Outline of History of Notable Persons

September 3, 2014

SOCI>History>Notable_Persons

Menes

pharaoh

Egypt

-3100 to -3000

He was king in south Egypt and united north (Lower Egypt) and south (Upper Egypt), beginning the 1st Dynasty. He

founded Memphis as capital in Lower Egypt. The pharaoh became like god.

An Duong [Duong, An]

king

Vietnam

-3000 to -2000

He founded Au Viet dynasty.

Gilgamesh

king

Uruk, Iraq

-2700

Uruk is in Iraq.

Imhotep

architect/physician

Saqqara, Egypt

-2650

Pyramid of King Zoser [-2650: first step pyramid that used cut stones]

He lived -2635 to -2595, multiplied using times-two table, and built pyramid. Egyptian Old Kingdom 3rd Dynasty

pyramids had temples, palaces, and tombs {funerary district}. Palaces had fluted columns.

Cheops or Khufu

pharaoh

Egypt

-2500

He founded IV Dynasty and built Great Pyramid at Giza.

Sargon I

emperor

Akkad

-2400 to -2350

He began Akkadian or Old Assyrian Empire by conquering Sumer city-states in south Mesopotamia.

Gudea

king

Lagash, Iraq

-2100

He and his son ruled Amorites or Gutians.

Sanskrit

language

Pakistan

-2000

Languages {Sanskrit language} began 4000 years ago in Pakistan.

Semiramis or Semiramide or Shamiram

queen

Babylonia/Assyria

-2000 to -800

In legends, she associated with king Ninus, legendary founder of Nineveh. Perhaps, she was Shammuramat of Babylon,

wife of Shamshi-Adad V [-811 to -808].

Hammurabi

king/lawgiver

Babylonia

-1792 to -1750

Code of Hammurabi [-1792: first law code]

He lived -1792 to -1750. He started First Babylonian Empire. He conquered Sumer and Akkad. His capital was at

Babylon. By myth, Sun god gave laws to Hammurabi. Code of Hammurabi first codified existing laws. 282 articles

were about wages, fees, divorces, slaves, and practical affairs. Code had first law of maximum retaliation, limiting

revenge to no more than original harm.

Ahmes

mathematician

Fayum, Egypt

-1650

Rhind papyrus or Ahmes Papyrus [-1650]

He lived -1680 to -1620, solved practical architecture problems, calculated astronomical events, and used simple

interest, compound interest, principal, and rate. Multiplication is repeated doubling, and division is repeated halving.

Mursilis I

king

Babylon

-1595

As Hittite king, he took Babylon.

Ahmose I

pharaoh

Thebes, Egypt

-1554

He defeated Hyskos and started New Kingdom. He took Nubia and Canaan, Palestine.

Minos

king

Knossos, Crete

-1500

Cretan civilization had boxing, bull leaping, hunting, musicians, dancers, and board games.

Abraham

patriarch

Palestine

-1500 to -1200

The Bible tells that he started Judaism.

Hatsheput

queen

Egypt

-1490 to -1458

She lived ? to -1458 and was of XVIII dynasty. She was Thutmose I's eldest daughter. Her half-brother Thutmose II

married her and was pharaoh [-1495 to -1490], and then she was regent to Thutmose III. She became pharaoh [-1479 to

-1458]. She built temple at Deir el-Bahari in Thebes.

Thotmes III

king

Egypt

-1481 to -1446

After Queen Hatsheput had become pharaoh, Thotmes III conquered to Euphrates River and Levant, including south

Canaan, Syria, and Palestine, but not Mitanni in east Syria and north Mesopotamia.

Amenhotep III

pharaoh

Egypt

-1411 to -1375

In 18th Dynasty, empire was at maximum size. Thebes was capital. His statues are at Thebes and are Colossi of

Memnon. Memnon was an Ethiopian hero of the Greeks.

Sin-leqi-unninni

priest

Sumer

-1400

Epic of Gilgamesh [-1400: contains flood story]

He revised previous version [-1600]. Gilgamesh was ruler of Uruk.

Parasara

poet/philosopher

Karnataka, India

-1391 to -575

Great Discourses on Astrology by Parasara [-1391 to -575: in the Rig-veda]; Institutes of Parasara [-1391 to -575: in

the Rig-veda]

In Vedas, he was Vyasa's father, was Kapila's student, received Vishnu Purana from Pulastya, taught Maitreya, and

wrote Dharmasastra about law.

Suppiluliumas I

king

Mesopotamia

-1380

He became Hittite king.

Iknaton or Amenhotep IV or Akhnaton

pharaoh

el-Amarna, Egypt

-1375 to -1358

Hymn to the Sun

He tried to institute monotheism based on the god of the Sun {Aton}. Sun-god temple was at the new capital Amarna or

Tel-el-Amarna, 300 miles south of Thebes. He changed Egyptian life drastically. The priests of Amon opposed him. He

had bad economy and lost all foreign lands. His queen was Nefertiti or Nefretete.

Tutankhamon

pharaoh

Egypt

-1355

He restored polytheistic religion. Thebes became capital again.

Lagadha

astronomer

India

-1350

Vedic Text on Light [-1350: Vedic astronomy]

He described Sun and Moon motions.

Moses or Móshe

leader/lawgiver

Egypt/Canaan

-1300

Ten Commandments [-1300: ten legal prohibitions]

He lived -1392 to -1272, stated Mosaic Law, and codified criminal law. The Bible tells that he received the Ten

Commandments and that he was Hebrew leader before Joshua.

Ramses II

pharaoh

Egypt

-1292 to -1225

In 19th Dynasty, he fought Hittites. Empire went from fourth cataract of Nile River to Syria. Temples were at Karnak,

Thebes, and Abu-Simbel.

Muwattalis

king

Syria

-1285

As Hittite king, he lost to Ramses II but kept north Syria.

Ramses III

pharaoh

Egypt

-1198 to -1167

In 20th Dynasty, he fought Syria and Libya, reunited kingdom, and lived in luxury with the nobles. Harem intrigue

killed him.

Saul

king

Israel

-1012 to -1006

He became first king of Israel, was first defeated by Philistines, and then defeated them.

David

king/poet

Israel

-1012 to -990

Psalms [-1012 to -990]

He defeated Philistines, conquered all of Canaan, and unified Hebrews. Jerusalem was capital. In the Bible, he fought

the giant Goliath for Saul, became king of Israel after Saul, loved Bathsheba, and wrote Psalms.

Yaska

philosopher

Gandhara (Kandahar), India

-1000 to 1

Vedic Grammar or Etymologies [-1000 to 1: commentary on Nighantu, the Rig-veda glossary]

He was Scholiast. Vedas are spiritual knowledge, mythology, and Yajna Mantras (Ritual Mantras). Deva means donor,

luminous, and heaven resident {Dyusthan}. Devas are Agni in earth, Vayu or Indra in sky, and Surya (Sun) in heaven.

Solomon

king

Israel

-967 to -935

Aramaic Edomites became independent. He rebuilt Jerusalem.

Adadnirari II

king

Assyria

-911 to -891

He started late Assyrian civilization.

Yajnavalkya

philosopher/astronomer

Mithila, Nepal

-900 to -800

Upanishads or Near Down Sit or Sitting down near guru [-900 to -800: commentary on Veda theory is in Vedanta and

has 108 conversations among masters and disciples]; Yajnavalkya [-900 to -800]

He wrote most Upanishads. His disciples were Gargi Vacaknavi and Vidagdha Shakalya.

Hindu texts can be about guru's teaching to disciple {upanishad, guru}. Upanishads are part of the Hindu Shruti

(Revealed) scriptures and are about meditation and philosophy. Veda Brahmana or Aranyaka added older Upanishads.

Recent Upanishads were separate.

Manu, Brihaspati, Ayasya and Narada are Vedic sages in Upanishads. Yajnavalkya is in most Upanishads. He taught

negating thoughts {neti-neti} to reach truth. Uddalaka Aruni, Shwetaketu, Shandilya, Aitareya, Pippalada, and Sanat

Kumara are other sages in Upanishads.

The oldest and longest conversation is Brihad Aranyaka Upanishad or Great and Secret Teachings of the Forest, about

world and humans. Manukya Upanishad is about "silence" {manukya} and the syllable OM. The Upanishads include

Questions, Lord, and By Whom?

Upanishads use metaphors, such as metaphor of the chariot and metaphor of two birds on one tree. 95-year cycles

synchronize Sun and Moon cycles. Yajna means sacrifice.

Lycurgus

founder/lawgiver

Sparta, Greece

-885 to -825

Rhetras or Constitution of Sparta [-825: harsh and strict law]

He lived -885 and -825, reformed constitution to create the harsh Spartan way, and founded military oligarchy with

harsh laws.

Omri

king

Israel

-878 to -871

Samaria was capital.

Ahab

king

Israel

-871 to -852

He married the Phoenician Jezebel, so Baal became worshiped, not Yahweh. The prophet Elijah was against him.

Jehu

king

Israel

-871 to -852

Elijah helped him, and he restored worship of Yahweh.

Ashurnasirpal III

emperor

Mesopotamia

-850

He began New Assyrian Empire by conquering to Mediterranean.

Homer

poet

Chios, Greece

-850

Iliad [-850]; Odyssey [-850]

He lived -900 to -850 and described ancient Greek laws. George Chapman translated [1611 to 1616].

Athaliah

king

Judaea

-845 to -839

Kingdom of Judah worshiped Baal, not Yahweh. He killed descendants of former kings.

Parsvanatha

philosopher

India

-820 to -772

He lived -872 to -772 and was the 23rd Jainist saint.

Shalmaneser III

emperor

Mesopotamia

-800

New Assyrian Empire took Syria and Palestine.

Baudhayana

writer/Vedic priest/craftsman

India

-770 to -750

Discourses on Altar Construction [-770 to -750: about altar construction]

He lived -800 to -740 and wrote book about altar construction {Sulbasutra}, which required pi and square root of two

and constructed circles from rectangles and squares from circles.

Romulus

founder

Rome, Italy

-753 to -716

By legend, he founded Rome.

Tiglath Pileser III

emperor

Mesopotamia

-750

New Assyrian Empire took Babylonia, Media, and Syria.

Hezekiah

king

Judaea

-725 to -697

He was king of Judah.

Sargon II

emperor

Assyria

-722 to -705

New Assyrian Empire took Samaria [-722], Carcemish, Babylon, and west Kurdistan. He built Khorsabad as capital.

He conquered Israel [-720].

Manava

Vedic priest/craftsman

India

-720

Discourses on Altar Construction [-720: about altar construction]

He lived -750 to -690 and constructed circles from rectangles and squares from circles.

Numa Pompilius

king

Rome, Italy

-715 to -673

He was legendary peaceful king.

Sennacherib

emperor

Assyria

-705 to -681

New Assyrian Empire destroyed Babylon [-689]. He also defeated Egypt [-690], Cyprus, Cilicia, and Syria and exacted

tribute from Jerusalem. He built capital at Nineveh.

Hesiod

poet

Greece

-700

Theogony or Genealogy of the Gods [-700]; Works and Days [-700: didactic poetry]

He lived 730 to ? and was from Boeotia.

Necho I or Nekhao Memkheperre

king

Egypt

-690 to -664

He lived -710 to -664.

Esar-Haddon

emperor

Mesopotamia/Egypt

-680 to -669

New Assyrian Empire defeated Chaldeans and took control in Egypt [-673 to -670].

Ashurbanipal or Sardanapalus or Asnapper

emperor

Assyria

-668 to -626

He took Elam [-646] and destroyed Thebes, Egypt. New Assyrian Empire was at height of learning, art, and power. He

had famous library.

Zaleucus of Locri

lawgiver

Greece

-664

law code [-664]

He published first Greek law code.

Psamtik

king

Egypt

-663 to -609

He lived -684 to -610, started Saite Dynasty, and took Syrtis and Cyrene in Libya and Salamis in Cyprus.

Nitocris

queen

Egypt

-660 to -656

She lived -686 to -656.

Zoroaster or Zarathustra

philosopher/lawgiver

Persia

-630 to -583

Avesta or Commentary [-630: 21 parts have five books or bathas. Yasma contains hymns, including Gathas. Yashts

contains songs. Vesprat contains prayers. Videvdat or Vendidad contains myths and laws, including story of King Jam

or Jamshid. Khordeh Avesta contains prayers and praying]; Gathas or Hymns [-588: poems and songs]

He lived -660 to -583, received knowledge on Mountain of Holy Conversations, and codified laws. He converted

Vishtaspa, a northeast-Iran king. Someone killed him, but his son-in-law, Jamespa, preserved his sayings in the Avesta,

Zoroastrian scripture. Zand is Avesta comments. Zarathushtra composed the 18 poems of Gathas, the oldest Avesta

part, and Yasna Haptanghaiti or Seven-Chapter Sermon. By myth, the god Ahura Mazda gave him the law.

Nabopolassar

king

Babylonia

-626 to -605

He was Chaldean, conquered Assyria at Nineveh [-612], and started New Babylonian Empire. His son,

Nebuchadnezzar II, defeated Egyptians at Carchemish, Syria [-605].

Draco or Dracon

lawgiver

Athens, Greece

-621 to -620

law code [-621]

He gave more people right to vote, eliminated personal revenge, published a harsh criminal code prescribing death

penalty for most crimes, and set property rights that favored upper class.

Tarquin or Tarquinius Priscus or Tarquin the Elder or Tarquin I

king

Rome, Italy

-616 to -579

He was Etruscan.

Necho II

king

Egypt

-609 to -561

He lived -630 to -561. Saite Dynasty rebuilt canal from Nile to Arabian Gulf. He defeated Assyrians [-609]. He lost to

Babylonians [-588].

Jimmu Tenno or Kamuyamato Iwarebiko

emperor

Japan

-607

He founded Japan and explored Inland Sea [-607] from Hyuga to Yamato.

Nebuchadnezzar or Nebuchadnezzar II

king

Babylonia

-605 to -562

He lived -630 to -562. Second Babylonian Empire defeated Egypt under Necho [-588]. It then defeated revolt in Judah

[-587 to -586] and took Jews into captivity in Babylon (Babylonian Captivity). It also conquered Elam and

Achaemenids. He rebuilt temple to Marduk and enlarged Tower of Babel.

Brihaspati or Brhaspati or Charu

philosopher

India

-600

Discourses on Lokayata [-600]

Traditionally, founded Carvaka, Charvaka, Lokayata, Laukayatikas, or Lokayatikas School of materialism, a non-Vedic

atheistic system. Sense gratification is good.

Kanada

philosopher

India

-600

He founded Vaisesika and set rules for Hindu living under caste system. Castes were saint or sage {mahatma, caste},

priest {brahmin, caste}, noble {ksatriya, caste} {khathruja, caste}, merchant {vaisya, caste}, worker {sudra, caste}, and

person with no caste {harajan, caste} {pariah, caste} {outcast, caste}, whom no one should touch {untouchable, caste}.

Aesop

storyteller

Greece

-600 to -560

Aesop's Fables [-600 to -560: more than 500 stories about animals or people with morals]; Androcles and the Lion; Fox

and the Grapes; Lion And His Councilors; Goose That Laid A Golden Egg; Oak And The Reeds; Boy Who Cried

Wolf; Wolf and the Lamb; Lion and the Hare; Lion and the Mouse; Stargazer or The Astronomer

He lived -620 to -560.

Indrabhuti

philosopher

Uddiyah (Swat Valley), Pakistan

-600 to -500

Establishing Deep Awareness [-600 to -500: about Buddhist School of the Great Delight]

Solon

lawgiver

Athens, Greece

-594

ordinances [-594]

He lived -638 to -558 and codified laws that protected peasant lands from merchants, opened assembly to all free men,

gave power to assembly, and created Council of the Four Hundred as trial jury [-594].

Demiurgoi selected Solon to reform law and to be dictator and forced eupatrids to approve. Solon declared amnesty,

abolished all Draco's laws except for murder, and codified Greek law. Athenians had to take oaths not to alter his laws

for 100 years, and his laws held for 50 years.

He established plutocracy. He reordered social classes based on property and taxed them accordingly. Social classes,

from highest to lowest, were eligible for fewer and fewer offices.

He kept Council of Areopagus but reduced its powers. He gave assembly {ekklesia} power to elect the nine governors

{archon}. He created council {boule, council} of 400 people, one hundred from each Attic tribe, to bring legislation

before assembly.

He devalued currency and reduced or eliminated all debts. He freed citizens enslaved through debt and bought back

citizens sold to foreigners. He ended making debtors slaves. He limited land owned by one person.

He allowed citizens to indict any person. He allowed citizens to be on juries.

He allowed man who had no sons to make will.

He held state responsible to educate sons of men killed in battle.

He legalized prostitution. He closely regulated behavior of women and conduct in society.

Ezekiel

priest

Chaldea

-592

Ezekiel [-592]

The Bible says that he saw wheel in the air and was prophet.

Sappho

poet

Greece

-590 to -570

Hymn to Aphrodite [-590 to -570: in Sapphic metric form, Fragment 1]; Anaktoria [-590 to -570: Fragment 16];

Tithonus [-590 to -570: Fragment 58]

She lived -610 to -570 and was lyric poet.

Anaximander

philosopher

Miletus, Ionia

-590 to -560

On Nature [-590 to -560]

He lived -610 to -550 and was of Milesian School. Infinite, living intelligence {apeiron} transforms itself to make all

things. Universe is always in motion.

Thales of Miletus

philosopher/mathematician/physicist

Miletus, Ionia

-590 to -560

On the Solstice [-590 to -560]; On the Equinox [-590 to -560]; Nautical Star Guide [-590 to -560]

He lived -624 to -547, described Babylonian geometry for calculating heights and distances, was first known Western

philosopher and scientist, and began Milesian School (Ionian School). He founded Greek geometry, astronomy, and

philosophy. He formalized empirical measuring techniques by making axioms and proving theorems. He studied static

electricity.

Epistemology

Experience and thought are different. Experience can be illusory or ambiguous, because objects are too small, sense

organs are faulty, or people perceive something that is not there. Thought can be opinion or fact.

Metaphysics

Water is common principle of universe.

Pherecydes of Syrus

poet/philosopher

Asia Minor

-586

Hymn to Jupiter [-586]; Theology [-586]

He was lyric and gnomic poet.

Hanno

admiral

Carthage, Tunisia

-580 to -550

He sailed along West African coast from Carthage. He founded settlement in Morocco [-550].

Servius Tullius [Tullius, Servius]

king

Rome, Italy

-578 to -535

He built wall around city.

Phaidimos

sculptor

Athens, Greece

-570 to -560

Calf-Bearer or Moschophoros [-570 to -560: Greek Archaic painted sculpture]

It was on Acropolis.

Smilis

sculptor

Samos, Ionia

-565

Hera [-565: Greek Archaic painted wood sculpture]

Smilis was Daedalus' student. Perhaps, Isches of Ionia commissioned it. Samos is Pythagoreion in Asia Minor.

Pisistratus

tyrant

Athens, Greece

-561 to -527

He lived -600 to -527. He seized power after unrest caused by nobles dissatisfied with Solon's laws [-561]. He ruled

during prosperity and decreased upper-class power.

Croesus

king

Lydia

-560 to -546

He lived -595 to -546. Lydia included Pisidia and Lycia in southwest Asia Minor and was at maximum power and

wealth. He resisted Medes. He ruled until overthrown by Persia under Cyrus the Great.

Cyrus II or Cyrus the Great

king

Persia

-557 to -529

He lived -600 to -529, founded Persian Empire, and captured Babylon [-539]. He freed Jews. His capital was at

Pasargadae. He established Achaemenid Dynasty and Persian Empire and conquered Medea [-549], Lydia, Babylonia,

and Egypt [-525]. He restored Jews to Palestine and rebuilt temple for third time. He respected local customs and

governments and only wanted tribute. He tried to take Hindu Kush but Scythians killed him [-529].

Apastamba

writer/Vedic priest/craftsman

India

-550

Discourses on Altar Construction [-570: about altar construction]; Discourses on Higher Thought [-550: Vedic-school

social, ritual, and religious dharmas]

He lived -600 to -540 and solved general linear equation.

Kapila

philosopher

India/Nepal

-550

Samkhya Sutras or Discourses on Samkhya [-550]

He founded Samkhya.

Exekias

painter

Athens, Greece

-550 to -525

Ship of Dionysius [-530: Greek Archaic decorated pottery with black figures]

He decorated amphora.

Purana Kassapa [Kassapa, Purana]

philosopher

India

-550 to -500

He helped develop the Ajivikai system.

Akshapada or Gautama Rishi [Rishi, Gautama] or Dirghatapas

philosopher

India

-550 to -450

Discourses on Nyaya [-550 to -450: about Nyaya]

He started Nyaya and was logician.

Anaximenes

philosopher

Miletus, Ionia

-540 to -510

He lived -570 to -500 and was of Milesian School. Universe is air at different densities.

Pythagoras

philosopher

Samos, Ionia/Crotona, Italy

-540 to -500

He lived -569 to -475, founded Pythagorean School, and studied harmony in music. He developed Pythagorean

theorem, quadratic equation, powers, and roots.

Pythagorean symbol is pentagon with star inscribed, with pentagon inscribed, and so on. Diagonals split in golden ratio.

Epistemology

Soul or mind harmonizes body and has inherently moving elements, as do other body parts, such as blood. Souls

transmigrate from body to body.

Thought is deduction using logic and number. Knowledge is about mathematics and numbers. Truth known by mind is

the same for all people, because they have the same mind elements, but opinion is individual, because bodies mix

different elements.

Perception is imperfect, because it is about the physical world, which is only a copy of the true world. Sensory

knowledge comes when moving object elements enter body and meet moving body elements. Like, or opposite,

moving elements join, or recognize, each other. Only like or opposite can perceive object.

Metaphysics

Universe has order through numbers, which express all relationships. Universe has ten opposites.

Thespis

poet

Greece

-536 to -534

Games of Pelias or Phorbas [-536 to -534]; Priests [-536 to -534]; Youths [-536 to -534]; Pentheus [-536 to -534]

He lived -560 to -525 and was first known tragic actor, who spoke his own verse as character in festival.

Siddhartha Gautama or Buddha

religion founder

India

-534 to -483

He lived -563 to -483. He is also Buddha {Enlightened One} {Awakened One}, Arahat (conqueror or worthy one),

Siddhartha (accomplisher of aim), Tathagata (arriver at truth), and Sakyamuni or Shakyamuni {silent sage of the

Sakyas}. He had ten major disciples.

He was wealthy during youth, but he left his easy life at 29 [-534] to see the world and encountered sick man, old

pauper, and dead man. His Great Renunciation of luxury was at Kapilavastu [-534]. He began to search for the meaning

of life and found enlightenment by understanding source of suffering. He had Great Struggle to find knowledge.

According to Buddhism, while under the Bo tree at Gaya or Uruvela, Kama-Mara, god of desire and death, tempted

him but did not affect him. He completely introverted. He stayed seven days and nights under the tree and then moved

to new tree and stayed there seven days and nights. He experienced the Great Awakening and became the Buddha [-

538]. He felt state of nothingness with no individualness and total mystical knowledge {nirvana, Buddha}. He repeated

this five more times. When he again saw the world, he realized that what he had experienced was beyond speech. He

felt to talk about it was vain. According to Buddhism, Brahman, the Creator, implored him to teach all creation, awaken

it from the dream of life, and show it the Path, though few can take it. He proclaimed his doctrine at Sarnath and died at

Kusinagara [-483].

He advocated ascetic life, with no rituals, no castes, and no gods. He did not claim to be god, but his followers

worshipped him.

Pythagoras

mathematician

Greece

-530

He lived -580 or -569 to -500 and invented gnomon and Pythagorean theorem. He used similar figures, proportions,

Pythagorean triples, Golden Ratio, Golden Section, and Golden Rectangle, and triangular, square, perfect, amicable,

and prime numbers.

Anacreon

poet

Greece

-530 to -500

Accompt [-530 to -500]; Age [-530 to -500]; Beauty [-530 to -500]; Grasshopper [-530 to -500]; Picture [-530 to -500];

Spring [-530 to -500]; Vintage [-530 to -500]; Wish [-530 to -500]

He lived -563 to -478 and wrote poetry about wine and women {anacreonic poetry, Anacreon}. Thomas Moore

translated the Odes [1801].

Maskarin Gosala [Gosala, Maskarin] or Gosalikaputra or Makkhali Gosala [Gosala, Makkhali] or Gosala

Mamkhaliputta

philosopher

India

-530 to -500

He lived ? to -500 and developed the Ajivikai system, which is similar to Jainism and is non-Vedic. Ajivika are

followers of Gosala [-485]. Ajivika ended [1300].

Xenophanes of Colophon

philosopher

Colophon, Greece

-530 to -500

On Nature [-530 to -500]

He lived -560 to -470. He believed in one god, which was not a person but was god-like and reasonable. People can

only know their experience but can form opinions about other ideas.

Cambyses

king

Persia

-529 to -521

He lived -558 to -521, was Cyrus's son, and took Egypt from Assyria [-525].

Hipparchus/Hippias

tyrant

Athens, Greece

-527 to -510

Hippias lived -551 to -490. Hipparchus lived -550 to -514. Sons of Pisistratus, first Hipparchus then Hippias, brought

prosperity and decreased upper-class power. Revolt deposed Hippias [-510].

Vardhamana Mahavira [Mahavira, Vardhamana] or Great Hero

philosopher

Gulbarga, Karnataka, India

-526 to -480

He lived -550 to -480, founded Jainism [-526], is the 24th and last Jainist saint, is Jina or the Victor, and was in non-

Aryan ksatriya caste. After 12 years of self-abuse, he attained enlightenment, omniscience, and release. He had 11

disciples.

Psiax

painter

Greece

-525

Herakles Strangling the Lion [-525: Greek Archaic amphora with red figures and black background]

He painted black figures and then red figures.

Darius I or Darius the Great

king

Persia

-521 to -486

He lived -550 to -486. Achaemenid Dynasty of Persian Empire built Persepolis, fought Scythians, and conquered to

northwest India and Danube River. Army, police, and satrap governors responsible only to king ruled the 20 provinces

{satrapy}. He improved government and communication and tried to build highway from Ephesus to Susa. Ionian cities

in Asia Minor revolted [-499] but lost. He attacked mainland Greece by navy but lost [-490], and then lost to Greek

army at Marathon [-490].

Heraclitus

philosopher

Ephesus, Anatolia

-510 to -490

On Nature [-510 to -490]

He lived -540 to -480 and was Pre-Socratic.

Epistemology

People can look in themselves and into nature to find meaning and structure, because soul is like the moving element

fire. Soul is ideal, eternal, and underlying intelligence in universe. He said that you never step into same river twice.

Metaphysics

Universe essence is change or becoming. Change is the element fire. All matter always changes. Justice or fate

balancing conflicting movements or flows {flux, Heraclitus} causes apparent object permanence. All things come from

opposites, being and not being. Nature and mind have structure or harmony, as opposites unite. Matter transformations

have definite ways and orders, as law, reason, and destiny work in universe. World goes through orderly state

successions, back to original state.

Confucius or K'ung-Fu-Tsu or K'ung-tsze or K'ung Ch'iu or K'ung Chung-ni

philosopher

China

-510 to -478

Analects [-500 to -450: Confucius' collected sayings, compiled by his disciples]

He lived -551 to -478 and established Chinese-law foundations.

Confucianism is about how to live practical and wise life. Do not do to people what you would not like them to do to

you {golden rule, Confucius}. Maintain tradition and social order, such as loyalty to ruler and family, conformity to

social behavior rules, and sympathy for others. Become educated, do one's duty, have virtue, have courage, obey, and

be deferent. People should have self-discipline, not be selfish or seek profit, have filial piety, tell truth, have

knowledge, be benevolent and humane, and have jen. People should have correct behavior {li, Confucius}, which leads

to correct inner states. People that have proper behavior for their social station cause imitation by others, out of sense of

correctness, and people, society, and government then follow correct way of living, because they have virtue. Good

government requires wisdom and righteousness.

Universe obliges people to be moral {Decree of Heaven} {t'ien ming}. All things in universe have fates {Destiny}

{ming} that determine social position, wealth, health, and so on. People should accept fate and concentrate on living

morally and benevolently {tao, Confucius} {Way of the Sages}.

Cleisthenes

archon

Greece

-508 to -507

He lived -570 to -507. He became archon [-508], stabilized reforms of Solon, and added democratic reforms. He

allowed more citizens to vote and reduced clan power. Ekklesia had power to decide major issues. Boule performed

detailed government work. Major offices had elections. Lower offices rotated annually, chosen by lot. Officials were

accountable for acts.

Isagoras

archon

Athens, Greece

-508 to -507

He was rival archon to Cleisthenes.

Sun Tzu

general

Suzhou, China

-500

Art of War [-500]

He lived -544 to -496.

Subhuti

monk

India

-500 to -470

He was Buddha's disciple.

Alcmaeon or Alcmaeon of Croton

doctor

Crotona, Italy

-500 to -450

Dissections [-500]; On Nature [-500 to -450]

He lived -535 to -440 and dissected animals. Body has opposing powers, hot/cold and wet/dry, which balance in health.

Galen later used this idea.

Antisthenes

philosopher

Greece

-500 to -400

He lived -444 to -371, founded Cynic school, and influenced Diogenes. Contradiction is impossible.

Aristippus of Cyrene

philosopher

Cyrene, Libya

-500 to -400

He lived -435 to -356. His ideas were the basis of Hedonistic or Cyrenaic School.

Badarayana

philosopher

India

-500 to -400

Brahmana or Brahma Sutras or Vedanta Sutras or Brahmanas or Brahmin Books [-500 to -400: last Vedanta books

summarize Upanishads and describe Vedic-text uses in public and family sacrifices]

Brahmanic-period [-900 to -500] Brahmanas or Brahmin Books, such as Shatapatha Brahmana, are in Hindu revealed

texts {Sruti} {Shruti} and describe and interpret Rig-vedic rituals. Rig-veda has Aitareya-Brahmana (Shakala shaka) or

Kaushitaki-Brahmana (Bashakala shaka). Samaveda has P Brahmana and Sadv Brahmana (Kauthuma) or Jayminiya

Brahmana. Yajurveda has the Brahmanas in the samhitas about Krishna: Maitrayani samhita, Carakakatha samhita,

Kapisthalakatha samhita, and Taittiriya samhita. Yajurveda has Taittiriya-Brahmana, Shatapatha-Brahmana (Shukla,

Vajasaneyi Madhyandina), and Shatapatha-Brahmana (Shukla, Kanva). Atharvaveda has GopB (Paippalada). The prose

myths and legends are about Brahman {highest reality}, explain theology, and state sacrifice meanings. Brahma Sutras

have four chapters, each with four sections. Brahma Sutras are for understanding Sruti.

By tradition, Vyasa wrote them.

Vyasa or Badarayana or Krishna Dvaipayana [Dvaipayana, Krishna]

poet/philosopher

India

-500 to -300

Epic of the Bharata Dynasty [-500 to -300]

In Vedas, he was born at end of Dvapara Yuga, was a legendary sage, incarnated Lord Krishna, wrote the Mahabharata

for understanding, wrote the eighteen Puranas, established teaching through Upanishads or Upakhyanas, and arranged

Vedas. He wrote the Bhagavata for Devarshi Narada. He established the three paths of Karma, Upasana, and Jnana.

Dhritarashtra, Pandu, and Vidura are his sons. There have been twenty-nine Vyasas. Gurupurnima or Vyasa Purnima or

Full Moon of Vyasa is Vyasa's birthday.

Valmiki or Ratnakar

philosopher

Uttar Pradesh, India

-500 to -200

Path of Rama or Early Ramayana [-500 to -200: Vedanta part is about the hero Rama]; Yoga of the Sage Vasistha [-500

to -200: the sage Vasistha tells Rama about the Self]

Vishnu is supreme god. Ikshvau is ancestor of Solar Dynasty.

Coriolanus

leader

Rome, Italy

-491

Senate expelled him from Rome for offering to feed the people if Senate ended office of tribune [-491]. He joined

Volscians and was about to sack Rome when his wife's tears stopped him. Volscians then killed him.

Douris

sculptor

Greece

-490

Eros and Memnon [-490: Greek Archaic cup]

Greek Archaics formed kylix drinking cups.

Panini

linguist

Gandhara (Kandahar), India

-490 to -470

Eight Chapters [-490 to -470: 4000 sutras or grammar rules]

He lived -520 to -460 and wrote Sanskrit grammar that had phonetic system and word analysis.

Pindar

poet

Greece

-490 to -470

Epinicia or Victory Songs [-490 to -470: for chorus]

He lived -518 to -438, was from Boeotia, and wrote odes for chorus {epinicia, Pindar}, which celebrated victories at

Pythian, Olympic, Isthmian, and Nemean games.

Parmenides of Elea

philosopher

Elea, Italy/Velia, Italy

-490 to -460

On Nature [-490 to -460: poem]

He lived -515 to -450, was Eleatic, and wrote first reasoning from premises to conclusions.

Epistemology

Thinking exists and uses objects that exist. Truths can only be about things that exist. Truths name states. False

statements name nothing and have no meaning. People can use same word at all times. Therefore, object must always

exist, so nothing changes. Thought content is unchanging substance, because all thoughts are about something, and

people can think about all beings. Non-Being cannot be thought about or exist. Plurality and empty space are only

appearance, not truth.

Metaphysics

Existence is eternal, unified, unchanging, perfect, real, material, homogeneous, and finite. Existence fills space. Space

is not empty but is substance. Objects have substance, which persists or exists, and in which qualities and predicates

inhere. Change is an illusion.

Aeschylus

playwright

Greece

-490 to -458

Suppliants [-490]; Persians [-472]; Seven against Thebes [-467]; Oresteia [-458: trilogy]; Agamemnon [-458: Oresteia

first play]; Choephoros or Libation Bearers [-458: Oresteia second play]; Eumenides or Fates [-458: Oresteia third

play]

He lived -525 to -456 and wrote tragedies. Perhaps, his son Ion wrote Prometheus Bound.

Xerxes I or Xerxes the Great

emperor

Persia

-485 to -465

He lived -519 to -465. Of Achaemenid Dynasty, he was Darius I's son. He defeated Egypt. He invaded Greece by

building bridge over Hellespont channel. He won at Thermopylae [-480], sacked Athens [-480], lost his fleet at Salamis

[-480], and went back to Persia. His army lost at Plataea and his fleet burned at Mycale on same day [-479].

Kritios

sculptor

Greece

-480

Kritios Boy or Kritian Boy or Kritios Ephebe or Standing Youth [-480: Greek Classical marble statue in Severe Style

with asymmetrical body in counterpoise from Acropolis]

He taught Myron. Greek Classical statues typically put weight on one leg in counterpoise.

Libon of Elis

architect

Olympia, Greece

-470 to -456

Temple of Zeus [-470 to -456: large Greek Classical]

Olympia is on Greece west coast.

Zeno of Elea

philosopher

Elea, Italy

-470 to -450

Dialectics [-470 to -450]

He lived -495 to -435, associated with Parmenides, and founded Eleatic School. He invented the dialectic and invented

paradoxes about infinite numbers of steps and changes. The paradoxes arise because they divide continuous motion

into infinite steps, but the infinite is not real.

To go finite length, one must go through half, then half of that, and so on, through infinite number of steps or points

{Dichotomy} {Racecourse}.

If tortoise has head start, Achilles arrives at tortoise starting point only after tortoise has left, so Achilles can never

catch up to tortoise {Achilles and the Tortoise}.

Because no movement can happen through instant, at any instant, arrow is at fixed position, so arrow is at rest. At next

instant, arrow is also at fixed position and at rest {The Arrow}.

Assume one row stands still, second row moves left in one instant, and third row moves right in the same instant.

Second and third rows move one distance unit and are two units apart. The second and third rows were one unit apart at

"half-instant". Because instant is the smallest time, no relative motion can really happen {Stadium} {Moving Rows}

{Row of Solids}.

Metaphysics

Real motion does not exist. The sum of an infinite number of infinitely small quantities can equal either zero or infinity,

and so both a finite and infinite number. Finite and infinite numbers are unlike each other, so such sums are both like

and unlike, which should be impossible. Things can divide or bind infinitely, and so size can be both zero and infinite.

Zero and infinite are unlike, so objects are both like and unlike themselves, which should be impossible. The paradoxes

show motion is impossible. No motion can happen, because motion must pass through an infinite number of points to

get from one point to another. At any instant, motion is infinitely small. If space and time are divisible, motion is

impossible and cannot start.

Motion amount is relative, because measurement differs in different reference frames. Only one real thing exists.

Anaxagoras

philosopher

Ionia, Turkey/Athens, Greece

-470 to -440

On Nature [-470 to -440]

He lived -500 to -428 and was Socrates' teacher. Nature has uncountable numbers of unchangeable elements, which can

divide into small particles that have same properties as elements. Objects have varying element proportions. Highest

element is Mind or Reason, which can move itself and move other elements by collision. Mind is alive and includes

reason, order, and purpose {teleology, Anaxagoras}, because all motions follow laws. Universal Mind exists and

everything has purpose.

Pericles

statesman/general

Athens, Greece

-466 to -448

Pericles' Funeral Oration [-429]

He lived -495 to -429, built Acropolis, fostered Delian League, and negotiated peace with Persia. Art, literature, and

democracy flourished. Athens needed to import corn and exported wine, oil, and pottery. Plague and Peloponnesian

War caused his downfall [-448]. Athens had 25% slaves.

Artaxerxes I

emperor

Persia

-464 to -424

He lived -483 to -424. Achaemenid Dynasty of Persian Empire became weak by wars with Greece, Egypt, and Bactria.

Diogenes of Apollonia

philosopher

Greece

-460

On Cosmology [-460]

He was Anaximenes' student. Air is spirit or reason and can account mechanically for animal adaptations.

Empedocles

philosopher

Agrigentum, Sicily

-460 to -440

On Nature [-460 to -440]; Purifications [-460 to -440]

He lived -492 to -432 and introduced the four elements. Reality has earth, water, air, and fire {four elements}. Elements

can divide into infinitely small parts. Ways elements combine, not elements themselves, cause physical qualities.

Elements are unchanging, but their movements cause world changes. Love or attraction opposes conflict, hate, strife, or

repulsion. Tension causes motion, which has cycles. Circular motion {vortex, Empedocles} is element fundamental

motion, because element collisions result in rotations, which draw in more elements and increase size. Lighter elements

go to edge, mechanically forming worlds and living things. There is no purpose. Animals change as living conditions

change, and only the fittest survive.

Cincinnatus

dictator

Rome, Italy

-460 to -439

He lived -519 to -430, was consul [-460], and was dictator [-458] [-439]. Senate appointed him dictator [-458]. He

defeated enemy for Roman Republic and then went back to his farm.

Protagoras of Abdera

philosopher

Greece

-460 to -430

Truth or Refutations [-460 to -430]; On the Gods [-460 to -430]

He lived -490 to -420, founded Sophist School, wrote book about argumentation, and was skeptic. Older Sophists were

Protagoras, Gorgias, Hippias, and Prodicus.

Epistemology

Perceptions differ from actual objects. People can know perception contents but cannot know objects. Perceptions

depend on moving elements. Perception differences depend on moving-element speed and direction differences. People

perceive objects in individual ways. Perceptions are true but only for that person at that time. It is impossible to prove

errors and contradictions. Therefore, man is the measure of all things.

Perceptions include feelings and desires, so ideas of good and worth are also individual.

The only true knowledge is perception. People cannot know about gods.

Ethics

People have a sense of justice and a sense of respect for ethical behavior, which is like sense of reverence. These

feelings cause people to form societies for self-preservation. Society helps people live in harsh world, and virtues help

society. Ethics must be about action consequences and possible alternative actions.

Politics

Nature requires that things should develop, control, and express all possibilities and desires. People should follow only

impulses and desires, to reach goals and express personality. However, strongest-group or strongest-party interests

determine moral and political law. Ruling class invented gods. In democracy, laws protect the weak. In other

government forms, laws protect ruling class. Moral and political laws are against law of nature for most people in

society. Therefore, one should only obey law if it is advantageous.

Ezra

scribe

Babylon/Jerusalem, Palestine

-459

Mosaic Law Additions [-459]

During reign of Cyrus the Great, he compiled Mosaic-Law additions by borrowing from Code of Hammurabi. From

Babylon, he went back to Jerusalem [-459], taking 5000 Jews with him.

Myron

sculptor

Athens, Greece

-456 to -448

Timanthes [-456]; Discobolus or Discus Thrower [-450: Greek Classical bronze statue in Severe Style]; Lycinus [-448]

Perhaps, he was Ageladas of Argos' student.

Decemviri or Ten Men

lawgiver

Rome, Italy

-451

Code of the Twelve Tables [-451: modified Roman law]

Twelve Tables included criminal, contract, tort, family, wills, succession, property, and sacred law. It had legal-action

and court-procedure rules {procedural law}. It had laws {substantive law} about rights and justice. It included

enforcement procedures, public punishments, and harsh liability penalties.

It prohibited private revenge, allowed immediate seizure by wronged person of claimed object or person, and fixed

tariffs for injuries.

It distinguished willful from accidental homicide.

It limited interest rates, gave debtors harsh penalties, defined debtor's liabilities, and gave grace period to debtors.

It prohibited excessive funerals and excessive bequests.

Antiphon

philosopher

Greece

-450 to -430

On Truth [-450 to -430]; On Concord [-450 to -430]; Statesman [-450 to -430]; On Interpretation of Dreams [-450 to -

430]

He lived -480 to -411. Morality conflicts with self-interest.

Melissus of Samos

philosopher

Elea, Italy

-450 to -430

On That Which Is Not and Nature or Non-being or Nature [-450 to -430]

He lived -480 to -420 and was Eleatic. Melissus led Samian fleet and defeated Athenians [-442]. The senses are

illusions. Reality is about space and time.

Polyclitus the Older or Polycleitus

sculptor

Greece

-450 to -420

Doryphorus or Spear Bearer [-450: Greek-Classical marble copy of original Severe-Style bronze statue shows classical

male-beauty standard]; Diadumenus or Man Tying on a Fillet or Man Tying on a Headband [-430]; Amazon [-450 to -

420: wearing exomis toga]; Hera [-450 to -420: gold and ivory]

His technique {canon of Polykleitos} {Polykleitos canon} balances shoulder-and-hip tension and relaxation in chiastic

balance. He worked in bronze.

Hippocrates of Chios

mathematician

Athens, Greece

-450 to -410

He lived -470 to -410 and wrote first geometry text, first calculated curved area using rectilinear figures {quadrature,

Hippocrates}, and first proved theorems using earlier theorems {pyramiding theorems}. He invented method of proving

something by disproving its opposite {indirect proof, Hippocrates}.

Sophocles

playwright

Greece

-450 to -406

Ajax [-450]; Antigone [-441]; Oedipus Rex or Oedipus Tyrannus [-429]; Electra [-425 to -410]; Trachiniae or Women

of Trachis [-425 to -410]; Philoctetes [-409]; Oedipus at Colonus [-406]

He lived -496 to -406 and wrote tragedies.

Herodotus

historian

Greece

-449 to -430

Researches [-449]; Persian Wars [-430: about wars between 499 to 479]

He lived -484 to -425.

Ictinus

architect

Athens, Greece

-447 to -432

Parthenon [-447 to -432: large Doric marble temple on Acropolis]

He worked with Callicrates and Phidias on Parthenon.

Callicrates

architect

Athens, Greece

-447 to -424

Parthenon [-447 to -432: large Doric marble temple on Acropolis]; Temple of Athena Nike [-427 to -424: small Greek

Classical Ionic temple on Acropolis]

He worked with Ictinus and Phidias on Parthenon.

Nehemiah

governor

Jerusalem, Palestine/Shushan, Persia

-445 to -413

Mosaic Law Additions [-430]

He was governor of Judea under Persian Empire. During reign of Cyrus the Great, he compiled Mosaic-Law additions

by borrowing from Code of Hammurabi.

Phidias

sculptor

Athens, Greece/Olympia, Greece

-440

Athena [-440: Greek Classical ivory and gold statue for Parthenon]; Athena [-440: Greek Classical bronze statue for

Acropolis]; Parthenon Pediments and Friezes [-440: Greek Classical marble]; Zeus [-430: Greek Classical ivory and

gold statue for temple of Olympia]

He worked with Callicrates and Ictinus on Parthenon.

Mo Tzu or Mo Ti

philosopher

Shangqui, China

-440 to -400

Master Mo [440 to -400]

He lived -470 to -391 and started Moism or Mohist School, which advocated simple ceremonies and equal treatment of

all people.

Philolaus

philosopher

Thebes, Greece

-440 to -400

Bacchae or Followers of Bacchus [-440 to -400]; On setting [-440 to -400]

He lived -480 to -405 and was Pythagorean. Cebes and Simmias were his students at Thebes.

Epistemology

People can know only finite things.

Metaphysics

Numbers are elements of being, because they are finite, eternal, and indestructible, and their fixed and orderly relations

determine music, geometry, and heavenly motions. The series of numbers to infinity represents space. Material objects

are space shaped into geometric Forms. All harmony and order depend on unity, the number 1. Opposites derive from

odd and even numbers. Odd means limited, good, and perfect. Even means infinite, bad, and imperfect. Natural-world

cycles are copies of number properties.

Socrates

philosopher

Athens, Greece

-440 to -399

He lived -470 to -399 and emphasized moderation, friendship, and courage. He claimed he knew nothing. He criticized

Sophists for word play, smugness, paradox, imitation, and failing to examine their ideas.

Epistemology

Knowledge need be only about practical life and relations with others. All other knowledge is unnecessary to live

proper life.

Truth is absolute. No one can know final truth or have real knowledge, and obtaining this insight is the beginning of

knowledge {Socratic irony, Socrates}.

Concept is the common part among perceptions or opinions about something. To reveal concept essence, clarify

perceptions and opinions and make them consistent. Socrates did this using inductive argument. He questioned others,

got them to agree on facts, drew out definitions, found contradictions and fallacies, found incomplete ideas and

completed them, ended false beliefs, obtained understanding, and reached agreed conclusions {Socratic method,

Socrates} {method of elenchus, Socrates} {method of refutation, Socrates}.

Socratic method modified Sophist debating contests.

Ethics

Absolute good exists. The good is what is useful, profitable, or suited to the purpose in subject or activity.

The good requires conformity to law even if law is unjust. People must suffer wrong rather than do wrong to overcome

suffering.

Knowledge teaches what is good and then proper action {virtue, Socrates} always follows, because doing good is the

most advantageous for one's interests and purposes. "Knowledge is virtue." If one has knowledge, one automatically

does the good, so no one does wrong intentionally {Socratic paradox}. Error causes doing wrong.

Seeking knowledge, and especially self-knowledge, is an ethical duty, because it leads to virtue. Self-examination and

questioning give self-knowledge. "Know thyself." People can make themselves be excellent and function well {arete}.

Friendship is helping each other to be better.

Fear of death is not wise, because death can be greater good, such as eternal dreamless sleep or new world for immortal

soul. However, no soul or life exists after death.

Inner voice warns people when not to do something, especially about things too hard for knowledge.

Euripedes

playwright

Greece

-438 to -406

Alcestis [-438]; Medea [-431]; Heraclidae or Descendants of Heracles [-430]; Hippolytus [-428]; Andromache [-426];

Hecuba [-425]; Suppliants [-420]; Hercules Furens or Madness of Hercules [-420]; Electra [-417]; Trojan Women [-

415]; Helena [-412]; Ion [-412]; Phoenician Women [-409]; Orestes [-408]; Iphigenia in Aulis [-406]; Iphigenia in

Tauris [-406]; Bacchae [-406]

He lived -485 to -406 and wrote tragedies.

Mnesicles or Mnesikles

architect

Athens, Greece

-437 to -405

Propylaea [-437 to -432: Greek Classical marble entry gate is west of Acropolis. Small Doric temple has two side

rooms and Ionic columns.]; Erechtheum [-421 to -405: Greek Classical Ionic temple on Acropolis has Porch of the

Maidens, with roof supported by six female statues]

Plutarch mentions him.

Thucydides

historian

Greece

-431

History of the Peloponnesian Wars [-431]

He lived -460 to -410 and explained Peloponnesian Wars.

Leucippus

philosopher

Greece

-430

Great World-System [-430]; On Mind [-430]

He combined ideas of Parmenides and Empedocles. Infinite numbers of very small particles {atom, Leucippus},

differing in size, form, and other quantitative features, move in empty space. Atom types are eternal, indestructible,

unchangeable, indivisible, homogeneous, and finite. Atom motion is eternal, deterministic, and without cause or

purpose. Atom motions are change or becoming. Space exists but is not material. Objects are atom combinations.

Quantitative atom differences cause qualitative differences.

Democritus of Abdera or Laughing Philosopher

philosopher

Greece

-430 to -400

On numbers [-430 to -400]; On geometry [-430 to -400]; On tangencies [-430 to -400]; On mappings [-430 to -400]; On

irrationals [-430 to -400]

He lived -460 to -370, was materialist, and founded atomism, with Leucippus.

Epistemology

Objects have weight, texture, shape, and size {primary quality, Democritus}, which people can perceive. Objects have

distance and identity {secondary quality, Democritus}, which people can understand. Atoms themselves are

imperceptible. Qualitative features depend on atom quantitative properties. Perception happens when images, which are

infinitely small object copies, travel to body and contact sense fire-atoms. Senses have special fire-atom motions and

arrangements. People can only perceive images matching senses. People with different senses perceive different things.

Perceptual states are violent, surprising, and unclear. Dreams are weak images. Belief in gods comes from images of

gods.

Thoughts are images of sizes and spaces between atoms. Thought images are gentle in motion and hard to know. This

gentle motion gives true happiness, because soul is calmest and in harmony with absolute images.

Ethics

Good is soul's pleasures. Happiness is inner peace.

Metaphysics

Atoms are unchanging and indivisible particles that constantly move in empty space under mechanical laws. Infinitely

many atom types exist. Objects are groups of atoms in different proportions. Inertia, density, and hardness depend on

atom sizes and spacings. All other physical properties depend on atom mixtures, arrangements, and motions. Atoms

started with uncaused motions, but now atom motions and collisions determine everything that happens. Collisions are

the only atom interactions and result only in motion changes.

Mind

Mind or soul has highest and most active atoms {fire-atom}.

Hippocrates

doctor

Cos, Greece

-430 to -400

On Ancient Medicine [-430 to -400]; On Wounds of the Head [-430 to -400]

He lived -460 to -377. The "father of medicine" wrote case histories, disease observations, and Hippocratic oath. He

described trephining skull holes. Disease results from humor essence imbalance.

Gorgias of Leontini

rhetorician

Sicily/Athens, Greece

-425 to -414

On the Negative or On What Is Not [-425]; Encomium on Helen or Defense of Helen [-414]; Defense of Palomides [-

425 to -414]

He lived -483 to -376, was Sophist, and was Empedocles' pupil. Knowing and communicating object information is

impossible, because thoughts and language are not the same as objects, and thoughts are not the same as language.

Being is impossible, because the ideas of being and non-being contradict each other.

Aristophanes

playwright

Greece

-423 to -411

Clouds [-423]; Wasps [-422]; Birds [-414]; Lysistrata [-411]

He lived -448 to -380 and wrote comedies.

Paeonius or Paionios

sculptor

Mende, Thrace

-420 to -400

Nike [-420 to -400: marble statue]

Thrace is in northeast Greece, south Bulgaria, and northwest Turkey.

Heracleidas

sculptor

Catana, Sicily

-415 to -403

Apollo of Catana [-415 to -403: Hellenistic tetradrachma coin]

Catana was first Greek colony in Sicily [-734].

Dionysius the Elder

tyrant

Syracuse, Sicily

-406 to -367

He lived -432 to -367 and fought Italian cities and Carthage. He encouraged arts.

Lysander

admiral

Sparta

-405

He lived ? to -395, led Heraclidae, and defeated Athens at Aegospotami [-405].

Artaxerxes II

emperor

Persia

-404 to -358

He lived -456 to -358. Of Achaemenid Dynasty, he defeated Cyrus the Younger in civil war and ruled Persian Empire.

Persia and Sparta negotiated Treaty of Antalcidas [-386].

Xenophon

historian

Greece

-401

Retreat of the Ten Thousand or Anabasis [-401]

He lived -444 to -357.

Damocles

courtier

Syracuse, Sicily

-400

Damocles, at banquet in his honor, had sword suspended over his head by hair by order of Dionysius, tyrant of

Syracuse.

Jaimini

philosopher

India

-400

Purvamimamsa Sutra [-400: about Mimansa]; Upadesa Sutra or Instruction [-400]; Rudramsa Sutra or Portions of

Rudra [-400]; Shasthamsa Sutra or Rule Parts [-400]; Saptamsa Sutra or Seven Parts [-400]; Varnada Lagna or Color

Moments [-400]; Shakti Yoga [-400: about Shakti]; Raja Yoga or Prince [-400]

In Vedas, he was Vyasa's student. He wrote Purvamimamsa, Upadesa, Rudramsa, Shasthamsa, and Saptamsa sutras;

Varnada Lagna and other lagnas; and Shakti Yoga and Raja Yogas. He founded Mimamsa. Sanskrit is the true language

and leads to truth. Language is not conventional or veil. Sanskrit sounds have meaning, so hymns and mantras are

themselves magic.

Pancasika or Pancasikha

writer

India/Nepal

-400

Samkhya-sutras or Discourses on Samkhya [1380 to 1450: about Samkhya]

Vatsyayana

philosopher

Bihar, India

-400

Rulebook of Kama [-400: Hindu techniques for lovers and courtesans]

He wrote about Hinduism.

Plato

philosopher

Greece

-400 to -348

Hippias Minor [-400: dialog of Socrates and Hippias]; Alcibiades [-400: dialog of Socrates and Alcibiades]; Apology [-

399: Socrates' defense against charges of treason]; Euthyphro [-380: Are morals good because commanded by God, or

does God command them because they are good? Euthyphro was an expert on religion.]; Crito [-380: dialog of Socrates

and Crito about ethical ideas and virtue]; Hippias Major [-380: dialog of Socrates and Hippias about aesthetics and

law]; Charmides or Temperance [-380: dialog of Socrates and Charmides]; Laches or Equity [-380: dialog of Socrates

and Laches]; Lysis or Friendship [-380: dialog of Socrates and Lysis]; Protagoras [-380: dialog of Socrates and

Protagoras]; Gorgias [-380: dialog of Socrates and Gorgias]; Meno [-380: dialog of Socrates and Meno about a-priori

knowledge]; Phaedo [-360: dialog of Socrates and Phaedo about immortality and the Forms, which people can

recollect]; Symposium [-360: love]; Phaedrus [-360: dialog of Socrates and Phaedrus about love]; Ion [-380: dialog of

Socrates and Ion about]; Menexenus [-380: dialog of Socrates and Menexenus]; Euthydemus [-380: dialog of Socrates

and Euthydemus]; Cratylus [-360: Dialog of Socrates and Cratylus is about language. Words are conventions, but

concepts are true or false in reality. Language should be able to convey concepts. Language or thought corresponds to

reality.]; Republic [-360: justice and three soul types in ideal government]; Parmenides [-370: Dialog of Socrates and

Parmenides includes dialectic on the One. Forms are both universals and essences.]; Theaetetus [-360: dialog of

Socrates and Theaetetus about perception and objects]; Sophist [-360: dialog of Socrates and Sophists about being and

not being and differences between subjects or names and predicates or properties]; Politics or Statesman [-360: law and

rulers]; Philebus [-360: Dialog of Socrates and Philebus discusses pleasure and knowledge. The weak are targets of

humor.]; Timaeus [-360: dialog of Socrates and Timaeus about metaphysics]; Critias [-360: dialog of Socrates and

Critias]; Laws [-348: ideal state, best government, and laws]

He lived -427 to -347, founded the Academy [-387], wrote about Socrates, studied grammar, solved law problems, and

helped draft laws.

Aesthetics

Aesthetics is about the beautiful and the good. The beautiful is good. Beautiful things approximate their Idea or true

Form closely.

Art imitates nature {mimesis, Plato}.

Epistemology

Minds can be aware of the ideal forms {Idea, Plato} of objects or object groups. Whenever one term can apply to a

group of particular things, the corresponding Idea exists in mind. True, clear, and stable knowledge is about Ideas.

Mind does not create the Ideas. Ideas are innate. People can discover or remember the Ideas in themselves {anamnesis,

Ideas}, using intellect, not senses.

Unlike Ideas, opinion and perception are confused, unclear, imitative, and changeable. An analogy {cave analogy} is

prisoners in a cave, who see only shadows on the wall, perceptions instead of reality.

Material motions cause thoughts and perceptions.

Things can be unlearnable, because people need them to learn {Meno's puzzle}.

Hypotheses or making categories and distinctions can define things.

Education

Education is important for everyone because knowledge leads to excellence and virtue. Education builds character.

Knowledge is about Ideas, and so curriculum is unchanging.

All children should receive practical knowledge. Social classes receive education suited to purposes. People learn

virtue and should be happy, because they reach the greatest virtue they can have.

Education is also to make good state. Society selects some boys and girls to become soldiers. Future soldiers should

learn arts and physical education and live together in school community in which they share everything. From future

soldiers, society selects some to become rulers. Future rulers should learn philosophy.

Educators have special duty and should not try to be like or coddle pupils.

Ethics

Personal virtues are industry, achievement, knowledge, honor, autonomy, courage, temperance, and piety. Other-

directed virtues are justice, benevolence, and fidelity. People can acquire virtues by becoming aware of the Ideas.

However, people can refuse to acquire knowledge and virtue and so reject freedom, responsibility, and control.

The three parts of mind {psyche, Plato} should be in harmony. Reason should be for wisdom, spirit for courage and

striving, and appetite for moderation and control. Psyche harmony makes life good, virtuous, happy, and prosperous.

The psyche's duty is to be just and upright.

Joy in the beautiful, pleasure in good artistic Idea-of-the-Good imitations, understanding of math, practical skill,

general knowledge, and well-ordered life are proper Reason uses.

Highest life state is to contemplate the Ideas, indifferent to material world. Lover of Ideas goes to heaven. Others

reincarnate.

"Is the pious loved by the gods because it is pious, or is it pious because they love it?" {Euthyphro problem, Plato}.

Either piety has no reason or has reason, but authority does not apply in either case.

The true and the beautiful are good.

World is good, because God created it.

Linguistics

Nouns are proposition subjects. Only Ideas can be sentence subjects. Verb is about proposition action or quality. Verb

and adjective are similar.

Metaphysics

Reality is Ideas. Ideas are both universal categories and object essences {third man argument, Plato}. Ideas are eternal,

a priori, unchanging, absolute, and immaterial, with absolute and unqualified properties. Ideas include Good, Bad,

Beautiful, Ugly, and such ideas as Tableness. Ideas, such as Infinite, have opposites, such as Measurable, so Ideas form

a hierarchy. The highest or greatest Idea is Good, which is purpose of reality for both material and ideal worlds and

comes from love of ideal beauty.

Objects in nature have Ideas {ideal form} as essence and are like Idea copies or imitations. Objects share in or have

part of Idea. Things cannot have opposite properties simultaneously. Objects are empty space shaped by Ideal

geometrical figures. Empty space has no substance and no definition. Material things are both non-being, such as space,

and being, such as Idea. Objects are thus contradictions and not real.

World-soul causes all motions and changes, which have relations and are unity.

The world creator {demiurge} was pure good, which molded already existing matter to bring order out of chaos.

Mind

Psyche is in body, is same as personality, and is changeable but is also unitary, indivisible, and eternal, because it is

both material and Idea. Psyche receives images of Ideas before birth. The presence of Ideas in psyche causes people to

seek Ideas and love wisdom. Psyche has appetitive, emotional, and rational parts. Rational part is ability to know Ideas.

Emotional part is spirit or will, which wants to find Ideas. Appetitive part is desires. Psyche thus perceives, wills, and

knows. Psyche causes movement and life. Psyche can separate from body.

Politics

States are about principle of justice. Justice results when classes do work with virtue. All state principles and actions

should be ethical.

States express the Idea of people as a whole and so are about people and their relations.

States have best order with three classes, corresponding to the three psyche parts: rulers with rational psyche, soldiers

with emotional psyche, and merchants and laborers with appetitive psyche. Philosopher-kings from ruler class should

lead states. Rulers or guardians should have training in goodness, truth, and beauty and so have wisdom. Military and

public officials should have training for administration, war, and police work and so use spirit and do their duty. To

exercise self-control, merchants should perform commerce, and common people should work, produce, and obey

leaders.

People showing that they have souls dominated by one psyche part or another can change classes. Upper classes should

give up all property, have communal family life, and serve state. All people should suppress private emotions and

desires and live out Idea of the Good.

Lao Tze or Lao Zi or Lao Tse or Lao Tzu

philosopher

Luoyang, China

-400 to -300

Tao De Jing or Tao Te Ching or I-Ching or The Way and Its Powers [-400 to -300: 81 chapters of ethical principles]

He founded Taoism. All things reverse direction. People should minimize their wants to minimize losses and gain

more.

Brennus

king

Rome, Italy

-390

As chief of Senones, Adriatic coast Gauls, he defeated Rome in Battle of the Allia [-390] and took Rome.

Platonic School or Old Academy

philosophic school

Athens, Greece

-389 to -260

Plato founded school that included Speusippus, Xenocrates, Polemo, Crates, Philippus, Heracleides, and Crantor.

Eudoxus of Cnidus

astronomer/mathematician

Cnidus, Greece

-380 to -355

He lived -408 to -355. He studied limits, used infinite polygons to find curved-figure areas and volumes {exhaustion

method, Eudoxus}, and developed explicit axioms.

Proportion is magnitude or length. He showed how to prove that two different integer ratios, which make real numbers,

are equal or not equal. Proportions are magnitude or length ratios. To compare ratios, find integer pairs such that

product of first integer and numerators and product of second integer and denominators makes numerators greater than

denominators. If successful, first ratio is greater than second, because new ratio, first/second, is less than first ratio and

greater than second ratio. If unsuccessful, find integer pairs such that product of first integer and numerators and

product of second integer and denominators makes numerators less than denominators. If successful, first ratio is less

than second, because new ratio, first/second, is greater than first ratio and less than second ratio. If not successful, ratios

are equal. You can thus approach any real number and so can work with irrational-number square roots of positive

integers.

Planetary orbits are nested spheres. He measured year length.

Diogenes of Sinope

philosopher

Sinope, Greece

-370 to -330

He lived -404 to -323 and was Cynic. He lived simply, with only cloak and sack, and lived in a tub before enslavement.

He attacked vice, corruption, and folly. He kept looking for one virtuous man, while holding up his lantern. He told

Alexander the Great to get out of his light.

Gaius Licinius [Licinius, Gaius]/Lucius Sextus [Sextus, Lucius]

law

Rome, Italy

-367

Licinian-Sextian Law [-367]

Laws required at least one consul to be plebian.

Bryaxis

sculptor

Halicarnassus, Greece

-362 to -351

Apollo [-362: in grove of Daphne near Antioch]; Mausoleum of Mausolus [-359 to -351: Hellenistic marble statue was

individual]

He worked with Scopas, Leochares, and Timotheus on Mausoleum.

Cratylus

philosopher

Greece

-360

He said, "You cannot step twice into the same river".

Scopas

sculptor

Halicarnassus, Greece

-359 to -330

Battle of Greeks and Amazons [-359 to -351: Hellenistic east frieze of Mausoleum at Halicarnassus]; Meleager [-50:

copy]; Apollo Citharoedus [-340 to -330]; Ludovisi Ares or Ludovisi Mars [-340]

He lived -400 to -350 and came from Paros in Cyclades islands.

Artaxerxes III or Arses

emperor

Persia

-358 to -338

He lived ? to -338. Of Achaemenid Dynasty, he massacred his family to rule Persian Empire. He defeated Egypt.

Philip II

king

Macedon

-358 to -336

He lived -382 to -336 and took Thrace's gold. He invented phalanx infantry formation using ten rows, with long pikes

between preceding soldiers. He used armored cavalry charges and catapults. He conquered Athens at Chaeronea [-338].

He took Thebes [-335] and enslaved the people after rebellion. He died while preparing to attack Persia. His son was

Alexander the Great.

Demosthenes

orator

Greece

-351 to -330

Philippics or Tirades [-351: orations]; Olynthiacs or Political Speeches [-349: orations]; On the Peace [-346: oration];

On the False Legation [-343: oration]; On the Crown [-330: oration]

He lived -384 to -322.

Demetrios of Alopeka

sculptor

Alopeka, Greece

-350

Pellichus [-350: realistic marble statue]

Alopeka is on Asia-Minor coast.

Lieh Tzu

writer

Luoyang, China

-350

Pure Classic of the Perfect Virtue of Simplicity and Vacuity [-350: about Lieh Tzu]

Lieh Tzu lived -400 to -300. Work is Taoist.

Polyclitus the Younger or Polykleitos

architect

Epidaurus, Greece

-350

Tholos or Theater of Epidaurus [-350: Greek Classical theater has concentric seat rows, aisles with stairs, and bottom

orchestra area]

He lived -365 to -320. Tholos is at Asclepios sanctuary.

Aristotle

philosopher

Stagira, Greece

-350 to -330

Eudemian Ethics [-350 to -330]; History of Animals [-350 to -330]; Logic [-350 to -330: includes Categories, On

Interpretation, Prior Analytics, Posterior Analytics, and Sophistical Refutations]; Metaphysics [-350 to -330];

Meteorology [-350 to -330]; Nicomachean Ethics [-350 to -330]; On Dreams [-350 to -330]; On Generation and

Corruption or On Coming-to-Be and Passing Away [-350 to -330]; On Memory [-350 to -330]; On Sensation [-350 to -

330]; On Sleep [-350 to -330]; On the Heavens [-350 to -330]; On the Parts of Animals [-350 to -330]; On the Soul or

Concerning Psyche [-350 to -330]; On Psychology [-350 to -330]; Physics [-350 to -330]; Poetics [-350 to -330:

Laughter and the ludicrous depend on deformity, defect, and ugliness but not on anything destructive or painful];

Politics [-350 to -330]; Rhetoric [-350 to -330]; Topics [-350 to -330: good arguments]

He lived -384 to -322, studied under Plato, and was Realist. He tutored Alexander the Great. He founded Peripatetic

School at Lyceum [-335]. He was the Stagirite or Peripatetic Philosopher.

In logic, he studied grammar, developed logic of terms, and defined the syllogisms. He studied deduction methods and

invented non-contradiction, excluded-middle, and bivalence laws. He considered modus ponens, modus tollens,

tautology, permutation, and summation. He studied Sophist fallacies, existence, definition, statement, axiom, postulate,

premise, conclusion, hypothesis, theorem, converse, inverse, contrapositive, corollary, lemma, necessary condition, and

sufficient condition.

In mathematics, he used method of exhaustion, rather than infinitesimals, to find limits. He used parallelogram of

forces.

In biology, he studied nature, performed animal dissections for research, and studied evolution from simple to complex

life.

Aesthetics

Art imitates nature and portrays particular objects as universals, emphasizing object Forms. Thus, art is knowledge that

gives pleasure.

Art is productive thought.

Art has classes depending on materials used or objects imitated.

Art's purpose is to excite passions, to remove them and so purify soul. Tragic drama imitates life and excites fear and

sympathy, which it then relieves {catharsis, Aristotle}. Catharsis is good for virtue, because it results in lower

emotions, allowing more reason.

Formal literary elements, involving one location, one time, and one theme {Unities, Aristotle}, make good play.

Artists impose Form on matter, causing material change with purpose, to cause art development.

Epistemology

Philosophy must consider opinions of the people or of wise people {doxa}.

True knowledge is about object Forms, not objects.

Sensation is passive thought. Reason is creative thought. Thoughts are both objects and essences. Contents and thought

processes are separate and have categories.

Quantity can be universal or particular. Quality can be positive or negative.

Opposition or contradiction and conversion or entailment can happen.

Concepts used in judgments come from general concepts by adding distinguishing characteristic or difference

{definition, Aristotle}.

Knowledge fields have most general concepts, found by moving from examples to general concept {abstraction from

specific to general}, opposite to definition. For example, logic has contradiction principle.

The ten basic-concept categories are quantity, quality, relation, space, time, action, passion or passivity or affection,

position, state or condition, and substance.

The four cause types are matter or physical or bodily cause {material cause, Aristotle}, form or essence or idea {formal

cause, Aristotle}, immediately preceding cause or motion {essential cause}, and end or purpose {final cause,

Aristotle}. Something extra {accident, cause or effect} can happen along with causes and effects.

Brain senses shapes, sizes, and motions {primary quality} directly. Brain perceives other sense qualities {secondary

quality}, which are not fundamental to object {accident, sensation}, indirectly. Sense apparatus moves and changes as

it receives object, causing body physical change {phantasm, sensation}. Physical motions caused by sensations are

imagination-faculty objects, so imagination depends on sensation. Imaginations are thought-objects, so thought

depends on imagination.

Mental faculty compares and associates shapes, sizes, and motions from all senses {common faculty, Aristotle}.

Human desires and beliefs, which are thoughts, cause all human actions.

If proposition is possible, the proposition is true at least once {principle of plenitude} {plenitude principle}.

The highest thought level is to behold the pure Forms and reach blessed feeling without will or action.

Ethics

Ethics is making proper choice when one is free to choose and knows consequences. External circumstances can hinder

or help reason and self-realization. Bad reasoning, bad purposes, weak will, compulsions, passions, or wrong choices

can cause people's actions to be irrational {akrasia}. To make proper choices, one needs to know which act or thought

is lawful or right, act consequences, means, ends, desire effects, motive effects, and self. Without this knowledge,

people do not know what they are doing and cannot control their actions.

Successful and virtuous activity based on reason leads to happy, good life and well-being. Happiness is life's goal or

purpose, because it expresses people's true nature. Virtue is the way to attain happiness.

Freedom depends on knowledge and on absence of external forces or mental pressures.

People are responsible for their actions when they have alternatives from which to choose, they know situation, and

they face no external constraints on choice. Then consciousness is action's sufficient cause and other factors, such as

motivation, do not lessen responsibility. Punishment can only be for actions for which people are responsible {justice,

Aristotle}.

Goods {good-in-itself} {intrinsic good} can be for their own sake, such as intelligence, senses, and health. Goods

{extrinsic good} can be for consequences.

Action {praxis} is doing something, as opposed to making something. Action {animal soul, Aristotle} should improve

habits and character. Exerting self-control against desires trains will to act using reason. Moderation {Golden Mean,

Aristotle} {doctrine of the mean} balances appetite/emotion and reason. Using rational mind to follow the Golden

Mean is good.

People want happiness based on virtue {eudaimonia, philosophy}, the objectively good life. Pleasure is necessary for,

but not the same as, happiness.

Friendship is good, because it is common striving for the good and beautiful.

Law

Law flows from order of nature {natural law, Aristotle}. Law has Forms. People should judge human laws by how well

they conform to natural law.

Usury is bad.

Landowning and private property are good.

Strong family is good.

Linguistics

Spoken or written words are mental-state signs. Verbs indicate time {tense}. Verbs and adjectives are similar. Nouns

can be about named things {proper noun, Aristotle} or types {common noun, Aristotle}.

Logic

Formal logic is process to prove knowledge true and to understand reasoning.

Things or groups have names and distinguishing characteristics. Defined things can be sentence subjects. Subjects can

have different quantities: "all", "some", "no", "one", or "only one".

Sentence subjects can have properties {predicate, Aristotle}. Predicates {essential predicate} can be true of all category

objects. Predicates {predicable predicate} can be true of only some category objects and so be non-essential. Predicates

{property predicate} can be non-essential but true of all category objects {proprium}.

Statements have subjects and predicates. Statements can be true or false {contradiction law}. Subjects and predicates

cannot have truth-values.

Statements {proposition, Aristotle} can have form that makes them necessary or impossible {apodeitic}.

Reasoning from particulars to generalities {induction, Aristotle} is proof method. Reasoning from generalities to

particulars {deduction, Aristotle} is proof method.

Deduction depends on having one or more general statements {premise, Aristotle} about basic concepts. People must

accept such premises as true but cannot prove them. Induction and dialectic to analyze opinions and perception can find

such premises. After analysis, such premises should be immediately apparent and certain to everyone. Other premises

come from general premises. Premises can use different sentence types: categorical, conditional or hypothetical,

alternative, and disjunctive.

All deductions are either syllogisms or inferences from single premises. The conclusion must be less general than the

premises.

People can prove statement {conclusion, Aristotle} relating subject to predicate {judgment} if two premises relate third

concept to subject and to predicate {syllogism, Aristotle}. If people know that premises are true or false, they can

combine them by removing third concept to prove conclusion {excluded middle law}. The third concept can be in first-

premise subject and second-premise predicate {first figure}, in both subjects {second figure}, or in both predicates

{third figure}.

Syllogisms can use sentences with different subject quantities and premise types and can use three moods. Syllogism

moods include categorical syllogism, conditional syllogism or hypothetical syllogism, alternative syllogism, and

disjunctive syllogism. Syllogisms {categorical syllogism, Aristotle} can use all subject quantities. Main moods

{Barbara mood} can use universal affirmative in all three statements. Main moods {Celarent mood} can have universal

negative premise, universal positive premise, and universal negative conclusion. All other moods can transform into

Barbara or Celarent mood {reduction of moods} {mood reduction}.

Reductio ad absurdum proves some moods. Negative individual instances {ekthesis} are counterexamples that prove

the positive conclusion, and this method proves some moods.

Syllogisms {perfect syllogism} with complete sentences need nothing more to be valid arguments. Syllogisms

{imperfect syllogism} with assumed premises or premise parts require more information to be valid.

Metaphysics

Only individual physical objects are real. Objects have essential invariable Forms {Form, Aristotle}, about purposes.

Forms are common properties or predicates of different same-class objects. Object Form determines state and relations

to other objects, makes unified whole, and places object in class. Forms are not universals and cannot exist by

themselves. If Forms are universals, it is necessary to explain how Forms relate to individuals {third man argument}

and how object relates to itself. Geometric forms, shapes, and sizes are physical-object aspects and do not have

independent existence.

Ability to define objects does not prove existence. To show existence, something must construct object.

Matter has potential or possibility that becomes physical particular object when combined with Form {hylomorphism}.

Forms follow laws. Forms are only potential until realized in matter. Object Form stays the same, but matter can

change. Matter and objects are potentially infinite, but this differs from actually infinite. Motion results from union of

form and matter.

Lower-thing forms make higher-thing matter, making a hierarchy of objects, classes, classes of classes, and so on.

Forms have values. Forms can be Ends, causing other Forms. The class hierarchy leads to highest Form, which never

combines with matter. Highest Form is prime mover and has no cause and indirectly causes all motion and change. It is

unmoving, because only matter can move. It is perfect, eternal, unchangeable, indivisible, mental, spiritual, and

independent. It is real, with no possibilities. It is the most general concept, thought about thought, and pure self-

consciousness. It has no goal or purpose except itself and is sufficient in itself.

Organisms grow and develop {development, Aristotle} as Form realizes itself in matter through time, also causing

purpose changes.

Objects have inessential features {accident, object} that arise by chance and do not relate to Form. Accidents have

mechanical causes and have no laws. Accidents in matter can oppose expression of Form in object.

Stars and planets have circular motion and are ether.

The four elements are earth, fire, water, and air. The material world has the four elements. Elements have quality pairs:

warm or cold and dry or moist.

Mind

Mind forms concepts automatically {passive intellect} and can reason using concepts {active intellect}. Active intellect

can be non-physical, independent, and eternal.

Mind {psyche, Aristotle} animates body to cause motion and so causes sensation, imagination, and thought. Soul or

mind is the Form for individual body.

Souls {vegetative soul} can be for body mechanical and chemical changes, like reproduction, growth, and repair. Plants

have only this soul.

Souls {animal soul} {appetitive soul} can allow motion, feelings, and sensation. Spontaneous motion arises from

desire, which is to gain pleasure and avoid pain. Desire and sensation both depend on object sensed, so seeking or

avoiding automatically happens. Animal souls can unite all sense perceptions into collective perceptions about objects

as wholes. This forms images and memories, allows body-state knowledge, and allows number, position, and motion

perception.

From the matter of the first two souls, souls {reason} {rational soul} {nous} can arise and make desires into will and

perception images into knowledge. Only such souls are eternal, divine, and impersonal and can know reality. Reason is

pure contemplation. Reason is the same in all people, so reason unites people into a class.

Politics

Justice or equality is the basis of states. Justice can depend on need, effort, deservingness, history, achievement, or

contribution.

Justice {corrective justice} {diorthotic justice} {remedial justice} {rectificatory justice} can compensate for contract

breach or tort. Justice {distributive justice} {dianemetic justice} can take and disburse goods and services among

parties.

Justice assigns punishments, which whole society administers for crimes, with no individual revenge.

The state should organize to allow natural laws to work.

A society goal is the good life for all citizens, including stability and community. Constitution's highest goal is

community well-being.

A state purpose is to train citizens ethically, emphasizing morals. Citizens, as opposed to subjects of kings or tyrants,

have civic duties, requiring sacrificing private life, and rights, allowing them roles in public and private life.

Kingdoms have one authority. Aristocracies have several authorities. Polities have many authorities. Tyrannies have

one ruler. Oligarchies have several rulers. Democracies have many rulers.

Rule by one person can be good {monarchy, Aristotle} or bad {despotism, Aristotle}. Rule by few can be good if based

on culture and character {aristocracy, Aristotle}. Rule by few can be bad if based on property or birth {oligarchy,

Aristotle}. Rule by all can be good if based on laws and order {republic, Aristotle}. Rule by all can be bad {mob-rule}

if based on demagoguery {democracy, Aristotle}. Because things held in common have no value, communism is bad.

Democracy is better than oligarchy, because more people contribute to decisions. Struggle of oligarchy with democracy

causes revolution.

States arise from first family and then village.

States should be self-sufficient. Small states are better.

Lending money and trading are bad.

Excess, more than want or need, causes tyranny and crime.

Hui Shih or Hui Shi

philosopher

China

-350 to -330

He lived -380 to -300, belonged to Mingjia School of Names, studied rhetoric, and invented paradoxes. Ming-chia or

Mingjia School of Names had dialecticians in Warring States period [-475 to -221].

Praxiteles

sculptor

Cnidus, Greece

-350 to -320

Aphrodite of the Cnidians or Aphrodite of Knidos [-350: Hellenistic marble statue with surface that looks like flesh];

Demeter [-340 to -330: Hellenistic seated marble statue in Knidos]; Hermes with Bacchus [-330: Hellenistic marble

statue]; Apollo Belvedere [-320: Hellenistic marble statue]

He lived -400 to -340.

Chuang Chou or Chuang Tzu or Chuang Tse or Zhuangzi

philosopher

Henan, China

-350 to -300

Zhuangzi or Chuang Tzu or Master Zhuang or Book of Chuang Tzu [-350 to -300]

He explained and popularized Taoism Tao-Teh-King. If people have judgments based on differing perspectives, no

method is available to conclude which judgment is correct. Therefore, truth is elusive. People should not have

expectations or perspectives. Distinctions among ideas are not important. Emotions about life and ideas should

minimize.

Speusippus

philosopher

Athens, Greece

-347 to -335

He lived -405 to -335, was Plato's nephew, and was second Old-Academy leader [-347 to -335]. Definition uses

relations to other things.

Lysippus

sculptor

Sicyon, Greece

-340 to -330

Alexander the Great [-340]; Apoxyomenos or Scraper [-330: Realistic Hellenistic bronze statue, with small head and

slender body]

He led Argos and Sicyon school. Sicyon is between Corinth and Achaea.

Paeonius/Demetrios

architect

Ephesus, Turkey

-340 to -250

Temple of Artemis [-340 to -250: large temple]

Artemis is Diana. Chersiphron and his son, Metagenes, built first temple [-550], but it burned [-356]. The replacement

temple burned [262] and invaders destroyed it [401].

Xenocrates

philosopher

Athens, Greece

-339 to -314

He lived -396 to -314 and led Old Academy [-339 to -314]. He divided philosophy into logic, physics, and ethics.

Alexander the Great

king

Macedon

-336 to -323

He lived -356 to -323 and conquered whole Middle East. He died of typhoid fever in Babylon.

Darius III

king

Persia

-334 to -330

He lived -380 to -330 and lost to Alexander the Great at Granicus, Issus, and Gaugamela, ending Achaemenid Dynasty

and Persian Empire.

Pyrrho of Elis

philosopher

Greece/Rome, Italy

-330 to -300

He lived -365 to -270 and was the first Skeptic. His student was Timon of Phlius [-320 to -230].

Epistemology

Knowledge cannot be certain, so people must suspend judgment and action {epoché}. Philosophy can find true nature

of things and people's relations to objects, so people can know all action gains or losses. People cannot know true

nature of things, only their feelings. People cannot know gain or loss and cannot choose correct action. People thus

cannot really have passion or error. People should not worry {ataraxia, Pyrrho}, because beliefs are just as true as

opposite beliefs, with no need to judge.

Mencius or Meng Tzu or Meng Ko

philosopher

Linzi, China

-330 to -290

Meng Tzu

He lived -372 to -289 and was Confucian. People innately have compassion, are courteous, are good, love parents,

respect older people, care about other people, and have sense of right and wrong. They innately can have shame and

can be benevolent, dutiful, ritualistic, and wise. Ethical sense develops naturally, and society only needs to assist

development.

Chandragupta I or Chandragupta Maurya

king

Ganges Valley, India

-325 to -293

He lived -340 to -293, acquired Magadha kingdom [-325], defeated Nanda dynasty [-321], married clan princess to

form Gupta or Maurya dynasty [-321 to -293], and defeated Seleucus I [-305].

Ptolemy I or Ptolemy Soter

king

Egypt

-323 to -285

He lived -367 to -282 and was general for Alexander the Great of Macedonia. He moved capital to Alexandria [-305].

He built library [-305]. He ruled with his son [-285 to -282].

Seleucus I

king

Syria/Babylonia/Persia

-323 to -281

He lived -358 to -281, was one of Alexander's generals, and began Seleucid Dynasty. He received Babylonia after

Alexander the Great's death. He fought to Indus River in India. He won at Ipsus against Antigonus I of Macedon and

later defeated Lysimachus of Macedon in Wars of the Diadochi.

Chandragupta Maurya

king

India/Punjab/Afghanistan

-322 to -296

He lived -325 to -296 and founded Mauryan Empire when he conquered Magadha Kingdom, had strong central

government, and had strong army. He defeated invasion by Seleucus [-305]. Maurya Empire conquered part of south

India.

Theophrastus

philosopher

Athens, Greece

-322 to -287

Metaphysics [-300]

He lived -371 to -287, led Lyceum after Aristotle [-322 to -287], and studied cosmology and botany. The conclusion

cannot be stronger than the weakest premise.

Hipparchia

philosopher

Thrace, Greece

-320

She lived -340 to ?. Her husband was Crates the Cynic.

Crates the Cynic

philosopher

Greece

-320 to -316

His wife was Hipparchia. Luxury, pride, and ill will are bad.

Kautiliya or Chanakya or Vishnugupta

writer

Taxila, Pakistan

-320 to -300

Scriptural Texts on Government [-320 to -300: about government]; Scriptural Texts on Leading [-320 to -300]; Guide

of Chanakya [-320 to -300]

He lived -350 to -275.

Menander

playwright

Greece

-317

Dyskolos or The Grouch [-317: comedy]

He lived -342 to -291.

Gnaeus Flavius [Flavius, Gnaeus]

lawyer

Rome, Italy

-312 to -304

Civil Law [-312 to -304]

He published the oral court-action forms, which priests {pontifex} had kept secret before, but which were already

public knowledge.

Appius Claudius Caecus [Caecus, Appius Claudius]

leader

Rome, Italy

-312 to -285

legis actiones or Legal Actions [-300]

He lived -340 to -273, was censor [-312 to -308], was consul [307] [296], and was dictator [-292] [-285]. He illegally

remained in office as censor five years. With his power to fill vacancies in Senate, he appointed plebians to Senate. He

also allowed plebians to be priests. He reapportioned tribes to give plebians control of Tribal Assembly. His clerk

published the legis actiones law methods. He built Appian Way and main Roman aqueduct.

Epicurus

philosopher

Samos, Ionia/Athens, Greece

-310 to -280

On Nature [-310 to -280]; Letter to Herodotus [-310 to -280]; Letter to Pythocles [-310 to -280]; Letter to Menoeceus [-

310 to -280]; Principal Sayings [-310 to -280]; Vatican Fragments [-310 to -280]

He lived -341 to -270 and founded Epicurean School at the Garden [-306].

Ethics

Soul pleasures contemplate thoughts and expect bodily pleasures. They are more valuable than bodily pleasures alone.

The ideal pleasure is freedom from distraction, which people can achieve by philosophy study and mind control, to

achieve a happy life.

Fear of supernatural is distraction. Natural and physical mind and soul explanations remove fear of supernatural.

Prudence and self-control are good.

The private life is best.

Belief in determinism disallows criticism of people that do not believe in determinism, because both beliefs have

predetermination {Epicurean objection}.

Metaphysics

Reality is only different atoms forming and disintegrating into different groups by motions in empty space. Atoms and

universe are eternal.

Mind

Body and mind unify in special atoms. No afterlife exists.

Will

Chance, and will's free choice, show that nature has uncaused events. Will's free choice is the only explanation of good

and evil, because God is surely able to remove evil from the world.

Zeno of Citium

philosopher

Citium, Cyprus/Athens, Greece

-310 to -280

Commonwealth or Republic [-310 to -280]

He lived -334 to -262 and founded Stoicism [-310]. People either have reason and virtue or do not {absolutism}.

Politics and laws should be the same for all.

Philo the Dialectician

philosopher

Greece

-300

He opposed the Master Argument. Ability to state a predicate makes it possible. A statement implies another if first

statement is false or second statement is true {material implication, Philo}.

Euclid

mathematician

Alexandria, Egypt

-300 to -280

Elements [-300 to -280]

He lived -325 to -265 developed Euclid's theorem and Euclid's algorithm. He studied perpendicular, parallel,

superposition, arc, and prime numbers. He used exhaustion method, rather than infinitesimals, to study curves. He

systematized plane geometry, number proportions and ratios, prime numbers, and solid geometry.

Book 1 is about congruence, parallel lines, Pythagorean theorem, simple constructions, constructions with equal areas,

and parallelograms {rectilinear figure, Euclid}. Sum of two triangle-side lengths is greater than or equal to third-side

length. Book 2 is about geometric algebra, using areas and volumes to find products and quadratic equations, and

adding line segments to add. Book 3 is about circles, chords, tangents, secants, central angles, and inscribed angles.

Book 4 is about figures inscribed in, or circumscribed around, circles. Book 5 is about proportion by magnitudes,

commensurable magnitudes, and incommensurable magnitudes. Book 6 is about similar figures, using proportions.

Book 7 is about number theory, Euclidean algorithm, and numbers as line segments. Book 8 is about geometric

progressions. Book 9 is about square and cubic numbers, plane and solid numbers, geometric progressions, and the

theorem that number of primes is infinite. Book 10 classifies incommensurable magnitudes. Book 11 is about convex

solids and generation of solids. Book 12 is about curved-surface areas and volumes, using exhaustion method and

indirect proof. Book 13 is about regular polyhedrons in spheres and regular polygons in circles.

Herophilus

anatomist

Alexandria, Egypt

-300 to -280

He lived -335 to -280, dissected human body, and compared to other animal bodies. He described brain, brain

ventricles, heart, heart valves, nervous system, sense and motor nerves, cornea, sclera, choroid, retina, and lens. He

founded medical school at Alexandria.

Eubulides of Miletus

philosopher

Megara, Greece

-300 to -250

He developed liar paradox and masked man paradox {Eubulides paradox, Eubulides}. "This statement is false."

Vishnu Sarma

writer

Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, India

-300 to -200

Five Treatises of Bidpai or Fables of Bidpai [-300 to -200: fables about how to succeed in life]

He wrote animal fables.

Bindusara

king

India

-296 to -272

He lived -320 to -272. Maurya Empire extended to Madras.

Diodorus Cronus

philosopher

Greece

-294 to -284

He lived -315 to -284, was of Megarian school, and worked on logic. Nothing is possible that neither is nor will be true

{Master Argument} [-294 to -284]. The possible either is true or will be true. Possibility is impossible, because only

actual is certainly possible. A possible that does not become real proves itself impossible. Only actual or impossible can

happen. Impossible cannot result from possible. All past truths are necessary.

Kung-sun Lung or Gongsun Long

lawyer

Chang'an (Xian), China

-290 to -270

Meaning and Things [-290 to -270]

He lived -320 to -250, belonged to Ming-chia School of Names, studied rhetoric, and invented paradoxes, such as "A

white horse is not a horse".

Strato of Lampsacus

philosopher

Athens, Greece

-287 to -270

He lived -335 to -268 and was Lyceum leader after Theophrastus [-287 to -270]. Falling objects accelerate. Objects

have different weights because they have different-size voids {doctrine of the void} {void doctrine}. There are no gods

or supernatural forces, and world is mechanistic.

Ptolemy II

king

Egypt

-282 to -246

He lived -309 to -246. Ptolemaic, Macedonian, Lagid, or XXXI Dynasty built library at Alexandria and fought Syria.

Erasistratus

anatomist

Alexandria, Egypt

-280 to -250

He lived -304 to -250, dissected animals and humans, and described brain, brain ventricles, heart, heart valves, nervous

system, sense and motor nerves, cornea, sclera, choroid, retina, and lens.

Antigonus II

king

Greece

-276 to -239

He lived -319 to -239, conquered Macedon [-276], and united Greece.

Asoka or Ashoka

king

India/Afghanistan

-273 to -232

He lived -290 to -232 and ruled Maurya Empire at greatest extent, because he conquered all India, Afghanistan,

Baluchistan, Ceylon, Nepal, and Kashmir. He defeated Kalinya Empire [-265] and then warred no more. He then

promoted religious tolerance, non-violence, and personal dignity.

He became Buddhist [-255] and established Buddhism as state religion. He built 80,000 stupas and many monasteries.

He tried to restore discipline to the monks. He emphasized charity, self-command, and self-control. Buddhist

missionaries went to Burma and Ceylon [-240]. He started the idea of heavenly salvation for good behavior {svarga} in

Buddhism. After he died, Buddhism died out in north India.

He increased trade, planted banyan trees, and built roads, reservoirs, wells, and inns.

Literature had Mahabharata, including Bhagavadgita, and Ramayana.

Hermarchus

philosopher

Greece

-270 to -250

Against Empedocles [-270 to -250]; On the mathematicians [-270 to -250]; Against Plato [-270 to -250]; Against

Aristotle [-270 to -250]

He was second Epicurean-School leader [-270 to -250].

Xun Zi or Hsün Tzu or Hsün K'uang

philosopher

Chang'an (Xian), China

-270 to -240

Master Xun

He lived -298 to -238 and was Confucian. People are naturally selfish, envious, hateful, and desirous, and so cause

conflict, violence, crime, and wanton behavior. People develop desires that society must regulate. Society imposes

order and so helps people gain more satisfaction overall.

Arcesilaus of Pitane

philosopher

Greece

-268 to -240

He lived -315 to -240, was skeptic, and led Middle Academy [-268 to -240].

Archimedes

physicist/mathematician/inventor

Syracuse, Sicily

-264 to -212

Archimedes' screw

He lived -287 to -212 and invented Archimedes' theorem, Archimedes spiral, Archimedes axiom, and Archimedes real-

number property. He used exhaustion method to find pi and sphere and conic areas and volumes. He used completeness

axiom. He found Archimedes buoyancy law {Archimedes' principle, Archimedes} {Archimedes principle,

Archimedes}. He put a screw {Archimedes' screw} {Archimedes screw} inside a cylinder, to lift water.

Aristarchus of Samos

astronomer

Alexandria, Egypt/Samos, Ionia

-260

He lived -310 to -250, invented heliocentric theory [-260], calculated Earth-to-Sun distance to Earth-to-Moon distance

ratio from angle at half moon, found Moon distance and size from Earth shadow on Moon during lunar eclipse, and

stated causes of night and day and seasons.

Theocritus

writer

Greece

-250

Fifteenth Idyll [-250]

He lived -300 to -250.

Polystratus

philosopher

Greece

-250 to -240

He lived ? to -240 and was third Epicurean-School leader [-250 to -240].

Eratosthenes

mathematician

Egypt

-250 to -200

He lived -276 to -194 and found circumference of Earth.

Arsaces I

king

Persia

-247 to -211

From central Asia, he led Parni branch of Dahae and founded Parthian kingdom in east Persia, which became Parthian

Empire.

Ptolemy III

king

Egypt

-246 to -221

He lived -280 to -221. Ptolemaic, Macedonian, Lagid, or XXXI Dynasty fought Syria and controlled Asia Minor and

Greek coast.

Chrysippus

philosopher

Athens, Greece

-240 to -207

He lived -280 to -207, was third Stoic leader, and invented formal propositional logic.

Han Fei

lawyer

Chang'an (Xian), China

-234

Hanfeizi or Master Han Fei [-234]

He lived ? to -233, was Legalist, and studied prestige, laws, and punishments by rulers.

Apollonius of Perga or Appolonios or Great Geometer

mathematician/philosopher

Greece

-230 to -200

Conics or Conic Sections [-230 to -200]

He lived -262 to -185 and was Neo-Pythagorean and mystic. He invented a systematic theory of parabolas, ellipses, and

hyperbolas, based on eccentricity, directrix, and focus. He studied right circular cones, oblique circular cones,

hyperbolas, parabolas, ellipses, conjugate diameters, tangents, asymptotes, foci, conic intersections, maximum and

minimum conic lengths, conic normals, similar and congruent conics, and conic segments. Two conic tangents meet at

poles, and sides are polars. Given three points, lines, or circles, construct a circle tangent to or including the points,

lines, or circles {Apollonian problem}.

Ethics

Simple life is best.

Mind

Mind and body are separate realities.

Hasdrubal

general

Carthage, Tunisia

-226 to -221

He lived -260 to -207, was son-in-law of Hamilcar Barca, founded city of New Carthage in Spain [-226], and governed

Spain [-228 to -221], but later someone killed him.

Antiochus the Great

king

Syria/Israel

-223 to -187

He lived -242 to -187, was Seleucid, and took Judea [-198].

Zheng or Cheng or Shih Hwang-ti or Qin Shi Huang-di

king

China

-221 to -206

He founded Qin or Ch'in or Ts'in dynasty. As king of Ch'in in Senshi Province, he subdued six other kingdoms and

united China. Shih Hwang-ti or Shi Huang-di means first emperor. Hsien Yang was capital. He built first Great Wall of

China, 1500 miles long, in north and northwest. He centralized government, set up bureaucracy, forced nobles to live at

capital, and redistributed land to peasants. He stopped crime and enforced laws with strong army. He unified measures

and currency. He standardized Chinese characters. His tomb was near Lin Tung. His death started civil war.

Ptolemy IV

king

Egypt

-221 to -205

He lived -243 to -205 and was of Ptolemaic, Macedonian, Lagid, or XXXI Dynasty.

Hannibal

general

Carthage, Tunisia

-218 to -200

He lived -247 to -182 and led Carthage army in Second Punic War. He ruled in Carthage after the peace.

