS 10 I/ I/ 1/f I/ Vl.,Y y< 1...-l/ J...-V

VT .... J:::E:Q� �

,--i-r-

l..-1-::::1==1- � ��

� -:.:r- ... ::r:....i-

'--Head Gage : N E E D L E V A L V E O U T L E T S R E L A T I O N OF D IS C H A R G E TO P R ESS U R E

A T H E A D G A G E I/

,71,• � 00--� .1 0

100 200 300 400 500

I I I I I I H-i++I-I-H-I I I I I I I I I I I _ .i �----600 700 800 900

D ISC H A R G E -- C U B I C FEET PER SECON D f<- - - - - - -- - c· - - - - - ·- /20"· - - - - - - - - - - - - - - ---><-- · · - 1 10" - - -

'--1.

DRAWN • • • f'.-f'!.J?; . .SUBMITTED. • .?f?.'. '7 _;;;::� TRACEO . . . �-f?_.,U_--J!-.�-- .. . REC0Nltl£ND£0 . . . �0�.4 . CHECKED . . �- - -�- -APPROVEO -�-- -. ·

I O!NVER,C'J-OR<DO MAR . •• '940 I 25 - 0 - 2 5 2 7

I(

.. ,,.

press ure-discharge st udy covering the entire range of head and valve open­

ings . In this way it wa s po ssible to compl ete the calibration requested

by the field, chapter I I , and a t the same time make the ini ti&l Frie.nt

test .

Negative press ures in the model paral l el ed cavitation in similar pro­

totype stru ctures . The model pres sure gradi ents indi cated a region of

negative pressures on the needle imnediately bel ow the seat at valve open­

ings up to 30 percent , and also on the c urved portion o f the no zzle down­

stream from its seat. Reports on pr�J_o_type _st���t ures i_ndi�_!l��� �he.t_ the

regi on o f cavitation on ��e.cU� -�� inum diatel.y_ do�s_t_rellJll_ fr._om the seat - -- -· - - ----- -- - - - ·-· -

a��_J,:L!!!§ severe l!P to openings of 30 �cent but negl1 gJble when the

velve �:w.:id.e __ open. Ce.vi tation also o ccurred on the c u rved portion o f --prototype noz zles downstream from the seat.

To e liminate negative pres sures, the needle and the nozzle of this

1 : 8 Bartlett model were revi�ed according to recommendations from previ ous

tests on the 5-inoh needle valve , described in the report , " Hydra ulic

Model Studies for the Design of Valves for Outl et Works ," ( Hyd . -9 8 ) by

N . G. Noonan, H. M. Martin , and D . J . Hebert , August 1941. The angle be­

·tween the needle and the noz zl e was made to converge three degrees, a

sharp-edged exit was used, and the seat was on the cone portion of the

needle .

Pressure-dis charge meas ure.nients on this revi se d valve were compared · with the original Bartlett Dam model. The pre ss ure gradients of th9 revised

valve sh owed no negative preswres , but the d is charge was only 85 percent o f

that o f the original Bartlett Dam model. These two tests were oonsidered

a s the initial tests for the design of the Friant Dam needle valves and were

desi gnated as tests 1 and 2. Their results seemed t o define two limitations ,

for their pressure- discharge charaoteristios were opposi te . The original

1 : 8 Bartlett valve, test 1, had a favorable di scharge b ut developed nega­

tive pressu res, while the valve of test 2 had positive pre ssures but the

di s ch arge was reduced. Tests on the Friant Dam needle valves ooul d start

by using a valve similar to the one used in test 2. Changes co uld be made

21

to t he noz z le and the needle so that pos itive pressures obtai ned in test

2 would be maintained but the discharge increased . 'fhese changes mi ght

be conti nued until a point was r eache d where a further increase of dis­

charge would cause ne gative pressures. Such a valve would ostensi bly be

the i deal des i gn.

Although this general :roothod for conduct ing the pre li minary studi es

was clear, two fact ors ha d to be deci ded be fore the testing c ou l d pro ceed .

First , it was ne ces sary to desi gn a model of the Fri ant Dam ne edle valve

to include the desirable features of the needle valve use d in test 2 1 and

sec ond ly, i t was ne cessary to determine a testing pr ocedure and de ci de

upon a point at whi ch the area and the head would be measured for cyeter­

mi ning the ooe ffi oient of dis charge .

7 . The mode l . S ince the ' Bartlett Dam nee dle-valve model was used

in the initial tests fo r the Fri a.nt Dam nee dle valve , it was sugge sted

that this mode l be adapte d fo r use in t he te sts whi ch were to fo l l cw ( fig.:.

ures 9 and 1 0 ) . Accordingly, a scale ratio of 1 to 12 . 3 was e stabli she d

for the Fri ant mode l by comparing t l:e equatorial di aneter o f the body o f

the 1 : 8 Bart lett mode l to that o f the tentative desi gn o f the Fri ant

val ves . Upstream from the a qua.tor of the adapted l to 12 . 3 Fri ent model ,

simi larity between this model and the tentative desi gn for the Friant Dam

needle valve s did not exist. For example, the 9-7/8-inch entrance dia­

me te r of t he 1 to 1 2 . 3 model was e qui valent to an entrance diame ter of

121-1/2 inohes in the prototype , whi l e the actua l entrance diameter for

the Friant De.m needle valve s wi l l be 1 10 inche s. This is not considered

a seri ous departure in the tests s ince the primary functi on of the tests

was to study the e ffeot o f di fferent condi ti ons of t he nee dl e and the

noz zle , and it was contemplated that the de sign with the most favorable

pre s sure-dis charge oond i ti ons would be dupli cated l ater in a model having

the p roper appr oe.oh condi ti ons. This later mode l wa.s constructed to a

sea l� ratio of 1 to 18 . 33 , and duplicati on tests to check the e �fe ot of --- .. di s similar ent'rance c ondi ti ons be tween the l to 12 . 3 sca le model and the

1 to 18 . 33 model c oncluded the needle-valve test s .

22

Figure 9

NEEDLE IN CLOSED POSITION

NEEDLE IN OPEN POSITION

l : 12 . 3 NEEDLE VALVE -MODEL

NOZZLE RllMOVED SHOWING NEEDLE

VALVE-DISCHARGING, 100 PERCENI' OPEN,

SHOWING ATTACHMENT FOR MEASURING JET PROFILE

1 : 12 " 3 NEEDLE VALVE MODEL

FIGURE 10

In adapting the Bartlett Dam ��del needle valve to be used a s a

model for t he Frie.nt Dam nee dle valve s , B . A . Halli day , in a memoran­

dum to Senior Engi neer W . C . Bee.t ty , questi oned the los e in the expann­

ing entrance sec ti on which was pa.rt of the Bartle tt De.lll ne e dle -valve

model ( fi e;ure 7 ) . In a memorandum to Senior Engineer w. C . Beatty dated

MR rch 14 , 1 940 , J . E . Warnock s tate s th i s los s to be ne gli gi bl e :

" In my opini on too much emphas i s ha s be�n placen on th i s factor . To sati s fy a l l i ntere sted pe rson s , inclurli nt our ­selve s , the con dui t with the expandi ng secti on i s being re­placed by a conste.nt-di eme ter conduit , and key te sts wi l l be repe ated to gi ve comparable data di rectly e.prli cable to the Fri ant probl em. "

After the conste.nt-diameter c ondui t was installe d and the key te st s

were made , i t was shown that the entrance los se s in the expanding en­

trance s ecti on were negli gi blf' . The se te sts , reruns of the origi nel and

the revi s�d Bartlett mod e l va lve , were de s i gnated as te sts 1-R and 2-R .

The 1 to 12 . 3 mode l used in the preli minary tests thus consi sted of a con­

stant-di aw�ter entrance condui t to whi ch was at tache d the body of th6

v� lve o f the ori gina l Bar tlett Dam model . A 3/8-inoh s leeve was constructF d

to lengthen thti! body of the valve to s tu dy the e ff'eot of increas ing the

travel of the nee d le . An e.tte.chment vrns also constructe d to measure the

jets in the di fferent te sts ( fi gure 10 ) .

The l to 16 . 3 3 s cRle model ne e dle valve he.d no special attachment s

besi des piezorneter conne cti ons for the measurexoont o f pr e s sure gradient s.

8 . Te sting procedure and measure:roont of c oe ffi cient of d i s charge .

As the pre s su re gradient s and dis ch�rge coeffi cients were the important

obje ctive s , the te sting was ms.inly to d etennine t he se factor s for a com­

plete range o f he ads and val ve openi ngs. The pres sure gradients were

measured by pie zometers located e long the critical sect ions of the needle

e.nd the noz zle . For each te s t , va lv� openi ngs of 5 , 20 , 30 , 50, 75 , and

100 pe rcent were studied . When the valve was 100 percent open , four runs

were made by setting he ads ran ging from 2 to 22 feet of wat�r . For al l

other valve openings 0nly two runs wen" mA de , " t het>ds o f approximately

25

8 a nd 22 feet o f water. The s teps in making ea.oh run were to measure the

valve opening and to set a discharge that gave the desired head. Thi s

discharge ·was then mea sured over a 90-degree V-no toh weir while pre s sures

on the needle a nd the no z zle were recorded.