Fabius the Cunctator or Fabius the Delayer

consul

Rome, Italy

-217

He lived -275 to -203. As Roman Republic fought against Hannibal in Second Punic War, he did not commit to battle,

and Rome replaced him before Rome's defeat at Cannae.

Marcus Porcius Cato Censorius [Cato Censorius, Marcus Porcius]

lawgiver

Rome, Italy

-214 to -185

On military things [-214 to -185]; Essay on Conduct [-214 to -185]; On filial piety [-214 to -185]; On Agriculture [-214

to -185: agriculture law]

He lived -234 to -149 and was Tribune [-214] and Censor [-185]. His son was Marcus Porcius Cato Licinianus, who

wrote De iuris disciplina.

Scipio Africanus Major

consul

Rome, Italy

-209 to -202

He lived -236 to -183. Roman Republic conquered Spain and defeated Hannibal of Carthage at Battle of Zama [-202].

He tried to prevent revenge on Hannibal, but Cato the Elder rigged trial against Scipio.

Titus Maccius Plautus [Plautus, Titus Maccius]

playwright

Rome, Italy

-205

Swaggering Soldier [-205: comedy]

He lived -254 to -184.

Sextus Papirius [Papirius, Sextus]

lawyer

Rome, Italy

-200

Pontifical Law or Law of Sacrificial Rites or Law of Papirius [-200: Roman traditional laws]

He collected Roman traditional laws {leges regiae}.

Bharata or Bharata Muni

writer

India

-200 to 200

Scriptural Texts on Dancing [-200 to 200: about dancing, singing, mime, and drama]

Natyasastras tell how to play heroes and other characters and how to interpret emotions in all situation types.

Experiencing art equals tasting object essence {rasa theory, Bharata}. Abhinaya (toward Drama) is about dramaturgy.

Bharata Natyam, Khathakali, and Kudiattam Yaksagana are India dance forms that follow Bharata's technique and his

concept of Abhinaya. Rasananda is ultimate bliss. The older Shilpa Shastras describe how to perform the Agama or

liturgical texts and include Vishnudharmotara Purana, Samaranganasutradhara, Sukranitisara, and Shilpa Ratna.

Patanjali

linguist/philosopher

Tamil, India

-200 to 200

Great Commentary [-200 to 200: about Panini's grammar]; Discourses on Yoga [-200 to 200: about Raja Yoga or

Ashtanga Yoga, including Kaivalya Pada as fourth book]

He wrote about Patanjali Yoga or Raja Yoga or Ashtanga Yoga, one of the Six Schools, Shad-Darsananas, or Classical

Systems of Philosophy. Raja Yoga is meditation. Hiranyagarbha started Raja Yoga.

Bhakti Yoga is devotions, prayers, rituals, and worship. Jnana Yoga is using reason to become free of seeing

differences. Karma Yoga is service to others.

Carneades

philosopher

Greece

-180 to -150

He lived -214 to -129 and was skeptic. No premise is immediately certain, so people cannot know premise truth, so it is

impossible to prove deductions. Knowledge is persuasive only, to show what is plausible {to pithanon}. What is origin

of the bad? Why did God give people freedom to choose badly? Why does God allow bad choice to continue?

Antiochus IV

king

Syria/Persia

-175 to -164

He lived -215 to -164. Seleucids tried to stop Maccabees in Judaea. Rome blocked Seleucid invasion of Egypt.

Mithradates I

emperor

Persia

-171 to -138

He lived -200 to -138 and was Parthian emperor. He conquered from Caspian Sea to Persian Gulf to border of India [-

160 to -140].

Katyayana or Varttika-kara or Vararuchi or Vararuci

mathematician/grammarian/Vedic priest

India

-170 to -150

Discourses on Altar Construction [-170: about geometry and altar construction]; Critical Gloss [-170 to -150: about

Panini's grammar]

He lived -200 to -140. He was in Aindra grammarian school and lived in northwest India.

Terence

playwright

Rome, Italy

-162 to -160

Eunuchus [-161]; Phormio [-161]; Adelphi [-160]

He lived -192 to -158 and was of Scipionic Circle.

Manius Manilius [Manilius, Manius]

lawyer

Rome, Italy

-155 to -148

Roman Sales Contracts [-150]

He was Proconsul [-155 to -154] and Consul [-148] and invented Roman sales contracts.

Milinda or Menander

king

Sagala/Bactria

-155 to -130

Questions of King Milinda or Menander [-130]

He was Greek king of Sagala in Bactria [-155 to -130]. Nagasena persuaded him to become Theravada Buddhist.

Huai-nan-tzu or Huainanzi or Liu An [An, Liu] or Huai-nan

writer

Chang'an (Xian), China

-150 to -130

Huai Nan Tzu or Book of Huai Nan Tzu [-150 to -130]

He lived -179 to -122, was a Taoist philosopher, and was Kao-tsu's grandson and emperor's cousin. Kao-tsu or Liu

Pang founded Western Han dynasty.

Panaetius

philosopher

Rome, Italy

-150 to -130

On Duty [-150 to -130]; On Providence [-150 to -130]; On Cheerfulness [-150 to -130]; On Philosophical Schools [-

150 to -130]

He lived -185 to -108 and was Stoic and Syncretist. Scipio the Younger was his pupil. People should become more

active and virtuous, depending on personality.

Scipio Africanus Minor or Scipio Africanus the Younger

consul

Rome, Italy

-146 to -121

He lived -185 to -129. Roman Republic fought Third Punic War and sacked Carthage. He quelled rebellion in Spain.

He tried to nullify the Gracchi's reforms.

Marcus Iunius Brutus [Brutus, Marcus Iunius]

lawyer

Rome, Italy

-142

Civil Law [-142]

He was Praetor [-142].

Publius Mucius Scaevola [Scaevola, Publius Mucius]

lawyer

Rome, Italy

-141 to -130

Complete Annals [-130]

He lived ? to -113 and was Tribune [-141] and Consul [-133].

Wu-ti or Liu Ch'e

emperor

China

-141 to -87

He lived -156 to -87, took Central Asia's Tarim Basin, south Manchuria, and southeast China, and founded Early Han

or Former Han or Western Han. Silk Road began.

Tung Chung-shu

philosopher

Chang'an (Xian), China

-140 to -120

Luxuriant Gems of the Spring and Autumn Annals [-140 to -120]

He lived -179 to -104 and was Confucian. Confucianism became China's political system and religion [136] {Mandate

of Heaven}. Human life and universe both have good and bad, active and passive, and yin and yang and so have cycles.

Hipparchus

astronomer

Greece

-134

He lived -190 to -120 and measured relative star brightness, equinox precession [-150], and Moon size from lunar-

eclipse parallax [-130].

Hyrcanus I

king

Judea

-134 to -104

He lived ? to -104 and left Pharisees to become Sadducee [-120].

Caius Gracchus [Gracchus, Caius]/Tiberius Gracchus [Gracchus, Tiberius]/Gracchi

tribune

Rome, Italy

-133 to -121

Caius lived -154 to -121. Tiberius lived -163 to -133. The Gracchi of Roman Republic were sons of Cornelia. Tiberius

Gracchus passed Sempronian law, which redistributed public lands to more people. Someone murdered him in riot over

his renomination. Caius Gracchus then started social reforms and blocked Senate and consuls. Someone murdered him

in riots protesting intent of Senate to repeal his measures. They redistributed land and had other land reforms. State

began to feed the poor. State did not enforce army service until man was 17 years old. Equites and patricians were

judges.

Nagasena

monk

Bactria/India

-130

Questions of King Milinda or Menander [-130]

He persuaded Milinda or Menander, Greek king of Sagala in Bactria [-155 to -130], to become Theravada Buddhist.

Dionysius Thrax [Thrax, Dionysius]

linguist

Thrace, Greece/Alexandria, Egypt

-120

Art of Grammar [-120]

He lived -170 to -90, was Stoic, and wrote comprehensive grammar.

Antiochus of Ascalon

philosopher

Athens, Greece

-110 to -70

Sosus [-90 to -79: against Sosus, Stoic philosopher]; Canons [-110 to -70]; On death [-110 to -70]

He lived -130 to -68, was at New Academy, was pupil of Philo of Larissa [-110], and began Middle Platonists. He tried

to go back to Plato's original teachings, using Stoic and eclectic ideas against skepticism.

Quintus Mucius Scaevola [Scaevola, Quintus Mucius] or Augur

lawyer

Rome, Italy

-106 to -95

Civil Law [-106 to -95: 18 volumes]; Single Book [-106 to -95: legal terms and basic principles]

He lived ? to -88, was Publius Mucius Scaevola's son, systematized Roman law, and taught Cicero. He was tribune [-

106], aedile [-104], and consul [-95], when, with Licinius Crassus, Lex Licinia Mucia denied Roman citizenship to

some people in Italy, later causing Social War. He was governor of Asia, publishing edict for provincial administration.

He was pontifex maximus.

Gaius Marius [Marius, Gaius]

tribune

Rome, Italy

-100

He lived -155 to -86 and tried more reform.

Aenesidemus of Knossos

philosopher

Greece

-100 to -50

Pyrrhonian thoughts or Pyrrhonian statements [-100 to -50]; On wisdom [-100 to -50]; On the search (for truth) [-100 to

-50]; Against wisdom [-100 to -50]; Outline of Pyrrhonism [-100 to -50]

He founded Pyrrhonian Skepticism and was against Academy Platonists. He developed ten skepticism modes {trope,

Aenesidemus}. Perception does not optimize. People differ in character and what they think is good. Objects present

visual and other perceptions, and none is defining. Perceptions differ under different moods. Perceptions differ in

different contexts. Nothing can separate from everything else, so properties are not definite. Properties differ depending

on quantity, such as for medicine. Perception has viewpoint, so knowledge is relative. Value depends on frequency, so

rare things and events are more valuable. Customs, education, and beliefs influence perception and judgment.

Ananda/Kasyapa/Katyayana/Mahakashyapa/Sariputra

writer

India

-100 to -25

Abhidhamma Pitaka or Higher Teaching Basket or Special Teachings Basket [-100 to -25: Tripitaka third basket has

seven books that classify psychology, metaphysics, philosophy, and logic]

Ananda

writer

Rajagaha (Rajgir), Bihar, India

-100 to -25

Sutra Pitaka or Sutta Pitaka or Basket of Teachings or Collection of the King or Discourses of Shakyamuni [-100 to -

25: Buddha's discourses to followers]; Nikayas or Discourses of the Buddha [-100 to -25: Nikayas include Digha

Nikaya or Long Collection, Majjhima Nikaya or Middle-length Collection, Samyutta Nikaya or Collection of Groups

or Collection of Kindred Sayings with five vaggas and 56 samyuttas, Anguttara Nikaya or Collection of Discourses,

and Khuddaka Nikaya or Smaller Collection]; Psalms of the Elders, Brethren, and Sisters or Lives and Psalms of the

Buddha's Disciples or Psalms of the Early Buddhists [-100 to -25: in the Khuddaka Nikaya in the Fifth Group of

Sutrapitaka in Pali Canon. Sisters are Theri-Bhikkhunis]; Sayings of the Buddha [-100 to -25: in the Khuddaka Nikaya

of Sutrapitaka in Pali Canon]

He wrote Tripitaka second basket, Sutta Pitaka, Sutrapitaka, or Basket of Discourses, which has the Five Nikayas.

Longer Nikaya and Shorter Nikaya are first two parts and are Buddha's dialogues. Third Nikaya is Anguttara or

Progressive Addition, which states doctrines by units, then pairs, threes, fours, then to tens. Fourth Nikaya is Satlyutta

or Clusters, which states Logia or doctrines by subject. Sutrapitaka contains the Girimananda Sutra (Discourse to the

Venerable Girimananda), Mahanidana Sutra (Great Discourse on Origination), Mangala Sutra (Discourse on

Blessings), Metta Sutra (Discourse on Loving-Kindness), Ratana Sutra (Discourse on Precious Jewels), Samannaphala

Sutra (Discourse on the Fruits of Recluseship), and Theranama Sutra (Discourse on Knowing the Better Way to Live

Alone). Fifth Nikaya is in Sutrapitaka or third basket.

Ananda/Kasyapa/Katyayana/Mahakashyapa/Sariputra/Upali

writer

India

-100 to -25

Three Baskets or Pali Canon [-100 to -25: Buddha teachings, commentaries, and conduct rules are in Pali, a south-India

literary language]

Three Baskets {tripitaka} {tipitaka} are Vinaya Pitaka, Sutra Pitaka, and Abhidharma Pitaka. Buddhist oral teachings

are Theravada Buddhism scripture. Other schools are Mahayana and Vajrayana. Vinaya Pitaka is practices and ethical

code for monks and nuns. Sutra Pitaka has Buddha's life, dialogues, and teachings {agamas} {nikayas}. Anguttara

Nikaya is in Sutra Pitaka fourth division. Abhidharma Pitaka (Toward Higher Thought or Toward Reality)

systematically investigates mind and matter. Tripitaka parts include Cullavagga, Dipavamsa, Mahavagga, Mahavamsa,

Niddesa, Parivara, Patisambhida, and Sataka.

Upali

writer

Kapilavastu, Nepal

-100 to -25

Vinaya Pitaka or Basket of Monastic Discipline [-100 to -25]

He wrote Tripitaka first basket, which has rules for the sangha monastic community.

Guhadeva

philosopher

India

-100 to 1

Spiritual Theological Dictionary [-100 to 1]

He wrote about Upanishads.

Dramida

philosopher

India

-100 to 600

He wrote about Upanishads.

Kapardi

philosopher

India

-100 to 600

He wrote about Upanishads.

Tanka

philosopher

India

-100 to 600

He wrote about Upanishads.

Cornelius Sulla [Sulla, Cornelius]

general

Rome, Italy

-88 to -81

Leges Corneliae [-88 to -81]

He lived -138 to -78. As ex-consul, he took Rome [-88], passed new laws (Leges Corneliae) to block reforms, and

increased Senate to 600 members [-81].

Philodemus of Gadara

philosopher/poet

Herculaneum, Italy

-80

On Rhetoric [-80]

He lived -110 to -35 and was Epicurean.

Cicero or Marcus Tullius Cicero [Cicero, Marcus Tullius] or Tully

lawyer/orator

Rome, Italy

-80 to -43

On oratory [-55]; On the republic [-54 to -52]; On laws [-52]; For Milone [-52]; On ends [-45]; On the nature of the

gods [-45]; On divination [-45]; On duties [-44]; Philippics [-44 to -43]; Letters to Relations [-67 to -43]; On His

Consulship [-80 to -43]; On His Life and Times [-80 to -43]

He lived -106 to -43 and defended Sextus Roscius against the state [-80]. He defended people of Sicily against the

governor [-51]. He was praetor [-66] and consul [-63]. He first emphasized intention, as well as actual act. He first

distinguished between damages and penalties.

Natural law is universal, because it depends on reason, which is inherent in all people equally. Actual laws depend on

history and natural law.

Epistemology

Ideas can be innate in reason, which people need only remember.

Psychology

People have right to take part in conversations. Conversation with monarchs should be mainly information, flattery, or

respectful silence. People should use witticisms only in conversations with equals.

Pompey the Great

consul

Rome, Italy

-76 to -48

He lived -106 to -48. Roman Republic conquered Spain. Senate and equite knights stopped revolt of Spartacus [-61].

Pompey cleared Mediterranean Sea of pirates, defeated Pontus, formed First Triumvirate [-60], and led Senate against

Caesar, who defeated him at Pharsala during civil war. Senate passed agrarian laws that kept land from plebians.

Hyrcanus II

king

Judea

-76 to -40

He lived ? to -30 and was Judea high priest [-76 to -40]. Rome took Judea, and Hyrcanus II, a Maccabee, was puppet

ruler [-63 to -40].

Andronicus of Rhodes

philosopher

Rhodes, Greece

-70

He was Peripatetic and edited Aristotle's works into logic, physics, and ethics categories [-70].

Lucretius or Titus Lucretius Carus [Lucretius Carus, Titus]

philosopher/biologist/poet

Rome, Italy

-70 to -55

On the Nature of Things [-70 to -55: six books]

He lived -99 to -55 and was Epicurean. Universe is atomistic and governed by natural laws. People are matter only.

Plants and animals evolve.

Servius Sulpicius Rufus [Rufus, Servius Sulpicius]

lawyer

Rome, Italy

-65 to -51

Commentary on the Praetorian Edict [-65 to -51]; Commentary on the Twelve Tables [-65 to -51]

He lived ? to -43 and used dialectical method in law. He was Praetor [-65] and Consul [-51].

Cato the Younger or Marcus Porcius Cato [Cato, Marcus Porcius]

philosopher

Rome, Italy

-63 to -46

He lived -95 to -46, was Cato the Elder's great-grandson, was Stoic, and was famous for honesty.

Julius Caesar

consul/historian/biographer

Rome, Italy

-59 to -44

Gallic Wars [-45]

He lived -100 to -44. Julius Caesar became consul [-59]. He conquered Gaul [-58 to -50]. He defied Senate's order to

disband army and crossed Rubicon River [-49], starting civil war [-49 to -45]. He marched to Rome. He then defeated

Pompey in Pharsala, Greece [-48]. He went to Greece and met Cleopatra. He went to Pontus and defeated Egypt, where

he said "I came, I saw, I conquered." After he won the civil war, he became dictator of Rome, organized Roman

Empire, ended anarchy, started social reforms, and began Julian calendar. Marcus Brutus assassinated him on March 15

{Ides of March} [-44], followed by more civil war.

He limited number of lawyers {jurisconsult} allowed to give opinions and gave them imperial authority. Only emperor

set new laws. The people disliked his new laws {Julian law}. Men had to marry if younger than 60. Women had to

marry if younger than 50. People that had children had reduced taxes and got jobs. Adultery was punishable. Weddings

had to be modest. Extravagance was bad.

His great-nephew Octavian later became Caesar Augustus (Augustus Caesar).

Gaius Valerius Catullus [Catullus, Gaius Valerius]

poet

Rome, Italy

-54

Lesbia [-54: lyric poem]

He lived -84 to -54 and wrote poems about personal life {carmina, Catullus}.

Cleopatra

queen

Egypt

-51 to -30

She lived -69 to -30. She was of Ptolemaic Dynasty. Julius Caesar and Marc Anthony loved her. After she and Marc

Anthony lost at Actium, she killed herself using asp.

Gaius Amafinius [Amafinius, Gaius] or Gaius Amafanius [Amafanius, Gaius]

philosopher

Rome, Italy

-50

He was Epicurean.

Aulus Ofilius [Ofilius, Aulus]

lawyer

Rome, Italy

-50

Praetorian Edict commentary [-50]

He was Rufus' student.

Publilio Siro [Siro, Publilio]

philosopher

Naples, Italy

-50

He lived -85 to -43 and was Epicurean.

Marcus Tullius Cicero [Cicero, Marcus Tullius] or Tully

consul

Rome, Italy

-50

Tuscany Disputations [-50]

He lived -106 to -43. Through alliance with Pompey, as consul he destroyed Catiline conspiracy against Roman

Republic. Philosophy is about soul {cultura animi}.

Marcus Terentius Varro [Varro, Marcus Terentius] or Varro Reatinus

linguist

Rome, Italy

-50

On the Latin Language [-50: 25 books]; Agricultural Topics [-50: 3 books]

He lived -116 to -27.

Quintus Aelius Tubero [Tubero, Quintus Aelius]

lawyer

Rome, Italy

-46

He tried to prosecute Quintus Ligarius [-46] for co-operation with Juba.

Lepidus

patrician

Rome, Italy

-43 to -36

He lived ? to -19, was praetor [-49], was consul [-46], and was Triumvirate member [-43 to -36].

Virgil or Publius Vergilius Maro [Maro, Publius Vergilius]

poet

Rome, Italy

-42 to -19

Eclogues or Bucolics [-42]; Georgics [-30]; Aeneid [-19]

He lived -70 to -19.

Publius Alfenus Varus [Varus, Publius Alfenus]

lawyer

Rome, Italy

-41 to -39

Digests [-40: 40 books]

He was Consul Suffectus [-39] and Rufus' student. He confiscated land for veterans, and he aided Virgil [-41].

Hagesandros or Agesander/Athenodoros/Polydoros of Rhodes

sculptor

Rome, Italy

-40 to 20

Laocöon Group [-40 to 20: Hellenistic marble statue shows Laocöon and his sons' tragic deaths]

Rhodes is island near Crete.

Herod the Great

king

Judea

-37 to -4

He lived -73 to -4, was Hyrcanus's half-Jewish minister, and ruled for Rome. He built Masada [-30] by Dead Sea as

fortress towering 1300 feet. He murdered rabbis. According to the Bible, he massacred children [-4].

Horace or Quintus Horatius Flaccus [Flaccus, Quintus Horatius]

poet

Rome, Italy

-32 to -29

Ars Poetica or Art of Poetry [-30: book]

He lived -65 to -8.

Gaius Trebatius Testa [Testa, Gaius Trebatius]

lawyer

Rome, Italy

-30 to 1

Topics [-30 to 1: on ius civile and divine law]

He advised Augustus about informal codicil.

Livy or Titus Livius [Livius, Titus]

historian

Padua, Italy/Rome, Italy

-29 to -9

From the Founding of the City [-29 to -9: history of Rome from -753 to -9]

He lived -59 to 17.

Augustus or Octavian

emperor

Rome, Italy

-27 to 14

He lived -63 to 14 and was Julius Caesar's great nephew. Octavian controlled Persia, Syria, Egypt, Asia Minor, Greece,

Italy, Gaul, Lusitania or Portugal, and Spain and so consolidated Roman Empire [-31]. He became first emperor of

Rome as Augustus [-27]. He imposed Pax Romana, had good administration, and encouraged arts.

Ovid or Publius Ovidius Naso [Ovidius Naso, Publius]

poet

Rome, Italy

-20 to 2

Amores [-20]; Metamorphoses [-10]; Ars Amatoria or Art of Love [2]

He lived -43 to 17.

Marcus Antistus Labeo [Labeo, Marcus Antistus]

lawyer

Rome, Italy

-20 to 10

Pithana [-20 to 10: about Hittite king of Kussar in -1700]; Later Works [-20 to 10]

He lived -50 to 22 and provided the ideas of Proculian School of Roman law.

Hillel I or Hillel the Elder

lawgiver

Jerusalem, Israel

-20 to 20

Prozbul or Document That Gives Supervision of a Loan to a Jewish Court [-20 to 20]

He lived ? to 20, codified the Mishnah based on rules {seven rules, Hillel}, and founded Beit Hillel or House of Hillel

school. Do not do to people what you would not like them to do to you {golden rule, Hillel}.

Joseph

carpenter

Palestine

-4

He was Mary's husband.

Mary of Nazareth

mother

Palestine

-4

She was Jesus' mother.

Herod Antipas or Herod Antipatros

tetrarch

Judaea

-4 to 40

He lived -20 to 40. According to the Bible, he executed John the Baptist and brought his head on a platter when Salome

asked for it. He was Herod the Great's son.

Aryasura

philosopher

India

1 to 100

Aspiration [1 to 100]; Meditation on Compassion [1 to 100]; Garland of Birth Stories or Garland of Tales from the

Earlier Lives of the Buddha [1 to 100]

Hermes Trismegistos or Hermes the Thrice Great

alchemist

Chenoboskion, Egypt/Nag Hammadi, Egypt/Alexandria, Egypt

1 to 100

Emerald Tablet [1 to 100: translated by Ficino in 1463]

He began Alchemy and Hermetism or Hermetic philosophy.

Chenoboskion is on Nile River west bank in Upper Egypt.

Nature has interconvertible and mixable elements: earth or solid, fire or energy, air or gas, water or liquid. Metals relate

to body parts. Gold represents longevity. Sulfur, as fire and spirit, and mercury, as water and soul, make minerals and

metals. Gold has value, because it does not rust and does not change with heat, alkali, or acid. All metals can grow into

gold. Philosophers Stone, Elixir of Life, or Red Tincture can change base metal into gold.

Epistemology

Using reason can make people like gods, by removing misconceptions {twelve madnesses} and perceiving the order of

nature.

Metaphysics

God is beyond human conception.

Kamandaki or Kumandaki or Kamandaka

writer

Dhaka, India

1 to 100

Elements of Polity [about government]

Gaius Ateius Capito [Capito, Gaius Ateius]

lawyer

Rome, Italy

5

On public judgments [5]

He lived ? to 22, was consul [5], and provided the ideas of Sabinian or Cassian School.

Wang Mang

emperor

China

9 to 23

He lived -45 to -23, seized power in Han dynasty when regent, and started Hsin court.

Philo Judaeus or Philo of Alexandria

philosopher

Alexandria, Egypt

10 to 40

Exposition of the Law [10 to 40]; Allegorical Commentary on Genesis [10 to 40: his main work]; Question and

Solutions [10 to 40]; On the Liberty of the Wise [10 to 40]; On the Incorruptibility of the World [10 to 40]; On

Providence [10 to 40]; Alexander or On Whether Brute Animals Possess Reason or On Animals [10 to 40];

Contemplative Life [10 to 40]

He lived -20 to 50, was Neo-Platonist, commented on Bible, and unified Jewish and Greek philosophy.

Epistemology

Religious-writing literal meaning is for senses. Philosophical meaning is for mind. To understand, people must be

passive in reason, senses, and activity, so divine spirit can enter. People can achieve ecstasy {mysticism}, in which

miracles and prophecies are possible. In this state, people know, not just desire to know. People can prepare for this

state, and be worthy of it, through love, truth, faith, prayer, and suppression of will and senses. However, this state is

gift from God. People must renounce self and merge with God to know logos and so God. Logos is immanent, and

people can know it. God is transcendent, and people cannot know it.

Metaphysics

God is perfect. Matter is imperfect. Life principle, divine reason, or spirit of God {logos, spirit} is intelligent,

immanent, transcendent, and divine. Logos is powers and attributes of God and is how God acts on nature. Logos

makes and unifies all matter. Logos is Thought. Logos is immanent in all things, while God is transcendent.

Intelligence {logos spermatikos} generates everything. Intermediate connecting forces are angels and servants of God

and link God and material world. Angels have personality and connect to God by logos. Angels are also material.

Augustus or Octavian

emperor/lawgiver

Rome, Italy

14

Julian laws [14: new family laws]

He lived -63 to 14. Julian laws were new family laws.

Sempronius Proculus [Proculus, Sempronius]

lawyer

Rome, Italy

14 to 37

Letters [14 to 37: 11 books for teaching]

He lived -12 to 66, was Labeo's student, and founded Proculian School, which gave Roman-law interpretations for next

200 years.

Massurius Sabinus [Sabinus, Massurius]

lawyer

Rome, Italy

14 to 37

Commentary on the Ius Civile [14 to 37: three books]

He was Capito's student and founded Sabinian or Cassian School, which gave Roman-law interpretations for next 200

years.

Tiberius

emperor

Rome, Italy

14 to 37

He lived -42 to 37 and reformed finances of Roman Empire. Senate and Assembly lost all power.

Tacfarinas

general

Maghreb/Numidia

17 to 24

He led Berber tribal revolt in Maghreb (Numidia) against Rome [17 to 24].

Strabo

historian/geographer/philosopher

Greece

18

Geography [18]

He lived -63 to 24.

Shammai

lawgiver

Jerusalem, Palestine

20 to 30

18 ordinances [20: rescinded in 70]

He lived ? to 30 and founded Beit Shammai or House of Shammai school, which favored mild restrictions.

John the Baptist

philosopher

Palestine

25 to 29

He lived -28 to 30, preached the Messiah's coming [25], and baptized Jesus.

Jesus or Savior or Christ or Messiah or Immanuel or God With Us

religion founder

Palestine

26 to 29

Agrapha or Unwritten Sayings [30: Jesus' traditional sayings]

He lived -4 to 29 and was probably born in Nazareth. His name was Joshua or Savior, common Hebrew name. Jesus is

Greek for the Hebrew name Joshua. Messiah means Anointed or Savior in Hebrew. Christ is Greek for Anointed.

Immanuel means "God with us" in Hebrew. His ideas and life are Christianity's basis.

According to the Bible, he was born to Joseph and Mary of Nazareth in a stable when they traveled to Bethlehem to

pay taxes, and he lay in the stable feeding trough {manger, Bible}. However, he was more likely born in animal

quarters in a relative's house in Nazareth.

His father and he were carpenters. According to the Bible, at age 12 he argued with Hebrew elders about scriptures. At

age 30, he began preaching the Messiah's coming and that the weak and poor will triumph if they are righteous, on

Judgment Day. He had 12 disciples, Peter, John, Judas Iscariot, and others. According to the Bible, he conjured enough

food for crowd from several loaves and fishes, turned water into wine, and raised Lazarus from the dead. He preached

Sermon on the Mount and Beatitudes. He told parables about the Talents, the Prodigal Son, and the Good Samaritan.

He said, "Do unto others as you would have them do unto you" {golden rule, Jesus}. At age 33, he came to Jerusalem.

Crowds greeted him on Palm Sunday. He denigrated the Scribes and Pharisees. He broke with Judaism and drove out

moneychangers at the Temple. He rested on the Mount of Olives with Mary and Martha, Simon the Leper's sisters.

Sanhedrin priest council condemned him to death for blasphemy. Judas betrayed him for 30 pieces of silver. Pontius

Pilate had him arrested in Garden of Gethsemane. He had his Last Supper on Thursday. The people did not choose to

let him go free when Pilate let the people choose. The hostile crowd chose Barabbas. Romans crucified him on Good

Friday, between two thieves. He carried his cross to Golgotha, the Crucifixion site. He spoke seven sayings while on

the cross, such as "Father forgive them for they know not what they do." and "My God, why hast thou forsaken me?"

Soldier speared him to make sure he was dead. Joseph and Nicodemus took him to tomb. He was not there when Mary

Magdalene came on Easter Sunday to embalm his body, the Resurrection after three days. According to the Bible, forty

days after Resurrection, he ascended into heaven {Ascension, Bible} after revisiting the disciples.

He advocated Jewish law but opposed harsh interpretations. He used Essene ideas. Christian laws have same ideas, but

different emphases, than Jewish laws.

Pontius Pilate

governor

Judea

26 to 36

He lived ? to 36 and was Roman Judea governor [26 to 36]. A Jewish sect {Zealot} wanted a nation. Jews in Syria and

Palestine were against each other, their neighbors, and Rome. According to the Bible, he had Jesus arrested,

condemned, and crucified [29].

Doubting Thomas

writer

Greece/Israel

26 to 72

He was Jesus' disciple and went to India [52 to 72]. Someone killed him.

Gaius Cassius Longinus [Longinus, Gaius Cassius]

lawyer

Rome, Italy

27

Commentary on the Ius Civile [27]

He was Capito's student.

Barabbas

criminal

Palestine

29

The people freed convicted criminal, instead of Jesus, when Pilate let them choose.

Joseph of Arimathea/Nicodemus

biblical person

Palestine

29

They received Jesus' body from the cross.

Judas Iscariot

apostle

Palestine

29

He lived ? to 33 and was Jesus' disciple but betrayed Jesus to the authorities with a kiss.

Mary Magdalene

biblical person

Palestine

29

She found Jesus' tomb empty.

Mary/Martha

biblical person

Palestine

29

They gave care to Jesus and were Simon the Leper's sisters.

Peter the Apostle or Simon Peter

apostle

Palestine

29 to 64

He lived ? to 64. Jesus said of his disciple Peter, "Upon this rock, I will build my church."

John the Apostle

apostle

Palestine

29 to 80

He was the most mystical of Jesus' disciples. He probably did not write Gospel of John.

Steven

biblical person

Greece/Israel

34

He was one of the first seven church deacons and became a martyr [34].

Saul or Paul

evangelist/apostle

Antioch/Rome, Italy

35 to 67

Thessalonians [52: I and II]; Galatians [56]; Corinthians [56: I and II]; Romans [57]; Philippians [61]; Philemon [61];

Colossians [61]; Ephesians [61]; Timothy I [66]; Titus [66]; Timothy II [67]

He lived 10 to 63, was born and educated in Tarsus, wrote in Greek, founded Christian ideas and organization, visited

churches in Asia Minor and Greece, and died in Rome [67]. Saul became the apostle Paul after his conversion [35] by a

light ray. He visited Jerusalem [37], stayed at Tarsus [37 to 43], stayed at Antioch [43 to 44], visited Jerusalem [44 or

45], took his first mission [45 to 49], visited Jerusalem [49 or 50], took his second mission [50 to 53], visited Jerusalem

[53], took his third mission [53 to 57], visited Jerusalem [57], faced arrest [57], went to Rome [59], was captive at

Rome [60 to 62], and took a mission [62 to 66]. Someone killed him [67]. He said Jesus was God and wrote about soul

versus body.

Caligula or Caius Julius Caesar Germanicus

emperor

Rome, Italy

37 to 41

He lived 12 to 41 and led Roman Empire.

Phaedrus

poet

Rome, Italy

40

Fables [40: including Lupus ad Canem or The Dog and the Wolf, Soror ad Fratrem or The Brother and Sister, Socrates

ad Amicos]

He lived -15 to 50 and translated Aesop's Fables into poetry.

Lucius Seneca the Younger [Seneca the Younger, Lucius]

leader/playwright

Rome, Italy

40 to 62

Agamemnon [40 to 60: tragic play]; Oedipus [40 to 60: tragic play]; Phaedra [40 to 60: tragic play]; Thyestes [40 to 60:

tragic play]; Moral Letters to Lucilius [40 to 60: essays on ethics]; Natural Questions [40 to 60: essays]; Dialogues [40

to 60: essays on anger, providence, impassivity, and soul]; On the elements [40 to 60: essay]; Medea [41: tragic play]

He lived -2 to 65 and ruled Roman Empire while tutoring emperor Nero [54 to 62]. His father was Seneca the elder [-

60 to 37].

Claudius or Claudius Nero Germanicus

emperor

Britain

41 to 54

He lived -10 to 54 and invaded Britain [43].

Apollonius of Tyana or Balinas

philosopher

Greece/Rome, Italy

50 to 80

He lived ? to 98 and was Neo-Pythagorean and mystic.

Agrippa

philosopher

Rome

50 to 90

Five Modes or Five Tropes [50 to 90]

He lived ? to 92 and was Skeptic. Syllogisms are circular reasoning, because first particular fact justifies premise and

then general premise proves particular fact. Assumptions, dissenting opinions, infinite regress and incompleteness,

alternative relations, and circular reasoning {five tropes} make suspending judgment best. Reasoning requires multiple

things to explain.

Thomas

writer

Greece/Israel

50 to 140

Gospel of Thomas

Nero

emperor

Rome, Italy

54 to 68

He lived 37 to 68, killed his mother, wife, cousin, and many Christians, and defeated many revolts against Roman

Empire.

Boudicca

queen

Britain

60 to 61

She lived 26 to 62, was Iceni queen, and rebelled against Rome [60].

Hero of Alexandria

mathematician/physicist/inventor

Alexandria, Egypt

60 to 62

Pneumatics [60]; Automata [62]; Mechanics [60 to 70]; Metrics [60 to 70]; Sighting Tube [60 to 70]

He lived 10 to 70, invented Hero's formula, and studied geodesy, mechanics, and pneumatics. He maintained constant

water-clock water supply, using float and needle valve, as in carburetors. He invented steam engine {aeolipile} [62].

Philemon

writer

Greece/Israel

61 to 63

He received epistle from Paul, his friend.

Percius

poet

Rome, Italy

62

Satires [62]

He lived 34 to 62.

Petronius Arbiter or Titus Petronius Arbiter [Petronius Arbiter, Titus]

novelist

Rome, Italy

62 to 65

Satyricon [62 to 65]

He lived 27 to 66.

Lucan or Marcus Annaeus Lucanus [Lucanus, Marcus Annaeus]

historian

Rome, Italy

65

Pharsalia or Civil War [65]

He lived 39 to 65.

Mark

writer

Alexandria, Egypt

65 to 75

Gospel of Mark [Bible gospel]

It is oldest gospel of the Bible.

Luke

writer

Troas, Anatolia

65 to 100

Gospel of Luke [Bible gospel]

Vespasian or Titus Flavius Vespasianus [Vespasianus, Titus Flavius]

emperor

Rome, Italy

69 to 79

He lived 9 to 79 and began Flavian line of Roman Empire. He constructed Forum [75] and began Colosseum. His son

Titus finished Colosseum [80].

James

writer

Greece/Israel

70 to 100

Epistle of James

Matthew

writer

Antioch

70 to 100

Gospel of Matthew [Bible gospel]

Peter

writer

Greece/Israel

70 to 160

Gospel of Peter

Pliny the Elder or Caius Plinius Caecilius [Caecilius, Caius Plinius]

essayist/biologist

Rome, Italy

77

Natural History [77]

He lived 23 to 79.

Vitruvius

architect

Rome, Italy

80

On Architecture [80: book]

He lived -90 to -20.

Flavius Josephus [Josephus, Flavius]

writer/historian

Rome, Italy

80 to 93

Jewish War [80 to 90: seven books about Israel from 66 to 73]; Jewish Antiquities [93: twenty books about Jewish

history]

He lived 37 to 101.

Peter

writer

Greece/Israel

80 to 110

1 Peter

Mestrius Plutarch [Plutarch, Mestrius]

historian/biographer

Greece

80 to 110

Parallel Lives of the Noble Greeks and Romans [100 to 110]; Morals [80 to 90: including On Eating Flesh, On the

Fortune or the Virtue of Alexander the Great, On the Worship of Isis and Osiris, On the Malice of Herodotus, On the

Decline of the Oracles, On the Delays of the Divine Vengeance, On Peace of Mind]

He lived 46 to 120.

Barnabas

writer

Greece/Israel

80 to 120

Epistle of Barnabas

Epictetus

writer

Rome, Italy/Greece

80 to 135

Discourses [135]; Manual [80 to 120]

He lived 55 to 135, was Stoic, and wrote about ethics. Philosophy should be about morals and mind. Body, status, and

wealth are not important. People should control their emotions {apatheia}, so they can choose actions consistent with

duty and citizenship. People should not let life affect them so that they cannot act.

Martial or Marcus Valerius Martialis [Martialis, Marcus Valerius]

writer

Rome, Italy

86 to 103

Epigrams [86 to 103]

He lived 40 to 110.

Clement I

pope

Rome, Italy

88 to 97

1 Clement; 2 Clement

He lived ? to 97 and built papacy power and Holy See of Rome.

John

writer

Greece/Israel

90 to 95

Apocalypse of John

John

writer

Greece/Israel

90 to 120

Gospel of John [Bible gospel]; 1 John; 2 John; 3 John

Jude

writer

Greece/Israel

90 to 120

Epistle of Jude

Akiba or Akiva or Akiba ben Joseph or Akiva ben Yosef or Akiva ben Yoseph

rabbi

Yavne, Israel

90 to 130

Way of the Chariot [90]

He lived 50 to 135, wrote about meditation and mysticism, was a Mishnah scholar {Tannaim}, and was main oral

source for Mishnah and midrash halakha. He visualized God's bright robe {chalub}. He linked traditional practices to

biblical texts. God foresees everything, but people have free choice, though God knows the choice.

Lucius Neratius Priscus [Priscus, Lucius Neratius]

lawyer

Rome, Italy

97

Rules [97]; Book about Plautio [97]

He lived ? to 117, was of later Proculian School, and was Consul Suffectus [97].

Trajan

emperor

Rome, Italy

98 to 117

He lived 53 to 117, took Parthia and Dacia for Roman Empire, and built Roman Forum and Column of Trajan. Roman

Empire was at greatest extent.

Suetonius or Gaius Suetonius Tranquillus [Tranquillus, Gaius Suetonius]

historian

Rome, Italy

98 to 117

Lives of the Caesars or The Twelve Caesars [98 to 117]

He lived 75 to 160 and wrote about Roman Empire.

Jnanasri

philosopher

India

100

He was later Sautranika. Words are always general, never particular, and serve to negate {exclusion theory of

meaning}.

Ssu-ma Ch'ien

historian

Chang'an (Xian), China

100

Historical Records [100]

He lived -145 to -90 and wrote dynasty histories.

Juvenal or Decimus Junius Juvenalis [Juvenalis, Decimus Junius]

essayist

Rome, Italy

100 to 127

Satires [100 to 127: Satires 1 through 16]

He lived 55 to 127.

Aspasius

philosopher

Athens, Greece

100 to 150

Commentary on the Nicomachean Ethics of Aristotle [100 to 150]; Reader of Natural Passions [100 to 150]

He was Peripatetic.

Peter

writer

Greece/Israel

100 to 150

Apocalypse of Peter

Peter

writer

Greece/Israel

100 to 160

2 Peter

Aristocles of Messene

philosopher

Messene, Greece

100 to 200

Testimony [100 to 200]

He was Peripatetic.

Asvagosha or Asvaghosha

philosopher

India

100 to 200

Treatise on the Buddha Vehicle [100 to 200: play]; Discourses on the Teachings [100 to 200: play]; Life of the Buddha

[100 to 200: play]; Discourse on the Awakening of Faith in the Mahayana [100 to 200: about Mahayana Buddhism]

Mary the Jewess or Maria the Jewess

alchemist

Alexandria, Egypt

100 to 200

hot ash box [100 to 200: for steady heat]; dung box [100 to 200: for prolonged heat]; double boiler or bain-marie [100

to 200]; kerotakis [100 to 200: still]; tribikos [100 to 200: top of still]

Perhaps, she wrote, "One becomes two, two becomes three, and out of the third comes the one as the fourth."

Pausanias

historian

Greece

100 to 200

Description of Greece [100 to 200]

He studied legends, customs, and arts.

Puspandanta/Bhutabalin

mathematician

India

100 to 200

Approaching the Parts [100 to 200: decimal number system]

It has decimal logarithms.

Anthony

saint

Egypt

100 to 300

He lived 251 to 356 and was Roman Catholic saint.

Elchasai

writer

Greece/Israel

101 to 220

Book of Elchasai

Cai Lun or Ts'ai Lun

inventor

China

105

paper [105]

He lived 50 to 121.

Ignatius of Antioch or Theophorus

writer

Antioch, Asia Minor

105 to 115

Letter to Ephesus [105 to 115]; Letter to Magnesia [105 to 115]; Letter to Tralles [105 to 115]; Letter to Rome [105 to

115]; Letter to Philadelphia [105 to 115]; Letter to Smyrna [105 to 115]; Letter to Polycarp [105 to 115]

He lived 50 to 117 [98 to 117].

Tacitus or Publius Tacitus [Tacitus, Publius] or Gaius Cornelius Tacitus [Tacitus, Gaius Cornelius]

historian

Rome, Italy/Germany

105 to 115

Histories [105: Roman Empire from Tiberius to Domitian]; Annals [115: Roman Empire from Tiberius to Domitian]

He lived 56 to 117.

Publius Iuventius Celsus [Celsus, Publius Iuventius]

lawyer/philosopher

Rome, Italy

106 to 129

Digests [106 to 129: 39 books]

He was of later Proculian School, was Middle Platonist, was praetor [106 or 107] and consul [129].

Gaius Octavius Iavolenus Priscus [Priscus, Gaius Octavius Iavolenus]

lawyer

Rome, Italy

110

Letters [110: 16 books, standard Roman law text for next 300 years]

He lived 43 to ?, was Consul Suffectus [97], and taught Emperor Julian about Roman law.

Papias

writer

Greece/Israel

110 to 140

Expositions of the Sayings of Jesus [110 to 140]

He was bishop of Hierapolis.

Polycarp

writer

Greece

110 to 140

Epistle of St. Polycarp to the Philippians [110 to 140]

He lived 69 to 155.

Matthias

writer

Greece/Israel

110 to 160

Traditions of Matthias

Pliny the Younger or Gaius Plinius Caecilius Secundus [Plinius Caecilius Secundus, Gaius]

essayist

Rome, Italy

111 to 113

Letters [111 to 113: letters to Trajan and Tacitus, the historian, including Letter Concerning the Christian Problem]

He lived 62 to 115.

Apollodorus of Damascus

sculptor/architect

Greece/Rome, Italy

113

Column of Trajan [113: Roman spiral reliefs with little depth and weak background, similar to Assyrian style, in

Trajan's Forum]

He lived 50 to 130.

Hadrian

emperor/lawgiver

Rome, Italy

117 to 138

Perpetual Edict [131: codified Roman praetorian laws]

He lived 76 to 138 and was emperor [117 to 138]. Roman Empire was at greatest extent. He built walls in Germany and

Britain. He set Roman east boundary at Euphrates River. He ordered Perpetual Edict.

Sextus Pomponius [Pomponius, Sextus]

lawyer

Rome, Italy

117 to 161

Handbook [117 to 161: introduction to law]; Commentary on the Edict [117 to 161]; Commentary about Quintus

Mucius [117 to 161]

He compiled laws and wrote history of Roman law.

Zhang Heng [Heng, Zhang]

inventor

China

120

seismograph [120]

He lived 78 to 139.

Basilides

writer

Greece/Israel

120 to 140

He was first Alexandrian Gnostic.

Kaniska or Kanishka

king

India/Pakistan/Afghanistan

120 to 162

He was king of Kushan and ruled north India, Pakistan, Afghanistan, and central Asia. He converted to Buddhism.

Kushana kingdom was in Gandhara, Punjab, and Sind.

James

writer

Greece/Israel

120 to 180

2nd Apocalypse of James

John

writer

Greece/Israel

120 to 180

Apocryphon of John

Mary of Magdala

writer

Greece/Israel

120 to 180

Gospel of Mary of Magdala

Quadratus of Athens

writer

Greece

124 to 125

Apology [124]

He was bishop of Athens and first Christian apologist.

Heracleon

writer

Italy

125

He was of Valentinian School.

Aristides

writer

Athens, Greece

126

Apology of Aristides [126]

Salvius Julianus [Julianus, Salvius] or Julian

lawyer

Rome, Italy

130 to 131

Digests [130: codified Roman praetorian and equity law in 90 volumes]; Perpetual Edict [131]

He was Sabinian School leader. Hadrian appointed him to codify Roman law. He prepared Hadrian's edict (Perpetual

Edict), settling the praetorian law, including law of equity.

Appian of Alexandria

historian

Alexandria, Egypt

130 to 150

Punic Wars [130 to 150]; Roman Civil Wars [130 to 150]

He lived 95 to 165.

Justin Martyr

writer/priest

Syria/Rome, Italy

130 to 160

Apology [130 to 160]; Dialogue with the Jew Tryphon [130 to 160]

He lived 100 to 165 and became Roman Catholic saint. Knowledge requires special revelation from God, because

senses and demons make reason and nature obscure.

Judas

writer

Greece/Israel

130 to 170

Gospel of Judas

Mathetes

writer

Greece/Israel

130 to 200

Epistle of Mathetes to Diognetus

Bar Kokhba

rabbi

Israel

132 to 135

He led rebellion against Rome [132 to 135].

Valentinus

philosopher

Rome, Italy

135 to 160

Gospel of Truth [135 to 160]

He lived 100 to 153, was Gnostic, and founded Valentinians.

Metaphysics

The indefinite state joined with silence or thought to make spirit or reason, which then joined with truth or Ideas. Then

reason joined with life to make the ideal man, who joined with Church. The Wisdom longs for original indefinite state,

and this sinful desire enters the Void to make material world.

In Gnosticism, Sophia or Wisdom disorders the divine world {pleroma}, and God banishes it. Jesus Christ has the

knowledge {gnosis} to restore the divine world to include people. Now Holy Spirit rules the world. Jesus the Savior

will return. The Demiurge, Yahweh of Old Testament, who created the physical world, rules the world outside the

pleroma.

Marcion

writer

Greece/Israel

138 to 144

He lived 110 to ? and started Marcionites. They rejected Old Testament.

Antonius Pius

emperor

Rome, Italy

138 to 161

He lived 86 to 161 and began Antonine Dynasty of Roman Empire. He was Stoic and noted for good administration.

Isidore

writer

Greece/Israel

140 to 160

Fronto

writer

Greece/Israel

140 to 170

Wei Po Yang [Yang, Wei Po]

alchemist

Luoyang, China

142

Commentary on the I Ching [142]

He lived 100 to 150. Principles similar to alchemy arose in China from Taoism. Nature has interconvertible and

mixable elements: water, fire, wood, gold, and earth.

Aristo of Pella

writer

Pella, Asia Minor

150

Disputation of Jason and Papiscus [150]

Ptolemy

mathematician

Alexandria, Egypt

150

Almagest or Great Book [150]

He lived 87 to 150, invented maps with longitude and latitude, discovered Ptolemy's theorem, and invented epicycles to

describe planetary motions.

Lucian of Samosata or Lucianos or Lucianus or Lucinus

philosopher/writer

Rome, Italy/Turkey/Greece

150 to 170

Alexander the False Prophet or Alexander the Oracle-Monger [150 to 170]; Passing of Peregrinus [150 to 170]; Dream

[150 to 170]; Doubly Indicted [150 to 170]; Fisher [150 to 170]; Apology [150 to 170]; Phalaris or Cruelty [150 to 170:

Phalaris ruled Agrigentum, Sicily, cruelly from -570 to -554]; Slander [150 to 170]; True Story [150 to 170]; Dialogues

of the Gods [170: satire]; Dialogues of the Dead [170: satire]

He lived 125 to 180 and was Skeptic.

Alexander of Aphrodisias or Expositor

philosopher

Rome, Italy

150 to 200

On Fate [150 to 200]; On the Soul [150 to 200]; Commentary on Analytica Priora of Aristotle [150 to 200];

Commentary on Topica of Aristotle [150 to 200]; Commentary on Meteorologica of Aristotle [150 to 200];

Commentary on De Sensu of Aristotle [150 to 200]; Commentary on Metaphysica of Aristotle [150 to 200]

He was Peripatetic Commentator on Aristotle.

Apollonius Dyscolus [Dyscolus, Apollonius]

linguist

Greece

150 to 200

Syntax [150 to 200]

He lived 100 to 200 and wrote about Greek syntax, starting systematic grammar study.

Nagarjuna

philosopher

Nalanda, Bihar, India

150 to 200

Guidebook for the School of the Middle Way [150 to 200]

He founded Madhyamika, Sunyavada, or Voidist School of Mahayana Buddhism. He used the dialectic to break fixed

conceptions and to prove that all signs are meaningless, that all is and is not, and that all statements are refutable

{Doctrine of the Void}.

Epistemology

To have true knowledge, people should detach from everything and be aware of Emptiness. Using logic to prove

contradictions forces coming to the concept of emptiness, neither being nor non-being. Therefore, all things are empty.

They come into being for moments but are dependent. In emptiness, there is no contradiction and no strife.

Knowledge depends on external-object reality, but their reality comes from ability to know, so everything depends on

varying perspectives and is not certain. Cause and effect are both meaningless. Pain and pleasure are both meaningless.

Ethics

The highest goal is the Void, but Void is neither void nor not-void, because it is indescribable, with no goal, no burden,

and no conflict.

Middle Way is balanced moderate life. People should not attach {non-attachment} to the 75 dharmas.

Metaphysics

Only one Void exists, so no metaphysics is true. Only relations exist. Things only have momentary existence. Being or

substance is always ordering and forming {dharma, Nagarjuna}, with no permanent order or form.

Numenius of Apamea

philosopher

Rome, Italy

150 to 200

Book of Threes [150 to 200]

He was Middle Platonist.

Thomas the Contender

writer

Greece/Israel

150 to 225

Book of Thomas the Contender

Esra

writer

Greece/Israel

150 to 250

Fifth and Sixth Books of Esra

Tatian

writer

Rome, Italy

160 to 170

Address to the Greeks [160 to 170]

He lived 110 to 180.

Apelles

writer

Alexandria, Egypt

160 to 180

Syllogisms [160 to 180]

Julius Cassianus [Cassianus, Julius]

writer

Alexandria, Egypt

160 to 180

Exegeses [160 to 180]; Concerning Abstinence or Eunuchry [160 to 180]

Minucius Felix

writer

Greece

160 to 230

Octavius

Apuleius or Lucius Apuleius of Madura [Apuleius of Madura, Lucius]

writer

Rome, Italy

161 to 170

Apologies [161]; Golden Ass or The Metamorphoses or Transformations of Lucius [170]

He lived 124 to 170.

Marcus Aurelius Antoninus

emperor/writer

Rome, Italy

161 to 180

Meditations [167]

He lived 121 to 180 and was second Antonine ruler of Roman Empire. He was Stoic and noted for good administration.

People can try to understand universe order and goodness, accept consequences for themselves, and sympathize with

and live harmoniously with others.

Dionysius of Corinth

writer

Greece

165 to 175

Hegesippus

historian

Rome, Italy

165 to 175

Notes on Church History [165 to 175]

He opposed Gnostics and Marcion.

Melito of Sardis

writer

Asia Minor

165 to 175

Quintus Cervidius Scaevola [Scaevola, Quintus Cervidius]

lawyer

Rome, Italy

165 to 200

Digests [170]

He taught his student Papinian about Roman law.

Diatessaron

writer

Greece/Israel

170 to 175

Ulpius Marcellus [Marcellus, Ulpius]

judge

Asia Minor/Rome, Italy

170 to 180

He lived 138 to 180 and studied Roman law. He was not Lucius Ulpius Marcellus.

Peter

writer

Greece/Israel

170 to 220

Letter of Peter to Philip

Athenagoras of Athens

writer

Greece

175 to 180

Plea for Christians [177]; On the Resurrection of the Dead [175 to 180]

Rhodon

writer

Greece/Israel

175 to 185

Theophilus of Caesarea

writer

Asia Minor

175 to 185

Galen

doctor

Pergamon, Asia Minor/Greece

175 to 190

On the Elements According to Hippocrates [175 to 190]; On the Usefulness of the Parts of the Human Body [175 to

190: Body parts are as good as they can be for the purpose]

He lived 131 to 201 and probably developed the fourth syllogism figure. He diagnosed disease by pulse, dissected

animals, and observed living and dead nerves, blood, and organs. Blood flows back and forth through body. Following

Erasistratus [-280], body has three spirit types {pneuma, Galen}: natural spirit from liver, vital spirit from left heart

ventricle, and animal spirit from brain. The four temperaments {temperaments, Galen} are choleric, melancholic,

phlegmatic, and sanguine.

Claudius Apollinaris [Apollinaris, Claudius]

writer

Hierapolis

177

Apologies [177]

He was bishop of Hierapolis.

Celsus

writer

Alexandria, Egypt

178

True Word or True Discourse [178]

He was Platonist.

Irenaeus of Lyons

writer

Lyon, France

178 to 185

Against Heresies [178 to 185]

He was Greek, was bishop of Lugdunum (Lyon) in France, and is a Father of the Church.

Theophilus of Antioch

writer

Asia Minor

180 to 185

He was bishop of Antioch.

Bardesanes

writer

Edessa, Assyria

180 to 220

Light and Darkness [180 to 220]; Spiritual Nature of Truth [180 to 220]; Movable and the Immovable [180 to 220]

He lived 154 to 223. Concerning Fate or Book of the Laws of the Countries is about him.

Philip

writer

Greece/Israel

180 to 250

Gospel of Philip

Clement of Alexandria or Titus Flavius Clemens [Clemens, Titus Flavius]

philosopher

Alexandria, Egypt

182 to 202

Hortatory Discourse to the Greeks [182 to 202]

He lived ? to 215 and was Christian. God created the world so all wills can overcome sin, face punishment, and have

redemption. God does not oppose his creation but is separate from it. Evil is an action by people, not substance, and so

God did not create it. Evil is rebellion against God's will. Evil is love of God's creation, rather than God. Evil spirits are

wills that do evil but are not human.

Maximus of Jerusalem

writer

Israel

185 to 195

Polycrates of Ephesus

writer

Greece

185 to 195

Judah ha-Nasi or Judah haNasi or Jehudah ha-Nasi or Yehudah ha-Nasi or Jehudah Hanassi or Jehudah the

Prince or Rabeinu HaKadosh

lawgiver

Judea

188 to 217

Mishnah [188 to 217]

He lived 135 to 217, codified Mishnah or Oral Tradition, and was Sanhedrin president.

Judah haNasi or Judah ha-Nasi/Rav Muna [Muna, Rav]/Rav Yossi [Yossi, Rav]/Rav Ashi [Ashi, Rav]/Ravina

I/Ravina II or Rabina or Abina

writer

Babylon/Palestine

188 to 479

Talmud or Shas [188 to 479]

Talmud or Shas is Mishnah with Gemara.

Mishnah or Repetition has Hebrew texts from rabbis and records Jewish oral law [200]. Judah haNasi or Judah the

Prince or Rabbi compiled it in Aramaic. It does not cite written law.

Gemara records comments on Mishnah by Palestine and Babylon rabbis [200 to 500]. Rabbis compared written and

oral law.

Yerushalmi Gemaras differ from Bavli Gemaras, so there is Jerusalem Talmud (Palestinian Talmud) and Babylonian

Talmud. Rav Muna and Rav Yossi wrote Yerushalmi Gemara in Israel [350]. P'nei Moshe and Korban ha-Eidah are

comments.

Rav Ashi and Ravina wrote the Babylonian Talmud [250 to 550] in Babylon [550].

Savoraim or Rabbanan Savoraei were post-Talmudic rabbis, who worked for next 250 years, making final version

[700]. Rashi or Rabbi Solomon ben Isaac [1040 to 1105] commented. Tosafot, Additions, or Supplements are

additional comments compiled by French and German rabbis. Talmud also has analyses by Maharshal or Solomon

Luria, Maharam or Meir Lublin, and Maharsha or Samuel Edels. The Rosh by Asher ben Jehiel and The Rif by Isaac

Alfasi are legal commentaries in Talmud.

Additions to Mosaic Law resulted from scripture searches {midrash, search} for meaning, using four methods

{Talmud, method}. One is for simple meaning {peshat, meaning}. One is for hidden meaning {remes, meaning}, of

seemingly unmeaningful words. One is for the homily, prophecy, and sermon meaning {derush}. One is for

metaphysical meanings, theosophy, and religious mysteries {sod, meaning}.

Midrash is about Hebrew-Bible legal and non-legal texts, using peshat or direct meaning, remez or hint, derash or

exegesis, and sod or mystic. Tannaitic texts are the following. Mekhilta de Rabbi Ishmael is about Exodus [300 to 500].

Mekhilta de Rabbi Simeon ben Yohai is about Exodus [300 to 400]. Sifra is about Leviticus and is by Rabbi Akiva

[250]. Sifre is about Numbers and Deuteronomy and is by Rabbi Akiva and Rabbi Ishmael [250]. Sifre Zutta or Small

Sifre is about Numbers [300 to 330]. Talmudic texts are the following. Midrash Qohelet is about Ecclesiastes [800 to

850]. Midrash Esther is about Esther [940]. Pesiqta is about Pentateuchal and Prophetic lessons [700 to 750]. Pirqe

Rabbi Eliezer is about events in Pentateuch [700 to 800]. Tanchuma or Yelammedenu is about Pentateuch [800 to 900].

Midrash Shemuel is about Books of Kings. Midrash Tehillim is about Psalms. Midrash Mishle is about Proverbs.

Yalqut Shimeoni is about scripture. Seder Olam Rabbah or Seder Olam is by Rabbi Yose ben Halafta and goes from

universe creation to Jerusalem Second-Temple construction. Yalkut Shimoni is collection about scriptures by Shimon

ha-Darshan [1200 to 1300]. Tanna Devei Eliyahu is about commandments and prayer and includes Seder Eliyahu

Rabbah and Seder Eliyahu Zuta. Midrash Rabbah has Rabboth or Great Commentaries about the Bible, Bereshith

Rabba or Genesis Rabbah [500 to 600], Shemot Rabba or Exodus Rabbah [1000 to 1200], Vayyiqra Rabba, Leviticus

Rabba [650], Bamidbar Rabba or Numbers Rabba [1100 to 1200], Devarim Rabba or Deuteronomy Rabba [900 to

1000], Shir Hashirim Rabba or Song of Songs Rabbah [800 to 850], Ruth Rabba [800 to 850], and Eicha Rabba or

Lamentations Rabbah [600 to 700].

Victor I

writer

Rome, Italy

189 to 199

High questions about resurrection and other such matters [189 to 199]

Pantaenus

writer

Greece/Israel

190 to 210

Aemilius Papinianus [Papinianus, Aemilius] or Papinian

lawyer

Rome, Italy

193 to 211

Questions [193 to 211: law principles in 37 books]; Answers [193 to 211: 19 books]; Definitions [193 to 211: 2 books];

On Adultery [193 to 211]

He lived ? to 212, was Scaevola's student, and looked for the principle and moral rule in law. He became Master of

Petitions (Magister Libellorum) [193 to 211], whom commoners petitioned to be equites or to gain other duties. He

later became General of the Guard (Praefectus Praetorii), assistant to emperor Severus.

Septimius Severus [Severus, Septimius]

emperor

Rome, Italy

193 to 211

He lived 146 to 211 and was Libyan general. He built chain of forts and long ditches in north Africa. He was member

of equestrian class, with army and administrative experience in Roman Empire. Emperor became absolute master,

without preserving legal forms. The prefect became head of civil administration and judges in Rome. He devalued

currency, gave power to army, set high taxes, and caused high inflation, which led to civil war, which he won, and to

foreign wars, which he won with some losses.

Abercius

writer

Greece/Israel

193 to 216

Inscription [193 to 216]

He was bishop of Hieropolis.

Tertullian of Carthage or Quintus Septimius Florens Tertullianus [Tertullianus, Quintus Septimius Florens]

philosopher/writer

Rome, Italy

197 to 220

On the body of Christ [197]; To the martyrs [197]; To the nations [197]; Apologetic [197]; Book of proscribed heresies

[200]; On the halo [211]; On flight from persecution [212]; On penance [220]

He lived 160 to 225 and was Christian Apologist. He said, "I believe what is absurd" {credo quia absurdum est}

because it showed the work of God.

Epistemology

People cannot know revelation by thinking, and revelation has no connection with philosophy. Only faith can give

religious belief {fideism}, not reason.

Isvara Krishna or Ishvara Krishna

philosopher

India

200

Verses on Samkhya [200: about Samkhya]

Julius Paulus or Paul

lawyer

Rome, Italy

200

Opinions [200]

He wrote commentary on Perpetual Edict and analyzed Roman law logically.

Sextus Empiricus

philosopher

Rome, Italy

200

Outlines of Pyrrhonism [200]; Against the Dogmatists [200]; Against the Professors [200]

He was Skeptic.

Apollonius of Ephesus

writer

Greece/Israel

200 to 210

Mara Bar Serapion [Serapion, Mara Bar] or Serapion of Antioch

writer

Antioch, Asia Minor

200 to 210

Testimony [200 to 210]; Letter from a Near Eastern Jail [200 to 210: to his son about wisdom]; Comments on the

Gospel of Peter [200 to 210]

He was Patriarch of Antioch [191 to 211].

Caius

writer

Greece/Israel

200 to 220

Philostratus or Lucius Flavius Philostratus [Philostratus, Lucius Flavius]

writer

Athens, Greece

200 to 220

Life of the Sophists [200 to 220]; Life of Apollonius of Tyana [200 to 220]

He lived 170 to 247.

Diogenes Laertius

philosopher

Rome, Italy

200 to 250

Lives and Opinions of Eminent Philosophers [200 to 250]

He was Stoic.

Jeu

writer

Greece/Israel

200 to 250

Books of Jeu

Martia or Martia Proba or Martia the Just

queen

London, England

200 to 300

Martian Statutes or Laws of Martia

She recorded Celtic laws. Later, Alfred and Edward the Confessor used these laws.

Peter

writer

Greece/Israel

200 to 300

Coptic Apocalypse of Peter

Olympiodorus

alchemist

Greece

200 to 400

He lived 410 to 485.

Pseudo-Plutarch

historian/biographer

Greece

200 to 400

Lives of the Ten Orators [100: about ancient Athens and based on Caecilius of Calacte's works]; Doctrines of the

Philosophers [100]; On Music [100]

Later Plutarch-of-Delphi Moralia editions included unknown authors, called Pseudo-Plutarch.

Caracella

emperor

Rome, Italy

211 to 217

All freeborn people in empire received Roman citizenship.

Domitius Ulpianus [Ulpianus, Domitius] or Ulpian

lawyer

Rome, Italy

211 to 222

Commentaries on Sabinus [211 to 222: 50 books about ius civile]; Commentaries on the Edicts [222: 83 books about

edicts]; On the Office of Proconsul [211 to 222: 10 books about criminal law]

He lived ? to 228, was prefect [222], and wrote a Perpetual-Edict commentary and a Roman-law summary.

Hippolytus of Rome

writer

Rome, Italy

212 to 236

Refutation of All Heresies [215]; Apostolic Tradition [215]

He lived 160 to 236 and was bishop of Rome.

Origen or Origenes Adamantius

philosopher

Alexandria, Egypt

212 to 248

Old Testament in Six Versions [212 to 248: compared Old-Testament translations]; Old Testament in Four Versions

[212 to 248: compared Old-Testament translations of]; Love of the Holy [212 to 248]; First Principles [212 to 215]; On

Prayer [230 to 235]; On Martyrdom [212 to 248]; Against Celsus [248]

He lived 185 to 254, was founder of Christian philosophy, and was Latin Father. God's power, wisdom, and goodness

created universe out of nothing, and universe's beauty and perfection reveals its origin. God constantly creates the

logos, which supports the free spirits surrounding God with love, harmony, and knowledge. God sends spirits that fall

out of these states to the actual world for punishment. World will vanish when all spirits are pure and in harmony with

God.

Manes or Mani

founder

Persia

216 to 277

He lived 216 to 276 and proclaimed himself intercessor {Paraclete} with God. He emphasized asceticism, prayer, and

understanding of God. He combined Christianity and Zoroastrianism gnostically, so spirit is Light, and matter is Dark

{Manichaeism}. Sassanid Shah Sapor I supported him. After Sapor I died, Zoroastrianism Magi persuaded next shah to

reject Manichaeism.

Ammonius Saccas or Sack-bearer

philosopher

Alexandria, Egypt

220 to 250

He lived 185 to 250 and was Neo-Platonist.

Ardashir I

king

Persia

224 to 241

He started Sassanid or Sassanian Dynasty when people of Fars revolted against Parthians. He, noble soldier, killed last

Parthian king [226]. He reunited Persia. Sasan was his ancestor.

Sapor I or Shapur I

king

Persia

241 to 272

He lived 224 to 272 and was Ardashir's son. He defeated and captured Roman Emperor Valerian [260], captured

Armenia, and invaded Syria and Cappadocia. He started to build at Ctesiphon.

Wang Pi

philosopher

Luoyang, China

245

Commentary on the Lao Tzu [245]

He lived 226 to 249.

Cyrillus

lawyer

Beirut, Lebanon

250

He formed official law school to study classical authors' Roman-law opinions.

Diophantus

mathematician

Greece

250

Arithmetic [250]

He lived 200 to 284 and studied number theory, algebra symbols, and determinate and indeterminate equations.

Plotinus

philosopher

Egypt/Rome, Italy

250

Enneads or Six Enneads [250: Enneads are nine dieties of Egyptian mythology]

He lived 204 to 270, was Platonist, studied under Ammonius Saccas, and emphasized monism and rationalism.

Metaphysics

God is the good, perfect, supreme, unified, and free being. God, the Good, has no consciousness, no form, and no

activity. God is the basis of Reason, Mind, and Being but is beyond them. God has no human traits.

Mind or divine spirit of God {divine consciousness} is self-acting and self-created and sustains material world. All

things are imperfect copies or imitations of the good and perfect {emanation system} {system of emanation}. God

overflows into the world, which reflects him as rational Mind {Nous} in matter and as Soul {Psyche, soul} in living

things. The light of God makes all Ideas: being, rest, motion or change, identity, and difference. Ideas are God, soul, or

spirit thought contents, because both are immaterial. Mind makes actual world, affecting Soul to make it form matter

based on Ideas. Matter is Void, not material or spiritual but negation and non-being, with only possibility. Matter is

absolute desire and is evil. However, evil does not actually exist, because it is non-being. Material world mixes Void

and light of God, and so mixes good and evil.

Things in the world are in spheres around God. Farthest sphere is matter. Nearest sphere is divine Mind or reason.

Mind

Individual souls are Ideas and eternal. Souls can concentrate on either desire or reason. Contemplating Beauty moves

toward spirit. The final step unites soul with spirit. All matter and souls try to reunite with God.

Human souls form self-consciousness and body from Mind and Ideas. Self-consciousness results when mind actively

thinks about itself or its states.

Mind actively synthesizes and unifies perceptions, feelings, and thoughts, and does not just passively receive images

from outside. Mind acts by taking conscious notice and doing something with perceptions. Body sensation is separate

from consciousness of object or feeling.

Hsiang Hsiu

philosopher

Luoyang, China

250 to 280

Commentary on Chuang Tzu [250 to 280: about the Chuang Tzu]

He lived 221 to 300 and was Neo-Taoist.

Kuo Hsiang

philosopher

Luoyang, China

250 to 300

Commentary on Chuang Tzu [250 to 300]

He lived ? to 312, was Neo-Taoist, and used Hsiang Hsiu's text.

Zosimos of Panoplis

alchemist

Greece

250 to 350

Keys of Wisdom or Keys of the Craft [250 to 350]

He was Gnostic, and he mentioned Mary the Jewess.

Cormac MacArt [MacArt, Cormac] or Cormac Ulfhada Mac Airt

king

Ireland

254 to 277

He codified many laws and led the five kings of Ulster, Leinster, Connaught, Meath, and Munster. His capital was at

Tara.

Porphyry or Porphyrus Malchus [Malchus, Porphyrus]

philosopher

Rome, Italy

260 to 280

Isagoge or Introduction [270 to 280: about Aristotle's Categories and logic]; Plotinus' Enneads [270 to 280: arranger];

Against the Christians [270 to 280]

He lived 232 to 304, was Commentator on Aristotle, and was Plotinus' student. A chain of being goes from lowest

forms to highest {Porphyry Tree} {Tree of Porphyry}.

Wu Ti or Shih Tsu or Ssu-ma Yen or Martial Emperor

emperor

China

265 to 290

He lived 236 to 290, united China after Han dynasty ended, and started Western Chin dynasty [265 to 317].

Aurelian or Restorer of the Roman Empire

emperor

Rome, Italy

270 to 275

He lived 214 to 275 and was from Illyria. He fought at Palmyra and defeated barbarians in Britain, Gaul, Spain, Egypt,

Syria, and Mesopotamia. He reestablished Roman rule throughout empire. Someone murdered him at invasion of

Persia.

Arcadius Charisius [Charisius, Arcadius]

lawyer

Rome, Italy

280 to 300

Digests [280 to 300]

He wrote about Roman law.

Iamblichus

philosopher

Alexandria, Egypt

280 to 310

On the Mysteries of Egypt [280 to 310]

He lived 250 to 326 and was Syrian Neo-Platonist.

Arnobius

philosopher

Rome, Italy

284 to 305

Against the Heathens [284 to 305]

He was Christian apologist. People must have faith in revelation. People cannot know God, because knowledge comes

only through senses.

Diocletian

emperor

Rome, Italy

284 to 305

He lived 245 to 305, was from Illyria, regained Britain, and defeated Persians and barbarians. He ruined Roman Empire

economy by heavier taxes.

He reorganized the army of 500,000 men and used conscription.

He created smaller dioceses to replace larger provinces. He created four prefectures [285], called the Tetrarchy. They

were Italy and Africa, Gaul and Spain, Greece and north, and Egypt and Asia. He divided empire along line from

Danube to Dalmatia, with himself in eastern half {Eastern Empire}, which was richer and more populous. Maximian,

general in Gaul, controlled west half [295]. Constantius and Galerius ruled subsections [292]. He persecuted Christians

[303] for failure to worship emperor. Senate became only honorary.

Gregorius or Gregorianus

lawyer

Rome, Italy

285 to 292

Codex Gregorianus [292: collected imperial Roman-law opinions]

He was magister libellorum under Diocletian [285 to 290].

Hermogenianus

lawyer

Rome, Italy

295

Codex Hermogenianus [295: collected imperial Roman-law opinions]

It associates with slightly earlier Codex Gregorianus.

Mithradates II

king

Persia

300

He lived 256 to 190 and was of Sassanid or Sassanian Dynasty.

Ossian or Oisin

poet

Ireland

300

Finn Mac Cumhail or Fionn mac Cumhail or Finn MacCool [300: about his father]; Cuchulain [300]

Legendary poet wrote in Gaelic.

Vasubandhu

philosopher

Gandhara (Khandahar), India

300 to 400

Compendium toward the Supreme Thought [300 to 400]; Comments on the Abhidharmakosha or Comments on the

Compendium toward the Supreme Thought [300 to 400]; On the World as Mere Representation [300 to 400]

He developed Yogacara (Vijnanavada) School of Mahayana Buddhism, was Asanga's half-brother, and worked on

logic.

George

saint

England

303

Golden Legend

He lived 280 to 303 and was Catholic patron saint of England and of soldiers. By legend, he slew a dragon.

Theodotus

writer

Constantinople

303

Excerpts of Theodotus [303]

Constantine the Great

emperor

Rome, Italy

306 to 337

He lived 274 to 337 and was Constantius' son. Army proclaimed him emperor of West Roman Empire [306], and civil

war followed. Before battle [312], he added Christian symbol to shields. He became western emperor [312]. Later, he

judged disputes between churches and built churches. He removed sun god from coins [320]. Sunday became holiday

[321]. He reunited empire [324] and became emperor of east and west. He moved capital to Byzantium and called it

Constantinople [330]. He had himself baptized when he died.

Christian centers were in Rome, Africa, Egypt, Syria, and Asia Minor.

Shapur II or Shapur the Great

king

Persia

309 to 379

He lived 309 to 379 and fought Roman Empire [337 to 363]. Sassanid or Sassanian Dynasty defeated Constantius II

and Julian the Apostate of east Roman Empire [363]. There was high prosperity.

Ge Hong or Ko Hung

alchemist

Mt. Luofu, China

310 to 330

Master Who Embraces Simplicity [310 to 330]

He lived 283 to 343 and was Taoist.

Arius of Alexandria

doctrine

Alexandria, Egypt

313

He lived 256 to 336, became a priest [313], and said Jesus was not eternal and was lower than God.

Edict of Milan

edict

Milan, Italy

313

Constantine the Great established Christianity in Roman Empire by ensuring religious tolerance.

Eusebius of Caesarea or Eusebius Pamphili

doctrine

Caesarea, Palestine

314 to 339

Eusebian Canons

He lived 275 to 339, was Pamphilius' student [240 to 309], was bishop of Caesarea [314 to 339] in Palestine, and cross-

referenced the Gospels. He was never pope [309 to 310]. Caesarea is on coast between Haifa and Tel Aviv.

Ezana of Axum

king

Eritrea

330 to 356

He lived 330 to 356, was ruler of Axum, and became Christian.

Constantine II or Flavius Claudius Constantinus

emperor

Rome, Italy

337 to 340

He lived 317 to 340. Roman Empire stayed united.

Julius I

pope

Rome, Italy

337 to 352

He lived ? to 352 and increased Holy-See power.

Constantius II or Flavius Julius Constantius

emperor

Rome, Italy

337 to 361

Roman Empire stayed united.

Pappus of Alexandria

mathematician

Alexandria, Egypt

340

Mathematical Collection or The Collection [340]

He lived 260 to 350 and proved Pappus' theorem {Guldinus theorem}.

Nicholas

bishop

Myra, Asia Minor

342 to 352

He lived ? to 352 and became Catholic patron saint of children.

Athanasius

theologian

Alexandria, Egypt

348 to 357

Defense Against the Arians [348]; Discourses Against the Arians [357]

He lived 297 to 373, was bishop of Alexandria [328 to 373], was a Doctor of the Church, and was for orthodoxy during

Arian crisis. He wrote orthodox Catholic doctrine of Trinity and Incarnation. Jesus had body and same substance as god

{homoousion}, whereas Arians said Jesus was not like god.

Asanga or Aryasanga

philosopher

Puruspura (Peshawar), India

350

Stages of the Yogacara [350]; Mahayana Buddhism Manual [350]; Compendium toward Higher Teaching or

Compendium toward Religion [350]

He lived 300 to ?, developed Yogacara (Vijnanavada) School of Mahayana Buddhism, and was Vasubandhu's brother.

Perhaps, Maitreyanatha wrote some.

Aturpat

philosopher

Persia

350

Dinkart or Denkart or Acts [350: Zand-Avesta part]

Aturpat was Hemet's son.

Rav Muna [Muna, Rav]/Rav Yossi [Yossi, Rav]

lawgiver

Jerusalem, Palestine

350

Jerusalem Talmud [350]

They were Jewish rabbis {rav} {rab} and judged cases.

Julian the Apostate or Flavius Claudius Julianus [Julianus, Flavius Claudius]

philosopher

Pergamon, Asia Minor

350 to 363

He lived 332 to 363, was Eastern Roman Empire emperor [361 to 363], and was Neo-Platonist.

Gregory of Nazianzen

philosopher

Constantinople

350 to 380

Homily 15 [350 to 380]; Five Theological Orations [350 to 380]

He lived 323 to 389 and was Apologist. Later Byzantine writers referenced him.

Meghavarna

king

Sri Lanka

352 to 379

He sent embassy to Gupta court [360], which built religious monument for them.

Aelius Donatus [Donatus, Aelius]

linguist

Rome, Italy

353 to 354

Major Arts [353 to 354]; Minor Arts [353 to 354: about the eight speech parts]

He taught St. Jerome.

Basil of Caesarea

philosopher

Caesarea, Cappadocia

360 to 379

Hexameron or On the Six Days of the Creation [360 to 379]

He lived 330 to 379 and was Apologist. Later Byzantine writers referenced him.

Gregory of Nyassa

philosopher

Cappadocia

370 to 390

Life of St. Macrina [370 to 390]; Variety of Salvation [370 to 390]; On the Baptism of Christ [370 to 390]; Baptismal

Renovation [370 to 390]

He lived 335 to 395 and was Apologist. Later Byzantine writers referenced him.

Ambrose

bishop/architect

Milan, Italy

375 to 397

On the faith to Gratianum Augustum [375]; On ministerial offices [375 to 390]; On penance [375 to 390]; On the

mysteries [375 to 390]; Saint Ambrose Basilica [380 to 397]

He lived 340 to 397, was bishop of Milan [374 to 397], was a Doctor of the Church, and became a Roman Catholic

saint. Church is independent of state.

Gildo

prince

North Africa

375 to 398

As Berber prince and general, he first helped Romans defeat his brother Firmus [375] but then rebelled against Roman

emperor Honorius [386 to 398].

Chandragupta II or Vikramaditya or Chandragupta Vikramaditya

king

Ganges Valley, India

375 to 415

He was of Gupta dynasty. Gupta Empire covered north India.

Rab Ashi [Ashi, Rab] or Rav Ashi [Ashi, Rav]

lawgiver

Babylon

375 to 427

Gemara of Babylonian Talmud [375 to 427]

He lived 352 to 427, led academy at Sura, and started compiling the Gemara of Babylonian Talmud.

Theodosius I or Theodosius the Great

emperor

Constantinople, Turkey

379 to 395

He lived 346 to 395. East Roman Empire negotiated peace with Visigoths. He invaded Italy and reunited East and West

Roman Empires, for last time. People in west left cities for farms, army had mercenaries, and government raised taxes.

He put down rebellion in Salonica. He ended Trinity doctrine of Arius, by force and by first Council of Constantinople,

and forbade paganism.

Ammonius

philosopher

Alexandria, Egypt

380 to 410

On the Harmony of Moses and Jesus [380 to 410]

He lived 347 to 419, refounded Alexandrian School, and was Proclus' student.

Kalidasa

poet/playwright

India

380 to 420

Meghaduta or Cloud Messenger [400: poem]; Sakuntala or Fatal Ring [400: play]; Abhiknana Shakuntala or

Recollection of Shakuntala [400]; Ritu Samhara or Account of Seasons or Cycle of Seasons [400]

He lived 353 to 420.

John Chrysostom [Chrysostom, John]

philosopher

Rome, Italy

381 to 403

Treatise on the Priesthood [381]

He lived 347 to 407, was Patriarch of Constantinople [398 to 403], was Doctor of the Church and Greek Father, and

was Apologist. Later Byzantine writers referenced him.

Jerome

theologian

Rome, Italy

382 to 405

Vulgate Bible or Latin Bible [382 to 405: It uses Western Canon books, similar to Septuagint]; Four Gospels [384:

revised Latin version]; Roman Psalter [384: revised Latin version]; Job [384]; Epistles of St. Paul [385: revised Latin

version]; Gallican Psalter [386 to 391]; Old Testament [390 to 405: from Hebrew to Latin]; New Testament [398:

completed]

He lived 340 to 420 and was a Doctor of the Church.

Hippo Regius monastery

monastery

Bona, Algeria

388 to 390

Monastery founded by Augustine was west of Carthage.

Tao Yuanming or T'ao Ch'ien or Tao Qian

poet

China

390 to 410

Peach Blossom Shangri-la or Peach Blossom Country or Peach Blossom Spring or Tao Hua Yuan Ji [390 to 410];

Returning to Live in the Country [390 to 410]; Moving House [390 to 410]

He lived 365 to 427.

Simeon Stylites

saint

Egypt

390 to 459

He lived 390 to 459, was ascetic, and sat on a pillar.

Alaric I

king

Italy/Spain/Gaul

395 to 410

He lived 370 to 410 and conquered Italy, Spain, and south Gaul, as Visigoths fled from Huns to Roman lands.

Augustine

priest

Africa

396 to 427

Confessions [400: autobiography]; City of God [426: about Christian society and against any other culture's value];

Reconsiderations [427: sermons and letters]; On the Beautiful and the Fitting [400 to 427]; On Music [400 to 427];

Literal Meaning of Genesis [400 to 427]

He lived 354 to 430, was Bishop of Hippo Regius (now Annaba, Algeria) [396 to 430], favored monasticism, and

argued against pagans, Manichees, Pelagius, and Donatists. He was Neo-Platonist, from Plotinus' ideas, and Apologist.

He united Patristic and Greek philosophy, using the psychological principle of internality.

Epistemology

People can infallibly know that they exist, because they can think rightly or wrongly. Sensations postulate perceivers. If

people doubt perception content, it proves there is doubter. To be in error, people must exist.

People cannot doubt existence of perception about which they have doubt {method of doubt, Augustine}. Therefore,

people know that they have consciousness. Knowing, willing, remembering, living, motivation, thinking, and judging

are actions included in doubting and so must exist, too.

People can know their inner experiences: feelings, thoughts, and perceptions. Mental-state self-observation and analysis

can lead to truth.

People can doubt that perception contents are real, because they use criteria that they have in themselves: logical laws,

standards of good and beautiful, and other truths not derivable from sensation. These criteria are the same for all people

and are universally valid. The criteria exist, though they are not material. They are the Ideas of God, in whom they

unite. Reason perceives these Ideas, so man has reason. People cannot know how Ideas unite in God and cannot know

all Ideas.

People cannot know if they are moving, are at certain place, or are single or multiple.

Senses and reason can know matter and spirit, which unite in self-consciousness.

Becoming conscious of sensation is an act of will, as is realizing an inner state. Will directs memory, imagination, and

judgment or reasoning.

To judge or reason, mind receives illumination or revelation from God, because cause must be more active than effect.

Truth is gift of God by grace.

Language reflects mind's workings.

Time is subjective, because past is in memory and future is in expectation, which both are in the present.

Ethics

Faith is more important than good deeds. Because there is original sin, man should seek the grace of God and union

with God.

Will directs people to be good in general and worthy of grace. Will is free to choose, independently of understanding or

knowledge. The only cause of will's choice is itself. Will determines its purposes. Will strives after happiness, and only

beholding the truth of God satisfies it. People should lead strict lives to fight evil and help God. People should have

faith that reward will be peace in eternity, when person's will suppresses into will of God.

People are responsible for acts done by will. God has foreknowledge of acts but does not cause them or force choice. It

is like God remembers them.

Evil is spirit's wrong action, so even intending or desiring to sin is evil. Sin of Adam corrupted all human will, so

people are guilty, because will turns toward evil. No one is capable of good on his or her own. This is people's

punishment for original sin. Only by the grace of God can people be good or have redemption. No one is worthy and no

one can complain. Good only comes from God. The will of God determines which people do good and which evil.

Souls have predestination.

Metaphysics

God is highest Being, highest Truth, highest Beauty, and infinite personality. God is omniscient about Ideas. God is

omnipotent, because God is all Being. God is completely good, because God is complete attainment of will. God is not

in time. Categories used to describe finite nature cannot apply to God, who is indescribable.

Reality has objects, souls, and God. Objects are in space and time. Souls are only in time. God is outside time and

space. Universe depends on Ideas, life, and God's will. God makes all things, including time and space. World is matter

and spirit.

God makes only good things. Decay causes bad things.

Mind

God causes people to have understanding or enlightenment. Consciousness is unified personality or soul and has one

basic activity, which is self-consciousness. Soul has three parts. People's ideas are memories of Ideas. Life is making

judgments based on Ideas. Will is motive or force behind life and striving for happiness in God.

Faith, which is assent by will, must precede knowledge, because will prepares self for illumination.

Fa-hien

historian

Qingzhou, Shandong, China

399

Record of Buddhistic Kingdoms [399 to 414]

He was Chinese Buddhist historian who traveled through India and Ceylon [399 to 414].

Plutarch the Younger or Plutarch of Athens

philosopher

Athens, Greece

400 to 430

He lived 350 to 433, founded School of Athens [400 to 529], and was Neo-Platonist. Matter is principle equal to God.

Innocent I

pope

Rome, Italy

401 to 417

He lived ? to 417 and increased Holy-See power.

Theodosius II

emperor/lawgiver

Byzantium

408 to 450

Codex Theodosianus [429 to 438: Legal code based on Roman law systematized all imperial laws since time of

Constantine, in 16 books]

He lived 401 to 450, was emperor [408 to 450], was Arcadius's and Aelia Eudoxia's son, and built protective walls

around Constantinople [412]. He issued Law of Citations [438]. Theodosius I lived 346 to 395 and was emperor [379 to

395].

Seng-chao

philosopher

Chang'an (Xian), China

410 to 414

Treatise on the Immutability of Essence or Things Do Not Alter [410]; Treatise on Non-substantiality [410]; Treatise

on Incomprehensible Wisdom [410]; Treatise on the Inexpressible State of Nirvana [410]; Book of Chao [410:

collected works]

He lived 384 to 414, was Kuramajiva's student, and started and led Hua-yen School [410 to 414], a Zen precursor. He

was of Maadhyamikas School, Madhyamaka School, San-lun tsung, or School of the Three Treatises. The schools used

Nagarjuna's Madhyamika-sastra (Spiritual Texts on the Middle Way) and Dvadasadvara or Twelve Gates and

Aryadeva's Sata-sastra or Treatise in One Hundred Verses. Another influence was Yogacara.

Pelagius

philosopher/priest

Constantinople, Turkey

410 to 418

On faith in the trinity [410: in three books]; Eclogues on Divine Scripture [410: one book]; Commentaries on the

Letters of Saint Paul [410]

He lived 354 to 420 and was Christian. People have free will and can choose salvation. Heaven is reward for virtue.

Will is completely free. There is no original sin, and people can be perfect without God's grace {Pelagianism,

Pelagius}. There is no grace of God. Alternatively, people can just freely will and believe {semi-Pelagianism}.

Cyril of Alexandria

bishop

Alexandria, Egypt

412 to 444

On Adoration in Spirit and in Truth [412 to 444]; Commentaries on Pentateuch [412 to 444]

He lived ? to 444, was bishop of Alexandria [412 to 444], was a Doctor of the Church, and opposed Nestorius. Jesus

united divine and human in one person {orthodox doctrine}.

Tao-sheng

philosopher

Chang'an (Xian), China

414 to 434

Comments on Nirvana-sutra [414 to 434]

He lived 360 to 434, was Kuramajiva's student, and headed Hua-yen School after Seng-chao [414 to 434].

Rabina or Ravina or Ravina I

lawgiver

Babylonia

421

Gemara of Babylonian Talmud [421]

He lived ? to 421 and helped compile the Gemara of the Babylonian Talmud.

Nestorius

bishop

Near East

428 to 451

He lived 386 to 451 and was Patriarch of Constantinople [428 to 431]. Jesus was two separate persons, one divine and

one human {Nestorian controversy, Nestorius}. There was no Virgin Birth. Council of Ephesus [431] rejected this

heresy and exiled him, so he started Nestorian churches.

Attila or Attila the Hun or Scourge of God

king

Hungary

433 to 453

He lived 406 to 453 and led Huns during conquests. Ostrogoths lost to Huns under Attila and went westward [433].

Huns got tribute from Byzantine Empire and from tribes in central and east Europe. After he died, Huns settled in

Hungary and Austria.

St. Patrick

missionary/bishop

Britain/Ireland

433 to 457

Senchus Mor or Great Custom or Code of Patrick

He lived 385 to 461. He brought Christianity to Ireland [433] and built many churches. He used the shamrock to

explain the Doctrine of the Trinity. He set up commission to compile Irish law [441]. He converted Ireland to

Christianity [457] and is Catholic patron saint of Ireland.

Leo I or Leo the Great

pope

Rome, Italy

440 to 461

He lived ? to 461 and increased Holy-See power.

Proclus

philosopher

Greece

440 to 470

Elements of Theology [440 to 470]; Platonic Theology [440 to 470]; Commentary on Euclid [440 to 470]; Hypothesis

[440 to 470]

He lived 410 to 485, was non-Christian Neoplatonist, and led revived Academy.

Epistemology

The idea of God is the simplest concept, because God is the most general premise.

Metaphysics

Nature is divisions of the idea of God into lower classes. Particular things retain idea of class but also differentiate from

class, by methods of abiding, procession, and return {triad, class methods}. Particular tries to return to class, and actual

world tries to reunite with God.

Aun

king

Uppsala, Sweden

450 to 480

He was buried at Old Uppsala in mounds. He is in Beowulf and Ynglinga Saga of Iceland.

Bidpai or Bidpay or Pilpai

poet

Persia

450 to 500

Pancha Tantra or Panchatantra or Pancatantra or Fables of Bidpai [450 to 500: Sanskrit animal fables, translated into

Pahlavi in 550 and later by Rudaki in 930]

Bidpai means wise man or court scholar in Sanskrit.

Adils or Eadgils

king

Uppsala, Sweden

460 to 505

He lived 450 to 505, was Ottar Vendilkraka's son, and was buried at Old Uppsala in mounds. He is in Beowulf and

Ynglinga Saga of Iceland.

Gundobad

king

Lyon, Burgundy

473 to 516

Roman law of Burgundians [501 to 515]

He lived ? to 516, was king of Burgundy [473 to 516], was Patrician of Western Roman Empire [472 to 473], and

issued short, unsystematic set of Roman laws [501 to 515].

Theodoric the Great

king

Ravenna, Italy

474 to 526

Edict of Theodoric [508: short and unsystematic book of Roman laws]

He lived 454 to 526, was Ostrogoth king [474 to 526], and defeated Vandals under Odoacer several times in Italy [481]

[484], starting Ostrogoth kingdom [493]. He believed in Arianism, which was contrary to Catholic orthodoxy, and had

trouble with the pope.

Rabina or Ravina or Ravina II

lawgiver

Babylonia

475

Gemara of Babylonian Talmud [475]

He lived ? to 499, led academy at Sura, and finished compiling the Gemara of the Babylonian Talmud.

Clovis I or Chlodowech or Chlodwig

king

Belgium/France/Germany

481 to 511

He lived 466 to 511, was Salian Frank king [465 to 511], and united Franks, founding Merovingian Dynasty and

Frankish Kingdom [481]. Capital was at Lutetia (Paris). Using stirrups for horses, he defeated Romans, Alemanni,

Burgundians, and Visigoths and ruled down to Loire River. Franks became Christian. He married Catholic princess of

Burgundy and became Christian later. At his death, his sons got parts of his lands.

Alaric II

king

Rome, Italy

484 to 507

Roman Law of Visigoths or Alaric's Breviary [506]

He lived ? to 507 and issued short, unsystematic set of Roman laws [506]. Clovis defeated Alaric II at Battle of

Campus Vogladenis [507].

Mazdak

leader

Persia

494 to 524

He lived ? to 524 or 528 and advocated class equality and sharing of all goods, including wives. His sect [494 to 524]

was Gnostic.

Aryabhata or Aryabhatiya or Aryabhatta

mathematician

Kusumapura (Patna), Bihar, India

499

Works of Aryabhatta [499]; Principles of Aryabhatta [499: about astronomical calculations]

He lived 476 to 550, used positional notation, found circle chord lengths, and calculated sine tables.

Arthur

king

England

500

The legendary king lived at Camelot and founded Knights of the Round Table.

Priscian or Priscianus Caesariensis

linguist/teacher

Constantinople

500

Foundations of Grammar [500: 18 books about Latin grammar]

He was Greek and from Caesarea (Cherchell, Algeria).

Pseudo-Dionysius or Dionysius the Areopagite

philosopher

Athens, Greece

500

He was mystic.

Severus

theologian

Antioch, Turkey

500

Lover of Truth [509 to 511]; Against John Grammaticum [519]; Sermons of Severus at Antioch [512 to 518]

He lived ? to 538, was Patriarch of Antioch [512 to 518], and was Monophysite.

Dignaga

philosopher

Kanchi, Tamil, India

500 to 530

Wheel of Reason [500 to 530]; Treatise on the Objects of Cognition or Compendium on Valid Perception [500 to 530];

Treatise on Systems of Cognition [500 to 530]; Treatise on the Correct Principles of Logic [500 to 530]

He lived 480 to 540 and was of Mahayana-Buddhism Yogacara School. He replaced older logic {trairuupia} with

implication {vyaapti}.

Boethius

philosopher

Rome, Italy

510 to 520

Consolation of Philosophy [510 to 520]

He lived 480 to 526, served under King Theodoric, was Neo-Platonist, and stressed Stoic morality. He wrote textbooks

on four subjects {quadrivium}: geometry, arithmetic, astronomy, and music. Events can be necessary or only

conditionally necessary. God will punish vice. God is omnipotent and eternal. Eternity is simultaneous knowledge of

all life.

Egil or Ongentheow

king

Uppsala, Sweden

515 to 530

He was Aun's son and was buried at Old Uppsala in mounds. He is in Beowulf and Ynglinga Saga of Iceland.

Bodhidharma or Daruma or Ta-mo

monk

India/China

520 to 527

By legend, Bodhidharma was 28th in line of transmission from Buddha's disciple Kasyapa, founded Chan or Zen in

China as mixture of Mahayana Buddhism and Taoism, and was first Patriarch of Zen. His story is in Jingde Record of

the Transmission of the Lamp [527]. Chan says that all people have Buddha nature, but thought and feeling obscure it.

John Philoponus [Philoponus, John]

philosopher

Alexandria, Egypt

520 to 550

New Definition of Prime Matter [520 to 550]

He lived 490 to 570 and was Commentator on Aristotle. Motion requires force. World began finite time ago, because

motion through infinite interval {traversal of the infinite} cannot finish.

Simplicius

philosopher

Rome, Italy

520 to 550

On the Heavens of Aristotle [520 to 550]; Commentary on Physics of Aristotle [520 to 550]; On the Animals of

Aristotle [520 to 550]

He lived 490 to 560 and was Commentator on Aristotle.

Kaleb

king

Aksum/Yemen

520 to 570

As king of Aksum or Axum [520 to 570], he conquered Yemen [525] in south Arabia and built churches.

Rabbana Jose

lawgiver

Babylonia

525

Gemara of Babylonian Talmud [525]

He lived ? to 525 and finished compiling the Babylonian Talmud (Talmud Bavli).

Justinian I

emperor/lawgiver

Constantinople, Turkey

527 to 565

Code of Justinian [533: codified Roman law]; New Laws [534: statutes about administration and Church, with private-

law principles]; Digest or Pandects [529 to 565: excerpts from commentaries on Sabinus, Perpetual Edict, and

Responsa and Quaestiones of Papinian, in 50 books]

He lived 482 to 565, was Illyrian, and was emperor of Byzantine Empire [527 to 565]. His generals Belisarius and

Narses conquered Vandal Kingdom in Africa and Italy. Ravenna, Italy, became capital. They subdued Ostrogoths and

took south part, up to Cordoba, of Visigothic Kingdom in Spain. He fought Khosru I of Sassanid Empire in east and

controlled Egypt and Levant.

Burgundian Kingdom was in south France. Frankish Kingdom was in north France. Celts were in Britain. Lombards

were north of Greece. Slavs were north of Lombards.

He codified Roman law. He closed the Academy.

Emperor became spiritual leader of Orthodox Church, together with bishops. He supported Orthodox Christians. He

called second Council of Constantinople to unify church. He built Hagia Sophia or St. Sophia Church in

Constantinople. He persecuted Jews, Coptic Christians of Egypt, and Nestorian Christians in east Syria.

Theodora was empress. She ended Nika riot over taxes and church doctrine.

In art, Christ had a ring {nimbus, light ring} of light, like sun god, around his head.

He fixed interest at 8% for business loans and 4% to 12% for other loans with average interest of 6% and set maximum

interest equal to principal.

Hui-k'o

philosopher

China

527 to 580

He lived 487 to 593 and was second Patriarch of Zen Buddhism.

Benedict of Nursia

monk

Monte Cassino, Italy

529 to 530

Rule of St. Benedict [530: monasticism rules]

He lived 480 to 547 and organized first monastic system, Benedictines, at monastery south of Rome. Monks had to

work, study, and pray {Benedict's Rule}. He became Roman Catholic saint. Benedictine Order had copies in many

places, and some had women.

Tribonianus

lawyer

Constantinople, Turkey

529 to 534

Body of Civil Law [534: edited Roman-law commentaries]; Institutes [534: Roman-law introduction based on Gaius'

opinions, in four books]; Code of Justinian [534: imperial constitution and laws, in 12 books]

He lived ? to 545 and headed commission of 17 professors of the two official Eastern law schools to edit the many

Roman-law commentaries. He was Justinian's quaestor sacri palatii. After five years, with nine others under

appointment from Justinian, he codified law [529 to 534], based on Roman law.

Stephanus/Dorotheus of Beyrouth/Cyrillus of

Beyrouth/Isidorus/Anthemius/Theodorus/Anatolius/Enantiophanes/Theophilus/Thalelaeus

lawyer

Constantinople, Turkey

534 to 550

They copied, translated, or commented on Code of Justinian, but emperor banned them from pointing out Roman-law

contradictions.

Hatim Tai

king

Arabia

550 to 600

He was famous for generosity.

Columba

monk

Scotland

563 to 597

He lived 521 to 597, came from Ireland to Scotland, set up a Christian monastery on Iona island [563], and became a

Roman Catholic saint.

Bhartrhari or Bhartruhari

philosopher/linguist

India

570 to 651

Teachings of Saints [600 to 700]

He lived 570 to 651 and studied semantics.

Varahamihira or Varaha or Mihira

mathematician

Ujjain, Mahdya Pradesh, India

575

Five Astronomical Canons [575]

He lived 505 to 587 and used positional notation.

Seng-t'san

philosopher

Mt. Huang Mei, China

580 to 606

Verses on the Faith Mind [gatha]

He lived ? to 606 and was third Patriarch of Zen Buddhism [580 to 606].

Sui Wendi or Wen-di or Yang Jian

emperor

China

581 to 589

He united China and founded Sui Dynasty [581 to 604].

Gregory I or Gregory the Great

pope

Rome, Italy

590 to 604

He lived 540 to 604, encouraged monasticism, established clergy laws, developed Gregorian chant or plain song, and

held off Lombards. He refused to recognize Patriarch of Constantinople and so split eastern from western Church.

Chosroes II or Khosrow II or Khosrow Parviz [Parviz, Khosrow]

king

Persia

590 to 628

Of Sassanid or Sassanian Dynasty, he was Khosrow I's grandson and succeeded his father Hormizd or Hormoz [590],

but Bahram Chubin forced him to flee to Byzantine Empire. Emperor Maurice of Byzantine Empire helped him regain

throne, but got Armenia in return for his help. After Phocas murdered Maurice, Chosroes II took Armenia, Cappadocia,

Syria, and Jerusalem [615]. He defeated White Huns. He took Egypt [616]. He next reached Constantinople [617].

Heraclius I of Byzantine Empire entered Assyria and Mesopotamia [627] and then his son murdered Chosroes II and

became king as Kavadh II Shiruya.

Augustine

missionary

England

597 to 604

He lived ? to 604. King Ethelbert of Kent became Christian.

Barbad or Borbad

composer/poet

Persia

600

Kin-e Iraj or Vengeance of Iraj [600: epic song]; Takhte Ardeshir or Throne of Ardeshir [600: epic song]; Baq-e-

Sahryar or Sovereign's Garden [600]; Haft Ganj or Seven Treasures [600]; Mah Abr Kuhan or Moon, Cloud,

Mountains [600]

He lived 586 to 636, during the Sassanid Empire, in Khosrow Perviz's court [590 to 628]. He created a musical system

with seven khosravani modes. Bamshad was another Sassanid surud song composer.

Barbod or Baarbod

musician

Persia

600

Royal Khosravani or Royal Modes [600]

He lived during the Sassanid Empire and created music with seven royal modes.

Nakisa or Nakissa

musician

Persia

600

Royal Khosravani or Royal Modes [600]

He lived 549 to 623 during the Sassanid Empire and created music with seven royal modes.

personal law

law

Germany

600

German tribe members were always under tribe's law {personal law}. If two people from different tribes disputed, they

used laws of tribe of person with dominant interest.

Ramtin or Raamtin

musician

Persia

600

He lived 547 to 620 during the Sassanid Empire and created music with seven royal modes.

Masoretes

scribe

Jerusalem, Palestine/Tiberias, Palestine

600 to 1100

Masoretic Text [600 to 1100: arranged Torah books based on notes by Hebrew scholars]

Hebrew scholars and rabbis {Masoretes} {Masorets} in Tiberias compiled Hebrew-Bible critical notes. Karaite ben

Asher family preserves Masoretic Text. Masoretes invented the current Hebrew vowel-notation system.

Harsha or Harshavardhana

king

India

606 to 647

He lived 590 to 647, defeated White Huns, and restored Hinduism.

Saicho or Dengyo Daishi

monk

China/Japan

608

From the rational T'ien-t'ai School in China, he went to Japan and founded [806] the Tendai School in Japan.

Mohammad

religion founder

Mecca, Saudi Arabia/Medina, Saudi Arabia

610 to 632

Koran [630]; Sayings

He lived 570 to 632, was born in Mecca, was merchant-traveler, was epileptic, and founded Islam. He is also Mahomet,

Mahmoud, Mehemet, or Muhammad.

He meditated in the mountains [610] and one day became inspired on Mount Hira. He had vision that the Angel Gabriel

instructed him to preach new faith centered on one true God, Allah. He proclaimed that there was one god and that he

was the messenger and last prophet. He taught that believers in Allah submitted to God {Muslim, Mohammad}.

He had a vision of going to Mi'raj heaven on al-Borak, a winged animal.

Tribal leaders opposed him. He fled to Medina [622] after losing battle in Mecca, flight called the Hegira. He gained

rule in Medina but then suffered another defeat and escaped to cave. People did not find him in cave because he did not

destroy spider's web. He conquered until he won Hejaz, region near Medina. He went to Mecca [630] and overthrew

Caaba or Kaaba, the old sanctuary. He saved the black stone, called Hajaru'l-Aswad. Mecca became religious center.

He later conquered Damascus. He died at Mecca [632] at his favorite wife Ayesha's house, after preaching from Mount

Arafat.

Heraclius I

emperor

Constantinople, Turkey

610 to 641

He lived 575 to 641, led Byzantine Empire, was Armenian, defended Constantinople by defeating Avars on west [626],

and took back Syria, Palestine, and Egypt from Persia [628].

Gisu Navagar [Navagar, Gisu]

musician

Persia

620

He lived 589 to 640.

Tai-tsung or Tai Tsung or Taitsung

emperor

China

627 to 649

He was of Tang Dynasty.

Brahmagupta

mathematician

Bhillamala (Bhinmal), Rajasthan, India

628 to 665

Opening of the Universe or Improved System of Brahma [628]; Time Sweetmeat [665]; zero; negative numbers

He lived 598 to 668 and used decimal number system, negative numbers, and zero. He invented Brahmagupta's

theorem.

Tao-hsin

philosopher

China

629 to 651

He lived 580 to 651 and was fourth Patriarch of Zen Buddhism.

Ayesha

wife

Saudi Arabia

630

She lived 642 to 699 and was Mohammad's favorite wife and Abu Bekr's daughter.

Fatima

wife

Saudi Arabia

630

She lived 615 to 632, was Mohammad's daughter, and married Ali.

Isidore of Seville

linguist

Seville, Spain

630

Etymologies or Origins [630]

He lived 560 to 636 and translated.

Dharmakirti or Serlingpa

philosopher

Nalanda, Bihar, India

630 to 700

Commentary on Valid Perception [630: comments on Compendium on Valid Perception by Dignaga of 450]

He was Dignaga's student and listed cognition types and how they relate to their objects.

Abu Bakr or Abu Bekr

caliph

Arabia

632 to 634

He lived 573 to 634, was uncle of Ali, was one of the first converts to Islam, became first caliph [632], and subjugated

all Arabia to start Moslem Empire [634].

Omar or Umar

caliph

Arabia/Syria/Iraq/Egypt

634 to 644

Omar lived 581 to 644, was second caliph, set up administration, set up tax system, and started kadi office. Capital was

Medina. He conquered Syria, Palestine, Middle East, Mesopotamia, and Persia [637] but not Byzantine Empire. He

conquered Egypt [640 to 641]. He took north Africa [644]. He took Kabul [664].

Dagobert I

king

France

639

He lived 605 to 639, united Merovingian Frankish kingdoms, and controlled Bretons and Basques.

Othman or Uthman

caliph

Arabia/Syria/Iraq/Egypt

644 to 656

He lived 574 to 656 and was third caliph of Moslem Empire.

Martin I

pope

Rome, Italy

649 to 655

He lived ? to 655 and built church and papacy power.

Recceswinth

king

Toledo, Spain

649 to 672

Visigothic Code [654]

He codified law, based on Alaric's code [654].

Wonhyo or Daisa Wonhyo of Shilla [Wonhyo of Shilla, Daisa]

philosopher

Gyeongsan, Korea

650 to 680

Exposition on the Diamond Samadhi Scripture [650 to 680]; Commentary and Supplementary Notes on the Awakening

of Faith in Mahayana [650 to 680]; Treatise on Ten Approaches to the Reconciliation of Doctrinal Controversy [650 to

680]; Arouse the Mind to Practice [650 to 680]

He lived 617 to 686, in Sil Lah period, united Buddhist-sect teachings, and added Tao and Confucian ideas. He was one

of the Ten Sages of the Ancient Korean Kingdom. He followed the way of the flow of the wind {poong-ryu-do}, using

the idea of nothingness {mu, Buddhism} to eliminate dualities and achieve unity.

Hung-jan

philosopher

China

651 to 675

He lived 601 to 675 and was fifth Patriarch of Zen Buddhism. His student Faju [638 to 689] started Northern School.

Sun Ssu-miao

alchemist

Chang'an (Xian), China

652

Great Secrets of Alchemy or Thousand Golden Remedies [652]

He lived 581 to 673.

Ali or Ali ibn Abi Talib

caliph

Medina, Saudi Arabia

656 to 661

He lived 598 to 661, was cousin and son-in-law of Mohammed, was Abu Bakr's nephew and Mohammad's cousin, was

one of the first converts to Islam, and was fourth caliph. He married Fatima, Mohammad's daughter. In Sunni Islam, he

was fourth and last Khulafa-i-Rashidun or Rightly Guided Caliphs. In Shi'a Islam, he was the first imam and true

caliph. His sons did not become caliph.

Muawiya I or Mu'awiyya I

caliph

Arabia/Syria/Iraq/Egypt

661 to 683

He lived 600 to 683 and started Omayyed Dynasty of caliphs. He assassinated Ali [661] and deposed Hassan and

Hussein, sons of Ali. He then united most of Islam using diplomacy. He moved capital from Medina to Damascus.

After he died, his son Muawiya II was caliph several months [683 to 684].

Caedmon

poet

England

670

Hymn [poem]

He lived ? to 680 and wrote hymns.

Callinicus of Heliopolis or Kallinikos

inventor/architect

Syria/Constantinople, Byzantium

673

Greek fire [673]

Byzantine army used flammable liquid {Greek fire}, first in battle of Cyzicus [673] during reign of Constantine

Pogonatus [648 to 685].

Hui-neng or Hui Neng or Eno

philosopher

Mt. Huang Mei, China

675 to 713

Platform Sutra or Sutra Spoken by the Sixth Patriarch on the High Seat of the Treasure of the Law [675 to 713]

He lived 637 to 713 and was sixth and last Patriarch of Zen Buddhism [675 to 713].

O No Yasumaro [Yasumaro, O No]

writer

Japan

680 to 712

Records of Ancient Matters [680: Shinto beliefs and customs]

Emperor Temmu commissioned it.

Abdul-Malik

caliph

Arabia/Syria/Iraq/Egypt

684 to 705

He lived 646 to 705, was fifth Omayyed caliph, was Sunni, and united Islam.

Empress Iwa no Hime/Princess Oku/Empress Jitoh/Princess Nukada/Yosami/Lady Ohtomo no Sakanoe no

Iratsume/Lady Kii/Kasa no Iratsume

writer

Japan

687 to 759

Collection of 10,000 Leaves [687 to 759: Shinto beliefs, rituals, and customs]

Shinto is Way of the Spirits {Kami-no-michi}.

Yung-chia Hsuan-chueh or Yung-chia Hsuan-chio or Yung Chia Hsuan Chueh or Yongia Xuanjue or Hsuan-

chueh Hsing-ssu

philosopher

Mt. Huang Mei, China

690 to 710

Song of Enlightenment [690 to 710]

He lived 655 to 713 and was Hui-neng's disciple. Zen-Buddhism Soto School depends on his teachings.

Ch'ing-yuan

philosopher

China

690 to 720

He lived 660 to 740, was Hui-neng's disciple, and taught Shih-t'ou Hsi-ch'ien.

Shen-hui

philosopher

China

700 to 730

He lived 670 to 762, was Hui-neng's disciple, started Southern School, and opposed Northern-School creation.

Laksminkara

princess

India/Ceylon

700 to 750

She was Tantric Buddhist. In Nepalese Buddhism, one can gain transcendence through erotic behavior {mahasukha}.

Wasil of Ata

theologian

Basra, Iraq

700 to 750

He lived ? to 748 and founded Mu'tazila school. Second leader was Amr of Ubayd [? to 761]. Baghdad schools opposed

it.

Bharuci

philosopher

India

700 to 800

Comments on Manava-dharma-shastra [700 to 800]; Comments on Vishnu-dharma-shastra [700 to 800]

He wrote about Upanishads.

Gaudapada

philosopher

Kerala, India

700 to 800

Commentary on the Mandukya Upanishad [700 to 800]

He first expounded Advaita Vedanta and was Govinda's teacher. Govinda taught Sankara.

Govinda Bhagavatpada

philosopher

India

700 to 800

He was Gaudapada's pupil and studied Vedanta.

Mandana Misra or Suresvaracharya

philosopher/linguist

Mithila, Nepal

700 to 800

Treatise on Brahma [700 to 800: about Advaita]

Prabhakara Misra

philosopher

India

700 to 900

He founded the later Prabhakara School of Mimamsa and taught Salikanatha, who wrote Prakaranapancika. The first

Mimansa school was the Kumarila School.

Aurillac

philosophic school

Aurillac, France

700 to 1100

School included Gerhart of Aurillac.

Arabian Philosophy

philosophic school

Near East/Spain

700 to 1300

School included Avicenna, Mutakallimoun [-700 to -800], Mutazilites (Wazil), Averroës (Ibn Rashd), al-Kindi, Askari,

al-Farabi, al-Gazel, Avempace, al-Ash'ari, Abubacer, David of Dinant, Amalrich of Bena, Joachim of Fiore (Joachim

Floris), Athir al-Din Abhari, and Dabiran Qazvini.

Epistemology

Material-world knowledge is individual.

Ethics

God knows everything but does not cause or force human behavior.

Metaphysics

God is the only substance. Things are in God. Individuals are part of the whole and can passively receive universals,

truth, and reason from God. All matter thus unifies. Matter holds its Form inside itself. Matter has eternal motion,

without outside force.

Nanyue Huaizhang or Nan-yueh Huai-jang or Nan-Yueh Huai-jang [Huai-jang, Nan-Yueh] or Nan Yueh Huai

Jang

philosopher

China

710 to 730

He lived 677 to 744, was Hui-neng's disciple, and started Hongzhou School. Zen-Buddhism Rinzai School depends on

his teachings.

Charles Martel [Martel, Charles]

king

France

714 to 741

He lived 688 to 741, was Frankish king [714 to 741] from Austrasia east of Rhine River, united former Merovingian

kingdoms of Franks, won Battle of Tours [733], and founded Carolingian line. He helped Boniface convert Germany to

Christianity. He was grandfather of Charlemagne.

Leo III or Leo the Isaurian

emperor

Anatolia

717 to 741

He was from Anatolia, allied Byzantine Empire with Khazars in south Russia, and controlled Anatolia.

Toneri or Prince Toneri/O No Yasumaro [Yasumaro, O No]

writer

Heijo-kyo (Nara), Japan

720

Nihonshoki or Nihongi or Chronicles of Japan [720: Japan history]

Earlier history book Kojiki, Furukotofumi, or Records of Ancient Matters [680] is in Chinese.

Kumarila or Kumarilla-bhatta

philosopher

Prayag, Uttar Pradesh, India

720 to 740

Comments on Jaimini's Mimamsa-sutras or Profound-Thought Sutras [720 to 740]

He lived 686 to 745, studied Mimamsa, and wrote about realism.

Wang-wei or Poet Buddha

painter/poet

China

720 to 750

landscape paintings [720 to 750]

Zen Buddhist lived 698 to 759, in T'ang Dynasty. He affected later Southern school of Chinese landscape art.

Abd-al-Rahman I

ruler

Spain

721 to 732

He was governor of Spain [721 to 732], fought Battle of Toulouse [721], and invaded France again, but lost at Tours

(Poitiers) to Charles Martel of Franks [732].

Bede

theologian/historian

Jarrow, England

730

Ecclesiastical History of England [730]

He lived 673 to 735 and was historian and theologian.

John Damascenes [Damascenes, John]

philosopher

Greece

730

Fount of Knowing [730]

He lived 700 to 751 and founded Damascene School.

Leo the Isaurian or Leo the Syrian

king

Rome, Italy

730

Ecloga or Selections [730]

He lived 685 to 741 and issued short unsystematic law set in Greek [730] and new decrees in maritime law and

feudalism.

Li Bai or Li Bo or Li Po or Li Taibai

poet

China

730 to 750

Night Thoughts or Thoughts on a Still Night [730 to 750: romantic]; Hearing a Flute on a Spring Night in Luoyang

[730 to 750]; Seeing a Friend Off [730 to 750]; Staying the Night at a Mountain Temple [730 to 750]

He lived 701 to 762 and was Taoist.

Wu Tao-tzu or Wu Daozi [Daozi, Wu]

painter

China

730 to 750

mural [730 to 750: commissioned by Emperor Xuanzong]

Zen Buddhist lived 700 to 760, in T'ang Dynasty.

Shih-t'ou or Sekito Kisen [Kisen, Sekito]

philosopher

Hengshan (Nanyue), China

730 to 760

Song of the Grass Roof Hermitage [730 to 760]

He lived 700 to 790 and was Hsuan-chueh Hsing-ssu's disciple.

Du Fu or Tu Fu

poet

China

740 to 760

Seeing Li Bai in a Dream [740 to 760: realistic]

He lived 712 to 770.

Constantine V

emperor

Constantinople, Turkey

741 to 775

He lived 718 to 775. Byzantine Empire controlled Balkans.

Padma Sambhava

writer/missionary

India/Tibet

750 to 760

Tibetan Book of the Dead or Bardo Thodol or Bardo Thotrol [1300 to 1400]

He lived 717 to 762 and was Tantric Buddhist missionary.

Ma-tsu or Baso or Ma Jo

philosopher

China

750 to 780

He lived 709 to 788 and was Nan-yueh Huai-jang's disciple.

Pai-chang or Po-chang

philosopher

China

750 to 780

He lived 720 to 814, was Chao-chou's disciple, and founded first Zen community. Chao-chou was previous Zen-

Buddhist leader.

Pepin the Short

king

France

751 to 768

He lived 714 to 768 and started Carolingian Dynasty of Franks when he became Frank king by election [751]. He

deposed last Merovingian king, defended Rome from Lombards twice, and gave his acquisitions in Italy, including

Ravenna, to the pope, creating Papal States [756]. The pope gave him the title Patrician of Rome. He then fought

Saxons, who were pagan, and drove Moorish Kingdom behind Pyrenees. He was father of Charlemagne.

Abdu-r-Rahman I or Abdurrahman I or Abdur Rahman I

emir

Spain

756 to 788

He lived ? to 788, went to Spain after escaping from Abu Muslem, and became emir of Cordoba. North Spain also

contained Kingdoms of Leon, Castile, Navarre, Aragon, and Barcelona.

Cynewulf

king/poet

Northumbria, England/Mercia, England

757 to 786

Christ II [760 to 780: religious poem]; Elene [760 to 780: religious poem]; Fates of the Apostles [760 to 780: religious

poem]; Juliana [760 to 780: religious poem]

He was king of West Saxons or Wessex [757 to 786]. He wrote in Old English.

al-Mansur

caliph

Baghdad, Iraq

762 to 775

He lived 716 to 775 and was second Abbasid caliph of Moslem Empire. Abbasid family was at al-Humaymah.

Abu Hanifeh Ne'man Ben Sabbet [Hanifeh Ne'man Ben Sabbet, Abu] or al-A'zam Abu Hanifah [Hanifah, al-

A'zam Abu] or Abu Hanifa [Hanifa, Abu] or Great Imam

lawyer

Persia

767

Greater Understanding [767: Islamic law]

He started Islamic law study.

Barmakids or Barmecides

vizier

Baghdad, Iraq

771 to 806

From Persia, they were viziers for Harun-al-Rashid until murdered.

Charlemagne

king

France/Germany

771 to 813

He lived 742 to 813. Of Carolingian Dynasty of Franks, he united Franks again [771]. He defeated Spanish Moors and

set up Spanish March, from along Pyrenees down to Ebro River and Catalonia. He took Austria [788], defeated Saxons,

converted them, and restored Leo III to Holy See after defeating Lombards. He got Carinthia and Bohemia from Avars,

Wends, and Slavs. He set up the Dane Mark or Dane March at Elbe River in north Germany to stop Danes. He became

emperor of Western Empire of Rome [800], when Pope Leo III, who had regained Rome by Charlemagne's conquests,

crowned him. Western Empire of Rome had France, Germany, and Italy. Capital was at Aachen.

Charlemagne presided at synods and ruled the bishops.

Alcuin of York was his teacher, founded palace school at Aachen, ran library, and taught at Tours. Einhard wrote life of

Charlemagne. It used Carolingian alphabet to copy Bibles and books.

Charlemagne set weights and measures to one silver pound equal to 240 pennies {denarii}.

Charlemagne and Catholic Church developed new warfare rules. He established royal court {aula regis}, which was

superior to popular courts. He also issued decrees {capitulary} on the poor, general welfare, and education, with his

council's consent.

He sent envoys {missi, envoy} to all empire parts to force law obeyance and inspect. He contacted Byzantine and

Islamic Empires.

Art was for religious purposes, not just personal glory.

Offa

king

England/Wales

778 to 797

He was king of Mercia in central England, fought south Wales [778], and built dike [784] between England and Wales.

Nan-chuan or Nansen

philosopher

China

780 to 800

He lived 748 to 834 and was Ma-tsu's disciple.

Abu Navass [Navass, Abu] or Abu Nawas [Nawas, Abu] or Father of Curls

poet

Persia

780 to 800

Diwan Abu Nuwas or Collected Poems [780 to 800]; What Has Become of Your Youth [780 to 800]; Love in Bloom

[780 to 800]; Boy Is Worth More Than a Girl [780 to 800]

He lived 756 to 815 and wrote drinking songs {khamriyyat, Navass} and funny love lyrics {mudhakkarat, Navass}

{mujuniyyat, Navass}.

Godescalc

painter

Aachen, Germany

783

Gospel Book of Charlemagne or Godescalc Evangelistary or Godescalc Gospel Lectionary [783: Medieval illuminated

book]

Charlemagne commissioned it after he marched to meet Pope Adrian I.

Harun al-Rashid or Haroun al-Raschid

caliph

Baghdad, Iraq

786 to 809

He lived 764 to 809 and was fifth Abbasid caliph of Moslem Empire. He was in the Arabian Nights. Barmacides, from

Persia, were his viziers. After he died, his son al-Amin became caliph [809 to 813].

Idris ibn Abdallah or Moulay Idris

ruler

Morocco

788 to 793

He lived ? to 793, was Arab chief, took Morocco, and started Idrisid Dynasty [789 to 926]. He preceded Idris II [809],

who lived 793 to 828.

Sibuyeh or Sibawayh

linguist

Shiraz, Persia

790

Doctrine [790: Arabic grammar]

He lived 760 to 793.

Irene of Athens

empress

Byzantium

797 to 802

She lived 752 to 803.

Geber or Jabir ibn Haiyan [Haiyan, Jabir ibn] or Jabir ibn Hayyan [Hayyan, Jabir ibn]

alchemist

Iraq

800

He lived ? to 803.

Bo Juyi [Juyi, Bo] or Bai Juyi [Juyi, Bai] or Po Chu-i

poet

China

800 to 820

Song of Everlasting Sorrow or Song of Eternal Regret [800 to 820: about Yang Guifei or Yang Yuhuan, one of the

Four Beauties and consort of Xuanzong of Tang Dynasty]; Song of the Pipa Player [800 to 820]

He lived 772 to 846. Pipa is Chinese lute.

The army killed Yang Guifei and her cousin Yang Guozhong, because it thought Yangs caused the Rebellion of Anshi.

The Four Beauties are Xi Shi [-700 to -600] of Spring and Autumn Period, Wang Zhaojun [-100 to 1] of Western Han

Dynasty, Diao Chan [200 to 300] of Romance of the Three Kingdoms, and Yang Guifei [719 to 756] of Tang Dynasty.

Zhang Ji

poet

China

800 to 820

Night Mooring near Maple Bridge or Mooring by Fengqiao at Night or Overnight Stay at Feng Qiao [800 to 820]

He lived 766 to 830.

Han Yu

philosopher/poet

Chang'an (Xian), China

800 to 824

Laments [poems]

He lived 768 to 824, was neo-Confucian, followed Mencius, and was against Buddhism. He wrote in old style prose

{gu wen}, as did Meng Jiao [751 to 814].

Kukai or Kobo Daishi [Daishi, Kobo]

philosopher

Japan

800 to 830

He lived 774 to 835 and introduced Tantric Buddhism to Japan as Shingon or True Word School. All people can attain

enlightenment, by meditation, mantras {shingon}, and hand movements. Enlightenment requires ten stages. The final

stage is identity with the Buddha {Mahavairocana}. He was a calligrapher. Perhaps, he invented Japan's hiragana

script.

Li Ao

philosopher

Chang'an (Xian), China

800 to 840

Record of Coming to the South [800 to 840]; Master Li Ao [800 to 840]

He lived 772 to 841, followed Mencius, and was against Buddhism.

Hung-po or Huang-po

philosopher

China

800 to 850

Chun Chou Record [800 to 850]

He lived ? to 850 and was Pai-chang's disciple.

Padmasambhava or Padmakara or Padma Raja

philosopher

Tibet

800 to 900

He brought Mahayana Buddhism to Tibet, and there he is second Buddha.

Egbert or Ecgbehrt or Ecgbert

king

England

802 to 839

He lived 770 to 839, was king of Wessex [802 to 839], defeated Mercia at Battle of Ellendun [825], and united

England.

Jayavarma II

king

Cambodia

802 to 850

He lived 792 to 850 and declared independence of Java [802], founding Khmer Empire.

Sankara or Shankara or Iamkara or Jagadguru Sankaracharya [Sankaracharya, Jagadguru] or Jagat Guru Adi

Sankaracharya [Sankaracharya, Jagat Guru Adi]

philosopher

Kerala, India

810 to 820

Crown Jewel of Discrimination [810 to 820]; Spiritual Theosophical Dictionary [810 to 820]; Thousand Teachings

[810 to 820]; Commentaries on the Brahma Sutras, Bhagavadgita, and Upanishads [810 to 820]

He lived 788 to 820, was Govinda's pupil, and founded Advaita Vedanta or Non-dualist School. He founded the

Dashanamis, who renounce world to meditate.

A phrase {That art Thou} is in Vedas and means that individuals are part of consciousness. Selves and the Self are one,

with no God.

World, language, and sense qualities that people experience are real but are illusory and produce ignorance. People

must suppress desires to gain real knowledge. Only the Brahman is ultimate reality.

Chao-chou or Joshu

philosopher

Gu_ny_nyuàn Temple, China

810 to 840

Chao-Chou's Dog or Joshu's Dog [810 to 840]

He lived 778 to 897 and was Nan-chuan's disciple.

Mamun or al-Mamun or al-Ma'mun

caliph

Baghdad, Iraq

813 to 833

He lived 786 to 833, was Harun-al-Rashid's son, and was Abbasid caliph of Moslem Empire, succeeding his brother al-

Amin [813]. He established Bayt al-Hikmah (House of Wisdom) library and academy. Baghdad had 500,000 people.

Empire was at height of art and science. Decimal system came from India.

Louis I or Louis the Pious

emperor

France

814 to 840

He lived 778 to 840, was Charlemagne's son, and was Frank. He negotiated at Lugenfeld (Field of Lies) [833] and

faced incursions by Norse. His sons were Lothair I, Charles II the Bald, and Louis the German, who rebelled often.

Louis the German

king

Germany

817 to 876

He lived 804 to 876, was Louis I the Pious' son, got Germany [817], and was East Frank king [817 to 876].

Atur-Farnbag or Adur-Farnbag or Farnbag

philosopher

Persia

820

Letters [820: written in Pahlavi]; Dinkart or Denkart or Acts [820: Zand-Avesta part]

He was Farukhzat's son.

Vacaspati Misra

philosopher

Mithila, Nepal

820 to 841

Analysis of Worship [820 to 840]; Analysis of Grammar or Analysis of Lotus Flowers [820 to 840]

He lived ? to 841, wrote commentaries on the six Hindu systems, and established Nyasa.

Mohammad ibn Musa al-Khwarizmi [al-Khwarizmi, Mohammad ibn Musa] or Algorizm or Muhammad Bin

Musa al-Khwarizmi [al-Khwarizmi, Muhammad Bin Musa]

mathematician

Baghdad, Iraq

825

Arithmetic [825]; Algebra [839]; world map [830]

He lived 770 to 840, used Hindu numbers and fractions, and studied algebra. Adelard of Bath and Gerard of Cremona

[1100 to 1150] translated his works and so transferred Indian and Islamic philosophy to Europe.

Du Mu

poet

China

830 to 850

Poems for Parting [830 to 850]

He lived 803 to 852.

Abu Tammam Habib ibn Aus [Tammam Habib ibn Aus, Abu]

poet

Arabia

840

Hamasa or Valor [840: ancient-verse anthology]

He lived 805 to 845.

Li Shangyin

poet

China

840 to 850

Han Monument [840 to 850]; Cicada [840 to 850]; Wind and Rain [840 to 850]; Falling Petals [840 to 850]; Thoughts

in the Cold [840 to 850]

He lived 813 to 858 and wrote in five-character regular verse.

Lothair I or Lothar I

king

Lotharingia, Germany/Italy

840 to 855

He lived 795 to 855, was Louis I the Pious' son, and got Lotharingia and Italy [817 to 855], and led Holy Roman

Empire [840 to 855].

Yaaqub ibn Ishaq al-Kindi [al-Kindi, Yaaqub ibn Ishaq]

philosopher

Iraq

840 to 860

On First Philosophy [840 to 860]

He lived 803 to 873, was first Arabic philosopher at the Academy, was neo-Platonist, and used logic to prove religious

truths. Universe is whole knowledge system {architectonic}. All humanity has one active intellect.

Gottschalk of Orbais or Godescalc or Gottescalc or Godescalchus

philosopher

Germany/Orbais, Marne, France

840 to 860

On the threefold godhead or On the trinity [840 to 860]; On predestination [840 to 860]; On 'IN' proposition

explanations [840 to 860]

He lived 803 to 867. There is predestination.

Hincmar

bishop

Rheims, France

840 to 870

On City Law [840 to 870]; Divorce of Lothair [840 to 870]; Annals [861 to 882]

He lived 806 to 882 and was archbishop of Reims [845 to 882]. There is no predestination.

Charles the Bald or Charles II

king

France

843 to 877

He lived 823 to 877, was Louis I the Pious' son, got south and west France [843 to 877], held Council of Pistes [864],

and led Holy Roman Empire [875 to 877].

al-Mutawakkil

caliph

Samarra, Iraq

847 to 861

Great Mosque of Samarra [847 to 852: Open rectangle plan has spiral minaret and columns to support wooden roof]

He lived 821 to 861, was Abbasid ruler [847 to 861], and built many palaces. Samarra is north of Baghdad on Tigris

River.

Mahavira or Mahaviracharya

mathematician

India

850

Ganita Sara Sangraha or Compendium of the Essence of Mathematics [850]

He lived 800 to 870 and used zero, positional notation, decimal system, and negative, irrational, and rational numbers.

Lin-chi Yi-Sen or Lin-chi I-hsuan or Rinzai or Rinzai Gigen [Gigen, Rinzai]

philosopher

China

850 to 867

He lived 830 to 867, was Hung-po's disciple, and led to Rinzai School. He started the shout "Ho" or "Kwatz".

al-Buhturi

poet

Arabia

850 to 880

Hamasa or Valor [850 to 880: ancient-verse anthology]

He lived 820 to 897.

Boris I

king

Bulgaria

852 to 889

He lived ? to 907 and was khan [852 to 889]. Bulgaria became Christian [865].

Nicholas I

pope

Italy

858 to 867

He lived 820 to 867 and increased papal authority. Roman aristocrats controlled papacy.

John Scotus Erigena [Scotus Erigena, John] or John Scotus Eriugena [Scotus Eriugena, John]

philosopher

Dublin, Ireland/France

858 to 870

Translation of Pseudo-Dionysius [858]; On the Division of Nature [865 to 870]

He lived 810 to 877 and was neo-Platonist.

Epistemology

Reason and faith are both sources of truth.

Ethics

Sin is to think something is good or right if it is not.

Metaphysics

Universals are essential reality and produce and have within themselves all particular objects. Reality has four parts:

uncreated and creating, created and creating, created and not creating, and uncreated and not creating. Material world is

lowest reality, created but not creating. Higher concepts are higher forms of reality. The only universal concept is God,

who has no particular qualities, eternally produces all things, and has them within itself. God is the purpose of all

things. Logos unites all things to God. There is no predestination.

Seiwa

emperor

Japan

858 to 876

He became Japanese emperor at age nine or ten. He removed his opponents [866] and became regent {sessho}.

Ibn Khurdadbih [Khurdadbih, Ibn] or Ibn Khurradadhbih [Khurradadhbih, Ibn] or Postmaster of Baghdad

geographer

Baghdad, Iraq

860

Book of Roads and Kingdoms [860]; Listening Etiquette [860]; Book of Entertainment and Music [860]

He lived 820 to 893 and studied under the musician Ishaq al-Mawsili or Isaac of Mosul [767 to 850].

Ali ibn Rabn Tabari [Tabari, Ali ibn Rabn] or Ali Bin Rabn Tabari [Tabari, Ali Bin Rabn]

physician

Persia/Baghdad, Iraq

860

Paradise of Wisdom [860: about Indian and Greek medicine]

He lived 838 to 923.

Rurik

leader

Russia

860 to 879

He lived 830 to 879. Swedish Viking traders under Rurik built settlements at Novgorod and Kiev [860 to 879]. He

attacked Byzantine Empire [860] in Rus'-Byzantine War. He started Rurik Dynasty that ruled Russia [862 to 1054].

Methodius

leader

Czech Republic/Slovakia

863

He lived 815 to 885. Czechs and Slovaks became Orthodox.

Cyril

priest/linguist

Czech Republic/Slovakia

863 to 869

He lived 826 to 869 and invented Cyrillic alphabet with Methodius. Czechs and Slovaks became Orthodox.

Harold I or Harold Luva

king

Norway

866 to 874

He was Viking in southeast Norway and became first king of Norway at Hafrs Fjord [872], uniting small kingdoms and

causing some losers to go to Iceland and other losers, under Rollo, to go to Normandy.

Alfred the Great

king

England

866 to 899

Doom Book or Code of Alfred or Legal Code of Aelfred the Great [890]; Anglo-Saxon Chronicle [890]

He lived 849 to 899 and was West Saxon king [866 to 889]. He defeated Danes [871], captured London, and limited

Danes to the Danelaw: East Anglia, Midlands, York, Lincoln, Nottingham, Derby, Leicester, and Stamford.

Northumbria in Scotland, Wales in west Britain, Mercia in middle-south Britain, and Wessex in southwest England

were free. He recaptured some of the Danelaw from Danes [886], becoming king of all England.

He codified laws, emphasized Christianity, and started navy, schools, and writing. He set up fortified sites {burgh} and

shires. He commissioned Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, history of England.

Basil I

emperor

Constantinople, Turkey

867 to 886

He lived 826 or 835 to 886 and started Macedonian Dynasty [867 to 1056]. Byzantine Empire fought Bulgars. He

repaired finances and codified law.

Basilius Macedo or Basilius the Macedonian or Basilius I

emperor

Constantinople

867 to 886

Imperial Law [888]

He lived ? to 886, was Byzantine emperor [867 to 886], started Macedonian dynasty [867 to 1081], and issued law

condensations [888] and new decrees in maritime law and feudalism.

Ahmad ibn Tulun

prince

Egypt

868 to 884

He lived 835 to 884, was Egyptian noble from Turkey, rebelled from Abbasid caliphate, and started Tulunid dynasty

[868 to 905] in Egypt.

Thabit or Tabit ibn Qorra or al-Sabi Thabit ibn Qurra al-Harrani [Thabit ibn Qurra al-Harrani, al-Sabi]

mathematician

Baghdad, Iraq

870

Conics [870]

He lived 836 to 901.

Abu Jafar Muhammad ibn Jarir al-Tabari [al-Tabari, Abu Jafar Muhammad ibn Jarir] or Umar Ben

Alfarkhan Altabary [Altabary, Umar Ben Alfarkhan] or Almuhib Altabary [Altabary, Almuhib]

philosopher/historian/theologian

Persia

870 to 900

Comments on Ptolemy

He lived 838 to 923.

Oleg

leader

Russia

879 to 913

He lived 850 to 913, followed Rurik, and united Viking Russian settlements by capturing Kiev [882].

Manuskihar or Manuschihar or Manushchihar

writer

Sirkan, Persia

881

Epistles [881]

Sirkan is in Baluchestan in southeast Iran.

Leo the Wise

king

Constantinople

886 to 912

Imperial Law [888]

He lived 862 to 912, was Basilius' son, and restated Roman law in 60 books, abridging all previous work and

eliminating obsolete law.

Simeon I

king

Bulgaria

888 to 927

He lived 864 to 927, was king of Bulgaria [888 to 927], took Serbia [925], and was first tsar of Bulgarian Empire [925

to 927].

Edward the Elder

king

Wessex, England

899 to 925

Edward recaptured all the Danelaw from Danes.

Gorm the Old

king

Denmark

899 to 936

He lived 855 to 936 and regained independence from Sweden [899]. Jelling was capital. He was father of Harold I.

al-Battani or al-Batin or Albategnius or Albategni or Albatenius

mathematician

Baghdad, Iraq

900

Book of Astronomical Tables [900: about astronomical calculations]

He lived 868 to 929 and found ecliptic angle and solar-year length.

Hallaj or Husayn ibn Mansur al-Hallaj [al-Hallaj, Husayn ibn Mansur] or Mansoor al-Hallaj [al-Hallaj,

Mansoor]

poet

Persia

900

Diwan al-Hallaj or Collected Poems [900]

He lived 858 to 922.

Isaac Ben Solomon Israeli [Israeli, Isaac Ben Solomon] or Isaac Israeli [Israeli, Isaac] or Isaac the Elder or Abu

Ya-'qub Ishaq Ibn Sulayman al-Isra'ili [al-Isra'ili, Abu Ya-'qub Ishaq Ibn Sulayman]

poet

Spain

900

Book of Elements [900]; Book of Five Substances [900]

He lived 865 to 955.

Mohammad ibn Zakariya al-Razi [al-Razi, Mohammad ibn Zakariya] or Rhazes or Abu Bakr Mohammad Ibn

Zakariya al-Razi [al-Razi, Abu Bakr Mohammad Ibn Zakariya] or Ibn Zakaria [Zakaria, Ibn] or Zakariya

philosopher/physician/alchemist

Baghdad, Iraq/Rey (Tehran), Persia

900 to 920

Philosophical Way of Life [900 to 920]; Encyclopedic Book of Medicine [900 to 920]; Secrets [900]; Secret of Secrets

[900]

He lived 864 to 930, classified chemicals, distilled alcohol, and synthesized sulfuric acid.

Abu Nassr Farabi [Farabi, Abu Nassr] or al-Farabi

philosopher

Turkey/Baghdad, Iraq

900 to 930

Utterances Used in Logic [900 to 930]; Book of Letters [900 to 930]; Attainment of Happiness [900 to 930]; Political

Regime [900 to 930]; Ideas of the Inhabitants of the Virtuous City [900 to 930]; On the Perfect State [900 to 930];

Commentary and Short Treatise on Aristotle's De Interpretatione [900 to 930]

He lived 872 to 950, was neo-Platonist, and was Second Teacher. He wrote about prophecy and knowledge and

analyzed language with new linguistics. He wrote about politics as metaphysics, which Shi'a politicians used in

sixteenth century.

Metaphysics

In Islamic philosophy, God is the only ultimate reality and unity. Only such knowledge is necessary. God's omniscience

of facts does not necessitate determinism, because facts are not necessary. Determinism is not about existence but about

essence.

Ibn Muqla [Muqla, Ibn]

calligrapher

Middle East

900 to 940

Naskh script [900 to 940: first systematic cursive Arabic calligraphy style]

He lived ? to 940 and perfected Naskh.

Ibn al-Faqih [al-Faqih, Ibn] or Ibn al-Faqih al-Hamadhani [al-Faqih al-Hamadhani, Ibn]

geographer

Baghdad, Iraq

902 to 903

City of Peace or Baghdad [902]; Summary of Regions [903: geography summary]

Hamadan is in west Iran and is where Mede capital Ecbatana was.

Wenceslaus

king/duke

Bohemia

907 to 929

He was Duke of Bohemia [907 to 929], promoted Christianity, and negotiated peace with Henry I of Saxony [929]. He

is Roman Catholic patron saint of Bohemia.

Ubaydullah

leader

Tunisia/Africa

909 to 934

He founded Fatimid dynasty in Tunisia [909]. He conquered from Morocco to edge of Egypt [914].

Kino Tsurayuki [Tsurayuki, Kino]

poet

Japan

910 to 935

Preface to Kokinwakashû [910 to 935: introduces his ancient and modern verse collection and describes Japanese

poetics]; Tosa nikki or Tosa Diary [935]

Zen Buddhist lived 872 to 945 and wrote tanka.

Conrad of Franconia or Conrad I

king

Franconia, Germany

911 to 918

He lived 890 to 918 and was Duke of Franconia [906 to 918]. East Franks chose him leader against Magyars [911].

Charles III or Charles the Simple

king

France

911 to 922

He lived 879 to 929, was king [893 to 922], and gave Norsemen Duchy of Normandy [911] to keep peace and to

become Christians.

Rollo or Rolf or Rolph the Ganger

duke

Normandy

911 to 932

He lived 860 to 932. Charles III of France gave Viking Rollo Duchy of Normandy [911 to 932] to keep peace and

become Christians.

Abu al-Hasan al-Ash'ari [al-Ash'ari, Abu al-Hasan]

philosopher

Baghdad, Iraq

912

Treatise on Principles of Religion [912]

He lived 873 to 935, was of Arabian Philosophy, founded Ash'ari school of Sunni Islam, and was against rationalism.

Abd-al-Rahman III

caliph

Cordoba, Spain

912 to 961

He lived 891 to 961, was Omayyad, started Cordova Caliphate, and supported arts and industry. Artisans invented

paper.

Tabari or Abu Jafar Muhammad ibn Jarir al-Tabari [al-Tabari, Abu Jafar Muhammad ibn Jarir]

historian

Persia/Baghdad, Iraq

914

Annals of Apostles and Kings [914]

He lived 839 to 923.

Henry I or Henry the Fowler

king

Saxony

919 to 936

He lived 876 to 936, was father of Otto I, and was first Saxon king [919]. He defeated Wends, took Lotharingia, and

defeated Magyars. Denmark became vassals.

Saadiah Gaon [Gaon, Saadiah]

philosopher

Sura, Babylonia/Baghdad, Iraq

920

Book of Critically Chosen Beliefs and Convictions or The Book of Beliefs and Opinions [920]; Book of Theodicy

[920]

He lived 882 to 942, led Talmudic Academy, was systematic, and studied language. God knows all but does not force

or cause people's actions.

Ahmad ibn Fadlan [Fadlan, Ahmad ibn] or Ahmad ibn al-'Abbas ibn Rashid ibn Hammad ibn Fadlan

geographer

Baghdad, Iraq

922

Soul [922]

He wrote about traveling from Baghdad to Volga River to see Bulgar king [921 to 922].

Athelstan or Athelstan the Glorious

king

England

925 to 939

He lived 895 to 939, was Alfred the Great's grandson, was king of England [925 to 939], and defeated Scots, Irish, and

Danes at Battle of Brunanburg [937] in north England.

Boleslav I or Boleslaus the Cruel

king

Poland/Bohemia

929 to 967

He lived 915 to 967 or 972, killed Wenceslaus [929], and was duke of Bohemia [929 to 967].

Abu Abullah Rudaki [Rudaki, Abu Abullah] or Abu 'Abd Allah Ja'far ibn Muhammad [Muhammad, Abu 'Abd

Allah Ja'far ibn]

poet

Arabia

930 to 940

Kalila wa Dimna or Pancha Tantra or Fables of Bidpai [930: translator]; Lament in Old Age [940: poem]

He lived 858 to 941 and wrote bayt.

Otto I or Otto the Great

king

Saxony

936 to 973

He lived 912 to 973. Of Brandenburg Dynasty or Ottonian Dynasty of Saxon emperors, he was Henry the Fowler's son,

became Saxon king [636], united France and Germany, and took Italy [951]. The pope crowned him Holy Roman

emperor [962]. He fought France, conquered Lombardy, and aided Pope John XII.

Hywel Dda or Howell Oda or Howell the Good

prince

Wales

942

Law of Hywel Dda [942]

He was king of Deheubarth, took Gwynedd, and ruled Wales [942]. He codified law in south Wales [942].

Balami or Abu-Ali Mohammad Balami [Balami, Abu-Ali Mohammad]

historian

Bokhara

946 to 973

Annals [966: translated and shortened version of Tabari plus fables]

He was vizier at Bokhara [946 to 973].

al-Mutanabbi

poet

Iraq

948 to 957

To Sayfu d-Dawla [948 to 957: ode]

He lived 915 to 965.

Ibn Rustah [Rustah, Ibn] or Ahmad ibn Rustah [Rustah, Ahmad ibn]

geographer

Isfahan, Iran

950

Journey to Croatia [950]; Book of Precious Records [950]

He described Isfahan's twenty districts {rostaq}, gates, and walls and wrote about Sana'a (Yemen), Novgorod, Burka,

Croatia, and Caucasia.

Sivaditya Misra

philosopher

India

950

Treatises on Seven Steps [950]

He combined the six Hindu systems.

Mas'udi or Abu al-Husayn 'ali Ibn al-Husayn al-Mas'udi [al-Mas'udi, Abu al-Husayn 'ali Ibn al-Husayn]

historian

Baghdad, Iraq

956

Meadows of Gold and Mines of Gems [956]

He lived ? to 957 and wrote world history.

Istakhri or al-Istakhri or Abul Qasim Ubaidullah ibn Abdullah ibn Khurdad-bih [Khurdad-bih, Abul Qasim

Ubaidullah ibn Abdullah ibn] or Abu Ishaq Ibrahim ibn Muhammad al-Farisi al-Istakhri [al-Istakhri, Abu

Ishaq Ibrahim ibn Muhammad al-Farisi] or Ibrahim Ibn Muhammad al-Istakhri [al-Istakhri, Ibrahim Ibn

Muhammad]

geographer

Persia/Baghdad, Iraq

957

Configuration of the Land or Book of Roads and Kingdoms [957]; Civilizations [957]

He wrote about windmills.

Firdausi or Ferdowsi or Abu Ol-Qasem Mansur [Mansur, Abu Ol-Qasem]

poet

Persia

960 to 1025

Book of Kings or Shah-Nameh or Shah Nama [1010]

He lived 932 to 1025.

Mieszko I

king

Poland

963 to 992

He lived 935 to 992 and was Piast duke of Poland [963]. He preceded Boleslav I, who started independent kingdom.

Sviatoslav I

duke

Kiev, Ukraine

964 to 972

He lived 945 to 972, was Grand Prince of Kiev [964 to 972], defeated Khazars, and marched to Caucasus and Balkans,

taking Belorussia.

Gawhar

general

Egypt

969

He invaded Egypt [969]. The Fatimid ruler al-Muiz built Cairo as Fatimid Empire capital.

Ibn Hawqal [Hawqal, Ibn]

geographer

Baghdad, Iraq

969 to 977

World Map [977]

He described Kiev [977] and defeat of Volga Bulgars and Khazars [969] by Rus.

Abul Wafa Muhammad al-Buzjani [al-Buzjani, Abul Wafa Muhammad] or al-Buzjani

mathematician

Baghdad, Iraq

970 to 980

Book on What Is Necessary from the Science of Arithmetic for Scribes and Businessmen [970 to 980]; Book on What

Is Necessary from Geometric Constructions for the Artisan [970 to 980]

He lived 940 to 997, used secant and cosecant, and constructed using straightedges and circles.

Eric the Red

discoverer

Iceland/Greenland, Denmark

970 to 986

Norse navigator colonized Greenland.

Abhinavagupta

philosopher

Kashmir, Pakistan

975 to 1025

Light on the Tantras [975 to 1025]; Shakti of Vairocana or Divine Power of the Great Illuminator [975 to 1025: about

the Dhvanyaloka and the arts]; Commentary on Bharata Muni's Natyasastra [975 to 1025: about Natyasastra or

Spiritual Texts on Dancing of Bharati and the arts]

He derived metaphysics and epistemology from Tantric Buddhism and developed Kashmir Shaivism. Female energy

resides in the body, and people need to become aware of this knowing, wishing, and acting power.

Aesthetics

He invented an aesthetics theory {theory of rasa} {rasa theory, Abhinavagupta}.

Basil II

emperor

Byzantium/Bulgaria

976 to 1025

He lived 957 to 1025 and became sole emperor [976]. He was Bulgaroctonus or Slayer of Bulgars. He confiscated great

landowner estates and gave jobs to his followers. He fought Bulgar kingdom in Bulgaria under Tsar Samuel [990 to

1014] and won Battle of Balathista [1014]. He defeated Italy and Normandy [1018]. Byzantium controlled from Italy to

Euphrates River in Iraq.

Sabuktagin

king

Iran/Afghanistan/India

977 to 997

He started Ghaznavid dynasty, was son-in-law of Albtakin, and helped Samanians.

Vladimir I

prince/duke

Kiev, Ukraine

978 to 1015

He lived 950 to 1015, was Oleg's grandson, and became Grand Prince of Kiev [978 to 1015]. He chose Eastern

Orthodox Church and Byzantine Christianity over Islam as official religion [989] and so is saint.

Hai Gaon [Gaon, Hai]

rabbi

Babylonia

980 to 1010

Talmud Commentary [980 to 1010]

He lived 939 to 1038, expanded Akiva's work, and explored higher consciousness.

Udayana

philosopher

Darbhanga, Bihar, India

984

Flower-Offerings of Arguments [984: arguments for God's existence]; Intention to Associate with Purity [984]; Radiant

Vali [984]

He wrote about Hinduism and invented proofs of gods. All things have cause and must have been made, requiring

maker. To make things, atoms must bond, requiring conscious agent {argument from atomic combinations, Udayana}.

Earth is stationary and not falling, as Earthly things fall, requiring holder. People have skills, requiring first teacher.

People can understand writing and can write, requiring absolute knowledge.

Harold Bluetooth

king

Denmark

985

He lived 911 to 986 and was Gorm the Old's son.

Rajaraja Chola I

king

India

985 to 1014

He became Chola Empire king and defeated Chera of Kerala in south India.

Svend I or Sweyn or Sweyn Forkbeard or Swegen or Swein

king

England/Norway/Denmark

986 to 1014

He lived 960 to 1014, was Harold Bluetooth's son, was king of Denmark [986 to 1014], took England [1013], allied

with Sweden, and defeated King Olaf I of Norway, dividing Norway [999 to 1014].

Hugh Capet [Capet, Hugh]

king

France

987 to 996

He lived 938 to 996, deposed Carolingian line, and became king of France [987], starting Capetian line.

Abu Bakr al-Kalabadhi [al-Kalabadhi, Abu Bakr] or Abu Bakr-e-Kalabadi [Bakr-e-Kalabadi, Abu]

philosopher

Persia/Baghdad, Iraq

995

Doctrine of the Sufis [995]

He lived ? to 995.

Abu Rayhan al-Biruni [al-Biruni, Abu Rayhan] or Abu Reyhan al-Biruni [al-Biruni, Abu Reyhan] or Biruni

geographer/astronomer/scientist/linguist/mathematician

Ghazni

995 to 1040

Definition [995 to 997]; Chronology of Ancient Nations [1000]; Shadows [1021]; Book of India [1030 to 1040];

Masudic Canon [1000 to 1040: astronomy and trigonometry]; Book of Pharmacy or Book of Medicinals [1000 to 1040:

Arab and Indian medicine]; Book of Precious Stones [1000 to 1040: minerals]; Elements of Astrology [1000 to 1040:

mathematics and astronomy]

He lived 973 to 1048, wrote grammar, and calculated latitude and longitude. He measured land in three dimensions

{geodesy} {geodetics}.

Sei Shonagon [Shonagon, Sei]

essayist

Japan

996

Pillow Book [996: about court life in Heian Japan]

She lived 966 to 1017.

Mahmud or Ghazna or Mohammed of Ghazna

king

Persia/India

997 to 1030

He lived 971 to 1030 and was Sabuktagin's son. He took all Samanian lands [999] and conquered into India. After his

death 1030, Seljuk Turks threatened his empire and it gradually declined.

Stephen I

king

Hungary

997 to 1038

He lived 969 to 1038, was first of Arpad dynasty, accepted Christianity, and was first king of Hungary. Magyars

became Christians. Nobles {magnate, Hungary} grew more powerful.

Otto III

king

Holy Roman Empire

998 to 1002

He lived 980 to 1002, was king in Germany [983 to 1002], was Holy Roman emperor [998 to 1002], deposed the pope,

set up German pope, and then set up French pope.

Baba Taher or Baba Tahir or Oryan

poet

Persia

1000

Dubayti or Two-Sentence Poems [1000: in two-bayt form]

He lived 934 to 1019. Poetic forms {bayt} can have two sentences.

Fujiwara Kinto [Kinto, Fujiwara] or Fujiwara no Kinto [Kinto, Fujiwara no]

poet

Japan

1000 to 1040

Selected Poems of the Thirty-six Immortal Poets or Collection of Clear Songs [1000 to 1040: anthology of Chinese and

Japanese poems]; Swooping Hawk [1000 to 1040]

Zen Buddhist lived 966 to 1041 and wrote Japanese waka poems.

Bahya ibn Paquda [Paquda, Bahya ibn] or Bahya ibn Pakuda [Pakuda, Bahya ibn] or Bahya ben Joseph ibn

Paquda [Paquda, Bahya ben Joseph ibn] or Bechaya or Our Rabbi Behaya

philosopher

Saragossa, Aragon, Spain

1000 to 1050

Guide to the Duties of the Heart or Duties of the Heart [1040: first Jewish ethics system, written in Arabic]

He was pietist.

Leif Ericson [Ericson, Leif]

discoverer

Iceland/North America

1000 to 1050

He was from Iceland, was navigator and explorer, and discovered northeast America and called it Vinland. Afterward,

other Icelanders visited Baffin, Labrador, and Newfoundland in Canada, up to 1350. He was son of Eric the Red, who

had reached Greenland. From Viking settlement in Godthafjord, he landed in Newfoundland.

Xuedou Zhongxian or Hsue Tou Ch'ung Hsien or Setcho/Yuanwu Keqin

philosopher

Bianjing (Kaifeng), China

1000 to 1050

Blue Cliff Record [1000 to 1050: 1000 koans, with notes by Yüan-wu K'o-ch'in or Engo]

He lived 980 to 1052.

Gaunilo of Marmoutiers or Guanilo or Gaunilon

philosopher

Paris, France

1000 to 1100

In Defense of the Fool or On Behalf of the Fool [1000 to 1100]

People can imagine perfect island, but no such thing exists. Actual things are better than concepts, because concepts

have no actuality. Concepts are lower reality. Therefore, people must reject Anselm's argument for God's existence.

Nimbarka or Niyamanandacharya or Aruna Rishi [Rishi, Aruna] or Haripriyacharya

philosopher

Andhra Pradesh, India

1000 to 1100

Vedanta [1000 to 1100: commentary on the Brahma Sutras]; Parijat Tree [1000 to 1100: commentary on the Brahma

Sutras]; Abode [1000 to 1100: commentary on the Brahma Sutras]; Commentary on the Bhagavad Gita [1000 to 1100];

Light on Behavior [1000 to 1100: on Karma Kanda]; Mystical Creation Power [1000 to 1100: poem on the Gopala

Mantra]; Sections on Order and Shelter [1000 to 1100: poem on the Mukunda Mantra]; Surrender to God at Chintaman

Temple [1000 to 1100]; Seeking Refuge with the Supreme [1000 to 1100: hymn]; Ten Nectarine Verses [1000 to 1100:

poem]; Hymns on Lord Krishna [1000 to 1100]

From Dvaitadvaita School, he derived a Difference and Non-Difference philosophy {Bhedabheda}. He began a

Vaisnavism sect {Sanaka-sampradaya}. All things differ but unify in God.

Venkatamadhava

philosopher

India

1000 to 1100

On Accent and Meaning Change [1000 to 1100]; Bhasya or Spiritual Theological Dictionary [1000 to 1100:

commentary on Rig-veda]

Narayan

writer

Dhaka, India

1000 to 1400

Instruction in the Advantageous [1000 to 1400: fables about how to succeed in life]

Brian Boru [Boru, Brian]

king

Ireland

1002 to 1014

He lived 941 to 1014, was king of Munster [997], and became High King of Ireland [1002]. He defeated Vikings and

dissident nobles at Battle of Clontarf [1014], but someone killed him afterward.

Murasaki Shikibu [Shikibu, Murasaki]

novelist

Kyoto, Japan

1008 to 1015

Tale of Genji [1008 to 1015: about Heian Japan court life]

She lived 973 to 1015 or 1025 and was at court.

al-Karkhi or al-Karaji

mathematician

Baghdad, Iraq

1010

Glorious on Algebra [1010]

He lived 953 to 1029 and invented completing the square.

Avicenna or Ibn Sina [Sina, Ibn] or Abu Ali Seena [Seena, Abu Ali] or Abu Ali al-Husayn ibn Abd-Allah ibn

Sina [Sina, Abu Ali al-Husayn ibn Abd-Allah ibn] or Supreme Master

philosopher/physician/alchemist

Bokhara

1010 to 1030

Book of Salvation [1010 to 1030: philosophy]; Book of Directives and Remarks [1010 to 1030: philosophy]; Canon of

Medicine [1010 to 1030]; Book of Healing [1010 to 1030]; Virtuous City [1010 to 1030]

He lived 981 to 1037, developed Islamic philosophy based on Aristotle, studied the intellectually intelligible, and

studied statement time types. His students were Gorgani and Bahmanyar, in Muslim Peripatetic School.

Epistemology

Prophecy is knowledge about mystical experiences.

Metaphysics

Necessary being and possible {contingent} being both exist. One being, God, has identical essence and existence and

so is necessary {existence, Avicenna} {Avicennan proof of existence}. All other existences come from Necessary

Being by a hierarchy of existences, in which higher things determine lower-thing essences. Vacuum is impossible.

Rajendra Chola I

king

India

1014 to 1052

He became Chola Empire king. His merchant fleets traded, and his navy controlled trade between Arabia and China.

Olaf II Haraldsson

king

Norway

1015 to 1028

He lived 995 to 1030, established Christianity, and fled when King Canute's followers revolted [1028].

Canute I or Canute the Great or Cnut

king

Denmark/England/Norway/Sweden

1016 to 1035

He lived 994 to 1035, was Sweyn's son, was Viking king, and united Denmark, England, and Norway [1016]. He

codified laws and brought peace and Christianity.

Yaroslav the Wise

prince

Kiev, Russia

1019 to 1054

He lived 978 to 1054. As ruler of Kiev [1019 to 1054], he united Russian principalities.

Guido d'Arezzo [d'Arezzo, Guido]

composer

Italy

1020 to 1050

He lived 995 to 1050, wrote masses and Gregorian chants, and invented clef.

Hananel ben Hushiel or Chananel ben Chushiel or Chananel ben Kushiel or Hananel ben Kushiel

rabbi

Kairouan, Tunisia

1020 to 1053

Talmud Commentary [1020 to 1053]; Torah Commentary [1020 to 1053]; Ritual Law Decisions [1020 to 1053]

al-Zahir

caliph

Egypt

1021 to 1036

He was Fatimid.

Ibn al-Bawwab [al-Bawwab, Ibn]

calligrapher

Middle East

1022

Naskh [1022: cursive Arabic calligraphy]

He lived ? to 1022.

Ibn Hazm or Ibn Hazm al-Andalusi or Ahmad ibn Sa`id ibn Hazm [Hazm, Ahmad ibn Sa`id ibn]

philosopher

Córdoba, Spain

1022 to 1060

Necklace of the Dove [1022]; On Sects [1030 to 1060]; On Mannerism and Behavior [1030 to 1060: about ethics];

Detailed Critical Examination [1030 to 1060: about philosophical systems]

He lived 994 to 1064 and began romanticism and troubadour style. He studied comparative religion, listing sects,

heterodoxies, and denominations. He wrote first systematic critical Old-and-New-Testament studies.

Henry III or Henry the Black or Henry the Pious

emperor

Holy Roman Empire

1028 to 1056

He lived 1017 to 1056 and was of Salian dynasty. Holy Roman Empire was at greatest extent. He supported reform by

Benedictine Cluniac monastic order, which wanted a government-free church, and helped elect a German reform pope.

In 1046, he deposed three popes and nominated popes.

al-Hazen or Alhazen or Ibn al-Haytham [al-Haytham, Ibn] or Abu Ali al-Hassan

mathematician/physicist

Baghdad, Iraq/Egypt

1030

Treasury of Optics [1030]

He lived 965 to 1039 and studied perspective, projection, vanishing points, and cubic equations.

Mas'ud

king

Iran/Afghanistan/India

1031 to 1041

Of Ghaznavid Dynasty, he was Mahmud's son. He lost to Seljuk Turks, but family still ruled east Afghanistan and west

India.

Magnus I

king

Norway

1035 to 1047

He lived 1024 to 1047 and became king when Canute died [1035]. He was king of Denmark [1042 to 1047].

Fernando I or Ferdinand I or Ferdinand the Great

king

Spain

1035 to 1065

He lived 1017 to 1065. King of Castile [1035 to 1065] and Leon [1037] subjugated Moors in Seville, Toledo,

Saragossa, and Badajoz [1065] and controlled Spain.

Tughril Beg

sultan

Persia/Iraq

1038 to 1063

He lived 990 to 1063 and led Seljuk Turks from central Asia [1038] to Persia [1040 to 1044] and Baghdad [1055],

where he became sultan.

Lady Godiva [Godiva, Lady] or Godgyfu or Godgifu

activist

Coventry, England

1040

She rode through Coventry naked to get her husband Leofric to lower taxes. "Peeping Tom" looked.

MacBeth

king

Scotland

1040 to 1057

He lived 1020 to 1057, defeated Duncan [1040], killed him to take over kingdom, and then lost part of kingdom to

Malcolm [1054].

Chou Tun-i or Zhou Dunyi [Dunyi, Zhou] or Chou Lien-hsi or Zhou Lianxi [Lianxi, Zhou]

philosopher

China

1040 to 1070

Penetrating Writing on the Classic Work on Change [1040 to 1070]

He lived 1017 to 1073 and combined Neo-Taoism and Confucianism to make ideas used in later Neo-Confucianism.

Shao Yung

philosopher

Luoyang, China

1040 to 1070

Supreme Principle Governing the World [1040 to 1070]

He lived 1011 to 1077 and was neo-Confucian.

Edward III or Edward the Confessor

king

England

1042 to 1066

He lived 1003 to 1066, reduced taxes, and struggled with Godwin. He chose Godwin's son as heir, leading to Norman

Conquest of England [1066].

Anawrahta or Aniruddha

king

Pagan, Burma

1044 to 1077

He built large empire with strong army and unified Burma. Pagan was capital.

Solomon Ibn Gabirol [Gabirol, Solomon Ibn] or Avicebron

philosopher/poet

Spain

1045 to 1050

Mekor Hayyim or Fons Vitae or Well of Life [1045 to 1050: poem]; Tikkun Middot ha-Nefesh or On the Improvement

of the Moral Qualities [1045: essay]; Choice of Pearls [1045 to 1050: sayings]; Kingly Crown [1050: poem]

He lived 1020 to 1070 and wrote in Kabbalah mystic style.

Nasir Khosrow [Khosrow, Nasir] or Nasser Khosrow ebn-e Haress al-Qobadiani al-Balkhi al-Marvazi [Khosrow

ebn-e Haress al-Qobadiani al-Balkhi al-Marvazi, Nasser] or Abu Mo'in Hamid al-Din Nasir ibn Khusraw

[Khusraw, Abu Mo'in Hamid al-Din Nasir ibn]

poet

Persia/Tajikestan

1046 to 1052

Book of Travels or Safarnama [1046 to 1052]; Ruby of Badakhshan [1047]; Diwan or Collected Poems [1046 to 1052]

He lived 1004 to 1072.

Berengar of Tours or Bérenger or Berengarius

priest

Tours, France

1049

Eucharist [1049: reply to Lanfranc, Archbishop of Canterbury]

He lived 1000 to 1088 and was Nominalist. He believed that the bread and wine cannot change into Jesus' body and

blood, because their qualities stayed the same.

servientes Regis ad Legem

lawyer

London, United Kingdom

1050

Law profession {servientes Regis ad Legem} began.

Chang Tsai

philosopher

Chang'an (Xian), China

1050 to 1070

Western Inscription [1050 to 1070]; Great Harmony [1050 to 1070]

He lived 1020 to 1077 and was neo-Confucian.

Michael Psellos [Psellos, Michael]

philosopher

Byzantium

1050 to 1080

Manifold Teaching [1050 to 1080]; Synopsis of Hermogenes [1050 to 1080]; Sermon on the Crucifixion [1050 to

1080]; Chronography [1050 to 1080]; On Demonic Energies [1050 to 1080]

He lived 1018 to 1096 and was Platonist.

Nezam-ol Molk or Nezamol Molk-e-Bakravi [Molk-e-Bakravi, Nezamol]

grand vizier

Persia/Baghdad, Iraq

1050 to 1090

Book of Government or Rules for Kings [1050 to 1090]

He lived 1018 to 1092, was minister for thirty years to first Qaznavids then Seljuk ruler Malek Shah, and founded

Nezamiyeh School of Baghdad.

Fakhroddin Gorgani [Gorgani, Fakhroddin] or Fakhr al-Din As'ad Gurgani [Gurgani, Fakhr al-Din As'ad]

poet

Persia

1054

Vis and Rahmin [1054: original Pahlavi translated into Farsi]

Henry IV

emperor

Germany/Austria

1056 to 1105

He lived 1050 to 1106, was king of Germany [1056 to 1105], and established Holy Roman Empire rule over duchies

[1084]. He and Pope Gregory VIII clashed over bishop and abbot investiture [1075]. He appointed his own bishops in

defiance of Pope Gregory VII. Threatened with revolt, he humbled himself in the snow before the pope, but civil war

started anyway. He invaded Italy, forced Pope Gregory VII from Rome, and named Guibert of Ravenna pope. Guibert

crowned him emperor [1084]. His son Henry V forced him to abdicate [1105].

Robert Guiscard [Guiscard, Robert]

leader

Albania

1059 to 1085

Robert Guiscard lived 1016 to 1085 and controlled Albania as Duke of Apulia and Calabria. Illyria and Epirus were in

Albania mountain regions.

Ramanuja

philosopher

Tamil, India

1060

Commentary on the Brahma Sutra [1060]

He lived 1017 to 1137 and started Visistadvaita Vedanta or Qualified Non-Dualism or Vishishta Advaita or Non-

dualism of the Differentiated. He led south-India Shri Vaishnavism. Vaishnavas worship Vishnu as embodiment of

Brahman.

People are separate from God and want to experience and love God. People can feel god-like in dependence on God.

People should live actively in the world without trying to control anything or get something. People perform acts to

please gods, which are Brahman manifestations.

God, matter, and souls all exist in unity. Matter comes from creative powers of God.

Ch'eng Hao or Ming-tao

philosopher

Henan, China

1060 to 1080

Ten Matters Calling for Reform [1060 to 1080]; Remonstrance Against the New Laws [1060 to 1080]

He lived 1032 to 1085, was brother to Ch'eng I, and was idealist neo-Confucian.

Alp Arslan

sultan

Iraq

1063 to 1072

He lived 1029 to 1072 and was nephew of Tughril Beg and Seljuk Turk. He invaded Asia Minor [1065] and Armenia

and defeated Byzantine army at Battle of Manzikert [1071].

Rodrigo Diaz de Bivar [Bivar, Rodrigo Diaz de] or El Cid Campeador or Lord Champion [Champion, Lord] or

Ruy Díaz de Vivar [Vivar, Ruy Díaz de]

warrior

Castile

1065 to 1099

He lived 1043 to 1099. He served under Alfonso VI until 1081, when he sided with Muslims. Later, he captured

Valencia from Muslims. Cid is same as Arabic "sayyid", "seid", or "lord". Campeador means "champion".

Harold

king

England

1066

He lived 1022 to 1066. Witan assembly elected him king [1066], with Pope's sanction. He lost and died at Battle of

Hastings [1066].

William I or William the Conqueror

king

London, England

1066 to 1087

Domesday Book [1086: census of England for taxation purposes, for William the Conqueror]

He lived 1027 to 1087, was Duke of Normandy, and conquered England, led by Harold, at Battle of Hastings [1066]

during Norman Conquest. He built many castles, brought in priests from France, started separate ecclesiastical courts,

surveyed England, and demanded loyalty first to king then to nobles. Norman kings followed. He sent representatives

to preside over county courts, rather than use clergy. He held all land parcels directly or indirectly.

Su Dongpo or Su Shi or Su Shih

poet

China

1070 to 1090

Chibifu or The Red Cliffs [1070 to 1090]; Shui diao ge tou or Remembering Su Zhe on the Mid-Autumn Festival or

Mid-Autumn Moon [1070 to 1090]

He lived 1037 to 1101, founded the Haofang School, and wrote poetic satires {fu}, late-Han and early-Tang dynasty

classical poetry {shi}, and formal lyrical poems {ci}.

Anselm

bishop

Canterbury, England

1070 to 1093

Monologues [1070 to 1093]; Discourse [1070 to 1093]; On Truth [1070 to 1093]; On the Fall of the Devil [1070 to

1093]; Why Did God Become Man? [1070 to 1093]

He lived 1033 to 1109, was Benedictine, was archbishop, upheld church's power to appoint bishops [1093], and is

Father of Scholasticism. He said, "I believe so I may understand" {credo ut intelligam}.

Epistemology

Understanding needs faith.

People can conceive of highest being.

Ethics

All things should be their best. People strive for their benefit and for justice.

Metaphysics

God exists, as shown by the following argument {ontological argument, Anselm}. Mind can conceive of existence that

is greater than anything else conceivable, and this must actually be the greatest thing in reality, because existence is

necessary to be good and highest.

Highest being that causes all other being through its essence must exist, because cause must be greater than effect.

Highest being can only exist by its essence as necessity, because it is being itself. All good things must come from and

through supreme, self-existing, necessary, perfect, universal, single, and whole being. Things are similar to the supreme

but in different degrees. God created everything, which is in God. Amount of being is amount of Good.

Ch'eng I or Ch'eng Yi or Cheng Yi [Yi, Cheng]

philosopher

Luoyang, China

1070 to 1100

Memorial to the Emperor Renzong [1070 to 1100]

He lived 1033 to 1107, was brother to Ch'eng Hao, was rational Neo-Confucian, and started new Confucianism,

Ch'eng-Chu School. All things have unchanging pattern and changing matter. People need to live properly and have

education to discern the pure patterns in impure matter.

Jallaluddin Malekshah [Malekshah, Jallaluddin]

sultan

Iraq

1072 to 1092

He followed Alp Arsalen as sultan. Nezam-ol Molk or Nezamiya was vizier of Malekshah. Seljuk Turks or Sultanate of

Rum controlled Middle East. Seljuk control of Holy Land was reason for Crusades.

Alfonso VI or Alfonso the Brave

king

Castile

1072 to 1109

He lived 1040 to 1109, was king of León [1065 to 1109], was king of Castile [1072 to 1109], and attacked Muslim

kingdoms in Spain.

Gregory VII or Hildebrand

pope

Rome, Italy

1073 to 1083

He lived 1020 to 1085 and allied with Normans of Italy. His reforms lost support and Henry IV of Germany led

opposition. Henry IV took Rome [1083] and set up anti-pope. Robert Guiscard and Normans in Italy rescued Gregory

VII but then lost Rome again. As pope, he started reform {Hildebrandine reform}, which ended simony, lay bishop

investiture, celibacy-vow violations, and priest marriage. He transferred pope's election to College of Cardinals.

Ladislaus I

king

Croatia/Hungary

1077 to 1095

He lived 1040 to 1095 and got Croatia and Hungary [1077] after Boleslaus III of Poland died.

Matilda of Tuscany

queen

Tuscany

1077 to 1115

She lived 1046 to 1115, was countess of Tuscany [1077 to 1115], and gave her land to the pope [1115].

Roscellinus or Roscelin or Roscellinus Compendiensis or Rucelinus

priest

France

1080 to 1092

He lived 1050 to 1122 and founded Nominalism and Scholasticism. He believed that the Trinity was three distinct

objects, not one. Council at Reims [1092] condemned the heresy.

Omar Khayyam [Khayyam, Omar]

poet/mathematician

Persia/Iraq

1080 to 1123

Rubaiyat [1080]

He lived 1048 to 1123 and invented new Persian calendar.

Qabus or Shams al-Ma'ali Qabus ibn Wushmgir ibn al-Ziyar [Qabus ibn Wushmgir ibn al-Ziyar, Shams al-

Ma'ali] or Onsor ol-Ma'ali Keykavus [Keykavus, Onsor ol-Ma'ali] or Unsur al-Mo'ali Qabus ibn Iskander ibn

Qabus ibn Wushmgir ibn al-Ziyar [Qabus ibn Wushmgir ibn al-Ziyar, Unsur al-Mo'ali Qabus ibn Iskander ibn]

prince

Gorgan, Golestan, Persia

1082

Counsels of Nushirwan the Just to his Son or Book of Counsel or Book of Advice or Mirror for Princes [1082]

He was Prince of Gurgan or Gorgan [1049 to 1090].

Guibert of Ravenna

pope

Rome, Italy

1084 to 1100

He lived 1025 to 1100. Henry IV of Holy Roman Empire installed Guibert of Ravenna as pope, after making Pope

Gregory VII flee Rome.

Urban II

pope

Rome, Italy

1088 to 1099

He lived 1035 to 1099. As pope, he started First Crusade and continued Pope Gregory VII's church reforms.

Irnerius

lawyer

Bologna, Italy

1088 to 1120

Comments on the Corpus Juris [1088 to 1120]

He lived 1055 to 1130 and founded law school at Bologna [1088]. He studied Justinian Code, Institutes, and Digest and

taught Martinus, Bulgarus, Iacobus, and Hugo.

Hassan Sabbah [Sabbah, Hassan] or Old Man of the Mountain

leader

Iran

1090

Batinis or Ismaili sect believed that Imam Jaffar's sons were the only true Imams. Imam Jaffar's first son was Ismail.

Hassan's followers were the Assassins.

Abu al-Gazel [al-Gazel, Abu] or Abu Algazel [Algazel, Abu] or Abu al-Ghazali [al-Ghazali, Abu]

philosopher

Tus, Khorasan

1090 to 1100

Revival of Religious Sciences [1090]; Deliverance from Error [1090 to 1100]; Intentions of the Philosophers [1090 to

1100]; Incoherence of the Philosophers [1090 to 1100]

He lived 1058 to 1111 and was main Sufi philosopher. He identified twenty false philosophical claims, later discussed

by Averroës.

Mohammad al-Ghazzali [al-Ghazzali, Mohammad]

historian/philosopher

Iran

1090 to 1111

Book of Counsel for Kings [1111: Persia history]; Revival of the Sciences of Religion [1090 to 1111]

He lived 1058 to 1111 and developed method of criticizing hypotheses and assumptions. Intellect cannot attain ultimate

truth.

Henry of Burgundy

king

Burgundy/Portugal/Coimbra, Spain

1093 to 1112

He lived 1066 to 1112, was duke of Burgundy, and became Count of Portugal [1093].

al-Hariri

poet

Arabia

1100

Maqamat or Assemblies [1100: entertaining dialogues]

He lived 1054 to 1122.

Li Ching-zhao or Li Ch'ing-zhao or Li Qingzhao or Li Ch'ing-chao

poet

China

1100

Dream Season [1100]; Cilun or Tz'u-lun or Lun ci or On lyrics or Discourse on Lyric [1120 to 1150: book]; Double

Nine [1100]; Wuling Spring or Spring Ends [1100]; Autumn Evening Beside the Lake [1100]; Two Springs [1100];

Sorrow of Departure or Cutting a Flowering Plum Branch [1100]; Autumn Love or A Weary Song to a Slow Sad Tune

[1100]; Quail Sky [1100]; Clear Peace Happiness [1100]; Fading Plum Blossoms or Perfumed Garden [1100];

Bodhisattva's Headdress [1100]

She lived 1084 to 1151.

Ari Thorgilsson the Learned [Thorgilsson the Learned, Ari]

poet

Iceland

1100 to 1140

Islendingabok or Book of Icelanders [1100 to 1140: about Iceland society and wars]; Landnamabok or Book of

Settlements [1100 to 1140: about Iceland society and wars]

He lived 1067 to 1148.

Judah Halevi [Halevi, Judah]

poet

Spain

1100 to 1141

Kuzari [1100: Khazar king converts to Judaism]

He lived 1075 to 1141. Franz Rosenzweig, who also translated the Old Testament into German from Hebrew, translated

his work into German [1886 to 1929].

Jacobus de Boragine or Iacobus

lawyer

Bologna, Italy

1100 to 1200

He was one of the Four Doctors, who recreated Roman law.

Shi Nai'an [Nai'an, Shi] or Shi Naian [Naian, Shi]/Luo Guanzhong or Luo Daobun or Lo Kuan-chung

novelist

China

1100 to 1200

Water Margin or Outlaws of the Marsh or All Men Are Brothers or Shui Hu Chuan [1100 to 1200: about outlaws of

Mount Liang]

Nai'an lived 1296 to 1370. Guanzhong lived 1330 to 1400.

Henry V

emperor

Holy Roman Empire

1105 to 1125

He lived 1086 to 1125, deposed his father, was Germany king [1099 to 1125], was Holy Roman emperor [1111 to

1125], was of Salian Dynasty, captured the pope and cardinals, and forced them to allow him to appoint his own

bishops.

Renier of Huy or Reiner von Huy [Huy, Reiner von]

sculptor

Liège, Belgium

1107 to 1118

Baptismal Font [1107 to 1118: in gold, commissioned by Abbot Hellinus for St Bartholomew Cathedral]

He molded Romanesque metal work.

William of Champeaux or Guillaume de Champeaux [Champeaux, Guillaume de]

philosopher

Champeaux, France

1109 to 1121

He lived 1070 to 1121, was Scholastic Realist, was Abelard's teacher, founded monastic school of St. Victor [1109],

and was bishop of Châlons-en-Champagne [1113 to 1121].

William IX, Duke of Aquitaine

composer

Aquitaine

1110 to 1127

He lived 1087 to 1127 and composed troubadour love poetry and music.

Suryavarman II or Paramavishnuloka

king

Cambodia

1113 to 1150

He started building temples at Angkor Wat.

Bhaskara or Bhaskara II or Bhaskaracharya

mathematician

Ujjain, Mahdya Pradesh, India

1114 to 1140

Sun Spheres and Light [1114: spheres, planets, and decimal number system]; Diadem of an Astronomical System

[1140]

He lived 1114 to 1185, followed Brahmagupta, and used combinations and permutations.

Bernard of Clairvaux

priest/abbot/architect

Clairvaux, France

1115 to 1153

Apology [1120 to 1140]; Cistercian Abbey [1115 to 1153: Romanesque church in Cistercian style]

He lived 1091 to 1153. Faith, authority, and tradition are more important than knowledge, reason, and science. His

abbey was an important reformed Cistercian monastery.

Gislebertus d'Autun

sculptor

Autun, France

1120 to 1135

Last Judgement [1120 to 1135: expressive, active, and fantastic reliefs on Autun-Cathedral West Portal]; Eve [1120 to

1135: on Autun-Cathedral North Portal]

He lived ? to 1150.

Pierre Abelard [Abelard, Pierre] or Peter Abelard [Abelard, Peter]

priest/scholar

Cluny, France

1120 to 1140

Aye and Nay [1120]; Dialectics [1121 to 1125: logic]; Story of My Misfortunes [1132: including Letter of Heloise and

Abelard]; Introduction to Theology [1136 to 1140]

He lived 1079 to 1142, was nominalist Scholastic, founded University of Paris, and loved Héloïse. He studied under

Roscelin and William of Champeaux.

Epistemology

Antecedent and consequent can logically relate {relevance logic, Abelard} by sharing word or variable or by being

dependent.

Ideal forms {universal, Abelard} have basis in particulars, as features shared by many things, but they exist only in

thought and speech. Use in thought or judgment defines universal. Universal acquires meaning from perception and

sense experience and is not just convention. Universals are real insofar as they express similarities or essential object

characteristics to which people respond to make concepts or dispositions {conceptualism, Abelard}.

Body sense qualities are confused ideas, held in imagination or perception. Reason uses sense qualities to build

intuitions {full perception} of objects and then concepts and judgments. Then reason can form opinions, have faith,

have knowledge, and know universals.

Necessity about things {de re}, as used in sentences, differs from necessity about words {de dicto}, as used in

predicates.

Revelation does not give truth or knowledge.

Ethics

Goodness and perfection are separate from reality and being.

Thoughts, feelings, and desires do not cause evil. Good and evil are not actions in themselves but decisions of will.

Consent to do bad thing is evil, not act itself, because will is action cause. If will has decided to do evil, it is evil, even

if no act happens. Conscience allows will to know God's will, so if will goes against conscience, it has done evil.

Moral natural law {God's will} is the same for all people, but sin obscures it. Some people know it better than others.

Law

Human convention makes some laws {positive law, Abelard} {jus positivum}.

Metaphysics

Higher than universals are God's ideas, which create world. Universals can exist before world as God's ideas, in world

as quality similarities and after world as mental concepts, ideas derived from Avicenna.

Bulgarus

lawyer

Bologna, Italy

1120 to 1158

On Regulations [1120 to 1158]

He lived ? to 1166 and was one of the Four Doctors, at University of Bologna law school or School of the Gloss-

writers, who recreated Roman law. He was at diet of Roncaglia [1158].

David I

king

Scotland

1124 to 1153

He lived 1082 to 1153 and started feudal system.

Lothair II or Lothar II

emperor

Holy Roman Empire

1125 to 1137

He lived 1070 to 1137, was king of Germany [1125 to 1137], and was Holy Roman emperor [1133 to 1137] after

election by nobles, who elected all later emperors.

Abol-Maid Sana'i [Sana'i, Abol-Maid] or Hakim Sana'i [Sana'i, Hakim]

poet/teacher

Ghazni, Afghanistan/Persia

1130 to 1131

Tadhkirat al-Awliyd or Book of Saints [1130]; Hadiqa or Hadiqat al-Haqiqa or Walled Garden of Truth or Garden of

Truth or Garden of Mystical Truth [1131: first mathnawi]

He lived 1092 to 1167, wrote masnavi and ghazal, and was Sufi. Lust, greed, and emotional excitement stand between

humans and divine knowledge. Love and social conscience are religion foundations.

Ibn Bajja or Avempace or Abu Bakr Muhammad ibn Yahya ibn al-Say'igh [al-Say'igh, Abu Bakr Muhammad

ibn Yahya ibn]

poet/musician/scientist/mathematician

Saragossa, Aragon/Fes, Morocco

1130 to 1138

Commentary on the Meteorology of Aristotle [1130 to 1138]; On the Soul [1130 to 1138]; Hermit's Guide [1130 to

1138]

He lived 1106 to 1138, invented a separate-substances theory, and emphasized the solitary life.

al-Idrisi or Dreses or ash-Sharif al-Idrisi [al-Idrisi, ash-Sharif] or al-Sharif al-Idrisi al-Qurtubi [al-Qurtubi, al-

Sharif al-Idrisi]

geographer

Palermo, Sicily

1130 to 1150

Roger's Book [1130 to 1150]; Delight of Him Who Desires to Journey through the Climates [1130 to 1150]; Pleasure of

Men and Delight of Souls [1130 to 1150]; Book on the Collection of Attributes of Medicinal Plants [1130 to 1150:

about plants for drugs]

He lived 1099 to 1166, drew a world map [1130], and was at King Roger II's court [1145 to 1166], where he built a

silver globe.

Martinus Gosia

lawyer

Bologna, Italy

1130 to 1160

Structure of the Institutes [1130 to 1160]

He lived 1100 to 1166 and was one of the Four Doctors, who recreated Roman law. Martinus led a school about equity

of the purse {aequitas bursalis}.

Suger or Abbot Suger [Suger, Abbot]

abbot/architect

St. Denis, France

1132 to 1144

Abbey Church of St. Denis [1137 to 1144: Gothic church]

He lived 1081 to 1151 and built St. Denis Abbey, first Gothic church. He started Gothic art and said that art is

necessary to see truth and beauty. He counseled Louis VI and Louis VII and was their historian. St. Denis is in Ile-de-

France, near Paris.

Adelard of Bath

philosopher

Bath, England

1137

Natural Questions [1137]

He lived 1075 to 1160. Common qualities found in existing individual objects are universals but are not real, only

conventions {indifferentism}.

Eleanor of Aquitaine

queen

France/England

1137 to 1204

She lived 1122 to 1204 and was queen to Louis VII of France [1137 to 1152]. Later, she got annulment, became queen

of Henry II of Burgundy and England [1152 to 1189], set up her court at Poitiers, helped her sons revolt against Henry

II, and got her son Richard I kingship of England [1189 to 1199], then her son John [1199 to 1216].

Alfonso I

king

Lisbon, Portugal

1139 to 1185

He lived 1110 to 1185, was Henry of Burgundy's son, and was first king of Portugal [1139 to 1185], becoming

independent of Castile. He took Lisbon [1147], Cadiz, and Murcia from Caliphate. He favored art and learning.

Gratian

lawyer

Bologna, Italy

1140

Decrees [1140]

He was Benedictine monk and codified canon law at Bologna University.

John of Salisbury

philosopher

Salisbury, England

1140 to 1170

Polycraticus or The Statesman's Book [1140 to 1170: about government]; Metalogic [1140 to 1170: philosophy]

He lived 1115 to 1180.

Epistemology

Sensation and perception involve judgment.

Passions unite new sensations with remembered ones. Pleasure and pain result from these unions.

The fundamental mental state is imagination or perception. From perceptions come opinions. Knowledge comes from

opinion comparisons. Will added to knowledge causes belief. When will has faith, people attain final state, of

contemplation.

Mind

All soul's activities have unity.

Peter Lombard [Lombard, Peter] or Master of Sentences

philosopher/theologian

Paris, France

1145 to 1160

Book of Sentences [1145 to 1160: compares many sources on theological points]

He lived 1100 to 1160, was Sententiary or Summist, became professor [1145], and was bishop of Paris [1159].

Abd-al-Mumin

caliph

Morocco/Spain/Algeria/Tripoli

1147 to 1163

He lived 1094 to 1163, took Marrakech [1147], conquered Algeria, Tripoli, and part of Spain [1163], and started the

Almohads.

Abraham Ibn Ezra [Ibn Ezra, Abraham] or Abenezra

poet/philosopher

Spain

1148

Beginning of Wisdom [1148]

He lived 1092 to 1167.

Conrad III

emperor

Germany

1148 to 1152

He lived 1093 to 1152, was king of Germany [1138 to 1152], and was first Hohenstaufen emperor of Holy Roman

Empire [1148]. In Second Crusade, he sailed to Antioch to establish Principality of Antioch and sailed to Tyre to hold

it. He struggled with papacy.

Eric IX or Erik the Lawgiver or Erik the Saint

king

Sweden

1150 to 1160

He lived 1120 to 1160, established Christianity in north Sweden, and conquered Finland [1157].

Auhadu'd-Dín Mohammad Anvari [Anvari, Auhadu'd-Dín Mohammad]

poet

Persia

1150 to 1170

Divan-e Anvari or Collected Poems of Anvari [1150 to 1170]

He lived 1126 to 1190.

Ibn Tufayl or Abubacer or Abu Bakr Muhammad Ibn 'Abd al-Malik Ibn Muhammad Ibn Muhammad Ibn

Tufayl [Ibn Tufayl, Abu Bakr Muhammad Ibn 'Abd al-Malik Ibn Muhammad Ibn Muhammad]

philosopher/physician

Granada, Spain/Córdoba, Spain

1150 to 1180

Living Son of the Vigilant [1150 to 1180]

He lived 1110 to 1185.

Frederick I or Frederick Barbarossa or Frederick Red Beard

emperor

Germany/Austria

1152 to 1190

He lived 1123 to 1190 and was duke of Swabia as Frederick III [1147 to 1190]. As Hohenstaufen emperor of Holy

Roman Empire [1152 to 1190], he elevated Henry the Lion in Saxony and Bavaria but then humiliated him and ended

last duchies of Germany [1152]. As king of Germany, he then proclaimed general peace. As emperor, he started calling

Germany Holy Roman Empire. He fought Pope Alexander III and Lombard League but lost at Legnano and accepted

Peace of Constance [1183], guaranteeing Lombard-city freedom. He led Third Crusade [1189] against Saladin, but he

drowned.

Taira no Kiyomori [Kiyomori, Taira no]

leader

Japan

1153 to 1181

He lived 1118 to 1181, led Taira clan [1153 to 1181], and defeated Fujiwara clan, but Taira lost to Minamoto clan at

Battle of Dan No Ura [1185].

Henry II

king

England

1154 to 1189

He lived 1133 to 1189, was king [1154 to 1189], founded English jury and court system, and was first of Plantagenet

Dynasty. He was Duke of Burgundy and married Eleanor of Aquitaine. He invaded England and defeated barons.

He struggled with Thomas à Becket over whose courts tried clergymen. He convened Great Council [1164], which

proclaimed Constitutions of Clarendon, which gave more power to king's courts to try clergymen. His knights

murdered Thomas à Becket, and people's reaction forced him to do penance. After he had Thomas à Becket killed, he

rescinded Constitutions of Clarendon.

He took north England and Wales. Pope Adrian IV awarded him Ireland, and he invaded it [1167]. He struggled with

his son. He invaded Ireland again [1172]. Richard I, Eleanor's son, and Philip II of France defeated him [1185].

Waldemar I or Waldemar the Great

king

Denmark

1157 to 1182

He lived 1131 to 1182, defeated Sweyn [1157] at Viborg, and ruled north Scandinavia.

Alexander III

pope

Rome, Italy

1159 to 1181

He lived 1105 to 1181. As pope, he excommunicated Frederick Barbarossa [1176].

Chu Hsi or Zhu Xi

founder/philosopher

China

1160 to 1190

Analects [1160 to 1190: Confucius' collected sayings]; Master Mencius [1160 to 1190]; Great Learning [1160 to 1190];

Doctrine of the Mean [1160 to 1190]

He lived 1130 to 1200, wrote the Four Books, and started neo-Confucian Ch'eng-Chu School, which blended Ch'eng-I

ideas, Confucianism, Taoism, and Buddhism.

All things have unchanging pattern and changing matter. Principles {li, Chu Hsi} {t'ai ch'i} interact with matter and

energy {ch'i, matter}. People need to live properly and have education to discern the pure patterns in impure matter.

The Four Beginnings are feeling shame, deferring to others, sharing other's feelings, and perceiving. The Four Virtues

are being wise, loving humanity, acting correctly, and following ritual.

The Seven Emotions are hate, love, happiness, sadness, anger, fear, and wanting. The Four Books are Lun-yü, Ta

Hsüeh, Chung Yung, and Meng-tzu.

Zhu Xi or Chu Hsi

writer

China

1160 to 1190

He lived 1130 to 1200 and encouraged footbinding and small feet.

Honen or Honen Bo Genku

philosopher

Japan

1160 to 1212

He lived 1133 to 1212, broke with royal court's Tendai Buddhism and military's Shingon or Tantric Buddhism, and

introduced Pure Land Buddhism based on Shan-tao or Zendo [1176]. Honen, Dogen, Nichiren, and Honen's disciple

Shinran developed popular Buddhism {Kamakura Buddhism}. Honen developed Jodo-shu, and his disciple Shinran

derived Jodoshin-shu.