In a.ddi tion to these data, jet pro !'i lee were measured with the valves

100 percent open and the oo ndi tion o f the jet wa s noted a.t all other o pen­

ings.

of a

The coe ffi cient o f discharge C is the ra tio o f the e.otua.l dis charge

ve.lve Q to e. theoretical di scha.rge A V2 g H in the formula

C • --��::z-A y2gli

where A represents an area through which the water passes

and H the head. While the area A i s not b ased upon any fixed point in

a valve , it may be that of the vena contracta of tm jet , or the outlet di -

a.meter of the valve, or too diameter of the conduit to wh i ch the valve is

atta ohe d. Soma differences in o pinion existed as to wh ich po int wa s be st

suited for these studie s, but it wa s fina lly decided to ba se the area A

upon the diameter o f the conduit to whioh the valve was attached .

Questions also aro se a s to the best po int for measuring the head 9 H0

The best head to use would be the water surfaoe elevation o f the reservoir ,

but it wa s not co nvenient to do this in the model studies. Also , lo sses

would no t be the sa me in different conduit s ups tream from the valves . There­

fo� the head wa s fi rst mea sured at the upstream flange o f the valve and

defined as the pres sure head plus the velooity head . Pressure gradients

indica ted a disturbance at t hi s point , and , to avoid th i s di sturba noe, the

head wa s final ly meas ured o ne diameter upstream from the up stream flange

o f t he valve. This definition excluded the use o f an expanding entrance ,

such a s was on the ori ginal model of the Bartlett Dam needle valv� ( figure

7 ) , but demanded the constant -di ameter approach co nduit which was placed

in the model to e liminate any possible lo s ses due to the expanding entrance

section .

9 o Description o f testso After the first two tests were ma.de, the

expanding e ntrance secti on was repiaoed by the oonstant-diaDl!lter co nduit

and reruns o f these tests, 1-R and 2-R, were c onsidered a s the first tests

26

of the Fri ant program ( fi gure 1 1 ) . As the te st pro gram was to involve

changes in the outlet sect ion of the revi sed valve , test 2 -R , these changes

were out line d and the fol10wing 15 tests lll9.de ( fi gures ll , 1 2 , and 1 3 ) o

Test

1 -R Rerun of te st 1 on adapted Bartlett Dam needle val ve to eliminate t he e ffe ot of expanding entrance section ( fig­ure 1 1 a) .

2 -R Rerun of tes t 2 on adapted Bartlett Dam needle valve to eliminate the e ffeot of expanding entrance seoti on.

3 Similar to test 2 -R , except body of valve lengthened 3/8 inch t o s tudy e ffect of increase d travel of nee dle.

4 Simi lar to te st 2-R , excep t outlet di ameter increased fr om 8 . 13 inche s to 8 . 30 inches to study effect of in­creas ing outlet diameter.

5 S imila r to te st 4 , e xcept body of valve increased 3/8 inch.

6 Similar to test 4 , exoept outlet diameter increased to 8 0 54 inche s.

7 Similar to te st 6 , except bo dy o f valve increased 3/8 inch.

8 Trial l - Mechani cal section .

9 Trial 2 • Mechani cal secti on .

Tr ial 3 • Mechani cal secti on .

Trial 4 - Mechani cal s eotion ( figure

Trial 5 • Meohani oal secti on .

Trial 6 - Meohar.i oal seoti on.

12 ) .

1 0

1 1

1 2

1 3

14 Simi l ar to te st 13 , exoept body of valve increased 3/8 inch to s tudy e ffect of travel of needle .

1 5 Duplicati on test on the 1 : 18 0 33 s oe.le model t o eliminate the e .ffeot o f the di fference in entrance condi tions be­tween the 1 to 1 2 . 3 s ea.le mo del and the tentative Fri ant Da m ne edle -valve des ign ( fi gure 1 3 ) .

Test l�R was s i milar to the original 1 : 8 Bartlett Dam nee dle valve ,

whi l e tests 2-R thr ough 7 studie d variat ions in the revi sed valve of te st

2 , as noted above . Te st s 8 , 9 , and 1 0 , submit ted by t he me ohani cal sec­

t i on , rtudi ed change s i n the cont our of the nozzle of a needle valve s imi lar

to te st 2-R. Te s ts 1 1 and 12 s imulated the ·de a i gn for the Friant Dam needle

valves . In thi s de sign , outlet d i ame ters of 1 02 and 1 05 inche s were pr o-

2 7

posed ; thus test 1 1 had an out l et diameter e quivalent to 102 inches and

te st 12 had an outlet diameter e quive lent to 1 05 inche s . As the no zz le

of te st 1 2 was forme <i wi th a compound curve , test 13 was simi l ar to te st

12 excep t the noz zle was ma.de with a s imple curve .

10 . Selecti on of a va lve for Friant Dam. The tests outl i ned in sec­

ti on 9 served two purpose s : ( 1 ) to se lect a VRlve to be used for the de•

sign of the ne edle valve s at Fri ant Dam, whi ch was ur gent , and ( 2 ) l ater ,

when ti me pe rmi tted , to s tudy a few characteri sti c s of needle valves from

a general ana lysi s of the te st data .

To se lect a valve to b e used for the de si gn of the needl e valve s at

Fri ant 06:m, the re s ult s of teats l through 14 , s hown in figur e s 5 and 6 ,

were compi led a s fo l l ows :

Te st

l •R

2 -R

4

5

6

7

8

9

1 0

1 1

1 2

Pre s sure s

Negative

Pos itive

Pos i ti ve

Pos i ti va

Po sitive

Posi tive

Positi ve

Ne gative

S li ght negative

Posi t ive

Po siti ve

Po sitive

Dis charge coe ffi cient

0 . 5 1

0 .425

0 0 440

0. 438

0. 460

0.462

0 0 482

0 0 474

0 . 470

0 , 45 6

o. 48o

31

Remarks

Not sati sfacto ry becaus e of ne gative p re s su re s .

Not s ati s factory b ecause of low d is char ge .

Not sat i s factory because of low d is cha rge .

Not sati s factory because of l ow di s cha rge .

Not sati s factory because of low dis charge .

Valve did not seat .

Valve did not seat .

Not sati s factory be.cause of ne gative pre e sures o

Surface i r regularities in prototype might cause cavi ­tation .

Not sati s factory because of l ow di s charge .

Not sati s factory because of l ow di s charge .

Valve sele cted for fur ther te st s o

.. '

r--,,,, FI G U R E I I I \ •• _,...

'\, ;< - - - - - --- - - ---' ' -G- - --- -", 3. 715"---�

�-PIEZOMETER POINT H

�< ·----------1--------, ' I ' I I !

+-' � ---- �r

':,, "' ... oi

NOTE: Body of valve same for all tests .

' ,, \. ! \

�,J. I �� "\, � \

r-,

,.,_�I ,

,z" . --

-��L--·ROUND EDGED E.XIT

!

�r·�------------ 6r -------- ------� � r -

�

' ' - --- 3.375" - ---*'>--- --------- ----J_- 7. 821 " -- - -------------,-� � ", : : l : g � ... , � : ! ' ! -!?-(',... l : ', ', : :

',

: : t 1

i :· l i �--- :- 2.ff2'�-� =- : : : � : : : '\,�

: i : : : 't,· ' , , ' " ' '

' :

'

: ,r : : / j :

�<(;' : :

re� l 1 / ' ' / ' ' , ___________ -.z'::==i-{f,f: :

// : : i l : �-- <�-2.041'4-� : i /�� 15:� : :

, 1 I '�, 10:q- 1 1 '-,( I ','-.,_ f'oiV> ( :

,/ ',,J :;,-::�L�� ! ! r, � r--r:-{ : ! t',,L :

----��,,�

� i 1-:...-;,_,) -_-...:-:.:::, _ _ � : �+--/ ----! \ ',J.8-··r : J�:,,.--• ,,,-Y I J.- I"'

... f ... \ ) .... f ..... : --�:.-/� --::-;tr 1� { _,,,;--:/ c;cf:i -=tl�

\ .,;,,, Q1C\ll i51l.0 \ ,,;;// �:�: �l� K\ a:i:�: c:oi� --�� - -�_'r: _____ ;tt_r·

\ ' -- VA LVE 50% OPEN \VA L V E CLOSED

',

\\

\··SHARP EDGED EXJ T

\\ �-�

-p

<t c5 � .,. Qi

�-- 4.233"'TEST 10 - - -�----- 6. 563" TEST 10 - ----------� 1 -- 3.871" T EST 9 --4-:----------- 7.549" TEST 9 --------+--: ?°. - 3.444" TEST 8--:>+-<-+-�------.,--- 8. 709" TEST 8 ---------!---+-� -Z --- --- - - - - - --+-�-+-6.646 -- - -1 : : I '"", '· � --... l : : ,,. I l l �'- I ,,, : I I : l / : : : 1

! / I : ! l l �q.. : ! l : ro"? ! ! ! t _./ I : : I

�;; .. , ! ! : ! � ... � : I : I '��... i ! : l

__ ,_,;-�'--,_2 697'� l : i -� "'-::-�>, i l i I C CA',' I I I I

',� t;;);.0iv<� : 1 ! i l:f!1 /;;/ '-.:,'l',J ' I t 1 '.._,1 '!i,' .�1aj,,,.', I : : ::,1 ��1----$/fO 't'�;t---,, : ! , , -, •;_,,. ', 11;)-1 �I t'i--- •"'-, I''°'� 1

_', ', ', '\ ---�- �1 �":�-----·,,,. ', ', I< '-,,.

•

----;: ----

...... , ......... ',..,, ", '-, '- I ,f"R,;_..,,,.-- ,. .. ,: ..... .,,,.--:-,<_" --... !.,,.,.,.,,.,,,.

s:::.,,..,,,.

,1 /

' '

/l"" l // ], >,/ �h '," VA LVE 50% OP EN

/ ' I / ' '

�• · 1 ' VA LV E CLOSED ___ i --- - SHARP EDGED EXIT

2 5 ��-�- �-��-�- �-

I

' ' ' '

i ;,: �·� .· / .· .· '. ... ' ··. �,h;;;,;;;�;;;;d m

201 � 1 1 lf---++-+.;;-f+

! l 1 1 � l�

HT+-1,--,

·\ ff I i �I I I I r-rT71 i I I � � q

5 '"""' ,, .. �,. ,��,

�� PIEZOMETER LOCAT IONS

� - • I TRAVEL : I-<::: -- -- - -- -� TEST #2R 3. 396" TEST #3 3.77 1 " T E S T #4 3.438"

! � --- TRAVEL ___ _...J

1-'*-TEST *8 3 . 187" TES T •9 3.250" TEST •10 3. 2 7 1 "

I I - I'", I

I I ' : I � � I J >- 1 5 « I uJ l I ITI fl", t\J j'(", _,.,,,

� ! : 1 1 1 : : � � : � II I I I � I � � t3 � o \ I I i- j i- i- i- i-j

I I i,, ; r· ,11 r . 12 I . !," ...J ! � ::: t;

� I I . � � · // :,:

o ,

! I £ : I I I I/ I r in tn

ct "' ,__ "'

1 ! � �

t' I; I /, I

I

, J I W !I

�

J ITT!�� ff 1 1 I

J :/ i f T /J/J 1 1 11

I I I I 1 1 0.40 0 4 5 0.50

COE F F I C I E N T OF D I S C H A R G E BAS E D ON Q

C o = A �

H • Tora/ head i n feet - I dia. upstream from u p s t ream flonge o f valve. ( A t 'H ' )

0 • Discharge i n cubic feet per second. A = A rea a t poin t where H is m e a s u red. •

A. - COEFFICI ENTS OF DISCHARGE FOR 100 PERCENT OPEN I NG

0.55

er w >--" 3: "-0 f­w w "-z

u, w er ::, u, u, w er 0..

',.:; �� ,u ') "'

-----,..... =r-=-=:::.. ' 20 1 30% �� &

TEST # 5 3.8 1 3 " 3.583" 3 958"

r o l -�� ,. I � 1� I� I " " I I I l'\l !'JI I I I I I I I \�['lk I I I 1 · - ·· I I 1 I P',l"{l.l 11 I I I I I I 1-- I J\'lPJ!. 11

o �- - - -�--�- --- �+�+- -- ---�- - - ------ --- - --- -- - -,- -- �- - - - - -��- -- ---�---�- -���-s:::;;.�-----��-----�-�-�--�.,_----���-��-�--�-......,_..

5 % �,

30% --:. 20% - --:, 20 50% - -

PRESSURE C O N D I TI O NS ON NOZ Z L E!

I ���:J�l\1 1 I I I -'�0h - ,��;. ��� L>- · ,oo%-� l 11 Hvvr I� ,oo¾ -m � U---1 0 � _, I � c.::::: -......:::..i ...;: I _ __ ...;;;;;:: 4. I

100% - -

"M -

o l I ��I vr:-!>o/o I I I C:-�-j ,,,/ I I I w,r;� I I I 1J.J><:315Jd----:j/ I I 1 1 ll�,,,

T E S T IR I •8 Bartlett dam model

NEEDLE

TESTS 2R TO 7 INCLUS I V E T E S T 8

8.- PRESSURE CONDI TIONS FOR VA LVE TESTS Toto/ head (hp + hv) measured ot piez. H • 20 feet.

TES T 9

N O T E For definition of head see figure IZ

T E S T /0

U N / T E O ! T A T t S O E P A 1' T II E H T o,. THf I N T f1' 1 0 ft

8UREAll o , /IUC L. A II A T I O N C ENTRAL VALLEY PROJECT� CALIFORNIA

FR / A N T D I V I S I O N F R / A N T D A M

TESTS OF N EE D L E VA LVES PRESS U R E A N O D I S C H A R G E D A TA

TESTS I R TO 10, I NC L U S I VE

OttAWH . . f .. C_. �-- · . . .'. , . . . . SUBIJ/TTEO. T1'AOEO. �--'-: �·- .0: "!'·�·- . _ . . 1'ECONNENOED, , CHECKED. '. ,APP1'0VEO . . •.

DEHV£1', COL.ORA 00, JUNE 21, 1940 SHEET I OF I

�

.l

(

c\·

...

.. '

..

:,, I ' ' ', : ',, " :---- '<�,:,�,: 15

�,.,.,..

---+-------------- 1{' \ " , , ' "' r .o-\1-1\,.

i

1 ,·PIEZOMETER I POINT H

'a:, :-J: .,;

I \\ \

I 711

i-----t----- 9e I

I ' I --1---- -

I I I I

! ' I I : !

1

l I I I

: I I I

! ' I ,//

_,,

'

t,'<­"'""' 'o· /

-+------­� , ,, ' / ' ' I

c::, .... JI!) "' i6 R · ' '

r-' 65!".J

'

i Note : Body of valve some

for all tests I

�''·""

,,..._ ... ____ SHARP EOG ED £XIT

f I

i o/%1/' �l?,7-' , . , TRAVEL - 3.458" : I

�----------------;,,,.j / Valve openings measured in

NOZZLE. / percent of needle trove/

PIEZOMETER L..OCATIONS ' ' '

� TRAVEL i i-< --- --

------------;..i TEST 13 ° 3.458" TEST 14 :: 3.833"

�L� .... C::::-S<-�,

,0 Jt:c-

� 30 ,-...

}-- --- -- 5 %·- .

50 %- -·-++----l--.J 20 %··

75 %· 30 %"'

5 %•

100 %--50 %· ··

20 %·:

75 %- - I

30 %· · .

� , o

,oo %--�� �:: I

' = • '

' 3 u. 0

,_ w w u.

� w

. a: :::, VJ VJ w a: a.

O A B C PR ESSURE. C O N D I TI O NS ON NOZZ L E.

2 0 2� ::::._:'."F=:::rTTTTT---r--,""-- -- ------ - =F==-i-r.-,-.--,'t:------ -- -- -- -- --- - - -- - - - --- -- --- 5 %· ·'>:.::.Cl '"-30 %--· so %- -� 75 %- -..

100 ,r,- -• , a l I �:Uvrls:7= I -t ::::-,, .___ I 'RWH ½-1-<I--t----4-=- :t ::::,., =

20 %--30 %·· 50 %--. 75 %-.: 100 %·-= W�U5t----L =t- 1- -t1

0 I I 11 I I � b--1=;::±::;;ad I I I tLI::::::ta--:-1 I I I I IL� D E: F G

P R E S SU R E. COND I TI O NS ON NEEDLE

TEST I I T E S T ' 12 TEST 13 A ND /4 INCL U S I VE

A.- PRESSURE CONDITIONS FOR VA LVE TESTS Total head (hp + hv) meosureaatpiez. H = ZO feet.

EXIT

FIGU R E ·1 2

20� -------------------� 20r----r----r----,----±:.::,�:..._---,

PRESSURE HEAD AT H ··· - - ,\

1 0 1 I I _., -S-ts--::::::::�::::::::-- 1 0 1----+----,l,,<'"'-=-..::C-+----+-----I

;,: a.'

-:: . 0 �::.= - + - ----1- -- -t---,- -7 0

"' 0 >­<I <J) a: w a: >- w w >­::. <I

. o ;,: N ;l:

� � a.' z >­o w

, w VJ u. w a: :::, <J) <J)

0 10 20 T O T A L H EA D I N FEET OF WATER AT H

VA L VE. /00 % O P E. N

20

'Lk��i

0

ea

10

0

T OTAL 10 20

H E A D I N F E ET OF WATER AT H VA L VE. 30 % O P E. N

w 0 a: 10 20 0 10 20 a.