Thomas à Becket [Becket, Thomas à]

archbishop

Canterbury, England

1162 to 1170

He lived 1118 to 1170 and was Archbishop of Canterbury [1162 to 1170]. He opposed Henry II on jurisdiction over

clergy and refused to ratify Constitutions of Clarendon [1164], which gave more power to king's courts. He fled to

Europe. On his return, someone murdered him in Canterbury Cathedral by order of King Henry II. Reactions to his

death caused Henry II to rescind Constitutions of Clarendon.

Leonin or Leoninus

composer

Paris, France

1163 to 1190

Magnus Liber Organi or Great Book of the Organ [1163 to 1190: for masses]

He lived 1135 to 1201 and worked at Notre Dame Cathedral. He added second descant part above the Gregorian chant

and so composed organum polyphonic music. He developed chant-note rhythm and time notation.

Maurice de Sully

architect

Paris, France

1163 to 1250

Notre-Dame Cathedral [1163 to 1250: Gothic]

He lived 1120 to 1196.

Chrétien de Troyes [Troyes, Chrétien de]

poet

Troyes, France

1164 to 1180

King Arthur [1164]; Erec et Enide [1170]; Cliges [1176]; Lancelot [1178 to 1180]; Yvain [1178 to 1180]; Perceval or

The Story of the Grail [1180]

He lived 1135 to 1190.

Hugo de Porta Ravennate or Hugolinus de Porta Ravennate or Ugo de Alberico [Alberico, Ugo de]

lawyer

Bologna, Italy

1165 to 1194

Summation on Fighting [1165 to 1194]

He lived ? to 1194 and was one of the Four Doctors, who recreated Roman law.

Nezami or Elyas Yusof Nezami Ganjavi [Nezami Ganjavi, Elyas Yusof]

poet

Persia

1166 to 1199

Khamseh or Five Books [1166 to 1191: mathnavi poems]; Makhzanul-Assrar or Treasure of Mysteries [1166: in

Khamseh]; Khosrow and Shirin [1176: in Khamseh]; Leili and Majnoon [1189: in Khamseh]; Eskandarnameh or Book

of Alexander [1191: in Khamseh]; Haft Peykar or Seven Figures [1199: in Khamseh]

He lived 1141 to 1202.

Moses Maimonides [Maimonides, Moses] or Moses ben Maimon [Maimon, Moses ben] or Rambam

philosopher

Spain/Cairo, Egypt

1168 to 1190

Commentary on the Mishnah [1168]; Guide of the Perplexed [1180 to 1190]; Book of the Commandments [1185]

He lived 1135 to 1204 and developed Jewish philosophy. People have free choice because the knowledge that God has

is not understandable by humans, though God knows the future.

Lu Xiangshan or Lu Hsiang-shan or Lu Jiuyuan or Tzu-ching or Ts'un-chai

philosopher

China

1170 to 1190

He lived 1138 to 1193, was Neo-Confucian, and blended Confucianism, Taoism, and Buddhism in Lu-Wang School.

Myoan Eisai [Eisai, Myoan] or Eisai Zenji

philosopher

Japan

1170 to 1210

He lived 1141 to 1215 and introduced Zen to Japan, as Rinzai School, building on Ch'an Buddhism in China. He began

tea ceremony and brought green tea from China to Japan.

Saladin or Salah al-Din

ruler

Egypt/Syria

1173 to 1193

He lived 1138 to 1193, took Jerusalem [1173] and Damascus, and started Ayyubid dynasty [1173 to 1250]. With

Saracens, he conquered Tunisia, Yemen, and Syria. He defeated Crusade at Hattin [1187]. He held Jerusalem through

Third Crusade. He met Richard I of England.

Andreas Capellanus [Capellanus, Andreas] or Andreas Capella [Capella, Andreas]

essayist

Europe

1174 to 1186

Art of Courtly Love [1174 to 1186: essay]

He lived 1140 to 1200. Capellanus means Chaplain. At the Countess' request, he described courtly love and its

speaking and acting rules in Eleanor of Aquitaine's court. Her daughter was Countess Maria of Troyes [1170 to 1174].

Guichard of Lyons

archbishop/architect

Lyon, France

1175 to 1550

St. Jean Cathedral [1175 to 1550: Gothic]

Lyon is Lugdunum or Lyons.

Waldo or Peter Waldes [Waldes, Peter]

missionary/reformer

Lyon, France

1176

He lived ? to 1217, sold all his goods, arranged for his family [1176], began to preach, and started Waldenses, Vaudois,

Valdesii, Vallenses, the Poor, Leonistae, Poor Men of Lyons, Sandaliati, Insabbatati, Sabbatati, or Sabotiers, which

emphasized strict morals and the Bible and opposed Catholic-Church worldliness. They congregated in west Piedmont

in north Italy by 1200 to 1210 and exist now.

Averroës or Ibn Rushd [Rushd, Ibn]

philosopher/physician

Córdoba, Andalusia, Spain

1180 to 1190

Incoherence of the Incoherence [1180]; Decisive Treatise on the Harmony of Religions and Philosophy [1190]

He lived 1126 to 1198, commented on Aristotle's works, which had just become available in Europe, and developed

non-theological Arabian philosophy {Averroism}, which influenced later European philosophers. People can use

religious truth, and philosophers can use rational truth {double truth, Ibn Rushd}. Only intellect is immortal. Intellect is

impersonal.

Shihab al-Din Yahya Sohravardi [Sohravardi, Shihab al-Din Yahya] or Shihab al-Din Yahya ibn Habash ibn

Amirak Abu'l-Futuh al-Suhrawardi [al-Suhrawardi, Shihab al-Din Yahya ibn Habash ibn Amirak Abu'l-Futuh]

or Shihaboddin Yahya [Yahya, Shihaboddin] or al-Maqtul or Slain

philosopher

Aleppo

1180 to 1190

Intimations [1180 to 1190]

He lived 1154 to 1191 and founded Islamic, non-Aristotelian Illuminationist School.

Epistemology

Essential light inside objects and subjects allows perception and knowledge {illumination philosophy} {philosophy of

illumination}.

Universal statements true now can be invalid in the future.

People can know object essence by special faculty {knowledge by presence}.

Sensations and reasons connect in middle world, which allows prophecy and magic {mundus imaginalis}.

Politics

Enlightened politics has rule by people with knowledge, power, and sense of justice.

Afkham Darbandi Farid al-Din Attar [Attar, Afkham Darbandi Farid al-Din]

poet

Persia

1180 to 1200

Book of Saints or Recapitulation of the Saints [1180 to 1200]; Book of Travail [1180 to 1200]; Pand Namah or Book of

Counsel [1180 to 1200]; Book of Secrets [1180 to 1200]; Mantiq al-Tayr or Conference of the Birds or Bird Discourse

or Parliament [1188]; Divan or Collected Poems [1190]

He lived 1145 to 1221. Collective human souls are God or the divine.

Accursius Azo of Bologna [Azo of Bologna, Accursius]

lawyer

Bologna, Italy

1180 to 1210

Summary of Codes [1180 to 1210: systematized all law parts]; Distinctions [1180 to 1210: explained law-principle

ramifications]; Lectures on Codes [1180 to 1210]

He lived 1150 to 1230 and was Glossator.

Benedetto Antelami [Antelami, Benedetto]

sculptor

Italy

1180 to 1216

King David [1180 to 1190: Romanesque and classical relief in Fidenza Cathedral]; King David [1210 to 1216:

Romanesque and classical relief in Borgo San Donnino Cathedral]

He lived 1150 to 1230 and was of Parma School.

Philip II or Philip Augustus

king

France

1180 to 1223

He lived 1165 to 1223. Of Capetian Dynasty, he joined Third Crusade to take back Jerusalem [1191] but retreated to

Egypt. He conquered Angevins in west. He increased king's power over nobles, created law court and advisory council,

and warred on England to regain his lands. France became the greatest European power at Bouvines [1214], doubling

kingdom's size. He fought the Albigenses religious sect, which controlled south France. He ended serfdom, built

cathedrals and cities, and presided over prosperity.

Nicholas of Verdun

painter

Austria

1181

Klosterneuburg Abbey Altar [1181: Romanesque and early Gothic engraved and enameled plaques about courtly love]

He lived 1262 to 1316.

Sverre

king

Norway

1184 to 1202

He lived 1151 to 1202 and established power over nobles [1201].

Yoritomo or Minamoto Yoritomo [Yoritomo, Minamoto] or Minamoto no Yoritomo [Yoritomo, Minamoto no]

shogun

Japan

1185 to 1192

He lived 1147 to 1199, led Minamoto clan, and established military government in emperor's name at Kamakura

[1185]. He won the long civil war and became first shogun [1192], by emperor's decree. He set up feudal system.

Mohammad of Ghur or Mu'izz ad-Din Muhammad ibn Sam [Muhammad ibn Sam, Mu'izz ad-Din]

king

India

1186 to 1206

He defeated last Ghaznavid and founded Muslim empire in north India.

Bernard of Pavia

lawyer

Rome, Italy

1187 to 1191

Digest of Early Papal Documents or First Ancient Compilation [1187 to 1191]

He wrote about papal decretals from Gregory IX [1150 to 1227] to Clement III [1187 to 1191].

Maestro Mateo

architect

Compostela, Spain

1188 to 1211

Santiago de Compostela Cathedral or Saint James of Compostela Cathedral [1188 to 1211: Romanesque church has

Portico de la Gloria]

Church was north Spain destination for medieval Way of Saint James (Camino de Santiago) pilgrimage. Santiago is

Saint James.

Richard I or Richard the Lionhearted

king

England

1189 to 1199

He lived 1157 to 1199 and fought his father Henry II to gain crown. He went on Third Crusade [1189] and his brother

John became king. Leopold II imprisoned him and then gave him to Henry VI. Ransom released him, and he fought

Philip of France. He returned to England and regained his crown.

Ranulf de Glanville [Glanville, Ranulf de]

judge

London, England

1190

Treatise on the Laws and Customs of England [1190]

He lived ? to 1190, was Chief Justiciar of England under Richard I [1172], and wrote about written appeals {writ,

appeal} to crown courts.

Ma Yuan

painter

China

1190 to 1225

Scholar by a Waterfall [1190 to 1225]

Zen Buddhist lived 1155 to 1235 in Sung Dynasty. He founded Ma-Hsia school of landscape painting, with Hsia Kuei.

Baldwin VI of Hainaut [Hainaut, Baldwin VI of] or Baldwin IX of Flanders

duchy

Flanders

1191 to 1195

He lived 1150 to 1195. The count of Hainaut took Flanders, but Ghent, Bruges, and Ypres remained independent.

Henri de Sully [Sully, Henri de]

archbishop/architect

Bourges, France

1195 to 1220

Cathedral of St. Etienne of Bourges [1195 to 1220: Gothic]

He lived 1103 to 1195 and was archbishop of Bourges [1183 to 1995].

Innocent III

pope

Rome, Italy

1198 to 1216

He lived 1161 to 1216. As pope, he tried to make church supreme over all rulers. He first gave Holy Roman Empire to

Otto IV, then Philip of Swabia, then Otto IV, and then Frederick II. He struggled with Frederick II for power. He put

King John of England under interdict until he submitted and declared Magna Carta invalid. Philip II of France resisted

but then followed divorce law.

Innocent III reorganized papal territories and gained Tuscany but did not get north Italy cities.

He encouraged Fourth Crusade and recognized Latin Empire of Constantinople set up by Fourth Crusade, but Osmanli

Turks helped Byzantines regain Constantinople.

He authorized Franciscan Order, who had mission to the poor, started by Francis of Assisi.

Ottocar I

king

Bohemia

1198 to 1230

He lived ? to 1230, was duke [1197 to 1198], and was king [1198 to 1230].

John I

king

England

1199 to 1215

He lived 1167 to 1216 and became king while Richard I was on Third Crusade. He had Richard held captive abroad.

He lost Brittany to Philip II of France. Barons forced him to sign Magna Carta [1215]. He exiled all Catholic monks.

The pope interdicted and excommunicated all of England. England had war threats. King John became vassal to Pope.

Marie de France [France, Marie de]

poet

France

1200

Lay of the Werewolf [1200: Breton lay]

She lived 1174 to 1204.

Perotin or Perotinus

composer

Paris, France

1200

Magnus Liber Organi or Great Book of the Organ [1200: for masses]

He lived 1160 to 1203, was Leonin's student, and worked at Notre Dame Cathedral. He added two more voices

{triplum voice} {quadruplum voice} above chant and renamed descant {duplum voice}.

Liang K'ai

painter

China

1200 to 1210

Sixth Patriarch (Hui Neng) Chopping the Bamboo [1200 to 1210]; Immortal in Splashed Ink [1200 to 1210]

Zen Buddhist lived in Sung Dynasty.

Bieris de Romans [Romans, Bieris de] or Bieiris de Romans [Romans, Bieiris de]

poet

France

1200 to 1220

Na Maria, pretz e fina valors or Na Maria, you are a prize [1200 to 1220]

She was a troubadour.

Shinran

philosopher

Inada, Kanto, Japan

1200 to 1230

Record in Lament of Divergences [1200 to 1230: compiled by his disciple Yuiembo]

He lived 1173 to 1262, was Honen's student, founded Pure-Land sect, and said Amida has all power.

Francis of Assisi

monk

Assisi, Italy

1200 to 1300

Praise of the Creatures [1221 to 1226]; Canticle of Brother Sun [1221 to 1226]; Testament of Saint Francis [1226]

He lived 1182 to 1226, founded Franciscan monastic order, and advocated the simple life. Little Flowers of St. Francis

tell his stories. It is said that he preached to birds and tamed wolf by his gentleness.

Kokkoka

writer

India

1200 to 1300

Mystical Love or Secrets of Love [1200 to 1300: about love and emotions]

Fibonacci or Leonardo of Pisa

mathematician

Pisa, Italy

1202

Book of Calculation [1202]

He lived 1170 to 1250 and invented Fibonacci numbers and studied number theory.

Waldemar II

king

Denmark

1202 to 1241

He lived 1170 to 1241 and ruled north Scandinavia.

Genghis or Jenghiz or Chinghis or Temuchin or Lord Absolute

khan

China

1206 to 1227

He lived 1163 to 1227. He became Mongol king {Great Khan} to begin Mongol Empire. He captured Zhongdu (Peking

or Beijing) and defeated Ch'in Empire of China [1215]. He conquered Transoxania, Turkestan, Afghanistan, south

Russia, and southeast Europe [1227]. He placed conquered peoples in army, used Turkish alphabet for Mongol

language, and used Chinese tax system to collect tribute.

St. Francis or Giovanni Bernardore [Bernardore, Giovanni] or Francesco

monk

Assisi, Italy

1209

He lived 1182 to 1226 and founded Franciscan religious order.

Ritter Eike von Repgow [Repgow, Ritter Eike von]

lawyer

Saxony

1209 to 1233

Mirror of the Saxons [1209 to 1233: north-Germany Saxon law]

German common law was not Saxon but Roman law.

Petrus Collivacinus of Benevento [Collivacinus of Benevento, Petrus]

lawyer

Rome, Italy

1210

Third Compilation [1210]

He wrote about papal decretals from the first twelve years of Innocent III [1198 to 1210].

Gottfried von Strassburg [von Strassburg, Gottfried]

poet

Strasbourg, France

1210

Tristan [1210]

He lived ? to 1210.

John of Wales or Johannes de Walesio [Walesio, Johannes de] or Walensis or Galensis

lawyer

Rome, Italy

1210 to 1216

Third Compilation [1210 to 1216]

He wrote about papal decretals from Clement III and Celestine III [1191 to 1198].

Hsia Kuei or Xia Gui

painter

China

1210 to 1230

Twelve River Views [1210 to 1230]

Zen Buddhist lived 1180 to 1230 in Sung Dynasty. He founded Ma-Hsia school of landscape painting, with Ma Yuan.

Snorri Sturluson [Sturluson, Snorri]

poet

Iceland

1210 to 1240

Heimskringla or Disc of the World [1210 to 1240: about Norway kings from 870 to 1177]; Prose Edda or Younger

Edda [1220: about Scandinavian mythology]

He lived 1178 to 1241.

Stephen Langton [Langton, Stephen]

archbishop

Canterbury, England

1215

He lived 1155 to 1228 and led baron and prelate revolt against King John [1215], as Archbishop of Canterbury [1207 to

1228].

Frederick II

emperor

Germany/Austria

1215 to 1250

He lived 1194 to 1250. Of Hohenstaufen Dynasty of Holy Roman Empire, he became king {anti-king} in opposition to

Otto IV [1210]. He peacefully got Jerusalem, Nazareth, and Bethlehem [1228] by treaty. He fought Pope Gregory IX,

Pope Innocent III, and Pope Innocent IV [1239 to 1250] and conquered Italy. His court was in Sicily. Law, currency,

and commerce reforms, and arts and science expansion, made his era the Proto-Renaissance. After he died [1250], the

pope became ruler of Italy.

Dominic or Domingo de Guzmán [Guzmán, Domingo de]

monk

Spain

1216

He lived 1170 to 1221 and founded Dominican monastic order [1216].

Honorarius III

pope

Rome, Italy

1216 to 1227

He lived ? to 1227. As pope, he authorized Dominican order for scholarship and preaching and revised Franciscan

order.

Henry III

king

England

1216 to 1272

Provisions of Oxford [1258]

He lived 1207 to 1272, was John's son, and was king [1227 to 1272]. Regency [1216 to 1227] lost in invasions of

Gascony and Brittany and spent much money. As Plantagenet, he became king [1227]. Barons' War under Simon de

Montfort defeated him at Lewes [1263]. Barons called Parliament but then lost to Edward I.

Haakon IV

king

Norway

1217 to 1263

He lived 1204 to 1263 and reformed legal system and got Iceland and Greenland [1223].

Ivan Asen II

king

Bulgaria

1218 to 1241

Trnovo was capital.

Alexander of Hales

philosopher

France

1220 to 1245

He lived 1178 to 1245, was Scholastic, and taught Bonaventura.

Robert Grosseteste [Grosseteste, Robert]

philosopher

Oxford, England

1220 to 1253

Six Days of Creation [1220 to 1240]; On lines, angles, and figures [1230]

He lived 1175 to 1253, was Bishop of Lincoln [1240 to 1253], was Augustinian, and translated Aristotle.

Robert de Luzarches/Thomas de Cormont/Renaud de Cormont

architect

Amiens, France

1220 to 1269

Amiens Cathedral Notre-Dame [1220 to 1269: Gothic, tallest in France]

Luzarches lived ? to 1223. Thomas de Cormont lived ? to 1228.

Louis IX

king

France

1226 to 1270

He lived 1215 to 1270, was Capetian, stopped invasion by England, stopped warring nobles of France, led Seventh

Crusade to Egypt, was captive at El Mansura [1250], and crusaded against Tunis. He improved taxation, gave right of

appeal to all, streamlined administration, and built Gothic cathedrals. He became Roman Catholic saint.

Honorius III

lawyer

Rome, Italy

1227

Decretals [1227]

He wrote about other papal decretals.

Ogodei

khan

China

1227 to 1241

He was Genghis Khan's son and became khan at his death.

Franciscus Accursius [Accursius, Franciscus] or Francesco Accorso [Accorso, Francesco]

lawyer

Bologna, Italy

1230

Great Gloss [1230: described all Glossator commentaries on Justinian books]

He lived 1182 to 1260, was Azo's student, and was Glossator.

Sumanguru

king

Ghana

1230 to 1235

He lived 1190 to 1255, took Kumbi in Ghana, and then lost to Mali and Malinke under Sundiata Keita [1235]. He was

last Susu or Sosso king of Kante dynasty.

Ibn Arabi or Ibn al-Arabi

mystic

Damascus, Syria

1230 to 1240

Managements or Phases of Wisdom [1230]; Meccan Revelations [1230 to 1240: mystical allegory]; Interpreter of

Desires [1230 to 1240: mystical allegory]

He lived 1164 to 1240 and followed Sufi principles and unity of divine being {pantheism, Arabi}.

Dogen Kigen or Dogen Zenji or Eihei Dogen Zenji [Dogen Zenji, Eihei] or Koso Joyo Daishi [Daishi, Koso Joyo]

philosopher

China/Japan

1231 to 1253

Treasury of the True Dharma Eye [1231 to 1253]

He lived 1200 to 1253, came from China, and started Zen-Buddhism Eiheiji or Soto School. "Enlightenment and

practice are one." All things already have enlightenment. All things have their times.

Tejahapala/Vastupala

architect

Mount Abu, India

1232

Delwara Temple or Dilwara Temple or Luna Vasahi [1232: Jaina temple]

Delwara Temple is in Gujarat. Tejahapala and Vastupala were brothers.

Alexander Nevski [Nevski, Alexander]

grand duke

Russia

1236 to 1263

He lived 1220 to 1263, led Novgorod [1236], and was Grand Prince of Vladimir [1252].

Guillaume de Lorris [Lorris, Guillaume de] or Guillaume de Loris [Loris, Guillaume de]

poet

France

1237

Roman de la Rose or Story of the Rose [1237]

He lived 1215 to 1278.

Albertus Magnus or Albert the Great

philosopher

Bollstadt, Germany

1240 to 1270

On plants [1240 to 1270]; Summary of Theology [1240 to 1270]

He lived 1193 to 1280, was Dominican, and taught Aquinas. Church mysteries cannot be rational. Faith depends on

revelation about topics for which philosophy has no answers. Faith and revelation are above reason but not contrary to

reason. Theology and philosophy share same principles, which soul knows.

Molavi or Jalal al-Din Mohammad al-Rumi [al-Rumi, Jalal al-Din Mohammad] or Jalalu'ddin Rumi [Rumi,

Jalalu'ddin] or Mawlana Jalaluddin Rumi [Rumi, Mawlana Jalaluddin] or Jalal ad-Din Muhammad Balkhi

[Balkhi, Jalal ad-Din Muhammad] or Mawlawi or Mawlana or Mevlana

poet/philosopher

Balkh, Afghanistan/Konya, Turkey

1240 to 1270

Divan Shams Tabrizi or Diwan-e Shams-e Tabriz-i or The Works of Shams of Tabriz [1270: poems]; Spiritual

Couplets or Qur'an-e Farsi or Masnavi-e-Ma'navi or Mathnawi-i-maanawi or Poem of Inner Meaning [1270: poems

totaling 24,000 verses]; Ruba'iyat [1270: poems]; Fihi Ma Fih or Discourses of Rumi [1240 to 1270: Rumi's speeches,

as transcribed by his son Sultan Valad and other disciples]; Majalis-i Sab-a or Sermons [1240 to 1270: lectures]

He lived 1207 to 1273, wrote in Farsi, and was Sufi. His father was Bahauddin Walad, professor who wrote Maarif, or

mystic visions. Sayyid Burhaneddin, his father's friend and from Balkh, taught him after his father died, when he was

24 through 33. Rumi became Sufi-community sheikh at Konya. At age 37, he met Shams of Tabriz, Iran, mystic, who

left after two days but was brought back and then disappeared. EPISTEMOLOGY: Knowledge of objective truth, or

God, develops through love and self-knowledge. Physical and emotional stimuli prevent people from higher

perceptions. Addiction to vice or virtue is idolatry and prevents higher perception {veiling}. Teaching people to hate

evil and to covet sanctity teaches hatred and covetousness, not goodness or holiness. Conventional religious systems

are secondary, imitative, and limited. However, teacher can help people reach higher perceptions, because ordinary

people cannot evaluate the mystical masters. Sufi knowledge involves escaping from familiar dimensions.

Innocent IV

pope

Lyon, France

1243 to 1254

He lived 1195 to 1254. As pope, he deposed Frederick II of Holy Roman Empire at synod. He led fourth Lateran

Council [1251] on church laws.

Thomas Aquinas [Aquinas, Thomas]

theologian

Cologne, Germany/Rome, Italy

1243 to 1273

Commentaries on the Theological "Sentences" of Peter Lombard [1243]; Summation against Gentiles [1264]; Summary

of Theology [1273: in two parts, Prima Pars about God as First Cause and Secunda Pars about ethics and people's

relations to God. The second part has Prima Secundae about people's purpose and Secunda Secundae about moral

choices]

He lived 1224 to 1274, was Dominican and Aristotelian, and unified Catholic dogma with Aristotle's ideas and logic

{Thomism}.

Epistemology

Faith and reason are not contradictory. Both can gain knowledge.

Forms present in someone's mind are concepts and differ from forms present in external things. People can link objects

to mind concepts, to make rational judgments. Concepts that exist in mind are true. People can know essences and

concepts are universals. Falsity applies only to poor correspondence between thing and mental representation.

Physical organs or organisms have no self-conscious awareness and cannot form or use concepts.

External objects produce sense impressions {phantasm, Aquinas}, in body, that refer to non-perceptual entity {common

sense, Aquinas}, which stores and combines sense impressions {cogitative power} to make object-characteristic

concepts {image, Aquinas}. Soul becomes conscious of image presence. Memory stores object mental concepts and

uses them for sensory recognition. Mind does not know objects, only object mental concepts.

Understanding involves abstracting intelligible essence or form from sensory impression {agent intellect}. Human

mind builds from constituent forms of objects that caused sensory impressions. There are no innate ideas. Mind's

thoughts and wills are about things, which have intelligible forms or essences.

Animal instincts apprehend things and events as beneficial or harmful.

People can know God through reason, revelation, and intuition. Revealed theology explains doctrines of Trinity,

Incarnation, and Last Judgment, which people must accept by faith. Natural theology explains existence of God and

soul's immortality, which reason can prove.

Ethics

People can freely have intentions, deliberate, act, and make choices, though God knows past, present, and future. God

knows all but is outside time, allowing people free will. Will is power to strive towards the rationally good or desirable

and requires intellect to determine the good and desirable. All things are attractive in some respects and unattractive in

others, so wills can choose freely among all things.

God created people, and their reason and purpose for being is to return to God. People have other purposes in accord

with God's purposes and with natural law.

People must act to gain happiness, though they do not necessarily know what to do. Pursuit of wisdom is the best life

course, because wisdom is knowledge of universe purposes, which are the good and the true.

People should contemplate God without will or desire. Happiness is contemplating God.

Secondary causes cause evil, which is unintentional. Evil-act initiating causes are always good. Evil is not an essence.

Prayer is good, but fate is inevitable.

Divine law is to love God and people.

Metaphysics

Because traversals require beginning points and endpoints, traversal of the infinite cannot happen, and universe began a

finite time ago.

Universals are real and manifest themselves in individual objects, which are quantitative and exist in space and time.

Individuals thus participate in higher reality but are separate from it. Same-species individuals have same essence.

Five ways can prove God's existence by arguing from effect back to cause: prime mover, first cause, supreme being,

perfection or highest good, and highest purpose.

However, because people cannot know God's essence, except by analogy with people's essences and thoughts, one

cannot argue from cause to effect.

God's knowledge is what creates things. All things that exist, in world or mind, are true. The reason that anything exists

is that necessary being, which cannot not exist, exists.

Because God has no parts, God's essence and existence are the same. God has no qualities and is indefinable. God is

eternal, unchanging, immaterial, pure activity, good, intellectual, and Truth itself.

God knows all things, but some ideas do not actually exist. God knows singular and particular things, not-yet-existing

things, all time, all infinities, all wills, all minds, all evil, and all good. God knows singular and particular things

because God is their cause. God knows not-yet-existing things because God is their creator. God knows all time as if it

is present time. God knows all good because evil is opposite of good.

God has will that is pure-activity essence. God is object of God's will. God wills universe by reason but without causes

or purposes except God, so God can perform miracles but cannot will contradictions. God's will depends only on itself

and so is free. God wills Good because God is good and the only good. God acts rationally, so people can know the

good through reason.

God cannot sin, change past, make another God, stop itself from existing, or fail. God cannot be body, tire, forget,

repent, be sad, or be angry. God has no hate. God is happy. God is its own happiness.

Mind

Living things have souls, which are their essences {substantial form}, but only human beings have spiritual soul. Body

has nutrition, growth, and reproduction from one essence {vegetative principle}. Body has sense activity and

locomotion from another essence {sensitive principle}. Body has reason and will from a third essence {intellectual

principle}.

Spiritual soul connects material and spiritual. Spiritual soul is lowest form with pure intelligence and highest form that

can form matter and that realizes in matter. Spiritual soul permeates body and is immaterial, unchangeable, and

immortal. Human intellect is in spiritual soul. Spiritual souls are individual, and God creates them at conception.

Because soul is purely spiritual, it comes directly out of nothing.

Law

Laws come from God through natural law of morality and society. Natural law does not apply to property. Law must

contribute to public good.

Politics

States contribute to God's plan, preparing for the community of believers after the redemption. States are subordinate to

church, because states exist to help people reach virtue. Rulers have duties, with no natural right to rule.

Mu-Ch'i or Fa-Ch'ang

painter

China

1245 to 1270

Kwan-Yin triptych [1245: with Crane and Monkey]; Six Persimmons [1270]

Zen Buddhist lived 1200 to 1274 in Sung Dynasty.

John I of Avesnes

count

Holland/Belgium/Luxembourg

1246 to 1257

He lived 1218 to 1257 and ruled Holland, Belgium, and Luxembourg as count of Hainaut.

Bonaventura or Bonaventure of Bagnoregio

philosopher

Paris, France

1250 to 1270

Mind's Way to God [1250 to 1270]; Vision of the Poverello in the Desert of Mt. Alverna [1250 to 1270];

Commentaries on the Sentences in Four Books [1250 to 1270]; On the Mystery of the Trinity [1250 to 1270]

He lived 1221 to 1274 and was Scholastic and Franciscan. He became Roman Catholic saint.

Peter of Spain or Petrus Hispanus Portugalensis [Portugalensis, Petrus Hispanus]

philosopher

Spain

1250 to 1270

Summary of Logic [1250 to 1270]

He lived 1215 to 1277 and became Pope John XXI. *Negation can apply to sentences with quantities. NOT every a is

b, so Every a is NOT b {equipollence, Peter of Spain}. Different propositions have contexts that determine term

references {supposition theory, Peter of Spain}.

Baybars al-Bunduqdari

sultan

Egypt

1250 to 1277

He lived 1223 to 1277, was Turkish slave, and started Mameluke dynasty [1250 to 1517].

Sturla Thordarson [Thordarson, Sturla]

poet

Iceland

1250 to 1280

Islendinga Saga [1250 to 1280: part of Sturlunga Saga]

He lived 1214 to 1284 and was nephew of Snorri Sturluson.

Ottocar II

king

Bohemia/Austria

1253 to 1278

He lived 1230 to 1278, was Premysl, was King of Bohemia [1253 to 1278], and was Duke of Austria [1253 to 1276].

As King of Bohemia, he took Austria from Brandenbergs of Saxony [1251].

Premysl or Otakar II or Ottokar II or Premysl Otakar [Otakar, Premysl]

duke

Bohemia

1253 to 1278

He lived 1230 to 1278 and was king of Bohemia [1253 to 1278]. Premysls or Przemysls were under Holy Roman

Empire, ruled Bohemia, and acquired Silesia and Moravia.

Alfonso X or Alfonso the Wise or Alfonso el Sabio

king

Castile/Leon

1255

Songs to the Virgin Mary [1252 to 1284: songs]; Royal Lawbook [1255: local laws and information about Roman laws]

He lived 1221 to 1284 and was king of Castile and Leon [1252 to 1284].

Saadi or Mosleh al-Din Saadi Shirazi [Saadi Shirazi, Mosleh al-Din]

poet

Persia

1257 to 1270

Bustan or Scented Garden or Orchard [1257]; Golestan or Rose Garden [1270]

He lived 1210 to 1290 and was Sufi.

Nicola Pisano [Pisano, Nicola]

sculptor

Pisa, Italy

1258 to 1278

Marble Pulpit of the Baptistry of Pisa [1258 to 1278: Gothic and classical style]

He lived 1220 to 1284.

Jacopo de Voragine [Voragine, Jacopo de] or Jacobus de Voragine [Voragine, Jacobus de]

historian/biographer

Rome, Italy

1260 to 1275

Golden Legend [1260 to 1275]

He lived 1229 to 1298 and wrote about saints.

Siger of Brabant or Sigerus or Sighier or Sigieri or Sygerius

philosopher

Brabant, Netherlands

1260 to 1277

On the soul [1260 to 1277]; On animal intellect [1260 to 1277]; On the eternity of the world [1260 to 1277]

He lived 1240 to 1281 and led Latin Averroism.

Kublai or Khubilai

khan

China

1260 to 1294

He lived 1215 to 1294. Nobles elected him Great Khan [1260]. He defeated Sung Dynasty [1279] and founded Yuan

Dynasty in China. He failed to conquer Japan, Indonesia, and southeast Asia.

Michael VIII

emperor

Constantinople, Turkey

1261 to 1282

He lived 1225 to 1282, reunited Byzantine Empire as states of Nicaea, Trebizond, and Epirus, and started Palaeologan

Dynasty [1261 to 1453].

Charles I or Stephen d'Anjou

king

Naples, Italy

1262 to 1285

He lived 1226 to 1285, was king of Sicily [1262 to 1282] and king of Naples [1282 to 1285], was of Angevin family,

and led Guelphs to control of Italy by beating Ghibellines under Manfred [1266]. Sicilian Vespers revolt [1282],

instigated by Peter III of Aragon, ended his rule in Silicy.

Magnus VI

king

Norway

1263 to 1280

He lived 1238 to 1280 and settled with Scotland [1266] and codified law [1274].

Athir al-Din Abhari [Abhari, Athir al-Din]

philosopher

Zanjan, Persia

1264

Commentary on the Isagoge [1264]

He lived 1200 to 1265 and was of Arabian philosophy.

Roger Bacon [Bacon, Roger]

philosopher

England

1267

Opus Major [1267]; Opus Minor [1267]; Opus Tertium or Third Work [1267]

He lived 1220 to 1292, opposed dogma, and was alchemist, natural scientist, and Franciscan. Science and faith are

complementary. Visual perception depends on images {species, image} {image, species} that come from object

through medium to eye.

Henri de Bracton [Bracton, Henri de]

lawyer

London, England

1268

On English Laws [1268: standardized English law for next 200 years]

He lived 1210 to 1268 and relied on common-law precedents. He said that people can petition king, who must act

justly.

Philip III

king

France

1270 to 1285

He lived 1245 to 1285 and was of Capetian Dynasty.

George Pachymeres [Pachymeres, George]

philosopher

Byzantium

1270 to 1300

Commentary on Boethius's De Differentiis Topicis [1270 to 1300]; Paraphrase of All of Dionysius Areopagitae [1270

to 1300]

He lived 1242 to 1307 and was Platonist.

Giles of Rome

philosopher

Rome, Italy

1270 to 1302

Errors of the Philosophers [1270]; On Ecclesiastical Power [1302]

He lived 1247 to 1316 and was Scholastic and Augustinian.

Madhvacharya or Madhavacharya or Madhvacarya

philosopher

India

1270 to 1317

He lived 1238 to 1317, was dualist during the Bhakti movement, tried to refute Carvaka philosophy, and started

Vedanta Tattvavada, True Philosophy, Advaita, Dvaita, or Dualist School.

He said that Vedanta, including Upanishads, Bhagavadgita, and Brahmasutras, revealed that individual self {atman}

and ultimate reality {brahman} differ, rather than being the same {non-dualist}. Independent reality {svatantra} is

Brahman, and dependent reality {paratantra} is souls {jivas} and objects {jada}. He said this was realistic based on

people's perceptions {tattvavada}. God is not the world and is not self. The self is the same as other selves and is not

the same as object. All objects differ and are not God or the Self.

Marco Polo

explorer/historian/biographer

Venice, Italy/China

1271 to 1295

Travels of Marco Polo [1295]

Marco Polo lived 1251 to 1324. Niccolo and Maffeo Polo, two brothers from Venice, went to China [1271 to 1274]

with Niccolo's son Marco, through Palestine, Persia, central Asia, and across Gobi desert in Mongolia. He visited

Kublai Khan at Cambuluc [1275]. The Polos returned to Venice [1295].

Nasir-Eddin or Nasireddin or Nasir Tusi [Tusi, Nasir] or Abu Jafar Muhammad Ibn Muhammad Ibn al-Hasan

Nasir al-Din al-Tusi [al-Tusi, Abu Jafar Muhammad Ibn Muhammad Ibn al-Hasan Nasir al-Din] or Nasir al-

Din al-Tusi [al-Tusi, Nasir al-Din]

mathematician

Alamut, Persia

1272

Ilkhanic Tables [1272]

He lived 1201 to 1274 and used tangent and secant. He invented devices to resolve linear motion into sum of two

circular motions {Tusi-couple, Nasir-Eddin}.

Edward I or English Justinian

king/lawmaker

England

1272 to 1307

Statute of Mortmain [1279: king controlled church land acquisitions]; Hundred Rolls [1279 to 1280: great landholders

had to prove title to land]; First and Second Statutes of Westminster [1285 and 1290: codified statutes of England]

He lived 1239 to 1307, was king [1272 to 1307], won Baron's War for his father, conquered Wales [1282 to 1284], and

fought Scotland.

He reformed laws. He reduced private and church courts and limited Church courts to church matters, in Circumspecte

Agatis. He permitted attachments of feudal lands by merchants, in Statute of Merchants. He issued Statute of Mortmain

decree, which prohibited land transfer to Church without king's consent [1300].

He reproclaimed Magna Charta. He formed Model Parliament [1295] of barons, clergy, and merchants and promised

no taxes without its consent. Parliament had two knights from every shire and two burgesses from every town. He

granted Parliament right to present petitions to king.

He defeated Scottish armies and ruled Scotland directly [1296 to 1307] but died in 1307.

Near end of his reign, judicial scandal caused court reform, and thereafter judges were people trained in law, not

churchmen or courtiers.

Rudolf I

emperor

Austria

1273 to 1291

He lived 1218 to 1291. As duke of Austria, he became emperor and started Hapsburg dynasty. He was friendly with the

pope and tried to check the robber barons. He defeated Ottocar II of Bohemia, gained Austria, and united Germany.

Jean de Meun [Meun, Jean de] or Jean de Meung [Meung, Jean de]

poet

France

1275

Roman de la Rose or Story of the Rose [1275]

He lived 1240 to 1305 and wrote satires.

al-Qazwini al-Katibi [al-Katibi, al-Qazwini] or Dabiran

philosopher

Persia/Baghdad, Iraq

1276

Sun Treatise [1276]

He lived ? to 1276 and was of Shaf'i school of Arabian philosophy. He discussed logic, inheritance laws, and art of

debate {munazara}.

Henry of Ghent or Henricus de Gandavo [Gandavo, Henricus de] or Doctor Solemnis

philosopher

Belgium

1277 to 1293

Various Questions [1277 to 1293]; Summary of Theology [1277 to 1293]

He lived 1250 to 1293 and was Platonist, Augustinian, Avicennian, and Aristotelian.

Diniz or Dinis or Denis of Portugal

king

Portugal

1279 to 1325

He lived 1261 to 1325 and fought Knights Templar, founded university, and helped farmers.

Giovanni Cimabue [Cimabue, Giovanni]

painter

Assisi, Italy

1280

Crucifixion [1280: in church of St. Francis of Assisi]; St. Francis [1280: in church of St. Francis of Assisi]; Madonna

Enthroned and Child [1280: in church of St. Francis of Assisi]

He lived 1240 to 1302.

Moses de Léon

mystic

Avila, Spain

1280 to 1286

Book of Splendor [1280 to 1286: supposedly based on writings of Shimon Bar Yohai, Akiva's student]

He lived 1240 to 1305 and was Jewish mystic.

Philip IV

king

France

1285 to 1314

He lived 1268 to 1314. Of Capetian Dynasty, he tried to extend clergy taxation and stop gold export, which angered

Pope Boniface VIII. He arrested Bishop Saisset for rebellion, called first States-General, and captured the pope. He had

Pope Clement V elected and moved him to Avignon, France. He got money by confiscating wealth of bankers in

Lombardy, Jews in France, and Knights Templar. He lost at Guienne to Edward I of England and failed to control

Flanders in Battle of the Spurs.

John Duns Scotus [Duns Scotus, John] or Doctor Subtilis

philosopher

Scotland/Oxford, England

1290 to 1300

Opus Oxoniense or Oxford Work [1290 to 1300]; Understanding and Experience [1290 to 1300]; Questions on the

Metaphysics of Aristotle [1290 to 1300]

He lived 1266 to 1308, was Scholastic and Franciscan, and developed Augustine's ideas in psychology {Scotism}.

Epistemology

Concepts develop from nature observation. Such concepts also apply to God. Evidence types are objects and event

experiences, bodily actions, and principles, all of which people know directly. The first ideas and perceptions are

confused and imperfect. Will makes some clear and perfect. Ideas that wills do not understand die out. In this way,

wills control intellect.

Philosophy is for material world and is theoretical. Theology is for practical life and is spiritual. Only revelation gives

truth.

Metaphysics

Individual objects and properties are distinct.

God is the efficient cause that keeps universe in being and keeps it from nothingness.

Mind

Will is independent of reason. The intelligent and immaterial soul links to material body by the life-force, which is the

Form for body.

Theology

God impregnated Jesus's mother (Immaculate Conception).

Amir Khusrau [Khusrau, Amir] or Abul Hasan Yaminuddin Khusro [Khusro, Abul Hasan Yaminuddin] or

Amir Khusro Dehlavi [Dehlavi, Amir Khusro]

poet

Delhi, India

1290 to 1310

Khamsa or Amulet [1290 to 1310]

He lived 1253 to 1325 and wrote masnavi.

Giotto or Ambrogio Bondone [Bondone, Ambrogio]

painter

Padua, Italy/Florence, Italy

1290 to 1313

St. Francis of Assisi [1290 to 1300: frescoes]; Arena Chapel Murals [1305 to 1313: Byzantine and Gothic frescoes

about life of Christ are in Padua]; Lamentation [1305 to 1313: in Arena Chapel]; Noli me Tangere or Do Not Touch Me

[1305 to 1313: in Arena Chapel]; Wedding Procession [1305: in Arena Chapel]; Marriage at Cana [1305 to 1313: in

Arena Chapel]; Madonna Enthroned [1305 to 1313: in Arena Chapel]; Christ Entering Jerusalem [1305 to 1313: in

Arena Chapel]; Life of the Virgin [1303 to 1313: frescoes in Arena Chapel]; Santa Croce Frescoes or Holy Cross

Frescoes [1310: in Florence]

He lived 1267 to 1337, used linear perspective, and painted with tempera.

Johannes Eckhart von Hochheim [Eckhart von Hochheim, Johannes]

philosopher

Germany/Paris, France

1290 to 1320

Sermons [1290 to 1320]; Unutterable Things or Indescribable Things [1290 to 1320]

He lived 1260 to 1337 and based his Mysticism on ideas of Realism.

Metaphysics

Being and Knowledge are the same. God is beyond being and knowledge. God has three parts: generating essence,

creation itself, and part beyond all things and creating. God creates by expressing Ideas in itself, out of nothing. God

does not create by will, because will is in time.

Mind

Soul is like the part of God beyond creating and essence and is timeless. Body is in time. Human mind approaches God

by reducing plurality to unity. Soul then reaches purity, withdraws from world, and ceases to be self.

Dante Alighieri

poet

Florence, Italy

1292 to 1321

New Life [1292: poem about love]; De Vulgari Eloquentia or Of Vulgar Eloquence [1300: essay]; Divine Comedy

[1319 to 1321: poem trilogy dedicated to Beatrice]; Inferno [1319: Divine Comedy first poem]; Purgatorio [1319:

Divine Comedy second poem]; Paradiso [1321: Divine Comedy third poem]

He lived 1265 to 1321, was White Guelf, and wrote Latin, Greek, Hebrew, and European language studies.

Boniface VIII

pope

Rome, Italy

1294 to 1303

He lived 1235 to 1303. As pope, he struggled with Philip IV of France over taxes and interfered in Florence.

Wang Shifu

writer

China

1295 to 1307

Romance of the Western Chamber or Story of the Western Wing or Hsi Hsiang Chi [1295 to 1307]

He lived 1250 to 1300.

Giovanni Pisano [Pisano, Giovanni]

sculptor

Pisa, Italy/Pistoia, Italy

1297 to 1310

San Andrea Pulpit [1297 to 1301: Early Gothic marble sculpture in San Andrea Cathedral in Pistoia]; Pisa Pulpit [1302

to 1310: Early Gothic marble sculpture in Pisa Cathedral]

He lived 1250 to 1314.

Arnolfo di Cambio [Cambio, Arnolfo di]

architect

Florence, Italy

1298

Palazzo della Signoria or Palazzo Vecchio or Vecchio Palace [1298: fortress-like Gothic palace with high square tower]

He lived 1245 to 1302. It was Piazza della Signoria or Leaders' Plaza. Signoria were leaders of Florence.

Osman I or Othman I

emperor

Turkey

1299 to 1326

He lived 1259 to 1326 and started Osmanli or Ottoman principality {beg} in northeast Turkey. He began Islamic law

and government. As leader of Ottoman Turks or Osmanli Turks, he founded Ottoman Empire by taking Bursa [1317 to

1326], capital of Mongols in Asia Minor, using artillery. Bursa became Ottoman capital.

Muso Kokushi [Kokushi, Muso] or Muso Soseki [Soseki, Muso]

painter

Japan

1300 to 1350

gardens [1300 to 1350]; Dream Conversations [1300 to 1350: book]

Zen Buddhist lived 1275 to 1351 and used fine brush style {sumi style, Kokushi}. He designed gardens.

Clement V

pope

Avignon, France

1305 to 1314

He lived 1264 to 1314. As pope, he dissolved Knights Templar and formulated canon law. Philip IV of France

controlled him.

Edward II

king

England

1307 to 1327

He lived 1284 to 1327.

Duccio di Buoninsegna

painter

Italy

1308 to 1311

Maesta Altar [1308 to 1311: back is Byzantine and Gothic]; Jesus Opens the Eyes of a Man Born Blind [1311]

He lived 1260 to 1318.

John of Luxembourg

king

Bohemia

1310 to 1346

He lived 1310 to 1346, became Bohemia king, and became overlord of Silesia dukes [1335].

Mansa Musa [Musa, Mansa]

king

Mali

1312 to 1337

He lived 1280 to 1337, was Muslim, and had a tolerant legal system.

Robert Bruce [Bruce, Robert]

king

Scotland

1314 to 1329

He lived 1274 to 1329, defeated English at Bannockburn in central Scotland [1314], and became king of Scotland.

Louis IV or Ludwig the Bavarian

king

Bavaria

1314 to 1347

He lived 1282 to 1347 and defeated Frederick the Fair at Muhlberg [1322]. He struggled against Pope Clement VII.

Magnus VII or Magnus Ericsson

king

Norway/Sweden

1319 to 1363

He lived 1316 to 1377. Nobles elected him king. He united Sweden [1319 to 1363] and Norway [1319 to 1343] and

allied with Waldemar IV, king of Denmark, but Hanseatic League defeated him. His son was Haakon VI. Albert of

Mecklenburg replaced Magnus VII and Haakon VI.

Gersonides or Levi ben Gershon [Gershon, Levi ben] or Ralbag

philosopher

Spain/Avignon, France

1320 to 1340

Wars of the Lord [1320 to 1340]

He lived 1288 to 1344 and developed Jewish philosophy.

Philippe de Vitry [Vitry, Philippe de]

composer

Meaux, France

1320 to 1350

Ars Nova or New Art [1320 to 1350: book]

Bishop of Meaux lived 1291 to 1361 and developed four prolation time signatures.

Ghiyas-ud-din Tughlug [Tughlug, Ghiyas-ud-din] or Ghiyasuddin Tughluk [Tughluk, Ghiyasuddin]

sultan

India

1321 to 1325

Nobles elected Tughlug, Turkish general, sultan, and he founded Tughluq dynasty. His son Mohammed murdered him.

Mohammed bin Tughluq

sultan

India

1325 to 1351

He killed his father and expanded Tughluq Empire, but he caused provincial revolts.

Waldemar III

king

Denmark

1326 to 1329

He lived 1314 to 1364 and was Duke of Schleswig [1330 to 1364].

William of Occam or William Ockham

philosopher

London, England

1327

Summary of Logic [1327]

He lived 1285 to 1349, was Franciscan and nominalist, studied legal and property rights, and argued with Pope John

XXII. He opposed William of Sherwood, Peter of Spain, and Walter Burleigh. He developed syllogisms with

inferences, worked on modal logic, and studied logic of terms {supposition theory, Occam}.

Epistemology

Logic concepts are about meaning, not about mental states, and are natural objects or idea signs. Words are signs used

by convention. Words have two uses: one is to represent object and the other is to have meaning. Rational soul knows

immaterial world. Sensitive soul perceives material world. Sense knowledge is an object sign and is sensitive-soul state

or action. Sensations do not involve copying objects. Cause's powers, not God's will, cause causation, so he opposed

Henry of Ghent. People should use as few concepts as necessary to explain idea {Ockham's razor, Occam}.

Ethics

Divine will is obligatory for all actions.

Law

Right is freedom and ability to act. Command or contract can make law.

Brother Ugolino [Ugolino, Brother]

writer

Naples, Italy

1327 to 1342

Little Flowers of St. Francis or Fioretti [1327 to 1342: Latin original]

He lived 1262 to 1348. He wrote original Latin version, which is lost. Somebody wrote the Italian version in Tuscany

[1400]. Stories about Francis of Assisi say he preached to birds and tamed wolf by his gentleness.

Thomas Bradwardine [Bradwardine, Thomas]

philosopher

London, England

1328 to 1344

Treatise on the Continuum [1328 to 1335]; Treatise on the Proportion [1328]; On speculative arithmetic [1328 to

1344]; On speculative geometry [1328 to 1344]; On God's cause against Pelagius and the causes of virtue [1344]

He lived 1290 to 1349 and was against Pelagians, who believed that people's will was morally correct.

Philip VI

king

France

1328 to 1346

He lived 1293 to 1350, deposed Capetian kings of France, and became first Valois king by Salic law. He got control of

Flanders, began Hundred Years War, and ended its first phase with his defeat at Crecy.

Andrea Pisano [Pisano, Andrea]

sculptor

Florence, Italy

1330 to 1336

South Door of the Florence Baptistry [1330 to 1336]

He lived 1290 to 1349.

Guillaume de Machaut [Machaut, Guillaume de]

composer

France

1330 to 1346

He lived 1300 to 1346 and developed minstrels.

Johann Tauler [Tauler, Johann]

philosopher

Constance, Germany

1330 to 1350

Sermons for Festivals or Inner Way [1330 to 1350]

He lived 1300 to 1361 and was mystic.

Heinrich Seuse [Seuse, Heinrich] or Henry Suso [Suso, Henry]

philosopher

Constance, Germany

1330 to 1360

Clock of Wisdom [1330 to 1360]

He lived 1300 to 1366 and was mystic.

Edward III

king

England

1330 to 1377

He lived 1327 to 1377 and was king [1327 to 1377]. He gained power [1330] but failed to subdue Scotland. He entered

Hundred Years War [1337 to 1359] with his son Edward the Black Prince, which ended with Treaty of London. He had

money troubles with Parliament. He caused economic crash by defaulting on payments to Bardi and Peruzzi families of

Florence [1339]. Through his mother, he claimed he was king of France. He agreed to get consent of Parliament for all

laws [1350]. Statute of Laborers [1351] tried to make all work have wage ceiling and set fixed prices. Wat Taylor

rebellion was series of revolts against it. Finally, king ended Statute and promised end to serfdom. He saw Black Death

cause demands for social change. He had trouble with church and John Wyclif. He ended Brehon Laws of Ireland. He

appointed judges {Justices of the Peace} to preside over national courts in shires [1361]. The Good Parliament [1376]

elected Speaker to represent Commons and spoke against high taxes.

Stephen Dushan [Dushan, Stephen] or Stefan Dusan [Dusan, Stefan]

king

Serbia

1331 to 1355

He lived 1308 to 1355, took Bulgaria, Macedonia, and Thessaly from Byzantine Empire, controlled Montenegro, and

attacked Constantinople.

Vidyaraya or Madhavacarya or Madhava Vidyaranya

minister

Mysore, Karnataka, India

1331 to 1380

Compendium of Speculations [1380: written in Telugu]; Five Servants [1380: Advaita]

He lived 1268 to 1380, headed [1331] Smarta Order, and was minister for King Bukka of Vijayanagara Empire.

Sankaracharya founded the Smarta Order. The sixteen philosophy systems are in order of knowledge: Carvaka,

Buddha, Arhata or Jaina, purna-prajna, Nakulisa-Pasupata, Saiva, Pratyabhijna, Rasesvara, Vaiseshika or Aulukya,

Akshapada or Nyaya, Jaiminiya, Paniniya, Sankhya, Patanjala or Yoga, Vedanta or System of Sankaracharya, and

Advaita Vedanta or System of Sankara.

Nicholas of Autrecourt

philosopher

Autrecourt, France

1335 to 1347

Universal Treatise [1335]; Could the vision of any natural thing be naturally intensified? [1336 to 1339]

He lived 1300 to 1369, was Terminist, and commented on Sentences of Abelard. The church condemned him [1347].

Because cause and effect differ and do not relate, effect must transform cause.

Richard II

king

England

1337 to 1399

He lived 1312 to 1400, defeated peasants after revolt, and had to deal with barons under Earl of Gloucester. He married

Charles IV of France's daughter [1396]. He banished his cousin Henry of Bolingbroke for accusing Duke of Norfolk of

treason. Later, Henry of Bolingbroke, who became Henry IV, forced him to abdicate.

Petrarch or Francesco Petrarcha [Petrarcha, Francesco]

poet

Arezzo, Tuscany/France

1340 to 1372

Trionfi or Triumphs [1340: poem]; Canzoniere or Songbook [1340: Petrarchan sonnets]; On Remedies for Fortune, Fair

and Foul [1365: essay]; On His Own Ignorance [1372: essay]

He lived 1304 to 1374, was Stoic, had ethics based on emotion, and wrote language studies.

Waldemar IV

king

Denmark

1340 to 1375

He lived 1320 to 1375 and fought Hanseatic League but lost. He reunited Denmark and allied with Magnus VII, king of

Norway and Sweden, but he lost to Hanseatic League. He took Norway by beating Albert of Mecklenburg, Swedish

king.

Gregory of Rimini

philosopher

Rimini, Italy

1342

Commentary on the Sentences of Peter of Lombard [1342]

He lived 1300 to 1358 and was Sententiary or Summist.

Pietro Lorenzetti [Lorenzetti, Pietro]

painter

Italy

1342

Birth of the Virgin [1342: Byzantine and Gothic]

He lived 1280 to 1348.

Marsiglio or Marsilius of Padua

philosopher

Padua, Italy

1342

Defender of the Peace [1324]

He lived 1280 to 1342 and was Terminist. He argued in favor of city-states, against factions and pope.

Louis I or Louis the Great

king

Hungary

1342 to 1382

He lived 1326 to 1382, got Dalmatia, defeated Ottoman Empire, mastered nearby lands, and ruled Poland [1370 to

1382], displacing Piasts.

Taddeo Gaddi [Gaddi, Taddeo]

architect

Florence, Italy

1345

Ponte Vecchio or Vecchio Bridge [1345: bridge]

He lived 1300 to 1366 [rebuilt 1564].

Jean Buridan [Buridan, Jean]

philosopher

Paris, France

1345 to 1360

Sophisms on Meaning and Truth [1345 to 1350]; Summaries of Dialectics [1345 to 1350]

He lived 1295 to 1360, was Terminist, invented theory of consequences, and studied syllogisms, inertia, and impetus.

Epistemology

Hungry donkey is between two haystacks that appear identical but starves because it cannot decide rationally which

one to eat first {Buridan's ass}. Different propositions can have different contexts for same terms, and this affects term

references {supposition theory}. Sentence inferences depend on suppositions. Supposition {personal supposition} can

be about number of term or object, such as just one {discrete supposition} or at least one {determinate supposition}.

Determinate supposition can be All or Some. Suppositions {material supposition} can be about speech or writing.

Suppositions {formal supposition} can be about universals or ideas.

Giovanni Boccaccio [Boccaccio, Giovanni]

poet/storyteller

Florence, Italy

1348 to 1353

Decameron [1348 to 1353: stories]

He lived 1313 to 1375.

Bartolus de Saxoferrato

lawyer

Perugia, Italy

1350

Theory of Statutes [1350: general law rules that reconciled conflicting legal systems]

He lived 1313 to 1357 and was Commentator. Laws of place in which action happened govern actions {territoriality,

Bartolus de Saxoferrato}.

Hafez or Hafiz or Khajeh Shamseddin Mohammad Hafiz-e Shirazi [Shirazi, Khajeh Shamseddin Mohammad

Hafiz-e]

poet

Persia

1350 to 1370

Divan-e Hafiz or Divan Ghazaliat or Collected Poems [1350 to 1370]

He lived 1324 to 1389.

Sayana

philosopher

Vijayanagara, Karnataka, India

1350 to 1370

Spiritual Theological Dictionary of Sayana [1350 to 1370: commentary on Rig-veda]

He lived 1315 to 1387 and was court minister.

Firoz Shah [Firoz, Shah] or Shah Firoz

sultan

India

1351 to 1388

He lived 1310 to 1388 and ruled Tughluq Empire [1351 to 1388].

Yi Song-gye or T'aejo

general

Korea

1354 to 1358

He lived 1335 to 1408, revolted against Mongols, and returned Korea to Koryo dynasty of China [1354]. He ended

Koryo dynasty [1392] and founded Yi dynasty or Choson dynasty [1392 to 1910]. Capital was at Kyon-Song (Seoul).

Charles IV

emperor

Holy Roman Empire

1355 to 1378

He lived 1316 to 1378, was king of Germany and Bohemia [1346 to 1378], and wrote Golden Bull [1356], which lasted

until 1806. It established seven prince-electors as diet legislative upper house. They elected emperor. Brandenburg,

Bohemia, and Saxony were the important electors. Other princes were in diet middle house. City representatives were

in diet lower assembly.

Edward the Black Prince

prince

France

1356

He lived 1330 to 1376 and defeated France at Poitiers [1356] and captured the French king, John II.

Luo Guanzhong or Lo Kuan-chung

novelist

China

1360

Romance of the Three Kingdoms [1360: about war adventures]

He lived 1330 to 1400.

Petrus Baldus de Ubaldis [Baldus de Ubaldis, Petrus]

lawyer

Perugia, Italy

1360 to 1390

Commentary on the Book of Fees [1360 to 1390]

He lived 1327 to 1406, was of the Baldeschi, and was Commentator.

Francesco Landini [Landini, Francesco]

composer

Italy

1360 to 1397

Landini cadence

He lived 1330 to 1397, wrote madrigals, ballato, and cacia, and began the Landini cadence.

Charles V or Charles the Wise

king

France

1364 to 1380

He lived 1338 to 1380 and put down Jacquerie Revolt of peasants against nobles and army. He gave rights to assembly

{States-General} but revoked those rights to stop the power of Étienne Marcel and Charles the Bad. He appointed Du

Guesclin as constable of France, who drove England out of France [1734]. He increased taxes and developed standing

army. He favored learning under his ministers, Marmousets.

William Langland [Langland, William]

novelist

England

1365

Vision of William concerning Piers the Plowman [1365]

He lived 1332 to 1387.

Simone da Orsenigo [Orsenigo, Simone da]/Nicola di Bonaventura [Bonaventura, Nicola di]/Giovannino de'

Grassi [Grassi, Giovannino de']/Giacomo da Campione [Campione, Giacomo da]/Filippino degli Ugoni [Ugoni,

Filippino degli]/Giovanni Solari [Solari, Giovanni]/Guinforte Solari [Solari, Guinforte]/Pier Antonio Solari

[Solari, Pier Antonio]/Giovanni Antonio Amadeo [Amadeo, Giovanni Antonio]/Pellegrino Pellegrini [Pellegrini,

Pellegrino] or Tibaldi

architect

Milan, Italy

1366 to 1485

Milan Cathedral [1366 to 1485: French Gothic]

Guinforte Solari lived 1465 to 1481. Amadeo lived 1447 to 1522. Pellegrini lived 1527 to 1596.

Ferdinand I

king

Portugal

1367 to 1383

He lived 1345 to 1383 and fought Castile [1369].

Tamerlane or Timur Leng [Leng, Timur] or Timur Lang [Lang, Timur] or Timur the Lame

emperor

Persia/India/Samarkand, Kazakhstan/Levant

1369 to 1405

He lived 1336 to 1405. Descendant of Genghis Khan, he first ruled Samarkand. Using horsemen, he conquered Persia

[1379], Iraq, Syria, and Afghanistan and established Timurid Empire. He invaded south Russia [1395]. He invaded

India [1397] and Tughluq Empire, sacked Delhi [1398], and killed most people. He died on way to China [1405].

Ibn Khaldun

historian/sociologist/economist

Tunis, Tunisia

1370

Prolegomenon or Introduction or Muqaddima[1370]

He lived 1332 to 1406, was Sufi and politician, and was "father of science of history". History analyzes development of

culture through social, political, and economic patterns and causes {unran}.

Geoffrey Chaucer [Chaucer, Geoffrey]

poet

England

1370 to 1387

Book of the Dutchess [1370]; Troilus and Criseyde [1385]; Canterbury Tales [1387]

He lived 1343 to 1400.

Acamapichtli

king

Mexico City, Mexico/Tenochtitlán, Mexico

1376 to 1396

He lived 1356 to 1396 and was first Aztec emperor {tlatoani} (one who speaks) at Tenochtitlán. Aztecs used Nahuatl

language.

Margaret

queen

Denmark

1380

She lived 1353 to 1412 and was queen of Denmark [1388 to 1412], Sweden [1375 to 1412], and Norway [1389 to

1412].

Mir Ali

calligrapher/painter

Tabriz, Iran

1380 to 1400

Nasta'liq [1380 to 1400: Arabic calligraphy style]

He lived ? to 1416 and painted miniatures.

Madhava of Sangamagramma

mathematician

Kerala, India

1380 to 1410

Rig-veda comments [1380 to 1410]

He lived 1350 to 1425, founded Kerala School of mathematics, developed infinite series, and started mathematical

analysis.

Charles VI or Charles the Mad or Charles the Well-Beloved

king

France

1380 to 1411

He lived 1368 to 1422.

Platonism/Neo-Platonism

philosophic school

Europe

1380 to 1600

School included George Plethon, Basilius Bessarion, Marsilio Ficino, Francesco Patrizzi, Guillaume Postel, Giovanni

Pico della Mirandola, Florentine Academy, Amaury Bouchard, Fevre de la Boderie, Baldassore Castiglione, Leon

Hebreo, Pontus de Tyard, and Ronsard.

John Wycliffe [Wycliffe, John] or John Wyclif [Wyclif, John]

philosopher

London, England

1382 to 1384

Summary of Theology [1382]; Summary of Being [1384]

He lived 1320 to 1384 and was realist about universals.

Claus Sluter [Sluter, Claus]

sculptor

Dijon, France

1385 to 1406

Chartreuse de Champnol Portal [1385 to 1393: Gothic International style]; Moses Well [1395 to 1406: Gothic

International style]

He lived 1350 to 1406.

John I or John the Great

king

Portugal

1385 to 1433

He lived 1357 to 1433. As master of Knights of Aviz, he cooperated in revolt against Spain and, with Pereira of

Portugal, defeated Castile at Aljubarota. He defeated Moors, allied with England, and began colonization and

exploration. He started Aviz Dynasty.

Ladislaus II or Jagiello

king

Poland/Lithuania

1386 to 1434

He lived 1350 to 1434, was grand duke of Lithuania [1378 to 1401], became Ladislaus II king of Poland [1386 to

1434], and founded Jagiello Dynasty and Polish-Lithuanian kingdom, strongest in east Europe.

Bajazet I or Bayazit I or Bayazid I

emperor

Anatolia

1389 to 1403

He lived 1360 to 1403. Ottoman Empire took east Anatolia [1396].

Hatun Tupac [Tupac, Hatun] or Viracocha Inca

emperor

Cuzco Valley, Peru

1390 to 1400

He lived 1347 to 1400 and was eighth Inca ruler. As previous rulers had done, he used the name Sapa Inca (the unique

Inca), but he also changed his name to supreme god's name, Viracocha Inca. He took neighboring lands and allied with

other rulers. He gave army, government, and religious jobs to his family or his associates. People entering his presence

bowed, wore no shoes, and carried packs on their backs. Inca myth said he traveled to Pacific and never returned.

Cho Densu [Densu, Cho] or Kichizan Mincho [Mincho, Kichizan] or Myo-cho

painter

Japan

1390 to 1420

Indian Saints [1390 to 1420]

Zen Buddhist lived 1352 to 1431 and painted in sumi style.

George Plethon [Plethon, George] or Pletho or George of Trebizond

philosopher

Byzantium/Florence, Italy

1390 to 1438

On Differences [1390 to 1438: differences between Plato and Aristotle about God]; Summary of the Doctrines of

Zoroaster and Plato [1390 to 1438]; Address to Theodore II Palaiologos [1390 to 1438]

He lived 1355 to 1452 and was neo-Platonist. Byzantine emperor John VIII Palaeologus, Plethon, Plethon's student

Johannes Bessarion, and George Scholarios attended Council of Ferrara [1438] to try to unify east and west churches.

He taught about Plato in Florence [1438].

Henry IV

king

England

1399 to 1413

He lived 1367 to 1413, invaded England in Richard II's absence, and then put down Scotland, Wales, and Percy

rebellions. He founded Lancaster Dynasty, whose symbol was the white rose. Lancaster Dynasty was Henry IV, Henry

V, and Henry VI.

Zafar Khan Muzaffar or Hassan Gangu

governor

India

1401 to 1411

He was governor [1391], became independent of Delhi Sultanate [1401], and founded Gujarat Dynasty.

Witowt

king

Lithuania

1401 to 1430

He lived 1350 to 1430 and ruled Lithuania at height.

Lorenzo Ghiberti [Ghiberti, Lorenzo]

architect/sculptor

Florence, Italy

1401 to 1435

Florence Baptistery Dome [1401 to 1422: Gothic International style]; Gates of Paradise [1435: on Florence-Baptistry

bronze doors]

He lived 1378 to 1455.

Yongle Dadian

encyclopedia

China

1403 to 1409

encyclopedia [1403 to 1409]

Encyclopedia had 20,000 chapters.

Yong Le or Yongle or Yong-le or Zhu Di

emperor

China

1403 to 1424

He lived 1360 to 1424 and was first Ming emperor. Nanking was first Ming capital.

Zheng He

admiral

China

1405 to 1433

He lived 1371 to 1433, was Chinese Muslim, and voyaged seven times to west to collect tribute for Ming dynasty. He

traded gold, porcelain, silks, and spices. He reached Africa.

Louis de France

duke

Orleans, France

1407

He lived 1372 to 1407. As Duke of Orleans, he caused civil war between south-France Armagnacs and east-France

Burgundians [1407]. He started Valois-Orleans kings [1411].

Jamshid al-Kashi [al-Kashi, Jamshid]

mathematician

Samarkand, Kazakhstan

1407 to 1427

Stairway of Heaven [1407]; Compendium of the Science of Astronomy [1411]; Key to Arithmetic [1427]

He lived 1390 to 1450 and used base-ten number system, decimals, and negative powers.

Hasdai ibn Crescas [Crescas, Hasdai ibn]

philosopher

Barcelona, Spain

1410

Light of the Lord [1410]

He lived 1340 to 1412 and developed Jewish philosophy. Belief in God's commandments implies belief in God. Empty

space is not contradictory.

Andrei Rublev [Rublev, Andrei]

painter

Russia

1410

Old Testament Trinity icon [1410: Byzantine]

He lived 1360 to 1430.

Ahmad Shah or Shah Ahmad

sultan

Ahmadabad, India

1411 to 1442

Of Gujarat Dynasty, he started Muzaffarid Dynasty, was Zafar Khan's grandson, and built Ahmadabad as capital. His

soldiers received half cash and half land plots.

Limbourg Brothers or Limburg Brothers/Herman Limbourg [Limbourg, Herman]/Jean Limbourg [Limbourg,

Jean] or Jannequin Limbourg [Limbourg, Jannequin]/Paul Limbourg [Limbourg, Paul] or Pol Limbourg

[Limbourg, Pol]

painter

France

1413 to 1416

Très Riches Heures de Duc de Berry or Very Rich Hours of the Duke of Berry [1413 to 1416: Byzantine and Gothic

illuminated book used new light directions and showed integrated nature and life]

Herman Limbourg lived 1370 to 1416. Paul Limbourg lived 1375 to 1416. Jean Limbourg lived 1380 to 1416.

Henry V

king

England

1413 to 1422

He lived 1387 to 1422. Of Lancaster Dynasty, as Prince Hal, he defeated Glendower and army of Wales. He invaded

France [1415], restarting Hundred Years War. He defeated France at Agincourt, France [1415], and conquered

Normandy [1417 to 1419]. He put down Lollards [1417]. He married French king's daughter.

Donatello

sculptor

Florence, Italy

1413 to 1454

St. Mark [1413: marble in Or San Michele in Florence]; St. George and the Dragon [1417: marble in Or San Michele,

with schiacciato relief]; Prophet or Zuccone [1423: marble on Florence-Cathedral campanile]; Feast of Herod [1425:

painting of Herod Antipas, Herod the Great's son, using linear perspective]; David [1432: bronze]; Gattamelata [1445:

bronze]; Annunciation [1430 to 1435]; High Altar of St Anthony [1447 to 1450: in St. Anthony of Padua church]; St.

Mary Magdalene [1454: wood]

He lived 1386 to 1466.

John Huss [Huss, John] or Jan Hus [Hus, Jan]

religious reformer

Bohemia

1415

He lived 1369 to 1415. He burned at stake.

Thomas à Kempis [Kempis, Thomas à] or Thomas Hammerken [Hammerken, Thomas] or Thomas Hammerlein

[Hammerlein, Thomas]

philosopher

Agnetenberg, Germany

1418

Imitation of Christ [1418]

He lived 1379 to 1471 and was mystic.

Sejong

king

Korea

1419 to 1450

He lived 1397 to 1450, was relative of Yi Song-gye, and started official Korean script, Han'gul. He ended Japanese

piracy.

Philip the Good

duke/count

Burgundy/Flanders

1419 to 1467

He lived 1396 to 1467 and was duke of Burgundy and count of Flanders. He took Luxembourg, Netherlands, and

Belgium [1433]. He sponsored Treaty of Troyes, giving England rule of Normandy. He supported Pragueries nobles

against Charles VII. Then he allied with Charles VII of France in Treaty of Arras.

Ikkyu or Crazy Cloud

philosopher/poet/calligrapher

Zenko-an Temple, Japan

1420 to 1460

Poems [1420 to 1460: in Chinese]

He lived 1394 to 1481.

Bartolomeo Bon [Bon, Bartolomeo]

architect

Venice, Italy/Rome, Italy

1422 to 1434

Ca' d'Oro Palazzo or House of Gold or Saint Sofia Palace [1422 to 1434: Gothic palace, light and ornate]

He lived 1421 to 1464.

Charles VII or Charles the Victorious or Charles the Well-Served

king

France

1422 to 1461

He lived 1403 to 1461. Joan of Arc rallied him at Orleans [1429]. He allied with Burgundy [1435] and ended Hundred

Years War against England [1453]. He strengthened finances with Jacques Coeur, wealthy Orient trader. Coeur left

after someone poisoned Agnes Sorel, Charles' mistress. Charles VII put down Praguerie revolt of nobles.

Henry VI

king

England

1422 to 1471

He lived 1421 to 1471. During his regency, England lost to Joan of Arc and France in Hundred Years War. Queen

Margaret of Anjou and Duke of Somerset were Lancaster regents and leaders. Of Lancaster Dynasty, he became king

of France [1430] but lost Paris when Burgundians ended alliance [1436]. Richard, Duke of York, whose symbol was

the red rose, fought Queen Margaret of Anjou and Duke of Somerset for kingship in Wars of the Roses, captured Henry

VI, and killed Somerset at St. Albans [1455]. He lost kingship [1461] but got it back [1470 to 1471].

Robert Campin [Campin, Robert] or Master of Flemalle

painter

Flemalle, Flanders

1425

Merode Altarpiece [1425]

He lived 1378 to 1444 and dissolved pigments in oil {oil painting}. Oil allows more color tones and can be thick or

thin. He was among the earliest portrait artists. His Late Gothic painting is realistic, with light, depth, continuity, and

detail.

Masaccio

painter

Italy

1425 to 1427

Holy Trinity with the Virgin and St. John [1425]; Carmelite Church polyptych [1426: in Pisa]; Tribute Money [1427:

fresco in Brancacci Chapel in Church of the Carmine]; Expulsion from Paradise [1427: fresco in Brancacci Chapel in

Church of the Carmine]; St. Peter Healing the Sick with His Shadow [1427]; Madonna Enthroned [1427: in Pisa alter]

He lived 1401 to 1428, began Early-Renaissance painting, and used perspective and full-bodied figures.

Hubert van Eyck [van Eyck, Hubert]

painter

Flanders

1425 to 1432

Ghent Altarpiece [1425 to 1432: Northern Renaissance triptych including Crucifixion, Last Judgment, Annunciation,

Adam and Eve. with Jan van Eyck]

He lived 1370 to 1426 and first used atmospheric perspective.

Jan van Eyck [van Eyck, Jan]

painter

Flanders

1425 to 1434

Ghent Altarpiece [1425 to 1432: with Hubert van Eyck. Northern-Renaissance triptych includes Crucifixion, Last

Judgment, Annunciation, Adam and Eve]; Adoration of the Mystic Lamb [1432]; Man in a Red Turban [1433];

Giovanni Arnolfini and His Bride [1434]

He lived 1390 to 1441, first used oil paint, and painted the first portraits.

Joseph Albo [Albo, Joseph]

philosopher

Castile, Spain

1425 to 1444

Book of Principles [1425]

He lived 1360 to 1444 and was follower of Maimonides.

Itzcoatl

king

Mexico

1426 to 1440

Aztec king allied with Texcoco and Tlacopan, and they defeated Tapanecs. Aztecs had trade caravans controlled by

guild {pochteca}. They built pyramids, palaces, and temples. Main temple was at Tenochtitlan. It had up to 20,000

sacrifices a day.

Joan of Arc or Jeanne d'Arc [d'Arc, Jeanne] or Maid of Orleans

leader

France

1428 to 1431

She lived 1412 to 1431 and was farmer's daughter. At age 16, she said saints told her to lead France against England to

help the Dauphin. She persuaded the Dauphin, Charles VII, heir to throne, to give her troops, and she relieved besieged

city of Orléans [1429] and defeated England at Patay [1429]. She helped crown Charles VII king at Rheims. She tried

to regain Paris [1430], but Duke of Burgundy captured her at Compiegne and sold her to Duke of Bedford, regent of

England. English tried her for heresy and burned her at stake in Rouen on May 30, 1431.

She became saint [1920].

Guillaume Dufay [Dufay, Guillaume]

composer

France

1430 to 1474

He lived 1400 to 1474 and first used thirds, sixths, and false bass.

Henry the Navigator or Dom Henrique

king

Portugal

1434 to 1460

He lived 1394 to 1460 and was King John I of Portugal's son. Of Aviz Dynasty, he sent Vasco de Gama to discover

Africa at Angola. Portuguese reached Cape Bojaddor [1434], Cape Verde Islands [1444], Azores [1444], and Senegal

[1445]. He sent Cabral to discover Brazil. He sent Almeida and Albuquerque to discover East Indies. The pope gave

monopoly on Africa to Portugal by Pontifex Romanus [1455]. He started slave trade. He commissioned maps, scales,

and cartography.

Zera Yacub or Zar'a Ya'eqob

emperor

Ethiopia

1434 to 1468

He was Christian and built monasteries.

Filippo Brunelleschi [Brunelleschi, Filippo]

architect

Florence, Italy

1434 to 1469

Santa Maria degli Angeli or Saint Mary of the Angels [1434: central plan church]; San Spirito [1434]; Dome of

Florence Cathedral [1436: Octagonal ribbed dome has two lightweight shells and a small hole, through which light

shines on a metal floor plate on June 21]; Pazzi Chapel of Santa Croce or Pazzi Chapel of Holy Cross [1460]; Old

Sacristy of San Lorenzo [1469: small round columns and multiple spaces]; Foundling Hospital; Library of San Marco;

Piazza of Florence Cathedral [drawing in linear perspective]

He lived 1377 to 1446 and invented Florentine style.

Roger van der Weyden [van der Weyden, Roger]

painter

Flanders

1435

Descent from the Cross [1435]; Francesco d'Este

He lived 1399 to 1464.

Leone Battista Alberti [Alberti, Leone Battista]

architect/sculptor

Italy

1435 to 1476

Luca della Robbia [1435: marble]; Malatesta Temple [1450]; Virgin and Child [1450: glazed terracotta]; Rusellai

Palace [1455 to 1458: in Florence]; Giovanni da San Miniato [1456: marble]; Santa Andrea [1470 to 1476: in Mantua];

Hercules and Antaeus [1475: bronze]; On Painting [1435: book]; Ludi Matematici or Mathematical Games [1436:

book]; Treatise on Architecture or De Re Aedificatoria [1452 to 1458: book]

He lived 1404 to 1472.

Yupanqui or Pachacuti

emperor

Cuzco, Peru

1438 to 1470

Yupanqui was Viracocha Inca's son and choose the name Pachacuti. He defeated nearby state that invaded, reformed

government, and expanded north to Ecuador. Fortress was at Cuzco.

Pachacuti Inca Yupanqui or Pachacutec

king/architect

Cuzco, Peru/Machu Picchu, Peru/Ollantaytambo, Peru

1438 to 1471

Machu Picchu [1460 to 1470: mountain city]

He lived ? to 1471 and was Inca emperor [1438 to 1471]. Incas built roads and buildings using shaped and fitted stone

blocks. Machu Picchu is northwest of Cuzcoa and is high in mountains, with stepped streets and agricultural terraces.

Alfonso V

king

Portugal

1438 to 1481

He lived 1432 to 1481. Of Aviz Dynasty, he monopolized African trade by lease. Portuguese reached Equator [1473]

and Vongo [1482]. Fort was at Elmina, Guinea [1481]. Bartolomeu Diaz reached Cape of Good Hope [1487].

Portuguese reached Calicut, India [1498].

Lorenzo Valla [Valla, Lorenzo] or Laurentius Valla [Valla, Laurentius]

philosopher

Rome, Italy

1439

Declamation on false credit and incorrect thinking about the Donation of Constantine [1439: against the Donation of

Constantine]

He lived 1407 to 1457 and was Eclectic humanist. He opposed metaphysics as twisted language and opposed logic as

only rhetoric. Good is pleasure of soul in heaven.

Nicholas of Cusa

philosopher/mathematician

Germany/Italy

1440

Of Learned Ignorance [1440]

He lived 1401 to 1464 and influenced Council at Basle and later Council of Florence. He combined Thomist

scholasticism, Eckhart's mysticism, and science to develop a religious metaphysics.

Epistemology

People cannot know God {docta ignorantia, Nicholas of Cusa} [Nicholas of Cusa, 1440].

Metaphysics

God is one and infinite, uniting all opposites, such as essence and existence. The infinite can realize all possibilities.

World is plural, finite, and filled with opposites.

Mind

Individual person and divine essence are the same.

Fra Filippo Lippi [Lippi, Fra Filippo] or Lippo Lippi [Lippi, Lippo]

painter

Florence, Italy

1440 to 1445

Madonna and Child [1440 to 1445: Early Renaissance tempera]

He lived 1406 to 1469 and was of Florentine school.

Basilius or John Bessarion [Bessarion, John] or Johannes Bessarion [Bessarion, Johannes]

philosopher

Rome, Italy

1440 to 1460

Calumny against Plato [1440 to 1460: against George of Trebizond]

He lived 1403 to 1472, was neo-Platonist, and was archbishop of Nicaea and patriarch of Constantinople.

Shubun

painter

Japan

1440 to 1465

ink paintings [1440 to 1465]

Zen Buddhist lived 1414 to 1465 and painted in sumi style of Chinese ink painting of Muromachi period. He was

Josetsu's student and taught Sesshu.

Moctezuma Ilhuicamina or Moctezuma I or Montezuma I

emperor

Mexico

1440 to 1469

He lived 1398 to 1469. Aztecs defeated other lake cities and took east Mexico.

Frederick II

margrave

Brandenburg

1440 to 1470

He lived 1413 to 1471, was Elector of Brandenburg, and was Hapsburg.

Filippo Brunelleschi [Brunelleschi, Filippo]/Luca Fancelli [Fancelli, Luca]

architect

Florence, Italy

1440 to 1472

Pitti Palace [1440 to 1472: first construction phase used Renaissance style]

Brunelleschi lived 1377 to 1446. Fancelli lived 1430 to 1494. Bartolomeo Ammannati changed it from 1558 to 1570.

Jami or Mulla Nuru'd-Din Abdur Rahman ibn Ahmad Jami [Jami, Mulla Nuru'd-Din Abdur Rahman ibn

Ahmad] or Risalat al-Insha [al-Insha, Risalat]

poet

Persia/Herat, Tajikistan

1440 to 1490

Lava'ih or Flashes [1440]; Fragrances of Companionship or Breeze of Friendship [1440]; Chain of Gold [1470];

Baharistan or Abode of Spring [1490: poems]; Divan or Collected Poems [1440 to 1490: lyric poems]; Fatihatush

Shabab or Opening of Youth [1440: in Divan]; Wasitatul-lqd or Middle of the Necklace [1470: in Divan]; Khatimatul-

Hayat or End of Life [1490: in Divan]; Haft Awrang or Seven Thrones or Sab'a or Septet [1440 to 1490: seven

mathnavi poems]; Silsilatudh-Zahab [1440 to 1490: in Haft Awrang]; Salman-wa-Absal; Tuhfatul-Ahrar or Gift of the

Noble [1440 to 1490: in Haft Awrang]; Sabhatul-Abrar or Rosary of the Pious [1440 to 1490: in Haft Awrang]; Yusuf-

u-Zulaikha [1470: in Haft Awrang]; Laila-wa-Majnun [1440 to 1490: in Haft Awrang]; Khirad-nama-i-Sikandari or

Book of Wisdom of Alexander [1440 to 1490: in Haft Awrang]

He lived 1414 to 1492 and was of naqshbandiyya or Designers School of Sufism.

John Hunyadi [Hunyadi, John]

general

Hungary

1441 to 1456

He lived 1385 to 1456, was governor of Transylvania [1441], and took Belgrade from Ottoman Empire [1456].

Scanderbeg or Iskander Bey or George Castriota [Castriota, George]

prince

Albania

1443 to 1468

He lived 1403 to 1468. Venice supported him.

Nicholas V

pope

Rome, Italy

1447 to 1455

He lived 1397 to 1455. As pope, with Frederick III of Holy Roman Empire, he ended Great Schism by Concordat of

Vienna, which undid Council-of-Basel acts. He rebuilt St. Peter's Cathedral. Nicholas of Cusa tried to reform German

Church.

Casimir IV

king

Poland/Lithuania

1447 to 1492

He lived 1427 to 1492 and united Poland with Grand Duchy of Lithuania [1447].

Trailok

king

Siam

1448 to 1488

He lived 1431 to 1488, and reformed laws. He had military and civilian divisions, with departments for local

government, finance, and law. Siamese society had classes, and all people had land. He fought wars with northern

states. He moved capital north to P'itsanulok. He appointed his son "second king".

Andrea Mantegna [Mantegna, Andrea]

painter

Padua, Italy/Mantua, Italy

1448 to 1497

Ovetari Chapel frescoes [1448 to 1459: in Padua in Church of Eremitani. Includes St. James Led to his Execution];

Calvary [1457 to 1460]; Camera degli Sposi Frescoes or Room of the Bride and Groom or Room of the Spouses [1465

to 1474: in Mantua. Includes The Gonzaga Family]; St. Sebastian [1485: fresco]; Triumphs of Caesar [1489: fresco];

Lamentation over the Dead Christ [1490: Tempera on canvas used foreshortening]; Battle of Sea Gods [1490: fresco];

Madonna of Victory [1495: diagonal composition]; Parnassus [1497: allegory commissioned by Isabelle d'Este]

He lived 1431 to 1506.

Ashikaga Yoshimasa [Yoshimasa, Ashikaga]

shogun

Kyoto, Japan

1449 to 1490

He lived 1436 to 1490. Hosokawa and Yamana clans fought to choose new shogun [1443 to 1467]. This ended

Muromachi Era [1333 to 1467]. He built Silver Pavilion or Ginkakuji temple [1489].

Fra Angelico or Fiesole

painter

Florence, Italy

1450

Annunciation [1450: Florentine fresco in San Marco]

He lived 1302 to 1373.

Sadananda

philosopher

India

1450

Essence of Vedanta [1450: Sankara's ideas]

Andrea del Castagno [Castagno, Andrea del]

painter

Italy

1450 to 1457

Last Supper [1450: fresco in Santa Apollonia convent refectory]; David [1457: on leather shield]

He lived 1418 to 1457.

Tochihuitzin Coyolchiuhqui [Coyolchiuhqui, Tochihuitzin]

writer

Mexico

1450 to 1480

Cantares Mexicanos or Songs of the Aztecs [1450 to 1480]

He lived ? to 1481, was señor de Mexicaltzinco, and was son of Itzcoatl, ruler of Teotlaltzinco.

Marco Cara [Cara, Marco]

composer

Italy

1450 to 1500

He lived 1470 to 1525 and composed Mannerist frottole.

Bartolomeo Tromboncino [Tromboncino, Bartolomeo]

composer

Italy

1450 to 1500

He lived 1470 to 1535 and composed Mannerist frottole.

Mohammad II or Mehmed the Conqueror

sultan

Turkey

1451 to 1481

He lived 1429 to 1481, was sultan of Turkey, bombarded Constantinople for eight weeks, had 80,000 soldiers, and

started Ottoman Empire [1453]. Emperor Constantine XI of Byzantine Empire died fighting [1453].

Frederick III

emperor

Germany/Austria

1452 to 1493

He lived 1415 to 1493. Of Hapsburg Dynasty of Holy Roman Empire, he used marriages to try to make Austria rule

world.

Ibrahim Munif/Shaikh Hamadullah al-Amsani

painter

Turkey

1453 to 1500

Diwani script or Imperial script [1453 to 1500: complex Arabic calligraphy style with diagonals, for Ottoman-Empire

official documents]

Munif originated it, and Hamadullah improved it.

Johannes Gutenberg [Gutenberg, Johannes]

inventor

Germany

1456

movable type [1456]

He lived 1398 to 1468 and printed Mazarin Bible or Gutenberg Bible [1456], using transferable letters {movable type}

on printing presses.

Stephen the Great

prince

Moldavia

1457 to 1504

He lived 1437 to 1504.

Pius II

pope

Rome, Italy

1458 to 1464

He lived 1405 to 1464. As pope, he struggled with Louis XI of France and tried to unite Europe against Ottoman

Empire.

Matthias Corvinus [Corvinus, Matthias] or Messala Corvinus [Corvinus, Messala]

king

Hungary/Bohemia

1458 to 1490

He lived 1443 to 1490, was king of Hungary [1458 to 1490], conquered and became king of Bohemia [1478 to 1490]

and Austria, founded Corvina library at Buda or Budapest, and fought Ottoman Empire.

Piero della Francesca

painter

Italy

1459 to 1480

Discovery and Proving of the True Cross [1459: in San Francesco Church in Arezzo]; Ideal Town [1475]; De

Prospecttiva Pingendi or On Painting in Perspective [1480: book]

He lived 1420 to 1492.

François Villon [Villon, François] or François Montcorbier [Montcorbier, François]

poet

France

1461 to 1463

Testament [1461: including Where Are the Snows of Yesteryear, in the longer poem Ballade des dames du temps jadis]

He lived 1431 to 1463 and wrote lyric poems.

Edward IV

king

England

1461 to 1483

He lived 1442 to 1483, defeated Duke of Lancaster, and captured Henry VI. He lost later to Earl of Warwick and

Margaret of Anjou, queen to Henry VI [1470], but then he defeated them [1471]. He founded York kings. He was

Richard Duke of York's son. York kings were Edward IV, Edward V, and Richard III.

Louis XI

king

France

1461 to 1483

He lived 1423 to 1483 and was Valois. As dauphin, he conspired against his father Charles VII. He submitted to

League of the Public Weal, led by Charles the Bold of Burgundy and Francis II of Brittany, but then he reneged. He got

Peace of Ancenis from Francis II but then helped the captured Charles the Bold stop revolt of Liege. He took part of

Mary of Burgundy's lands at her death. He revoked Pragmatic Sanction of Bourges [1461], which had limited the

pope's authority and asserted French Roman Catholic Church's independence.

Sonni Ali

emperor

West Africa

1462 to 1492

He lived ? to 1492, ruled Songhai, and took east Mali to make Songhai Empire. He took trade centers Timbuktu and

Jenne in Mali. Capital was at Gao. Having overrun much of Mali, he aimed to preserve best features and develop them

under better management. His son succeeded him, but his general Askia Mohammed Turré soon took over.

Ivan III or Ivan the Great

grand duke

Moscow, Russia

1462 to 1505

He lived 1440 to 1505, freed Moscow from Golden Horde or Tatar Empire [1480], expanded state, threw out German

merchants, and took Novgorod. He married last Byzantine Emperor's niece and called himself Tsar.

John Fortescue [Fortescue, John]

judge

England

1463 to 1471

On Praiseworthy English Laws [1463]; Difference between an Absolute and Limited Monarchy [1471]

He lived 1394 to 1476 and was Chief Justice [1442 to 1461].

Thomas Littleton [Littleton, Thomas] or Thomas Lyttelton [Lyttelton, Thomas] or Thomas Lyttleton [Lyttleton,

Thomas]

judge

London, England

1466 to 1470

Tenures [1470: real property law]

He lived 1422 to 1481 and was judge at Court of Common Pleas [1466].

Charles the Bold

duke

Burgundy

1467 to 1477

He lived 1433 to 1477, controlled Low Countries, and fought Louis XI of France. He was Philip the Good's son.

Kamal-udin Bihzad [Bihzad, Kamal-udin] or Kamal-od-Din Behzad [Behzad, Kamal-od-Din]

painter

Tabriz, Iran/Herat, Afghanistan

1467 to 1494

History of Taimur [1467: miniature in Timurid style]; Garden of Sultan Hussain Bayqara [1480: miniature in Timurid

style]; Bustan of Saadi or Orchard of Saadi [1487: miniature in Timurid style]; Khamseh Tribesmen [1491: miniature

in Timurid style]; Laila and Majnoon [1494: miniature in Timurid style]

He lived 1450 to 1520, was of Herat School [1467 to 1506], was later of Tabriz School [1506 to 1520], and used

Safavid style. Herat is in northwest Afghanistan.

Luciano Laurana [Laurana, Luciano]

architect

Urbino, Italy

1468

Palace of Urbino [1468: Renaissance style]

He lived 1420 to 1479.

Marsilio Ficino [Ficino, Marsilio]

philosopher

Florence, Italy

1469 to 1473

Commentary on the Symposium [1469]; Platonic Theology [1473]

He lived 1433 to 1499, was neo-Platonist, and translated all of Plato. Love {Platonic love} can be spiritual and god-

like.

Soga Jasoku [Jasoku, Soga] or Jasoku Soga [Jasoku, Soga]

painter

Japan

1469 to 1483

Tokusan and Rinza [1469 to 1483]; Sakyamuni in His Contemplation [1469 to 1483]; Landscape [1469 to 1483]; Birds

and Flowers in the Four Seasons [1469 to 1483]

Zen Buddhist lived ? to 1483, painted in Bummei-Period sumi style, and started Soga School.

Lorenzo de' Medici

leader

Florence, Italy

1469 to 1492

He lived 1449 to 1492, stopped Pazzi Conspiracy [1748], fought the pope [until 1481], and failed to check Savonarola

[1492 to 1494].

Isabella I

queen

Castile/Leon

1469 to 1504

She lived 1451 to 1504 and married Ferdinand V [1469], king of Aragon, to found Spanish monarchy.

Thomas Mallory [Mallory, Thomas]

poet

England

1470

Morte d'Arthur [1470]

He lived 1405 to 1471.

Andrea del Verrocchio [Verrocchio, Andrea del] or Andrea di Cione [Cione, Andrea di]

sculptor

Florence, Italy/Venice, Italy

1470 to 1496

Putto with Dolphin [1470: bronze]; Baptism of Christ [1472 to 1475: bronze, with da Vinci]; David [1473 to 1475:

bronze]; Colleoni or Bartolomeo Colleoni [1496: bronze equestrian statue]

He lived 1435 to 1488.

Nzinga Nkuvu or João I

king

Bakongo/Lower Congo/Mbanza Kongo

1470 to 1507

He lived 1430 to 1506 and became Christian [1491] when Portuguese arrived.

Josquin des Prez

composer

Spain

1470 to 1521

He lived 1440 to 1521. He composed Renaissance motets that used paired voices and followed text in both rhythm and

phrasing.

Sixtus IV

pope

Rome, Italy

1471 to 1484

He lived 1414 to 1484. As pope, he struggled with Louis XI of France, fought Lorenzo de' Medici in Pazzi Conspiracy,

and founded Sistine Chapel.

Topa Inca or Tupac Inca or Tupac Yupanqui

emperor

Peru

1471 to 1493

He lived 1440 to 1493 and took Bolivia, Chile, and Argentina as commander [1463 to 1471].

Tupac Inca Yupanqui or Topa Inca

emperor

Peru

1471 to 1493

He was Inca emperor [1471 to 1493], was Pachacuti's son, and was Huayna Capac's father.

Ladislaus II or Uladislaus II

king

Bohemia/Hungary

1471 to 1516

He lived 1456 to 1516, had a double marriage treaty, was king of Hungary [1490 to 1516], and was Ladislaus II king of

Bohemia [1471 to 1516].

Ferdinand V

king

Aragon/Castile

1474 to 1516

He lived 1452 to 1516, was king of Castile [1474 to 1504], was Ferdinand II of Aragon [1479 to 1516] and Ferdinand

II of Sicily [1468 to 1516], and married Isabella I of Castile and Leon to unite Spain [1469]. He took last Moorish city

in Spain at Granada [1474]. He expelled Moors and Jews from Spain. He started Spanish Inquisition [1478]. He sent

Columbus to America [1492]. He divided overseas colonies with Portugal at Treaty of Tordesillas. He won Navarre in

Italian Wars between Spain and France.

Isabella I and Ferdinand V are the "Catholic kings".

Mary of Burgundy

duchess

Flanders

1477 to 1482

She lived 1457 to 1482. When she died, rebellion spread in Flanders.

Sandro Botticelli [Botticelli, Sandro]

painter

Florence, Italy

1478 to 1490

Allegory of Spring or La Primavera [1478]; Birth of Venus [1490]

He lived 1444 to 1510.

Rudolf Agricola [Agricola, Rudolf]

philosopher

Dilligen, Netherlands

1479

On dialectical inventions [1479]

He lived 1444 to 1485 and was Aristotelian and humanist.

Michael Pacher [Pacher, Michael]

sculptor/painter

Germany

1480 to 1483

Coronation of the Virgin [1480]; Altarpiece of the Four Latin Fathers [1483: at Sankt Wolfgang in Austria]

He lived 1435 to 1498.

Giovanni Bellini [Bellini, Giovanni]

painter

Venice, Italy

1480 to 1488

St. Francis in Ecstasy [1480]; Madonna with the Pear [1488]

He lived 1430 to 1516.

Martin Schongauer [Schongauer, Martin]

engraver

Germany

1480 to 1490

Temptation of St. Anthony [1480 to 1490: Late Gothic woodcut]

He lived 1450 to 1491 and used copper plates.

Leonardo da Vinci

sculptor/painter/architect/engineer/inventor/biologist

Italy

1480 to 1519

Helicopter [1480: drawing]; Adoration of the Magi [1482: painting]; Horse [1482: drawing]; Flying Wings [1485:

drawing]; Equestrian Monument of Francesco Sforza [1490]; Last Supper [1500: painting]; Mona Lisa [1504:

painting]; Lady with Ermine [1490: painting]; Battle of Anghiari [1505: painting]; Virgin of the Rocks [1506:

painting]; Embryo in the Womb [1510: drawing]

He lived 1452 to 1519 and studied anatomy. Fossils are sea organisms that fell to bottom in layers, but land

subsequently rose [1482 to 1499].

He used perspective and shadow. Figures were in chiaroscuro light and dark, with light coming from undefined source.

Sfumat haze makes soft veiled atmosphere to suggest more depth. Brighter objects appear larger by irradiation. He

mirror wrote, as can many left-handers. He used hydraulics in shows that he created for the duke.

Adrian Willaert [Willaert, Adrian]

composer

Europe

1480 to 1550

He lived 1490 to 1562 and composed Mannerist madrigals.

Tizoc

emperor

Mexico City, Mexico

1481 to 1486

He ruled Aztec Empire.

Maximilian I

emperor

Holy Roman Empire

1482 to 1519

He lived 1459 to 1519 and married Anne of Brittany to get part of France. Marriage caused war with France. He lost

part of France at Treaty of Arras [1482]. He regained it at Treaty of Senlis. He married Mary of Burgundy [1493] to get

Low Countries as king of Germany and Burgundy and Holy Roman emperor [1493 to 1519]. As king of Austria, he put

down rebellion in Flanders. He married niece of Ludovico Sforza to get Milan. He warred with Venice, leading to

fighting in Italian Wars and costing all his money. He reformed, tried to crusade against Turks, encouraged Swabian

League, helped merchants, patronized arts, and allowed Protestant Reformation.

Richard III

king

England

1483 to 1485

He lived 1452 to 1485. Of York Dynasty, he murdered the true king Edward V in Tower of London, put down rebellion

of Stafford, lost to Earl of Richmond (Henry VII) at Bosworth Field [1485], and was last of York kings, ending Wars of

the Roses.

Pietro Perugino [Perugino, Pietro]

painter

Italy

1485 to 1496

Annunciation [1485]; Crucifixion with Saints [1496]

He lived 1446 to 1523.

Henry VII

king

England/Wales

1485 to 1509

He lived 1465 to 1509 and was first Tudor king of England and Wales. Of Lancaster Dynasty, he invaded England and

defeated Richard III of House of York at Bosworth Field [1485]. He married a York and founded Tudor line, ending

Wars of the Roses. Tudor line was Henry VII, Henry VIII, Edward VI, Mary I, and Elizabeth I. He subdued Ireland and

negotiated peace with Scotland. He founded Star Chamber.

Giovanni Pico della Mirandola [Mirandola, Giovanni Pico della]

philosopher

Rome, Italy

1486 to 1491

Conclusions [1486]; Of Being and Unity [1491]

He lived 1463 to 1494 and was neo-Platonist. All systems have shared truths.

Ahuizotl

emperor

Mexico

1486 to 1502

He ruled at Aztec height.

Bartholomew Diaz [Diaz, Bartholomew]

discoverer

Portugal/Africa

1488

He lived 1450 to 1500, was from Portugal, explored west coast of Africa, was first to round Cape of Good Hope, and

found way to India.

Sikander Lodi [Lodi, Sikander]

sultan

India

1489 to 1517

He ruled Delhi, annexed Bihar [1492], moved capital to Agra, and invaded Rajastan.

Leo Hebraeus [Hebraeus, Leo] or Leone Hebreo [Hebreo, Leone] or Leon Hebreo [Hebreo, Leon] or Judah

Abravanel [Abravanel, Judah]

philosopher

Spain/Venice, Italy

1490 to 1510

Dialogue of Love [1490 to 1510]

He lived 1460 to 1520 and developed Jewish philosophy.

Alexander VI or Rodrigo Borgia [Borgia, Rodrigo]

pope

Rome, Italy

1492 to 1503

He lived 1431 to 1503. As pope, he was Lucrezia Borgia's and Cesare Borgia's father and was an art patron.

Christopher Columbus [Columbus, Christopher]

discoverer

Spain/San Salvador, Dominican Republic/Bahamas/Cuba/Hispaniola/Honduras/Nicaragua/Costa

Rica/Panama/Columbia

1492 to 1504

He lived 1451 to 1506 and used money from Queen Isabella I and King Ferdinand V of Spain. He rode the Santa

Maria, accompanied by the smaller Nina and Pinta, on the first of four voyages to West Indies [1492]. He explored

Honduras, Nicaragua, Costa Rica, Panama, and Columbia [1502 and 1504].

Huayna Capac [Capac, Huayna] or Quechua Wayna Qhapaq [Qhapaq, Quechua Wayna]

emperor

Peru

1493 to 1527

Huayna Capac led Inca Empire at greatest extent.

Huayna Capac [Capac, Huayna] or Quechua Wayna Qhapaq

emperor

Peru

1493 to 1527

He was Inca emperor [1493 to 1527], was Tupac's son, and was father of Huascar, Atahualpa, Manco Inca Yupanqui,

and Pawllu Inca.

Sesshu or Sesshu Toyo or Toyo Sesshu [Sesshu Toyo]

painter

Japan

1495

Ink-splash Landscape [1495]

Zen Buddhist lived 1421 to 1506 and was master of Japanese suiboku ink painting.

Peter van Diest [Diest, Peter van]

playwright

Flanders

1495 to 1518

Elckerlijc or Everyman [1495 to 1518: morality play later translated into English]

Perhaps, he was Petrus Dorlandus [1454 to 1507].

Manuel I

king

Portugal

1495 to 1521

He lived 1469 to 1521 and tried to convert Jews to Christianity, but they left.

John Cabot [Cabot, John]

discoverer

England/Canada

1497

He lived 1450 to 1499 and discovered coast of Canada.

Vasco da Gama [Gama, Vasco da]

explorer

Portugal/South Africa/India

1497 to 1499

He lived 1469 to 1524. From Portugal, he went to Cape of Good Hope, South Africa, and sailed to India. He opened

east Africa and India to trade, by force. He captured the gold-trading port of Kilwa in Zimbabwe [1498].

Girolamo Savonarola [Savonarola, Girolamo]

religious reformer

Florence, Italy

1498

He lived 1452 to 1498. He burned at stake.

Louis XII

king

France

1498 to 1515

He lived 1462 to 1515, was Valois, and resumed Italian Wars but lost to Holy Roman Empire.

Albrecht Durer [Durer, Albrecht]

painter/engraver

Germany

1498 to 1525

Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse [1498: Northern-Renaissance engraving]; Oswald Krell [1499: Northern-

Renaissance engraving]; Self-Portrait [1500: Northern-Renaissance engraving]; Young Hare [1502: Northern-

Renaissance engraving]; Tall Grasses or The Great Turf [1503: Northern-Renaissance engraving]; Adam and Eve

[1504: Northern-Renaissance engraving]; Knight, Death, and the Devil [1513: Northern-Renaissance engraving];

Melancholia I [1514: Northern-Renaissance engraving]; Head of a Walrus [1521: Northern-Renaissance engraving];

Instructions in Measuring with Compass and Straightedge [1525: book]

He lived 1471 to 1528.

Thomas de Vio [Vio, Thomas de] or Cajetan

philosopher

Milan, Italy

1499

Analogy of Names [1499]

He lived 1468 to 1534 and was Thomist and Dominican. By analogy, terms can be true of both God and finite things,

because they have terms in differing proportions. Analogies can be about inequality, attributes, or proportion.

Proportion is the only true analogy, because it is about same named thing in different amounts. The other two analogies

compare different things.

Fernando de Rojas [Rojas, Fernando de]

writer

Spain

1499

La Celestina or Celestina [1499]

He lived 1465 to 1541.

Amerigo Vespucci [Vespucci, Amerigo]

discoverer

Florence, Italy/Spain/South America

1499 to 1504

New World [1504: forgery]; Four Voyages [1504: forgery]

He lived 1454 to 1512, was from Florence, and devised system to find longitude closely. He found South America

[1499] for Spain. He voyaged to Americas [1501 to 1504]. He sailed to Plate River in South America [1502]. On

returning, he had maps made. German mapmaker Martin Waldseemuller called New World "America" [1507].

Michelangelo Buonarroti

sculptor/architect/painter

Italy

1499 to 1555

Pieta [1499: marble]; David [1504: marble]; Ceiling of Sistine Chapel [1509 to 1512: frescoes in Vatican]; Creation of

Adam [1509 to 1512: fresco in Sistine Chapel]; Division of Light from Darkness [1509 to 1512: fresco in Sistine

Chapel]; Fall of Man and the Expulsion from the Garden of Eden [1509 to 1512: fresco in Sistine Chapel]; God

Dividing the Waters from the Earth [1509 to 1512: fresco in Sistine Chapel]; Deluge [1509 to 1512: fresco in Sistine

Chapel]; Last Judgment [1509 to 1512: fresco in Sistine Chapel]; Athletes [1509 to 1512: fresco in Sistine Chapel];

Captives [1509 to 1512: fresco in Sistine Chapel]; Dawn and Evening [1509 to 1512: fresco in Sistine Chapel]; Night

and Day [1509 to 1512: fresco in Sistine Chapel]; Moses [1513: marble]; Dying Slave [1516: marble]; Rebellious Slave

[1516: marble]; Tomb of Giuliano de Medici [1519 to 1534: marble]; Laurentian Library [1525: in Florence]; New

Sacristy or Medici Chapel [1526 to 1531: in San Lorenzo]; Campidoglio or Capitol [1538 to 1564: design for Rome];

Conversion of Saul or St. Paul [1545: in Pauline Chapel in Rome]; Tomb of Pope Julius II [1545: in Rome]; St. Peter's

Cathedral drawing [1546: for Rome]; Conservator's Palace [1555: in Rome]; Senator's Palace [1555: in Rome]

He lived 1475 to 1564 and used mental force in calm body {action-in-repose, Michelangelo}.

Pedro Alvares Cabral [Cabral, Pedro Alvares]

discoverer

Portugal/Brazil

1500

He lived 1467 to 1520 and took Brazil.

Nanak

founder

Punjab/Pakistan

1500 to 1520

Sri Guru Granth Sahib or Adi Granth or Living Lord [1520]

He lived 1469.1123 to 1520 and began Sikhs in west Punjab. Babur imprisoned him [1520]. His companion was

Mardana.

Wang Yang-ming or Wang Shou-jen

philosopher

Jiangxi, China

1500 to 1520

Instructions for Practical Living [1500 to 1520]

He lived 1472 to 1529, was Neo-Confucian, and blended Confucianism, Taoism, and Buddhism in Lu-Wang School.

He used moral principles to unify close-relationship types. Mind or heart {hsin} is the most-important thing. People

should observe and control their minds.

Vallabha or Vallabhacharya

philosopher

Andhra Pradesh, India

1500 to 1530

Discourses on the Spiritual Theological Dictionary of Vyasa [1500 to 1530]; Discourses on the Spiritual Theological

Dictionary of Jaimini [1500 to 1530]; Hierarchy of Commenting Acaryas or Hierarchy of Commenting Teachers [1500

to 1530]; Grace Sprouting Code of Conduct [1500 to 1530]; Mystical Principles [1500 to 1530]

He lived 1479 to 1531 and founded a Vaishnavite cult in Rajasthan and Gujarat. He believed Shuddhadvaita-School

monism, in which Krishna or Bala Krishna or Vatsalya Bhava or Purushottama is Brahman. He emphasized grace

{pushti} and devotion {bhakti, Vallabha}. The highest grace {Maha Pushti} {Anugraha} can attain release. The body

of Krishna {Akshara} {Satchidananda} emits sparks to make things.

Askia Mohammed Turre [Turre, Askia Mohammed]

emperor

West Africa

1500 to 1600

He ruled Songhai Empire as it expanded.

Philosophy of Nature

philosophic school

Europe

1500 to 1650

School included Charles Bouille, Girolamo Cardano, Francesco Patrizzi, Giordano Bruno, Bernardino Telesio, Pietro

Pompanazzi, Tommaso Campanella, and Vanini. Material objects are atom complexes {corpuscle, atom}. Eternal atom

motions under mathematical laws govern corpuscle movements. Atoms are monads.

Ismail I or Khata'i

shah/poet

Persia

1501 to 1524

He was first Safavid, was Shia, and took Persia [1502].

Cesare Borgia [Borgia, Cesare]

cardinal

Rome, Italy

1502

He lived 1476 to 1507. He lured his enemies to castle and had them strangled.

Moctezuma II or Montezuma II or Motecuhzoma Xocoyotzin

emperor

Mexico

1502 to 1520

He lived 1466 to 1520 and lost to Cortez from Spain.

Julius II

pope

Rome, Italy

1503 to 1513

He lived 1443 to 1513. As pope, he restored papal rule of Papal States and fought Italian Wars. He called fifth Lateran

Council, which condemned the idea {Gallicanism} that French king was supreme over church in France. He patronized

art.

Desiderius Erasmus [Erasmus, Desiderius]

philosopher

Netherlands/England/Italy/Brabant

1503 to 1530

Handbook of the Militant Christian [1503]; In Praise of Folly [1509]; Education of a Christian Prince [1516]; Colloquia

[1516]; Lament of Peace [1517]; On the Civility of Boys' Manners [1530]

He lived 1466 to 1536, was Catholic and humanist, complained about Catholic Church problems, and was against

Protestant Reformation. He edited Greek and Latin writings of early Christian writers, including New Testament. He

attacked foolish thinking and abuse of people.

Epistemology

Reason and common sense are good.

Ethics

Young people should behave properly in society.

Hieronymous Bosch [Bosch, Hieronymous]

painter

Flanders

1504

Garden of Earthly Delights [1504: triptych]

He lived 1450 to 1516.

Luca Signorelli [Signorelli, Luca]

painter

Orvieto, Italy

1504

Damned Cast into Hell [1504: Renaissance style painting in Orvieto Cathedral]

He lived 1450 to 1523.

Baber or Babar or Babur

emperor

Kabul, Afghanistan

1504 to 1530

Autobiography [1510 to 1530: Hindustan description]

He lived 1483 to 1530 and was descendant of Tamerlane and Chingis Khan. He founded Mogul or Moghul Empire

[1504] when he took Delhi and killed Sultan of Delhi Sultanate. He defeated Hindu kingdoms down to Bihar. He

invaded India [1525]. He brought grapes, melons, bananas, and sugar cane to Pakistan. He liked poetry.

Lucrezia Borgia [Borgia, Lucrezia]

duchess

Ferrara, Italy

1505

She lived 1480 to 1519 and had brilliant court.

Raphael or Raffaello Sanzio [Sanzio, Raffaello]

painter

Florence, Italy/Rome, Italy

1505 to 1520

Madonna del Granduca or Madonna of the Grand Duke or Madonna con il Bambino or Madonna and Child [1505: in

Pitti Palace]; Cardinal Virtues [1510 to 1511: fresco in Vatican]; School of Athens [1510 to 1511: fresco in Vatican];

Parnassus [1510 to 1511: fresco in Stanza della Segnatura or Signature Room]; Disputa or Disputation of the Holy

Sacrament or Adoration of the Sacrament [1510 to 1511: fresco in Stanza della Segnatura]; Triumph of Galatea [1511:

fresco in Stanza della Segnatura]; Miraculous Draught of Fishes [1515]; Pope Leo X with His Nephews [1518];

Transfiguration [1520: fresco in Stanza della Segnatura]

He lived 1483 to 1520.

Donato Bramante [Bramante, Donato]

architect

Italy

1506 to 1508

Original Plan of St. Peter's Cathedral [1506: in Rome]; Tempietto of San Pietro or Saint Peter's small temple [1508: in

Rome]

He lived 1444 to 1514.

Ulrich Zasius [Zasius, Ulrich] or Faber Stapulensis [Stapulensis, Faber]

lawyer

Netherlands/Freiberg, Germany

1506 to 1521

Statutes of the City of Freiburg [1506 to 1530]

He lived 1461 to 1536 and was international lawyer.

Cornelius Agrippa [Agrippa, Cornelius] or Heinrich Cornelius Agrippa von Nettesheim [Agrippa von

Nettesheim, Heinrich Cornelius]

philosopher

Paris, France/Antwerp, Germany

1506 to 1533

On the nobility and superiority of the female sex [1509]; On occult philosophy [1531: three books]; Epistles [1506 to

1533]

He lived 1486 to 1545.

Donato Bramante [Bramante, Donato]/Michelangelo

architect

Rome, Italy

1506 to 1626

St. Peter's Cathedral [1506 to 1626: Late Renaissance church is world's largest Christian church, 230 meters by 150

meters with roof 15 stories high]

Michelangelo succeeded Bramante in 1547. Michelangelo lived 1475 to 1564.

Nzinga Mbemba or Alfonso I

king

Bakongo/Lower Congo/Mbanza Kongo

1507 to 1543

He lived 1456 to 1542, ruled Kongo kingdom in central Africa, was Christian, and allied with Portugal.

Mozaffar Ali Siyavash [Siyavash, Mozaffar Ali]

painter

Isfahan, Iran

1508 to 1535

Layla and Majnun [1508: Safavid miniature]; Rostam

Sultan Muhammad's son Mozaffar Ali Siyavash or Mosavar Mohammadi was miniature painter of Ghazvin School.

Sultan Muhammad

painter

Isfahan, Iran

1508 to 1543

Khamsa by Nezami [1539 to 1543: book illustrations]

He was of Tabriz School of miniature painters, as was Behzad, and was Aqa Mirak of Isfahan's pupil. Mir Sayyid Ali,

Mirza Ali, and Muzaffar Ali were also of Tabriz School.

Luca Pacioli [Pacioli, Luca]

mathematician

Italy

1509

On Divine Proportion [1509]

He lived 1445 to 1514. Ratios relate to beauty.

Giorgione

painter

Italy

1509 to 1510

Fete Champêtre or Outdoor Festival [1509]; Tempest [1510]; Col Tempo or La Vecchia or Old Woman [1510]

He lived 1477 to 1510.

Henry VIII

king

England

1509 to 1547

He lived 1491 to 1547 and married Katherine of Aragon, who bore Mary I. He allied with France at Field of the Cloth

of Gold. His minister was Cardinal Wolsey. Later, Charles V of Holy Roman Empire and he fought France. He got rid

of Wolsey when he failed to get divorce. He married Anne Boleyn. Thomas Cromwell became minister and started

anti-Catholic policy. He married Anne Boleyn [1530], who bore Elizabeth I. He took the pope's powers for himself,

established Church of England, and published the Bible in English. He married Jane Seymour, who bore Edward VI,

Anne of Cleves, Catherine Howard, and Catherine Parr. He also took Wales, warred with Scotland, and lost Ireland.

In 1534, he split with Roman Catholicism and became English church leader.

Peter Henlein [Henlein, Peter]

inventor

Nuremberg, Germany

1510

spring-powered clock [1510]

He lived 1480 to 1542 {spring-powered clock}.

Matthias Grunewald [Grunewald, Matthias]

painter

Germany

1510 to 1515

Isenheim Altarpiece [1510 to 1515]

He lived 1470 to 1528.

Baldassare Peruzzi [Peruzzi, Baldassare]

architect

Italy

1510 to 1520

Plan of St. Peter's [1510 to 1520]

He lived 1481 to 1536.

Thomas More [More, Thomas]

philosopher

London, England

1510 to 1535

Utopia [1516: about just and good political system]

He lived 1478 to 1535 and was Catholic humanist. Freedom requires religious tolerance. Society's problems, especially

property inequality, cause most wrongdoing. State interests are material, not spiritual. Society should organize, so

community holds all property {communism, More}, with no classes. Citizens should be equal before the law.

Punishments should not be severe.

Francisco de Vitoria [Vitoria, Francisco de]

lawyer

Salamanca, Spain

1510 to 1539

On Indians [1532]; On Law of War [1532]; Theological Reflections [1539: natural and international law]

He lived 1483 to 1546, was Dominican, and was at Salamanca. He wrote about natural and international law, especially

as applied to American native peoples.

Selim I or Selim the Grim

sultan

Istanbul, Turkey

1512 to 1520

He lived 1467 to 1520 and led Ottoman Empire at height. He defeated Persia and got Kurdistan, defeated Mamelukes

in Syria and Egypt, killed many Shiite Moslems, and got Caliphate by taking over Mecca and Medina.

Vasco Nunez de Balboa [Balboa, Vasco Nunez de]

explorer

Spain/Panama/Pacific Ocean

1513

He lived 1475 to 1519. From Spain, he was first European to see Pacific Ocean at Panama (Darien).

Juan Ponce de Léon [Ponce de Léon, Juan]

discoverer

Spain/Florida/Puerto Rico

1513

He lived 1460 to 1521 and discovered Florida, and later tried to colonize Florida. He also governed Puerto Rico.

Giovanni di Lorenzo de' Medici [Medici, Giovanni di Lorenzo de'] or Leo X

pope

Florence, Italy/Rome, Italy

1513 to 1521

He lived 1475 to 1521 and was pope [1513 to 1521].

Christian II

king

Denmark

1513 to 1523

He lived 1481 to 1559 and was king of Denmark, Norway, and Sweden [1513 to 1523] and Denmark [1513 to 1523].

Of Oldenburg line, he took Stockholm, Sweden, after Sture family died out at Lake Asunde [1520].

Niccolo Machiavelli [Machiavelli, Niccolo]

philosopher

Florence, Italy

1513 to 1527

Prince [1513]; Discourses on the First Ten Books of Livy [1513: about political theory]; Mandrake Root [1515:

comedy]; History of Florence [1520 to 1527]

He lived 1469 to 1527.

Politics

Government must maintain public order, because human nature is not noble or honest. Government must maintain itself

to maintain order. State actions are justifiable if they are in ruler's interest, because people act to achieve their own

interests. Means justify ends, to maintain public order.

State's goals are national independence, security, and well-ordered constitution. States need religion for social cohesion.

Power is necessary to achieve state's purposes. However, no legitimate power source exists in states. Opinion,

propaganda, virtue, and semblance of virtue can secure power and authority.

Liberty requires virtue in people. Personal rights in states should be commensurate with power. Rulers are better if

there is no censorship. People have right to rule. People in states need power, to stabilize state through system of

checks and balances. Tyrannies are bad.

Andreas Alciatus of Milan [Alciatus of Milan, Andreas]/Viglius ab Aytta [Aytta, Viglius ab]

lawyer

Milan, Italy

1514

Commentary on the laws and canons of the Church of England [1514]

Alciatus lived 1492 to 1550, wrote about international law, and founded Bourges University. He tried to discover pure

Roman law from commentaries and added good other laws.

Baldassare Castiglione [Castiglione, Baldassare]

essayist

Italy

1514

Il Libro del Cortegiano or Book of the Courtier [1514: essay]

He lived 1478 to 1529. Respect and worship of women have rules of conduct.

Francis I

king

France

1515 to 1547

He lived 1494 to 1547. With Venice, he resumed Italian Wars and won at Marignano. He lost election to be emperor of

Holy Roman Empire to Charles V [1519]. He failed to ally with England at Field of the Cross of Gold. He attacked

Charles V and lost at Pavia [1525]. He signed Treaty of Madrid, giving up claims to Spanish territory. He formed

League of Cognac with the pope, Venice, and Florence, leading to another war with Charles V. War ended to League's

disadvantage at Treaty of Cambrai [1529]. He allied with Suleiman I of Ottoman Empire and fought Charles V of Holy

Roman Empire and Henry VIII of England [1542]. He had to sign Treaty of Crepy, in which France lost Naples and

Flanders and Charles V lost Burgundy.

Pietro Pomponazzi [Pomponazzi, Pietro]

philosopher

Padua, Italy

1516

On the Immortality of the Soul [1516]

He lived 1462 to 1525 and was Aristotelian. Philosophy does not support Christianity.

Charles I

king

Spain

1516 to 1558

He lived 1500 to 1558, was Charles I of Spain [1516 to 1556] and was Charles V of Holy Roman Empire [1519 to

1558]. He fought France under Francis I in Italian Wars, sacked Rome, and got Italy. He then succeeded Ferdinand V

and Isabella I as Charles I of Spain. He defeated Schmalkaldic League but compromised his anti-Protestant position by

Peace of Augsburg [1555]. He promoted Catholic Reformation. He conquered Mexico and Peru. Silver mined at Potosi,

Peru, helped cause inflation in Europe.

Martin Luther [Luther, Martin]

priest/theologian

Germany

1517 to 1538

95 Theses [1517]; Confession of Faith [1520]; Book of Concord [1538]

He lived 1483 to 1546 and began Protestant Reformation when he posted his 95 Theses on church door at Worms

[1517]. He broke away from Roman Catholic Church, started Reformation, and founded Lutheran Church. He helped

found educational system and translated Bible into German. Faith is more important than good works. Grace of God

redeems sin. Reason, tainted by original sin, is inimical to God.

Antonio da Sangallo the Younger [Sangallo the Younger, Antonio da]/Michelangelo/Giacomo della Porta [Porta,

Giacomo della]

architect/sculptor

Rome, Italy

1517 to 1590

Farnese Palace [1517 to 1589: Baroque]; Il Gesù Facade [1575 to 1584]; St. Peter's Cathedral Dome [1590: Dome is 20

meters higher than dome of Capitol Building in Washington]

Porta lived 1533 to 1602 and completed collaborations with Sangallo and Michelangelo. Sangallo the Younger lived

1484 to 1546. Sangallo the Elder lived 1455 to 1534.

Titian or Vecellio Tiziano [Tiziano, Vecellio]

painter

Italy

1518 to 1570

Assumption of the Virgin [1518]; Man with the Glove [1522]; Bacchanal of the Andrians [1525]; Madonna with

Members of the Pesaro Family [1526]; Paul III and His Grandsons Ottavio and Cardinal Alessandro Farnese [1546];

Charles V [1548]; Christ Crowned in Thorns [1570]

He lived 1485 to 1576.

Ferdinand Magellan [Magellan, Ferdinand]

discoverer

Spain/Philippines

1519 to 1522

He lived 1480 to 1521. His ships circumnavigated world and showed Asia and America relation to Europe. Magellan

discovered Philippines [1521] and claimed them for Spain. Juan Sebastian Del Cano returned home, but Magellan was

slain.

Domenico Bernabei [Bernabei, Domenico] or Domenico da Cortona [Cortona, Domenico da]

architect

Italy

1519 to 1539

Chateau de Chambourd [1519 to 1539: Early Renaissance castle]

He lived 1470 to 1549.

Charles V

emperor

Germany/Austria

1519 to 1554

He lived 1500 to 1558. As Archduke of Austria and king of Spain, nobles elected him Holy Roman Emperor [1519].

Hapsburg Dynasty of Holy Roman Empire included Spain, Latin America, Naples, Sicily, Low Countries, and Austria.

He defeated the peasants in Peasants' War [1524 to 1526] and in other uprisings.

This preserved feudalism [until 1806].

He had to give power to German princes. He abdicated in favor of his brothers and son [1554] to become Charles I of

Spain [until 1556]. As Holy Roman Empire emperor and Austria king, he added territory in Flanders and Holland

[1490]. He took Rome and captured Pope Clement VII [1527].

Hwadam or Flowery Pool or So Kyongdok

philosopher

Kaesong, Korea

1520 to 1540

Sijo or Shijo or Short Poems [1520 to 1540: poems]

He lived 1489 to 1546 and taught the sijo poet Hwang Chini. Great harmony {taehwa} unites the "i" and "ki" of neo-

Confucianism.

Claude de Lorraine [Lorraine, Claude de]

duke

Guise, France

1520 to 1550

He lived 1496 to 1550 and was first Duke of Guise [1520 to 1550], branching from House of Lorraine. Second Duke of

Guise [1550 to 1588] controlled King Francis II of France, suppressed Protestant Huguenots, and provoked Wars of

Religion [1562] by opposing Catherine de' Medici's tolerance. He helped plan St. Bartholomew's Day massacre of

Protestants in Paris. He formed Catholic League [1576] and revolted against Henry III [1588].

Suleiman I or Suleiman the Magnificent or Suleiman the Lawgiver or Sulayman the Magnificent

sultan

Istanbul, Turkey

1520 to 1566

He lived 1494 to 1566. As Sultan of Ottoman Empire [1520 to 1566], he conquered Belgrade, Rhodes, Hungary at

Mohacs, Persia, Arabian coast, and Mediterranean Sea under Admiral Barbarossa. He lost siege of Vienna, failed to

take Malta and Tunis, and did not defeat Spain or Venice at sea. He allied with France against Austria [1536], reformed

government, and favored arts.

Hernando Cortez [Cortez, Hernando] or Hernan Cortes [Cortes, Hernan]

discoverer

Spain/Mexico

1521

He lived 1485 to 1547. Coming to Mexico for Spain, people thought he was descendant of the Aztec god Quetzalcoatl.

He renounced his allegiance to Spain and defeated Spanish army. He turned to defeated Aztecs, but he lost his powers.

John Skelton [Skelton, John]

poet

England

1521

Speke Parrot [1521: satire]

He lived 1460 to 1529.

John III

king

Portugal

1521 to 1557

He lived 1502 to 1557, was Manuel I's son, started Inquisition, and increased slavery. Kingdom was at height.

Ignatius of Loyola

priest

Rome, Italy

1522 to 1539

Spiritual Exercises [1522 to 1524]

He lived 1491 to 1556 and founded Society of Jesus {Jesuit} monastic order [1539], to serve the pope as teachers and

missionaries. He later became Catholic saint.

Ludovico Vives [Vives, Ludovico] or Johann Ludwig Vives [Vives, Johann Ludwig] or Juan Luis Vives [Vives,

Juan Luis]

philosopher

Aragon, Spain

1523

Instruction of a Christian Woman [1523]

He lived 1492 to 1540 and was humanist and Neoplatonist.

Clement VII

pope

Rome, Italy

1523 to 1534

He lived 1475 to 1534 and was Medici. As pope, he first opposed but then crowned Charles V as Holy Roman Empire

emperor. He opposed Henry VIII's divorce.

Hans Holbein the Younger [Holbein the Younger, Hans]

painter

Germany

1523 to 1540

Erasmus [1523]; Madonna of Burgomeister Meyer [1526]; Sir Thomas More and His Family [1527]; Henry VIII

[1540]

He lived 1497 to 1543.

Gustavus I

king

Sweden

1523 to 1560

He lived 1496 to 1560. Nobles elected him king after he led peasants revolt against Denmark and dissolved Kalmar

Union. He established Lutheran Church [1527]. He ended economic dependence on Hanseatic League by defeating it

[1537]. He founded Vasa Dynasty: Gustavus I, Eric XIV, Charles IX, Gustavus II, Christina, Charles X, and Charles

XI.

Girolamo Cardano [Cardano, Girolamo] or Gerolamo Cardano [Cardano, Gerolamo]

mathematician/physician/inventor

Milan, Italy

1524 to 1545

Book of Games of Chance [1524]; Practice of Arithmetic and Simple Mensuration [1540]; Great Arts [1545]; universal

joint or cardan shaft [1545]; combination lock

He lived 1501 to 1576 and found general-cubic-equation and general-quartic-equation solutions. He studied negative-

number square roots and essentially discovered complex numbers, finding complex-number roots of x + y = 10 and x*y

= 40. Cubic equation can be x^3 = p*x + q, where p and q can be zero, positive, or negative. Cubic equation can have

up to three roots, all real numbers. If there are three roots {casus irreducibilis}, intermediate steps to solution can

require complex numbers. He also studied game probability and began probability theory.

Politics

Culture and politics relate, as actual states and history show.

Tahmasp

shah

Iran

1524 to 1576

He lived 1514 to 1576. Safavids ruled Persia.

Jacob the Czech of Prague

inventor

Prague, Czech Republic

1525

fusee [1525]

Conical devices {fusee} can keep constant tension in clock springs.

Diego Ribeiro [Ribeiro, Diego]

mapmaker

Spain

1525

He lived ? to 1533 and charted Pacific Ocean.

Correggio

painter

Italy

1525 to 1532

Assumption of the Virgin [1525]; Jupiter and Io [1532]

He lived 1489 to 1534.

Giulio Romano

painter

Italy

1525 to 1535

Polyphemus the Cyclops [1525 to 1535: Mannerist]

He lived 1499 to 1546 and started academic style.

Lucas Cranach the Elder [Cranach the Elder, Lucas]

engraver

Germany

1528 to 1545

Judgment of Paris [1528]; Stag Hunt of the Elector Frederick the Wise [1529: Northern Renaissance]; Christ Blessing

the Children [1545]

He lived 1472 to 1553. Lucas Cranach the Younger lived 1515 to 1586.

Albrecht Altdorfer [Altdorfer, Albrecht]

painter

Germany

1529

Battle of Issus [1529: Northern-Renaissance panel]

He lived 1480 to 1538.

Martin Luther [Luther, Martin]

lyricist/composer

Worms, Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany

1529

Mighty Fortress Is Our God [1529: music is Ein' Feste Burg, translated by Frederick H. Hedge in 1914]

He lived 1483 to 1546.

John Calvin [Calvin, John]

theologian/religious reformer

Geneva, Switzerland

1530 to 1564

Institutes of the Christian Religion [1530]

He lived 1509 to 1564, broke away from Roman Catholic Church, and founded Calvinism.

God has all authority, dictated the Bible, and created good world. People are sinful. Christ can redeem them. People are

predestined to heaven or hell. People should work hard and try to be successful. Redemption is by faith alone, but thrift,

industry, order, and steadfastness are virtues. God knows all actions at time's beginning {predestination, Calvin}. The

Bible has religious authority, not Pope.

Tabinshwehti

king

Burma

1531 to 1550

He lived 1512 to 1550, was of Toungoo dynasty [1531 to 1550], took Pegu from Mons [1546], and became king of

Burma.

Ludovico Ariosto [Ariosto, Ludovico]

poet

Italy

1532 to 1533

Orlando Furioso [1532: epic poem]

He lived 1474 to 1533.

Francisco Pizarro [Pizarro, Francisco]

discoverer

Spain/Peru

1532 to 1541

He lived 1475 to 1541 and conquered Peru starting at Cajamarca and marching to Cuzco [1533]. He ruled until

assassinated.

Aqa Mirak [Mirak, Aqa] or Agha Mirak [Mirak, Agha] or Aqa Jalal ad-Din Mirak al-Hasani [Mirak al-Hasani,

Aqa Jalal ad-Din]

painter

Isfahan, Iran

1532 to 1543

Firdausi Encounters the Court Poets of Ghazna [1532]; Khamsa by Nezami [1539 to 1543]

He taught Sultan Muhammad.

François Rabelais [Rabelais, François]

novelist

France

1533

Gargantua and Pantagruel [1533]

He lived 1494 to 1553.

Ivan IV or Ivan the Terrible

grand duke/tsar

Moscow, Russia

1533 to 1584

He lived 1530 to 1584 and was three years old when he became grand duke [1533]. Later, he began rule himself [1547

to 1584]. He took European Russia and Siberia, conquering Tatars under Yermak [1582]. He lost Poland and Sweden.

He put down nobles, created army corps to put down rebellion, and became insane.

Jacques Cartier [Cartier, Jacques]

explorer

France/Canada

1534

He lived 1491 to 1557. From France, he explored and then settled in Canada.

Manco Inca Yupanqui

emperor

Peru

1534 to 1537

He lived 1516 to 1544 and was last Inca emperor [1534 to 1537].

Paul III

pope

Rome, Italy

1534 to 1549

He lived 1468 to 1549. As pope, he founded modern Inquisition and censorship and began Catholic reform.

Paracelsus or Philippus Aureolus [Aureolus, Philippus]

alchemist

Innsbruck, Austria

1536

Great Surgery Book [1536]

He lived 1493 to 1541. He searched for substance {philosopher's stone, Paracelsus} that can control nature by

strengthening essence of universe in all things. To mercury and sulfur, he added salt, for body, to have three primary

substances {tria prima}.

Philippe Verdelot [Verdelot, Philippe]

composer

Europe

1536

Madrigal book [1536]

He lived 1475 to 1552 and composed Mannerist madrigals.

Costanzo Festa [Festa, Costanzo]

composer

Europe

1537

Magnificat [1537]

He lived 1490 to 1545 and composed Mannerist madrigals.

Nicolo Tartaglia [Tartaglia, Nicolo]

mathematician

Venice, Italy

1537 to 1546

New Sciences [1537]; New Problems and Inventions [1546]

He lived 1499 to 1557 and found general solution to cubic equation.

Cosimo I de Medici

duke

Florence, Italy

1537 to 1574

He lived 1519 to 1574, had absolute power, and led Florence at height. He became grand duke of Tuscany [1569 to

1574] through the pope's order. He was Giovanni de' Medici or Giovanni delle Bande Nere's son [1498 to 1526]. He

gained a banking fortune, patronized arts, and started Medici rule.

Francis Xavier [Xavier, Francis]

missionary

Japan

1539 to 1551

He lived 1506 to 1552 and was Roman Catholic saint and missionary [1539 to 1551].

Domingo de Soto [de Soto, Domingo]

discoverer

Spain/Georgia

1540

He lived 1494 to 1560, was Dominican, explored Georgia, and started Sea Island Missions.

Toegye or Yi Hwang or Retreating Creek or Gyeongho

philosopher

Hanseong (Seoul), Korea

1540 to 1560

Sijo or Shijo or Short Poems [1540 to 1560: poems]; Ten Diagrams on Sage Learning [1540 to 1560]; Outline and

Explanations of the Works of Zhu Xi [1540 to 1560]; Commentary on the Scripture of the Heart [1540 to 1560];

History of Neo-Confucianism in the Song, Yuan and Ming Dynasties [1540 to 1560]; Four-Seven Debate [1540 to

1560: discusses Mencius with Ki Taesung]

He lived 1501 to 1570. He emphasized effort and devotion {chisung}, as neo-Confucian mental strength {kyung} with

emphasis on action. Process allows the "i" and "ki" of neo-Confucianism to derive from each other.

Francesco Primaticcio [Primaticcio, Francesco]/Sebastiano Serlio [Serlio, Sebastiano]

architect

France

1541 to 1545

Fontainebleau Palace [1541 to 1545: French Mannerist]

Primaticcio lived 1504 to 1570. Serlio lived 1475 to 1554.

Bartolomé de las Casas [Casas, Bartolomé de las]

philosopher

Mexico

1542

Brief Account of the Devastation of the Indies [1542]

He lived 1484 to 1566 and was for Native American rights.

Lodovico Ferrari [Ferrari, Lodovico]

mathematician

Italy

1542

He lived 1522 to 1565 and found general solution to quartic equation [1542].

Mary Stuart or Mary Queen of Scots

queen

Scotland

1542 to 1587

She lived 1542 to 1587, was queen of Scotland [1542 to 1567], and was queen consort of France [1559 to 1560]. She

escaped to England after her husband's murder and her remarriage. She engaged in several attempts to get throne from

Queen Elizabeth I, with Catholic support, because she was Catholic. England beheaded her [1587].

Nicholas Copernicus [Copernicus, Nicholas]

astronomer

Poland

1543

On the Revolutions of the Celestial Orbs [1543]

He lived 1473 to 1543 and invented heliocentric theory of solar system.

Andreas Vesalius [Vesalius, Andreas]

biologist

Flanders/Basel, Switzerland

1543

On the Structure of the Human Body [1543]

He lived 1514 to 1564 and studied animal and human anatomy.

Domingo de Soto of Segovia [Soto of Segovia, Domingo de]

philosopher

Segovia, Spain

1544 to 1545

Aristotelian Commentaries [1544]; Eight Books on Aristotelian Physics [1545: commentary on Aristotle's Categories]

He lived 1494 to 1560, was Francis Vittoria's student, was in School of Salamanca, and was Thomist.

Daniele da Volterra [Volterra, Daniele da]

painter

Rome, Italy

1545

Descent from the Cross [1545: in Church of the Trinità dei Monti]

Mannerist lived 1509 to 1566.

Pierre Lescot [Lescot, Pierre]

architect

Paris, France

1546

Louvre [1546: Court southwest side is High Renaissance]

He lived 1510 to 1578.

Berndt Notke [Notke, Berndt]

sculptor

Germany/Stockholm, Sweden

1546

St. George Group [1546: Northern-Renaissance wood sculpture in Cathedral of Saint Nicholas, including St. George

and the Dragon]

He lived 1435 to 1509, was from Germany, carved wood, and painted.

Edward VI

king

England

1547 to 1553

He lived 1537 to 1553 and was under regency of Duke of Somerset, Edward Seymour, who eased heresy and treason

laws, favored Protestants, and helped yeomen. Duke of Northumberland engineered Somerset's downfall and caused

struggle for throne by opposing Mary I.

Chrétien Herlin [Herlin, Chrétien]/Conrad Dasypodius [Dasypodius, Conrad]

inventor

Strasbourg, France

1547 to 1574

astronomical clock [1547 to 1574: clock with escapement and moving figures]

Dasypodius lived 1532 to 1604.

Philip Melancthon [Melancthon, Philip]

minister

Wittenberg, Saxony, Germany

1548

History of the Life and Acts of Luther [1548]

He lived 1497 to 1560 and broke away from Roman Catholic Church. He used Aristotle to make philosophy for

Protestantism.

Peter Ramus [Ramus, Peter] or Petrus Ramus [Ramus, Petrus] or Pierre de la Ramée [Ramée, Pierre de la]

philosopher

Paris, France

1549

Arguments in Rhetoric Against Quintilian [1549]

He lived 1515 to 1572. Rhetoric and grammar demonstrate that people can use reasoning at will. Answering question

requires correct viewpoint {invention}. Selecting invention to apply to question requires judgment {judicium}. Good

judgment selects correct viewpoint for question by relating subject and object using category, cause, effect, or relation.

Person's judgments unite to build philosophical system. Judgments and system relate to God.

Jacques Arcadelt [Arcadelt, Jacques]

composer

Europe

1550

Il Bianco e Dolce Cigno or Sweet White Swan [1550]; Ave Maria or Hail Mary [1550]

He lived 1504 to 1568 and composed Mannerist madrigals.

Benvenuto Cellini [Cellini, Benvenuto]

sculptor

Italy

1550

Saltcellar of Francis I [1550: Mannerist]

He lived 1500 to 1571.

Hiawatha or Ayenwatha

chief

USA

1550

As Lone Pine tribe chief, he created Iroquois Confederation of Native American tribes in northeast USA and so became

Onondaga and Mohawk chief.

Sadiqi-Beg or Sadegh Beig [Beig, Sadegh]

calligrapher

Isfahan, Iran

1550

Dragon and Horseman [1550]

He lived 1533 to 1610, wrote Arabic calligraphy, painted miniatures, and was of Ghazvin School.

Lelio Sozzini [Sozzini, Lelio] or Laelius Socinus [Socinus, Laelius]

philosopher

Italy

1550 to 1560

Commentary on John 1 [1550 to 1560]

He lived 1525 to 1562, and founded Anti-trinitarian movement.

Giorgio Vasari [Vasari, Giorgio]

architect/historian

Florence, Italy

1550 to 1560

Uffizi Gallery [1559 to 1560]; Lives of the Most Excellent Architects, Sculptors, and Painters [1550: book]

He lived 1511 to 1574.

Jacques Cujas [Cujas, Jacques] or Jacques de Cujas [Cujas, Jacques de] or Cujacius

lawyer

Paris, France

1550 to 1580

Criticisms and Observations [1550 to 1580]; Additional Commentary [1550 to 1580: on Digest and Code of Justinian,

especially Ulpian and Paulus]

He lived 1520 to 1590 and helped establish Continental law and international law, using original sources. He studied

law at Bourges University, was Alciati's pupil's student, and studied law's relations to history and literature.

Rikyu or Sen no Rikyu [Rikyu, Sen no] or Sen no Rikyu Koji [Rikyu Koji, Sen no]

philosopher

Kyoto, Japan

1550 to 1591

Poems [1550 to 1591]

He lived 1518 to 1591 and perfected tea ceremony.

Vijnanabhiksu

philosopher

Uttar Pradesh, India

1550 to 1600

Essence of Yoga [1550 to 1600: about Yoga]; Conveying Intelligence about Yoga [1550 to 1600: about Yoga]; System

of Sankhya [1550 to 1600: about Sankhya yoga]; Spiritual Theological Dictionary and Announcements of Sankhya

[1550 to 1600: about Sankhya yoga]

Bayinnaung or Braginoco or Barinnaung

king

Burma/Thailand

1551 to 1581

From Burma, he took Thailand.

Mary I

queen

England

1553 to 1558

She lived 1516 to 1558. Staunch Catholic, she married Philip II of Spain, allied with Spain, and restored England to

Catholic Church. Her religious persecutions made her Bloody Mary.

Gerhardus Mercator [Mercator, Gerhardus]

geographer

Duisberg, Flanders

1554 to 1594

Atlas [1569]

He lived 1512 to 1594, drew maps [1554], and created Mercator's projection [1569].

Nostradamus

poet

France

1555

Centuries [1555: poetic prophecies]

He lived 1503 to 1566.

Paul IV

pope

Rome, Italy

1555 to 1559

He lived 1476 to 1559. As pope, he altered papacy.

Barma or Postnik Yakovlev [Yakovlev, Postnik]

architect

Moscow, Russia

1555 to 1561

Cathedral of St. Basil the Blessed or Intercession Cathedral [1555 to 1561: Byzantine tented church next to Kremlin

has bulb-shaped wood towers]

Cathedral has hipped roof with small arches in tiers. Ivan the Terrible had it built after he captured Kazan Khanate. St.

Basil has chapel built by Czar Fedor Ivanovich [1588].

William the Silent or William of Orange

stadholder

Netherlands

1555 to 1584

He lived 1533 to 1584. As prince of Orange, Spain appointed him stadholder of Holland [1555]. Later, he supported the

Gueux, who were Dutch and Flemish nobles opposed to intervention from Spain, and fought Spain. After deposing

Philip II of Spain, he ruled United Provinces [1579 to 1584] and founded Dutch Republic. Someone assassinated him

before struggles with Spain ended.

Louise Labé [Labé, Louise] or La Belle Cordière [Cordière, La Belle]

poet

Lyon, France

1556

Sonnet I What If The Hero [1556]; Sonnet II Your Cold, Appraising Eyes [1556]; Sonnet III My Long Desire [1556];

Sonnet IV When Love Arrives [1556]; Sonnet V Bright Venus [1556]; Sonnet VI Twice Blessed [1556]; Sonnet VII

All Love Is Seen [1556]; Sonnet VIII I Live, I Die [1556]; Sonnet IX However Soon [1556]; Sonnet X When I Catch

Sight [1556]; Sonnet XI One Passing Glance [1556]; Sonnet XII O Lute, True Friend [1556]; Sonnet XIII If Only I

Were Ravished [1556]; Sonnet XIV As Long As Tears [1556]; Sonnet XV Pay Homage [1556]; Sonnet XVI A Bolt of

Lightning [1556]; Sonnet XVII I Run Away [1556]; Sonnet XVIII O Kiss Me [1556]; Sonnet XIX The Beautiful Diana

[1556]; Sonnet XX I Always Knew [1556]; Sonnet XXI That Solemn Grandeur [1556]; Sonnet XXII O Shining Sun

[1556]; Sonnet XXIII Alas! You Used To Pour Out Lavish Praise [1556]; Sonnet XXIV Do Not Blame Me, Ladies

[1556]; À Mademoiselle Clémence de Bourges [1556]; Au temps qu'Amour or In the Time of Love [1556]; D'un tel

vouloir or Wanting [1556]; Quand vous lirez or When you listen [1556]

She lived 1524 to 1566 and was of the Lyons School of Humanist poets, which used the Petrarchan sonnet.

Philip II

king

Spain

1556 to 1598

He lived 1527 to 1598 and ascended when his father, Charles I, abdicated. He got Netherlands, Belgium, and

Luxembourg at Treaty of Augsburg between Spain and Holy Roman Empire. Belgium had Flanders, Hainaut, Limburg,

Antwerp, and Brabant. He married Mary I of England but left when he did not become king of England. He fought

France. By Treaty of Cateau-Cambresis [1559], Spain became leading European power, holding America, Naples,

Sicily, Netherlands, Belgium, Luxembourg, Portugal, Milan, and Franche-Comte in France. He was strong Catholic

and emphasized Spanish Inquisition. When he imposed the Inquisition in the Netherlands, William the Silent led

rebellion against Duke of Alba. Philip II took Portugal when Henry I died, with support of legislature {Cortes} of

Portugal. Because Francis Drake had raided Cadiz and England's navy had helped Netherlands, he built Spanish

Armada, but it lost [1588]. He helped Catholic League in Wars of Religion in France. He gained Philippines.

Akbar or Great Mogul

emperor

India

1556 to 1605

He lived 1542 to 1605. Mogul Empire took Afghanistan and rest of north India. Agra was capital. He reformed

government, allowed religious tolerance, and started land tax. He married the Rajputana Hindu king's daughter. Urdu

language started, which was Hindi language with Turkish and Persian words.

Index

inquisition

Rome, Italy

1557

Inquisition listed banned books.

Sebastian

king

Portugal

1557 to 1578

He lived 1554 to 1578 and lost Africa.

Giovanni della Casa [Casa, Giovanni della]

writer

Italy

1558

Il Galateo [1558]

He lived 1503 to 1556. Gentleman has good manners.

Ferdinand I

emperor

Austria/Germany/Hungary/Bohemia

1558 to 1564

He lived 1503 to 1564. Of Hapsburg Dynasty of Holy Roman Empire, he fought Suleiman I in Hungary, pushed

Protestant Reformation, abolished liberty, fought Peasants' War, and got Peace of Augsburg [1555].

Elizabeth I

queen

England

1558 to 1603

She lived 1533 to 1603, was Tudor, and built navy, colonies, and trade under her ministers Burghly and Cecil. She

favored Anglicans against Protestants and first sheltered then imprisoned Mary, Queen of Scots. She had romances

with Earl of Essex and Earl of Leicester.

Paolo Veronese [Veronese, Paolo]

painter

Venice, Italy

1559 to 1576

Supper at Emmaus [1559: in Church of San Sebastian in Venice]; Marriage at Cana [1562]; Rape of Europa [1576: in

Ducal Palace in Venice]

He lived 1528 to 1588.

Catherine de' Medici

regent

France

1560

She lived 1519 to 1589. Catherine de' Medici, queen to Henry II, was regent for Charles IX of France [1560]. She

persecuted Protestants.

Orlando di Lasso [Lasso, Orlando di]

composer

Flanders/France

1560

Penitential Psalms [1560]

He lived 1532 to 1594, composed masses, motets, and choral music, and invented cross-relation.

Filippo Neri [Neri, Filippo]

saint

Rome, Italy

1560 to 1580

He lived 1515 to 1595 and became Roman Catholic saint.

Theresa of Avila

saint

Rome, Italy

1560 to 1580

She lived 1515 to 1582 and became Roman Catholic saint.

Muhammadi

painter

Middle East

1560 to 1586

miniatures [1560 to 1586]

He painted miniatures.

Shaikh Bahai [Bahai, Shaikh] or Shaykh Baha'i [Baha'i, Shaykh] or Sheykh-e Baha'ee [Baha'ee, Sheykh-e] or

Sheikh Baha' al-Din Mohammed bin Hossein Ameli [Ameli, Sheikh Baha' al-Din Mohammed bin Hossein]

poet

Persia

1560 to 1605

Tashrih al-Aflak or Explanation of Heavens [1605: poem about astrology]; Risalat Khulasat al-Hisab or Khulasat al-

Hisab or Kholasat al-Hesab or al-Khullasah Fil Hisab or Treatise on Reckoning [1560 to 1605: about mathematics];

Milk and Sugar [1560 to 1605: masnavi poem]; Bread and Sweet Paste [1560 to 1605: masnavi poem]; Kashkool or

Scraps [1560 to 1605: stories and Persian and Arabic proverbs]; Collection [1560 to 1605: essays]

He lived 1532 to 1610 and wrote in Arabic.

John Hawkins [Hawkins, John]

slaver

West Africa

1562

He lived 1532 to 1595. From England, he took slaves from West Africa to Americas.

Vincinzo Galilei [Galilei, Vincinzo]

composer

Italy

1563 to 1584

Dialogo della musica antica et della moderna or Dialogue on ancient and modern music [1581]; Fronimo or Lute

Playing [1584]

He lived 1528 to 1591 and composed Baroque monodic works.

Andrea Amati [Amati, Andrea]

instrument maker

Cremona, Italy

1564

He lived 1520 to 1578 and perfected violins [1564], labeling them Amadus or Andreas Amatus and using varnish with

amber color. His sons, Antonio Amati and Girolamo Amati, used Antonius Amatus and Hieronymus Amatus. Girolamo

Amati's son Niccolò Amati [1596 to 1684] built the best ones [1645], labeling them Nicolaus Amatus. His students

were Antonio Stradivari, Andrea Guarneri, and his son Girolamo Amati [1649 to 1740].

Lopez de Legaspi [Legaspi, Lopez de]

discoverer

Spain/Philippines

1564

He lived 1502 to 1572 and conquered Philippines.

Germain Pilon [Pilon, Germain]

sculptor

France

1564 to 1583

Tomb of Henry II and Catherine de Medici [1564 to 1583: Mannerist]

He lived 1535 to 1590.

Carlo Borromeo [Borromeo, Carlo] or San Carlo Borromeo [Borromeo, San Carlo] or Charles Borromaeus

[Borromaeus, Charles]

cardinal/architect/saint

Milan, Italy

1564 to 1584

Instructiones fabricae et supellectilis ecclestiasticae or Instructions for building and decorating churches [1573: book]

He lived 1538 to 1584 and became Roman Catholic saint.

Pieter Bruegel the Elder [Bruegel the Elder, Pieter]

painter

Flanders

1565 to 1568

Return of the Herd [1565]; Hunters in the Snow [1565: Northern Renaissance]; Peasant Wedding [1568]; Blind

Leading the Blind [1568]

He lived 1525 to 1569.

Andrea Palladio [Palladio, Andrea]

architect/designer

Vincenza, Italy

1565 to 1570

San Giorgio Maggiore or Saint George Major [1565]; Villa Rotunda [1567 to 1570]; Palladian furniture style [1550:

windows and columns had pediments and cornices, with eagle, scallop shell, and acanthus leaf decorations]

He lived 1518 to 1580.

Yulgok or Yi I or Sukheon or Chestnut Valley

philosopher

Hanseong (Seoul), Korea

1565 to 1576

Divine [1565]; Questions and Answers at East Lake [1570]; Essentials of Confucianism [1576]; Complete Works of

Yulgok [1585: compiled by students]

He lived 1536 to 1584. Process allows the "i" to become the "ki" of neo-Confucianism.

Pius V

pope

Rome, Italy

1566 to 1572

He lived 1504 to 1572. As pope, he united Spain and Venice against Ottoman Empire. He implemented Third-Council-

of-Trent reforms.

Tintoretto

painter

Italy

1566 to 1581

Christ before Pilate [1566]; Last Supper [1581]

He lived 1518 to 1594.

Martin Alfonso de Sousa [Alfonso de Sousa, Martin]

governor

Brazil

1567

He lived 1500 to 1564 and founded Sao Paolo. Portugal ousted France from Rio de Janiero [1567].

Alvaro de Mendaña [Mendaña, Alvaro de]

explorer

Spain/Ellice Islands/Solomon Islands/Marquesas Islands

1567 to 1569

He lived 1541 to 1595. From Spain, he left Callao in Peru, crossed Pacific Ocean, and came back [1567 to 1569]. From

Spain, he found Marquesas Islands [1595].

Giacomo Barozzi da Vignola [Vignola, Giacomo Barozzi da]

architect

Rome, Italy

1568

Il Gesu church or Jesus church [1568: Late Renaissance and pre-Baroque church]

He lived 1507 to 1573.

Mimar Koca Sinan [Sinan, Mimar Koca]

architect

Edirne, Turkey

1568 to 1574

Selimiye Mosque [1568 to 1574]

He lived 1489 to 1588. It was for Selim II.

Oda Nobunaga [Nobunaga, Oda]

shogun

Japan

1568 to 1600

He lived 1534 to 1582. Ashikaga shogunate defeated all rival barons. He took Kyoto and unified Japan {National

Unification period}.

Gabriel Van der Muyden [Muyden, Gabriel Van der] or Mudaeus

lawyer

Belgium

1570

He lived 1500 to 1560, was international lawyer, was Alciatus' pupil, and founded Louvain University.

Giovanni Palestrina [Palestrina, Giovanni]

composer

Italy

1570

Tu Es Petrus or You Are Peter [1570]

He lived 1524 to 1594 and composed masses, motets, and choral music.

Fausto Sozzini [Sozzini, Fausto] or Fausto Sozini [Sozini, Fausto] or Socianus or Faustus Socinus [Socinus,

Faustus]

philosopher

Rome, Italy/Poland

1570

On the Authority of the Holy Scriptures [1570]

He lived 1539 to 1604, started Unitarianism {Socinianism}, which denied the Trinity, and founded Polish Brethern

[1579].

Muzaffar 'Ali

painter

Isfahan, Iran

1570 to 1575

He lived 1540 to 1576 and was miniature painter of Ghazvin School.

John of Austria or Don John or Juan of Austria

captain

Spain/Austria

1571

He lived 1547 to 1578 and defeated Ottoman Empire navy at naval Battle of Lepanto [1571].

Edmund Plowden [Plowden, Edmund] or Edward Plowden [Plowden, Edward]

judge

London, England

1571

Commentaries or Reports [1571: first modern law reports emphasized sense of laws]

He lived 1518 to 1585.

Gregory XIII

pope

Rome, Italy

1572 to 1585

He lived 1502 to 1585. As pope, he began Gregorian calendar, established new canon law, and led Fourth Council of

Trent. Fourth Council of Trent established modern Catholic Church foundation. He did not deal with German

Protestants.

Torquato Tasso [Tasso, Torquato]

poet

Italy

1573 to 1581

Aminta [1573: pastoral play]; Gerusalemme Liberata or Jerusalem Delivered [1581: poem]

He lived 1544 to 1595.

Wanli or Wan-li or Chu I-chun or Hsien Ti or Shen Tsung

emperor

China

1573 to 1620

He lived 1563 to 1620. Empire had painting and porcelain making.

Henry III

king

France

1574 to 1589

He lived 1551 to 1589. Henry of Navarre led Huguenots, a French Protestant party, and married Margaret of Valois,

leading to St. Bartholomew's Day massacre of Protestants in Paris, followed by Wars of Religion. Henry of Navarre

defeated Henry III and Catholic League. Because Henry III was last of Valois line, Henry III designated Henry of

Navarre (later Henry IV) to be king. Duke of Guise, head of Catholic League, opposed this designation, and War of the

Three Henries followed, in which Henry III murdered Guise and Catholic League rebels.

Stephen Batory [Batory, Stephen]

king

Transylvania/Romania/Poland

1575 to 1586

He lived 1533 to 1586 and was Prince of Transylvania [1576 to 1586] in Romania. Nobles elected him King of Poland

[1575].

Jean Bodin [Bodin, Jean]

lawyer

Paris, France

1576

Six Books of the Republic [1576: about state sovereignty]

He lived 1530 to 1596 and belonged to Politiques. Family is basis of society. State is about material, not spiritual,

things. State requires absolute sovereignty to prevent civil war.

Martin Frobisher [Frobisher, Martin]

explorer

England/Canada

1576

He lived 1535 to 1594. From England, he tried to find Northwest Passage to China and reached Canadian coast.

Bartholomew Medina [Medina, Bartholomew]

philosopher

Salamanca, Spain

1577 to 1584

Commentary on the First Section of the Second Part of the Summary of Theology [1577]; Brief Instruction about how

to administer the sacrament of penitence [1580]; Commentary in Three Parts [1584]

He lived 1527 to 1581, was Francis Vittoria's student, was Thomist, and was founder of Probabilism [1577]. People are

free to perform other acts, rather than always conforming to moral law {probabilism}.

Francis Drake [Drake, Francis]

captain

England

1577 to 1588

He lived 1540 to 1596 and sailed around world [1577 to 1580]. He pirated ships from Spain and helped defeat Ireland.

He destroyed fleet of Spain at Cadiz [1587] and helped defeat Spanish Armada [1588].

Luca Marenzio [Marenzio, Luca]

composer

Italy

1577 to 1593

Madrigals [1577 to 1593: in five and six parts]

He lived 1553 to 1599 and composed Mannerist madrigals with five voices.

Hubert Languet [Languet, Hubert]

philosopher

France

1579

Victory against tyranny [1579]

He lived 1518 to 1581. People can change the social agreement if sovereign rules against their interests.

François Vieta [Vieta, François]

mathematician

Paris, France

1579

Mathematical Canon [1579]

He lived 1540 to 1603 and invented sine law, cosine law, and Napier's rule.

Edmund Spenser [Spenser, Edmund]

poet

England

1579 to 1596

Shepheardes Calendar [1579: pastoral]; Epithalamion or Wedding Song [1595: poem]; Fairie Queen [1590 to 1596:

poem]

He lived 1552 to 1599.

Michel de Montaigne [Montaigne, Michel de]

philosopher

Paris, France

1580

Essays [1580: including Cannibals and the Apology for Raimond Sebond]

He lived 1533 to 1592, was humanist, and emphasized instincts, faith, and irony of life. He developed Skepticism,

based on Sextus Empiricus' and Pyrrho's ideas.

Wang Shih-cheng

writer

China

1580

Golden Lotus [1580: Ming Dynasty novel]

He lived ? to 1593.

John of the Cross

saint/poet

Rome, Italy

1580 to 1590

He lived 1542 to 1591 and became Roman Catholic saint and mystic.

Giordano Bruno [Bruno, Giordano]

priest

Germany/Paris, France

1580 to 1600

On the Infinite Universe and Worlds

He lived 1548 to 1600 and was Dominican. He influenced Spinoza and Leibniz.

Epistemology

Absolute truth does not exist. Knowledge has no limit.

Ethics

People should be optimistic and joyous about man, nature, and God.

Metaphysics

Space, time, and particles have no limit. Countless worlds exist, each growing and decaying in the living universe.

Reality units {monad, Bruno} are parts of eternal infinite being. Monads are infinite in number, living, imperishable,

individual, material, spiritual, and existing. Monads follow own laws and general law.

Universe is alive and has soul {anima mundi} {world-soul}.

God is the formal, efficient, and final cause of all things and is immanent and transcendent. World is life of God and so

is perfect and harmonious, if viewed as whole. God is like light: illuminating, animating, and forming world. Essence

of God and world are same {pantheism, Bruno}. World opposites harmonize in God's infinity.

All things have matter, mind, and spirit. People can know these if they are in themselves. Things are individual and

different but in essence are God.

Johannes Capreolus [Capreolus, Johannes] or John Capreolus [Capreolus, John]

philosopher

Rome, Italy

1580 to 1600

He lived 1550 to 1600 and was Principal Thomist.

Cornelius Corneliszoon [Corneliszoon, Cornelius]

inventor

Netherlands

1580 to 1600

sawmill [1580 to 1600]; pitman [1580 to 1600]

He lived 1550 to 1600 and invented pitman to convert rotary motion into back-and-forth motion.

Imad al-Husni [al-Husni, Imad]

calligrapher

Isfahan, Iran

1580 to 1610

Imad al-Husni lived 1554 to 1614 and was of Isfahan School.

Jacques Salmon [Salmon, Jacques]/Sieur de La Chesnaye [Chesnaye, Sieur de La]/Lambert de Beaulieu

[Beaulieu, Lambert de]

choreographer/composer/lyricist

Italy

1581

Ballet Comique de la Reine [1581]

First ballet was for Catherine de Medici. Dances combined ballet de cour and Italian opera and had music, dance, plot,

and choreography.

François Sanchez [Sanchez, François]

philosopher

Spain/Lyon, France

1581

That nothing is known [1581]

He lived 1550 to 1623 and developed doubt as method. He said Scholastic ideas and methods were too far from actual

world.

Antoine Favre [Favre, Antoine] or Antonius Faber [Faber, Antonius]

lawyer

Netherlands/Lyon, France

1581 to 1607

Conjectures on Civil Law [1581: three books]; On Practical Errors and Law Interpretation [1598]; Codex Fabrianus

[1607]

He lived 1557 to 1624 and was international lawyer.

Domingo Banez [Banez, Domingo] or Domingo Vanez [Vanez, Domingo]

philosopher

Salamanca, Spain

1584

Primacy of Existence in Thomas Aquinas [1584]

He lived 1535 to 1600, was Francis Vittoria's student, and was Thomist and Dominican. God gives grace and motivates

acceptance of grace {praemotio physica}.

Feodor I

czar

Russia

1584 to 1598

He lived 1557 to 1598, was Ivan IV's son, and was Rurikid. Oleg followed and moved to Kiev.

Boris Godunov [Godunov, Boris]

czar

Russia

1584 to 1605

He lived 1551 to 1605 and was Feodor I's son.

Simon Stevin [Stevin, Simon]

mathematician

Bruges, Belgium

1585

Art of Tenths [1585]

He lived 1548 to 1620 and used decimal fractions and force parallelograms.

Simon Stevinus [Stevinus, Simon]

mathematician

Netherlands

1585

Decimal Numbers [1585]

He lived 1548 to 1620. He invented decimal numbers and fractions, and so real numbers [1585].

Sixtus V

pope

Rome, Italy

1585 to 1590

He lived 1521 to 1590. As pope, he improved Papal-States administration and beautified Rome.

Walter Raleigh [Raleigh, Walter]

colonist/poet

England

1585 to 1599

Nymph's Reply to the Shepherd [1599: poem]

He lived 1552 to 1618 and started Roanoke Colony on North Carolina Outer Banks, but it died out [1585 to 1597]. He

introduced tobacco and potatoes to Europe. He was rival to Earl of Essex for Elizabeth's hand. James I became king and

imprisoned him in Tower of London.

Miguel Cervantes [Cervantes, Miguel]

novelist

Spain

1585 to 1615

La Galatea or Galatea [1585]; Don Quixote de la Mancha [1605 and 1615: mock epic novel]

He lived 1547 to 1616.

Domenico Fontana [Fontana, Domenico]

architect

Rome, Italy

1586

St. John Lateran or Cathedral of Rome [1586: Late Renaissance church]; Lateran Palace [1586]

He lived 1543 to 1607. Cathedral began in 324 under Constantine at place according to Papal town plan.

Bernardino Telesio [Telesio, Bernardino]

philosopher

Naples, Italy

1586

On the Nature of First Principles [1586]

He lived 1509 to 1588 and was of Philosophy of Nature school.

Virginia Dare [Dare, Virginia]

colonist

Roanoke Colony, Virginia

1587

She lived 1587 to ? and was first child born in USA of parents from England.

Hugo Doneau [Doneau, Hugo] or Hugo Donellus [Donellus, Hugo] or Hugo D'Onneau [D'Onneau, Hugo] or

Hugues Doneau [Doneau, Hugues]

lawyer

Leyden, Netherlands

1587

Commentaries on the Civil Law [1587]

He lived 1527 to 1591, was international lawyer, and studied law at Bourges University.

Christopher Marlowe [Marlowe, Christopher] or Cristofer Marley [Marley, Cristofer]

poet/playwright

England

1587 to 1593

Tamburlaine the Great [1587: play]; Jew of Malta [1589: play]; Passionate Shepherd to his Love [1589: poem];

Tragedy of Dr. Faustus or Faustus [1590: play]; Edward II [1592: play]; Hero and Leander [1593]; Who Ever Loved,

that Loved not at First Sight [1593: poem from Hero and Leander]

He lived 1564 to 1593.

Abbas I or Abbas the Great or Shah Abbas [Abbas, Shah]

shah

Iran

1587 to 1629

He lived 1571 to 1629, was Safavid, and moved capital from Ghazvin to Isfahan. Mullahs were powerful. He punished

Sufis. He built the Medan town square in Isfahan and encouraged art. Shah means king.

Sigismund III Vasa

king

Poland/Sweden

1587 to 1632

He lived 1566 to 1632 and was king of Poland [1587 to 1632] and Sweden [1592 to 1599]. Vasa kings of Poland fought

Sweden and Russia.

Thoinot Arbeau [Arbeau, Thoinot]

choreographer

France

1588

ballet positions [1588]

He lived 1519 to 1596 and outlined the ballet positions.

Thomas Harriott [Harriott, Thomas]

mathematician

England

1588

Brief and True Report of the New Found Land of Virginia [1588: close-packing]

He lived 1560 to 1621, used modern algebra notation, and studied trajectories. He invented refraction law.

Luis de Molina [Molina, Luis de]

philosopher

Spain/Portugal

1588

Concordia [1588]

He lived 1535 to 1600 and was Thomist. God knows all results under all circumstances, actual and possible, and so

determines circumstances. However, God does not control free will. Circumstances and will merely coincide.

El Greco or Domenikos Theotokopoulos [Theotokopoulos, Domenikos]

painter

Greece/Spain

1588 to 1609

Burial of Count Orgaz [1588]; Fray Felix Hortensio Paravicino [1609: oil]; View of Toledo [1597]

He lived 1541 to 1614, in Spain from 1577.

Albericus Gentilis [Gentilis, Albericus] or Albericius Gentilis [Gentilis, Albericius]

lawyer

London, England

1589

On the Laws of War [1589]

He lived 1552 to 1608 and emphasized that contemporary situations required new international law rules.

His ideas came into use in approximately 1900.

He established peace-treaty rules, neutrality rules, and war rules. He established justifications for war, especially self-

defense.

Licenses for reprisal against another nation's vessels {letters of marque} are unlawful, because they lead to piracy.

Travelers in peacetime have freedom of passage, especially over seas.

Diplomatic personnel have immunity from prosecution, have right of passage, and have right of property and person

protection. Rulers cannot reject embassies but can return particular ambassadors. All nations, no matter what

governmental system or ruler, are in society of nations.

Epistemology

Rights and laws based on reason are true for all people at all times.

William Lee [Lee, William]

inventor

England

1589

knitting machine [1589]

He lived 1550 to 1610 {knitting machine}.

Henry IV or Henry of Navarre

king

France

1589 to 1610

He lived 1553 to 1610, was of Bourbon family, was Huguenot leader, and defeated army sent by Henry III of France

and Catholic League, ending Wars of Religion. He gave up Protestantism to enter Paris. He fought Spain until Treaty of

Vervins. He published Edict of Nantes, giving religious tolerance. His minister Sully worked for trade and order and

helped peasants. In 1598, he granted toleration to Protestants. He started Bourbon line. Bourbons were Louis XIII,

Louis XIV, Louis XV, and Louis XVI.

Earl of Essex or Robert Devereux [Devereux, Robert]

earl

England

1590

He lived 1566 to 1601. After being her favorite, Queen Elizabeth I arrested and executed him for marrying secretly and

for failing to put down rebellion in Ireland.

Alonso de Ercilla y Zuniga [Ercilla y Zuniga, Alonso de]

poet

Spain/Chile

1590

La Araucana or Araucaniad [1590]

He lived 1533 to 1595.

Wu Cheng'en

novelist

China

1590 to 1600

Journey to the West or Westward Journey or Monkey King [1590 to 1600: The monk Xuanzang travels westward to

find Buddhist writings]

He lived 1506 to 1582.

William Shakespeare [Shakespeare, William]

playwright/poet

England

1590 to 1611

Henry VI [1590 to 1592: in three parts]; Richard II [1593]; Comedy of Errors [1594]; Titus Andronicus [1595]; Taming

of the Shrew [1595]; Two Gentlemen of Verona [1595]; Love's Labour's Lost [1595]; Romeo and Juliet [1596];

Richard II [1596]; Midsummer Night's Dream [1596]; King John [1596]; Merchant of Venice [1596]; Henry IV [1596:

in two parts]; Much Ado about Nothing [1597]; Henry V [1598]; Julius Caesar [1599]; As You Like It [1599]; Twelfth

Night [1600]; Hamlet [1601]; Merry Wives of Windsor [1602]; Troilus and Cressida [1602]; All's Well That Ends Well

[1603]; Measure for Measure [1603]; Othello [1604]; King Lear [1605]; Macbeth [1606]; Antony and Cleopatra

[1606]; Coriolanus [1607]; Timon of Athens [1607]; Henry VIII [1608]; Two Noble Kinsmen [1608]; Pericles [1609];

Cymbeline [1609]; Winter's Tale [1610]; Tempest [1611]; When Forty Winters [sonnet 2]; Shall I Compare Thee

[sonnet 18]; When in Disgrace with Fortune [sonnet 29]; When to the Sessions [sonnet 30]; Full Many a Glorious

Morning [sonnet 33]; Let Me Not to the Marriage of True Minds [sonnet 66]; Marriage of True Minds [sonnet 116];

Who is Sylvia? [1595: from Two Gentlemen of Verona]; Winter [1595: from Love's Labour Lost]; Imagination [1596:

from Midsummer Night's Dream]; He Jests at Scars [1596: from Romeo and Juliet]; The Living Juliet [1596: from

Romeo and Juliet]; Quality of Mercy [1596: from Merchant of Venice]; Blow Blow Thou Winter Wind [1599: from As

You Like It]; Seven Ages of Man or All the World's a Stage [1599: from As You Like It]; Under the Greenwood Tree

[1599: from As You Like It]; Loves Love the Spring [1599: from As You Like It]; To Thine Own Self Be True [1601:

from Hamlet]; To Be or Not To Be [1601: from Hamlet]; Tomorrow and Tomorrow and Tomorrow [1606: from

MacBeth]; Hark Hark the Lark [1609: from Cymbeline]; When I was and a Little Tiny Boy [1611: from The Tempest];

O Mistress Mine [1611: from the Tempest]; Full Fathom Five [1611: from The Tempest]; Our Revels Now Are Ended

[1611: from The Tempest]

He lived 1564 to 1616.

Philip Sidney [Sidney, Philip]

poet

England

1591

Astrophel and Stella [1591]; My True Love Hath My Heart [1591]

He lived 1554 to 1586.

Tokugawa Hideyoshi [Hideyoshi, Tokugawa] or Tokugawa Ieyasu [Ieyasu, Tokugawa] or Tokugawa Iyeyasu

[Iyeyasu, Tokugawa]

shogun

Japan

1592 to 1616

He lived 1543 to 1616 and invaded Korea [1592], trying to take China. He founded Tokugawa Shogunate [1603 to

1867] when he defeated other barons [1603]. He allowed no one to change occupation, stabilized existing classes, and

took all swords away from classes. He encouraged foreign trade and tolerated missionaries at first.

Edward Coke [Coke, Edward]

lawyer/judge

London, England

1592 to 1641

Treatise on Bail and Mainprize [1592: about depositing money to avoid jail while awaiting trial and ordering sheriffs to

take bail]; Fines [1597: about penalties]; Beverley's Case [1603]; Book of Entries [1614: about writs and pleading];

Complete Copyholder [1630: about tenancy at will]; Institutes [1641: First volume was on common law, second was on

ancient statutes, third was on criminal law, and fourth was on court jurisdiction]

He lived 1552 to 1644. He defended common law in Shelley's case, became Solicitor General of the Realm [1592],

entered Parliament [1593], became Attorney General [1594], and later became Parliament Speaker. He became Chief

Justice of Court of Common Pleas, the highest possible judge office, and became Chief Justice of the King's Bench

under King James [1613 to 1616]. He refused to stay an action for the king, because it was against the law, and the king

suspended him from Privy Council and then discharged him from office. He rejoined Privy Council [1617] and then

entered Parliament again. He fought for constitutional rights and upheld Parliament against king [1620]. He became

Baron Veculam and then Viscount St. Albans.

In Fuller case, he won common law courts right to issue prohibition writs. He blocked King James I from changing

law, establishing that only Parliament was able to change law. He blocked King James's proclamation to stop using

grain for starch, because Parliament had not proclaimed it. He worked against monopolies. He defended common law

or civil law. He wrote about bail, mainprize, and copyhold estate.

He was always at legal and personal odds with Francis Bacon.

Psychology

Insane people do not know what they do and cannot have criminal intent. Insanity is not a defense if people know right

from wrong {right-wrong test}. Drunkards, idiots, or fools can be insane at the time [1604].

Willem Barents [Barents, Willem]

discoverer

Holland/Canada

1594

He lived 1550 to 1597 and explored northeast coast of America, looking for Northwest Passage.

Carlo Gesualdo [Gesualdo, Carlo] or Prince of Venosa

composer

Italy

1594

Lagrime di San Pietro or Spiritual Madrigals of Saint Peter [1594: madrigals]

He lived 1566 to 1613 and composed Baroque polyphonic madrigals.

Thomas Nashe [Nashe, Thomas]

novelist

England

1594

Unfortunate Traveller [1594: picaresque novel]

He lived 1567 to 1601.

Edward Poynings [Poynings, Edward]

law

Ireland

1594 to 1595

He lived 1459 to 1521. Poynings' Law gave all legislation for Ireland to England.

Pierre Charron [Charron, Pierre]

philosopher

Paris, France

1594 to 1601

Treatise on Three Truths [1594]; Sermons [1600]; Treatise on Wisdom [1601]

He lived 1541 to 1603. Only faith can reveal true knowledge. Faith believes revealed knowledge.

John Napier [Napier, John]

mathematician

Edinburgh, Scotland

1594 to 1617

Description of the Wonderful Canon of Logarithms [1614]; Using Sticks for Calculation of Products [1617: about

Napier's Rods or Napier's Bones]

He lived 1550 to 1617, used decimal point [1594], and studied logarithms.

Lope de Vega or Phoenix of Spain or Félix Lope de Vega Carpio [Lope de Vega Carpio, Félix]

playwright

Spain

1594 to 1634

El maestro de danzar or Dance Teacher [1594: comedy]; La Arcadia [1598: pastoral romance]; La Dragontea [1598:

poem of Sir Francis Drake's last expedition and death]; El Isidro or Isidore [1598: octosyllabic quintillas about St.

Isidro, patron of Madrid]; La Hermosura de Angélica or Beauty of Angelica [1602: three poem books]; La viuda de

Valencia or Valencian Widow [1611: comedy]; El perro del hortelano or Dog in the Manger [1612: comedy]; Fuente

Ovejuna or Sheep Well [1612 to 1614: comedy]; Arte nuevo de hacer comedias en este tiempo or New Art of Making

Comedy in this Time [1609: book]; Rimas humanas y divinas del licenciado Tomé de Burguillos or Human and Divine

Rhymes [1634: poems]

He lived 1562 to 1635 and wrote love and intrigue dramas {capa y espada, Lope de Vega} (cloak and sword).

Zacharias Janssen [Janssen, Zacharias]

physicist

Netherlands

1595

compound microscope [1595]

He lived 1580 to 1638. With his father, he helped invent compound microscopes and used them.

Thomas Campion [Campion, Thomas] or Thomas Campian [Campian, Thomas]

poet

England

1595 to 1613

Poemata [1595]; Observations in the Art of English Poesy [1602]; Books of Airs [1601 to 1617: five song books]; New

Way of Making Four Parts in Counterpoint [1613]

He lived 1567 to 1620 and wrote lute lyrics.

Johannes Kepler [Kepler, Johannes]

astronomer

Tübingen, Poland/Prague, Czech Republic

1596 to 1627

Cosmographic Mystery [1596]; Dream or Astronomy of the Moon [1611]; Harmony of the Universe [1619];

Rudolphian Tables [1627]

He lived 1571 to 1630 and invented planetary-motion laws (Kepler's laws). Kepler's first law [1609] is planets move in

elliptical orbits around Sun, with Sun at one ellipse focus. Kepler's second law [1609] is planets sweep out equal ellipse

areas in equal times. Kepler's third law is planet period squared is proportional to average distance from Sun cubed.

Giovanni Gabrielli [Gabrielli, Giovanni]

composer

Italy

1597

Sacrae Sinfonia: I Solisti di Sofia or Sacred Symphony: Solace of Sophia [1597]

He lived 1557 to 1612 and used contrasting pitch and color.

Andreas Libavius [Libavius, Andreas]

chemist

Jena, Germany

1597

Alchemy [1597]

He lived 1540 to 1616.

Adrianus Valerius [Valerius, Adrianus]

lyricist/composer

Netherlands/USA

1597

We Gather Together or Prayer of Thanksgiving [1597: translated by Theodore Baker, 1894, arranged and translated

from Dutch to Latin by Eduard Kremser, 1877]

He lived 1575 to 1625.

Francisco Suarez [Suarez, Francisco]

priest

Coimbra, Spain

1597 to 1612

Metaphysical Discussions [1597: about being and the idea of being]; On Laws [1612]

He lived 1548 to 1617 and was Jesuit.

People use reason to choose right from wrong under obligation to God.

Law

Law is about will of superior commanding obligation from inferiors. Laws can be natural, divine, human, and eternal.

Human laws require compliance, require payment for non-compliance, grant privileges, and grant authority and

legitimacy.

Metaphysics

Reality is individual essences expressed in entities.

Francis Bacon [Bacon, Francis]

statesman/philosopher/essayist

London, England

1597 to 1620

New Atlantis [1597: about utopia]; Essays [1601]; Advancement of Learning [1605]; Novum Organum or New

Organon: Directions for the Interpretation of Nature [1620: about inductive logic]

He lived 1561 to 1626, became Attorney General [1607], and became Privy Council member. When Edward Coke,

whom he was always against legally and personally, had to resign, he became Lord Chancellor, but he had to resign

after it became public that he took bribes.

He introduced scientific method, used inductive proof, founded empiricism, and classified all knowledge. He analyzed

scholastic, humanistic, and mystical philosophy and separated science from philosophy.

Epistemology

Truth is more important than dogma.

The basis of science should be an empirical technique of finding knowledge {induction, Bacon}. People should gather

data, note associations and non-associations between characteristics and events, make hypothesis, and then test the

hypothesis by trying to refute it or find exceptions to it. Experimental situation should be reproducible under same

conditions. The induction process leads to more experiments and higher laws. People must observe and experiment,

because only induction can lead to general knowledge. General knowledge then uses axioms for deduction. However,

people should not over-generalize. It is not enough just to gather supporting data for hypothesis, but one must try to

prove it false.

Perception and memory errors cause false images and ideas {idols, Bacon}. Thinking can be imprecise and misuse

language {marketplace idols} {idols of the marketplace}. Thinking uses previous beliefs {theater idols} {idols of the

theater}. Thinking depends on nature, and human thinking has limitations {tribe idols} {idols of the tribe}. Thinking

has differences among individual perceptions and thoughts {cave idols} {idols of the cave}. Using people as standard

or model also causes these faults. Habits, individual limitations, personal prejudices, and personal feelings also cause

these faults. Language ambiguity, word play, and concentration on word rather than idea or meaning can cause these

faults. Philosophical dogma, history, tradition, uncritically accepted theories, conventional ideas, reliance on authority,

anthropomorphism, and belief in order and purpose can cause these faults.

Senses give no certain knowledge. People must eliminate errors added to perception by nature and self. Removing

errors leaves knowledge and fact.

Knowledge knows object formal cause {essence, formal cause}. Object experiences have three groups: ones in which

object is present, ones in which it is absent, and ones in which it exhibits different intensities. Essence is present when

object is present, absent when object is absent, and more when object is more. Essence can abstract from events

involving object. Essence should not abstract from previous concepts.

After finding essence, new situation should test it and related laws. Best situations allow choice between two

hypotheses. Building up laws allows general explanation.

Power over nature, to better things, is reason to gain knowledge. Using organized invention and technology can make

continual progress. Knowledge is power.

Politics

Law should be certain. Society should improve people's wealth through research and invention. Royal power is greater

than law and Parliament.

Tycho Brahe [Brahe, Tycho]

astronomer

Denmark/Hamburg, Germany

1598

Mechanical Instruments of Astronomy [1598]

He lived 1546 to 1601 and accurately recorded star and planet positions.

George Chapman [Chapman, George]

poet

England

1598 to 1616

Iliad [1598 to 1611: translated]; Odyssey [1614 to 1616: translated]

He lived 1559 to 1634 and translated Homer.

Philip III

king

Spain

1598 to 1621

He lived 1578 to 1621. Lerma ran government, negotiated peace with England and United Provinces (the Netherlands),

and entered Thirty Years War. Philip III expelled Moriscos, who were Christian Moors that had rebelled.

William Gilbert [Gilbert, William]

physicist

England

1600

Magnet [1600]

He lived 1544 to 1603 and studied static electricity and magnetism.

Madame de Mornay [Mornay, Madame de] or Charlotte Arbaleste de la Borde [Arbaleste de la Borde,

Charlotte]

salon

Paris, France

1600

Memoirs [1600]

She lived 1548 to 1606 and was wife of Philippe de Mornay.

Jacopo Peri [Peri, Jacopo]

composer

Florence, Italy

1600

Euridice [1600: first known opera, with lyricist Ottavio Rinuccini]

He lived 1561 to 1633.

Caravaggio or Michelangelo Merisi da Caravaggio [Caravaggio, Michelangelo Merisi da]

painter

Italy

1600 to 1606

Calling of St. Matthew [1600]; Madonna di Loreto or Madonna with Pilgrims [1606]; Death of the Virgin [1606]

He lived 1571 to 1610 and used naturalism. He used tenebrism high contrast between dark and light from one source.

Abraham Herrera [Herrera, Abraham] or Alonzo de Herrera [Herrera, Alonzo de]

philosopher

Spain/Amsterdam, Netherlands

1600 to 1620

Gate of Heaven [1600 to 1620]

He lived 1570 to 1635 and developed Jewish philosophy.

James I

king

England

1603 to 1625

He lived 1566 to 1625, was Stuart, and was Mary Queen of Scots' son. He was king of Scotland before 1603 and allied

with Elizabeth I of England. As king of England, he favored Catholicism, dissolved Parliament [1611], and allowed

war on Spain. Stuarts were James I, Charles I, Charles II, and James II.

Antonio Rubio [Rubio, Antonio]

philosopher

Mexico

1605

Mexican Logic [1605]

He lived 1548 to 1615 and was scholastic.

Ben Jonson [Jonson, Ben]/Inigo Jones [Jones, Inigo]

lyricist

England

1605 to 1618

Twelfth Night [1605: masque]; Masque of Blackness [1605: masque]; Pleasure Reconciled to Virtue [1618: masque]

He lived 1572 to 1637. At European courts, pageants and dances used masked actors in masques.

Ben Jonson [Jonson, Ben]

playwright/poet

England

1606 to 1616

Volpone [1606: play]; Epicœne [1609: play]; Alchemist [1610: play]; Bartholomew Fair [1616: poem]; Song to Celia

[1616: poem]; Drink to Me Only with Thine Eyes [1616: poem in Song to Celia]

He lived 1572 to 1637.

Pocahontas

princess

Jamestown, Virginia

1607

She lived 1595 to 1617. Chief's daughter saved John Smith of Jamestown Colony from death. She later married an

Englishman and went to England.

Francis Beaumont [Beaumont, Francis]

playwright

England

1607 to 1610

Woman Hater [1607]; Knight of the Burning Pestle [1607]; Philaster [1609: with John Fletcher]; Maid's Tragedy

[1610: with John Fletcher]

He lived 1584 to 1616 and worked with John Fletcher.

Henry Hudson [Hudson, Henry]

discoverer

Holland/England/New York

1607 to 1614

He lived 1565 to 1611 and discovered New York [1607], which was part of Iroquois Confederacy of Native Americans.

He claimed Hudson River area for Holland [1611]. He claimed Connecticut for England [1614].

Carlo Maderno [Maderno, Carlo]

architect

Rome, Italy

1607 to 1626

St. Peter's Cathedral Facade and Nave [1607 to 1615: Baroque]; Santo Ignacio di Loyola a Campo Marzio or Saint

Ignace of Loyola in the Field of Mars [1626: Baroque church]

He lived 1556 to 1629. Santo Ignacio has painting by Pozzo.

Claudio Monteverdi [Monteverdi, Claudio]

composer

Italy

1607 to 1642

Orfeo [1607: opera]; Arianna [1608: opera]; Il combattimento di Tancredi e Clorinda or Battle of Tancred and Clorinda

[1624: opera]; L'incoronazione di Poppea or Coronation of Poppea [1642: opera]

He lived 1567 to 1643, composed Baroque polyphonic madrigals, and began stile concitato in opera.

Samuel de Champlain [Champlain, Samuel de]

discoverer

France/Canada

1608

He lived 1567 to 1635 and founded Quebec, Canada, on St. Lawrence River.

Thomas Dekker [Dekker, Thomas]

playwright

England

1608 to 1609

Bellman of London [1608]; Gull's Hornbook [1609]

He lived 1570 to 1632.

Takuan Soho

philosopher

Kyoto, Japan

1608 to 1640

Unfettered Mind [1608 to 1640]

He lived 1573 to 1645 and perfected Zen swordsmanship. He emphasized that mind should not focus or rest {no mind}

but be ready to act at any time and place.

Louis de Buade [Buade, Louis de] or Comte de Frontenac [Frontenac, Comte de]

discoverer

France/Canada

1608 to 1700

He lived 1620 to 1698 and explored and traded in Canada and west North America.

Louis Joliet [Joliet, Louis]

discoverer

France/Canada

1608 to 1700

He lived 1645 to 1700 and explored and traded in Canada and west North America.

François Montmorency de Laval [Laval, François Montmorency de]

discoverer

France/Canada

1608 to 1700

He lived 1623 to 1708 and explored and traded in Canada and west North America.

Jacques Marquette [Marquette, Jacques]

discoverer

France/Canada

1608 to 1700

He lived 1637 to 1675 and explored and traded in Canada and west North America.

John Fletcher [Fletcher, John]

playwright

England

1609 to 1610

Philaster [1609: with Francis Beaumont]; Maid's Tragedy [1610: with Francis Beaumont]

He lived 1579 to 1625 and worked with Francis Beaumont.

John Webster [Webster, John]

playwright

England

1609 to 1613

White Devil [1609 to 1612]; Duchess of Malfi [1612 to 1613]

He lived 1578 to 1635.

Sedefkar Mehmed Aga

architect

Istanbul, Turkey

1609 to 1616

Mosque of Sultan Ahmed I or Sultanahmet Cami or Blue Mosque [1609 to 1616: madrasah style]

He lived 1562 to 1622 and was Sinan's student. Ahmed I [1589 to 1617] was Ottoman sultan [1603 to 1617].

John Selden [Selden, John]

lawyer

London, England

1610 to 1618

Judicial Combat [1610]; England's Philosopher [1610]; Reverse of the English Janus [1610: on constitution]; Titles of

Honor [1614]; Fabulous Gods [1617: about Oriental gods]; History of Tithes [1618]; Territorial Waters [1618]

He lived 1584 to 1654, helped draft Petition of Right, tried to block royal authority, and was against freedom of seas.

Galileo Galilei

mathematician/physicist/astronomer/inventor

Italy

1610 to 1638

Sidereal Messenger or Starry Messenger [1619]; Dialogue Concerning the Two Great World Systems [1632]; On Two

New Sciences or Dialogues Concerning Two New Sciences [1638]; pendulum clock; compound microscope [1610]

He lived 1564 to 1642 and invented {pendulum clock} {compound microscope}.

He established pendulum isochronism. He noted constant gravity acceleration: heavy weights and light weights fall

with same acceleration. He invented force parallelogram and found motion laws. He developed the idea of Permanence

of Form.

He found that integers have one-to-one correspondence with squares and found curve areas and volumes.

He perfected refracting telescopes, invented in Netherlands [1608].

He described Jupiter moons [1610], Moon craters and mountains, sunspots [1613], Venus phases, and Milky-Way-

galaxy stars. He described how Earth moved around Sun. He used curve lengths and areas in astronomy.

He saw the seven photoreceptors in compound-eye optical elements.

Epistemology

Physical laws are the same whether one is standing still or moving. Knowledge is about mathematical motion laws and

motion relations, not about Forms or Being. Mathematics and measurement are for mechanics and experiments, not just

for formal geometry and number theory. Experiments must simplify situation to allow measurement. Measurements

suggest best-fitting mathematical formula, hypothesis to which later data can fit.

Metaphysics

In impacts, causes and effects are motion exchanges, not essence transfers and not Form acting on matter, and apply

only to object states and motions. Material actions are object movements, with no supernatural or spiritual causes and

no teleology.

Hayashi Razan [Razan, Hayashi] or Hayashi Nobukatsu [Nobukatsu, Hayashi] or Doshun

philosopher

China

1610 to 1640

He lived 1583 to 1657, was Neo-Confucian, and established it as religion during Tokugawa Shogunate.

Louis XIII

king

France

1610 to 1643

He lived 1601 to 1643, was of Bourbon family, and married Anne of Austria. In 1610, Marie de Medici held regency.

His ministers were Cardinal Richelieu and Mazarin.

Miyamoto Musashi [Musashi, Miyamoto] or Shinmen Takezo [Takezo, Shinmen]

painter/samurai/author

Japan

1610 to 1645

Miyamoto Musashi [self-portrait]; Book of Five Rings [1645: about swordsmanship]

Zen Buddhist lived 1582 to 1645 and painted in sumi style.

Edward Herbert [Herbert, Edward] or Herbert of Cherbury

philosopher

England

1610 to 1648

On the Causes of Error [1645]; On Truth [1624]; On Layman's Religion [1645]; On Gentile Religion [1663]; To the

Lay Ministers of Layman's Religion [1645]

He lived 1583 to 1648 and became baron [1629]. There are four kinds of truth: things as they exist {veritas rei}, things

as they appear {veritas apparentiae}, concepts, and generally accepted concepts {veritas intellectus}. Rational religion

aids society cohesion.

Robert Herrick [Herrick, Robert]

poet

England

1610 to 1648

Country Life [1610]; To The Virgins, To Make Much of Time [1648]; To Anthea, Who May Command Him Anything

[1648]; Delight in Disorder [1648]; Hesperides [1648: poems]

He lived 1591 to 1674.

Peter Paul Rubens [Rubens, Peter Paul]

painter

Netherlands

1610 to 1660

Raising of the Cross [1610]; Descent from the Cross [1614]; Christ on the Cross [1620]; Arrival of Marie de' Medici at

Marseilles [1626: in Luxembourg Palace in Paris]; Garden of Love [1632]; Landscape with the Chateau of Steen

[1636]; Triumphant Christ Forgiving Penitent Sinners or Sinners Saved by Penitence [1660]

He lived 1577 to 1640.

Gustavus II

king

Sweden

1611 to 1632

He lived 1594 to 1632 and ended Kalmar War with Denmark [1613] by payment. He gained concessions from nobles.