;,: Cl.'-

T O T A L H EA D IN F E E T OF WATER AT H VA L VE. 75 !"o OPE.N

T OT A L . H E A D I N F E ET OF WAT€R AT H VA L VE. 20 % OPE.N

w - W D

10 1 I i:..,= � I 101 L.<V C

� l :_;;;;;;-,,.......·-: I

0

0 1 0 20 T OT A L H EA D I N F E E T OF WA.T E R AT H

VA L VE. 50 % OPEN

o I e:::::: I _ _l__. I 1 I ,c

0 10 20 T O TA L H E A D IN F E ET OF WATER AT H

VA L V E 5 % OPEN

B.- PRESSURE ON P I E ZO M ET E RS - TO TA L H E A D AT H

FOR PIEZOME TERS MA RKED A TO G TES T S 13 AND 14

· - - -. - - - -4 -- v2 : �-· · 2g

-=hp

NOTE: The linear variation of pressures versus head, as shown for Tests 13 and 14 is typicol for oil vo/ves tested, within th<l limit at the ovoi/ob/e head. � ---i- - -

l: ', -' "" " " :; � 1 , - PIEZOM£TER AT H >-

,I, :' , , I , I ! / i____i__ --1--

D EFI N I TION OF H EA D

U N / T E O S T A T ! S D E PA R T /J E N T Of THE I N T E R I O R

BUREAU OF i:f E C l. .d M A T I O N CENTRAL VA LLEY PROJ£CT· CALIFORNIA

FR / A N T D I V I S I O N F R / A N T D A M

T ESTS OF N E E. O L E VA L V E S PRESS U R E A N O D I S C H A R G E: D A TA

TES TS I I TO 1 4 I N C L U S I V E:

DRAWN . . _F.- �: ':-·, , SUBltllTTEO . TRACED . . f?-1-, l'f •. . -. 1'{. l'f • • • • • • .RE CONN ENDED . . CHECKED . . -.·. A"""'OVEO • .

DENVER, COLORADO JUN£ ta, 1940 SHEET t 0,- f

4

<n

�

'

� ' � ' ' - ' : - - �-

! � : � ' � � � �

� '

'

b:::::{:' t 1,«==,�=,-,.

0: w f-ct 3: >-' u. "!: w a: ::, (/) (/) w a:

!�PIEZOME.TLR POINT H

5%··

2 00 CV7o··, '-lo

30%- - -- : 50% - - - -7 5 %···:.

100%···

1 0 0 I I !

0

I

Pf "-T

I I

i I

' '

_ __ _ \_. _ _ :d - t _ ,-� � i -- 0,o,

I

- - /,/ ' / ' , ,,{ ,, , ' , ' , , '

,, ' , , '

i --

I I

' --- 1--. -1-s I --� 1' f\ I ""�� I i\,

I 0.. PRESS URE. CONDITIONS ON NOZZL E.

� 200 5 % ---

f- 20 %--· 3 0% - - -

>-' 5 0 % · · ·

u. 7 5 %" : JOO %- -

i!: 1 0 0 w a: ::, (/) <fl w a: a 0..

PRESSURE. CONDITIONS ON N E.E.DLE.

TE. S T 12

F I G U R E 13

f-<.- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - _ , ao" - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - � 57. 45" ------"7

'',,,',,,

87 5 0 " _________ ...:.,. _ _ __ _ _

i .5 7. 45 11

- - - - - -

:

- - -�

'"-.J · "'"'

</:-

N : ,, --.. ,,,.--r ,,

/ I ,,

: "�

' " : ,-1'-��

o' , ,:,._

$i '�� ---�-�----' '-.J

/;t�==--fa --

,,/,...... \ ,,;::,,"/ �/9

,,

,,,. ,,.f

-1"

' ,.,,,. : .,,-/ r

___ y

v "D_

1/\) "D

/ , 1 0

� 2 0 0 f-ct 3: >-' u. � 1 0 0 w a: ::, (/) (/) w a: 0 0..

300

� w f- � 2 5 0 <{ <( s'. > g, �

0

ti E 2 0 0 w u. � z <i: - w o CX: <{ f-w Vl 1 5 0 r a. ::::, w 0. <{ >- -f- 0 0 -

t; 0 1 00 0: w 0. 0: __, ::::, <( Vl f- <{ o w

5 0 f- :;;:

0

a

'� ...... .,,.

,P,,

- � -

l, ' � 5 %-- - --, .,;.v ,,o·,

3 0%- - -5 0%·- -75 %---

100 % - - ·

'

�

,, </:-

a a .,__'t,r:::,

_ ,"- _·�-

-,/

. ' ' ' ' / i /

--�//

I ,/

I

�/ 'i

-------.. �

""""::::

--.

\ � � �

PRESSURE. CONDI TIONS ON NOZZLE.

0.4

I I I I

"' _:1

� � �-I----. �� 1--U) '" 1--

i

0.5

"' 0 a '!! '" "' 1--"' '" U) '< 1-- '" CO to I I-� � I t;; a I UJ I

\ I 'f

J I

0.6 0.7

5 200

!;,

� �, IWH-=--F7 � rooi w a: ::, <fl (/) w 0: a. o l I I I\ 'I: ??:: ',.

PRESSURE CONDITIONS ON N E.E.DLE.

T E. S T 15

. 1 .

t , r,,__ '\

�-;,,;� )

.,,. /' l 1,,

i-

C OEFIC I E NT OF DISCHARGE BASED ON I N TAKE DIAM ETER

l

i

! ' ' ' :

-� l '-\., l '��� 1

',�, :

�}\:, j 01 '-' I

� ',� ........ : I ,.__ '")-...._ _ _ _ _ _,,_, ' - -----=--,..,,,".,,,..,,.-----

<I' ., ... ;_ ........

' , ,, ' ,,, �,;: ...

,,,;;,, ,,, ,,,.� -

I ,.j�;,

: /' ,/f

___ i

t) t, ..c--­

v D

/I C -� ------·

' )

,. / 0�

N O T E S Doto for 121.5" diameter Inlet (Test 12 ) was obtained

from I: 12.3 s cola m ode/. Doto for 110' diameter In let (Test 15) was- obtained

from /.- /8,33 scale m odel. Pressures for head • zoo feet prototype

U N I T L D S T A. T l! J D fPA. R T M E N T o , THf INTeR I O lf

SURfAU o , lfl!OI. A. N A. T I O N CE NTRAL VALLEY PROJEOT·OAL/l'QRNIA

FR / A N T D I V I S I O N F R / A N T D A M

TESTS O F NEEDLE VALVE.S EFFECT OF INLET DIAMETER ON PRESSURES

AND COEFFICIENTS TESTS 12 AND l!S

ORA WN, , f. C. L. . . SUSMI TTl!D. TRACEO. P. L . H . - M, £. K, . RECOMM ENDl!D. CHl!CICEO . ..w .APPROVED .·

OENW!�, COLORAOO - O C T. 1 7 , lt40

' )

Disch arge Test Pressures ooeffi cient Remarks

13 Po sitive 0.480 Performance as good as test 12 .

14 Positive 00500 Increa sed length of va lve not economical.

The contour of the valve of test 12 was selected as that for the final

desi gn of the Friant De.m needle valve , and the 1 to 18 0 33 model of the

final design of the Friant needle valve was constructed to produ ce the

proper approa ch conditions. Pressures on thh valve were, for all pract i•

cal purposes, the same as those of the valve of test 12 , �d the coeffi-/ L ,.. · , (,, i- 1t � a � cient of di s charge was 0 . 584 . ,, ,- - . g., ,-. ' o-?:'.)v" J , 'l;

1 (,)l"' f ,1 1 .... �

· rl .. r' r l- {·" :i Although the coefficient of the l to 1 8. 33 model is h.rger the.n the

coefficient of the l to 1 2 . 3 model, it was shown tha t the rela tive quan­

tity of we.ter through both valves was the same . Figure 13 shows both

valves in prototype dimension s . The principal difference is the 121-1/2-

inch intake diameter for the valve of test 12 and the 1 10-inch inta ke dia­

meter for the valve of test 15. If the energy AAad a t both o f these valves

were the s8.ID9 , it can be shown the. t the discharge Q • C A V2 g h · will be

the same for all praoti cal purposes, since the product C x A is the same

for both valves. This must be true since the control is at the exit end

of the valve and loss·es thr ough the valve are negli gible .

11. Measurement of jet profiles. Throughout the tests the shape and

the condition of the jets were observed and the jets of tests 2-R through

14 were profiled up to their vena contracta with the valves 100 percent

open ( table 3 ). Observations of je t fl •rere me.de in the previous tests of

the 5-inch valve and included a s photographs in the report , " Hydraulic

Model Studi es for the Design of Valves for Outlet Works •11 In those tests

and in tests 1-R to 15 , inclusive, it wa s observed that the jets were more

solid and had a better general appearance in valves having a. sharp-edged

nozzle exit than in valves he.ving a curved noz zle exi t. However, this

difference should not be important in a prototype outlet although the sharp­

edged exit mi ght be preferable because it should cause less spray.

The jets of tests 2-R to 14 , inclusive , were profiled by the coordi-

32

no� ter shown in figure 10 . The p rocedure was to p la oe the depth gage at

a given posi t i on on the baff· whioh was pa rallel t o the axi s of the valve

and to move the point o f t he depth gage i nto the j et unti l it touche d a

so l i d wal l of wate r . ft white streak then appeared downstream from the

depth-gage point . Neer the valve exi t the water surface was clear so that

preci e e measur ements oould be obtained , but several i nche s downst ream a

sp ray began to form whi ch c oncealed the actual bounda ry of the je t , making

t he above proce<lure ne ce s sary . At about six inches d c,liTJ.s tree.m from t he

noz z l e exi t t he po si tion o f the jet boundary began to fluctua te , so no

fu rthe r JM 8.aure1rent a c ou l d be I!l8.de . Apparently the vena cont ra. eta of the

jets wa s about six inches from the noz z le exit . However , i t was i mpos s ible

to fi n� the actua l locati on. S ince the vena con tract wa s in a regi on di f­

fi cult to Masur e , table � whi ch give s the jet die.meter at vari ous di s ­

tance s from the va lve exit should not be applied whe re e. p rec i se determi ­

ne.ti on of the vena contrs.cte. i s re quired o

12 . Pre s sure - di s char ge s tudy. In ad di ti on to evo lvi ng e. ve.l ve de­

s i gn for fri a.nt Dam , the se te sts were sufficient to study some pre s sure­

di s charge character isti cs of needle valves having a sh arp-edged no z z le

exit . The ob ject o f thi s discus si on i s to state e. crite ri on fo r maintain­

i ng pos itive p ressures at al l point s i n the va lve at any ve.lve opening and

then to show how a maxi mum discharge coe fficient may be obtained �� thin

thi s pre s sure oriterion o For ol!:'1.rity , several terms a.re define d , as fol­

lows :

( e. ) Contro l o -•T he mi nimum area of pa ssage through the va lve , whe re

vel oci ti es a.re a 1rs.xi mum B;Ild pre s sure s a mini mum, i s the control. To

maintain 'pos it ive pre s sures th rough the VP lve , the control s hould always

be at the exit of the out let section of t}ie ve.lve .

( b ) Outlet �s-�_cti.9_n 2.r th_� ,!!:_l,Y;' · --Be fore the water dis charge s from

the valve ir.to the a tmosphe re , i t flows between two coni ca l sur face s be­

cause a s hort section of the noz z le illlIOO rliately upstream froffi its exit

forms t he frustrum o f a. cone , and opposit e , a secti on o f the nee d le down­

stream fro m its seat a lso f o rms the frus trum of a. oona ( fiiure 14 ) o T hese

•

TABLE 3

FRIANT DAM NEEDLE-VALVE TESTS

MEASUREMENT OF JET PR0FI LF..S - VALVES 100 PERCENT OPEN

TESTS 2 -R TO 1 4

--�-- ---

- - -· - >-

-< X >'

Model dat� - All di �ns i ons i n inches

Test No . 2 -R 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 1 1 1 2

X Je t die.meter e.t X ,,.

0 8 0 130 8 0 13 8 0 30 8 0 30 8 0 54 8 0 54 8 0 30 8 .30 8 . 30 8 030 8 0 533 0 . 25 7 . 89 7 . 89 8 • 03 8 • 03 8 • 2 1 8 . 2 2 8 . 03 8 . 03 8 .03 8 0 10 8 0 27 0 . 50 7, . 66 7 . 68 7 . 8 1 7 . 8 1 7 . 98 8 . 01 7 . 84 7 . 82 7 . 82 7. 90 8 . 08 0. 75 7 . 48 7 . 5 1 7 . 63 7 . 64 7 . 81 7 . 85 7 . 67 7 e /-' I 7 . 65 7. 72 7 o 90 1. 00 7 . 32 7 . 36 7 .4:8 7 . 49 7 . 66 7. 72 7 .54 7 .51 7 . 5 1 7 . 57 7 . 75 1 . 26 1 .20 7.25 7 . 35 7 . 3 7 7 . b4 7 . 59 7 . 42 7 .40 7 . 37 7 . 44 7 . 61 1 . 50 7 . 10 7 . 15 7 . 24 7 . 2 7 7 . 43 7 . 49 7 . 32 7 . 30 7 . 27 7 0 33 7 . 50 l . 75 7 . 02 7 . 06 7 . lb 7 . 18 7 . 33 7 . 39 7 . 24 7 . 22 7 . 1 8 7 . 24 7 . 41 2 . 00 6 . 95 6 . 98 7 . 07 7 . 1 1 7 . 24 7 . 31 7 . 17 7 . 14 7. 1 1 7 . 16 7 . �3 2 . 50 6 . 84 6 . 87 6 .96 6 . 99 7 . 10 7 . 19 7 . 07 7 . 04 1 . 00 7 . 04 7 . 20 3 . 00 6 . 76 6 .7 8 6. 87 6 . 9 1 7. 00 7 . 10 6 .99 6 .96 6 .93 6 0 95 7 . 10 3 . 50 6 . 7 1 6 ,. 73 6 . 8 1 6� 85 6.92 7 . 04 6 . 93 6 .91 6 . 87 6 .88 1 . 02 4 . 00 6 . 67 6 . 68 6 0 7 7 6 080 6 086 7 . 01 6 . 90 6 0 8 7 6 . 83 6 0 84 6 . 97 4 .50 6 . 64 6 . 65 6. 73 6 . 76 6 . 82 6. 98 s . 88 s . e4 s . eo 6 .. e2 6 . 93 5 . 00 6 . 62 6 . 6 2 6 . 7 1 6 .n 6 .so 6 . 97 6 . 87 6 .8 1 6 . 79 6 08 1 6 . 9 1 5 o 50 6 . 60 6 06 1 6 0 69 6 07 1 6 078 6 096 6 086 6 . 80 6 . 78 s . so 6 090 6. 00 6 . 60 6 . 6 1 6 068 a . 10 s .. 11 6 . 96 6 0 86 s . 80 6 078 6 .80 6 . 90

1 3 1 4

8 0533 8 0533 8 ,. 27 8 . 2 7 8 . 08 8 . 08 7 . 90 7 . 92 7 . 75 7 . 79 7 . 61 7 . 67 7 . 50 7 . 57 7 . 4 1 7 . 4 7 7. 32 7 . 38 7 . 1 8 7 . 2 5 7 . 07 7 . 1 8 7 . 01 7 . 13 6 .98 7 . 09 6 .96 7 . 07 6 .95 7 . 06 6 0 94 7 . 05 6 094 7 . 04

1•

I I

I

c:J I

t --- - --

a = ANGL E OF THE NEEDL E (3 = ANGLE OF THE NOZZL E DEGREE OF DIVERG ENCE = a - (3

I I

L,J I --1 : a , Li.J i L,j I

;::: :

-�

I I f

__ t

I I

I

I I

I /

/ /

/

/ /

/

I - - ---3>-i

F I G U R E 1 4

' ' ' ' - - - - -- ---7 --

/ /

/ /

/

/ /

/

/

/ /

/

/

/ /

/

I-­Lu -J 1--::::i C)

U N I T ED S TATES DEPA R T M E N T 01" TH E I N T E R I O R

B U R E A U 0 1" R E C L. A M A T I O N C E N T R A L VA L L E Y P R O J E C T - C A L I F O R N I A

FR I A N T D I V I S I O N F R / A N T D A M

T E S T S O F N E E D L E VA L VE S D E S C R I P T I O N O F

O U T L E T S E C T I O N O F NEEDL E VA LVE

ORAWN . . . f:. ,:;_, (,. .. . . . . . . S UBMITTED . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

TRACED . . ":·l:-·.�----t:t\ .RECOMMENDED • . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . • . .

CHECKED . • • . . , lj'-_l,V .APPROVED . . . . . • . . • . . • • • • • • . . .

DE NVER,COL.O. /0-/6- 4 0

cone s , fo rmi ng the out le t secti on , are de s cribe d by t heir a ngle rlt h the

axi s of the valve .

( c ) Angle � the nee dle, or a .

( d ) Angle of the no zzl� . or ..t. . ( e ) Convergi_n_t outlet se cti on . --Vlhe re a i s le s s than � . the outl-cl t

srict i on i s convergi ng .,

( f ) Parallel outle t secti on . - -�'. here a i s e qua l to r, t he outht a e c ­

ti on appear s to be paral lel . Actua lly , t he area of pa s s age i s oonvergi nr

because the direct ion of f low i s towar d s the apex of the cone s formi nr, the

outlet se oti on .

( g ) �erg_i� outht !2_.Cti op�_- -".':he re a i s greater than t the out let

secti on appe ar s to dhrerge , and a - t' i s c a lled t he degree of divergence .