He gained Livonia from Poland. He allied with France and Denmark to aid Protestants. He defeated all opponents in

Germany as he swept through [1630 to 1632] in Thirty Years War.

Thomas Middleton [Middleton, Thomas]

playwright

England

1613 to 1623

Chaste Maid in Cheapside [1613]; Any Thing for a Quiet Life [1621]; Changeling [1623]

He lived 1580 to 1627.

Heinrich Schutz [Schutz, Heinrich]

composer

Germany

1615 to 1631

Motet [1631]

He lived 1585 to 1672 and composed Baroque bel canto.

Ben Jonson [Jonson, Ben]

lyricist

England

1616

Drink to Me Only with Thine Eyes [1616: music is traditional air]

He lived 1572 to 1637.

Tarquinio Merula [Merula, Tarquinio]

composer

Italy

1616 to 1652

He lived 1595 to 1665 and composed Baroque and rococo sonatas.

John Donne [Donne, John]

poet

England

1617 to 1644

Song [1617]; Valediction Forbidding Mourning [1617]; Death Be Not Proud or Death [1617]; No Man is an Island

[1644]

He lived 1572 to 1631.

René Descartes [Descartes, René]

mathematician/philosopher

France

1618 to 1649

Musical Compendium [1618]; Rules for the Direction of the Mind [1628]; Treatise on Man [1629]; Discourse on the

Method of Rightly Conducting the Reason, and Seeking Truth in the Sciences [1637]; World [1634]; Geometry [1637];

Optics [1637]; Meteorology [1637]; Meditations on First Philosophy [1641]; Principles of Philosophy [1644]; Passions

of the Soul [1649]

He lived 1596 to 1650, was Catholic, and was "father of modern philosophy". In mathematics, he studied analytic

geometry, slope, rectangular coordinates, Cartesian products, absolute value, sign rule, undetermined-coefficients

principle, and logarithmic spirals.

Epistemology

God's purposes cannot explain anything, because people cannot know those purposes.

Senses and opinions cannot be true, because they can change and often deceive. People cannot know if they are asleep

or awake and so they can be incorrect about image or thought {dreaming argument}. An evil demon {malin genie} or

outside agent can perpetually deceive people. Because people can always perceive deceptive things, people cannot be

certain about personal experiences or actions or about mathematical propositions and tautologies. Doubting everything

is suspending judgment. One can doubt existence of all physical objects. However, the act of doubting implies

consciousness, so people cannot doubt their existence as thinking faculties or consciousnesses with thoughts {method

of doubt, Descartes} {cogito argument}. People cannot doubt doubting, so "cogito ergo sum" or "I think therefore I

am".

However, ability to doubt that thing possesses some feature does not prove that thing can exist without feature.

Doubting, affirming, denying, understanding, willing, hating, imagining, and feeling are consciousness parts.

Consciousness or soul essence is thinking, which happens even in deep sleep.

The method of doubting demonstrates a fact about truth: If a statement is as clear and distinct as the truth that the

doubter exists, the statement must be true. Such statements must be as clear as tautologies and as distinct as exact

meanings. Such truths {innate idea} are true by themselves and do not require deduction from other truths. Therefore,

people can know clear and distinct statements. They can know them by reason, which comes from God. Mind passively

receives cause mental effects. However, because body can cause unclear ideas, mind has to actively find clear and

distinct truths.

Facts and theories do not and cannot lead to truth. Rather, analysis or induction methods should reach one and only one

basic and certain principle. From that principle, deduction and synthesis can explain everything. All knowledge can

connect in logical systems.

Cause must have more reality than effects. People have an idea of perfect being. However, people are finite and not

perfect and so cannot themselves conceive of perfect things. Only a perfect being can put ideas of perfect things into

consciousness. Therefore, God must exist, and "God exists" is clear and distinct.

Because God is perfect and so is truthful, God never creates people so they always have error. People can therefore

believe in knowledge that is clear and distinct. Most truths have clarity and distinctness and do not need deduction. For

example, mathematical truths are clear and distinct. Deduction only corroborates them. People can believe bodies exist,

though mind knows only their extension, number, flexibility, and motion. Qualitative judgments and sense perceptions

are mental signs, are not clear and distinct, and so are not truths.

Total motion in cause equals that in effect {conservation, motion} {motion conservation}.

Ethics

Rational thinking about clear and distinct ideas results in proper willing and action. Will can judge clear and distinct

ideas in only one way and so is not free in those cases. Error in willing and action can arise when ideas are not clear

and distinct and will is free in those cases. Sin arises from will's incorrect choice in unclear or indistinct cases.

Feelings and desires are mental disturbances caused by body. Only humans have feelings, because only they combine

mind and body. Feelings and desires come from fundamental feelings: wonder or admiration, love, hate, desire or want,

pleasure or joy, and pain or sadness. The mind's duty is to control body effects on mind.

Metaphysics

There must be a first cause for all things and especially for the whole. Reality has God, souls, and matter. The mental,

non-material, and spiritual world, which has mental activities or consciousness, is entirely separate from physical

world. Only one mental level exists. Mental or soul substance {res cogitans} does not extend in space and is indivisible.

Physical substance {res extensa, Descartes} extends and is divisible. Material objects in motion fill space and follow

deterministic motion laws. The physical world is the same everywhere. Living things are complex mechanical objects

with no animating force. Math and physics can apply to body {iatrophysicism} (Giovanni Alfonso Borelli).

Mind

Soul and body are two independent things but interact. Psychological properties differ from physical properties

{attributive dualism}, and psychological descriptions cannot be physiological descriptions.

Inigo Jones [Jones, Inigo]

architect

London, United Kingdom

1619 to 1622

Royal Banquet Hall or Banqueting House of Whitehall Palace [1619 to 1622: Baroque and Classical Palladian style]

He lived 1573 to 1652.

Ferdinand II

emperor

Germany/Austria

1619 to 1637

He lived 1578 to 1637. Holy Roman Empire leader was strong Catholic and controlled Austria, Bohemia, and Hungary.

Bohemian nobles rebelled, beginning Thirty Years War [1618]. He murdered his commander Wallenstein.

Diego Valasquez [Valasquez, Diego]

painter

Spain

1619 to 1656

Water Carrier of Seville [1619]; Surrender of Breda [1635]; Las Meninas or Ladies in Waiting or Maids of Honor

[1656]

He lived 1599 to 1660.

John Winthrop [Winthrop, John]

governor

Massachusetts

1620

He lived 1588 to 1649. First Puritan governor worked closely with church.

George Wither [Wither, George]

poet

USA

1620

Lover's Resolution [1620]

He lived 1588 to 1667.

Reza Abbasi [Abbasi, Reza]

painter

Isfahan, Iran

1620 to 1625

Youth [1620 to 1625]; Old Man [1620 to 1625]

He lived 1580 to 1530, wrote Safavid Arabic calligraphy, painted miniatures, and was of Isfahan School. Reza Abassi's

pupil was Moin. Moin painted Reza Abassi. Muhammad Qasim, Mir Muhammad Ali, and Muhammad Yusuf

continued Isfahan School style until 1700. Nadir Shah showed Mogul influences in 18th century.

John of St. Thomas or John Poinsot

philosopher

Madrid, Spain

1620 to 1640

Outlines of Formal Logic [1620 to 1640]; Gifts of the Holy Spirit [1620 to 1640]; Course in Philosophy [1620 to 1640]

He lived 1589 to 1644 and was Thomist.

Vincent de Paul

saint

Rome, Italy

1620 to 1640

He lived 1581 to 1660 and became Roman Catholic saint.

Iwasa Matabei [Matabei, Iwasa]

printmaker

Japan

1620 to 1650

Popular prints [1620 to 1650]

He lived 1577 to 1650. He studied at Tosa School and then at Kano School, and then he founded Ukiyoye School or

Popular School. Tosa School [1220] painted court scenes and battles. Kano School [1460] used Chinese-style painting

for shoguns.

Robert Burton [Burton, Robert]

psychologist

England

1621

Anatomy of Melancholy [1621]

He lived 1577 to 1640 and studied melancholia.

Willebrord Snell [Snell, Willebrord]

physicist

Leyden, Netherlands

1621

Eratosthenes Batavus [1617: on triangulation of Earth. Eratosthenes measured Earth diameter. Batavus is last name of

Orange dynasty of Holland and is region around Leyden.]; Tiphys Batavus [1621: on navigation. Tiphys was pilot of

the Argo]

He lived 1580 to 1626, first discussed loxodrome paths on sphere that make constant angles with meridians, and

invented Snell's law [1621].

Angeli von Guercino [Guercino, Angeli von]

painter

Rome, Italy

1621 to 1623

Aurore [1621 to 1623: Baroque ceiling fresco in Villa Ludovisi]

He lived 1591 to 1666.

Philip IV

king

Spain/Portugal

1621 to 1665

He lived 1605 to 1665 and was king of Spain [1621 to 1665] and Portugal [1621 to 1640]. Olivares was his chief

minister.

Jakob Böhme [Böhme, Jakob]

philosopher

Germany

1622 to 1623

Way to Christ [1622]; Great Mystery [1623]

He lived 1575 to 1624 and was German Mystic. He united neo-Platonism and Paracelsus to try to unify religion and

science.

Ethics

Good and evil in world result from absolute necessity of God revealing itself in world as being, because everything in

world has to have opposite. Nature moves by will, which can choose good or evil. People's acts affect universe. People

should progress from spiritual perception, to mystical devotion, to pure spirit.

Metaphysics

Nature is unified whole, created by God using laws and reason. Nature is beautiful. God is world essence and efficient

cause. God is spirit with infinite senses and reason and is world inner activity, like the living sap of trees.

Richelieu or Armand Jean du Plessis [Plessis, Armand Jean du]

cardinal/prime minister/composer/lyricist

Paris, France

1622 to 1641

Prosperity of the Arms of France [1641: masque]

He lived 1585 to 1642 and became cardinal [1622] then prime minister [1624]. With Louis XIII, he founded absolute

monarchy, put down Huguenots, controlled nobles, helped Protestants in Thirty Years War, founded French Academy,

and depleted treasury. He controlled Anne of Austria, consort of Louis XIII.

Johann Baptista van Helmont [van Helmont, Johann Baptista]

biologist

London, England

1622 to 1644

On the development of medicine [1622]; Physic Refined [1648: translated into English in 1662]

He lived 1577 to 1644. Plants make organic materials and do not get them from soil, which stays same weight while

plant grows.

Tommaso Campanella [Campanella, Tommaso]

philosopher

Italy

1623

City of the Sun [1623]

He lived 1568 to 1639 and was of Philosophy of Nature school. Highly regulated states with bureaucracies based on

merit can make socialist societies. Technology and philosophy can control and create world.

Giambattista Marino [Marino, Giambattista] or Giambattista Marini [Marini, Giambattista]

poet

Italy

1623

Adone [1623]

He lived 1569 to 1625 and wrote in florid marinismo style.

Urban VIII

pope

Rome, Italy

1623 to 1644

He lived 1568 to 1644 and was of Barberini family.

Gianlorenzo Bernini [Bernini, Gianlorenzo]

sculptor/architect

Rome, Italy

1624 to 1667

Baldacchino [1624 to 1633]; David [1624]; Apollo and Daphne [1625]; Tomb of Urban VIII [1628 to 1647]; Scipione

Borghese [1632]; Ecstasy of St. Theresa [1647 to 1652]; Colonnade of St. Peter's Cathedral [1656: in Rome];

Tabernacle [1657: in St. Peter's Cathedral]; Throne of St. Peter [1657 to 1666: in St. Peter's Cathedral]; Piazza di San

Pietro or St. Peter's Plaza [1656 to 1667: Late Renaissance. The Egyptian obelisk from Nero's amphitheater is in

middle]

He lived 1598 to 1680.

Johann Rudolf Glauber [Glauber, Johann Rudolf]

chemist

Germany/Netherlands

1625

He lived 1604 to 1668 and formed sodium sulfate [1625].

Cornelius Jansen [Jansen, Cornelius] or Cornelius Jansenius [Jansenius, Cornelius]

theologian

Ypres, Flanderss

1625

Augustinius [1625]

He lived 1585 to 1638, was Catholic theologian, desired return to teachings of Augustine, and advocated strict ethics.

He started Jansenism [1642]. To do good requires God's grace. Salvation comes by God's grace. Universe has

predestination.

Hugo Grotius [Grotius, Hugo] or Huig de Groot [Groot, Huig de]

lawyer

Netherlands/Paris, France

1625 to 1645

On the Laws of War and Peace [1625]

He lived 1583 to 1645 and was the "father of international law". He described current international law, basing his

ideas on natural law, reason, and Roman ius gentium.

Ethics

Moral precepts are true even without God, are rational, and are social.

Law

International law depends on natural law, customs, and agreements. Natural law comes from man's social nature and

needs, is absolute, is power and authority basis, and protects property and life rights. Law gives rights and justice by the

ruled's consent.

Politics

People have natural rights, which government should guarantee. State is social contract. Aristocratic republic is best.

Charles I

king

England

1625 to 1647

He lived 1600 to 1647, was Stuart, and was king of England, Scotland, and Ireland. To get money, he had to sign

Petition of Right [1628], which stated that taxes, imprisonment, and quartering of soldiers in homes needed due cause

or consent of Parliament. Later, he dissolved Parliament. He tried to impose Catholicism in Scotland, leading to

Bishop's Wars [1640]. Long Parliament convened, which was Protestant and middle class, while king and nobles were

Catholic or Anglican. Duke of Buckingham, George Villiers, married him to French Catholic, leading to Puritan

Revolution. In the civil war, Oliver Cromwell defeated him [1647]. Pride's Purge of Parliament rid the parliament of

opposition to Protestant army. Rump Parliament beheaded Charles I.

Frederick Henry

king

Holland

1625 to 1647

He lived 1584 to 1647, defeated Spain in Thirty Years War, and presided over era of artists, scientists, commerce, and

prosperity.

Giacomo Carissimi [Carissimi, Giacomo]

composer

Italy

1625 to 1674

Mass for Three Voices; Six Motets

He lived 1605 to 1674 and composed Baroque cantatas.

Francisco Quevedo y Villegas [Quevedo y Villegas, Francisco]

writer

Spain

1626 to 1627

Historia de la vida del Buscón or History of the Life of Buscon [1626: novel]; Los sueños or Visions [1627: satire]

He lived 1580 to 1645.

Giovanni Battista Fontana [Fontana, Giovanni Battista]

composer

Italy

1627

Sonata 1; Sonata 3; Sonata quarta

He lived 1571 to 1630 and composed Baroque sonatas using violin.

Tirso de Molina [Molina, Tirso de] or Gabriel Tellez [Tellez, Gabriel]

playwright

Spain

1627

El Burlador de Sevilla y Convidado or Rake of Seville and the Stone [1627: about Don Juan]

He lived 1583 to 1648. Don Juan lived 1571 to 1648.

Jacques Lemercier [Lemercier, Jacques]

architect

Paris, France

1627 to 1633

Tuileries Palace [1627]; Palais Royal [1633]

He lived 1585 to 1654. Tuileries Garden is near Louvre, where Tuileries Palace was.

Benedetto Castelli [Castelli, Benedetto]

priest

Rome, Italy

1628

On the Measurement of Running Waters [1628]

He lived 1578 to 1643 and described Moon illusion and afterimages.

William Harvey [Harvey, William]

doctor

England

1628

Anatomical Study of the Motion of the Heart and of the Blood in Animals [1628]

He lived 1578 to 1657 and studied embryology. Blood flows through blood vessels from and to heart.

Pierre de Fermat [Fermat, Pierre de]

mathematician

France

1629 to 1640

He lived 1601 to 1665, invented Fermat's minor theorem and Fermat's last theorem [1640], and studied differential

calculus, maxima/minima in war and astronomy [1629], curve and surface tangents and normals in optics and motion,

and infinite-descent method.

Bonaventura Cavalieri [Cavalieri, Bonaventura]

mathematician

Bologna, Italy

1629 to 1647

Geometry of Indivisibles [1635]; Geometric Exercises [1647]

He lived 1598 to 1647, invented Cavalieri's theorem, and studied indivisibles method [1629].

Jahan

shah/architect

Agra, India

1629 to 1648

Taj Mahal [1629 to 1648: madrasah near Jumna River]

He lived 1592 to 1666 and ruled as Shah [1628 to 1658]. Taj Mahal is at old capital and is tomb of his wife Mumtaz

Mahal. It has a square marble platform 100 meters on sides, octagon 60 meters on longest side, walls 23 meters high,

and bulb-shaped dome 80 meters high. It has four minarets, at corners, 45 meters high. A walled garden, with reflecting

pools and walkways, surrounds it.

Frans Hals [Hals, Frans]

painter

Netherlands

1629 to 1664

Jolly Toper or Merry Drinker [1629]; Member of the Haarlem Civic Guard [1636]; Descartes [1649]; Hille Bobbe or

Malle Bobbe [1650]; Women's Regents of the Haarlem Almshouse [1664]

He lived 1582 to 1666.

John Milton [Milton, John]

poet

England

1629 to 1671

On the Morning of Christ's Nativity [1629: poem]; Il Penseroso or Meditator [1631: poem]; Comus [1634: masque];

Lycidas [1637: poem]; Aereopagitica or Against Censorship [1644: treatise]; On His Blindness [1651: poem]; Paradise

Lost [1667: poem, including Eve to Adam]; Samson Agonistes or Samson the Struggler [1670: play]; Paradise

Regained [1671: poem]

He lived 1608 to 1674.

Carlo Maderno [Maderno, Carlo]/Gianlorenzo Bernini [Bernini, Gianlorenzo]

architect

Rome, Italy

1630

Palazzo Barberini or Barberini Palace [1630: Baroque palace]

Maderno lived 1556 to 1629. Bernini lived 1598 to 1680.

Mulla Sadra or Molla Sadra or Sadr al-Din Shirazi [Shirazi, Sadr al-Din] or Sadr al-Din Muhammad al-Shirazi

[al-Shirazi, Sadr al-Din Muhammad] or Sadr al-Muta'allihin [al-Muta'allihin, Sadr]

philosopher

Isfahan, Iran

1630 to 1640

Transcendent Theosophy in Four Intellectual Journeys [1630 to 1640]

He lived 1600 to 1641 and was Shi'ite. Essence motions cause higher essences by transformation, so everything is

eternal becoming.

John Suckling [Suckling, John]

poet

England

1630 to 1640

Constant Lover [1630 to 1640: poem]; Ballad upon a Wedding [1630 to 1640: poem]; Why so Pale and Wan, Fond

Lover [1637: poem in Aglaura]; Goblins [1638: play]; Fragmenta Aurea or Incomparable Pieces [1646]

He lived 1609 to 1642.

John Cotton [Cotton, John]

lawyer

Boston, Massachusetts

1630 to 1648

Divine Right to Occupy the Land [1630]; Democracy as Detrimental to Church and State [1636]; Model of Moses His

Judicials [1636: about theocracy]; Way of the Churches of Christ in New England [1645]; Spiritual Milk for Babes

[1646]; Way of Congregational Churches Cleared [1648]

He lived 1595 to 1652 and wrote about theocratic government by religious leaders.

Andrew Marvell [Marvell, Andrew]

poet

England

1630 to 1650

To His Coy Mistress [1630]; Thoughts in a Garden [1650]; Horatian Ode [1650]

He lived 1621 to 1678.

George Stiernhielm [Stiernhielm, George]

theologian

Stockholm, Sweden

1630 to 1660

Necklace of Minerva [1630]

He lived 1598 to 1672 and was mystic. Word sounds have meaning, which can lead to deeper understanding.

Anthony van Dyck [van Dyck, Anthony]

painter

Flanders

1632 to 1635

Crucifixion with Saint Francis [1632]; Deposition [1634]; Charles I in Hunting Dress [1635]

He lived 1599 to 1639.

François Mansart [Mansart, François]

architect

Paris, France

1632 to 1646

Château de Maisons-Laffitte [1632 to 1646: Early Baroque palace]; Church of Val de Grace or Valley of Grace church

[1640: in Paris]

He lived 1598 to 1666.

Uladislas VII Vasa or Ladislaus IV

king

Poland

1632 to 1648

He lived 1595 to 1648.

Rembrandt van Rijn

painter

Netherlands

1632 to 1669

Anatomy Lesson [1632]; Blinding of Samson [1636]; Night Watch [1642]; Tobit and Anna with the Kid [1645];

Bathsheba [1654]; Jacob Blessing the Sons of Joseph [1656]; Dutch Masters or The Syndics or Staatmeesters [1662];

Return of the Prodigal Son [1662]; Jewish Bride or The Loving Couple [1666]; Self-Portrait [1669]

He lived 1606 to 1669.

Nicolas Poussin [Poussin, Nicolas]

architect/painter

France

1633 to 1648

Cephalus and Aurora [1633]; Rape of the Sabine Women [1634]; Palace of Versailles paintings [1640 to 1642];

Landscape with the Burial of Phocion [1648]

He lived 1594 to 1665.

Li Yü

writer

China

1634

Jou Pu Tuan or Prayer Mat of Flesh [1634]

He lived 1611 to 1680.

Roger Williams [Williams, Roger]

leader

Boston, Massachusetts/Providence, Rhode Island

1635 to 1636

He lived 1603 to 1683 and claimed that American Indians owned Puritan lands. He stood trial at General Court in

Boston [1635] but escaped to Rhode Island [1636].

Thomas Hooker [Hooker, Thomas]

leader

Hartford, Connecticut

1636

Fundamental Orders

He lived 1586 to 1647, left Puritans in Massachusetts, and moved near Hartford, Connecticut [1636]. He wrote one of

the first constitutions [1639], which required magistrate elections. Freemen controlled General Court.

Pierre Corneille [Corneille, Pierre]

playwright

France

1637

Le Cid [1637]

He lived 1606 to 1684.

Ann Hutchinson [Hutchinson, Ann]

leader

Massachusetts

1637

She lived 1591 to 1643. The state banished her after her trial [1637] on charges of altering religious concepts.

Francesco Borromini [Borromini, Francesco]

architect

Rome, Italy

1638 to 1663

San Carlo alle Quatro Fontane or Saint Charles of the Four Fountains [1638 to 1641]; Santo Ivo della Sapienza or Saint

Ives of Wisdom [1642 to 1660]; Facade of Santa Agnese [1653 to 1663: in Navona plaza]

He lived 1599 to 1667.

Gregorio Allegri [Allegri, Gregorio]

composer

Italy

1639

Miserere or Have Mercy or Have Pity [1639]

He lived 1582 to 1652 and composed masses.

Pietro da Cortona [Cortona, Pietro da]

painter

Rome, Italy

1639

Barberini Palace Frescoes [1639]

He lived 1596 to 1669.

Girard Desargues [Desargues, Girard]

mathematician

France

1639

Rough draft for an essay on the results of taking plane sections of a cone [1639]

He lived 1591 to 1661, invented Desargue's theorem, and studied projective geometry, involution, harmonic point sets,

and poles and polar theory.

Thomas Hooker [Hooker, Thomas]/John Haynes [Haynes, John]/Roger Ludlow [Ludlow, Roger]

lawyer

Connecticut

1639

They published the Fundamental Orders constitution. Thomas Hooker lived 1586 to 1647. John Haynes lived 1594 to

1654. Roger Ludlow lived 1590 to 1664. All were from England.

Claude Lorrain [Lorrain, Claude] or Claude Gellée [Gellée, Claude]

painter

France

1639 to 1647

Pastoral Landscape: The Roman Campagna [1639]; Pastoral Landscape [1647]

He lived 1602 to 1682.

John Smith [Smith, John]

philosopher

Cambridge, England

1640 to 1652

Discourse concerning the Immortality of the Soul [1640 to 1650]

He lived 1618 to 1652 and was Cambridge Platonist.

John IV or John of Braganza

king

Portugal

1640 to 1656

He lived 1603 to 1656, was of Braganza family, and allied with England.

Frederick William or Frederick the Great Elector

king

Brandenburg

1640 to 1688

He lived 1620 to 1688, ended Thirty Years War, received territory at Peace of Westphalia [1648], got control of Prussia

at Peace of Oliva [1660], and defeated Sweden in third Dutch War.

Evangelista Torricelli [Torricelli, Evangelista]

mathematician/philosopher

Florence, Italy

1641 to 1644

Geometric Works [1644]

He lived [1608 to 1647] and invented Torricelli's theorem [1641]. Nature does not abhor vacuum.

Nathaniel Ward [Ward, Nathaniel]

lawyer

Boston, Massachusetts

1641 to 1647

Body of Liberties [1641: about individual rights in theocracy]; Simple Cobler of Aggawam [1647]

He lived 1578 to 1652. Puritans used his ideas in law codes.

Jan Amos Komensky [Komensky, Jan Amos] or Comenius

philosopher

Czech Republic

1641 to 1662

Way of Light [1641]; General Consultation concerning the Improvement of Human Affairs [1662]

He lived 1592 to 1670 and was humanist. He advocated education in human values.

Anton Arnauld [Arnauld, Anton]

philosopher

France

1641 to 1683

Objections to the Meditations [1641]; Logic or The Art of Thought or Port-Royal Logic [1662: with Pierre Nicole];

Treatise on Truth and Falsehood [1683]

He lived 1612 to 1694. He criticized Descartes' idea of pure mind, Malebranche's ideas about perception, and Leibniz's

ideas about substances, in letters to Leibniz.

Thomas Browne [Browne, Thomas]

novelist

England

1642

Religion of a Physician [1642]

He lived 1605 to 1682.

Jules Mazarin [Mazarin, Jules] or Giulio Raimondo Mazzarino [Mazzarino, Giulio Raimondo]

minister

France

1642

He lived 1602 to 1661. Under Louis XIII and then Louis XIV, he dictated Peace of Westphalia, but his strong power

and France's weak finances resulted in revolt of Fronde nobles and Parliament of Paris. He ended revolt of Fronde

[1653]. He got Peace of the Pyrenees with Spain [1659]. He controlled the regent Anne of Austria.

Abel Tasman [Tasman, Abel]

discoverer

Holland

1642 to 1644

He lived 1603 to 1659 and discovered Tasmania and New Zealand.

Thomas Hobbes [Hobbes, Thomas]

philosopher

England

1642 to 1658

On the Citizen [1642]; Leviathan [1651]; On the Body [1655]; Elements of Philosophy [1656]; On Man [1658]

He lived 1588 to 1679 and was materialist, rationalist, and determinist.

Epistemology

Reason is about long-term goals and means to reach them. Emotions are about short-term goals.

Sense impressions are body motions and are the only consciousness contents. Imagination and dreams are decaying

sense impressions. Sense impressions combine and transform {association, Hobbes} to give thoughts and memories.

All thoughts are deterministic, either by association or by purpose.

Feelings and will result from combining pleasure, pain, self-preservation desires, and sense impressions.

True knowledge is mathematical and symbolic. Mathematics gives rational knowledge of material world. Object

motions in space follow geometry. Perceptions are about object motions in space. Mind thinks by combining symbols,

which are perceptions and words. Rational thought uses only words.

Mind uses space and time, but physical existence has no space and time.

Laughter comes from comparing self, or superior, to inferior {superiority theory}, to build up self and disparage

inferior [1651].

Ethics

Pleasure is desire for more, and pain is aversion to something already present. Desire or love determines what is good

for people. Aversion or hate determines what is evil. Therefore, morality is relative. People are mostly concerned with

their desires and aversions and try to do what is good for themselves to stay alive and healthy. People have absolute

right to take personal action for self-defense. Therefore, people's desires conflict. Morality is the means to achieve

peace. Society must impose it. People accept it to maintain peace.

Will is desire or aversion that causes action. People always will the strongest desire or aversion. Different action

choices are available, and wills choose among actions, but choices are deterministic. Freedom is only the fact that

choice is available and that people have ability to act.

Fear causes religion.

Happiness is always succeeding or prospering. Happiness is only process, not state.

Law

Laws can gain peace and avoid war and crime, which are the main threats to individual lives.

People have right of self-defense but no other individual liberties.

Metaphysics

Universe contains only physical things. Religious and spiritual things are separate from material world.

Mind

Mental or psychological properties are about body matter motions.

Voluntary movements begin with insensible motion {endeavor}. Motion toward something is desire, and motion away

is aversion.

Politics

People's main interest is self-preservation. State prevents continual war of self-interest among people and so is

necessary for self-preservation. In state of nature, without law, there is no right or wrong. Left alone, state is anarchic.

State's goal is order and stability.

The best way to achieve peace is in society with sovereign assembly or monarch. Sovereign makes and enforces laws to

guarantee peace and maintain lives.

Sovereignty comes from the people, because power depends on the people's will. State is contract between ruler and

people. People, who are all equal, agree among themselves to yield all power to one authority, the sovereign, chosen by

majority. People give rights to sovereign to protect themselves. After this, people have no power or rights, except of

self-defense and refusal to fight. People yield power to get more security and liberty. Otherwise, anarchy occurs.

After agreement, people do not have right to change it. Therefore, civil war never has justification.

Political-authority basis is sovereign authority. Sovereign powers and rights must be supreme. People must fear

authority and so obey.

Sovereigns must be just, because people must follow law. States must use power to maintain rule of law and must use

any means to reach this end {end justifies means}. Power provides stability and physical security for citizens. With no

such power, person is against person, and life is "nasty, brutish, and short."

Monarchy has less favoritism, fewer private interests, secret advice, and stable policy, compared to legislature or

multiple rulers. Honest monarchy keeps order and protects people.

There should be state religion and monarch or ruler should control church, because religious belief is arbitrary.

Blaise Pascal [Pascal, Blaise]

mathematician/philosopher/inventor

France

1642 to 1670

Thoughts [1670]; Provincial Letters; calculating machine [1642]

He lived 1623 to 1662, was Cartesian and Jansenist, and invented first metal-tooth wheeled calculating machine [1642].

He invented hydraulic press to multiply force, syringe, Pascal's principle, Pascal's theorem, Pascal's triangle,

mathematical induction, fundamental enumeration principle, binomial theorem, large-numbers law, and conditional-

probability law.

At mechanical equilibrium, with only gravity acting, liquid has hydrostatic pressure {Pascal's law}.

Epistemology

People can neither reject reasoning nor say there is only reasoning. Reason cannot deal with ultimate metaphysical

problems. Faith is necessary complement to reason. Expected value of believing in God is more than value of non-

belief {Pascal's wager}.

Metaphysics

God exists because man is helpless without God.

Sieur de La Salle [La Salle, Sieur de] or René-Robert Cavelier [Cavelier, René-Robert]

discoverer

France/Canada

1643

He lived 1643 to 1687 and explored Canada and interior of North America, claimed Mississippi River valley for

France, and built forts for trade.

Anne of Austria

regent

Austria/France

1643 to 1661

She lived 1601 to 1666, was consort to Louis XIII [1615], and held regency for Louis XIV [1643 to 1661]. Mazarin

controlled her.

Louis XIV or Sun King

king

France

1643 to 1715

He lived 1638 to 1715. Anne of Austria was regent at first. During regency [1643 to 1661], Mazarin dominated, won

Thirty Years War, ended Fronde rebellion, got Peace of the Pyrenees with Spain, and married Louis to Marie Therese

of Austria.

From 1661 to 1691, the Bourbon Louis and his minister Colbert reformed economy. He pursued colonialism

{mercantilism, Louis XIV}, added import taxes, and got gold from exports and manufacturing.

He emphasized control by state. He changed administration for civil servants and nobles.

He started War of Devolution, started third Dutch War with England and France against Holland, got Franche-Comte,

got part of Flanders, and took Strasbourg. He fought League of Augsburg or Grand Alliance, which had Holy Roman

Empire, Sweden, Spain, German states, England, and Holland, in War of the Grand Alliance. He fought War of the

Spanish Succession against England, Holland, Austria, and most German states over whether Hapsburgs or Bourbons

ruled Spain. French generals Villars and Vendôme matched English Duke of Marlborough and Eugene of Savoy in

Holland, but then Blenheim, Gibraltar, and Malplaquet were battle victories for Grand Alliance. War of the Spanish

Succession ended in Peace of Utrecht and Treaty of Utrecht, Treaty of Rastatt, and Treaty of Baden. War ruined

economy of France.

He revoked Edict of Nantes and persecuted Huguenots. He struggled with the pope over Gallicanism, which he

supported, and Jansenism, which he suppressed.

His mistresses were La Valliere, Montespan, and Maintenon.

He built Versailles Palace.

Peter Saenredam [Saenredam, Peter]

painter

Haarlem, Netherlands

1645

Interior of St. Janskerk [1645]

He lived 1597 to 1665 and built church interiors.

Georges de La Tour [La Tour, Georges de]

painter

France

1645 to 1650

Joseph the Carpenter [1645]; Madonna and Child [1645]; Education of the Virgin [1650]

He lived 1593 to 1652.

Alexis

czar

Russia

1645 to 1676

He lived 1629 to 1676 and was Romanov.

Richard Crashaw [Crashaw, Richard]

poet

England

1646

Steps to the Temple [1646]; Weeper [1646]

He lived 1613 to 1649.

John Endicott [Endicott, John]

governor

Massachusetts

1646

He lived 1588 to 1665 and succeeded Winthrop as Massachusetts Bay Colony governor.

Paul Potter [Potter, Paul]

painter

Netherlands

1647

Young Bull [1647]

He lived 1625 to 1654.

Johann II Kazimierz Vasa or John II Casimir

king

Poland

1648 to 1669

He lived 1609 to 1669.

Frederick III

king

Denmark/Norway

1648 to 1670

He lived 1609 to 1670, lost to Charles XI of Sweden, and lost in Thirty Years War.

Oliver Cromwell

prime minister

England

1649

After Charles I died, Oliver Cromwell led Commonwealth.

Richard Lovelace [Lovelace, Richard]

poet

England

1649

Lucasta [1649]; On Going to the Wars or To Lucasta, on Going to the Wars [1649: in Lucasta]; To Althea from Prison

[1649: in Lucasta]

He lived 1618 to 1657.

Richard Zouche [Zouche, Richard]

lawyer

England

1649 to 1657

Exposition of Fecial Law and Procedure or Exposition of Law of War and Peace [1649: international law]; Solutions to

Old and New Questions, Ways of Mediating Late Competent Justice [1657]

He lived 1590 to 1661. He discussed laws between nations {ius inter gentes} based on actual legal practices and

founded positivist or historical school of international law.

Anne Bradstreet [Bradstreet, Anne]

poet

USA

1650

Tenth Muse [1650]

She lived 1612 to 1672.

Luigi Rossi [Rossi, Luigi]

composer

Italy

1650

L'Orfeo or Orpheus [1650]

He lived 1598 to 1653 and composed Baroque cantatas.

Henry Vaughn [Vaughn, Henry]

poet

England

1650 to 1655

I Saw Eternity the Other Night [1650]; World [1655]; Silex Scintillans or As Time One Day by Me Did Pass [1650 and

1655]

He lived 1622 to 1695.

Bankei Zenji or Bankei Zenji or Bankei Yokatu

philosopher

Zuio-ji, Ehime, Japan

1650 to 1680

Song of Original Mind [1650 to 1680]

He lived 1622 to 1693 and was Zen master.

Wang Fu-chih or Wang Fuzhi

philosopher

Mt. Ch'uan-shan, China

1650 to 1680

Commentary on Chang Tsai's Treatise on Edification [1650 to 1680]

He lived 1619 to 1692 and was Confucian.

Henry More [More, Henry]

philosopher

Cambridge, England

1652 to 1671

Conway Letters [1652 to 1671]; Antidote against Atheism [1652]; Conjectural Essay of Interpreting the Mind of Moses

[1653]; Enthusiasm Triumphant [1656]; Immortality of the Soul [1659]; Explanation of the Grand Mystery of

Godliness [1660]; Metaphysical Handbook [1671]

He lived 1614 to 1687 and was Cambridge Platonist.

Arnout Geulincx [Geulincx, Arnout] or Arnold Geulincx [Geulincx, Arnold]

philosopher

Antwerp, Flanders/Netherlands

1653

Miscellaneous Questions [1653]

He lived 1624 to 1669 and was follower of Descartes and Occasionalist. Thing can only do what it knows how to do.

Because no finite material thing has mind and can know anything, only God can cause things. God is not an efficient

cause. God supplies fixed and general relations between physical and mental worlds by synchronizing them, so they

can appear as causes or sequences.

Jean Baptiste Lully [Lully, Jean Baptiste]

choreographer/composer

France

1653 to 1671

Ballet de la Nuit or Ballet of the Night [1653: masque]; La Marriage Forcé or Forced Marriage [1664: comedy]; Le

Bourgeois Gentilhomme or Bourgeois Gentleman [1670: comedy]; Les Amants Magnifiques or Magnificent Loves

[1670: comedy, including Le Divertissement Royal]; Ballet des Nations [1670]; Psyche [1671: tragic ballet]

He lived 1632 to 1687 and included ballet in French opera.

Jean Baptiste Lully [Lully, Jean Baptiste]/Molière

choreographer/composer/lyricist

France

1653 to 1686

ballets de cour [1653 to 1663]; comédies-ballets [1663 to 1672]; tragédie lyrique [1673 to 1686]

Lully lived 1632 to 1687. Molière lived 1622 to 1673.

Paul Gerhardt [Gerhardt, Paul]/Catherine Winkworth [Winkworth, Catherine]/John Ebeling [Ebeling, John]

lyricist/composer/composer

Germany/USA

1653 to 1858

All My Heart This Night Rejoices [1653: translated by Winkworth, 1858]

Gerhardt lived 1607 to 1676. Winkworth lived 1829 to 1878. Ebeling lived 1637 to 1676.

Pierre Gassendi [Gassendi, Pierre]

philosopher

Rome, Italy

1655

Institutes of Logic [1655]; Synthesis of Philosophy [1655]

He lived 1592 to 1655 and opposed Aristotelianism. He believed in atomism, non-determinism, and empiricism.

John Wallis [Wallis, John]

mathematician

England

1655

He lived 1616 to 1703, studied cryptography, and invented expressions for pi [1655].

Izaak Walton [Walton, Izaak]

essayist

England

1655

Compleat Angler [1655: essay]

He lived 1593 to 1683.

Leopold I

emperor

Holy Roman Empire

1655 to 1705

He lived 1640 to 1705, was king of Hungary [1655 to 1705] and Bohemia [1658 to 1705], and Holy Roman emperor

[1658 to 1705]. Holy Roman Empire warred with Louis XIV of France. He put down rebellion of Thokoly in Hungary

and ended resulting siege of Vienna by Ottoman Empire, with aid from Poland. He got Hungary, Slovenia, and Croatia

at Treaty of Karlowitz.

Johann Jacob Froberger [Froberger, Johann Jacob]

composer

Germany

1656

Capriccio in G major [1656]; Toccata in C major [1656]

He lived 1616 to 1667 and composed Baroque harpsichord concertos.

James Harrington [Harrington, James]

writer

USA

1656

Commonwealth of Oceana [1656: power comes from property]

He lived 1611 to 1677.

Christiaan Huygens [Huygens, Christiaan]

astronomer/mathematician/physicist/inventor

Netherlands

1656 to 1675

pendulum clock [1656]; spiral balance spring for clocks [1675]

He lived 1629 to 1695 and saw Venus clouds, Saturn rings, and Jupiter red spot. He invented a light-wave theory using

Huygen's principle and contributed to calculus. He improved clocks {spiral balance spring}.

Jacob van Ruisdael [Ruisdael, Jacob van]

painter

Netherlands

1657

Jewish Graveyard [1657: landscape]

He lived 1628 to 1682.

Robert Hooke [Hooke, Robert]

biologist/physicist/inventor

England

1657 to 1665

anchor escapement for clocks [1657]; Micrographs [1665]

He lived 1635 to 1703, invented Hooke's law [1660], and observed cork cells under microscope [1663]. He invented

universal joint, iris diaphragm, anchor escapement {anchor escapement}, and balance spring [1660].

Molière or Jean-Baptiste Pocquelin [Pocquelin, Jean-Baptiste]

playwright

France

1658 to 1673

Amorous Doctor [1658]; Tartuffe [1664]; Misanthrope [1666]; Doctor in Spite of Himself [1666]; Miser [1668];

Amphytrion [1668]; Wise Women [1669]; Le Bourgeois gentilhomme or Gentleman Bourgeois [1670]; Les Fourberies

de Scapin or Scapin's Tricks [1671]; Le Malade Imaginaire or Imaginary Illness [1673]

He lived 1622 to 1673.

Francesco Cozza [Cozza, Francesco]

painter

Rome, Italy

1660

Madonna del Riscatto [1660: Baroque painting in Santa Francesca Romana monastery or Tower of Mirrors or Palazzo

dei Ponziani]

He lived 1605 to 1682.

Pieter de Hooch [Hooch, Pieter de]

painter

Netherlands

1660

Preparing Bread [1660]

He lived 1629 to 1684 and painted domestic scenes.

Claude Lancelot [Lancelot, Claude]/Antoine Arnauld [Arnauld, Antoine]

linguist

Paris, France

1660

Port Royal Grammar [1660: all languages have similar structure]

Lancelot lived 1616 to 1695. Arnauld lived 1612 to 1694.

Jan Steen [Steen, Jan]

painter

Netherlands

1660 to 1666

Eve of St. Nicholas [1660 to 1666]; Drawing Lesson [1665]

He lived 1625 to 1679.

Zeb-un-Nissa

poet

India

1660 to 1680

Song of Princess Zeb-Un-Nissa in Praise of Her Own Beauty [1660]; Things of Love [1660 to 1680]; Diwan or

Collected Poems [1680]

She lived 1638 to 1702.

Thomas Syndenham [Syndenham, Thomas]

physician

Londin, England

1660 to 1682

Epistolary Dissertation to Dr. Cole [1682]; On Hysteria [1682]

He lived 1624 to 1689 and described diseases accurately. Hysteria in women and hypochondrias in men are similar.

Hysterical symptoms often accompany depression. He invented opium tincture {laudanum, Syndenham} [1660].

Charles II

king

England

1660 to 1685

He lived 1630 to 1685 and was Stuart. General Monck ended rule of Cromwell and organized Stuart Restoration

[1660]. Prime Minister was first Earl of Clarendon and then Cabal. London had plague and fire [1666]. He began

second Dutch War against William of Orange. He intervened in Titus Oates affair, rumor that Jesuits were plotting to

assassinate king. He dissolved Parliament [1681]. Political parties, parliamentary power, sea trade, and arts grew.

Charles XI

king

Sweden

1660 to 1697

He lived 1655 to 1697, helped win Thirty Years War, and conquered St. Petersburg, Livonia in Estonia, Latvia, Karelia

in east Finland, Denmark, south Sweden, and Pomerania in north Poland and northeast Germany.

Yen Yüan

philosopher

China

1660 to 1704

He lived 1635 to 1704 and was Confucian.

Robert Boyle [Boyle, Robert]

chemist/physicist

London, England

1661

Sceptical Chymist [1661]

He lived 1627 to 1691, invented Boyle's law, and found elements.

Jan Vermeer van Delft [Vermeer van Delft, Jan]

painter

Netherlands

1661 to 1667

View of Delft [1661]; Music Lesson [1665]; Girl with a Pearl Earring [1665]; Letter [1667]

He lived 1632 to 1675.

Jean-Baptiste Colbert [Colbert, Jean-Baptiste]

minister

Paris, France

1661 to 1677

Memorandum on Trade [1664]; Criminal Code [1670]; Maritime Code [1672]; Commercial Code [1677]

He lived 1619 to 1683 and appointed council to codify laws. Under Louis XIV, he opposed Fourquet, who had become

wealthy by mismanaging Treasury. He espoused the policy of protecting industry by tariffs and subsidies, regulating

prices, making roads and canals, and colonizing {mercantilism, Colbert}.

Louis Le Vau [Le Vau, Louis]

architect

Versailles, France

1661 to 1688

Palace of Versailles [1661 to 1688: Baroque palace has Hall of Mirrors, Salon de la Guerre, Salon de la Paix, and park]

He lived 1614 to 1670 and worked for Louis XIV.

Jules Hardouin-Mansart [Hardouin-Mansart, Jules]

architect

France

1661 to 1709

Versailles Palace [1661 to 1687]; Grand Trianon [1680: at Versailles]; Place Vendôme [1698: in Paris]; Dome of Les

Invalides [1709: in Paris]

He lived 1646 to 1708. His great-uncle was François Mansart.

Benedict de Spinoza [Spinoza, Benedict de] or Baruch de Spinoza [Spinoza, Baruch de]

philosopher

Amsterdam, Netherlands

1663 to 1677

Principles of Descartes' Philosophy [1663]; Tractatus Theologico-Politicus or Theological-Political Treatise [1670:

Bible as guide to ethics]; Short Treatise on God [1677]; Man and his Well-being [1677]; Treatise on the Emendation of

the Intellect [1677]; Ethics [1677: including Concerning God, On the Nature and Origin of the Mind, Concerning the

Origin and Nature of the Emotions, Of Human Bondage or the Strength of the Emotions, On the Improvement of the

Understanding, and Of the Power of the Intellect or of Human Freedom]; Political Treatise [1677]; On the

Improvement of the Understanding [1677]

He lived 1632 to 1677 and was determinist. He derived Cartesian philosophy from axioms and definitions. He used

Scholastic concepts for axioms and definitions.

Epistemology

People know God through intuition. People can know the parts of God {doctrine of modes}.

The physical can explain the mental, and vice versa. Physical and mental worlds exhibit parallelism. Ideas have objects

or relations and essence of God.

Ideas and thoughts all logically connect, and understanding and reasoning mind perceives that fixed logical relations

are between all objects and events, so all determines each. Effects are cause or premise logical consequences. All

actions and objects are necessary and sufficient. No cause hierarchy exists, only a systematic whole. Causes and effects

do not just happen in time.

Sense perceptions and emotions are body processes. Perceptions are external-object representations used by mind as it

tries to maintain existence and perfect itself. Perceptions and emotions can become perfect in mind by clear and distinct

understanding of their causes.

Purpose is human idea that does not apply to God's actions.

Ethics

Only finite minds see evil. Because everything is necessary, world as a whole has no evil.

Because everything is necessary, free will does not exist.

Man should seek order, give up passion, and try to find and understand God's plan. Attaining clear and distinct

understanding improves mind's reasoning powers and allows more activity and freedom. Freedom is the understanding

that God grants existence to people to act in predetermined ways manifesting God's power and law. The highest state of

living, insight, and understanding {intuition, Spinoza} is intellectual love of God, union of thought and emotion, and

joyful realization that all is eternal necessity under control of God, not contingent on time but determined by laws.

Virtue is acquiescence in this knowledge and living life based on it.

People start with emotion and experience, then learn to reason, and eventually become free through insight, if they are

perfectly active, not reactive, in oneness with God and nature.

Because the future is certain, hope, anxiety, repentance, and fear are not real but are passions based on inadequate

knowledge. Other passions are effects of outside world. Passions distract from vision of God and unity of all.

True freedom is feeling and acting self-determination. Control from outside is bad. Reason is outside time and is

certain. Knowledge leads to proper necessary action, and error leads to wrongdoing.

Self-preservation governs all behaviors. Fundamental desires are desire or appetite, pleasure, and pain or sadness. Self-

preservation requires only these.

Metaphysics

Substance needs only itself to exist {substance monism}. Physical and mental are different perspectives on same reality

{anomalous monism, Spinoza} {double-aspect theory, substance} {dual-aspect theory} {dual-attribute theory,

Spinoza}. Substance has God as essence and nature as laws, is infinite, and has an infinite number of attributes, such as

thinking and spatial extension.

All finite things, such as minds and bodies, are not substances but are only substance parts, manifestations, fragments,

states, or expressions {mode, Spinoza}. Finite things maintain their being {conatus}, perfect their existence, and are

aware of pleasure and pain. Finite things can be more active or more reactive.

Nothing can be different than it is, because everything results from God, who is necessary and eternal being. God is

cause and essence of all things. Actual world and all knowledge derive from God, and this unifies them. All infinite

attributes unite in God's reality, whose essence involves its existence. God has no qualities, no consciousness, no will,

and no body. All things are God modifications, and God is in all things.

Mind

Soul and body exhibit parallelism. Mind is thoughts of body. Body is mental matter. Mind and body are different

aspects of Nature or God.

Politics

States should control the church. However, each age changes religious dogma, so state should not force dogma upon

people. State religion should be about ethics, not dogma. Social life comes from individual interests. State is an

agreement that unites people into group with common interests, to ensure their interests. Agreement makes people give

up some rights to authority to enforce laws. Aristocratic republics are best.

Pierre Beauchamp [Beauchamp, Pierre]

choreographer

France

1664

foot positions [1664]

He lived 1639 to 1705 and established the five ballet foot positions.

Increase Mather [Mather, Increase]

preacher

Massachusetts

1664 to 1692

He lived 1639 to 1723. As Puritan, he supported Massachusetts Bay Colony theocracy, supported education, and led

Salem witch trials [1692]. His son was Cotton Mather, who lived 1663 to 1728.

François Duc de la Rochefoucauld [Rochefoucauld, François Duc de la]

essayist

France

1665

Maxims [1665: epigrams]

He lived 1613 to 1680.

Charles II

king

Spain

1665 to 1700

He lived 1661 to 1700, was king of Spain, Naples, and Sicily [1665 to 1700], and fought with Louis XIV of France but

lost.

Henry Morgan [Morgan, Henry]

pirate

Barbados

1666

He lived 1635 to 1688. English pirate took Spanish ships.

Marcello Malpighi [Malpighi, Marcello]

biologist

Bologna, Italy

1666 to 1671

On Visceral Structure [1666]; Plant Anatomy [1671]

He lived 1628 to 1694, observed plant and animal tissues under microscope, and started embryology and histology.

Guarino Guarini [Guarini, Guarino]

architect

Turin, Italy

1666 to 1694

San Lorenzo [1666 to 1687: in Turin]; Chapel of the Holy Shroud [1667 to 1694: in Turin]; Palazzo Carignano or

Carignano Palace [1679: in Turin]

He lived 1624 to 1683.

Isaac Newton [Newton, Isaac]

physicist/mathematician

England

1666 to 1704

Principia [1671 and 1687]; Universal Arithmetic [1680]; Opticks or Optics [1704]

He lived 1642 to 1727 and developed gravity and force laws [1687]. He stated three motion laws and universal-

gravitation law.

He invented a light-particle theory and used prisms to separate sunlight into different-color rays. Colors bend by

different amounts, but rays cannot further separate or bend [1666].

He invented dy/dx differentiation, infinitesimal calculus, prime-ratio method, ultimate-ratio method, infinite series,

fundamental theorem of calculus, differentiation, limits, and limit theorem. He studied polar and bipolar coordinates

and invariance under transformation. He invented Newton's parallelogram, Newton's root-finding method, and physical

"action".

For one dimension, shear stress F equals shear viscosity µ times derivative of horizontal velocity v with orthogonal

coordinate y {linear constitutive relation}: F = µ * dv / dy. This law relates stress to strain rate and usually has three

dimensions. This relation leads to the later Navier-Stokes equations.

Epistemology

Spinning discs with varying-area colored segments can make new colors. Average star mass provides absolute

reference for accelerated motion, including rotational motion. Water in spinning buckets is concave, because it rotates

with respect to universe and not with respect to bucket {bucket argument, Newton}.

"Hypotheses non fingo" or "I feign no hypotheses (about the causes of gravity)" is a phrase in the General Scholium

essay of the Principia, 2nd edition [1713].

Christopher Wren [Wren, Christopher]

architect

England

1666 to 1708

London town plan [1666: submitted after Great Fire]; St. Paul's Cathedral [1675 to 1708: in London]; Royal Hospital

[1694: in Greenwich]; Octagon Room of Royal Observatory [1675: in Greenwich]

He lived 1632 to 1723. His clerk was Nicholas Hawksmoor.

Gottfried Wilhelm von Leibniz [Leibniz, Gottfried Wilhelm von]

mathematician/philosopher/inventor

Germany

1666 to 1716

On the Art of Combination [1666]; Samples of the Numerical Characteristic [1679]; New Method for maximums and

minimums [1684]; Discourse of Metaphysics [1686]; Reply to the Thoughts on the System of Pre-established Harmony

Contained in the Second Edition of M. Bayle's Critical Dictionary, Article Rorarius [1702]; Explanation of the Binary

Arithmetic [1703]; Theodicy [1710]; Principles of Nature and Grace [1714]; Monadology [1714]; On the

Combinatorial Arts [1714: infinitesimal calculus, notation, integration, chain rule, variable separation, Leibniz's test];

On the Method of Distinguishing Real from Imaginary Phenomena [1715 to 1716: letter to Clarke]; calculating

machine; water pump

He lived 1646 to 1716. He invented machines for calculating and for pumping water out of mines. In mathematics, he

solved differential equations by isolating variables and used infinitesimals in calculus. He invented integration as

summation, integration as differentiation inverse, closed-function integration, logarithmic-function and exponential-

function differentials [1694], chain rule, and calculus notation. He studied curvature, curve envelopes, and osculating

circles. In logic, he wanted to create perfect language {symbolic logic, Leibniz} {systematic philology}, whose

grammar and words can state all logical propositions and proofs. He attempted to write deductive philosophy, using

formulas in symbol language that he devised, but he did not complete it.

Epistemology

For all x and y, if x and y are identical, then x and y have same properties {Leibniz' law}.

Truths contain predicates in subjects {concept containment}. Necessary truths have a finite series of containments.

Contingent truths have an infinite series of containments.

No proposition can be both true and false at once {principle of contradiction, Leibniz}. Nothing happens without

adequate reasons or causes {principle of sufficient reason, Leibniz}, though people usually cannot know reason.

Reasoning involves contradiction and sufficiency principles. All analytic statements are true. All true statements are

analytic.

Identical things have same intrinsic, non-relational properties. If two objects share all intrinsic, non-relational

properties, they are identical {identity, indiscernible} {indiscernible, identity} {Leibniz's law, Leibniz}. The identity

relationship is symmetrical for thing and properties. However, no two things have same qualities, and things differing

in qualities are two separate things.

Perception is clear if understood. Perception is distinct if people can analyze it into concepts.

Awareness that one's perceptions have become more clear and distinct is pleasure. Awareness that one's perceptions

have become less clear and distinct is pain.

Clear and distinct statements have two classes. One class is personal experiences, which are clear and intuitively true,

because people have immediate experience of their own existence, but are true for one time only. However, opposites

of these facts are also possible, so people can know their truth only after they have happened {a posteriori, Leibniz}.

Facts of experience are conditional or contingent truths of the finite world. All things are deterministic, so opposites

only appear to be possible. People's senses know only space and time, not physical forces or causes.

The other class is eternal truths, self-evident to reason, whose opposites cannot be true or even possible. People can

know their truth before events {a priori, Leibniz}. Eternal truths are unconditional, necessary, and about the infinite.

Ethics

God allows free will, because it is good, but this necessarily allows evil.

Physical evil is punishment for sin. Object finiteness and unclear ideas cause moral evil.

Law

Law must have philosophical bases to be consistent and just. Law has natural divisions. Law and reasoning principles

can find document meanings.

Metaphysics

Objects must be finite, because something created them. Finite world had to have evil, but it has as much good as

possible because God formed it. The created world has the most variety from simplest causes and laws. What exists is

the largest possible set of compatible things. Because existence is good, this makes world have the most possible reality

and be the best it can be. God chose the best deterministic mechanical laws. However, laws can be different and so are

not absolute truths, only facts {contingent truth, Leibniz}. There are infinitely many possible worlds.

Only finite matter and spiritual force units {monad, Leibniz} exist. Existing things are monad collections.

Ideal things are continuous and so have no monads.

An infinite number of monads differ in intrinsic properties.

Monads form a hierarchy based on their forces, not motions. Highest monad is God, which is pure activity and has all

forces. Next highest are souls and minds, possess good memory and perception, and are most active. Soul is will's

purpose and is body's central monad. Lowest monads are matter. Monads reflect universe as whole, allowing them to

seem to occupy space. Monads perceive other monads more distinctly or less distinctly {universal expression}.

Number of forces is infinite. Forces or energies are active and immaterial. Material properties, such as filling space or

being impenetrable, are force consequences. Motions are force consequences. Time and space result from combined

force actions. Forces are independent of other forces, but are forms of whole world's essence {world-force}. Forces try

to clearly represent world-force, by infinitely small steps.

Monads have unconscious perceptions {minute perception}. Monads continually seek improvement, which perceives

more clearly and distinctly. Unconsciously, monads continually perceive entire universe {apperception, monad} but are

conscious of only small regions.

Monad wills directly cause actions. Monad beliefs direct will, but not deterministically.

Monads never affect each other, but they appear to do so, because their perceptual states correspond {preestablished

harmony}. God synchronizes the pre-established harmony, which is deterministic. In determined worlds, subjects must

contain all the infinite number of qualities, actions, and predicates that statements can assert and so must be immortal

and unchangeable. Therefore, all statements about reality contain predicate in subject and are analytic. To God, all

experience is analytic, but people cannot know all predicates or facts. For God, objects are necessary, and their

properties are in object essence.

Only God is necessary. All else is contingent.

God exists, as proved by ontological argument, cosmological argument, argument from eternal truths, and argument

from design.

Mind

All ideas are always unconsciously present in soul, which is the central body monad and represents whole universe.

Mind can bring ideas to consciousness. Perceptions contain universal concepts and truths.

Claude Perrault [Perrault, Claude]

architect

Paris, France

1667 to 1672

Louvre East Facade and Colonnade [1667 to 1670: Baroque and French Classical palace]; Paris Observatory [1667 to

1672]

He lived 1613 to 1688.

Dieterich Buxtehude [Buxtehude, Dieterich] or Dietrich Buxtehude [Buxtehude, Dietrich] or Diderik Buxtehude

[Buxtehude, Diderik]

composer/organist

Denmark/Lübeck, Germany

1667 to 1705

Prelude and Fugue BuxWV 139; Cantata BuxWV 104; Membra Jesu Nostri or The Limbs of Our Jesus [1681];

Variations on an Aria by Lully

He lived 1637 to 1707 and composed organ chorales, preludes, cantatas, oratorios, and sonatas. He used old notation

{organ tablature}.

Francesco Redi [Redi, Francesco]

biologist

Italy

1668

He lived 1626 to 1697 and proved spontaneous generation does not happen, by showing that maggots did not come

from meat [1668].

John Dryden [Dryden, John]

poet/playwright

England

1668 to 1697

Dramatick Poesy [1668: essay]; Marriage a la mode [1672]; Ode to the Memory of Mrs. Anne Killigrew [1686: poem];

Alexander's Feast or The Power of Musique [1697: poem]

He lived 1631 to 1700.

Samuel Pepys [Pepys, Samuel]

historian/biographer

London, England

1669

Diary [1669]

He lived 1633 to 1703.

Jean Racine [Racine, Jean]

playwright

France

1669 to 1691

Britannicus [1669]; Berenice [1670]; Bajazet [1672]; Mithradate [1673]; Iphigenie en Aulide [1674]; Phaedra [1677];

Esther [1689]; Athalie [1691]

He lived 1639 to 1699.

Marie Madeleine de la Fayette [Fayette, Marie Madeleine de la] or Marie Madeleine Pioche de la Vergne,

Comtesse de La Fayette [Fayette, Marie Madeleine Pioche de la Vergne, Comtesse de La]

writer

France

1670

Zayde [1670]

She lived 1634 to 1693.

Matsuo Basho [Basho, Matsuo] or Matsuo Munefusa [Munefusa, Matsuo]

poet

Japan

1670 to 1690

Journal of Weather-Beaten Skeleton [1670 to 1690: poems]; Notes in My Knapsack [1670 to 1690: poem]; Narrow

Road to the Deep North and Other Travel Sketches [1670 to 1690: essays]

Zen Buddhist lived 1643 to 1694 and wrote haiku.

Ihara Saikaku [Saikaku, Ihara]

storyteller/poet

Japan

1670 to 1690

Koshoku Ichidai Onna or Life of an Amorous Woman [1670 to 1690: humorous]

He lived 1642 to 1693 and wrote in popular form {ukiyozoshi, Saikaku}.

John Locke [Locke, John]

philosopher

London, England

1670 to 1695

Letter concerning Toleration [1670]; Two Treatises of Government [1681 and 1690]; Thoughts concerning Education

[1686]; Essay Concerning Human Understanding [1689: about psychology]; Reasonableness of Christianity [1695]

He lived 1632 to 1704 and founded empirical psychology and empiricism. William Molyneux helped him and

corresponded with him.

Epistemology

Mental objects are sense-data about sensations, memories of sensations or ideas, or concepts {idea}. Sensation is the

way objects present to understanding when thinking. Ideas can be simple or complex. People cannot analyze simple

ideas or construct them. Mind is passive as it receives simple ideas from appropriate stimuli. Mind cannot prevent or

select simple ideas. The two simple-idea sources are sensation and reflection. Sensation ideas result from observing

external objects. Reflection ideas result when observing mind's operations. Simple ideas come from sensations or

reflections by resemblance, nearness in space and time, and cause and effect {associationism, Locke}.

Idea associations can be false or true. Human action or nature connects true associations. False associations happen by

chance or custom.

People construct and analyze complex ideas, such as objects, relations, and forms, from simple ideas using

consciousness. Complex ideas combine simple ideas consciously using mathematical and logical operations to

rearrange words, abstract, demonstrate, prove, and construct. Words are signs for idea contents, and general ideas are

mental structures using words. Complex concepts find common features among objects or events or subtract space and

time from objects or events {abstraction from examples}. Mind is active while attending, remembering, discriminating,

comparing, combining, enlarging, and abstracting complex ideas.

Knowledge relates ideas perceived by reason. Opinion depends on observation.

Cause and effect is the major idea.

All ideas originate in experience. At birth, mind is blank page {tabula rasa}, waiting for experience to fill. A priori

knowledge, such as tautology, does not exist. Because babies and primitive peoples do not know them, there are no

innate ideas or universally true or known ideas, even of God or mathematics. Because soul or mind has to later

formulate them and judge them, which it does for all ideas anyway, ideas cannot reside in soul for future use. Because

people must learn words and grammar first, clear and distinct or intuitively certain ideas cannot be innate. Because the

most-profound truths can be so abstract that they are not intuitively certain, they are not innate.

In demonstrative knowledge, necessary formal idea is substance that holds qualities or modes. People can be certain

about their ideas and sensations through reflection, but they can know nothing about thing itself, essence, soul, or soul's

relation to body. The only possible knowledge is of mind and its contents.

Will a blind person that knows shapes by touch recognize shapes if able to see {Molyneux problem, Locke}?

Understanding cannot perceive itself. Sense organs cannot perceive themselves.

Ethics

God is lawgiver and has rewards and punishments to induce people to conform to law. God's law is also nature's law, so

following law leads to good results and breaking it leads to bad results in world.

Public opinion and state are two other law sources, and both have rewards and punishments to induce people to

conform to law.

Moral judgments can conform to known ethical laws or not, so moral judgments are demonstrative knowledge.

Metaphysics

Matter is atom groups and has properties. Properties {primary quality, Locke} can be about atoms {corpuscular

theory}: mass or solidity, figure, motion, and number. Properties {secondary quality, Locke} can be about atom

relations. Tertiary qualities are about object perceptions.

Mind

Mind can sense objects and events {outer sense, Locke} and think about experiencing objects and events {inner sense,

Locke}, making two knowledge kinds.

Politics

Kings have no divine right to rule. Hereditary succession to power is not right. Absolute monarchy makes king both

judge and accuser.

Primogeniture is unjust.

People have many basic rights. Mothers have rights the same as fathers.

Before government, men follow natural law, which comes from reason and is God's law. All people are equal and free.

People judge for themselves and rely on themselves for remedies. There is no anarchy. If all people are prudent,

consider their overall interests, not just current ones, and are pious because they fear hell, society needs no law, because

general interests of all coincide with special interests of each, over time.

Government results from social contract, to secure life, liberty, and property. States are expressions of people's will.

Property causes people to agree on government and give right of judging and enforcing law to authority. Authority

must establish laws interpreting natural law, have impartial judges to judge and mete punishment, and have powers to

enforce laws.

Judges should be independent of governing authority. The people should elect legislature by majority rule. Legislature

and executive should be separate, with equally divided powers to make laws and enforce them. There should be checks

and balances among government branches. War or compromise must resolve struggles between branches, because no

higher authority can arbitrate.

The state has limited powers against people, especially against their property.

Government is moral trust. If government does not do good things, people can resist it.

There should be religious tolerance, with love of truth. People should avoid dogma.

Hishikawa Moronobu [Moronobu, Hishikawa]

engraver

Japan

1670 to 1700

prints [1670 to 1700]

He lived 1638 to 1714 and printed ukiyo-e from woodblocks.

Eizan/Horishige/Hokusai/Utamaro

engraver

Japan

1670 to 1867

ukiyo-e [1670 to 1800: woodblock ink prints]

He lived 1787 to 1867 and printed India-ink woodblock prints {ukiyo-e}. Horishige, Hokusai, Utamaro, and Hishikawa

Moronobu also printed them.

Robert Cambert [Cambert, Robert]

composer

France

1671

Pomone [1671: First opera at Paris Opera had ballet]

He lived 1628 to 1677.

James Gregory [Gregory, James]

mathematician/astronomer

Scotland

1671

He lived 1638 to 1675 and invented expressions for pi [1671].

Pierre-Paul Puget [Puget, Pierre-Paul]

sculptor

France

1671 to 1683

Milo of Crotona [1671 to 1683: Early Baroque marble sculpture]

He lived 1622 to 1694.

Nicolas Cassegrain [Cassegrain, Nicolas]

astronomer/inventor

France

1672

reflector telescope [1672]

He lived 1625 to 1712 and invented two-mirror reflector telescope.

Richard Cumberland [Cumberland, Richard]

philosopher

England

1672

On Nature's Laws [1672]

He lived 1631 to 1718. Altruistic and social motives in people come from God.

Samuel Puffendorf [Puffendorf, Samuel]

lawyer

Lund, Germany

1672

On Natural Law and Law of Nations [1672]

He lived 1632 to 1694.

Law

Laws define what to do or not do and prescribe punishment. Travelers have freedom of seas, except in territorial

waters.

Politics

Man's natural duties, defined by natural law, are examples of state duties. Authority has legitimate power to limit

freedom and punish people to make people secure or better. Authority can also be legitimate if people have consented.

People have obligation to obey superiors. Social relations aid individual self-preservation. Theocracy is not good.

Taking booty is sovereign's right, and it is then his property. Treaty or danger {necessity} can allow nations to prevent

actions they normally allow.

William Wycherley [Wycherley, William]

playwright

England

1672

Country Wife [1672]

He lived 1641 to 1715.

Thomas Ken [Ken, Thomas]/Louis Bourgeois [Bourgeois, Louis]

lyricist/composer

England/France

1674

Praise God, from Whom All Blessings Flow or the Doxology [1674: music is Old 100th, 1551]

Ken lived 1637 to ?. Bourgeois lived 1515 to 1559.

Shivaji Bhonsle or Sijavi

king

India

1674 to 1680

He lived 1627 to 1680 and started Maratha kingdom [1674]. Mahrattas from west-central India established capital at

Poona and conquered part of Mogul Empire [1655 to 1674].

Takakazu Seki [Seki, Takakazu] or Kowa Seki [Seki, Kowa] or Seki Kowa [Seki, Kowa]

mathematician

Edo (Tokyo), Japan

1674 to 1683

Mathematical Methods for Finding Details [1674]

He lived 1642 to 1708, invented calculus, and used determinants [1683]. Japanese temple geometry flourished at this

time.

Anton Leeuwenhoek [Leeuwenhoek, Anton]

biologist

Delft, Netherlands

1674 to 1716

Letter to Leibniz [1716]

He lived 1632 to 1723 and observed bacteria [1674], yeast, protozoa, sperm, and capillary blood corpuscles under

microscope.

Philipp Jakob Spener [Spener, Philipp Jakob]

philosopher

Frankfurt, Germany

1675

Tender Desirables or Gentle Desirables [1675]

He lived 1635 to 1705. In response to Church corruption, he developed ideal of personal morality and contemplation

{pietism, Spener}.

Nicolas Malebranche [Malebranche, Nicolas]

philosopher

France

1675 to 1688

Search after Truth [1675]; Christian Metaphysical Meditations [1683]; Dialogues on Metaphysics and Religion [1688]

He lived 1638 to 1715 and was Occasionalist.

Epistemology

At each occasion of experience, God places experience in people. Mind cannot know the body except through God.

God holds all perceptions and ideas. God puts innate ideas into minds so they can think. People cannot know all their

mind or faculties.

Error is self-deception, so people are at fault for error.

Metaphysics

God causes all actions, including will, because they are necessary. No actual causes and effects exist, only physical

motions under laws. God put initial motion in all bodies.

God wills at each instant.

Mind

Individual minds are in infinite reason, love, and God, because they modify universal reason or God. People can only

oppose God in their wills, not minds.

Feodor III

czar

Russia

1676 to 1682

He lived 1661 to 1682 and was Romanov.

Mary II

queen

England/Scotland/Ireland

1677 to 1694

She lived 1662 to 1694 and married William III [1677].

John Bunyan [Bunyan, John]

novelist

England

1678

Pilgrim's Progress [1678]

He lived 1628 to 1688.

Ralph Cudworth [Cudworth, Ralph]

philosopher

Cambridge, England

1678

True Intellectual System of the Universe [1678]

He lived 1617 to 1680 and was Cambridge Platonist.

Alessandro Scarlatti [Scarlatti, Alessandro] or Il Palermitano

composer

Italy

1679

Gli Equivoci nel Sembiante or Deceptions [1679]

He lived 1660 to 1725 and composed Italian overtures, da capo arias, operas, cantatas, oratorios, and masses.

Jacques Bossuet [Bossuet, Jacques]

philosopher/bishop

France

1679 to 1681

Discourse on Universal History [1681]

He lived 1627 to 1704. Christianization relates nation histories and gives history purpose.

Hafiz Osman [Osman, Hafiz]

painter

Iran

1680

Hilyah or Description of the Prophet [1680: Arabic calligraphy style]

He lived 1642 to 1698 and used words and phrases to depict bird or animal.

John Wise [Wise, John]

clergyman

USA

1680

He lived 1652 to 1725, wrote about democracy, and resisted English tax collectors.

Denis Papin [Papin, Denis]

inventor

London, England

1680 to 1707

steam pressure cooker [1680: with safety valve]; steam piston engine [1690]; New Method of Obtaining Very Great

Moving Powers at Small Cost [1690]; New Art of Pumping Water by using Steam [1707]

He lived 1647 to 1712 {steam pressure cooker}.

De Lafontaine [Lafontaine, De]

ballerina

France

1681 to 1707

Triumph of Love [1681: first ballet with woman as solo dancer]

She lived 1665 to 1738 and was first woman to appear professionally in ballet as solo female dancer {prima ballerina}

{premiere danseuse}.

John Holt [Holt, John]

judge

London, England

1681 to 1710

Ashby v. White and Others [1681 to 1710]; Case of John Paty and Others [1681 to 1710]

He lived 1642 to 1710. As Chief Justice [1681 to 1710], he added bailment law to English law, from Continental law.

Edmund Halley [Halley, Edmund]

astronomer

England

1682

He lived 1656 to 1742 and discovered Halley's comet [1682].

Ivan V

czar

Russia

1682 to 1696

He lived 1666 to 1696 and was Romanov.

Peter I or Peter the Great

czar

Russia

1682 to 1725

He lived 1672 to 1725, was Romanov, overthrew his sister, and took the title emperor. He shifted capital to St.

Petersburg from Moscow. He expanded Russia to Black and Baltic Seas. He took Livonia, Estonia, and Karellas from

Sweden [1721] and won Northern War. He took Azov on Black Sea from Ottoman Empire and built navy but later lost

it. He defeated Persia.

He westernized and industrialized. He started universal taxation, reformed army and government, and built schools and

hospitals. He freed women from serf status and crushed serf revolts. Serfs became even more subject to nobles. Russia

had lumber and iron. He formed Russian Orthodox Church with himself as head.

James II

king

England

1685 to 1688

He lived 1633 to 1701 and was Stuart. After Puritan Revolution [1649], he escaped to France and married Catholic.

After Charles II became king, James II returned to England as Lord Admiral but later resigned. England exiled him

after Titus Oates affair. He became king when Charles II died [1685]. He presided over the Bloody Assizes, bishop

trials, and hostile parliaments. Glorious Revolution deposed him.

Henry Purcell [Purcell, Henry]

composer

England

1685 to 1692

Trumpet Tune and Air [1685]; Dido and Aeneas [1689: opera]; King Arthur [1691: opera]; Fairy Queen [1692: opera]

He lived 1659 to 1695.

Arcangelo Corelli [Corelli, Arcangelo]

composer

Italy

1685 to 1700

sonatas or trio sonatas for violin [1685 to 1700]

He lived 1653 to 1713 and composed sonatas.

Jacob Bernoulli [Bernoulli, Jacob]

mathematician

Basel, Switzerland

1686

Art of Conjecturing [1686]

He lived 1654 to 1705 and studied calculus of variations, variable separation, lemniscate curve, differential equations,

and inflection points. He invented Bernoulli's theorem and Bernoulli equation. If event can have two outcomes, each

with probability, after many independent events, relative frequency approaches probability {weak law of large

numbers, Bernoulli}. Perhaps, probabilities are inferable from frequencies.

Bernard le Bovier de Fontenelle [Fontenelle, Bernard le Bovier de]

essayist

Paris, France

1686

Entretiens sur la pluralité des mondes or Conversations on the Plurality of Worlds [1686: essays]

He lived 1657 to 1757 and wrote essays and operas.

Pierre d'Ortigue [d'Ortigue, Pierre]

writer

Paris, France

1688

Art of Pleasing in Conversation [1688]

He lived 1630 to 1693. Conversation is part of good manners.

Jean de La Bruyere [La Bruyere, Jean de]

essayist

France

1688

Les Caracteres or Characters [1688: essay]

He lived 1645 to 1696.

Jean de la Fontaine [Fontaine, Jean de la]

poet/storyteller

France

1688 to 1693

Fables [1668 to 1693]

He lived 1621 to 1695.

William III or William of Orange

king

England/Scotland/Ireland

1688 to 1702

He lived 1650 to 1702. Before 1688, as William of Orange of United Provinces, he negotiated peace with England after

Dutch Wars and fought against Louis XIV of France in War of the Grand Alliance. He helped remove James II of

England and became king in Glorious Revolution. As king, he accepted Bill of Rights and Act of Settlement, gave land

in Ireland to nobles, raised taxes, and started Bank of England. He fought Louis XIV of France in War of the Spanish

Succession. Whigs, landowners and merchants, gained control of Parliament.

Isaac Watts [Watts, Isaac]/Georg Friedrich Handel [Handel, Georg Friedrich]/David Lowell Mason [Mason,

David Lowell]

lyricist/composer/composer

England

1689

Joy to the World [1689: music is Antioch, arranged by Mason]

Watts lived 1674 to 1748. Mason lived 1792 to 1872.

Gobind Singh

leader

India

1690

He lived 1666 to 1708 and was tenth and last Sikh guru. He changed Sikhs to Hindu practices, urging them to follow

the Guru Granth Sahib scripture. He emphasized militarism, started a brotherhood {khalsa}, and gained land.

Johann Bernoulli [Bernoulli, Johann]

mathematician

Basel, Switzerland

1691

He lived 1667 to 1748 and studied series, arithmetic series, geometric series, differential equations [1691], astroid

[1691], curvature radius, Bernoulli numbers, and curve rectification. Wire shape allows bead to slide from one end to

the other in shortest possible time {brachistochrone, Bernoulli} [1696].

Michel Rolle [Rolle, Michel]

mathematician

France

1691

He lived 1652 to 1719 and invented Rolle's theorem [1691].

Christian Thomasius [Thomasius, Christian]

lawyer

Germany

1691 to 1705

Introduction to the Theory of Pure Reason [1691]; Fundamentals of Natural Law and Law of Nations [1705]

He lived 1655 to 1728, was international lawyer, and helped found natural law.

Johann Bernhard Fischer von Erlach [Erlach, Johann Bernhard Fischer von]

architect

Vienna, Austria

1694 to 1737

Dreifaltigkeitssäule or Holy Trinity Column [1694 to 1702: monument in Vienna]; University Church [1694 to 1707: in

Salzburg]; Church of the Trinity [1694 to 1710: in Salzburg]; Imperial Palace Schönbrunn [1696 to 1711: in Vienna];

Karlskirche or Church of San Carlo Borromeo [1715 to 1737: Baroque church in Vienna]; Hofbibliothek or Imperial

Library [1722: in Vienna]; Plan of Civil and Historical Architecture [1721: book]

He lived 1656 to 1723. San Carlo Borromeo is St. Charles Borromaeus.

Gerrit Berckheyde [Berckheyde, Gerrit]

painter

Netherlands

1696

Market Square at Haarlem [1696]

He lived 1638 to 1698 and painted town scenes.

William Kidd [Kidd, William]

pirate

Scotland

1696

He lived 1645 to 1701 and pirated Spanish ships.

Guillaume de l'Hôpital [l'Hôpital, Guillaume de]

mathematician

Paris, France

1696

Analysis of the Infinitely Small by Understanding Curved Lines [1696]

He lived 1661 to 1704 and studied series and invented L'Hospital's rules.

John Toland [Toland, John]

philosopher

Ireland

1696 to 1720

Christianity not Mysterious [1696]; Letters to Serena [1704]; Form of Celebrating the Socratic Society [1720]; Four

Tracts [1720]

He lived 1670 to 1722, was Deist, and was free thinker. People can speak and write in forms {exoteric writing} for

most people or in forms {esoteric writing} for scholars. Religion should have no mysteries. Deism emphasizes duty,

modesty, charity, and tolerance. God is in all things.

Pierre Bayle [Bayle, Pierre]

philosopher

Paris, France

1697

Historical and Critical Dictionary [1697]

He lived 1647 to 1706. Nobody can know absolute truth, so faith must have constraints, and people should have

religious tolerance. Reason can know its duty. Conscience knows ethical truths intuitively and immediately, though

they are not innate. Ethical truths are the same for all people.

Charles Perrault [Perrault, Charles]

poet/storyteller

France

1697

Contes de ma Mère l'Oye or Tales of Mother Goose [1697: with The Sleeping Beauty, Little Red Riding Hood,

Bluebeard, Puss in Boots, Diamonds and Toads, Cinderella or The Little Glass Slipper, Riquet a la houppe, and Tom

Thumb]

He lived 1628 to 1703.

Charles XII

king

Sweden

1697 to 1718

He lived 1682 to 1718, fought Northern War, and won at first but then lost to Russia and Poland [1721], ending

Swedish power.

Augustus II

king

Poland

1697 to 1733

He lived 1670 to 1733. Elector of Saxony became king of Poland [1697].

Johann Pachelbel [Pachelbel, Johann]

organist/composer

Germany

1698

Canon in D [1698]

He lived 1653 to 1706.

Thomas Savery [Savery, Thomas]

inventor

England

1698

steam engine [1698]

He lived 1650 to 1715.

William Congreve [Congreve, William]

playwright

England

1700

Way of the World [1700]

He lived 1670 to 1729.

John Jones [Jones, John]

physician

London, England

1700

Mysteries of Opium Reveal'd [1700]

He studied opium effects.

Louis Pecourt [Pecourt, Louis]

ballet dancer

France

1700

He lived 1655 to 1729 and was solo dancer {premier danseur} and balletmaster [1700].

Ogyu Sorai [Sorai, Ogyu]

philosopher

Tokyo, Japan

1700 to 1720

Distinguishing the Way [1700 to 1720]; Distinguishing the Names [1700 to 1720]; Journey to Kai [1706]

He lived 1666 to 1728 and started Kogaku School, which studied original Confucian writings.

Alain-Rene LeSage [LeSage, Alain-Rene]

writer

France

1700 to 1730

Gil Blas [1700 to 1730: stories]

He lived 1668 to 1747.

Thomas Sheraton [Sheraton, Thomas]

designer

England

1700 to 1730

Sheraton

He lived 1751 to 1806. It was a light linear neoclassical style based on Adam and Hepplewhite. It used contrasting

veneers, inlay, and painted decorations. Chair backs had urns, swags, or lyres.

Jethro Tull [Tull, Jethro]

inventor

England

1701

horse-drawn hoe with seed drill [1701]

He lived 1674 to 1741 {hoe with seed drill}.

Frederick I

king

Brandenburg/Prussia

1701 to 1713

He lived 1657 to 1713. Hohenzollern Elector of Brandenburg united Brandenburg and Duchy of Prussia.

Johann Becher [Becher, Johann]

chemist

Germany

1702

He lived 1635 to 1682 and invented a heat theory [1702], in which heat is a substance {phlogiston} {caloric fluid}.

Georg Stahl [Stahl, Georg]

chemist

Germany

1702

He lived 1660 to 1734 and invented a heat theory [1702], in which heat is a substance {phlogiston, Stahl} {caloric

fluid, Stahl}.

Anne

queen

England

1702 to 1714

She lived 1665 to 1714, was Stuart, and fought War of the Spanish Succession. Great Britain began [1707]. Parliament

became strong. Because she had no children, she preceded Hanover kings: George I, George II, George III, George IV,

and Victoria.

Berthold Dietmayr [Dietmayr, Berthold]

abbot/architect

Melk, Austria

1702 to 1736

Melk Monastery [1702 to 1736: Baroque]

He lived 1670 to 1739.

Ito Jinsai [Jinsai, Ito]

philosopher

Kyoto, Japan

1705

Philosophical Lexicography of the Analects and Mencius [1705]

He lived 1627 to 1705 and started Kogaku School or Study of Antiquity School, which studied original Confucian

writings.

John Vanbrugh [Vanbrugh, John]

architect

Oxfordshire, England

1705

Blenheim Palace [1705: Baroque palace shows Italian styling]

He lived 1664 to 1726.

George Farquhar [Farquhar, George]

playwright

England

1706

Recruiting Officer [1706]

He lived 1678 to 1707.

John V

king

Portugal

1706 to 1750

He lived 1689 to 1750.

Hermann Boerhaave [Boerhaave, Hermann]

philosopher/physician

France/Leyden, Netherlands

1707

Medical Institutions [1707]

He lived 1668 to 1738. Matter moves and lives. Mind is not separate from matter. Mind depends on body completely.

All mental processes use material or mechanical processes.

Johann Sebastian Bach [Bach, Johann Sebastian]

composer

Germany

1707 to 1749

Fugue in G Minor or Little Fugue [1703 to 1707]; Mighty Fortress Is Our God [1707: hymn with lyrics by Martin

Luther]; Toccata and Fugue in D Minor [1709]; Sheep May Safely Graze or Hunting Cantata or Birthday Cantata

[1713]; Jesu, Joy of Man's Desiring [1716 to 1723: Chorale from Cantata No. 147]; Passacaglia and Fugue in C Minor

[1717]; Brandenburg Concerto No. 1 [1717]; Orchestral Suite No. 1 [1717]; Brandenburg Concerto No. 2 [1719];

Brandenburg Concerto No. 3 [1721]; Orchestral Suite No. 2 [1721]; Well-tempered Clavier [1722]; St. John Passion

[1723: mass]; Two-Part Inventions [1723]; Three-Part Inventions [1723]; Mass in B Minor [1724 to 1749: mass];

Magnificat [1725: mass]; Minuet in G [1725: from Anna Magdalena Notebook]; Anna Magdalena Notebook [1725:

with The Little Suite and Art Thou with Me or Bist du bei mir]; Orchestral Suite No. 3 in D [1727]; Air on the G String

[1727: from Orchestral Suite No. 3 in D]; St. Matthew Passion [1729: mass]; Oboe Concerto in D minor [1731];

Sleepers Awake [1731: from Cantata 140]; Christmas Oratorio [1734: including Sinfonia in G]; Italian Concerto

[1735]; Goldberg Variations [1742]; Musical Offering [1747]; Art of Fugue [1749]

He lived 1685 to 1750 and composed Baroque polyphonic works.

Gobind Singh or Gobind Singh Ji

religious leader

Punjab/Pakistan

1708

Wonder Tale [1708: autobiography]; Praise of Almighty God [1708]; Wondrous Drama [1721 to 1734: compilation by

Bhai Mani Singh]

He lived 1666 to 1708, was the 10th Sikh guru, and emphasized militarism.

La Verendrye or Pierre Gaultier de Varennes, sieur de la Verendrye [Verendrye, Pierre Gaultier de Varennes,

sieur de la]

discoverer

France/Canada

1708

He lived 1685 to 1749 and explored and traded in Canada and west North America.

Abraham Darby [Darby, Abraham]

inventor

England

1708 to 1709

iron smelting with coke [1708 to 1709]

He lived 1677 to 1717 {iron smelting with coke}. Previously, smelting used charcoal.

Anthony Collins [Collins, Anthony]

philosopher

England

1708 to 1717

Answer [1708]; Discourse of Freethinking [1713]; Philosophical Inquiry [1717]

He lived 1676 to 1729 and was deist and freethinker.

William King [King, William]

philosopher/bishop

Dublin, Ireland

1709

Sermon on Predestination [1709]

He lived 1650 to 1729, was archbishop of Dublin [1702 to 1729], and opposed Toland.

Isaac Watts [Watts, Isaac]/William Croft [Croft, William]

lyricist/composer

England

1709

O God, Our Help in Ages Past [1709: music is St. Anne, 1718]

Watts lived 1674 to 1748.

Antonio Stradivari [Stradivari, Antonio]

instrument maker

Italy

1709 to 1720

"Ernst" violin [1709]; "Madrileno" violin [1720]

He lived 1644 to 1737 and perfected violin, which he signed Antonius Stravidarius.

Richard Steele [Steele, Richard] or Isaac Bickerstaff [Bickerstaff, Isaac]

essayist

England

1709 to 1722

Tatler [1709 to 1711: edited magazine]; Spectator [1711 to 1712: edited magazine with Addison]; Conscious Lovers

[1722]

He lived 1672 to 1729.

Peter Browne [Browne, Peter]

philosopher

Ireland

1709 to 1733

Procedure, Extent, and Limits of Human Understanding [1728]; Things Divine and Supernatural Conceived by

Analogy with Things Natural and Human or The Divine Analogy [1733]

He lived 1665 to 1735, was bishop of Cork [1709], and opposed Toland.

George Berkeley [Berkeley, George]

philosopher

England

1709 to 1744

Essay towards a New Theory of Vision [1709]; Treatise concerning the Principles of Human Knowledge [1710 and

1713]; Passive Obedience [1712]; Three Dialogues between Hylas and Philonous [1713]; On Motion [1721]; Minute

Philosopher [1732]; Siris or Chain of Philosophical Reflections, and Inquiries concerning the Virtues of Tar-Water

[1744]

He lived 1685 to 1753, was Catholic, and studied vision psychology.

Epistemology

Mind can only know sense impressions and images {immediate object}, perception contents. Mind only knows primary

qualities and secondary qualities. People cannot know anything about physical world or about substance. Objects are

only quality conjunctions, with no need for substance.

Mind only uses examples and analogies, not words or abstractions. Abstractions are illusions, because they just

recombine words. Abstractions about object sensations are not real in thought or nature, because they must both include

and exclude qualities, and no process can be so general and so specific simultaneously.

Perception cause is God's will, which maintains complex correlations between all sense qualities. All people thus

perceive the same unified, continuous, and coherent world, and world really is as it appears.

People correlate visual experience and visual judgments, such as distance and size, by contingent and arbitrary

associations, not by calculation. Objects in visual experience are only mental {divine visual language}, by which

people infer information about environment objects. People do not know or use innate mathematical ideas or optics

theorems.

Mechanical movements do not cause or explain anything, but scientific theories are useful to predict experience.

Metaphysics

Matter is not real. Only mind and sense qualities are real {subjective idealism}. To exist is to be perceived {esse est

percipi}.

If consciousness is matter property, world needs no creator, and soul is mortal.

The real world is under will of God and is purposeful. God perceives, and thus guarantees, material existence.

Mind

Mind is not ideas but contains or perceives ideas. Perceiving or attending is mental action, and mind is mental actions.

People are, and are only, minds or spirits, thinking things. Only intelligent active animate agents or minds can have will

and cause ideas or events. People are always thinking and do not have unconscious periods {doctrine of private times}

{private times doctrine}.

John M. Neale [Neale, John M.]/Christoph Meineke [Meineke, Christoph]

lyricist/composer

USA

1710

Gloria Patri or Glory to the Father [1710: translated from Latin by John M. Neale]

traditional [200 to 300]. Neale lived 1818 to 1866. Meineke lived [1782 to 1850].

Lord Shaftesbury [Shaftesbury, Lord] or Anthony Cooper [Cooper, Anthony]

philosopher

England

1711

Characteristics of Man, Manners, Opinions, and Times [1711]

He lived 1671 to 1713 and was deist. As third Earl of Shaftesbury, he introduced laws to prevent women and children

from working in coal mines, to limit workdays to ten hours, and to create insane asylums.

Ethics

Feelings depend on reflection about self. They approve the good and beautiful and abhor the bad and ugly and so guide

person's actions, making moral sense {moral sense} {sentimentalism}.

Goal of ethical life is individual-ability development, by unfolding essences. Individuals should use all forces and

impulses in harmonious ways. Individuals should not conform to others' laws or humble self or will before other

people. In cultivated and mature people, development combines selfish interests with altruistic motives.

Metaphysics

God is what orders physical world {deus ex machina, Shaftesbury}.

Charles VI

emperor

Germany/Austria

1711 to 1740

He lived 1685 to 1740. Holy Roman Empire claimed Spain against Charles II of Spain, in War of the Spanish

Succession. He involved Austria in War of the Polish Succession. His Pragmatic Sanction gave Hapsburg lands to

Maria Theresa of Austria, which later led to War of the Austrian Succession.

Prosper Crébillon [Crébillon, Prosper]

playwright

France

1711 to 1748

Rhadamiste et Zenobie [1711]; Catilina [1748]

He lived 1674 to 1762.

Thomas Newcomen [Newcomen, Thomas]

inventor

England

1712

steam engine [1712]

He lived 1663 to 1729.

Christian Wolff [Wolff, Christian]

philosopher/lawyer

Silesia/Poland/Russia/Prussia/Halle, Germany

1712 to 1753

Rational Ideas [1712 to 1725: essays]; Moral Philosophy [1750 to 1753]

He lived 1679 to 1754, was follower of Leibniz, was Protestant, and founded Berlin Academy. He was international

lawyer and favored natural law.

Epistemology

Rational and empirical knowledge are separate.

Ethics

Natural law and moral law are both strivings for perfection by monads. Increase in perfection brings happiness, and

decrease brings pain. Helping other people and following moral duties lead to perfection and happiness. People

improve by increasing idea clarity.

Joseph Addison [Addison, Joseph]

essayist

England

1713

Squire Roger de Coverly [1713: essay]

He lived 1672 to 1719.

William Cheselden [Cheselden, William]

surgeon/inventor

Britain

1713 to 1723

Anatomy of the Human Body [1713]; Anatomy of Bones [1733: human skeleton]; Treatise on the High Operation for

the Stone [1723: kidney stone removal]

He lived 1688 to 1752, developed artificial pupil, and removed kidney stones {kidney stone removal} and cataracts.

François Couperin le grand [Couperin le grand, François]

composer

France

1713 to 1730

1st Suite [1713 to 1730]; 2nd Suite [1713 to 1730: includes La Flateuse and La Florentine]; 3rd Suite [1713 to 1730];

4th Suite [1713 to 1730]

He lived 1668 to 1733.

Frederick William I

king

Prussia

1713 to 1740

He lived 1688 to 1740, created efficient army and government, and gained treasury surplus by avoiding war.

Philip V

king

Spain

1713 to 1746

He lived 1683 to 1746 and was of Bourbon family. His accession led to War of the Spanish Succession, which Peace of

Utrecht settled [1713]. Spain lost all outside territory to Austria and Britain, and he became king of Spain. Cardinal

Alberoni tried to get back Italian lands, leading to Quadruple Alliance [1718] to block the move. Quadruple Alliance

was France, England, Holy Roman Empire, and Germany. He also took part in War of the Polish Succession and War

of the Austrian Succession.

Gabriel Daniel Fahrenheit [Fahrenheit, Gabriel Daniel]

physicist

Poland/Netherlands

1714

He lived 1686 to 1736 and invented Fahrenheit thermometer [1714].

George I

king

Great Britain

1714 to 1727

He lived 1660 to 1727, was of Hanover family, and became king under Act of Settlement [1701]. Quadruple Alliance

[1718] assured his succession. Whig party began to have real power.

Alexander Pope [Pope, Alexander]

poet/essayist/critic

England

1714 to 1734

Little Learning [1711: poem]; Essay on Criticism [1711: essay]; Odyssey of Homer [1713 to 1725: translated from

Greek, including Vital Spark of Heavenly Fire]; Iliad of Homer [1713 to 1725: translated from Greek]; Rape of the

Lock [1714: poem]; Solitude [1717: poem]; Elegy to the Memory of an Unfortunate Lady [1717: poem]; Eloisa to

Abelard [1717: poem]; Moral Essays [1731 to 1735: essays]; On the Nature and State of Man or An Essay on Man

[1734: essay, including The Riddle of the World or Know Then Thyself]; Epistle to Dr. Arbuthnot [1735: essay in

Moral Essays]; Dunciad [1742: poem]

He lived 1688 to 1744.

George Graham [Graham, George]

inventor

England

1715

deadbeat escapement for clocks [1715]

He lived 1674 to 1751 {deadbeat escapement}.

Brook Taylor [Taylor, Brook]

mathematician

London, England

1715

Direct and Inverse Methods of Increments [1715]; Linear Perspective [1715]

He lived 1685 to 1731 and invented Taylor series and Taylor's theorem.

Danilo I

king

Montenegro

1715 to 1735

He lived 1670 to 1735 and allied with Russia.

Louis Dupré [Dupré, Louis]

ballet dancer

France

1715 to 1751

He lived 1697 to 1774 and was principal dancer [1715 to 1751].

Louis XV

king

France

1715 to 1774

He lived 1710 to 1774 and was of Bourbon family. First, he was under regency of Philippe II or Philippe d'Orleans

[1715 to 1723]. He fought War of the Polish Succession, War of the Austrian Succession, and Seven Years War, which

resulted, together with costly court and official corruption, in loss of colonies and financial ruin. Cardinal Fleury was

minister [1726 to 1743]. Madame de Pompadour was mistress [1743 to 1764].

Egid Quirin Asam [Asam, Egid Quirin]/Cosmas Damian Asam [Asam, Cosmas Damian]

architect/painter

Germany

1716 to 1733

Weltenburg Church [1716 to 1721: at Weltenburg]; Rohr Church [1716 to 1733: at Rohr]; St. Johann Nepomuk or

Asamkirche or Asam Church [1729 to 1733: at Munich]

Egid Quirin Asam lived 1692 to 1750 and was architect. Cosmas Damian Asam lived 1686 to 1739 and was painter and

architect.

Samuel Clarke [Clarke, Samuel]

philosopher

England

1717

Leibniz-Clarke Correspondence [1717]

He lived 1675 to 1729 and was Moralist. Morals are part of natural law. Reason shows that people should follow the

golden rule and be benevolent to others.