Actually, divergence of passage ind i cat.� d by a - p may not exi st . Since

th"' d i rect ion of flow between t he cone s formi ng the outl.,t seotl on i s to­

ward the ir a pex , it i s pos si ble th.9.t t he pa s saee area be corv9rtinr al though

a - ;i appe ars to be divergi ne; . Divergence or convergence of pas sa ge wi l l

depend upon t he valve openine .

l3 o Pre s sure studie s o --To maint�in pos it ive pre s su re s in the val ve ,

the outle t section mus t be desi gned to keep t he c ontrol at. the fl.xi t . I t

wa s w ith thi s ob ject i n view tha t re commendati ons for valve des ign ware

mA de a fter studie s on t he 5-i nch VRlve a t Boul rler Dam were compl eted . The s e

wore , tr i e fly, to have a converg i ng outlet secti on , a eharp -ttdged nozz le

exi t , and the seat of the needl� on the cone porti on . V,i th s. convergi ng

outlet secti on, pressur e s were p o sit ive at A l l v� l ve openi ngs ( t� st s 2 -R to

7 and 11 to 14 , inc lusive ) . r1th a parallel out let se ct ion , pre s sure s were

al so poa i t l ve ( te s t lJ) . '11 1th a divergi ne: out.1st secti on they were nega-

tive at openinpi le ss t han 50 percent ( te st 8 ) . V, ith a dive rgence of 4 de •

Eree s , pre s su re s were neee.ti ve at opening s 1 "1 s s t hnn 10 pe rcent ( tA st 9 ) .

It was A.ppa.rent tha t the control wo uU be at the a:x:i t of a. converging

outlet s�ct ton e.nrl a.t the e xi t of a pa ra l lel secti on . However , \\ i th a. di ­

ve ri::i nr Recti on thi:, control was at the e xit at v.-i r!e va lva openi ng!\ but

36

. .

ups t ream fr om the exit at small valve openings , wi th re sulti ng negati ve

pre ssure s . If a valve �ere not to be ope rated at sma ll openings , a diver g­

i ng outlet s ecti on c ould be use d . To e.pproxi n,ate the cri ti cal opening

whe re p res sures change fr om pos i tive to ne gati ve wi th further closure of

the valve , i t i s only neces sary to comp are the area at the e xit wit h an

ares. a s hort di s tanc e upstream. The fact ors invo lved wi ll be a , � . the

needle travel , and the outle t d iameter . '?ii th 8 d e gree s di vergen ce ,

te s t 8 , thi s c ri t i cal open ing w a s calc ulat e d to be 43 percent , �hi c h agree s

with the test de.ta . 1\'i th 4 degrees divergence , te st 9 , the c r itical open­

i ng was approxirrii. tely 10 percent . Howeve r , at suc h a smell opening the

outle t passage was s o short tha t th e d i fference of areas was slitht . Ac­

cor di ngly , negati ve p re s sures were not severe .

In add i ti on to t he outlet s ect ion , as de scribed , the curvat ure of the

nee dle ups tre am from the see.t also c a.use d a reduct i on in pre s s ure and may

caus e advP,rse effects i f no fe c tor of safety i s use d i n selec t inf the di ffer­

E>nce between angles a and j3 . No tes t s were made to study the effects

cf thi s curvature . As long as the see.t of t he naedle i s on the c one por­

ti or: e.nd the c ur v·at ure i s s i mila r to the valve s tested , i t should not be

thf, cause o f trouble .

In connecti on with p re s su r·e studies i t i s well to note t he re lati on

of pre s sur e to he ad o Figure 12 B shows thi s relati on to be linear o Tests

of the 5-inch va l ve at Boulde r Da.m under he ad s of 500 feet show a linear

r� l at i on of pres sure to hea d i f all pres sure s in the valve s.re posit ive .

Howeve r , i f ne gative p re s s ure s are p resent i t. i i d iffi cul t to determine

the exact pre s sure-head rela ti onship o

1 4 . Di s che rge studi es . A pre s su re cri terion whi ch sele ct s a given

divergence or conve rgence of the outle t secti on d oe s n o t spec ify t he actual

values of a and p, but only the i r d ifference . Ther., fore , it follows that

the value s of a e.nd f may be sele cted so as to give a maxi :num coeff.i ci ent

of d i scha rge .

In compe. r ing the d i s chF r [e cof'lffi ci ent s basP-11 on the intake d ia� ter

of 9 . 875 inches ( 12 1-1/2 inche s prototype ) , it should be poi nted out tr� t

37

,.

the d i fferent valv e s d i d not have the sEur,e out l e t diameter nor the sa.me

needle travel . A s the se features dete rmined the s i z e o f t he valve , any

fa i r c omp ari s on shoulci be based on va lve s havi n g the same out l et di e 1119 ter

and nee dle t rave l . A s t he cont ro l of t he va lves we.� at the i r exi t , i t

fol l ows t hB t t he co effi ci �nt o f d i schs. rE;e , based o n the i ntake cU ameter ,

vP.r ieri d i re c t ly wit h the s qua re of the exit diameter . To find a rule

whi c h g overns c hange s of the ooe ffi oi ent wi th cha ng e s o f nee d le t rave l j)

the cur ve s of fieure 15 we re plotted . T he i nc reasen trave l of te sts 3 ,

5 , 7 , a.nd 14 wa. s obta.ine cl by len gtheni ng the valves o f te sts 2 -R , 4 , 6 ,

and 13 . T hus , the r e spective te z;it s fe l l on the same curves when plot ted

on the nee d le t rave l -di scha rge coe ffici e nt c oo rdinate s of figure 15 .

Plotted on l 0garithm1 0 ooo rd inate s , the coe ffici ent of di s charge was approx­

i mate ly proporti ona l to t he square root o f the ne edle t r�vel at va lve open­

ings great er than 2 . 5 i nc he s ( 60 per cent ) . T he dis cha r ge coe ffi ci ents were

cor rected to a valve havin g an outlet di ame ter of B . ioo i n ches and a nee d l e

trave l of 3 . 187 inches .

Di ffer�nt val ue s o f a , � . a - � . and t he coe ffi ci e nt of di s charge

r1re shown i n fi gure 1 6 and in t ha tabl e b e l ow. J.. s �xp lai ne d above , the

cH r, che. rre co e ffi ci ent s were ba sed on an int ake d iameter of 9 . 8 75 inohes

and cor rected to the s e lected nee d l e t ravel and outlet di ameter . Te st s

2 -R to 7 , inclusive , w ere reprA�en ted by test 4 , for t he i r d is cha rge coef-

fi c ient was t oo same whe n corrected to the se lecte d outle t d ia meter and

needle trave l . For the s a.me ree. son , t e sts 11 through 14 were repres ente d

by te s t 11 . Di verg;ence Corrected

Te st a, � . a - 1.l , di sche.rge No. de£;ree s de�ree s de�ree s c oe ffic i ent

4 37 40 -3 0. 424 8 45 37 8 Oo �74

45 41 4 0 . 462 1 0 41? 45 0 0 . 450 11 39 40 -1 0 . 439

The v al ve s of te st s 8 , 9, and 10 of constant a ( 45 degree s ) formed

a strai ght l i ne ( curve A , fi gure 1 6 ) . 4- s s umi ng t hat a. s imi lar relat ion ­

shi p would exi st for other angle s , curves B and C were dre.wn . T he re l-

38

,t

.

.1d·r0------ -'T'- -- --2c;-0�--�';c'--�3;c0--�3;c'-�4;c0--4'r5�____c;' 0

.0,1---- -----1-- -- --+- -- �-+-- -+----+- - -+ - -t---<

.60•1---------t------+-----+---+----+---+- -tl---<

FI G U R E 15

O.GOr,_,:,,j::::::======::::j:=====::i====::j::===j::::::==j::::::=::j::=::::j:==:::------------- -1------1----, I I _...F f�STS /3 AND /4 SLOPE = . 4 88

a.so

�OJ---- - ----1---- --+-----+-- -

�

......r""" .....-<_:_:1TESTS 6 AND 7 SLOPE 2 . 509 � TESTS 4 AND 5 SLOPE = . 509 � ESTS 2RAND .3 S LOPE : . 532 �·•t-- ----t--- -t--�l /-----;c/'!V'./" - I

•of----- ------!-- ---+ -- �-"' /4/ �A1

�(r j TESTS 13 ((>) AND !4(f,), ____ /...r �SSUMING SLOP£ ON L0GA-

.

(>>�' � .,,,-·'O' - ------ --1-�"'-y- � �.)A

c.+-----�

RITHM COORDINAT£S • 0.500 �I-Y "£575 G (o} AN

�

? (U) -J r DISCHARG[. VARIES WITH I ' ' ', D -1-- / }',A iiciu;,i<-i-iooi-oTrRAvcC· r---�---- - ', �"'-',....,::..--"'----°"'-�='--- -�

/ /8 B£TWE£N TH£5£ �

IMITS I

I � �y� .25

,/ /{?' i I v( 1,,..��/ ,1�- TESTS 4 (t:. ) A ND 5 (-,,_) i �

o.4o 1-- o/'"

f I I [ / �

1 -+--

1-----l

! =� , / I/</::::;� · ... ,m, ,a (o)a,o , (o)

� " / . I /,,>J� ' t,o- /v I/ ?7 ----- ___,

J __ ___,_----<

8 / / / I l :�-----,---Y/ / �11/ . -�

I!