Antoine Watteau [Watteau, Antoine]

painter

France

1717 to 1719

Gilles as Pierrot [1718]; Pilgrimage to Cythera [1719]; Fêtes Venitiennes or Venice Festivals [1719]

He lived 1684 to 1721.

Georg Friedrich Handel [Handel, Georg Friedrich]

composer

Germany/England

1717 to 1749

Royal Water Music, Suite No. 2 in D [1717: symphony]; Esther [1718: oratorio]; Xerxes or Serses [1734]; Atalanta

[1736: opera]; Berenice [1737: opera]; Saul [1738: oratorio]; Concerto grosso in A minor [1739]; Israel in Egypt [1739:

oratorio]; Samson [1741: oratorio]; Messiah [1742: oratorio, including the Hallelujah Chorus]; Judas Maccabeus [1747:

oratorio]; Royal Fireworks Music [1749: symphony]; Solomon [1749: including Arrival of the Queen of Sheba]

He lived 1685 to 1759 and used arias.

Abraham de Moivre [Moivre, Abraham de]

mathematician

France/England

1718 to 1722

Doctrine of Chances [1718]

He lived 1667 to 1754 and invented DeMoivre's theorem [1722].

Daniel Defoe [Defoe, Daniel]

novelist

England

1719

Robinson Crusoe [1719]

He lived 1660 to 1731.

Balthasar Neumann [Neumann, Balthasar]

architect

Bohemia/Würzburg, Germany

1719 to 1772

Episcopal Palace [1719 to 1744: in Würzburg in Bavaria, Late Baroque palace has many windows, bright colored

paintings, and hidden structural members, and Kaisersall paintings have Rococo style]; Vierzahnheiligen or Fourteen

Saints [1743 to 1772]

He lived 1687 to 1753.

Lord Chesterfield [Chesterfield, Lord] or Philip Dormer Stanhope [Stanhope, Philip Dormer]

essayist

England

1720

Letters [1720: essays about chatterer, flatterer, and silent man]

He lived 1694 to 1773.

Chikamatsu Monzaemon [Monzaemon, Chikamatsu]

playwright

Japan

1720

Double Suicide [1720]

She lived 1653 to 1725.

Colin Maclaurin [Maclaurin, Colin]

mathematician

London, England

1720 to 1742

Organic Geometry [1720]; Treatise of Fluxions [1742]

He lived 1698 to 1746, invented Maclaurin series, and used determinants method to solve linear equations [1726 to

1729].

Hakuin Ekaku or Kokurin or Byakuin or Sugiyama Iwagiro [Iwagiro, Sugiyama] or Iwajiro or Jinki or

Dokumyo or Shoji Kokushi [Kokushi, Shoji]

philosopher/poet

Shoin-ji Temple, Japan

1720 to 1750

Wild Ivy [1720 to 1750: autobiography]; Daruma [1720 to 1750: scroll]

He lived 1685 to 1768 and was Zen poet and painter. People need to meditate during all activities.

Cornelius Van Bynkershoek [Bynkershoek, Cornelius Van]

lawyer

Leyden, Netherlands

1721 to 1737

Sovereignty of the Sea [1721]; Questions of Public Law [1737]

He lived 1673 to 1743 and emphasized actual law practice. He established neutral country protections, blockade rules,

and contraband rules. One cannon shot, three miles, is territorial-waters limit. High seas are free to all. Ambassadors

should have full protection. War declarations are unnecessary.

Montesquieu or Charles de Secondat, Baron de Montesquieu [Montesquieu, Charles de Secondat, Baron de]

philosopher/historian

Paris, France

1721 to 1748

Persian Letters [1721: satire on European society]; Reflections on the Causes of the Grandeur and Decline of the

Romans [1734: philosophy of history]; Spirit of Laws [1748: comparative government and economic and geographic

origins of laws]

He lived 1689 to 1755, wrote histories, and began political science.

Law

Laws must suit environment. The standard of law is justice.

Politics

Personal liberty is good. There are three government types. Kings of Europe illustrate monarchy. Rulers of Orient

illustrate despotism. Republics can be either democratic or aristocratic. Democratic republics depend on virtue and

public spirit. Aristocratic republics depend on moderation. Monarchy depends on honor. Despotism depends on fear.

Virtue is the ideal of democracy. Moderation is the ideal of aristocracy. Honor is the ideal of monarchy. Fear is the

ideal of despotism. States need constitutions. Separating executive, legislative, and judicial government branches is

good.

Matthäus Daniel Pöppelmann [Pöppelmann, Matthäus Daniel]

architect

Dresden, Germany

1722

Zwinger Palace [1722: Dresden Baroque]

He lived 1662 to 1737.

Jean Philippe Rameau [Rameau, Jean Philippe]

composer

France

1722

Traité de l'harmonie or Treatise on Harmony [1722]; Nouveau système de musique théorique or New System of Music

Theory [1726]; Hippolyte et Aricie [1733]

He lived 1683 to 1764.

Mahmud

king

Afghanistan

1722 to 1725

With Afghans, he defeated Sultan Hossein, ending Safavid Dynasty in Persia and starting Ghilzay Afghan dynasty

[1722 to 1730].

William Blackstone [Blackstone, William]

lawyer

England

1723

Commentaries on the Laws of England [1723: basis of USA law study before law schools]

He lived 1723 to 1780, was conservative aristocrat, opposed American freedom, and was protégé of Mansfield.

Bernard Mandeville [Mandeville, Bernard] or Bernhard de Mandeville [Mandeville, Bernhard de]

philosopher

France/England

1724

Fable of the Bees [1724]

He lived 1670 to 1733. Civilization creates more unsatisfied wants and so reduces happiness and morals. People obey

laws to get the most advantage. Laws should bring the greatest utility and happiness to the most people.

Richard Boyle, Earl of Burlington [Burlington, Richard Boyle, Earl of]

architect

London, United Kingdom

1725

Chiswick House [1725: Neoclassical house has landscaped garden and has style similar to Villa Rotunda]

He lived 1694 to 1753.

Jacob Christof Le Blon [Le Blon, Jacob Christof]

inventor

Germany

1725

He lived 1667 to 1741 and introduced color plates.

Matabei or Matahei

printmaker

Japan

1725

Otsu pictures [1725]

He lived ? to 1725 and sketched scenes and demons {Otsu pictures} in Otso near Kyoto.

Pierre Rameau [Rameau, Pierre]

choreographer/ballet dancer

France

1725

Dancing Master [1725: book]

He lived 1674 to 1748 and recorded the five ballet foot positions. He invented first ballet leaps and turns in air

{elevation, Rameau}.

Catherine I

queen

Russia

1725 to 1727

She lived 1684 to 1727.

Antonio Vivaldi [Vivaldi, Antonio]

composer

Italy

1725 to 1731

Four Seasons [1725: symphony has four of The Strife between Harmony and Invention twelve concertos]; Mandolin

Concerto in C [1729]; Flute Concerto in G minor or La Notte or The Night [1731]

He lived 1678 to 1741.

Giambattista Vico [Vico, Giambattista]

philosopher

Naples, Italy

1725 to 1744

New Science [1725 and 1730 and 1744]

He lived 1668 to 1744. Things known to be true by people are the same as things created by people, an idea that

influenced German Romanticism. People's thinking differs at different history stages. Development processes in

individuals are similar to history processes. Both mature and then decay. Society developed from human nature.

Individual creations create society, so society depends on all people at that time and place.

Francis Hutcheson [Hutcheson, Francis]

philosopher

Ireland/Scotland

1725 to 1755

Inquiry into the Origins of Our Ideas of Beauty and Virtue [1725]; Compendiums on Philosophies of Instituting

Morals, Ethics and Jurisprudence as continuing Elements or Nature [1742: Book 2]; System of Moral Philosophy

[1755]

He lived 1694 to 1746 and affected Hume and Adam Smith. Feelings are innate and natural, not from reason or

intuition. People have moral sense, an idea from Shaftesbury.

André de Fleury [Fleury, André de]

cardinal/prime minister

France

1726

He lived 1653 to 1743, controlled Louis XIV [1726], corrected finances, and had to wage War of the Polish Succession

and War of the Austrian Succession.

Jonathan Swift [Swift, Jonathan]

novelist

England

1726

Gulliver's Travels [1726: tiny Lilliputians, big Brobdingnagians, and yahoos like stupid people]

He lived 1667 to 1745.

Marie Camargo [Camargo, Marie]

ballerina

France

1726 to 1734

She lived 1710 to 1770.

Joseph Butler [Butler, Joseph]

philosopher

Durham, England

1726 to 1736

Fifteen Sermons [1726]; Analogy of Religion [1736]

He lived 1692 to 1752. People have moral sense and can reason, and both cause conscience. Conscience balances self-

love and benevolence and so controls passions towards other objects. However, conscience can be wrong.

James Thomson [Thomson, James]

poet

Scotland

1726 to 1748

Seasons [1726 to 1730 and 1744: epic poem]; Rule, Britannia [1740: poem from Alfred, music by Arne]; Castle of

Indolence [1748]

He lived 1700 to 1748.

Peter II

czar

Russia

1727 to 1730

He lived 1715 to 1730.

Marie Sallé [Sallé, Marie]

ballerina

France

1727 to 1733

Pygmalion [1733]

She lived 1707 to 1756 and first used ballet gestures.

George II

king

England

1727 to 1760

He lived 1683 to 1760, was of Hanover family, and fought War of the Austrian Succession. Walpole was Tory Prime

Minister [until 1741] and fought Seven Years War. William Pitt the Elder was Whig Prime Minister [from 1741].

John Gay [Gay, John]

playwright/poet

England

1728

Beggar's Opera [1728: play]

He lived 1685 to 1732.

Dominikus Zimmermann [Zimmermann, Dominikus]

architect

Bavaria

1728 to 1757

Pilgrimage Church of Steinhausen [1728 to 1733: Late Baroque pilgrimage church has oval hall]; Die Wies Church or

Wieskirche [1745 to 1757: has Rococo paintings]

He lived 1714 to 1786.

John Flamsteed [Flamsteed, John]

astronomer

London, England

1729

Celestial Atlas [1729]

He lived 1646 to 1719 and found 300 star positions.

Stephen Gray [Gray, Stephen]

physicist

England

1729 to 1732

He lived 1666 to 1736 and studied electrical conductors and insulators [1729 to 1732].

Tomaso Albinoni [Albinoni, Tomaso]

composer

Italy

1730

Adagio [1730]

He lived 1671 to 1750. He wrote oboe concertos.

Charles Townshend, 2nd Viscount [Townshend, 2nd Viscount, Charles]

inventor

England

1730 to 1738

crop rotation [1730 to 1738]

He lived 1674 to 1738. Crop rotation rotated clover, wheat, turnips, and barley.

Anna Ivanovna or Anna of Russia

queen

Russia

1730 to 1740

She lived 1693 to 1740, was in War of the Polish Succession [1733 to 1735], and attacked Turkey [1736].

Suzuki Harunobu [Harunobu, Suzuki]

engraver

Japan

1730 to 1800

nishiki-e [1730 to 1800: color woodblock prints]

He lived 1725 to 177 and printed woodblocks in colors {nishiki-e}.

Antoine Prévost [Prévost, Antoine] or Abbé Prévost [Prévost, Abbé]

playwright

France

1731

Manon Lescaut [1731]

He lived 1697 to 1763.

Alexis-Claude Clairaut [Clairaut, Alexis-Claude]

mathematician

Paris, France

1731 to 1752

Theory of the Shape of the Earth [1743]; Theory of the Moon [1752]

He lived 1713 to 1765, studied space curves [1731], invented Clairaut's equation, and determined Earth's shape.

William Hogarth [Hogarth, William]

painter

England

1732 to 1754

Harlot's Progress [1732]; Rake's Progress [1735]; Orgy [1735]; Marriage a la Mode [1743]; Chairing the Candidate

[1754]; Analysis of Beauty [1753: book]

He lived 1697 to 1764. Feeling of beauty depends on bodily characteristics and sensations, as they identify themselves

with art {empathy theory}.

Jean Jacques Rousseau [Rousseau, Jean Jacques]

philosopher

Paris, France

1732 to 1762

Confessions [1732: autobiography]; Discourse on Arts and Sciences [1749]; Discourse on the Origin of Inequality

[1755]; Julie or The New Heloise; Émile [1762: about education]; Social Contract [1762]

He lived 1712 to 1778.

Education

There should be education for all, to perfect people and let them use their talents. Teachers should not restrain or

indoctrinate but arrange child's environment so child can learn. Children should be able to play, learn, and enjoy life.

Children should not have to be under society's rules but be free and so good.

Epistemology

Mind's basic quality is feeling or sentiment, not ideas or their combinations.

Ethics

Natural people are without good or evil. Human nature and natural motives are good. Natural states of feeling and self

should be the basis for civilization. Society corrupts by envy, competition, and status. Knowledge and culture have

removed people from their true nature and living style, separated them from nature, and corrupted them, mainly

through property institutions. Property makes self-interest the motive for life, but this is not natural. Emotion and

anarchy contain good and allow freedom. Religion should be from the heart, relying on conscience.

Metaphysics

Nature is good and simple.

Mind

Mind is self-directed unified personality, not just mechanical activities.

Politics

State results from contract {social contract, Rousseau} that expresses collective will among people to provide

government services for common interest. Contract applies equally to all citizens, who give all their rights to

community. Liberty, fraternity, and equality should result. People make social contracts and can change them any time.

Government rules by governed's consent {compact theory, Rousseau}, an idea from ancient Greece.

Authoritarian society is bad. Most laws are to maintain superior-subordinate relations between people. "Man is born

free, but everywhere is in chains."

All people are equal. Government and education should offset economic and institution inequalities among people.

Majority should rule. Constitution should allow as much personal freedom as possible, so talents can develop. Small

city-states with democracy are best. Larger states need elected legislatures. There should be no institutions except state,

because their interests will conflict with state's interests. If there must be other institutions, there should be many, so

they will neutralize each other.

Benjamin Franklin [Franklin, Benjamin]

inventor/statesman

USA

1732 to 1790

Poor Richard's Almanac [1732 to 1757: maxims and practical advice]; lightning rod [1752]; Franklin stove [1757];

bifocals [1760]; Autobiography [1790]

He lived 1706 to 1790 and helped found University of Pennsylvania [1751]. He found that lightning is electric, using

kite and key [1752].

John Kay [Kay, John]

inventor

England

1733

flying shuttle [1733: for looms]

He lived 1704 to 1780 {flying shuttle}.

Daniel Bernoulli [Bernoulli, Daniel]

mathematician

Basel, Switzerland

1734

Hydrodynamics [1734]

He lived 1700 to 1782. He solved differential equations by isolating variables. He developed cylindrical and spherical

wave equations to represent organ-pipe sounds. He invented vibrating string equation. He studied hydrodynamics and

invented Bernoulli's law [1734].

François de Cuvillies [Cuvillies, François de]

architect

France

1734 to 1739

Amalienburg Pavilion [1734 to 1739: beside Nymphenburg Palace near Munich, it has Hall of Mirrors]

He lived 1695 to 1768.

François Boucher [Boucher, François]

painter

France

1734 to 1761

Capriccio View from the Campo Vaccino [1734]; Vulcan Presenting Venus with Arms for Aeneas [1756]; Shepherd

and Shepherdess Reposing [1761]

He lived 1703 to 1770 and used Rococo style.

David Hume [Hume, David]

philosopher

Scotland

1734 to 1762

Treatise of Human Nature [1734 and 1739: including Of the Understanding, Of Passions, and Of Morals]; Essays:

Moral and Political [1742]; Enquiry Concerning Human Understanding [1748]; Enquiry Concerning the Principles of

Morals [1751]; Dialogues Concerning Natural Religion [1751]; Political Discourses [1752]; History of England [1754

to 1762]; Essay on Miracles [1755: Miracles are illusions, because such testimony is more miraculous than the

miracle]; Four Dissertations [1757]; On Suicide [1757]

He lived 1711 to 1776 and was utilitarian, empiricist, and humanist.

Epistemology

Sensation or immediate experience is certain, providing basis for ideas and knowledge.

However, observations depend on uncertain assumptions.

Mental ideas are sense-impression copies. Brain does not infer sensations and ideas. Sensations and mental ideas are

similar, but sense qualities have greater degree, force, and liveness. Belief in sensations and mental ideas depends on

their degree, force, and liveness.

Besides original sensations and their copies, mental contents are ideas about sensations. Simple ideas are about

independent sense impressions {psychological atomism}. Complex ideas have parts that are about sense impressions.

All ideas depend on sense impressions. General ideas are actually about particular perceptions that have general

connotation. Ideas are about sensation relations, which are resemblances, contrarieties, magnitudes, proportions, time

and space relations, identities, and causations.

People can use logic and know probability of ideas and their relations. However, such reasoning does not necessarily

relate to actual world. People can only know that perceptions or ideas relate, not that real objects relate. Demonstrative

knowledge is about ideas and their relations. Knowledge is uncertain and relative. Beliefs are as justified as other

beliefs. No uniform principles can apply. No object implies another's existence.

Perceptions are object representations. Perceptions do not prove external objects exist, because mind only has

perceptions and not external objects themselves.

Statements can be facts that depend on nature or can relate ideas without needing facts {Hume's fork}.

Deduction or causation can prove statements. Causation arguments assume that laws are universal. Deductive

arguments cannot show that laws are universal.

People assume causation when same event succession or conjunction {regular succession} repeats. Causation depends

on constant mental association {necessary connection} {necessary relation}, which depends on contact. Causation

allows inferences about the future, which is knowledge beyond observation. Belief allows us to act in practical life.

However, people do not experience causal relations but only perceive events and objects in succession. Because

sensations, ideas, and events have no logical connections, people cannot know causes and causation. Association only

apparently relates cause and effect. Inductive processes depend on experience, make only contingent predictions, and

cannot give rational knowledge based on logic or reflection.

People can have no rational knowledge of God, causality, substance, mind, or self, because such ideas have no

associated sense impressions. People cannot prove God's existence by reason.

Ethics

Moral actions can be good for people. People can perform moral actions in systems that generally are good.

Morals are about emotions, which can then produce actions. Basis of moral actions and judgments is ability to feel

what others feel {sympathy, ethics}, as they experience pain or pleasure. Social life determines feelings. People

approve good actions, because people feel the pleasure others gain.

Reason clarifies, orders, and evaluates feelings that people have and the ideas behind them. Reasoning, and feelings of

sympathy for simple virtues, teach people sympathy for complex virtues. Besides sense qualities, people feel pleasure

from justice, benevolence, fortitude, wisdom, and prudence. Though actions resulting from these virtues can be harmful

or insignificant, sympathy causes people to approve.

No Ought from an Is {Hume's principle}.

Mind

Self has interactions, causes, and effects {bundle of sensations}, depending on memory. Selves are not objects or

perceptions, because no sensation corresponds to "I". Mind is sum of sense impressions and ideas. Introspection only

reveals perceptions, not self {elusiveness thesis}.

Politics

Compact theories of government are incorrect.

Voltaire or François-Marie Arouet [Arouet, François-Marie]

novelist/essayist/philosopher

France

1734 to 1764

Philosophical Letters Concerning the English Nation [1734]; Zadig [1747]; Century of Louis the 14th [1751]; Essay on

General History and on the Customs and Spirit of Nations [1756: culture and economics]; Candide [1759: novel]; Zaire

or Zara [1759: classic tragedy]; Philosophical Dictionary [1764]

He lived 1694 to 1778 and was skeptical, rationalist, freethinking, libertarian, and deist. He criticized institutions and

upheld justice. He said, "If God did not exist, he would have to be invented."

Epistemology

Mental powers have limits.

Politics

Religious freedom is necessary {écrasez l'infame}.

Carolus Linnaeus [Linnaeus, Carolus] or Carl von Linné [Linné, Carl von]

biologist

Sweden/Amsterdam, Netherlands

1735

System of Nature [1735]

He lived 1707 to 1778, classified plants and animals by structures, and named organisms as genus and species

{binomial nomenclature, Linnaeus}.

John Peter Zenger [Zenger, John Peter]

writer

Germany/USA

1735

He lived 1697 to 1746. He wrote against the governor in his New York Weekly Journal and went to jail. His lawyer,

Andrew Hamilton, asked the jury to consider the fact that the libel was true, which it was, so they acquitted him [1735].

Ever since then, truth has been defense against libel.

Augustus III

king

Poland

1735 to 1763

He lived 1696 to 1763. Elector of Saxony was king of Poland [1735].

Nader Shah

shah

Persia

1736 to 1747

He lived 1688 to 1747 and defeated Afghans [1729].

Thomas Bayes [Bayes, Thomas]

mathematician

London, England

1736 to 1761

Introduction to the Doctrine of Fluxions, and a Defence of the Mathematicians Against the Objections of the Author of

The Analyst [1736]

He lived 1702 to 1761. Expected outcome is worth or gain multiplied by probability. Risk is expected-outcome divided

by outcome value {Bayesian theory} [1761].

Epistemology

Census, experimental, or statistical data can determine expected outcomes and find hypothesis probability {Bayesian

confirmation theory}. Before evaluating new data, people already have beliefs about hypothesis risk and expected

outcome. They know what they expect data to be if hypothesis is correct and what data happen no matter whether

hypothesis is true or false.

Chi'en Lung or Chien Lung or Chi'en-lung

emperor

China

1736 to 1795

He was of Manchu family and controlled north to Amur River and south to Indochina.

Charles DuFay [DuFay, Charles]

physicist

France

1737

electric charge

He lived 1698 to 1739 and studied positive and negative electric charge transfers, calling them vitreous and resinous

[1737].

John Harrison [Harrison, John]

inventor

England

1737 to 1761

marine chronometer to determine longitude at sea [1737 to 1761]

He lived 1693 to 1776 {marine chronometer}.

Jean Chardin [Chardin, Jean]

painter

France

1738 to 1741

Scullery Maid [1738]; La Toilette de Matin or Morning Dressing [1741]

He lived 1699 to 1779.

Alexander G. Baumgarten [Baumgarten, Alexander G.]

philosopher

Berlin, Germany

1739 to 1750

Metaphysics [1739]; Aesthetics [1750]

He lived 1714 to 1762 and studied art and nature of beauty.

Emilie de Breteuil [Breteuil, Emilie de] or Marquise du Châtelet [Châtelet, Marquise du]

physicist

France

1740

Institutions of Physics [1740]

She lived 1706 to 1749 and translated Newton's Principia into French.

Ivan VI

czar

Russia

1740 to 1741

He lived 1740 to 1764.

Samuel Richardson [Richardson, Samuel]

novelist

England

1740 to 1748

Pamela [1740]; Clarissa: Or the History of a Young Lady [1748]

He lived 1689 to 1761.

Abraham Tucker [Tucker, Abraham] or Edward Search [Search, Edward]

philosopher

London, England

1740 to 1774

Light of Nature Pursued [1768 to 1778]

He lived 1705 to 1774 and was Associational Psychologist.

Frederick II or Frederick the Great

king

Prussia

1740 to 1786

He lived 1712 to 1786, engaged in War of the Austrian Succession against Maria Theresa of Austria, and gained

Silesia. He fought Seven Years War [1756 to 1763] against Holy Roman Empire. He partitioned Poland. He fought

War of the Bavarian Succession, after creating Furstenbund League of princes [1785]. Bavaria is in south Germany. He

established Prussian military strength and reformed society and law.

Domenico Gregorini [Gregorini, Domenico]/Pietro Passalacqua [Passalacqua, Pietro]

architect

Rome, Italy

1741 to 1744

Basilica of Santa Croce in Gerusalemme or Basilica of the Holy Cross in Jerusalem [1741 to 1744: Baroque church]

Gregorini lived 1700 to 1777. First built in 325, the stone columns remain.

Elizabeth

queen

Russia

1741 to 1762

She lived 1709 to 1762, ended German influence, fought in Seven Years War, and founded Moscow University.

David Garrick [Garrick, David]

actor

England

1741 to 1771

Richard III [1741]

He lived 1717 to 1779.

Anders Celsius [Celsius, Anders]

physicist

Sweden

1742

Celsius thermometer

He lived 1701 to 1744 and invented centigrade or Celsius thermometer [1742].

Christian Goldbach [Goldbach, Christian]

mathematician

Germany

1742

He lived 1690 to 1764. All even integers greater than 2 are sums of two primes {Goldbach's hypothesis, Goldbach}

[1742].

Nikolaus Pacassi [Pacassi, Nikolaus] or Nikolaus von Pacassi [Pacassi, Nikolaus von]

architect

Vienna, Austria

1742

Schönbrunn Palace [1742: Rococo]

He lived 1716 to 1790. Johann Bernhard Fischer von Erlach designed and built the Early Baroque original [1696 to

1699].

Horace Walpole [Walpole, Horace]

prime minister

England

1742

He lived 1717 to 1797. Criticism of War of the Austrian Succession by William Pitt caused him to lose prime

ministership [1742].

Henry Fielding [Fielding, Henry]

novelist/essayist

England

1742 to 1749

Essay on Conversation [1742]; Tom Jones [1749: novel]

He lived 1701 to 1754. The highest pleasure that people can enjoy in conversation is to be with persons whose

understanding is equal with their own.

Jean Georges Noverre [Noverre, Jean Georges]

ballet dancer/choreographer

France

1743 to 1760

Lettres sur la danse et sur les ballets or Letters on dance and ballet [1760: book]

He lived 1727 to 1810. He choreographed ballet d'action. Emotion became more important than plot in choredrame

ballets.

Charles Wesley [Wesley, Charles]/Felix Mendelssohn [Mendelssohn, Felix]/William H. Cummings [Cummings,

William H.]

lyricist/composer/composer

USA

1743 to 1855

Hark! The Herald Angels Sing [1743: music is Festgesang, 1855]

Wesley lived 1757 to 1834.

Abraham Trembley [Trembley, Abraham]

naturalist

Switzerland/Netherlands

1744

Memoirs concerning the natural history of a type of Freshwater Polyp [1744]

He lived 1710 to 1784 and related hydra and jellyfish. Hydra and jellyfish parts can move and bud.

Pierre-Louis Moreau de Maupertuis [Maupertuis, Pierre-Louis Moreau de]

mathematician

France

1744 to 1746

He lived 1698 to 1759 and developed dynamics maximizing-minimizing principle (principle of least action or least-

action principle or principle of stationary action or stationary-action principle).

Thomas Simpson [Simpson, Thomas]

mathematician

London, England

1745

Algebra [1745]

He lived 1710 to 1761 and invented Simpson's rule.

Julien Offray de La Mettrie [La Mettrie, Julien Offray de]

philosopher/surgeon

France

1745 to 1748

Natural History of the Soul [1745]; Man the Machine [1748]

He lived 1709 to 1751, was materialist, and was Boerhaave's student. Cells have intrinsic motion. Human and animal

brains are similar.

Madame Pompadour [Pompadour, Madame] or Jeanne Antoinette Poisson [Poisson, Jeanne Antoinette]

mistress

France

1745 to 1764

She lived 1721 to 1764 and was mistress of Louis XV of France until she died. Her influence allied France with Austria

in Thirty Years War. She patronized arts.

Charles Bonnet [Bonnet, Charles]

philosopher

Paris, France

1745 to 1765

Treatise on Insectology [1745]; Contemplation of Nature [1765]

He lived 1720 to 1793 and described people who saw aliens {Charles Bonnet syndrome, Bonnet}. Consciousness unity

and sensation-and-motion disconnection both imply that immaterial mind is separate from body. Nervous system

initiates mind's activities but does not cause them.

William Collins [Collins, William]

poet

England

1746

Ode to Evening [1746]; Ode Written in 1746 [1746]

He lived 1721 to 1759.

Étienne de Condillac [Condillac, Étienne de]

philosopher

Paris, France

1746 to 1754

Essay on the Origin of Human Knowledge [1746]; Treatise on Sensation [1754]

He lived 1715 to 1780 and was philosophe. He tried to make science of ideas {idéologie}.

Epistemology

All knowledge depends on senses {sensationalism, Condillac}. Data infer perceptions. For example, people do not see

retinal images but external objects. All ideas are sense qualities or sense-quality transformations. Morals, abstraction,

will, imagination, and judgment come from perceptions. Consciousness automatically senses sense-quality relations to

themselves and self, because they are all in same consciousness. Knowledge is consciousness of idea relations. The

chief relation is equality. Knowledge expresses unknown ideas in terms of known. Logic is general language grammar.

Languages are how people analyze ideas and phenomena.

Jonathan Edwards [Edwards, Jonathan]

minister

Boston, Massachusetts

1746 to 1758

Treatise concerning Religious Affections [1746]; Freedom of the Will [1754]; Original Sin [1758]; End of Creation

[1758]; True Virtue [1758]; History of Redemption [1758: unfinished]

He lived 1703 to 1758 and was Puritan.

Epistemology

People know the primary and secondary qualities from God and so can perceive harmony and beauty.

Ethics

God gives sense of virtue and kindness to all beings. God knows all infallibly, so all events are necessary, not

contingent. People have no free will, though God is not the cause and is not forcing choice.

Metaphysics

All things depend on God, which is eternal and everywhere and conscious. All is deterministic.

Maria Gaetana Agnesi [Agnesi, Maria Gaetana]

mathematician

Bologna, Italy

1748

Analytic Institutions for Use by Italian Youth [1748 to 1749]

She lived 1718 to 1799 and published discussion of cubic witch of Agnesi curve [1948].

Robert Joseph Pothier [Pothier, Robert Joseph]

lawyer

France

1748 to 1752

Digest of Pandects of Justinian [1748 to 1752]

He lived 1699 to 1772 and combined Roman law, customary law, and natural law.

Leonhard Euler [Euler, Leonhard]

mathematician

Basel, Switzerland

1748 to 1770

Introduction to Infinite Analysis [1748]; Institutes of Integral Calculus [1770]; Institutes of Differential Calculus [1770]

He lived 1707 to 1783 and invented Euler's formula, Euler number, and Euler constant. He studied incompressible non-

rotating non-viscous fluid flows {potential flow}. He studied non-homogeneous nth order differential equations,

partial-fractions method, explicit and implicit functions, networks, harmonic and divergent series, hypergeometric

functions, natural logarithms, partial derivatives, multiple integrals, calculus of variations, finite-differences method,

and gamma and beta functions.

First-order equations can be exact differentials. Newton's laws can depend on a maximizing-minimizing principle

{principle of stationary action} {stationary action principle} {Euler-Lagrange equations}.

Tobias George Smollett [Smollett, Tobias George]

novelist

England

1748 to 1771

Adventures of Roderick Random [1748]; Adventures of Peregrine Pickle [1751]; Expedition of Humphrey Clinker

[1771]

He lived 1721 to 1771.

Maria Theresa

queen

Austria/Hungary/Bohemia

1748 to 1780

She lived 1717 to 1780 and was queen of Hungary and Bohemia [1740 to 1780]. Austria controlled Milan, Mantua,

Tuscany, and Modena in Italy, after end of War of Austrian Succession [1740 to 1748].

Thomas Gainsborough [Gainsborough, Thomas]

painter

England

1748 to 1785

Robert Andrews and His Wife Mary [1748]; Mountain Landscape with Bridge [1784]; Mrs. Siddons [1785]

He lived 1727 to 1788.

Gabriel Cramer [Cramer, Gabriel]

mathematician

Geneva, Switzerland

1749

Introduction to the analysis of algebraic curved lines [1749]

He lived 1704 to 1752 and invented Cramer's rule.

David Hartley [Hartley, David]

philosopher/physician

Britain

1749

Observations on Man, his Frame, his Duty, and his Expectations [1749]

He lived 1705 to 1757. Nerves to brain cause vibrations, which cause sensations. Resonances cause idea association

{associationism, Hartley}.

Thomas Gray [Gray, Thomas]

poet

England

1750

Elegy Written in a Country Churchyard [1750]

He lived 1716 to 1771 and was of the Graveyard School.

Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahab

party

Saudi Arabia/Qatar

1750

He lived 1703 to 1792 and started Salafi or Wahabi sect, which reformed Sunni Islam and emphasized simple life with

no rites.

Patrick Henry [Henry, Patrick]

lawyer/statesman

USA

1750 to 1765

He lived 1736 to 1799. In Maury case [1750], he successfully defended merchants against tobacco tax, which supported

Anglican clergy. Virginia House of Burgesses had replaced tobacco tax with cash payment, but king vetoed payment.

In 1765, he entered House of Burgesses and became leader. He said [1776], "Give me liberty or give me death." From

1789, he worked for Bill of Rights.

Denis Diderot [Diderot, Denis]

philosopher/essayist/editor

Paris, France

1750 to 1772

Encyclopedia [1750 and 1772: essays]; Thoughts on the Interpretation of Nature [1754]; Nephew of Rameau [1760]

He lived 1713 to 1784 and was philosophe.

Joseph I

king

Portugal

1750 to 1777

He lived 1714 to 1777. Pombal was his minister, and economy became good.

Samuel Johnson [Johnson, Samuel]

historian

London, England

1750 to 1779

Dictionary [1750]; Lives of the Poets [1779]

He lived 1709 to 1784.

Philip Doddridge [Doddridge, Philip]/Edward P. Rimbault [Rimbault, Edward P.]

lyricist/composer

USA

1751

Oh Happy Day [1751: music, 1854]

Doddridge lived 1702 to 1751. Rimbault lived 1816 to 1876.

Gaetan Vestris [Vestris, Gaetan]

ballet dancer

France

1751 to 1770

He lived 1729 to 1808 and was first great classical ballet dancer.

Domenico Scarlatti [Scarlatti, Domenico]

composer/harpsichordist

Italy

1752

da capo arias; Italian overtures

He lived 1685 to 1757 and developed Baroque da capo arias and Italian overtures.

James Brindley [Brindley, James]

inventor

England

1752 to 1758

water wheel [1752]; flint mill [1756]; steam-engine boiler [1758]

He lived 1716 to 1772.

Alaungpaya or Alaung Phra or Alompra or Aungzeya

king

Burma

1752 to 1760

He lived 1711 to 1760, defeated Mons of Burma, raided India, and started Alaungpaya dynasty or Konbaung dynasty.

Giovanni Tiepolo [Tiepolo, Giovanni]

painter

Italy/Würzburg, Germany

1753

Kaisersaal Ceiling Fresco [1753: Rococo, in Episcopal Palace of Würzburg, Bavaria]

He lived 1696 to 1770.

Joseph Black [Black, Joseph]

chemist

England

1754 to 1763

He lived 1728 to 1799 and discovered carbon dioxide [1754] and latent heat [1759 to 1763].

Giacomo Casanova [Casanova, Giacomo]

lover

Italy/Bohemia

1755

Memoirs

He lived 1725 to 1798 and was adventurer and famous lover.

Jacques-Ange Gabriel [Gabriel, Jacques-Ange]

architect

France

1755 to 1775

Place de la Concorde [1755 to 1775: in Paris between Champs Elysées and Tuileries Garden and beside Seine River,

with Obelisk of Luxor]; Petit Trianon [1762 to 1768: at Versailles]

He lived 1698 to 1782.

Leopold Mozart [Mozart, Leopold]

composer

Austria

1756

Toy Symphony [1756]

He lived 1719 to 1787.

Jean Honoré Fragonard [Fragonard, Jean Honoré]

painter

France

1756 to 1764

Les Baigneuses or Bathers [1756 to 1764]

He lived 1732 to 1806.

William Murray, Lord Mansfield [Mansfield, William Murray, Lord]

judge

London, England

1756 to 1788

Somerset case [1772: against slavery in England]; On the Right to Tax America [1776]

He lived 1705 to 1793 and established modern English commercial law, using Roman and customary law. He was

Chief Justice [1756 to 1788] and opposed American freedom.

William Pitt the Elder [Pitt, William the Elder]

prime minister

England

1757 to 1761

He lived 1708 to 1778 and became Prime Minister by his stand against Seven Years War [1757 to 1761]. He defeated

France in India and Canada. He wanted to concede everything to the American colonies to keep them. His love of

Constitution's rights made him the Great Commoner.

Richard Wilson [Wilson, Richard]

painter

England

1757 to 1765

Landscape with Diana and Callisto [1757]; Snowdon from Llyn Nantlle [1765]

He lived 1713 to 1782 and painted landscapes.

Ruder Boskovic [Boskovic, Ruder] or Rudjer Boskovic [Boskovic, Rudjer] or Ruggero Giuseppe Boscovich

[Boscovich, Ruggero Giuseppe]

philosopher

Croatia/Vienna, Austria

1758

Theory of Natural Philosophy derived to the Single Law of Forces that Exist in Nature [1758]

He lived 1711 to 1787 and studied matter and space.

Jedediah Strutt [Strutt, Jedediah]

inventor

England

1758

rib knit knitting machine [1758]

He lived 1726 to 1797 {rib knit knitting machine}.

Emanuel Swedenborg [Swedenborg, Emanuel]

theologian

Sweden

1758

Heaven and Hell [1758]; Earths in the Universe [1758]

He lived 1688 to 1772, had visions, and started Swedenborg cult, which was popular in Romantic era.

Emmerich de Vattel [Vattel, Emmerich de]

lawyer

Germany

1758

Rights of People or Principles of Natural Law [1758: natural law]

He lived 1714 to 1767, was international lawyer, and believed in natural law. Nations are like moral persons, so ethics

is a consideration in law.

Claude-Adrien Helvétius [Helvétius, Claude-Adrien]

encyclopedist/philosopher

Paris, France

1758 to 1771

On Spirit [1758]; On Man [1771]

He lived 1715 to 1771. People have same potential, which differentiates with education and in society. Virtue should

have reward. People obey laws to get the most advantage. Laws should bring the greatest utility and happiness to the

most people.

Jacques-Germain Soufflot [Soufflot, Jacques-Germain]/Jean-Baptiste Rondelet [Rondelet, Jean-Baptiste]

architect

Paris, France

1758 to 1780

Le Panthéon or St. Genevieve Church [1758 to 1789: Neoclassical museum]

Le Panthéon is in Latin Quarter. Soufflot lived 1713 to 1780.

Robert Adam [Adam, Robert]/James Adam [Adam, James]

designer

Scotland

1758 to 1794

Adam

Robert lived 1728 to 1792. James lived 1732 to 1794. It replaced Rococo and Palladian.

Robert Burns [Burns, Robert]

lyricist

Scotland

1759

Auld Lang Syne [1759: traditional music. poem by Robert Burns, 1788]

He lived 1759 to 1796.

Francis Hopkinson [Hopkinson, Francis]

composer

USA

1759

My Days Have Been So Wondrous Free [1759]

He lived 1737 to 1791.

Adam Smith [Smith, Adam]

philosopher

Scotland

1759 to 1776

Theory of Moral Sentiments [1759]; Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations [1776]

He lived 1723 to 1790 and was Hutcheson's student. In economics, he studied free trade, economies of scale,

infrastructure, agriculture as economic growth basis, and labor and capital interaction.

Economics should have no regulation {laissez-faire, economics}. Colonial exploitation {mercantilism, Smith} is bad.

Labor division gives more value. Economic transactions among people make markets, which need no higher-level rules

or conscious-agent actions {invisible hand, Smith}.

Ethics

People judge their actions by what others' judgment will be, so social life determines ethical feelings.

Politics

Workingmen should have good conditions and education. American colonies should have legislature representation.

Johann Hamann [Hamann, Johann]

philosopher/theologian

Königsberg, Germany

1759 to 1784

Socratic Memorabilia [1759]; Aesthetics in a Nutshell [1761]; Golgatha and Scheblimini [1784]

He lived 1730 to 1788 and was Pietist. Consciousness has unity. Senses are not separate from understanding. Language

is the basic unifying activity of reason and consciousness.

Charles III

king

Spain

1759 to 1788

He lived 1716 to 1788 and was of Bourbon family. He joined Seven Years War through Family Compact between

France and Spain, which ended with Treaty of Paris [1763]. He then controlled Naples, Parma, and Sicily. He helped

American Revolution and gained territory in America at Treaty of Paris [1783]. Floridablanca was his minister, with

increasing power and prosperity.

Thomas Chippendale [Chippendale, Thomas]

designer

England

1760

Chippendale

He lived 1718 to 1779. It derived from late Baroque, Rococo, Louis XV, and Georgian. Chippendale Gothic and

Chinese Chippendale derived from it.

Tai Chen or Dai Zhen or Tai Tung-yüan or Dai Dongyuan

philosopher

Beijing, China

1760 to 1770

Evidential Study of the Meaning of Terms in the Mencius [1760 to 1770]

He lived 1724 to 1777 and was Confucian.

Robert Adam [Adam, Robert]

architect

London, United Kingdom

1760 to 1773

New Town of Edinburgh [1760: Neoclassical]; Home House [1773: Neoclassical, in London]

He lived 1728 to 1792.

Robert Bakewell [Bakewell, Robert]

inventor

England

1760 to 1790

selective animal breeding [1760 to 1790]

He lived 1725 to 1795.

George III

king

England

1760 to 1820

He lived 1738 to 1820, was of Hanover family, and blocked Whigs by forcing the older William Pitt's resignation. Lord

North was his minister. Both forced American Revolution. Tories, who were aristocrats, controlled Parliament.

Walpole, Burke, and the younger William Pitt were Tory ministers. Pitt ended king's power. George III became insane.

James MacPherson [MacPherson, James]

poet

Scotland

1761

Romantic Poems of Ossian [1761: poems]; Fingal, An Ancient Epic [poem]

He lived 1736 to 1796.

Jean Dauberval [Dauberval, Jean]

choreographer

France

1761 to 1789

La Fille Mal Gardée or Unchaperoned Daughter [1789: oldest comic ballet still performed, with music by Ferdinand

Herold]

He lived 1742 to 1806. Frederick Ashton updated the dance [1950].

James Boswell [Boswell, James]

historian/biographer

Scotland/London, England

1762

Biography of Samuel Johnson [1762]

He lived 1740 to 1795.

Peter III

czar

Russia

1762

He lived 1728 to 1762.

Christopher Willibald Gluck [Gluck, Christopher Willibald]

composer

France/Germany

1762 to 1779

Orfeus et Eurydice [1762: opera, including Dance of the Blessed Spirits]; Alceste [1776: opera]; Iphigenie en Tauride

[1779: opera]

He lived 1714 to 1787 and used drama in opera seria.

Catherine II or Catherine the Great

queen

Russia

1762 to 1785

She lived 1729 to 1796, partitioned Poland, got Crimea, fought Ottoman Empire, and colonized Alaska. After

Pugachev Rebellion, she chartered nobles to make serfs slaves [1785].

Cao Xueqin or Ts'ao Chan [Chan Ts'ao] or Cao Xue Qin or Cao Zhan [Zhan, Cao] or Chan Tsao or Tsao Chan

[Chan Tsao] or Ts'ao Hsueh-ch'in

novelist

China

1763

Dream of the Red Chamber or Red Chamber Dream or A Dream of Red Mansions or The Story of the Stone or

Honglou Meng or Hung lou meng [1763: autobiographical epic novel about a family]

He lived 1715 to 1763.

Pontiac or Obwandiyag

chief

USA

1763 to 1766

He lived 1720 to 1769, was Ottawa chief in north-central USA, and led Pontiac's Rebellion [1763 to 1766].

Cesare Beccaria [Beccaria, Cesare]

philosopher

Milan, Italy

1764

Of Crimes and Punishments [1764]

He lived 1738 to 1794 and studied law.

Cesare Bonesana [Bonesana, Cesare] or Marchese di Beccaria [Beccaria, Marchese di]

philosopher

Beccaria, Italy

1764

Essay on Crimes and Punishments [1764: attacked penal and criminal systems]

He lived 1738 to 1794. Punishment should fit crime's seriousness and should exact vengeance. Judiciary should be

separate from legislature.

Madame du Barry [du Barry, Madame] or Comtesse du Barry [du Barry, Comtesse] or Marie-Jeanne Bécu

[Bécu, Marie-Jeanne]

mistress

France

1764

She lived 1743 to 1793 and was last mistress of Louis XV.

James Hargreaves [Hargreaves, James]

inventor

England

1764

spinning jenny [1764]

He lived 1720 to 1778. Spinning jenny spun four threads simultaneously, and spun 120 threads soon after.

James Otis [Otis, James]

lawyer

Boston, Massachusetts

1764

Rights of the British Colonies Asserted and Proved

He lived 1725 to 1783 and claimed that Americans were British citizens, that Parliament must conform to Constitution,

and that taxation required representation. From 1761 to 1769, he led colonies until severe head injury. He tried to

defend merchants from general search warrants {assistance, writ} {writ of assistance}.

Horace Walpole [Walpole, Horace]

storyteller/novelist

England

1764

Castle of Otranto [1764: Gothic horror novel]

He lived 1717 to 1797.

Thomas Reid [Reid, Thomas]

philosopher

Scotland

1764 to 1788

Inquiry into the Human Mind on the Principles of Common Sense [1764]; Essays on the Intellectual Powers of Man

[1785]; Essays on the Active Powers of the Human Mind [1788]

He lived 1710 to 1796, founded Scottish School of common sense and realism, and developed faculty psychology.

Perception and sensation are separate. Sensations are mental and have no objects except themselves. Sensations cause

belief directly, as signifiers. Perceptions are mental and represent physical objects. Perceptions depend on sensory

beliefs. Ethical judgments are not feelings.

Motoori Norinaga [Norinaga, Motoori]

philosopher

Japan

1764 to 1790

He lived 1730 to 1801 and started return to Shintoism and ancient myth {kokugaku}, in Kokugaku or Kogaku School

[1764]. Foreign influence should not change Japanese culture. Sorrow results from passing away {mono no aware,

sorrow}, as in classical Japanese literature.

Pierre-Alexandre Barthélémy Vignon [Vignon, Pierre-Alexandre Barthélémy]

architect

Paris, France

1764 to 1807

La Madeleine or Church of St. Mary Magdalene [1764 to 1807: Neoclassical]

He lived 1763 to 1828.

Antonio Genovesi [Genovesi, Antonio]

philosopher

Bari, Italy

1765

Lectures on Commerce [1765]

He lived 1712 to 1769 and studied law.

James Watt [Watt, James]

inventor

Scotland

1765

governor [1765]

He lived 1736 to 1819. Devices {governor, engine} can regulate steam-engine rotation velocity [1765]. Steam engines

pumped water out of mines and increased coal production greatly.

Laurence Sterne [Sterne, Laurence]

novelist

England

1765 to 1767

Sentimental Journey through France and Italy [1765: essay]; Life and Opinions of Tristam Shandy [1767: novel]

He lived 1713 to 1768.

Oliver Goldsmith [Goldsmith, Oliver]

poet/playwright

England

1765 to 1773

Traveller [1765: poem]; Vicar of Wakefield [1766: play]; Deserted Village [1770: poem]; She Stoops to Conquer

[1773: play]

He lived 1728 to 1774.

Frans Hemsterhuis [Hemsterhuis, Frans]

philosopher

Netherlands

1765 to 1787

Letter on Sculpture [1765]; Letter on man and his relationships [1772]; Alexis or Golden Age [1787]

He lived 1721 to 1790 and was romantic.

Joseph II

emperor

Europe

1765 to 1790

He lived 1741 to 1790, abolished serfdom in Holy Roman Empire [1781], ended dues to feudal lords, allowed peasants

to buy land cheaply, ordered religious tolerance, eliminated torture, liberalized penal code, and abolished monastic

orders and clergy rights. Opposition by Furstenbund League of princes, under Frederick II of Prussia, caused him to fail

to annex Bavaria in War of the Bavarian Succession. He allied with Russia and Catherine II against Ottoman Empire.

He controlled Hungary, Bohemia, Austria, and part of Netherlands [1780].

George Stubbs [Stubbs, George]

painter

England

1766

Lion Attacking a Horse [1766: Romantic]

He lived 1724 to 1806.

Louis Antoine de Bougainville [Bougainville, Louis Antoine de]

discoverer

France/South Pacific Ocean

1766 to 1769

He lived 1729 to 1811 and explored south Pacific Ocean as he went around world.

John Singleton Copley [Copley, John Singleton]

painter

USA

1766 to 1778

Mrs. Thomas Boylston [1766]; Watson and the Shark [1778]

He lived 1738 to 1815.

Gotthold Ephraim Lessing [Lessing, Gotthold Ephraim]

philosopher

Germany

1766 to 1780

Laocöon: On the Limits of Painting and Poetry [1766]; Hamburg Dramaturgy [1769]; Education of the Human Race

[1780]

He lived 1729 to 1781 and was Kantian.

Joshua Reynolds [Reynolds, Joshua]

painter

England

1766 to 1790

Orrery [1766]; Experiment with an Air Pump [1768]; Mrs. Siddons as the Tragic Muse [1787]; Discourses [1769 to

1790: book]

He lived 1723 to 1792. Beauty relates to central idea. The most-beautiful things are the most-representative class

examples.

Adam Ferguson [Ferguson, Adam]

philosopher

England

1767

Essay on the History of Civil Society [1767]

He lived 1723 to 1816 and was English Moral Philosopher. Society can progress or not progress. People are social,

fight, indulge, and can be virtuous.

Joseph Priestley [Priestley, Joseph]

chemist

England

1768 to 1793

Essay on the First Principles of Government [1768]

He lived 1733 to 1804 and discovered ammonia, carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, nitrogen, nitrous oxide [1793],

oxygen, and sulfur dioxide. For the greatest happiness of the greatest number, ruler and ruled interests must integrate,

by forcing rulers to depend on ruled to stay in power.

Gaspard Monge [Monge, Gaspard]

mathematician

Paris, France

1768 to 1800

Descriptive Geometry [1800]

He lived 1746 to 1818, studied developable surfaces, rediscovered projective geometry [1768], and was the "father of

descriptive geometry".

Richard Arkwright [Arkwright, Richard]

inventor

England

1769

water frame [1769]

He lived 1732 to 1792 and owned large cotton mills with spinning and weaving machines. Machines {water frame}

spun pure cotton, with no added flax.

Jean-François de Saint-Lambert [Saint-Lambert, Jean-François de]

philosopher

Paris, France

1769

Seasons [1769: including Autumn and Summer Wind]

He lived 1716 to 1803. Idea contents and idea forms and relations are two distinct things. Contents come from

perception, but form is from mind.

James Cook [Cook, James]

discoverer

England/Hawaii/Australia

1770

He lived 1728 to 1779. While circumnavigating Earth, he discovered Sandwich Islands (Hawaii) [1768] and later

claimed east coast of Australia for Britain [1770]. Original inhabitants were Aborigines.

Paul-Henri Holbach [Holbach, Paul-Henri Thiery, Baron d']

philosopher

France

1770

System of Nature [1770]

He lived 1723 to 1789.

Marie Allard [Allard, Marie]

ballerina

France

1770 to 1775

She lived 1743 to 1802.

Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart [Mozart, Wolfgang Amadeus]

composer

Austria

1770 to 1791

Cosi fan Tutte or thus do all or They're All Like That or The School for Lovers [1770: opera]; Violin Concerto No. 3 in

G [1775]; Violin Concerto No. 5 in A [1775]; Serenata Notturna or Nocturnal Serenade [1776]; Piano Sonata in A

[1778: includes Turkish March]; Flute Concerto No. 2 in D [1778]; Abduction from the Seraglio [1782: opera]; Horn

Concerto No. 3 in E flat [1783]; Piano Concerto No. 21 in C [1785]; Piano Concerto No. 23 in A [1786]; Marriage of

Figaro or Le Nozze di Figaro [1786: opera, including Duettino Sull'aria]; Don Giovanni [1787: opera]; A Little Night

Music or Eine Kleine Nachtmusik [1787: symphony]; Symphony 39 in E Flat [1788]; Symphony 40 in G Minor

[1788]; Symphony 41 in C or Jupiter [1788]; Magic Flute [1791: opera]; Clarinet Concerto in A [1791]; Requiem

[1791]

He lived 1756 to 1791. His operas had finales.

Immanuel Kant [Kant, Immanuel]

philosopher

Königsberg, Germany

1770 to 1798

On the Forms and Principles of the Intelligible and Sensible World [1770]; Critique of Pure Reason [1781 and 1787:

science]; Prolegomena to any Future Metaphysics or Introduction to any Future Metaphysics [1783]; Groundwork of

the Metaphysics of Morals or Foundations of the Metaphysics of Ethics [1785]; Metaphysical Foundations of Natural

Science [1786]; Critique of Practical Reason [1788: morality]; Critique of Judgment [1790: aesthetics and purposes];

Religion within the Limits of Reason Alone or Religion within the Boundaries of Pure Reason [1793]; Doctrine of Law

or Doctrine of Right [1797: Natural law is the form of reason. Universal law mutually encourages and regulates

everyone's freedom and will.]; Metaphysics of Morals [1797]; Anthropology from a Pragmatic Point of View [1798]

He lived 1724 to 1804, was pietist, and synthesized rationalism and empiricism.

Aesthetics

Consciousness has feeling, including judging art {judgment, Kant} {aesthetics, Kant}. Aesthetics is about perceptions

that reveal object formal properties {Form, Kant} and lead to feelings of the Beautiful and the Sublime.

The beautiful or sublime is subjective feeling and is not necessarily useful or agreeable. The feeling is not about

physical object or concept but about mental image or perception that reveals object formal properties, exciting

understanding, imagination, and sensibility. The Beautiful and Sublime belong to consciousness-in-general and are

beautiful or sublime for everyone.

The sublime causes painful subjective inadequacy feelings in humans, because its greatness overcomes sensual

abilities. Then human higher abilities relate sublime to super-sensual mastery, overcome awe, and obtain final delight.

The sublime harmonizes sensual and super-sensual. Theoretical reason masters the mathematically sublime. Practical

reason masters the dynamically sublime or powerful.

Art tries to elicit feelings of the beautiful or the sublime. Feeling suggests nature's purpose, which is to harmonize

experience Forms and contents. Good artists therefore follow nature's forms.

Epistemology

Consciousness has thinking or ideation {theoretical reason} {pure reason}, which leads to questions about knowledge.

Knowledge can only be about experience. Reasoning strives to find ultimate, complete, and consistent knowledge by

pure reason but can only know how to act in experience {practical reason}. Through reason, people have ideas {ideas

of reason} about self, physical world, and God.

Immanent principles involve Mind, which perceives world and has experience sense data {phenomena, Kant}.

Transcendent principles involve reason, which uses unconditioned ideas beyond experience, such as actual objects and

ideal forms {thing-in-itself} {noumena, Kant} {Idea, Kant}, about which one can have only faith in a-priori universal

and necessary truths.

People can reflect and judge, using mass terms and sortal terms {natural kind, Kant}, to find experience order and

purpose. Because all people use same tools, they share universal judgments of beauty and laws.

Knowledge is about perceptions, objects, and mental concepts, which can be true or not true and have value levels.

Knowledge statements require subjects and predicates. Predicate to subject relations are third concepts different from

subject and predicate concepts.

Applying concepts to objects using rules {judgment rule} is one cognition aspect. Judgments {analytical judgment}

{explicative judgment} such as tautologies have predicate same as subject, so statement must be true. Judgments

{synthetic judgment} {ampliative judgment} can have predicates that differ from subjects. Synthetic judgments have

two types. People learn synthetic judgments, such as facts about world and perceptions, from experience {a posteriori

synthetic judgment}. Synthetic judgments, such as mathematics and reasoning principles, relate subject and predicate in

universally true and logically necessary way, unrelated to experience {a priori synthetic judgment}.

The main question about knowledge is about thinking forms or tools, how ideas originate and what mental activities are

{critical method} {transcendental method}. The reason uses such concepts, principles, and judgments, but they are not

innate, are not from experience, and are not consciousness contents. The fundamental categories used to understand

reality are not objective features but are conceptual mental structures {Kantian idealism, Kant} and make experience

possible {transcendental idealism, Kant}. Human understanding needs a priori concepts about space, time, substance,

and cause to have experience, know objects, and give objects properties {transcendental argument}. A-priori synthetic

judgments are only in mathematics, pure natural science, and metaphysics and are mental concepts, not physical reality.

The basis for their truth is how people think.

Basic reasoning activity is synthesis {transcendental logic}, which is unifying manifolds or plurality. Sensations

synthesize to perceptions, perceptions to judgments, and judgments to Ideas. First, mind combines sensations caused by

physical objects {things-in-themselves} with mental space and time Forms to make perceptions. Second, mind

combines perceptions with understanding concepts, which can create ideas, to make experience judgments

{spontaneity, Kant}. Third, mind combines judgments about experience to make Ideas or general principles. Thus, a

priori judgments do not require formal or analytical logic.

Using synthesis, people can make general synthetic judgments based on their perceptions. Such judgments are about

perceived-thing relations, such as "every change must have a cause."

People cannot know physical reality itself.

Mind uses general judgments to form further concepts from perceptions.

Space and time ideas are pure perception forms and are a-priori principles, not mental concepts. Perceived particular

things must be in space and time. Space and time are infinite, are about only one thing, are not subjective, do not relate

to particulars as wholes relate to parts, are not necessarily actually in the physical world, are invariable, and are not

universals. Space and time unify the sense manifold. Time unifies the self-perception manifold.

Twelve judgment types reflect twelve relations between subject and predicate. Universal quantity uses "all". Particular

quantity uses "some". Singular quantity uses "one". Affirmative quality uses "true". Negative quality uses "false".

Infinite quality uses "all" or "none". Categorical relation uses "all" or "none". Hypothetical relation uses "if ... then ...".

Disjunctive relation uses "and/or". Problematic modality uses "possible" or "contingent". Assertoric relation uses

existence as actuality. Apodictic relation uses necessity. Twelve Categories correspond to twelve relations.

Respectively, they are totality, plurality, unity, reality, negation, limitation, inherence vs. subsistence {accident,

substance}, causality vs. dependence or effect, community or reciprocity, possibility vs. impossibility, existence vs.

non-existence, and necessity vs. contingency.

Categories lead to reasoning principles. Quantity gives the principle: all phenomena are extensive magnitudes. Quality

gives the principle: sensation objects are intensive magnitudes. Three categories define possible, actual, and necessary

{modality, Kant}. Relation category and other categories give principles. Substance is permanent. Substance quanta

cannot increase or decrease. All changes have causes and effects. All substances continually interact. In mathematical

form, these principles are all inferences from motion laws, because motion accounts for all events and perception

changes. Principles are only about perceptions and experiences, not about actual physical reality.

The principle of pure understanding, which is self, ego, or consciousness as whole, develops from all Categories.

People can think of things-in-themselves as quality totalities, setting up intuition or non-sensuous mind perception, and

so can think of world, souls, God, and imaginary creatures. World is totality of sensations. Souls are totality of self-

perceptions. God is totality of everything. Such unifying totalities are the Ideas.

Subjectively, mind has sensibility and understanding. Sensibility is passive or receptive. Things in themselves can

generate mental contents or representations {intuition, Kant} in sensibility {perception, Kant}. The fundamental time

and space categories are in sensibility. Time is the form of inner sense, which allows people to know mind's contents.

Space is the form of outer sense {outer sense}, which allows people to perceive external objects. Understanding acts on

sensibility to form conceptions from intuitions. Understanding includes fundamental categories and general

conceptualization principles, which allow people to find natural laws. Imagination links sense data to understanding to

recognize objects and apply laws. Imagination is necessary {transcendental, Kant} mediator between receptive sense

and active understanding.

Contradictions and opposite conclusions {antimony} happen when using space, time, and categories to understand

things that cannot be in experience. Antimony subjects are not experience objects but are transcendent reality. Pure

reason has four such unresolved principle logical contradictions. A logical contradiction is that universe had beginning

and has finite space, or it had no beginning and is infinite. Space and time are both infinite and finite. A logical

contradiction is that substances have simpler substances, or only one substance exists. Substance is both simple and

composite.

These two antimonies are about infinities.

A logical contradiction is that people have free will separate from physical laws, or that physical laws or God determine

everything. Things can be both caused and uncaused. A logical contradiction is that necessary being exists or does not

exist. God does and does not exist.

These two antimonies are about causation.

Thesis and anti-thesis are true. Contradictions happen because people can only know perceptions, cannot know actual

world, and try to draw conclusions about world anyway. Infinite regression through same answer type, to which human

experience cannot provide unconditional answers, causes antimonies.

Neither experience nor logical operations and concepts can prove existence of actual material things or their causal

relations. Substance and causality are only mental associations.

Philosophy is about concepts, is analytic, searches for definitions, depends on experience, and depends on

understanding concepts. Metaphysics is synthetic but a priori, as in statements about ultimate existence and causation.

Mathematics is about magnitudes, is synthetic, uses definitions, is independent of experience, and depends on clear and

distinct perceptions using space and time.

Humor depends on feelings of superiority [1790].

Ethics

Consciousness has willing, which questions morality {practical reason, Kant}. Thought contents synthesize will or

purpose objects using Forms, and wills perform acts. Ordinary will tries to gain happiness or satisfy desire by

synthesizing ends with means to find action courses.

Rational will has universal and necessary purpose, which is duty. Rational will follows a priori moral laws {categorical

imperative}. Rational wills can want that everyone do action. People should act based on principles that they will that

they should become universal laws. Such moral judgments have no conditions and are universal laws. Wrong action or

thing is against reason.

People do not perform ethical actions to obtain happiness or pleasure. Following duty is action for its own sake.

Consequences are not important.

Phenomena are deterministic. Noumena are not deterministic. Rational will is autonomous and free. People are free in

as much as they are things-in-themselves. People's will is free to act. All actions must come from will. People consider

{autonomy, Kant} which actions to take in situations to attain goals. People can choose to act morally and justly.

Conscience is feeling responsibility for actions and implies that people can choose in unconditioned ways. Being moral

is having temperament that follows duty. Reverence for law causes obedience. People gain the dignity of law itself.

Pleasure or approval feelings unite and synthesize theoretical and practical reason and tell people if object or idea in

theoretical reason is means for desire or purpose of practical reason. Feelings can be pleasant or show utility. Feelings

can arise from Forms themselves. One feeling is what people feel when they obey or break the categorical imperative.

The Idea of the highest good connects perceptions and unconditioned things by uniting happiness, which is object of

natural or sensuous will, and virtue, which is object of rational will. The only happiness is virtue or justice. All ends

have highest end, to attain after death, that combines virtue and happiness.

Divinity above experience can represent the moral ideal. The moral law within us leads to faith in free will, God, and

immortality.

God, society, or mental feeling or goal {heteronomy} can command moral law. Religion makes the moral law divine

command. Because people, in their guilt and awe, need help, God offers man redeeming love to obey the law.

People have reason, and others must respect this reason and so respect people as persons or agents, with ends in

themselves. People are subjects and should not be tools, instruments, or objects.

Logic

Logic is science of understanding. Logic has twelve judgment types. Logic {transcendental analytic} has quantity,

quality, relation, and morality.

Metaphysics

People seek highest good, so a source of all morality must exist and make this idea. However, ontological and

cosmological arguments are invalid.

If universe and time are infinite, everything should have happened already and everything should have same

temperature. If universe began at a time, why did it begin at that instant after infinite time?

Mind

Perhaps, people have mental faculty that unifies their experiences {transcendental ego, Kant} and separate mental

faculty that makes them self-conscious {empirical ego} [Kant, 1787].

Politics

Law and rights are about people's actions, not intentions or temperaments. Law is only valid if enforcement is certain.

Law should unite people's wills to ensure freedom, by blocking natural or sensuous will. People's dignity, derived from

moral law, makes them ends in themselves not things.

Penal law should only be for necessary retribution. Perhaps, before governments, people were innocent of duty. History

has brought people closer to duty but not happiness, because it has increased people's wants. History is movement

toward more rational social order.

Benjamin West [West, Benjamin]

painter

USA

1770 to 1817

Death of General Wolfe [1770]; Death on a Pale Horse [1817]

He lived 1738 to 1820.

Alexandre-Theophile Vandermonde [Vandermonde, Alexandre-Theophile]

mathematician

Alsace

1771

Memoir of equation solving [1771]; Remarks on the problems of position [1771: about knots]

He lived 1735 to 1796 and invented determinant minor.

Yosa Buson [Buson, Yosa] or Yosa no Buson [Buson, Yosa no] or Buson Yosa [Buson, Yosa] or Taniguchi Buson

[Buson, Taniguchi]

poet

Japan

1771 to 1772

Light from the Snow [1772: poem]; Around Here [1772: poem]; Crow at Dawn [1772: poem]; Ten Screens [1771:

paintings]

Zen Buddhist lived 1716 to 1783, wrote haiku, and painted.

Charles Messier [Messier, Charles]

astronomer

Paris, France

1771 to 1784

Catalog of Nebulae and Star Clusters [1771 to 1784]

He lived 1730 to 1817 and published a star catalog [1771 to 1784].

Gustavus III

king

Sweden

1771 to 1792

He lived 1746 to 1792 and restored king's authority in Sweden, over Caps and Hats.

Joseph Louis Lagrange [Lagrange, Joseph Louis]

mathematician

Paris, France/Italy

1771 to 1811

Turin Miscellany [1771]; Analytical Mechanics [1788 and 1811]

He lived 1736 to 1813 and studied calculus of variations, mean-value theorem, spherical coordinates, solution

envelopes, adjoint equations, finite-differences method, and perturbation methods. He solved differential-equation

systems using conic-section deviations. Newton's laws can depend on principle of stationary action in Euler-Lagrange

equations. Natural numbers are sums of four natural-number squares.

Jean Le Rond d'Alembert [d'Alembert, Jean Le Rond]

mathematician

Paris, France

1772

Preliminary Discourse to the Encyclopedia [1772]

He lived 1717 to 1783 and studied differential equations and multiple integrals and invented d'Alembert's test. He

found that Newton's 3rd law applies to free bodies {d'Alembert's principle}.

John Newton [Newton, John]/William Cowper [Cowper, William]

lyricist/composer

England

1772

Amazing Grace [1772: last stanza is anonymous. music is 19th century American melody, Loving Lambs]

Newton lived 1725 to 1807. Cowper lived 1731 to 1800.

Caspar Wolf [Wolf, Caspar]

painter

Switzerland

1773

Lauteraargletscher [1773: landscape of Lauteraargletscher river]

He lived 1735 to 1783.

William Herschel [Herschel, William]

astronomer/chemist

London, England

1773 to 1781

Catalogue of One Thousand New Nebulae and Clusters of Stars [1782 to 1802]

He lived 1738 to 1822, studied infrared light [1773 to 1781], first saw Uranus [1781], and published a star catalog

[1782 to 1802]. Solar system is moving through space [1783].

Warren Hastings [Hastings, Warren]

governor

India

1773 to 1787

He lived 1732 to 1818. Appointed by Britain as governor-general [1773 to 1785], he reformed law and finances.

Parliament impeached him [1787].

Johann Wolfgang von Goethe [Goethe, Johann Wolfgang von]

novelist/playwright/scientist

Germany

1773 to 1821

Gotz von Berlichingen [1773: play]; Sorrows of Young Werther [1774: novel]; Iphigenie auf Tauris [1787: play];

Romische Elegien or Roman Elegies [1790: poems]; Hermann und Dorothea [1798: poem]; Egmont [1808: play]; Faust

[1808 to 1832: part 1 and part 2, plays]; Die Wahlverwandschaften or Elective Affinities [1809: novel]; Aus meinem

Leben: Dichtung und Wahrheit or Out of My Life: Poetry and Truth [1811 to 1813: poems]; Wilhelm Meisters

Lehrjahre or Wilhelm Meister's Apprenticeship [1821: novel]; Metamorphosis of Plants [1790: nonfiction book];

Theory of Colors [1810: nonfiction book]; Italienische Reise or Italian Journey [1817: nonfiction book]

He lived 1749 to 1832 and wrote about strong emotions {sturm und drang}. He studied color contrast effects {Goethe's

shadows} and biology. Living things have repeated parts with similar structures. Leaf is basic plant form, and other

plant parts are leaf variations. Skulls evolved from vertebrae.

Metaphysics

Nature is a living whole, a unity manifesting God. All transitory things are but symbols. Things have archetypes or

beginning forms {Ur, Goethe}.

Samuel Adams [Adams, Samuel]

leader

USA

1774

He lived 1722 to 1803 and persuaded Massachusetts Assembly to invite other colonies to send delegates to First

Continental Congress.

Louis XVI

king

France

1774 to 1793

He lived 1754 to 1793 and was of Bourbon family. Helping American Revolution resulted in near bankruptcy. His

ministers, first Turgot, and then Necker, tried to correct finances. He summoned States-General, leading to French

Revolution [1789]. Ministers negotiated with Austria and French Revolution leaders, but he dismissed them after court

politics involving Marie Antoinette. When French Revolutionary War started badly, king and queen tried to flee, and

revolutionaries captured and guillotined them.

His queen was Marie Antoinette, who said, "Let them eat cake" when told the people had no bread.

Daniel Boone [Boone, Daniel]

pioneer

Kentucky

1775

He lived 1734 to 1820.

Samuel Crompton [Crompton, Samuel]

inventor

England

1775

spinning mule [1775]

He lived 1753 to 1827. Machines {spinning mule} had a spinning-jenny moving carriage and water-frame rollers, to

spin fine threads.

Johann Kaspar Lavater [Lavater, Johann Kaspar]

biologist

Zurich, Switzerland

1775 to 1778

Physiognomy Fragment [1775 to 1778]

He lived 1741 to 1801.

Pierre de Beaumarchais [Beaumarchais, Pierre de] or Pierre-Augustin Caron de Beaumarchais [Beaumarchais,

Pierre-Augustin Caron de]

playwright

France

1775 to 1784

Barber of Seville [1775]; Marriage of Figaro [1784]

He lived 1732 to 1799.

Edmund Burke [Burke, Edmund]

lawyer/politician

Ireland/London, England

1775 to 1796

Conciliation with America [1775]; Nabob of Arcot's Debts [1785]; Reflections on the French Revolution [1790];

Appeal from the Old to the New Whigs [1791]; Letters on a Regicide Peace [1795]; Letter to a Noble Lord [1796]

He lived 1729 to 1797 and was conservative Whig. He believed in maintaining current institutions and social customs,

deciding on evidence not theory, and being skeptical. He exposed East India Company injustices in India, during

Hastings trial. He opposed French-Revolution Jacobites. He tried to improve policies about America and wanted to free

Ireland. He wanted to free House of Commons from King George III.

Politics

Political power is to preserve order. Society coheres through habit, emotional bonds, conventions, loyalty, communal

feeling, and tradition {conservatism, Burke}, not by reason, rights, or law. Institutions can reform by small steps,

keeping essence, rather than change too much or quickly.

People should be dutiful, loyal to traditions, bound by social relations, and fitted into roles. Moral tradition is more

important than rational morality. Individuals should be free and independent, to judge and choose for best advantage

and to be responsible for their families. Human nature causes inequalities in society, but justice must prevail.

Government should use power legally. Government should only maintain security and order, because it often abuses

power. Bureaucracy and interference reduce human energies. Institutions should fit culture. Institutions should be free

and independent. Changes should be slow and subject to change, because human frailty can make everything worse.

George Washington [Washington, George]

general/president

USA

1775 to 1797

He lived 1732 to 1799. Second Continental Congress appointed him commander-in-chief [1775]. As first president

[1989 to 1797], he approved Alexander Hamilton's finance plans and pursued conservative policies, leaning toward

Federalists.

Vincenzo Galeotti [Galeotti, Vincenzo]

ballet dancer/choreographer

France

1775 to 1816

Whims of Cupid and the Ballet Master [1786: music by Jens Lolle]

He lived 1733 to 1816. From 1775 to 1816, he directed Royal Danish Ballet.

Nathan Hale [Hale, Nathan]

spy

USA

1776

He lived 1755 to 1776. Britain hanged officer of USA as spy [1776]. He said, "I regret that I have but one life to lose

for my country."

Henry Lee [Lee, Henry] or Light Horse Harry

general

USA

1776

He lived 1756 to 1818 and was father of Robert E. Lee.

Betsy Ross [Ross, Betsy]

seamstress

USA

1776

She lived 1752 to 1836 and supposedly sewed first USA flag.

Augustus M. Toplady [Toplady, Augustus M.]/Thomas Hastings [Hastings, Thomas]

lyricist/composer

England

1776

Rock of Ages [1776: music, 1830]

Toplady lived 1740 to 1778. Hastings lived 1784 to 1872.

Moses Mendelssohn [Mendelssohn, Moses]

philosopher

Germany

1776 to 1783

On the Immortality of the Soul [1776]; Jerusalem [1783]

He lived 1729 to 1786 and was follower of Leibniz and friend of Kant. He translated Pentateuch into German. Beauty

is people's imitation of God's unity. People should act to progress.

Thomas Paine [Paine, Thomas]

philosopher

Philadelphia, Pennsylvania

1776 to 1797

Common Sense [1776]; Rights of Man [1792]; Age of Reason [1795]; American Crisis; Agrarian Justice [1797]

He lived 1737 to 1809. Deism is preferable. Free-thinking and liberty are good. People have right to education,

pensions, and other benefits.

Jeremy Bentham [Bentham, Jeremy]

philosopher

London, England

1776 to 1843

Fragment on Government [1776]; Of Laws in General [1782]; Defense of Usury [1787]; Introduction to the Principles

of Morals and Legislation [1789]; Treatise on Civil and Penal Legislation [1802]; Rationale of Reward [1825];

Anarchical Fallacies [1843]

He lived 1748 to 1832 and founded empiricist philosophy. His ideas led to fewer crimes carrying death penalty, new

divorce and bankruptcy laws, new married-woman rights, and real-property law reform.

Epistemology

Sentences are meaning units. Sentences using certain words or about certain thoughts can translate into other sentences

without those words or thoughts {paraphrasis} {contextual definition}, which people can perceive and so understand,

for example, in terms of pain and pleasure.

Pronouns and demonstratives {egocentric particular} refer to different things in different contexts.

Ethics

The greatest good is pleasure. People pursue pleasure and avoid pain, for themselves or others. Both pleasure and pain

are clear in meaning and are measurable. The greatest good for the greatest number is the goal of social ethics

{utilitarianism, Bentham}. All actions are reasonable and good that promote "the greatest happiness of the greatest

number" {greatest happiness principle} {utility principle} {principle of utility}.

Value systems can measure pleasure and pain in individual and social relations or actions. Action consequences can

have values, and mind can choose the best action. Action effects on others' gains or losses determine act's morality.

Ethical acts give utility, pleasure, and happiness to the most people.

Politics

Law is about rights and duties, which are complex ideas, not simple perceptions. Natural rights have no corresponding

duties and so are contradictions. Legal rights have legal duties and so are rational. Experiments must continually test

legal rights and duties. No rights are unchangeable or permanent. Description of, or wish for, right does not make it

exist.

Laws should be socially useful and not merely reflect customs. Laws can produce the greatest happiness for the most

people by punishing and rewarding to balance all people's desires. Law should make public and private interests

coincide and ensure subsistence, abundance, security, and equality. Laws should make people pursue happiness, to

attain general happiness. Perhaps, tradition and imperialism do not do this. Women's rights help.

Punishment is to deter people from causing pain or reducing pleasure, so punishment should be correct amount for this

purpose.

Social contract, in which people agree to obey authority to obtain certain rights and benefits, is legal contract, not

foundation for law.

Contract depends on maximizing utility.

Diminishing marginal utility causes equality to make more utility. Ability to subsist has greater utility than mere

general abundance. Security has great utility.

Democracy allows the greatest number of people to seek to maximize pleasure and minimize pain.

Carlo Goldoni [Goldoni, Carlo]

writer

Italy

1777

Il Mondo della luna or World of the Moon [1777: music by Joseph Haydn]

He lived 1707 to 1793. He wrote operas with Baldassare Galuppi.

Richard Sheridan [Sheridan, Richard]

playwright

England

1777

School for Scandal [1777]

He lived 1751 to 1816.

Seyed Ahmad Hatef [Hatef, Seyed Ahmad] or Sayyed Ahmad Hatef [Hatef, Sayyed Ahmad] or Sayyid Ahmad

Hatif [Hatif, Sayyid Ahmad] or Hatef Esfehani

poet

Persia

1777 to 1783

Atom [1784]; Tarjih-Band or Strophes [1777 to 1783]

He lived ? to 1783 and was at the School of Moshtaq.

Marquis de Lafayette [Lafayette, Marquis de] or Marie-Joseph-Paul-Roch-Yves-Gilbert du Motier [Motier,

Marie-Joseph-Paul-Roch-Yves-Gilbert du]

general

France

1777 to 1983

He lived 1757 to 1834 and helped USA in Revolutionary War.

John Paul Jones [Jones, John Paul]

admiral

USA

1778

He lived 1747 to 1792.

Georg Christof Lichtenberg [Lichtenberg, Georg Christof]

philosopher

Göttingen, Germany

1778

On Physiognomy [1778]

He lived 1742 to 1799 and was skeptic and aphorist.

Franz Anton Mesmer [Mesmer, Franz Anton]

physician

Vienna, Austria

1778

He lived 1734 to 1815, invented hypnosis {animal magnetism} [1778], and used tub {baquet} of magnetized water for

cures.

Antoine Lavoisier [Lavoisier, Antoine]

chemist

Paris, France

1778 to 1789

General Considerations on the Nature of Acids [1778]; Reflections on Phlogistics [1783]; Methods of Chemical

Nomenclature [1787]; Elementary Treatise of Chemistry [1789]

He lived 1743 to 1794, invented definite-proportions law {constant-composition law}, and noted mass conservation.

Jean-Baptiste de Lamarck [Lamarck, Jean-Baptiste de]

anatomist

Paris, France

1778 to 1822

French Flora [1778]; Animal Philosophy [1809]; Natural History of the Invertebrates [1815 to 1822]

He lived 1744 to 1829 and studied invertebrate paleontology and invertebrate classification. Environment forces

animals to acquire new characteristics through learning. What individual experience learns, offspring can inherit

{Lamarckianism, Lamarck}. However, Lamarckianism is only true for minor specialized cellular transmittance.

Louis Bonaparte [Bonaparte, Louis]

king

Netherlands/Batavia

1778 to 1846

He lived 1778 to 1846. France created Batavian kingdom in Netherlands [1778 to 1846].

Abraham Darby III [Darby III, Abraham]

inventor

England

1779

Iron Bridge Coalbrookdale [1779: cast iron bridge]

He lived 1750 to 1791 {iron bridge}.

Edmund Cartwright [Cartwright, Edmund]

inventor

England

1779 to 1785

yeast treatment for putrid fever [1779]; power loom for weaving [1785]

He lived 1743 to 1823 {power loom}.

Benedict Arnold [Arnold, Benedict]

traitor

USA

1780

He lived 1741 to 1801, was general, and betrayed USA plans to British in American Revolution.

Platonism or Cambridge School

philosophic school

England

1780

School included Richard Price.

William Cowper [Cowper, William]

poet

England

1780

Light Shining Out of Darkness [1780]

He lived 1731 to 1800.

Stephen Decatur [Decatur, Stephen]

captain

USA

1780

He lived 1779 to 1820 and captained warship.

Luigi Galvani [Galvani, Luigi]

physiologist

Italy

1780

He lived 1737 to 1798 and observed frog muscles twitch when touched by electrified wires {galvanic stimulation}

[1780].

Pierre-Simon de Laplace [Laplace, Pierre-Simon de]

mathematician

Paris, France

1780

Mémoire sur la probabilité des causes par les événements or Memoir on the probability of events [1774]; Théorie du

mouvement et de la figure elliptique des planètes or Theory of movement of planet elliptical orbits [1776]; Mécanique

céleste or Celestial Mechanics [1780]; Essai philosophique sur les probabilités or Philosophical essay on probabilities

[1814]

He lived 1749 to 1827 and studied partial differential equations, Laplace transforms and operators, perturbations

method, spherical coordinates, finite-differences method, and divergence theorem.

After proving that planetary elliptical orbits can be stable, he said, "Je n'avais pas besoin de cette hypothèse-là" or "I

had no need of that hypothesis" when asked by Napoleon why he did not invoke God to explain solar-system stability,

as Newton had thought necessary because of chaotic conditions (which are there but just small enough).

Epistemology

Given physical laws and particle motions and positions, people can predict everything in the future.

Metaphysics

Solar system formed from spinning gas cloud {nebular hypothesis}. Gravity and motion correct planetary-orbit

perturbations, rather than causing chaos.

Casimir Pulaski [Pulaski, Casimir]

soldier

Poland

1780

He lived 1747 to 1779.

Josiah Wedgwood [Wedgwood, Josiah]

designer

England

1780

Wedgwood

He lived 1730 to 1792 and manufactured china.

Faetano Filangeri [Filangeri, Faetano]

philosopher

Italy

1780 to 1788

He lived 1752 to 1788 and studied law.

Franc Samuel Karpe [Karpe, Franc Samuel]

philosopher

Slovakia

1780 to 1800

He lived 1747 to 1806, was part of Slovene Cultural Revival, and studied associative psychology.

Sengai Gibon [Sengai, Gibon] or Gibon Sengai [Sengai, Gibon]

painter

Japan

1780 to 1810

Frog and Snail; Banana Plant or Basho; Bamboos in the Wind

Zen Buddhist lived 1750 to 1837 and painted in sumi style.

Ryokan

poet

Japan

1780 to 1831

Haiku [1780 to 1810]

Zen Buddhist lived 1758 to 1831 and wrote haiku.

John Henry Fuseli [Fuseli, John Henry]

painter

Switzerland/England

1781

Nightmare [1781]

He lived 1741 to 1825.

Johann Peter Eckermann [Eckermann, Johann Peter]

essayist

Germany

1781 to 1783

Gespräche mit Goethe or Conversations with Goethe or Conversations of Eckermann [1836 and 1848]

He lived 1792 to 1854.

Baron Munchausen [Munchausen, Baron]

essayist

Germany

1781 to 1783

Tales [1781 to 1783]

He lived 1720 to 1797 and wrote about travel.

Jean Antoine Houdon [Houdon, Jean Antoine]

sculptor

France

1781 to 1789

Voltaire [1781]; George Washington [1788]; Thomas Jefferson [1789]

He lived 1741 to 1828.

Joseph Haydn [Haydn, Joseph]

composer

Austria

1781 to 1801

Russian Quartets [1781]; Seven Last Words [1786: oratorio by Eugene Drucker]; Symphony 88 in G [1787];

Symphony No. 94 or Surprise Symphony [1791]; London Symphonies [1791 to 1792]; Symphony 99 in E Flat [1794];

Clock Symphony [1794]; Trumpet Concerto in E flat [1796]; Creation [1796 to 1798: oratorio]; String Quartet in C

[1797: including Emperor's Hymn]; Emperor Quartet [1797]; Seasons [1801: oratorio]

He lived 1732 to 1809.

Johann Heinrich Pestalozzi [Pestalozzi, Johann Heinrich]

educator

Switzerland

1781 to 1801

Leonard and Gertrude [1781]; How Gertrude Teaches Her Children [1801]

He lived 1746 to 1827 and related education to practical life at home. Children can learn by doing tasks at home and

thinking about them [Pestalozzi, 1781] [Pestalozzi, 1801].

Johann von Schiller [Schiller, Johann von]

poet/playwright/philosopher

Germany

1781 to 1805

Die Rauber or The Robbers [1781: play]; An die Freude or Ode to Joy [1785: poem]; Don Carlos [1787: play];

Wallenstein [1800: play]; Die Jungfrau von Orleans or Young Woman of Orleans [1801: play]; Wilhelm Tell [1804:

play]; Story of the Bell [1805: poem]; What is Universal History? [1789: essay]; On the Aesthetic Education of Man

[1795: essay]; Naive and Sentimental Poetry [1796: essay]

He lived 1759 to 1805.

Aesthetics

Beauty is freedom in phenomenal appearance. It is not subject to concepts, understanding, or related phenomena. It has

no known cause and makes cause meaningless. It is not about ethics, because it does not relate to duty. It is play. It

involves no want or need, and so no will. It can create state in which sensuous and moral natures harmonize. Art

silences natural will, allowing moral will to work.

Politics

Man started in instinctive state, following moral laws, because sensuous and moral natures were yet to come to

consciousness. History and poetry evolved together. In first state, naive poetry was about unity with nature, was

realistic, and used author-narrator. Middle states are sentimental and are about personal reflection, appeals to nature,

and poet as subject. In final state, moral law will reunite with will.

Etienne Falconet [Falconet, Etienne]

sculptor

Leningrad, Russia

1782

Equestrian Monument of Peter the Great or Bronze Horseman [1782: Rococo statue]

He lived 1741 to 1791.

Choderlos de Laclos [Laclos, Choderlos de]

writer

France

1782

Les Liaisons dangereuses or Dangerous Liaisons [1782]

He lived 1741 to 1803.

Marquis Claude de Jouffroy d'Abbans [d'Abbans, Marquis Claude de Jouffroy]

inventor

France

1783

steamboat [1783]

He lived 1751 to 1832.

Henry Cort [Cort, Henry] or Great Finer

inventor

England

1783

puddling [1783]; rolling [1783]

He lived 1740 to 1800. Processes {puddling} can convert brittle pig iron to wrought iron, which is more malleable for

shaping {rolling}.

Edward Gibbon [Gibbon, Edward]

historian

England

1783

Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire [1783]

He lived 1737 to 1794.

James Madison [Madison, James]/Alexander Hamilton [Hamilton, Alexander]/John Jay [Jay, John]

lawyer

USA

1783

Federalist Papers [1787 to 1788]

Madison lived 1751 to 1836. Hamilton lived 1755 to 1804. Jay lived 1745 to 1829. They wrote to gain support to ratify

new Constitution.

Joseph Michel Montgolfier [Montgolfier, Joseph Michel]/Jacques Étienne Montgolfier [Montgolfier, Jacques

Étienne]

inventor

Paris, France

1783

hot air balloon [1783]

Joseph lived 1740 to 1810 {hot air balloon}. Jacques lived 1745 to 1799.

Grigori Alexandrovich Potemkin [Potemkin, Grigori Alexandrovich]

governor

Crimea

1783

He lived 1739 to 1791, annexed Crimea for Russia [1783], and advised Catherine II of Russia. He set up model villages

{Potemkin village} as Catherine toured south Russia.

William Jones [Jones, William]

linguist

England

1783 to 1794

Sanscrit Language [1786: nonfiction]; Laws of Manu [1783 to 1794: translation from Sanskrit]; Recollection of

Shakuntala [1783 to 1794: translation from Sanskrit of play by Kalidasa. Shakuntala was a beautiful woman.]; Account

of Seasons or Cycle of Seasons [1783 to 1794: translation from Sanskrit of poem by Kalidasa]; Gita Govinda or Song

of Govind or Song of Divine Love between Radha and Krishna [1783 to 1794: translation from Sanskrit of poem by

Jayadeva. Govind is Krishna as Protector.]

He lived 1746 to 1794 and related Sanskrit, Greek, and Latin by describing similarities among words [1786].

Caroline Herschel [Herschel, Caroline]

astronomer

Germany

1783 to 1797

She lived 1750 to 1848 and discovered nebulae [1783] and comets [1786 to 1797].

William Pitt the Younger [Pitt the Younger, William]

prime minister

London, England

1783 to 1801

Catholic Emancipation Bill [1783 to 1801]

He lived 1759 to 1806. As prime minister under George III [1783 to 1801], he held general elections, cut debt through

taxation, and led reforms in Parliament. He reformed India and Canada administrations. Wars with France caused

financial crisis. He achieved union with Ireland but resigned when King George III vetoed his Catholic Emancipation

Bill.

Johann G. Herder [Herder, Johann G.]

lawyer

Weimar, Thuringia, Germany

1784 to 1799

Ideas for the Philosophy of the History of Mankind [1784 to 1791]; Metacritique on the Critique of Pure Reason [1799]

He lived 1744 to 1803 and wrote about law.

Epistemology

Senses are not separate from understanding. Living people unify sensations and consciousness or understanding as

feeling. Feeling unifies senses and turns sounds into thought and language by revealing or bringing to consciousness

innate ideas.

All languages derive from one language. Language is the basic unifying activity of reason and consciousness.

Language arose from people's nature. Language includes both emotion and reason, showing that these are not separate

in mind or thought. Language can show culture's ideas.

History

History is progression toward perfection. Language, culture, and history cause national character. People have had

many different ideas, which people today can try to understand through getting feelings {Einfühlung, Herder} for

periods and cultures.

Law

Absolute law does not derive from reason alone. Law and institutions relate to living conditions. National, especially

German, laws show that laws can be systematic, logical, and practical.

Politics

States began from the historical process of striving for perfection.

Jacques Louis David [David, Jacques Louis]

painter

France

1784 to 1801

Oath of the Horatii [1784]; Death of Socrates [1787]; Lictors Bringing Back the Sons of Brutus [1789]; Oath of the

Tennis Court [1791]; Death of Marat [1793]; View of the Luxembourg Palace Gardens [1794]; Madame Verninac

[1799]; Madame Récamier [1800]; Napoleon Crossing the Alps [1801]

He lived 1748 to 1825.

Charles Augustin de Coulomb [Coulomb, Charles Augustin de]

physicist/inventor

France

1785

torsion balance

He lived 1736 to 1806 and invented Coulomb's law [1785]. At fluid boundaries, fluid does not slip {no-slip condition,

Coulomb}.

Robert Burns [Burns, Robert]

poet

Scotland

1785 to 1788

To a Mouse [1785]; Poems Chiefly in the Scottish Dialect [1786]; My Love Is Like a Red, Red Rose or Red, Red Rose

[1786]; My Heart's in the Highlands [1786]; Man's a Man for A' That [1786]; Tam O'Shanter [1786]; Comin' thro' the

Rye [1786]; Auld Lang Syne [1788]; John Anderson, My Jo [1789]; Flow Gently, Sweet Afton [1791]

He lived 1759 to 1796.

Henry Cavendish [Cavendish, Henry]

physicist

England

1785 to 1798

He lived 1731 to 1810 and studied specific heat, discovered hydrogen gas [1785], measured gravity of 10000-gram

mass [1798], and found Earth mass and density [1798].

Marquis de Sade [Sade, Marquis de] or Donatien Alphonse François, Counte de Sade [Sade, Donatien Alphonse

François, Counte de]

philosopher

Paris, France

1785 to 1800

120 Days of Sodomy [1785: essay]; Justine [1791: novel]; Philosophy of the Bedroom [1793: essays]; Juliette [1797:

novel]; Crimes of Love [1800: novel]

He lived 1740 to 1814 and studied sexual motives, sadism, and masochism. People are sums of their inherited qualities

and so do not have personal responsibility for behavior. People can have sexual pleasure {sadomasochism} by

inflicting pain or cruelty on others {sadism, Sade} or on oneself {masochism, Sade}.

William Paley [Paley, William]

philosopher

London, England

1785 to 1802

Principles of Moral and Political Philosophy [1785]; Evidences of Christianity [1794]; Natural Theology [1802]

He lived 1743 to 1805 and formulated argument from design.

Ethics

Right is what agrees with will of God. Proper actions come from moral, but not necessarily noble, feelings.

Utility, not emotions or altruism, causes people's actions. God uses Heaven and Hell to try to make people avoid

temporal gain. People's fear and hope can control their selfish desires, because people act only in their own interest.

Morals require rewards and punishments, together with power or authority to enforce law.

Metaphysics

Anyone who sees watches must assume that watchmakers designed and formed them, so observing universe makes

people assume that God designed and formed it {argument from design, Paley}.

George Heppelwhite [Heppelwhite, George]

designer

England

1786

Heppelwhite

He lived ? to 1786 and drew furniture designs [1786]. Style derived from Adam and neoclassical but was lighter and

more curved. Chairs can have Prince-of-Wales feathers on back.

Philip Freneau [Freneau, Philip]

poet

USA

1786 to 1787

Poems of Philip Freneau [1786]; Journey from Philadelphia to New York [1787]

He lived 1752 to 1832 and was American-Revolution poet.

John Trumbull [Trumbull, John]

painter

USA

1786 to 1824

Declaration of Independence [1786]; Paintings in United States Capitol Building [1824]

He lived 1756 to 1843.

Jacques Charles [Charles, Jacques]

physicist

France

1787

He lived 1746 to 1823 and invented Charles' law [1787].

William Patterson [Patterson, William]

lawyer

New Jersey

1787

He lived 1745 to 1806 and proposed New Jersey Plan for constitution at Constitutional Convention, which was similar

to Articles of Confederation, but senators and executives had life terms, like limited elected monarchy.

Edmund Randolph [Randolph, Edmund]

lawyer

Virginia

1787

He lived 1753 to 1813 and proposed Virginia Plan for constitution at Constitutional Convention. Bicameral legislature

has two parts. Executive or judiciary can veto state laws that violate Constitution.

John Wilkinson [Wilkinson, John]

inventor

England

1787

iron boat [1787]

He lived 1728 to 1808 {iron boat}.

Friedrich Heinrich Jacobi [Jacobi, Friedrich Heinrich]

philosopher

Germany

1787 to 1819

David Hume on Beliefs: Idealism and Realism [1787]

He lived 1743 to 1819, was pietist, was against the metaphysics of Spinoza and Kant, and quarreled with Moses

Mendelssohn. Things-in-themselves must cause sense qualities to start their synthesis originally. God has determined

all knowledge completely. Faith or feeling allows immediate knowledge. People have feelings for freedom,

immortality, morality, reality of perceptions, and reality of God. Feelings give knowledge of what is real.

Louis Saint-Simon [Saint-Simon, Louis]

historian

Paris, France

1788

Memoirs on the Court of Louis XIV [1788]

He lived 1675 to 1755.

Karl Gotthard Langhans [Langhans, Karl Gotthard]

architect

Berlin, Germany

1788 to 1791

Brandenburg Gate [1788 to 1791: Neoclassical]

He lived 1732 to 1808.

Charles IV

king

Spain

1788 to 1808

He lived 1748 to 1819 and was of Bourbon family. His minister Godoy quit Spanish side of French Revolutionary

Wars and allied with France. Iberian peoples of Spain and Portugal revolted against France in Peninsular War but lost

to France, who captured his son. His queen was Maria Luisa.

Alexander Hamilton [Hamilton, Alexander]

treasurer

USA

1789 to 1791

Federalist Papers [1787 to 1788]

He lived 1755 to 1804. As first Treasury secretary, he established USA treasury system and Bank of the USA. He

favored centralized and strong Federal government and favored Britain in foreign policy.

John Jay [Jay, John]

chief justice

USA

1789 to 1791

He lived 1745 to 1829 and was first USA Supreme Court Chief Justice. He signed Jay's Treaty [1791] between USA

and Britain over freedom of navigation, trade restrictions in West Indies, and evacuation of British Northwest forts, but

it did not stop naval impressment. He resigned to run for Governor of New York [1791].

William Blake [Blake, William]

poet

England

1789 to 1794

Songs of Innocence and Songs of Experience [1789 to 1794]; Tiger or Tyger [1789 to 1794: in Songs of Innocence and

Songs of Experience]; Lamb [1789 to 1794: in Songs of Innocence and Songs of Experience]; Auguries of Innocence

[1789 to 1794: in Songs of Innocence and Songs of Experience]; Piping Down the Valleys Wild [1789 to 1794: in

Songs of Innocence and Songs of Experience]; Marriage of Heaven and Hell [1789 to 1794: in Songs of Innocence and

Songs of Experience]; To the Evening Star [1792]

He lived 1757 to 1827.

Oliver Ellsworth [Ellsworth, Oliver]

lawyer

USA

1789 to 1800

Judiciary Act of 1789

He lived 1745 to 1807. First Congress required one Chief Justice and five Associate Justices for Supreme Court.