-�:----,-,-�---i �/ / 0.20 f----- -- --+----- --1/---,''--,' ---f---- -----+---- --+----- -- -+---- - -t------,

:f< 1ft O. I O f---------\,<-_,,c,,c. ___ _ +-_____ --+ ______ -l---- - - ---l-- - -- -+-------l- -- - -- +- ----j

}� . I/

2 T RAVEL OF N E E D L E IN I N C H ES

' ---- -----�- - -�- �-

1 TRAVEL t I< ·-------------- >-,

NOTE. COEFFICIENTS FOR 20-FOOT HEA D OF WATER. MEASURED I DIA METER UPSTREAM FROM UPSTREAM

FLANGE OF VALVE. FOR VARIATION OF COEFFICIENTS WITH HEAD, SEE FIGURE 5 - A .

U N I T E D S T A T E S D E P A R T M E N T O F TH£ INTER j O R

BUREAU O F R E C L A M A T I O N CENTR A L VALLEY PROJECT- CALIFORNIA

F R I A N T D I V I S / ON

F R / A N T D A M TESTS OF N E ED L E VA LVES

TRAVEL OF N E E D L E V ER S U S C O E F FI C I E N T O F D I S C H A R G E

DRAWN _ F. �.� . SU B M I T T E D. RECOMIIE"!OEO TRACED P.L_ �· _ D.W. S.

CHECKED. � , .APPROVED l oENVER, COLORAOO, AUGUST e,1940

•

.. .., .

FI G U R E 1 6

w u

10

/ :�--: I \

·.j -1'\. \

' . r, I _ CORR£CT£D Co· FOR I

SHARP £DG£0 ORI FIG£ -� ' '\

I

I I

I - - N££0L£ ANGL£- C0£FFIC/£NT OF OISCHARG£ CURVE:

FOR o· DI V£RGENC£ i. e. a= ,(3 /S££ FIG. BELOW)

I I I I I \ : CURVE D I

� ,_ _ ---- -�--L- IL-- - - --- - - -- -

,<

I \ j' -- -- T£5T 8 (Q•45: /J • 37°)

I I ! f I )

l-,r,

'/ :· · · CURVE: a Ll_.-- c yRvE: t y

I l I

I I ,- -TEST 9 (o: •45� tJ • 4 1°)

I

I

90

80

70

- -- -60

50

<J)

uJ uJ a: "' uJ 0

2

uJ -' 0 uJ uJ 2

u. 0

uJ -' "' 2 <1

� 4 I --,...., ' '/ I I I

40 d "' a: w > 0

u. 0

w w a: 0 "' w 0

';l d -2

--�- - -

.i------ ' i : , : / ---- --T" I I

/ CURVE: c!/"J /

I j

f-'I I I J I I

/ I I

--t '<,- -a �v_ If

{ ___ // r:----J

J : l;f /4� l{r I ,, �

4;

���� I �1 t I .- - TEST 10 (C< -45� tJ •41°) . . I I I ., Y r J-4- -I t

•• !TEST 1 11

(0: • 3 9° /J -�o•) l ' I I ' I I

-f I I I I I I I - 01V£Rq£NC£ - CO£FF/C/£NT OF DISCHA RGE: CURVE:$

11 \�-TEST 4 (o: •37; /!•40°) : 'f I -4

CURVE: 6__:·· 7

-6 0.40

Q • ANGLE: OF N££DL£ (.3 , ANGLE: OF NOZZLE:

I

D£GR££ OF DIV£RG£NC£ • a - /3

/ 0 I

:

, ,

0.42

I

' "' ' ..J ,..., ,...,

0.44

'f I I I I

' I .. I

0.46

C O E F F I C I E N T O F D I S C H A R G E BASED O N 9 �a" I NTAKE DIA.

0.48 0.50

',, ] NOTE '1, S££ TEXT FOR EXPLANATION OF CURVE:$. i ',, ' ' ' ', : ', : ',, r ',,

',, 3:,3>----r-,.,,,

.,."'

/ ·;,L ouTLE:T DIA ., 8. 300"

/ (CONSTA N T)

U N / T E O S TA T E S D E PA R T M E N T O F THE INTER I O R

BUREAU OF R E C L A N A T I O N CE NTRA L VALLEY PROJECT- CALIFORNIA

F R / A N T D I V I S I O N F R / A N T D A M

30

IQ : :z I > ;z o : ;a

T ESTS OF N E E D L E: VA L V ES O U TL E T $ ECTI O N S VERSUS

C O E FFI C I E N T O F D I S C H A R G E I- t li-q: t : c::i: l&J : 141 V> : TRAVEL= J 187" lU>

,-r, - - -- --- - - ---·>l (CONSTA N T)

ORA'rllN . . . f-.C.-�-. . . . . . . . SU8/lf/TTEO . . .

TRACEO . . . � !-·�:-. F: ��- . . . . . ,: .RECOMMENOED . .

CHECKED . . _4,i_ APPROVEO . . DENVER, COLORADO. - J U L Y ll, /940.

•

la.tion between a and the coe f'fioient o f di scharge for zero d ivergenoe

was then drawn (curve D ) .

The points forming curve D were located by as suming curves B and C

as straight lines w ith the same slope a s curve A, inasmuch as the latter

was a strai ght line. Curve C ' show s that i f curves B and C did no t have

the same slope, curve D would still reta in the same general shape. To

set a lower limit for curve D it can be shov:n tmt as a and � approach

zero . the di scharge coefficient also approache s zero . To determ ine an

upper l imit, as a and p approach 90 degrees, the no z zle would become a

sharp-edged ori fice which he. s a d ischarge coefficient o f 0. 60 when un­

obstructed . By as suming that the obstruction caused by the needle would

be slight, thi s value , 0. 60, may be used to approximate the coefficient

o f a. ve lve l'ilving a - � • 90 degrees. As the value 0. 60 i s based upon

tM exit area. while the desired coe fficient must be based upon the inlet

area, in a.ocor dance wi th the defi nition o f the discharge co efficient given 2

in section 7, the correction 0.60 (a,3oo)2 • 0.426 was applied where ( 9. 876)

8. 300 i s the edt d i rum ter and 9. 875 i s the inlet diameter . The ooeffi -

oient. 0.425 , i s shown on ourve D for a • 90 degree s. Curve D i s only

an indicate d curve, and its actual shape mus t be found through additional

testso

Curve D i s important fo r it indi cates th at there i s a value o f 4

and p which w ill give a maximum coefficient o f di s charge fo r a valve o f

zero divergence . Si !nilar curves oa.n be found for any divergence o r con­

vergence desired. Thi s curve shows that the valve selected fo r the

Friant design do es not have an o ptimum coe ffio ient o f di schar ge, for the

coe ffici ent could b e increased by changing the angle s o f the needle and

the no zzle from 39 and 40 degrees to about 45 degrees without changing the

siz e o f the valve o The determination o f optimum value s of a and p sug­

gests future ne edle-valve tests, as the original object o f these tests

wa s to develo p a valve having po sitive pre s sures �nd at the same ti xre the

hi ghest po s sible co effic ient of d isch8 rge o

A di fferent appro ach might lead to the same co nclusions a s obtai ned

41

•

from ourve D by dete rmining the area o f pa s sage at the noz z le exit and

the area. o f t he Je t at it ! vena. contra.eta a s the values o f a and fl

change. As a and fl increase, the area of passage at the e xit increa se s ,

but the area. o f the jet a t the vena contracts. decr�Rses. There must be

some val ue o f a and p at which these oppo si ng facto r s a re bala.nced o

However, add iti onal te sts wo uld be ne cessary to tudy the dis cha rge oMr­

acteri Rtios o f the valve from th is approa ch.

C HAPI' ER IV - TUBE VALVE TESTS

15 . Tube valve models . Both the preliminary and the fina l tube

valve models had a sca le rat io of 1 : 18.33 whi ch was e stabli shed by using

a 6-inch appro ach conduit in the models as compared with the 110- inoh

proto type cond uits ( figure 1 7A ).

To have rea sonable simi li tude b etween the model and the p rototype ,

i t "A·e s expedient to measure the energy head one diameter up stream · from

the valve to eliminate the difference between the mode l and the prototype

losses in the approach conduit and to avoid pressure d isturbanoes oaused

by the valve. This was establi shed by needle -valve tests. It was also

neces sary to have a pro per velocit y di stri buti on o f flow approa ohing the

valve, this b ei ng obtained by using a straight brass pipe 14 feet long fo r

the approa ch o ondui t.

The model differed from the prototype in tha t the proto type condui t

was sloping whi le that o f the mo rtal was tested in a hori zontal positiono

By measuring the ene rg head near the valve , however , the data. obtained

in the se test s i s appli cable to any valve regardless o f the alinemen t or

leng th of i ts approa.oh condui t .

The testing pro cedure was to record the pressures and di s cha rge fo r

heads ranging from 4 to 30 feet ( 70 to 550 feet , pro totype) , and for valve

openings ranging from 15 to 100 percent. 'Ihe pre s sures thro ugh the valve

were obtai ned from piezometers lo ce.ted as shown in figure 17 A , and th8

di s charge was measured over a. V-notched weir .

1 6 . The p£eliminary test. Hydrauli c model studie s on needle and

42

tube valve s for the outlet s at Fri ant Dam and on tub e val ve s for out lets

at She. sta Dam were commence d at about the s ame t ime . Model studies on

• the tube valve s at Sha sta De.m a re de scribed in the repor t " Hydraulic

Studie s for the De sign of the Tube Valve s in the Outlets in Shasta Dam"

J by D . J . Hebert , A s s ociate Enei nee r . The tube valve s at Shasta and Friant

d8.lll8 co uld not be designe d from t he same model s tudie s because the Sha sta

valve s are to be placed in the c onduit near the entrance , whi l e the Friant

va lve s are to be p l ace d at the e xit end of the conduit . Neve rthe le s s , the

pre liminary te st o f the Friant tube valve was made with a Shasta model by

removing al l o f the conduit dOYmstree.m from the valve so t hat it would di s ­

cha rge freely into t h� atmo spre re . The te st w a s des cribe d a s te st 7 in the

report " Hydraulic Model Studies for the De sign of the Tube Valve s in the

Out lets i n Shasta. Da.o."

Thi s Shasta va lve ha d a curved noz zle exi t, s lightly dive rging , whi ch

onuse<l negati ve pre s sure s on the noz zle ne ar the exit. To e.void thi s oon­

di tion for the Fri ant te sta , a sha rp-edged exit was used which suc oe s s ful ly

elimi nated the negative p re s sur e s on the noz zl e , but it reduced the e rl t

area 30 percent and ltJWere d the coe ffi ci ent o f d i scharge ( figure 1 7 ) .

A l though the sharp-edged e xit e limina ted ne gative pre s s ure s on the

noz z le , ne gative pre s sure s deve l�ped on the lip of the tube at openings

le s s than 50 pe rcent (pie z ome ter A ) . This l ip was shaped so a s to cause

a. d ive rgence i n the pa s s age between. the lip of the tube and the body of the

valve , and this c onditi on was assuJ1B d to be the cause o f the negati ve pre s ­

sure s .

Another functi on o f th e pre li minary test was to observe the f o rm o f

the jet a t various val ve open ings. A t wi de openings , a solid jet was

fo� d , but a s the valve c l o se d the d iameter of the jet became smaller

unt il , at approxi mate ly 15 per cent open or le s s , the jet di sintegrated and

forme d cons ide rable s pray . Such spray wou l d be unde sirable at most pro­

totype structure s ; so the use of a tube va lve should be limi te d to l arger

val ve openings . T he form of the jet appeared to b ear a direct relation to

the pr e s sure s in side the tube , for when a so l ij je t was being e j ectAd the

44

..

•

• J

tube was full of water under pres sure , As the valve clo sed , the pressure

inside the tube was reduced, and when the valve was 15 peroent open the

pressure became slightly negative so that the tube filled with a ir in­

stead of water. the air apparent ly causing the jet to dis integrate •

17 . The final design . The Frl a.nt tube valves were des igned s imilar

to the adjacent needle valves iri the river and the Friant-Kern canal out­

lets, s ince they were oonneoted to the s ame size conduits and operated under

the s � heads , To maintain po s itive pressures in the tube valve, a sharp­

edged noz zle exit was used, but no d ivergence was permitted in the pas sage

between · the lip of the tube and the no zzle such as o ccur red in the prelimi­

nary test . As a result . positive pre s sures were reco rded. in the valve

thro ugh the enti re range of heads a.nd valve o penings.

The eha re.cteri st ics o f t he jet were simi l ar to those of the preliminary

tube valves since the jet ca.used sp ray at smell valve openings, in thi s oase

openings of les s than 30 perosnt as compared to 15 percent in the preliminary

test. The spray cond ition was easier to observe on the final des ign because

the jet formed a mo re regular pattern w ith le ss di B integrat ion. At emall

valve ope nings the tube was :fi lled with air and the pressure inside was slightly

negative, as o bserved dur ing the preliminary test ; but i t was f\lrther ob served

that the jet formed a hollow oone with its base at the noz z le. At the apex "' of this c one, appro xi mately one diameter downstream , tpe impact of the water

was un�alanced, ca.u s ing the jet to f lutter and disintegrate into spray.

Although the operation of the tube valve under these cond itions was

not des irable at o pen ings of less than 30 percent, it was antic ipated that

such operation me.y be necessary in an emergenoy, in whi ch case the negati ve

pressure s inside the tube should be eliminated, It was proposed that they

be relieved by aeration, but th i s was found to be unnecessary. since air

bro ke through the walls of the cone-shaped part of the jet, reliev ing the

negative pre s sures and making the tube self-aerat ing (piezometer ins ide the

tube) •

· A test was oonduoted to determine the tendency fo r the tube to v i­

brate. To do this, a loo se ly f itting tube was installed and the valve was

45.

•

• f I

operated at several heads and openings. Sinoe no vibrations were apparent ,

a wei ��t was then adde r} t o the insi de of the tube to thrOR i t off balanc e ,

but no vibrations occurred. It was concluded that the. mo del tube valve

was fr�e from vibration, but it is impoz sib le from this test to state that

<I no vibrati on wi l l occur in the prototype tube vB.lve . f--

•

The coefficient o f d i s oha rge o f the tube valve of the final de s i gn

was 0 .51, whi ch does not co mpare too favorably wit h the coeffici ent o f the

needle valves which was 0 . 59 ( fi gure 17 B ) . In future desi gns o f t ube va l ve s •

the coefficient co uld be improved by increasing the exit diameter a sme.11

amount and by s hortening the lip of the tube, s uch revisions being checked

by mo del tests. The limit o f the latter revision would be to out off the

lip at i�s point of seat. This would have the same effect upon increasing

the travel of the tube and is substantiated from tests whioh showed that

the o oeffiolent of di scha.rge could be inoreased by increasing the travel o f

the needle . A po ssible d i sadvantage of increas ing the coefficient o f dis-

charge of the tube valve would be a reduction in the range of regulati on o

This 'l'Ja s ind icated from co mparing the prelimina ry and the final valve s , the

forroor having a l)wer ooeffi oient but a greater range of regulati on.

F . C . Lowe

46

� <

• •

•

�

a: W 15 .... ' " u. 10 0 .... w :::' 5 z w Q: 0 ::, <I) <I) w

\

Q: -5 11. 0

-\ '

--

a: }:!20

t5 15

t;:; w u. 10 � w § 5 <I) <I) l:! 0

' -- ·� .... , ... ,.

.,--50% I :S%•· 00%·"

..,.

....... _ _ga,......... 40 60 VALVE OPENING IN PERC E N T

T E S T

' '\ I ,,

I

I \ 1""'-� � I

I µ·�

80 100

P R E S S U R E

A P R E S S U R E

� 8 'f'

�!.:;!:&- Piezometer locations

-...

' J' J

·-8 c:, s:i ' ,.CJ - \,. I � Q,) I.C � l -q,_ � � "5 1 � § lr'I :S I

� l ·� .

- -1,J ,0 ,,.,-,--L,_

... . ' -'--.

�-,oo� N

P R E S S U R E C O N D I T I O N S O N N O Z Z L E

w20 .... " 3: u. 15 0

m l) I I

I I

� w Q: 5 ::, <I) <I) w Q: 0 11. 0

C O N D I T I O N S ON VA L V E I N T E R I O R

C O N D I T I O N S FOR VA L V E T E S TS

20 40 60 VALVE OPEN I NG IN PERCENT

T E S T 2

80

1 i I Q I '-' 1 1;!

: � I-""

I

� ;\.

100

Q: w .... " 3

.... w w u.

l 40

l 30

� 20

0 " w :c

) 1 0

0

F I G U R E 17

C

I<> '

Friont needle valve Final design

(See figure IJ) · · · · · - · - -�

Test I - ·· -. .. , 0

L,.- - - ---Test 2

0

. 0

0.50 0.5 � 0.60

COEFFICIENT OF DISC H A R G E BASED O N C 0 = _g_ A-v'2QH H = Total head in feet - I dia. upstream from

ups treom flange of valve. ( At "H") Q = Discharge in cubic feet per second. A = Areo ot point where H is measured.

B. COEFFICIENTS OF DISCHARGE FOR 100 PERCENT OPEN ING

l--- --,. , 1 vt : rc--2g = hp � - -{---:x: ::i,. .... .c: ;:: " � �

r·· · · · · ·PfEZOMUER AT H � · ·;B �-�--t=

D E F I N I T I O N O F H E A D I ·In Figure 17A the total heod, (hv+ hp) In al l

cases , was 20 feet of water. 2 · Valve openings were measured in percent

of travel af the tube.

U N I T E D , rA r £ , 0£PAR TIA£N T OF THE INT£1flOR

fJUREAU OF R f" C L A MA T I O N CEIVTRA L VAL L E Y PROJECT·CALIFORIVIA

FR f A N T D I V I S ION

F R / A N T D A M •TESTS OF TUBE VA LVES

PRESS U R E AND D I S C H A R G E D A TA TES TS I A ND 2

Ol?AWN . . i'!·.R: 5_-,

TRACED -/·.C.· Y..-.J.-r..,:

CHECKED.

SUBMITTED.

. R£COMM£N0£0.

•. APPROVED.

OENV�lf, COLOltADO -