Supreme Court was to try cases involving state relations, ambassadors, ministers, and consuls and to hear appeals from

lower courts. President appointed judges, with Senate's consent. Judges had life terms. Only trial in Senate, needing

two-thirds majority, can remove judge {impeachment, judge}. Judiciary Act also established fifteen District Courts and

two Circuit Courts, which were higher than District Courts but lower than Supreme Court. He lived 1745 to 1807 and

became USA Supreme Court Chief Justice [1796 to 1800] after John Jay resigned to run for Governor of New York.

He resigned in 1800.

Madeleine Guinard [Guinard, Madeleine]

ballerina

France

1790

Temple of Terpiscore [1790]

She lived 1767 to 1837.

Solomon Maimon [Maimon, Solomon]

philosopher

Berlin, Germany

1790

Essay On Transcendental Philosophy [1790]

He lived 1753 to 1800 and was Kantian. The idea of things-in-themselves is impossible, because they must cause

sensation but cannot be in experience. Sensations are the lowest grade of consciousness, which has an infinite number

of grades. Sensations are unclear and not fully in consciousness. Being can have different consciousness forms.

Karl L. Reinhold [Reinhold, Karl L.]

philosopher

Jena, Germany

1790 to 1792

Letters Concerning the Kantian Philosophy [1790 and 1792]

He lived 1758 to 1823, was Kantian, and systematized Kant from the fundamental principle of Consciousness. Ideas in

consciousness relate to both subject and object. Subject is unity of Form. Object is sensation or material thing.

Consciousness contains only subject and object relations, not subjects or objects.

Anne W. Radcliffe [Radcliffe, Anne W.]

poet

England

1790 to 1794

Sicilian Romance [1790]; Mysteries of Udolpho [1794]

She lived 1764 to 1823.

Pierre Charles L'Enfant [L'Enfant, Pierre Charles]

architect

France

1791

Washington DC town plan [1791]

He lived 1754 to 1852 and designed Washington avenues and quadrants.

Wilhelm von Humboldt [Humboldt, Wilhelm von]

linguist

Germany

1791 to 1828

Limits of State Action [1791]; Researches into the Early Inhabitants of Spain by the Help of the Basque Language

[1821]; On the Dual [1828]; Heterogeneity of Language and its Influence on the Intellectual Development of Mankind

[1828]

He lived 1767 to 1835, wrote about ethics, and studied language types. The three structural-language types differ in

morphology and syntax. Sanskrit is syntactically more complex than modern languages.

Politics

States should ensure property and lives.

Jean Paul Marat [Marat, Jean Paul]

journalist

France

1792

He lived 1743 to 1793 and led Cordeliers in National Convention against Girondists during French Revolution. Other

revolutionaries stabbed him in his bath [1792].

Gottlöb Ernst Schulze [Schulze, Gottlob Ernst]

philosopher

Germany

1792

Aenesidemus or Concerning the Foundations of the Philosophy of the Elements Issued by Professor Reinhold in Jena

Together with a Defense of Skepticism against the Pretensions of the Critique of Reason [1792: about ancient Greek

Academy philosopher Aenesidemus's ideas]

He lived 1761 to 1831. Aenesidemus was a sceptic and later Pyrrhonian, who discussed principle of suspended

judgment {epoché, Schulze}.

Epistemology

Knowledge that is beyond, or does not depend on, experience is impossible. Senses and understanding are things-in-

themselves and people cannot know them. Mental faculties are not real or metaphysical entities, just similar-activity

descriptions.

Maximilian Robespierre [Robespierre, Maximilian]

leader

France

1792 to 1794

He lived 1758 to 1794. Elected to National Convention, he led Jacobin radicals and put down Girondists. As

Committee of Public Safety member, he started Reign of Terror and eliminated his rivals. The Convention resisted and

beheaded him [1974].

Jacob Sigismund Beck [Beck, Jacob Sigismund]

philosopher

Riga, Latvia

1792 to 1796

Unique Viewpoint about qualities that can be judged in the Kantian philosophy [1796]

He lived 1761 to 1840, was Kantian, and corresponded with Kant [1792 to 1796].

Francis II

emperor

Holy Roman Empire

1792 to 1806

He lived 1768 to 1835 and was Francis I king of Bohemia [1804 to 1835] and Hungary [1792 to 1835]. Holy Roman

Empire lost to France in French Revolutionary Wars [1792]. He lost again to Napoleon [1806], dissolved Holy Roman

Empire [1806], and gave his daughter Josephine to Napoleon. With Metternich, he joined coalition against Napoleon

[1813].

Johann Fichte [Fichte, Johann]

philosopher

Zurich, Switzerland/Germany

1792 to 1808

Attempt at a Critique of All Revelation [1792]; Science of Knowledge or Wissenschaftslehre [1794]; Science of Rights

[1797]; Science of Ethics [1798]; Closed Commercial State [1800]; Vocation of Man [1800]; Way to the Blessed Life

or the Doctrine of Religion [1806]; Characteristic of the Present Age [1806]; Addresses to the German People [1808]

He lived 1762 to 1814 and developed a philosophy based on Kant's idealism.

Epistemology

Sense qualities come freely from outside. Consciousness is activities {tasks, Fichte} that create objects from

unconscious sense qualities and unify knowledge about such objects. In this way, experience is a consciousness

product. To perform its tasks, consciousness reasons using all activities in unified ways. Consciousness starts with

basic task and ideas felt to be necessary and true. The first task for people is to create oneself and unify all ideas about

oneself, to be self-consciousness. Whenever task tries to create and/or unify, it encounters resistance or contradiction.

To overcome contradiction, task performs dialectical process, to reach higher synthesis. Consciousness knows its

actions while it acts and so has both being and consciousness. The self-consciousness perceives subject, oneself, and

object, one's activities. People can only know the "I" or self by distinguishing it from the not-I or object perceived by

self. The "I" has evolved historically by the dialectic to know, first, objective activity, then communities governed by

law, then exercise of will and science, then realization that all is spirit, and then philosophical understanding of God's

will as part of God's community. Therefore, starting from the basic task, dialectical processes create task hierarchy.

Dialectic processes keep all tasks working together smoothly to form unified processes. Dialectic is essence of reason.

Perhaps, self-consciousness involves unified task hierarchy [Fichte, 1794].

Besides ideas that arise from dialectic, consciousness contains ideas characterized by feelings of necessity and certainty

in their truth.

Sensation has no basis in preceding mental activity and so is free and unconscious. It appears to come from outside

consciousness but is the way reason sets goal or object for itself.

Ethics

Consciousness creates sensation objects for action. People follow the command of duty. People have right to work to

fulfill duty.

History evolves from state of instinctive reason and morality, to impulse and will, to reason {artistic reason} under

common universal consciousness. Man's goal is restfully contemplating God. "I" comes from and directs toward God.

Philosophy is to organize reason or consciousness.

Metaphysics

All being comes from objective reason. There are no things-in-themselves. Reality cannot mix material world and

consciousness, because they are completely separate.

Objective-reason unity, which is not subjective, causes all things to have unity, have order, and necessarily connect.

God is the free, world-creating activity or universal self. World is teleological, not causal.

Mind

All things happen within self, and there are no things-in-themselves {critical idealism}.

The "I" is activity of being aware of self {thesis, Fichte}, which is subjective being. Things outside the "I" have their

own activities {antithesis, Fichte}, which is objective world. Both interact dialectically to limit each other and make

relations between self and world {synthesis, Fichte}. Theoretical-reason synthesis stages achieve purer knowledge.

Consciousness knows its actions while it acts and so has both being and consciousness. The self-consciousness

perceives subject as oneself and object as one's activities. People can know the "I" or self only by distinguishing it from

the not-I or object perceived by self.

The "I" has evolved historically by the dialectic to know, first, objective activity, then communities governed by law,

then exercise of will and science, then realization that all is spirit, and then philosophical understanding of God's will as

part of God's community.

Gustavus IV

king

Sweden

1792 to 1809

He lived 1778 to 1837 and fought Napoleon with the Austrian, Prussian, and Russian coalition. He lost Finland to

Russia. Revolution deposed him [1809].

Mary Wollstonecraft [Wollstonecraft, Mary]

novelist

England

1792 to 1818

Vindication of the Rights of Women [1792: essays]; Frankenstein [1818: Gothic horror novel about body with

transplanted brain]

She lived 1759 to 1797.

Dugald Stewart [Stewart, Dugald]

philosopher

Scotland

1793 to 1794

Elements of the Philosophy of the Human Mind [1793]; Outlines of Moral Philosophy [1794]

He lived 1753 to 1828. Science can finds phenomena laws but cannot give understanding.

Thomas Beddoes [Beddoes, Thomas]

physician

London, England

1793 to 1807

Observations on the Nature of Demonstrative Evidence [1793]; Essay on the Causes, Early Signs and Prevention of

Pulmonary Consumption [1799]; Essay on Fever [1807]; Hygeia, or Essays Moral and Medical [1807]

He lived 1760 to 1808 and discovered analgesic effects of nitrous oxide [1798].

Pierre Laromiguière [Laromiguière, Pierre]

philosopher

Paris, France

1793 to 1818

Project on the Elements of Metaphysics [1793]; Paradoxes of Condillac [1805]; Course of Philosophy [1815 to 1818]

He lived 1756 to 1837 and was French Ideologist. Attention notes sensation facts. Comparison links sensations. Reason

organizes sensations and comparisons. He said property taxation is illegal.

William Godwin [Godwin, William]

philosopher

England

1793 to 1836

Enquiry concerning Political Justice and its Influence on General Virtue and Happiness [1793]

He lived 1756 to 1836 and was Utilitarian. Society should have no rulers.

William Blake [Blake, William]

painter

England

1794

Ancient of Days [1794]

He lived 1757 to 1827.

Marie Jean Antoine Nicolas de Caritat [Caritat, Marie Jean Antoine Nicolas de] or Marquis de Condorcet

[Condorcet, Marquis de]

philosopher

Paris, France

1794

Sketch for a Historical Picture of the Progress of the Human Mind [1795]

He lived 1743 to 1794, invented Condorcet paradox, and was philosophe.

Assume that there are more than two alternatives. Assume that voting members have transitive preferences among

alternatives. Assume that voters always choose between two alternatives. Assume that alternative with majority vote

wins contests among pairs. Then, person or law favored by most people does not necessarily win {paradox of voting}

{voting paradox}. Voting order changes result. The voting paradox also requires that there be more than one choice

criterion. If one criterion ranks alternatives {singlepeakedness}, voting order does not change result. Weighted voting

eliminates voting paradox, but strategic voting can affect it.

Thaddeus Kosciusko [Kosciusko, Thaddeus]

general

Poland

1794

He lived 1746 to 1817 and rebelled against Russia and Prussia. Before, he had fought in American Revolution.

Erasmus Darwin [Darwin, Erasmus]

physician/scientist

Britain

1794 to 1796

Zoonomia or The Laws of Organic Life [1794 to 1796]

He lived 1731 to 1802.

Agha Mohammad Khan Ghajar [Ghajar, Agha Mohammad Khan]

shah

Persia

1794 to 1797

He lived 1742 to 1797 and began Qajar or Ghajar Dynasty.

Eli Whitney [Whitney, Eli]

inventor

Europe/USA

1794 to 1798

cotton gin [1794]; interchangeable parts [1798: for muskets]

He lived 1765 to 1825 {cotton gin}. Honoré Blanc used interchangeable parts for muskets in France [1785].

Napoleon or Napoleon Bonaparte

general/emperor/lawgiver

France

1794 to 1815

Code Napoleon or Napoleonic Code [1801 to 1804: basis of European private law]; Code of Civil Procedure [1807];

Commercial Code [1808]; Code of Criminal Procedure [1811]; Penal Code [1811]

He lived 1769 to 1821, defeated the noble's Vendemaire Revolt against Directory, and gained fame. In French

Revolutionary Wars, he took Milan [1796], Venice [1797], and Austria [1801]. He became emperor [1804] and

defeated Austria [1805] and Prussia [1806]. He became king of Italy [1807]. As emperor, he lost to united Europe

[1814] and again at Waterloo [1815].

John Taylor of Caroline [Taylor of Caroline, John]

lawyer

USA

1794 to 1823

Definition of Parties: Or the Political Effects of the Paper System Considered [1794]; Inquiry into the Principles and

Policy of Government [1814]; New Views of the Constitution of the United States [1823]

He lived 1753 to 1824, had same ideas as Jefferson, and believed in farming communities with no aristocracy.

Adrien-Marie Legendre [Legendre, Adrien-Marie]

mathematician

Paris, France

1794 to 1830

Elements of Geometry [1794]; Theory of Numbers [1808]; Exercises in Integral Calculus [1811 to 1830]

He lived 1752 to 1833, studied number theory and elliptic integrals, and invented Legendre function and Legendre

differential equation.

Gilbert Stuart [Stuart, Gilbert]

painter

USA

1795 to 1805

Washington [1795]; Jefferson [1805]

He lived 1755 to 1828.

Matthew Lewis [Lewis, Matthew]

novelist

England

1796

Monk [1796: Gothic novel]

He lived 1775 to 1818.

Johann Paul Friedrich Richter [Richter, Johann Paul Friedrich] or Jean Paul [Paul, Jean]

novelist

Germany

1796

Hesperus [1795]; Leben des Quintus Fixlein or Life of Quintus Fixlein [1796: fantasy novel]; Siebenkas or

Sevencheese [1796: fantasy novel]; Titan [1803]; Flegeljahre or Lout Years [1805]

He lived 1763 to 1825.

Paul I

czar

Russia

1796 to 1801

He lived 1754 to 1801.

Charles Didelot [Didelot, Charles]

choreographer

Sweden/France/Russia

1796 to 1808

Flore et Zaphire or Flower and Sapphire [1796]; Don Quixote [1808]

He lived 1767 to 1837 and founded Russian Imperial Ballet [1801].

Ludwig van Beethoven [Beethoven, Ludwig van]

composer

Germany

1796 to 1824

Minuet in G [1796]; Pathetique Sonata [1798]; Moonlight Sonata [1801]; Kreutzer Sonata [1803]; Fidelio [1805:

opera]; Third Symphony or Eroica [1805]; Fifth Symphony [1808]; Sixth Symphony or Pastoral [1808]; Fifth Piano

Concerto or Emperor [1809]; Für Elise or For Elise [1810]; Seventh Symphony [1812]; Missa Solemnis [1817 to 1823:

mass]; Ninth Symphony [1824]

He lived 1770 to 1827.

Henri Benjamin Constant de Rebecque [Rebecque, Henri Benjamin Constant de]

political scientist

Paris, France

1796 to 1830

On the force of actual government and necessity of its unity [1796]; On political reactions [1796]; On the spirit of

conquest and usurpation on their trusting relationships with European civilization [1813]; Adolphe [1815: novel]; On

religion considered in its sources, forms, and developments [1825 to 1831: five volumes]

He lived 1767 to 1830. He opposed social-contract ideas of Rousseau. He advocated privacy, individual rights, freedom

to gain property, democracy by representatives, and limited powers for government parts. Diversity and autonomy

require private life.

Edward Jenner [Jenner, Edward]

doctor/inventor

England

1797

smallpox vaccine [1797]

He lived 1749 to 1823 {smallpox vaccine}.

Henry Maudslay [Maudslay, Henry]

inventor

England

1797

lathe for metal [1797]

He lived 1771 to 1831 {lathe for metal}.

Charles Newbold [Newbold, Charles]

inventor

USA

1797

iron plow [1797]

He lived 1764 to 1835 {iron plow}.

Caspar Wessel [Wessel, Caspar]

mathematician

Norway

1797

He lived 1745 to 1818 and placed complex numbers on a plane with two perpendicular coordinates.

John Adams [Adams, John]

president

USA

1797 to 1801

Federalist Papers [1787 to 1788]

He lived 1735 to 1826. Second president prevented war with France. His wife was Abigail Adams.

Novalis or Friedrich von Hardenburg [Hardenburg, Friedrich von]

philosopher

Freiberg, Germany

1797 to 1801

Hymns to the Night [1797 to 1800: poems]; Heinrich von Ofterdingen [1801: about Minnesinger]

He lived 1772 to 1801 and was of Schelling School.

Charles de Talleyrand-Perigord [Talleyrand-Perigord, Charles de]

foreign minister

France

1797 to 1807

He lived 1754 to 1838 and served as foreign minister under Directory and Napoleon.

John Marshall [Marshall, John]

judge/chief justice

USA

1797 to 1820

Marbury v. Madison [1803]; Fletcher v. Peck [1816]; McCulloch v. Maryland [1819]; Dartmouth College v.

Woodward [1819]; Cohens v. Virginia [1821]; Gibbons v. Ogden [1824]

He lived 1755 to 1835, was at Constitutional Convention, defended Jay Treaty, went on X.Y.Z. mission to France

[1797], entered Congress, became Secretary of State [1800], and was USA Supreme Court Chief Justice [1801 to

1820]. He increased Supreme Court power by insisting on its right to judge constitutionality of all laws. He allowed

expansion of federal powers in opposition to states' rights. He did not like Thomas Jefferson or his ideas and interpreted

federal government power broadly.

Fath-Ali

shah

Persia

1797 to 1834

He lived 1762 to 1834, was Qajar, lost Caucasia to Russia, and fought Afghans and Ottoman Empire. His son was

Abbas Mirza, who wanted to reform but never ruled.

Robert Southey [Southey, Robert]

poet

England

1797 to 1837

To a Goose [1799: sonnet]; Ariste [1797: sonnet]; Winter [sonnet]; Go, Valentine [sonnet]; Two Poems Concerning the

Slave Trade [1797 to 1810: poems]; My Days Among the Dead Are Past [1837]

He lived 1774 to 1843 and was Lake Poet.

Frederick William III

king

Prussia

1797 to 1840

He lived 1770 to 1840, lost to Napoleon at Jena [1806], and signed Treaty of Tilsit, giving west Prussia to France. He

gave Poland to Duke of Warsaw. He joined Continental System. Then his ministers revitalized Prussia and fought War

of Liberation from France. He joined Holy Alliance.

Decroix

inventor

France

1798

circular loom [1798]

Looms {circular loom} can weave socks and shirts with no seams.

Rouget de Lisle [Lisle, Rouget de]

lyricist/composer

France

1798

Le Marseillaise [1798]

He lived 1760 to 1836.

Thomas Robert Malthus [Malthus, Thomas Robert]

economist/mathematician

London, England

1798

Essay on the Principle of Population [1798]

He lived 1766 to 1834 and said that population increases until limited by environment.

Benjamin Thompson [Thompson, Benjamin] or Count Rumford [Rumford, Count]

physicist

USA/England

1798

He lived 1753 to 1814 and studied heat from work and friction [1798].

Philippe Pinel [Pinel, Philippe]

psychologist

Paris, France

1798 to 1800

Analects on the Medical-philosophic Treatment of Mental Alienation or Mania [1800]

He lived 1745 to 1826 and divided mental disorders into four groups: mania, melancholia, dementia, and idiocy [1798].

Thomas Jefferson [Jefferson, Thomas]

architect

USA

1798 to 1806

Virginia State Capitol [1798: Neoclassical]; Monticello [1806: his Neoclassical house in Virginia]; University of

Virginia [Neoclassical]

He lived 1743 to 1826.

William Wordsworth [Wordsworth, William]

poet

England

1798 to 1806

Tintern Abbey [1798]; Lyrical Ballads [1798: with Coleridge]; She Dwelt Among the Untrodden Ways [1799]; World

Is Too Much With Us [1799]; My Heart Leaps Up When I Behold [1802]; I Wandered Lonely as a Cloud [1802];

London 1802 [1802]; Daffodils [1802]; Rainbow [1802]; Ode (Intimations of Immortality from Recollections of Early

Childhood) [1802]; Solitary Reaper [1803]; Prelude [1805]; She Was a Phantom of Delight or The Perfect Woman

[1805]; Ode to Duty [1805]; Character of the Happy Warrior [1806]

He lived 1770 to 1850.

Samuel Taylor Coleridge [Coleridge, Samuel Taylor]

poet

England

1798 to 1825

Rime of the Ancient Mariner [1798: poem]; Kubla Khan [1816: poem]; Aids to Reflection [1825: book]

He lived 1772 to 1834.

Lord Stowell [Stowell, Lord] or William Scott [Scott, William]

judge

England

1798 to 1827

Dalyrmple v. Dalyrmple [1798 to 1827]; Evans v. Evans [1798 to 1827]

He lived 1745 to 1836 and was High Court of the Admiralty judge [1798 to 1827].

In Dalrymple case, he decided that law of marriage location, not court location, decided validity.

He determined legality of capturing prize vessels at sea.

Domicile in peace is not necessarily the same as domicile in war. In war, neutral persons can be enemies. During war,

citizen in enemy country is enemy.

Joseph Mallord William Turner [Turner, Joseph Mallord William]

painter

England

1798 to 1844

Buttermere Lake: A Shower [1798]; Willows by a Stream [1805]; Passage of the Mont Cenis [1820]; Waves Breaking

on a Lee Shore [1835]; Slave Ship or Slaves Throwing Overboard the Dead and Dying, Typhoon Coming On [1840];

Rain, Steam, Speed [1844]

He lived 1775 to 1851.

Vincenzo Cuoco [Cuoco, Vincenzo]

philosopher

Italy

1799

Account of the Revolution of Naples [1799]

He lived 1770 to 1823.

John Jacob Astor [Astor, John Jacob]

merchant

Germany/USA

1800

He lived 1763 to 1848 and became wealthy fur merchant.

Beau Brummel [Brummel, Beau]

dandy

England

1800

He lived 1778 to 1840.

Nguyen Du [Du, Nguyen] or To Nhu or Thanh-hien or Shakespeare of Vietnam

poet

Vietnam

1800

Tale of Kieu or Kim van Kieu [1800]

He lived 1765 to 1820 and wrote in Nom {chu nom} {nom script} ideograph script.

Maria Edgeworth [Edgeworth, Maria]

novelist

Ireland

1800

Castle Rackrent [1800]

She lived 1767 to 1849 and wrote about rent.

Ho Xuan Huong

poet

Vietnam

1800

On Sharing a Husband [1800]; Cake that Drifts in Water [1800]; Three-Mountain Pass [1800]

Ho^` Xua^n Hu'o'ng lived 1775 to 1820 and wrote in Nom (No^m) ideograph script.

Alessandro Volta [Volta, Alessandro]

physicist/chemist/inventor

Italy

1800

electrostatic generator; primary cell [1800]

He lived 1745 to 1827 {electrostatic generator}.

Friedrich von Schelling [Schelling, Friedrich von]

philosopher

Germany

1800 to 1809

System of Transcendental Idealism [1800]; Exposition of My System of Philosophy [1801]; Bruno [1802]; Philosophy

of Art [1805]; Of Human Freedom [1809]

He lived 1775 to 1854, was Romantic, and worked with Fichte.

Aesthetics

Aesthetic reason or artistic genius unites conscious and unconscious.

Art works are the highest phenomenon of reason, because they realize the world of reason.

Epistemology

Dialectic is a tool of metaphysics and reason. Formal logic is for perceptions only.

Ethics

Life parallels God's self-development, an idea from Baader and St. Martin. Directed toward itself, will makes Ideas,

then reason, and then world, which is consciousness of conflict between purpose and impulse. Later, self-knowledge

brings consciousness of reason.

Metaphysics

Universe is a perfect organism and artwork. Organisms can share body plans {bauplan, Schelling}. Reality has

archetypes, which become more perfect {Naturphilosophie}.

God created ideal mental world and real matter world by creating finite irrational things {leap}, which must return to

God over history. Realizing such Ideas is falling away from God, which is selfish and evil. Falling away has no cause

or reason, so Ideas are free. Ideas strive to return to God. Reality is will, going from irrational to rational.

The Absolute must have falling away in it at all times and so must have irrationality in its essence. God has primordial

ground of being and striving or unconscious will. God develops from primitive essence, to self-knowledge, and then to

absolute reason. God participates in history, and history of revelations and religions shows God's development.

Nature and mind cannot be separate, because they unify in the absolute or God. Nature is self in the process of

becoming self. Nature is an organism whose purpose is to produce sensitive beings that have consciousness, sensation,

and reason and so make higher selves. Higher reality builds over history by synthesizing opposing forces into higher

unity.

Mind

Absolute and unknowable reason unites self and nature.

Francisco Goya [Goya, Francisco]

painter

Greece/Spain

1800 to 1810

Family of Charles IV [1800]; Third of May [1808]; Disasters of War [1810]

He lived 1746 to 1828.

Henry Raeburn [Raeburn, Henry]

painter

Scotland

1800 to 1810

Lieut-Colonel Bryce McMurdo [1800 to 1810]; Sir Henry Raeburn The 1st Viscount Melville [1805]

He lived 1756 to 1823 and painted portraits.

Tecumseh

chief

USA

1800 to 1810

He lived 1768 to 1813 and was Shawnee chief.

Duncan Phyfe [Phyfe, Duncan] or Duncan Fife [Fife, Duncan]

designer

USA

1800 to 1830

Duncan Phyfe

He lived 1768 to 1854 and defined Federal style. He used rectilinear style, with veneer, inlay, and brass feet.

Salvatore Vigano [Vigano, Salvatore]

choreographer

Milan, Italy

1801

Les Créatures de Prométhée or Creatures of Prometheus [1801: music by Beethoven]

He lived 1769 to 1821 and unified music, ballet, and mime.

Thomas Young [Young, Thomas]

physician/physicist/Egyptologist

Britain

1801 to 1807

Course of Lectures on Natural Philosophy and the Mechanical Arts [1807]

He lived 1773 to 1829, invented Young's modulus, developed light-wave theory, and analyzed light-interference

patterns [1801]. Prism colors add to make brightness. Different colored-light ratios make all intermediate colors [1801].

Eye lens accommodates to different distances by changing anterior surface curvature. Color vision mixes signals from

three retinal channels.

Thomas Jefferson [Jefferson, Thomas]

president

USA

1801 to 1809

Declaration of Independence

He lived 1743 to 1826. Before becoming third president, he drafted Declaration of Independence [1776] and, in

Virginia, abolished entail and primogeniture, enacted religious freedom, and started public schools and University of

Virginia. He helped plan Washington, District of Columbia, and drafted Kentucky Resolution on states' rights. He

bought Louisiana Purchase of all middle USA [1803] and sent Lewis and Clark Expedition to explore it [1803]. He

tried to enforce Embargo Act [1807], which tried to block trade with France and England to force free trade.

Politics

He believed in free public education, self-sufficiency, and consent of the governed in renewable social contract. The

greatest possible freedom is best, with minimal state. Independent farmers are a democracy foundation.

Friedrich Bouterwek [Bouterwek, Friedrich]

philosopher

Göttingen, Germany

1801 to 1812

History of Poesy [1801 to 1812]

He lived 1766 to 1828. People can have relative knowledge of things-in-themselves, relative to themselves. Objects

exist, because they resist the force of will. Subjects or selves exist, because people are conscious of willing and thus

know force within themselves.

Kobayashi Issa [Issa, Kobayashi] or Kobayashi Yataro [Yataro, Kobayashi]

poet

Japan

1801 to 1819

Journal of My Father's Last Days [1801]; Oragaharu or A Year of My Life [1819]

Zen Buddhist lived 1763 to 1827 and wrote haiku.

Alexander I

czar

Russia

1801 to 1825

He lived 1777-1825, was Romanov, and promoted Holy Alliance of Russia, Austria, and Prussia [1815].

Karl Friedrich Gauss [Gauss, Karl Friedrich]

mathematician

Göttingen, Germany

1801 to 1827

Disquisitions on Arithmetic [1801]; General Investigations of Curved Surfaces [1827]

He lived 1777 to 1855 and studied Earth magnetic field. In statistics, he developed Gaussian distribution {normal

distribution, Gauss}, variance, standard deviation, mean standard error, least-squares method, and regression. In

number theory, he worked on analytic number theory, algebraic numbers, complex numbers, hypercomplex numbers,

Diophantine analysis, and theory of forms. In geometry, he invented seventeen-sided regular polygons, used substitute

parallel axiom for non-Euclidean geometry, and studied curvature, congruence theory, and Gaussian coordinates. In

algebra, he invented fundamental theorem of algebra and studied elliptic functions, Gauss characteristic equation, and

central limit theorem. In vector theory, he worked with dot product and cross product. In physics, he developed

dynamic equations that minimized quantity and Principle of Least Constraint.

Thomas Moore [Moore, Thomas]

poet/composer

England

1801 to 1834

Irish Melodies [1807 to 1834]; Tis the Last Rose of Summer [1801]; Believe Me If All those Endearing Young Charms

[1808]; Oft in the Stilly Night [1815]

He lived 1779 to 1852.

François de Chateaubriand [Chateaubriand, François de]

novelist

France

1802

Genius of Christianity [1802: novel]; Atala [1802: story in The Genius of Christianity]; René [1802: story in The

Genius of Christianity]

He lived 1768 to 1848.

Gian Domenico Romagnosi [Romagnosi, Gian Domenico]

philosopher

Milan, Italy

1802

He lived 1765 to 1835 and was Ontologist. Electricity and magnetism have relation [1802].

Richard Trevithick [Trevithick, Richard]

inventor

England

1802 to 1812

high-pressure steam engine carriage [1802]; locomotive [1804]; steam threshing machine [1812]

He lived 1771 to 1833 {high-pressure steam engine}.

Germaine de Stael [Stael, Germaine de]

essayist/novelist

France

1802 to 1813

Delphine [1802: novel]; Corinne [1807: novel]; De l'Allemagne or On Germany [1810 to 1813: essays]

She lived 1766 to 1817.

William Henry [Henry, William]

chemist

England

1803

He lived 1774 to 1836 and found Henry's gas-solubility law [1803].

William Clark [Clark, William]/Meriwether Lewis [Lewis, Meriwether]

explorer

USA

1803 to 1806

Clark lived 1770 to 1838. Lewis lived 1774 to 1809. They organized Lewis and Clark Expedition, started at St. Louis,

went up Missouri River, crossed Rocky Mountains, and traveled to Columbia River mouth. Sacajawea of Lemhi

Shoshone accompanied them.

Friedrich Karl von Savigny [Savigny, Friedrich Karl von]

lawyer

Germany

1803 to 1842

Law of Possession [1803]; System of Present Day Roman Law [1840 to 1849]; History of Roman Law in the Middle

Ages [1815 to 1831]

He lived 1779 to 1861, was international lawyer, and started Historical School [1810 to 1842]. He emphasized Roman

law and customs as the law basis. He first recreated classical law, contrasted Roman law to natural law, and tried to

show how law had evolved.

Aaron Burr [Burr, Aaron]

vice-president

USA

1804

He lived 1756 to 1836 and killed Alexander Hamilton in a duel. His plan to colonize southwest USA led to trial for

treason.

Jean Jacques Regis Cambaceres [Cambaceres, Jean Jacques Regis]

lawyer

France

1804

Napoleonic Code [1804]

He lived 1753 to 1824 and helped make Code Napoleon [1804] about private law.

Joseph Marie Jacquard [Jacquard, Joseph Marie]

inventor

France

1804

Jacquard loom [1804]

He lived 1752 to 1834. Power looms {Jacquard loom} had punched cards to make cloth designs.

Matthew Murray [Murray, Matthew]

inventor

Leeds, England

1804

steam locomotive on timber rails [1804]

He lived 1765 to 1826 {steam locomotive}.

Johnny Appleseed [Appleseed, Johnny] or John Chapman [Chapman, John]

wanderer

Midwest USA

1805

He lived 1774 to 1847 and began planting apple trees in midwest USA.

Alexander Forsyth [Forsyth, Alexander]

inventor

Scotland

1805

percussion lock [1805: shooter poured potassium chlorate in bottle into flash pan]

He lived 1768 to 1843 {percussion lock}.

Mungo Park [Park, Mungo]

explorer

England/Africa/Nigeria

1805

He lived 1771 to 1806 and reached upper Niger River.

Walter Scott [Scott, Walter]

novelist/poet

England

1805 to 1825

Lay of the Last Minstrel [1805: poem, including Native Land]; Patriotism [1808: poem]; Lochinvar [1808: poem from

Marmion]; Lady of the Lake [1810: poem]; Proud Maisie [1818: poem]; Ivanhoe [1819: novel]; Kenilworth [1821:

novel]; Talisman [1825: novel]

He lived 1771 to 1832.

Ibrahim Pasha

viceroy/khedive

Egypt

1805 to 1848

He lived 1789 to 1848 and was Muhammad 'Ali's son or adopted son. His father named him hereditary governor of

Egypt. He led his father's armies against Wahhabite sect in Arabia [1816 to 1818].

Muhammad Ali [Muhammad, Ali] or Muhammad 'Ali

pasha

Egypt

1805 to 1849

He lived 1769 to 1849, became pasha under Ottoman Empire [1805], and defeated Mamelukes [1811]. He took Syria

from Ottoman Empire [1833] and led revolts in Asia Minor [1838], which European armies suppressed.

Nathan Mayer Rothschild [Rothschild, Nathan Mayer]

banker

Frankfurt, Germany

1805 to 1850

He lived 1777 to 1836 and started London bank [1805]. Later, firm opened banks in London, Vienna, Paris, and

Naples. Banks loaned to countries and influenced policy.

Jean Robert Argand [Argand, Jean Robert]

mathematician

France

1806

He lived 1768 to 1822 and placed complex numbers on a plane with two perpendicular coordinates.

Jean François Thérèse Chalgrin [Chalgrin, Jean François Thérèse]/Guillaume Abel Blouet [Blouet, Guillaume

Abel]

architect

Paris, France

1806

Arc de Triomphe or Triumphal Arch [1806: Neo-Baroque arch]

Chalgrin lived 1739 to 1811. Blouet lived 1795 to 1853.

Humphrey Davy [Davy, Humphrey]

chemist

Britain

1806

He lived 1778 to 1829, discovered nitrous oxide exhilarating and anesthetic effects [1806], and split compounds using

electricity.

Jean Ingres [Ingres, Jean]

painter

France

1806

Napoleon as Emperor [1806]

He lived 1780 to 1867.

Joseph Bonaparte [Bonaparte, Joseph]

king

Spain

1806 to 1813

He lived 1768 to 1844 and was king of Naples [1806 to 1808] and Spain [1808 to 1813].

Charles Bell [Bell, Charles]

anatomist/surgeon

London, England

1806 to 1833

Essay on the Anatomy of the Expressions or The Anatomy and Philosophy of Expression as Connected with Fine Arts

[1806]; Animal Mechanics or Proofs of Design in the Animal Frame [1828]; Nervous System of the Human Body

[1833]; Hand: its Mechanism and Vital Endowments as evincing Design [1833]

He lived 1774 to 1842, studied reciprocal innervation and haptic perception, and related muscles to facial expressions.

Spinal-nerve anterior and posterior roots have separate functions {Bell-Magendie law, Bell}: dorsal root is sensory, and

ventral root is motor [1822].

Johann Friedrich Herbart [Herbart, Johann Friedrich]

philosopher/educator

Germany

1806 to 1841

Universal Pedagogy [1806]; Textbook of Psychology [1816]; Psychology as Science [1825]; Psychological

Investigations [1840]; Outlines of Some Lectures on Pedagogy [1841]

He lived 1776 to 1841.

Epistemology

Ideas are active and compete to become consciousness. Ideas have intensity, which they can lose through tension. After

losing intensity, idea becomes unconscious and becomes impulse. This is how feeling and will arise.

Psychology is mechanics of ideas. Associational psychology is not true, because it makes mind faculties real and basic.

Understanding cannot produce or create, so space, time, and categories all derive from experience. They cannot mold

experience. Consciousness uses concepts from experience and has no transcendental logic. Consciousness is aware of

matter, which is appearance created when Reals interact, as sense qualities. Consciousness is not aware of inner states

of Reals.

Something that contradicts itself cannot be real. To know reality, people must take concepts known by experience and

use relation method to find what has no contradiction.

Ethics

Morals are part of aesthetics. People's aesthetic Ideas give them ability to judge or estimate. All mental relations have

feelings of pain or pleasure, which judge relations aesthetically and morally. Ethical Ideas used for judging are

freedom, affection, right, benevolence, and equity.

Metaphysics

Universe has many things-in-themselves or independent elements {Real}, which are simple and unchangeable. Reals

interact with or influence {disturb, Herbart} each other, causing their inner states, not necessarily conscious, which are

for self-preservation. Reals are like physical units of a causally interacting machine, which has interaction laws. Matter

is appearance created when Reals interact.

Mind

Souls are Reals, with Ideas as inner states. Ideas disturb each other, making tension and resulting in mental activities

and states. Self is activity in which new perceptions and ideas meet previous ones and assimilate.

Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel [Hegel, Georg Wilhelm Friedrich]

philosopher

Germany

1806 to 1844

Phenomenology of Spirit [1807]; Science of Logic [1830]; Science of Logic [1808 to 1815]; Encyclopedia of the

Philosophical Sciences [1817]; Philosophy of Spirit [1817]; Elements of the Philosophy of Right [1821]

He lived 1770 to 1831 and was empiricist and materialist. He expanded dialectical method of Kant.

Epistemology

Categories or statements {thesis, philosophy} have within them internal contradictions, which are opposite categories

or statements {antithesis, philosophy}. The only available resolution is to combine the statements at a higher thought

level {dialectical method}, to reach new categories or statements {synthesis, philosophy}. Dialectic applies to all

subjects. Synthesis can explain all phenomena. Theses and anti-theses are not fully in consciousness until synthesized

to higher knowledge.

Dialectic can continually create new theses from existing ones, without limit. Knowledge subjects develop through

dialectic.

Thinking methods or categories similarly have internal contradictions. Reason as object of itself negates reason as

subject. Sensations are objects, consciousnesses are subjects, and their synthesis is self-knowledge. Self perceives

individual subjective spirit and objective spirit, and synthesis resolves these two into one absolute spirit, which is

perception in art, image in religion, and concept in philosophy and combines personal and social.

People already contain in their minds all knowledge but must remember, grasp, or learn it through dialectic to make it

exist {learning paradox}. However, theses and categories are not real but exist only in mind as mental-process parts.

Material mind cannot perceive ideal rational concept of mind or spirit but can know spirit through people's objective

spirit.

Ethics

People's objective spirit causes activity, will, and spiritual life. Abstract, general objective spirit in itself is Right.

Acting morally is following the commands of Right. The moral order has people in states following Right.

Morality is from family and society and so is social in origin and maintenance.

Religion relates finite spirit to infinite and absolute spirit. People can gain better absolute-spirit knowledge through

better finite-spirit representations.

Freedom applies to objective spirit as it tries to know absolute spirit better and develop self and society. Subjective

spirit is not free.

History

History is self-realization of absolute spirit working through individuals and nations. The Absolute comes to understand

itself through the dialectic of history. States develop by such dynamic processes, not by rules or social contracts and

other static abstract-principles. States are particular and individual expressions of people's objective spirits.

History develops through dialectic toward higher consciousness and more freedom. In ancient empires, only emperor

had freedom. In ancient Greece, more people, as city-state individual citizens, were free and began to think more.

Reformation allowed more people to be more individual and use their minds more. In the Enlightenment, states and

institutions became more rational and favored more freedom.

Metaphysics

Reality is only spiritual, with subjective spirit {soul, Hegel}, objective spirit {consciousness, Hegel}, and absolute

spirit {geist, Hegel}. Absolute spirit {Absolute, Hegel} {Absolute Mind} {Absolute Idea} is unconditional and unitary.

Absolute spirit {absolute idealism} is real, rational, and true, because it knows itself and has no contradiction, from

Fichte. Absolute spirit permeates whole universe and has synthesized and unified all concepts {gedanken, Hegel}

through its dialectic, which motivates the dialectic in everything. Absolute Mind {Begriff} contains all knowledge and

has reflections in intuition in art, imagination in religion, and pure logic in philosophy.

Dialectic in everything means universe is like organisms that continually develop.

Particular and finite thing is separate from infinite whole and can be only partially real and true. Combining particulars

makes more reality and truth.

Because finite things have contradictions in themselves if they apply to the whole or absolute, finite things develop by

thesis, anti-thesis, and resolution through the dialectic contained in absolute spirit.

Mind

Objective spirit or consciousness is a finite reflection of absolute spirit. Mind is subject that can know something other

than itself {alienation, Hegel}. This thesis-antithesis resolves at higher level using absolute spirit. Because spirit is self-

determined, objective spirit acts through logical necessity and develops through dialectic stages like organisms grow.

Politics

History stages have dominant groups that arise from national spirit, and groups determine people's ideas and decisions.

Ideal societies are rational communities that provide maximum benefits, so all people can give it allegiance, not just

one group.

History judges actions. Therefore, power and success make whatever happened be the right or best thing {might makes

right}.

Robert Fulton [Fulton, Robert]

inventor

USA

1807

steamboat [1807]

He lived 1765 to 1815 {steamboat}.

William Hazlitt [Hazlitt, William]

essayist

England

1807 to 1808

Reply to Malthus [1807: essay]; Eloquence of the British Senate [1808: essay]

He lived 1778 to 1830.

George Crabbe [Crabbe, George]

poet

England

1807 to 1812

Late Wisdom; Marriage Ring; Parish Register [1807]; Borough [1810]; Tales [1812]

He lived 1754 to 1832.

Dingiswayo

chief

Africa

1807 to 1818

In southeast Africa, he united Zulu tribes to make a Zulu kingdom (Mtetwa Empire) and taught Shaka Zulu.

George Byron [Byron, George] or Lord Byron [Byron, Lord]

poet

England

1807 to 1821

Farewell or Farewell to the Muse [1807]; When We Two Parted [1808]; Childe Harold's Pilgrimage [1812 to 1818:

including Ocean]; She Walks in Beauty [1814]; Destruction of Sennacherib [1815]; Prisoner of Chillon [1816]; So

We'll Go No More A-Roving [1817]; Don Juan [1821]

He lived 1788 to 1824.

John VI

king

Portugal

1807 to 1826

He lived 1767 to 1826 and went back to Portugal from Brazil.

Charles Lamb [Lamb, Charles] or Elias

essayist/poet

England

1807 to 1828

Tales of Shakespeare [1807: stories]; On an Infant Dying as Soon as Born [1828]

He lived 1775 to 1834.

Friedrich Ast [Ast, Friedrich]

theologian

Landshut, Germany

1808

Elements of Grammar, Hermeneutics and Criticism [1808]

He lived 1778 to 1841 and was Platonist.

Joseph Guy-Lussac [Guy-Lussac, Joseph]

chemist/physicist

France

1808

He lived 1778 to 1850 and invented law of combining volumes and law of Guy-Lussac [1808].

John Dalton [Dalton, John]

chemist/physicist

England

1808 to 1827

New System of Chemical Philosophy [1808]

He lived 1766 to 1844 and studied atomic theory, compounds, atomic weights, partial-pressure law, and color

blindness.

Ferdinand VII

king

Spain

1808 to 1833

He lived 1784 to 1833, was of Bourbon family, and was king of Spain [1808 to 1833]. Napoleon captured him, but he

later regained throne. He set aside new constitution twice. He lost mainland South and Central America [1825]. He

caused Carlist Wars [1839] by giving his kingdom to his daughter instead of Don Carlos, as required by Salid law.

Simeon-Denis Poisson [Poisson, Simeon-Denis]

mathematician

Paris, France

1808 to 1837

On the inequalities of the methods of planet movements [1808]; On the movement of Earth's rotation [1809]; On the

variation of arbitrary constants in mechanical questions [1809]; Researches in the probability of judgments of criminal

and civil matters [1837]

He lived 1781 to 1840 and invented Poisson distribution.

Jöns Jakob Berzelius [Berzelius, Jöns Jakob]

biologist/physicist

Stockholm, Sweden

1808 to 1838

Chemistry Textbook [1808]; protein discovered [1838]

He lived 1779 to 1848 and discovered proteins [1838] and studied ions and atomic and molecular weights. He invented

old chemical symbols [1811] and atomic-weight table [1826].

James Madison [Madison, James]

president

USA

1809 to 1817

He lived 1751 to 1836. Fourth president fought War of 1812. His wife was Dolly Madison.

Charles XIII

king

Sweden/Norway

1809 to 1818

He lived 1748 to 1818, accepted constitution, settled with Russia, fought Napoleon at Leipzig [1814], and united

Norway [1814 to 1818] with Sweden when Denmark gave up rule of Norway.

Washington Irving [Irving, Washington]

novelist

USA

1809 to 1819

Knickerbocker History of New York [1809: humorous history]; Legend of Sleep Hollow [1819: story]; Rip van Winkle

[1819: story]; Sketch Book of Geoffrey Crayon, Gent. [1819: including Rip Van Winkle and Legend of Sleepy Hollow]

He lived 1783 to 1859.

Caspar David Friedrich [Friedrich, Caspar David]

painter

Germany

1809 to 1821

Man Looking at Mountains with Rainbow [1809]; Wreck of the "Hope" [1821]

He lived 1774 to 1840.

Sequoia or Sequoyah

chief

Southeast USA

1809 to 1821

He lived 1770 to 1843 and developed syllabic alphabet for Cherokee language.

Furst von Metternich [Metternich, Furst von]

minister

Austria

1809 to 1848

He lived 1773 to 1859, married Marie Louise to Napoleon, and allied with France [1809]. He joined Allies [1813]. He

dominated German Confederation and Congress of Vienna [1815]. He led Holy Alliance and Quadruple Alliance to

maintain peace and order and set political boundaries. Holy Alliance had Austria, Russia, and Prussia. Revolution of

1848 ousted him.

Franz von Zeiller [Zeiller, Franz von]

lawyer

Vienna, Austria

1810

Austrian Civil Code [1810]

Martini lived 1726 to 1800. Zeiller lived 1751 to 1828. Maria Theresa of Holy Roman Empire asked for code of private

law based on Roman law [1753]. Codex Theresianus [1866] was long and ambiguous.

Jane Austen [Austen, Jane]

novelist

England

1810 to 1815

Sense and Sensibility [1810]; Pride and Prejudice [1813]; Mansfield Park [1813]; Emma [1815]

She lived 1775 to 1817.

Johann Gaspar Spurzheim [Spurzheim, Johann Gaspar]

biologist

Germany

1810 to 1815

Anatomy and Physiology of the Nervous System in General [1810 to 1815: first two volumes, with Gall]

He lived 1776 to 1832 and studied memory storage and retrieval and physiological bases of normal brain function.

Johannes Samuel Pauly [Pauly, Johannes Samuel]

inventor

Switzerland

1810 to 1820

bullet [1810 to 1820: cartridge has brass head with explosive primer]

He lived 1766 to 1820 {bullet}. Pin-fire cartridges, with pins, began in France [1830 to 1840]. Center-fire cartridges

[1860 to 1870] had pin in gun.

Franz Joseph Gall [Gall, Franz Joseph]

anatomist

Germany/Paris, France

1810 to 1825

Anatomy and Physiology of the Nervous System in General [1810 to 1819: four volumes, first two with Johannes

Caspar Spurzheim]; On the Functions of the Brain [1822 to 1825: six volumes]

He lived 1758 to 1828, founded phrenology, and studied brain white matter, gray matter, and ganglia.

Hirata Atsutane [Atsutane, Hirata]

philosopher

Edo (Tokyo), Japan

1810 to 1840

Studies in Shinto Thought [1810 to 1840]

He lived 1776 to 1843 and started return to Shintoism and ancient myth, in Kokugaku or Kogaku School.

Amadeo Avogadro [Avogadro, Amadeo]

chemist

Italy

1811

He lived 1776 to 1856 and calculated Avogadro's number [1811].

Jacob F. Fries [Fries, Jacob F.]

philosopher

Germany

1811

System of Logic [1811]

He lived 1773 to 1843. Inner experience causes consciousness, in obscure form, of a priori truths, which then transform

by reflection into knowledge.

Destutt de Tracy [Tracy, Destutt de] or Antoine Louis Claude Destutt, Comte de Tracy [Tracy, Antoine Louis

Claude Destutt, Comte de]

philosopher

Paris, France

1811

Commentary and Review of Montesquieu's Spirit of Laws [1811]

He lived 1754 to 1836 and was French Ideologist. He wanted to make a science of ideas {ideology of ideas}.

Franz Schubert [Schubert, Franz]

composer

Austria

1811 to 1827

German Dance No. 1 [1811]; Erlkonig or Elf King [1815: songs]; Symphony No. 8 in B Minor or Unfinished

Symphony [1822]; Rosamunde [1823: opera, including Ballet Music in G]; Ave Maria [1823: song]; Die Schone

Mullerin or Fair Maid of the Mill [1823: songs]; Symphony No. 9 in C Major or the Great Symphony [1826]; Die

Winterreise or Winter Journey [1827: songs]; Serenade or Ständchen [1827]

He lived 1797 to 1828 and composed lied.

John Constable [Constable, John]

painter

England

1811 to 1830

Stoke-by-Nayland [1811]; Boys Fishing by the Stour [1813]; Haywain [1819]; Cloud Studies [1819 to 1830];

Hampstead Heath [1821]

He lived 1776 to 1837.

Jacob Grimm [Grimm, Jacob]

linguist/philologist

Berlin, Germany

1811 to 1837

High German Master Song [1811]; German Grammar [1819 to 1837]

He lived 1785 to 1863. As language develops, sound usage shifts according to rules {Grimm's Law} [1822], accounting

for sound pairing among languages.

Joseph von Fraunhofer [Fraunhofer, Joseph von]

physicist

Germany

1812

He lived 1787 to 1826 and described Fraunhofer lines [1812].

Wilhelm Grimm [Grimm, Wilhelm]/Jacob Grimm [Grimm, Jacob]

storyteller

Germany

1812

Children's and Household Tales [1812: story collection]

The Brothers Grimm wrote fairy tales. Jacob lived 1785 to 1863. Wilhelm lived 1786 to 1859.

Francis Scott Key [Key, Francis Scott]/John Stafford Smith [Smith, John Stafford]

lyricist/composer

USA/England

1812

Star-Spangled Banner [1812: music is To Anacreon in Heaven]

Key lived 1779 to 1843. Smith lived 1750 to 1836.

Gottlieb Sigismund Kirchhoff [Kirchhoff, Gottlieb Sigismund]

biologist

Russia

1812

He lived 1764 to 1833 and discovered enzymes. Wheat gluten enzyme converts starch to sugar and dextrin [1812].

Mikhail Illarionovich Kutuzov [Kutuzov, Mikhail Illarionovich]

general

Russia

1812 to 1813

He lived 1745 to 1813, fought Turkey [1770 to 1774], and defeated Napoleon.

Johann Wyss [Wyss, Johann]

writer

Switzerland

1812 to 1813

Swiss Family Robinson [1812]

He lived 1743 to 1818.

Jean Lafitte [Lafitte, Jean]

pirate

New Orleans, Louisiana

1812 to 1815

He lived 1780 to 1826, was pirate of France against Spain, and helped USA in War of 1812.

Brothers Grimm/Jakob Grimm [Grimm, Jakob]/Wilhelm Grimm [Grimm, Wilhelm]

writer

Germany

1812 to 1857

Children's and Household Tales [1812 to 1857: 7 editions, including Elves and Shoemaker, Hansel and Gretel, Red

Riding Hood, Rumpelstiltskin, Sleeping Beauty, Snow White, and Tom Thumb]

Jakob lived 1785 to 1863. Wilhelm lived 1786 to 1859.

Gioacchino Rossini [Rossini, Gioacchino]

composer

Italy

1813 to 1823

L'Italiana in Algeri or Italian Girl in Algiers [1813: opera]; William Tell [1816: opera, with well-known Overture];

Thieving Magpie or La Gazza ladra [1817: opera]; Barber of Seville or Il Barbiere di Siviglia [1821: opera];

Semiramide or Semiramus [1823: opera]

He lived 1792 to 1868.

Claude Henri de Saint-Simon [Saint-Simon, Claude Henri de]

philosopher

Paris, France

1813 to 1825

Memoir on the Science of Man [1813]; On the Reorganization of European Society [1814]; New Christianity [1825]

He lived 1760 to 1825, influenced Comte and Marx, and was the first socialist in France. History has progress.

Medieval society became the Enlightenment and then science and technology, as merchants and industrialists arose and

conflicted with church and king.

Niccolò Paganini [Paganini, Niccolò]

violinist/composer

Italy

1813 to 1826

Theme and Variations on a Song by Süssmayr or Le Streghe or The Witches [1813]; I Palpiti or Pulsations or

Heartbeats [1819: from Rossini]; Concerto No. 2 in B minor or La Campanella or Cloister Bell [1826]

He lived 1782 to 1840 and composed violin music.

Arthur Schopenhauer [Schopenhauer, Arthur]

philosopher/pessimist

Germany

1813 to 1851

On the Fourfold Root of the Principle of Sufficient Reason [1813]; World as Will and Idea or The World as Will and

Representation [1818 and 1844]; On the Will in Nature [1836]; Two Fundamental Problems of Ethics [1841]; On the

Freedom of the Will [1841]; On the Basis of Morality [1841]; Incidentals and Supplements or Philosophical Writings

[1851]

He lived 1788 to 1860 and was a pessimist. Plato, Kant, and Vedic thought influenced him. Philosophy is art, not

science, based on people's will.

Aesthetics

Aesthetics is perception without will.

As people become less individual, they can better know the ideal.

Epistemology

Knowledge depends on having objective concepts {Idea, Schopenhauer} {objective concept} about reasoning, space,

time, and causes.

Perceptions are individual, are in space and time, and have causes. From perceptions, people abstract subjective images

or representations {Vorstellung}, which are also memories and imagination objects, using reason. From

representations, people can know geometry, arithmetic, space, and time. From causes, space, time, and reason, people

can know the world. The Ideas unify all knowledge.

Humor depends on feelings of superiority [1819].

Ethics

The Will, and individual wills, are always unhappy, because they never have complete satisfaction.

Individual wills conflict as they try to live and gain their desires. Conflicts of wills lead to inability to satisfy desires

and thus pain and suffering.

People can never overcome the will to live, but to obtain happiness people should try to deny or negate will. They

should quiet desires, have contempt for life, and become selfless {self-abnegation}. People can quiet will by

sympathizing with suffering and by contemplating art and science.

Pleasure is relief from suffering and dissatisfaction.

Ethics {ethics of pity} depends on sympathy, compassion for the inescapable suffering and pain felt by other people.

People should feel others' pain and should not inflict suffering. By submerging self and sympathizing with others,

people decrease conflict of wills. The ideal is to unify all wills, and so end suffering and obtain justice.

Will feels itself to be free, but it actually acts deterministically. Freedom is acting to deny or negate will to live.

Metaphysics

Will to live or exist is essence of reality. Will is subjective thing-in-itself that has no object except itself, and so it can

only will that it exist and live. Will has no outside method, object, purpose, or conclusion and is therefore absolute

unreason.

All individual wills unite in the Will {world-will}.

All existing things manifest Will {voluntarism}. Will causes things to move and so keeps individuals restless and

unsatisfied.

The world formed by Will is necessary and has determination, with an infinite number of relations and ideas.

All things in world result from physical cause, logical reason, mathematical reason, or moral cause.

Mind

Undirected forces {will to live, Schopenhauer} are true natures of people {absolute virtualism}. The will to live is

individual, subjective, and irrational but is part of world-will. Will is separate from body. Will feels itself to be free, but

all actions are deterministic. Will encounters resistance to its acts from everything, because everything has will or

manifests will.

David Brewster [Brewster, David]

physicist/inventor

Scotland

1814 to 1816

kaleidoscope [1816]

He lived 1781 to 1868 and improved Wheatstone's stereoscope {kaleidoscope, Brewster}. Polarization maximizes

when polarization angle tangent {Brewster's angle} equals reflecting-medium refractive index {Brewster's law} [1814].

James Kent [Kent, James]

lawyer

USA

1814 to 1824

Commentaries on American Law [1814]

He lived 1763 to 1847, was conservative Chancellor of New York State, and founded American equity system.

Augustin-Louis Cauchy [Cauchy, Augustin-Louis]

mathematician

Paris, France

1814 to 1829

Lessons on Differential Calculus [1829]

He lived 1789 to 1857, used arithmetic concepts for mathematical analysis, and began complex-variable function

theory [1814]. He invented Cauchy's principle, Cauchy convergence criterion, and Cauchy integral theorem. He studied

method of characteristics, theory of content, and spaces. Separating first-order partial-differential-equation variables

can make ordinary-differential-equation systems. First-order partial differential equation systems can describe elastic-

media properties.

Melchiorre Gioja [Gioja, Melchiorre]

philosopher

Milan, Italy

1815

New prospect of economic science [1815]

He lived 1767 to 1829 and was Ontologist.

John Nash [Nash, John]

architect

Brighton, England

1815 to 1823

Royal Pavilion [1815 to 1823: House is in Georgian style with Motifs from India]

He lived 1752 to 1835.

Louis XVIII

king

France

1815 to 1824

He lived 1755 to 1824. In Bourbon Restoration, he became king through Talleyrand at Congress of Vienna and

Talleyrand was his foreign minister. He tried to reconcile French factions with new constitution. Someone assassinated

his nephew. Royalists gained control through Villele [1820].

Karl Joseph Anton Mittermaier [Mittermaier, Karl Joseph Anton]

lawyer

Landshut, Germany

1815 to 1824

Critique of a Scientific Treatment of German Private Law [1815]; Foundations of Intent in German Private Law [1824]

He lived 1787 to 1867. His writings about criminal procedure resulted in German-law reforms.

William I

king

Netherlands

1815 to 1840

He lived 1772 to 1843.

Victor Cousin [Cousin, Victor]

philosopher

Paris, France

1815 to 1845

Course of the History of Philosophy [1815 to 1829]; Philosophical Fragments [1826]; Philosophy of Locke [1829]; On

truth, beauty, and the good [1836]; Scottish philosophy [1845]

He lived 1792 to 1867 and modified spiritualism.

William Cullen Bryant [Bryant, William Cullen]

poet

USA

1815 to 1850

To a Waterfowl [1815]; Thanatopsis [1817]; To the Fringed Gentian [1832]; Death of the Flowers [1850]

He lived 1794 to 1878.

Ernst T. A. Hoffman [Hoffman, Ernst T. A.]

storyteller

Germany

1816

Nutcracker and the Mouse King [1816: story]; Sandman [1816: story]

He lived 1776 to 1822.

Joshua Shaw [Shaw, Joshua]

inventor/painter

England/USA

1816

percussion cap [1816: steel nipple replaced flash pan and held copper caps]

He lived 1776 to 1860 {percussion cap}.

Sophia Germain [Germain, Sophia] or Sophie Germain [Germain, Sophie]

mathematician

France

1816 to 1820

She lived 1776 to 1831 and studied number theory and elasticity [1816]. For integers x, y, and z, if x^5 + y^5 = z^5,

then x, y, or z must be divisible by 5 [1820] {Germain's theorem}.

John Keats [Keats, John]

poet

England

1816 to 1820

On First Looking into Chapman's Homer [1816]; I Stood Tip-toe upon a Little Hill [1816]; When I Have Fears that I

May Cease To Be [1817]; Endymion [1818]; Thing of Beauty [1818: in Endymion]; Ode to a Nightingale [1819]; To

Autumn [1819]; Ode to Melancholy [1819]; Hyperion [1819]; Bright Star Would that I Were Steadfast As Thou Art

[1819 and 1820]; Ode on a Grecian Urn [1820]; La Belle Dame Sans Merci or Beautiful Lady without Mercy [1820];

Eve of St. Agnes [1820]; On the Grasshopper and the Cricket [1820]

He lived 1795 to 1821.

Charles Babbage [Babbage, Charles]

mathematician/inventor

London, England

1816 to 1833

difference engine designed to compute tables [1816]; Analytical Engine Drawings [1833]; ophthalmoscope; railway

cowcatcher

He lived 1792 to 1871 {analytical engine}.

Daniel Webster [Webster, Daniel]

lawyer/senator

USA

1816 to 1850

Dartmouth College v. Woodward [1819]; Gibbons v. Ogden [1821]; McCulloch v. Maryland [1824]; Webster-

Ashburton Treaty [1842]

He lived 1782 to 1852, believed in Alexander Hamilton's ideas, was Whig, and argued Dartmouth College case about

contracts and McCulloch vs. Maryland case about states' rights. He backed Compromise of 1850 to preserve union.

David Ricardo [Ricardo, David]

economist

England

1817

Principles of Political Economy and Taxation [1817]

He lived 1772 to 1823 and studied rents and agriculture and invented labor theory of value and growth. Land scarcity

as population increases causes diminishing returns from agriculture, so food prices rise relative to other prices. Workers

wages rise and reduce profit rates. With no incentive for investing, output, capital, and labor remain constant from then

on. Rising wages cause even higher population and bring wages back down to subsistence level. Rents depend on land

agricultural uses.

James Monroe [Monroe, James]

president

USA

1817 to 1821

He lived 1758 to 1831. Fifth president resolved boundary with Canada, got Florida, settled Liberia with former slaves,

presided over Missouri Compromise, and formulated Monroe Doctrine, ending European influence in Americas.

Percy Blythe Shelley [Shelley, Percy Blythe]

poet

England

1817 to 1821

Ozymandias [1817]; Ode to the West Wind [1819]; Prometheus Unbound [1819]; Love's Philosophy [1819]; To a

Skylark [1820]; Adonäis [1821]; To Night [1821]; Defence of Poetry [1821: essay]; Music [1821]

He lived 1792 to 1822.

François Magendie [Magendie, François]

physiologist

Paris, France

1817 to 1822

Summary of Physiology [1817]

He lived 1783 to 1855, studied emetine and morphine drugs, and studied iodides and bromides in nutrition. He

poisoned animals with Javanese arrow poison in various ways, described convulsions and asphyxia, sectioned spinal

cord, and isolated strychnine [1818]. Spinal-nerve anterior and posterior roots have separate functions {Bell-Magendie

law, Magendie}: dorsal root is sensory, and ventral root is motor [1822].

Friedrich Bessel [Bessel, Friedrich]

mathematician

Germany

1817 to 1824

He lived 1784 to 1846 and invented Bessel equation [1817 to 1824] and Bessel's inequality.

Georges Cuvier [Cuvier, Georges]

biologist

Paris, France

1817 to 1825

Animal Kingdom [1817]; Discourse on the Revolutionary Upheavals on the Surface of the Earth [1825]

He lived 1769 to 1832 and studied fossils, differentiated animals by body structures and nervous systems, and noted

adaptations to environment.

James Mill [Mill, James]

political scientist

Scotland

1817 to 1835

History of British India [1817]; On Government [1820]; Elements of Political Economy [1821 to 1822]; Analysis of the

Phenomena of the Human Mind [1829]; Fragment on Mackintosh [1835]

He lived 1773 to 1836. Democracy by majority gives the most people the best chance to maximize happiness, because

people act by self-interest.

Lambert Hitchcock [Hitchcock, Lambert]

designer

USA

1818

Hitchcock

He lived 1795 to 1852. First mass produced furniture in USA.

Joseph Mohr [Mohr, Joseph]/Franz Gruber [Gruber, Franz]

lyricist/composer

Germany

1818

Silent Night [1818]

Mohr lived 1792 to 1848. Gruber lived 1787 to 1863.

Étienne Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire [Saint-Hilaire, Étienne Geoffroy]

biologist

Paris, France

1818

Anatomical Philosophy [1818]

He lived 1772 to 1844 and studied fossils and compared fish and land animals, vertebrates and insects, and cephalopods

and vertebrates. Fossils have structure homologies {unity of type}. Body type depends on vertebral structure.

Samuel Woodworth [Woodworth, Samuel]/George F. Kiallmark [Kiallmark, George F.]

lyricist/composer

USA

1818

Old Oaken Bucket [1818: music, 1826]

Woodworth lived 1785 to 1842. Kiallmark lived 1804 to 1887.

Charles Bulfinch [Bulfinch, Charles]

architect

USA

1818 to 1830

State House [1818: Federal style, in Boston]; Massachusetts General Hospital [1820: Federal style, in Boston]; Capitol

Building [1818 to 1830: Federal style, in Washington]

He lived 1763 to 1844.

Alexander Pushkin [Pushkin, Alexander]

poet

Russia

1818 to 1834

Russlan and Ludmilla [1818: poem]; Eugene Onegin [1823 to 1831: verse novel]; Boris Godunov [1831: poem]; Queen

of Spades [1834: story]

He lived 1799 to 1837.

Charles XIV

king

Sweden/Norway

1818 to 1844

He lived 1763 to 1844.

Pierre Dulong [Dulong, Pierre]

chemist

France

1819

He lived 1785 to 1838 and studied heat capacity and invented law of Dulong-Petit [1819].

Hans Christian Oersted [Oersted, Hans Christian]

physicist

Denmark

1819

He lived 1777 to 1851 and found that moving charge has magnetic field [1819].

Alexis Petit [Petit, Alexis]

chemist

France

1819

He lived 1791 to 1820 and studied heat capacity and invented law of Dulong-Petit [1819].

Theodore Gericault [Gericault, Theodore]

painter

France

1819 to 1822

Raft of the Medusa [1819]; Madman [1822]

He lived 1791 to 1824.

Friedrich Schlegel [Schlegel, Friedrich]

poet

Vienna, Austria

1819 to 1823

Lessons on the History of Philosophy [1819 to 1823]

He lived 1772 to 1829 and compared classic poetry to romantic poetry using Romantic School of Criticism. Beauty is

an Idea manifested in matter. Irony can oppose finite {appearance, Schlegel} to infinite {Idea, Schlegel} {infinite,

Schlegel}, as in Romantic poetry.

Joseph de Maistre [Maistre, Joseph de]

philosopher

Paris, France

1819 to 1826

On the Pope [1819]; St. Petersburg Dialogs [1821]; Examination of the Philosophy of Bacon [1826]

He lived 1753 to 1821 and was Traditionalist.

Alphonse de Lamartine [Lamartine, Alphonse de]

poet

France

1820

Les Méditations poétiques or Poetic Meditations [1820]

He lived 1790 to 1869.

Carl Maria von Weber [Weber, Carl Maria von]

composer

Germany

1820 to 1826

Der Freischütz or The Free-Shooter [1820: opera]; Invitation to the Dance [1821: music]; Euryanthe [1823: opera];

Oberon [1826: opera]

He lived 1786 to 1826.

André M. Ampere [Ampere, André M.]

physicist

France

1820 to 1827

He lived 1775 to 1836 and studied magnetic fields around conductors [1820 to 1827].

Carlo Blasis [Blasis, Carlo]

choreographer

Milan, Italy

1820 to 1830

Elementary Treatise upon the Theory and Practice of the Art of Dancing [1820: book]; Code of Terpsichore [1830:

book]

He lived 1803 to 1878, was Dauberval's student, codified the dance at La Scala opera house, and first used poses.

Christian Jurgenson Thomsen [Thomsen, Christian Jurgenson]

archaeologist

Denmark

1820 to 1830

He lived 1788 to 1865 and assigned Stone Age, Bronze Age, and Iron Age eras. Gold jewelry {bracteates} [500 to 700]

has Norse motifs.

Ernst Heinrich Weber [Weber, Ernst Heinrich]

physiologist

Leipzig, Germany

1820 to 1846

On vision and hearing in humans and animals [1820]; Additions to the Theory of Construction and Function of the

Genital Organs [1846]

He lived 1795 to 1878, studied psychophysics, invented theory of signs {Lokalzeichentheorie}, measured skin

sensitivity to separated stimuli [1826], studied inhibition by vagus nerve [1845], and developed law of sensation

[1834], with Fechner. People can distinguish between two similar sensations {just-noticeable difference}. For each

sense, ratio of just-noticeable-difference to intensity is approximately constant for all intensities. Subjective sensation

increases as logarithm of physical-stimulus magnitude. Just-noticeable difference increases in direct proportion to

stimulus intensity. If I is sensation intensity, intensity change divided by intensity equals constant {Weber-Fechner

law} {Weber's law}: (I2 - I1) / I1 = Weber's constant. Weber's constant {Weber fraction} represents smallest stimulus

intensity difference that people can perceive. If intensity is higher, differences must be larger for people to perceive

them. Weber's constant is typically greater than one to three percent, differs for different senses, and tends to increase

with age.

Henry Clay [Clay, Henry] or Great Pacificator or Great Compromiser

lawyer

USA

1820 to 1850

Missouri Compromise [1820]; Compromise of 1850 [1850]

He lived 1797 to 1852 and believed in Alexander Hamilton's ideas. He favored strong central government, high tariffs

for business protection, Bank of USA, Missouri Compromise, and Compromise of 1850.

Thomas De Quincey [De Quincey, Thomas]

essayist

England

1821

Confessions of an English Opium Eater [1821: essay]

He lived 1785 to 1859.

Claude Louis Marie Henri Navier [Navier, Claude Louis Marie Henri]

physicist

France

1821 to 1822

He lived 1785 to 1836 and studied fluid dynamics [1821 to 1822].

Louis Braille [Braille, Louis]

inventor

France

1821 to 1829

Braille [1821 to 1829]

He lived 1809 to 1852. He invented a printing and writing system using six dots, in two vertical lines of three raised

dots each, to represent 63 characters and allow blind people to read by touch {Braille} [1821 to 1829].

Pedro I

king

Brazil

1821 to 1831

He lived 1798 to 1831, declared independence from Portugal, and was John VI of Portugal's son.

Jan Evangelista Purkinje [Purkinje, Jan Evangelista]

anatomist

Spain/Germany

1821 to 1839

Observations and Experiments Investigating the Physiology of Senses [1821]; New Subjective Reports about Vision

[1825]

He lived 1787 to 1869 and studied brain neurons. He said fingerprints are unique [1823]. As light intensity decreases,

red objects fade faster than blue objects {Purkinje effect} [1825]. He discovered germinal vesicles [1825], skin sweat

glands [1833], Purkinje cells [1837], and Purkinje fibers [1839]. He digested protein with pancreatic extract [1836].

George Cruikshank [Cruikshank, George]

illustrator

England

1821 to 1841

Life in London [1821: illustration, with Robert Isaac]; Oliver Twist [1841: illustration]

He lived 1792 to 1878.

Heinrich Heine [Heine, Heinrich] or Harry Heine [Heine, Harry]

poet

Düsseldorf, Germany

1821 to 1853

Gedichte or Poems [1821]; Die Harzreise or Harz Journey [1824]; Book of Songs [1827]; Lorelei [1827: in Book of

Songs]; Neue Gedichte or New Poems [1844]; Atta Troll [1847]; Deutschland [1847: in Wintermärchen]; Letzte

Gedichte or Late Poems [1853]

He lived 1797 to 1856.

Joseph Fourier [Fourier, Joseph]

mathematician

Paris, France

1822

Analytical Theory of Heat [1822]

He lived 1768 to 1830, invented heat equation, and invented Fourier series and Fourier transform: over intervals, any

function can be trigonometric series.

Augustin Fresnel [Fresnel, Augustin]

physicist

France

1822

He lived 1788 to 1827, developed Fresnel integral, and applied it to making lenses for refraction [1822].

Joseph Niepce [Niepce, Joseph]

inventor/photographer

USA

1822

photography [1822]

He lived 1765 to 1833 and invented photography. Light darkens silver chloride or silver bromide, and then sodium

hypochlorite fixes it.

Jean-Victor Poncelet [Poncelet, Jean-Victor]

mathematician

Paris, France

1822

Treatise on the projective properties of figures [1822]

He lived 1788 to 1867, rediscovered projective geometry, and studied affine geometry, differential geometry, and

harmonic point sets.

Friedrich E. D. Schleiermacher [Schleiermacher, Friedrich E. D.]

theologian

Berlin, Germany

1822

Christian Faith [1822]

He lived 1768 to 1834 and founded Schleiermacherian School of Plato and Protestantism.

Epistemology

He invented a theory of how to interpret texts {hermeneutics, Schleiermacher}. Analyze text language and author mind

and development. Relate parts to whole text. Knowledge gained can find new knowledge, which expands knowledge

{hermeneutic circle}.

The goal of knowledge is to show identity of being and thought, which appear separate in consciousness as perception

and conception. This goal can never have complete attainment. As method, presuppose that they are the same as God

and try to understand process involved in uniting them.

Ethics

Religion is communion with, and absolute dependence on, God, universal, infinity, or unified thought and being.

Religion is not about knowing or doing right actions.

All ethical action is for uniting nature and reason. This is the moral and natural law.

People develop lives in particular ways based on natural law, nature, and harmony. Aristocrats live life fully, cultivate

sensibilities, and ignore rules and laws as unnecessary.

Metaphysics

Absolute Good or Infinite has Ideas in Mind.

Agustin de Iturbide [Iturbide, Agustin de]

emperor

Mexico

1822 to 1823

He lived 1783 to 1824.

William Beaumont [Beaumont, William]

biologist

USA

1822 to 1833

Experiments and Observations on the Gastric Juice and the Physiology of Digestion [1833]

He lived 1785 to 1853 and observed stomach functions [1822 to 1833].

Clement Clark Moore [Moore, Clement Clark]

poet

USA

1822 to 1837

Night Before Christmas or Twas the Night Before Christmas [1822]

He lived 1779 to 1863.

Eugène Delacroix [Delacroix, Eugène]

painter

France

1822 to 1861

Dante and Virgil Crossing the Styx or Barque of Dante [1822]; Massacre of Chios [1824]; Greece expiring on the

Ruins of Missolonghi [1827]; Women of Algiers in their Apartments [1834]; Attila and his Hordes Overrun Italy and

the Arts [1847]; Liberty Guiding the People [1848]; Odalisque [1854]; Lion Hunt [1854]; Jacob Wrestling with the

Angel [1861]

He lived 1798 to 1863.

Janos Bolyai [Bolyai, Janos]

mathematician

Hungary

1823 to 1833

Appendix to Tentamen [1833: of Farkas Bolyai or Wolfgang Bolyai]

He lived 1802 to 1860 and used substitute parallel axiom [1823], applied to intersecting and non-intersecting lines, to

make non-Euclidean geometry [1833].

Adam Mickiewicz [Mickiewicz, Adam]

poet

Poland

1823 to 1834

Dziady or Forefathers' Eve [1823 to 1832: play]; Konrad Wallenrod [1828: poem]; Pan Tadeus [1834: long poem]

He lived 1798 to 1855 and was nationalist.

James Fenimore Cooper [Cooper, James Fenimore]

novelist

USA

1823 to 1841

Leatherstocking Tales [1823 to 1841: novels]; Last of the Mohicans [1826: in Leatherstocking Tales]

He lived 1789 to 1851.

Ralph Waldo Emerson [Emerson, Ralph Waldo]

poet/essayist

USA

1823 to 1841

Good-Bye [1823 to 1829]; Nature [1836: essay that started New England Transcendentalism]; American Scholar

[1837: essay]; Concord Hymn [1837: poem]; Self-Reliance [1841: essay]; Essays [1841: essays]; Brahma [1857]

He lived 1803 to 1882.

Nicolas Carnot [Carnot, Nicolas]

physicist

France

1824

Reflections on the Motive Power of Fire [1824]

He lived 1796 to 1832 and invented heat-engine theory.

Marie Jean Pierre Flourens [Flourens, Marie Jean Pierre]

physiologist/anatomist

France

1824

Experimental Researches on the Properties and Functions of the Nervous System in Vertebrates [1824]

He lived 1794 to 1867, studied brain and concluded that cortex acts as one unit, and ablated brain areas to investigate

brain function. Cerebellum is for muscle coordination. Medulla is for respiration. Central nervous system has diverse

and localized psychological functions.

Maine de Biran or Marie Francois-Pierre-Gonthier de Biran [Biran, Marie Francois-Pierre-Gonthier de]

philosopher

Paris, France

1824

New Considerations on Reports of Physical Effects on Human Morals [1824]; Essay on the Foundations of Psychology

[1824]

He lived 1766 to 1824 and developed spiritualism.

Epistemology

People have methods, such as will and belief, to know their inner states {inner sense} {inner light}. Methods also allow

knowledge of outside world. Perception is thus activity.

Will is not one object but is mental acts. Will operations relate terms. One term is active self. The other term is action

performed. Effort exerted senses relation, and mind immediately introspects willed efforts, especially muscular efforts.

Will's physiological fact and psychological fact correspond symbolically. People cannot act deliberately without

knowing what they are doing. Reason and will, and action and cognition, cannot separate.

Niels Abel [Abel, Niels]

mathematician

Norway

1824 to 1826

He lived 1802 to 1829 and invented elliptic-function addition theorems and integrals. He studied quintic polynomials

[1824], elliptic functions, series, fields, and rings. He invented Abelian integrals [1826], Abel's theorem, Abel

summability, and Abelian group or commutative group.

Charles X

king

France

1824 to 1830

He lived 1757 to 1836. Talleyrand was his foreign minister.

Henri Dutrochet [Dutrochet, Henri]

biologist

France

1824 to 1830

Mechanistic Materialism and General Psychology [1830]

He lived 1776 to 1847, studied osmosis [1824], studied plant respiration and light sensitivity [1824 to 1830], and

worked on cell theory.

Jean A. Brillat-Savarin [Brillat-Savarin, Jean A.]

judge

France

1825

Physiology of Taste [1825: about food and philosophy]

He lived 1755 to 1826.

Thomas Telford [Telford, Thomas]

architect

Anglesey, England

1825

Menai Straits Bridge [1825: first large suspension bridge]; Aqueduct over the Dee; Design for London Bridge

He lived 1757 to 1834. It is in north Wales.

John Quincy Adams [Adams, John Quincy]

president

USA

1825 to 1829

He lived 1767 to 1848. Sixth president opposed slavery and developed Monroe Doctrine.

Lejeune Dirichlet [Dirichlet, Lejeune]

mathematician

Belgium

1825 to 1839

Lectures on Number Theory [1839]

He lived 1805 to 1859 and invented Dirichlet series, Dirichlet conditions, and Dirichlet principle or Thomson principle.

He studied analytic number theory [1825].

Prosper Merimée [Merimée, Prosper]

storyteller/playwright

France

1825 to 1840

Le Théâtre de Clara Gazul [1825: play]; Colomba [1840: story]

He lived 1803 to 1870.

Friedrich Wöhler [Wöhler, Friedrich]

chemist

Berlin, Germany

1825 to 1854

Textbook of Chemistry [1825: four volumes]; Foundations of Inorganic Chemistry [1830]; Foundations of Organic

Chemistry [1840]; Practical Experiments of Analytical Chemistry [1854]

He lived 1800 to 1882 and synthesized urea from ammonium cyanate [1828], the first artificial organic-chemical

synthesis.

Nicholas I

czar

Russia

1825 to 1855

He lived 1796 to 1855, was Romanov, crushed Decembrist Conspiracy, defeated Polish uprising, helped Austria defeat

Hungarian Republic [1849], and lost Crimean War to Britain.

Friedrich Wilhelm August Froebel [Froebel, Friedrich Wilhelm August]

educator

Germany

1826

On the Education of Man [1826]

He lived 1782 to 1852, established first kindergarten, and emphasized relationship between teacher and pupil. Teacher

guides, not directs, child in self-discovery. Development stages are critical, and children must fully experience them.

School curriculum must have continuity and connectedness. School must maintain close contact with family and

community. Play is central to learning.

Metaphysics

Man, God, and nature are an organic unity. All living things have inherent form and purpose, not predetermined, that

develops through creative struggle with environment. All living things grow from simple to complex structures with

same underlying pattern.

Friedrich Holderlin [Holderlin, Friedrich]

writer

Germany

1826

Essays and Letters on Theory [1826]

He lived 1770 to 1843.

Thomas Hood [Hood, Thomas]

poet

England

1826

I Remember, I Remember [1826]

He lived 1799 to 1845.

Friedrich E. Beneke [Beneke, Friedrich E.]

philosopher

Berlin, Germany

1826 to 1827

Relationship of Mind and Body [1826]; Animal Psychology [1827]

He lived 1798 to 1854. Associational psychology is not true, because it makes mental faculties real and basic.

Knowledge has limits.

Jean Baptiste Corot [Corot, Jean Baptiste]

painter

France

1826 to 1870

View of the Farnese Gardens [1826]; Femme à la Perle or Woman with a Pearl [1870]; Interrupted Reading [1870]

He lived 1796 to 1875.

Davy Crockett [Crockett, Davy]

pioneer/frontiersman

USA

1827

He lived 1786 to 1836.

George Green [Green, George]

mathematician

England

1827

Essay on the Application of Mathematical Analysis to the Theories of Electricity and Magnetism [1827]

He lived 1793 to 1841, invented Green's theorem, and studied double integrals, line integrals, and curvilinear integrals.

Hokusai Katsushika [Katsushika, Hokusai]

painter

Japan

1827

Mount Fuji Views [1827]

He lived 1760 to 1849.

Georg Simon Ohm [Ohm, Georg Simon]

physicist

Germany

1827

He lived 1789 to 1854 and invented Ohm's law [1827].

Robert Brown [Brown, Robert]

physicist

Scotland

1827 to 1828

He lived 1773 to 1858 and discovered cell nucleus [1827] and Brownian movement [1828].

Wilhelm Traugott Krug [Krug, Wilhelm Traugott]

philosopher

Germany

1827 to 1829

Theoretical Dictionary of Philosophical Sciences [1827 to 1829]

He lived 1770 to 1831. Consciousness allows people to know being, and being allows people to know consciousness.

Real and conscious activities interact. Philosophy is explanation of self, because self is conscious.

Karl Ernst von Baer [Baer, Karl Ernst von]

naturalist

Königsberg, Germany

1827 to 1837

Letter on the Mammalian Egg and Human Genesis [1827]; History of the Evolution of Animals [1828 and 1837: two

parts]

He lived 1792 to 1876 and discovered ovum in mammals [1826]. Embryos of various vertebrates are similar {Baer

laws}.

Augustus Ferdinand Möbius [Möbius, Augustus Ferdinand]

mathematician

Leipzig, Germany

1827 to 1837

Calculus of Centers of Gravity [1827]; Handbook on Statics [1837]

He lived 1790 to 1868, invented Möbius strip, and studied homogeneous coordinates.

Noah Webster [Webster, Noah]

lexicographer

USA

1828

Dictionary [1828]

He lived 1758 to 1843 and wrote dictionary.

Julius Plucker [Plucker, Julius]

mathematician

Germany

1828 to 1835

Developments in Analytic Geometry [1828 to 1831: two volumes]; System of Analytic Geometry [1835]

He lived 1801 to 1868 and studied trilinear coordinates and line coordinates.

Thomas Graham [Graham, Thomas]

chemist

England

1829

He lived 1805 to 1869 and invented Graham's diffusion law [1829].

George Stephenson [Stephenson, George]

inventor

England

1829

miner's safety lamp [1815]; steam locomotive [1829]

He lived 1781 to 1848.

Andrew Jackson [Jackson, Andrew]

president

USA

1829 to 1837

He lived 1767 to 1845. Seventh president had Kitchen Cabinet of advisors. He started spoils system and emphasized

Democratic Party. He antagonized Calhoun and Clay. He fought Bank of the USA, leading to requirement that only

hard currency can buy public land. He ended National Bank and caused Panic of 1837.

Carl Gustav Jacob Jacobi [Jacobi, Carl Gustav Jacob]

mathematician

Germany

1829 to 1841

Fundamental new theory of elliptical functions [1829]; On determinants of functions [1841]

He lived 1804 to 1851 and studied elliptic integrals, function theory, and inverse elliptic functions {theta function,

Jacobi}. He invented Jacobian.

Antonio Rosmini-Serbati [Rosmini-Serbati, Antonio]

philosopher

Italy

1829 to 1848

Origin of Ideas [1829]; Five Wounds of the Holy Church [1848]

He lived 1797 to 1853, was Hegelian, and founded Institute of Charity or Rosminians.

Joseph Liouville [Liouville, Joseph]

mathematician

Paris, France

1829 to 1851

Journal of Pure and Applied Mathematics [1836]

He lived 1809 to 1882 and invented Sturm-Liouville theory [1829 and 1837] and transcendental numbers [1851].

Phase-space region volume is constant for Hamiltonian equation {Liouville's theorem, Liouville}, but volumes spread

into larger space, leaving empty spaces.

Isambard Kingdom Brunel [Brunel, Isambard Kingdom]

architect

England

1829 to 1852

Design for a Suspension Bridge at Clifton over the Avon River [1829]; Box Tunnel for the Great Western Railway

[1833]; Great Western Steamship [1838]; Great Eastern Steamship [1852]

He lived 1806 to 1859.

Juan Manuel de Rosas [Rosas, Juan Manuel de]

dictator

Argentina

1829 to 1852

He lived 1793 to 1877.

Francis Leiber [Leiber, Francis]

lawyer

Germany/USA

1829 to 1863

Encyclopaedia Americana [1829 to 1833: translated from Brockhaus encyclopedia]; Manual of Political Ethics [1838];

Essays on Property and Labor [1841]; On Civil Liberty and Self-Government [1853]; Instructions for the Government

of Armies of the United States in the Field or General Order No. 100 [1863]

He lived 1800 to 1872 and established war rules for USA Civil War.

Nikolai Ivanovich Lobachevski [Lobachevski, Nikolai Ivanovich]

mathematician

Kazan, Russia

1830

On the Principles of Geometry [1830]

He lived 1793 to 1856 and invented Lobachevsky's rule. He used substitute parallel axiom, applied to two boundary

lines with angle to the perpendicular, to make non-Euclidean hyperbolic geometry {Lobachevskian geometry,

Lobachevski}. People do not know Euclid's axioms with certainty, and they are not true a priori.

George Peacock [Peacock, George]

mathematician

London, England

1830

Treatise on Algebra [1830]

He lived 1791 to 1858 and studied algebra systems and permanence of form.

Evariste Galois [Galois, Evariste]

mathematician

France

1830 to 1832

He lived 1811 to 1832 and studied group, field, solvability, and factoring representation theory [1830 to 1832].

Fréderic Chopin [Chopin, Fréderic]

composer

France/Poland

1830 to 1838

Piano Concerto No. 2 [1830]; Etude No. 3 in E or Tristesse [1832: étude]; Polonaise in A or Military [1838]

He lived 1810 to 1849 and composed preludes, waltzes, nocturnes, and polonaises.

Ludwig Andreas Feuerbach [Feuerbach, Ludwig Andreas]

philosopher

Bruckberg, Germany

1830 to 1844

Thoughts on Death and Immortality [1830]; Towards a Critique of Hegel's Philosophy [1839]; Essence of Christianity

[1841]; Principles of the Philosophy of the Future [1843]; Provisional Theses for the Reformation of Philosophy

[1843]; On the Essence of Faith in Luther's Sense [1844]

He lived 1804 to 1872 and was Theist. He studied people as thinking and acting subjects {philosophical anthropology}.

Ethics

God is what man conceives himself to be and wishes to be. People have alienation, because they do not understand, or

are not successful in, actual world and so turn to fantasy and religion. Religion projects people's emotions and thoughts.

Felix Mendelssohn [Mendelssohn, Felix]

composer

Germany

1830 to 1846

Scottish Symphony [1830 and 1842]; Reformation Symphony [1832]; Hebrides [1832]; Symphony No. 4 in A or

Italian Symphony [1833]; St. Paul [1836: oratorio]; Spring Song [1841]; Midsummer Nights Dream [1843: opera, with

The Wedding March]; Violin Concerto in E Minor [1845]; Elijah [1846: oratorio]

He lived 1809 to 1847.

Augustus De Morgan [De Morgan, Augustus]

mathematician

England

1830 to 1849

Elements of Arithmetic [1830]; Induction [1838]; Formal Logic [1847]; Trigonometry and Double Algebra [1849]

He lived 1806 to 1871 and studied divergent series. He invented De Morgan's laws [1849] of algebra of classes:

commutation, association, inverse, identity, distribution, and null.

Auguste Comte [Comte, Auguste]

philosopher/sociologist

Paris, France

1830 to 1854

Course of Positive Philosophy [1842]; System of Positive Polity [1851 to 1854]

He lived 1798 to 1857 and founded sociology. He invented theories of social order and societal progress.

Epistemology

Phenomena have verifiable procedures {positivism, Comte}. Sciences have methods and principles. Scientific

knowledge is finding principles in life's activities. Scientific laws are descriptions for predictions. Positivism depends

on empiricism. Sciences move through stages until phenomena have verifiable procedures. Sciences form a hierarchy,

with ethics at top.

Ethics

Altruism is the best ethic, is the religion of humanity, and depends on science.

Politics

Societies develop progressively through medieval theological stage, metaphysical or deist stage, and positivist stages.

Society depends on social impulses, not self-interest {catechism of positivism}.

Hector Berlioz [Berlioz, Hector]

composer

France

1830 to 1858

Symphonie Fantastique [1830]; Harold en Italie [1834: opera]; Requiem or Grand Messe des Morts or Grand Mass of

Death [1837: mass]; Benvenuto Cellini [1838: opera]; Romeo et Juliette [1839: opera]; Damnation of Faust [1846:

opera, including Rakoczy March]; Trojans [1858: opera]

He lived 1803 to 1869.

Oliver Wendell Holmes, Sr. [Holmes Sr., Oliver Wendell]

essayist/poet

USA

1830 to 1858

Old Ironsides [1830: poem]; Autocrat of the Breakfast Table [1858: essay]; Deacon's Masterpiece, or The Wonderful

One-Hoss Shay [1858: poem]; Chambered Nautilus [1858: poem]

He lived 1809 to 1894.

Michael Thonet [Thonet, Michael]

designer

Vienna, Austria

1830 to 1860

Bentwood

He lived 1796 to 1871.

Victor Hugo [Hugo, Victor]

novelist

France

1830 to 1866

Hernani [1830]; Hunchback of Notre Dame [1831]; La Legends des Siècles or Legends of the Centuries [1859 to 1883:

stories]; Les Misérables or Poor People or Unfortunates [1862]; Toilers of the Sea [1866]

He lived 1802 to 1885.

Louis Philippe or Citizen King

king

France

1830.07 to 1848.02

He lived 1773 to 1850. As Duke of Orleans, Lafayette helped him and he replaced Charles X in July Revolution

[1830]. He allowed business freedom and Algeria colonization. His reactionary cabinet and slight electoral reforms led

to February Revolution [1848].

Michael Faraday [Faraday, Michael]

chemist/physicist

England

1831

He lived 1791 to 1867 and invented Faraday's electrolysis laws [1831] and studied magnetic induction and

diamagnetism.

Michal Oginski [Oginski, Michal]

composer

Poland

1831

Polonaise in A minor or Farewell to the Homeland or Les Adieux or Polonaise tres favorite [1831]

He lived 1765 to 1833.

Thomas Love Peacock [Peacock, Thomas Love]

novelist

England

1831

Crotchet Castle [1831: satire]

He lived 1785 to 1866.

George Catlin [Catlin, George]

painter

USA

1831 to 1832

White Cloud [1832]

He lived 1796 to 1872 and painted Native Americans.

Vincenzo Bellini [Bellini, Vincenzo]

composer

Italy

1831 to 1835

Norma [1831: opera]; I Puritani or The Puritans [1835: opera]

He lived 1801 to 1835.

Stendhal or Henri Beyle [Beyle, Henri]

novelist

France

1831 to 1839

Red and the Black [1831]; Charterhouse of Parma [1839]

He lived 1783 to 1842.

Jean Coralli [Coralli, Jean]

choreographer

France

1831 to 1843

La Peri [1843: music by Norbert Burgmuller]

He lived 1779 to 1854.

Robert Schumann [Schumann, Robert]

composer

Germany

1831 to 1848

Papillons [1831]; Carnaval [1835]; Marches des "Davidsbündler" contre les Phillistins or March of the "League of

David" against the Philistines [1838 and 1850]; Kinderszenen or Scenes from Childhood [1838]; Kreisleriana [1838];

Träumerei or Dreaming [1838]; Fourth Symphony in D Minor [1841]; Spring Symphony [1841]; Piano Concerto in A

Minor [1845]; Rhenish Symphony or 3rd Symphony [1850]; Merry Peasant [1848]

He lived 1810 to 1856.

Edgar Allen Poe [Poe, Edgar Allen]

storyteller/poet

USA

1831 to 1849

To Helen [1831: poem]; Israfel [1831: poem]; Fall of the House of Usher [1839: story]; Descent into the Maelstrom

[1841: story]; Murders in the Rue Morgue [1841: story]; Pit and the Pendulum [1842: story]; Raven [1845: poem];

Cask of Amontillado [1846: story]; Ulalume [1847: poem]; Annabel Lee [1849: poem]; Bells [1849: poem]; El Dorado

[1849: poem]

He lived 1809 to 1849.

William Lloyd Garrison [Garrison, William Lloyd]

editor

USA

1831 to 1861

He lived 1838 to 1909. Abolitionist opposed violence and Civil War [1861].

Leopold I

king

Belgium

1831 to 1865

He lived 1790 to 1865. Belgium became independent of Holland [1830].

Pedro II

king

Brazil

1831 to 1889

He lived 1825 to 1889 and became king after his father, Pedro I, abdicated. He later fought Argentina and Paraguay.

Cyrus McCormick [McCormick, Cyrus]

inventor

USA

1831 to 1938

reaper for wheat harvesting [1831]; combine for grain harvesting [1838]

He lived 1809 to 1884.

John Austin [Austin, John]

lawyer

London, England

1832

Province of Jurisprudence Determined [1832]

He lived 1790 to 1859 and founded science of law in England. Laws are sovereign's commands, with threat of

punishment. Subjects must obey. Permission from sovereign or obligation cancellation grants rights.

Karl von Clausewitz [Clausewitz, Karl von]

general

Prussia

1832

On War [1832]

He lived 1780 to 1831 and advocated total war.

Joseph Henry [Henry, Joseph]

physicist

USA

1832

He lived 1797 to 1878 and induced current magnetically and studied self-inductance [1832].

Filippo Taglioni [Taglioni, Philippe]

choreographer

France

1832

La Sylphide [1832: music by Jean Schneithöffer, for Marie Taglioni]

He lived 1777 to 1871.

Charles Wheatstone [Wheatstone, Charles]

physicist/inventor

England

1832

stereoscope [1832]

He lived 1802 to 1875. Corresponding eye image points have greater separation for near objects than for distant ones

{stereoscope, Wheatstone}.

Gaetano Donizetti [Donizetti, Gaetano]

composer

Italy

1832 to 1842

Elixir of Love or L'elisir d'amore [1832: opera]; Lucia di Lammermoor [1835: opera]; Daughter of the Regiment [1840:

opera]; Don Pasquale [1842: opera]

He lived 1797 to 1848.

Fanny Cerrito [Cerrito, Fanny]

ballerina

Italy

1832 to 1845

Pas de Quatre [1845: with Carlotta Grisi, Marie Taglioni, Lucille Grahn, and Fanny Cerrito]

She lived 1817 to 1909.

Marie Taglioni [Taglioni, Marie]

ballerina

Italy

1832 to 1845

Pas de Quatre [1845: with Carlotta Grisi, Marie Taglioni, Lucille Grahn, and Fanny Cerrito]

She lived 1804 to 1884.

John C. Calhoun [Calhoun, John C.]

lawyer/senator/vice-president

South Carolina

1832 to 1850

On the Clay Compromise Measures [1850]

He lived 1782 to 1850 and believed in balanced powers and states' rights. In a tariff case {tariff of abominations}, he

supported state right to declare federal law unconstitutional {nullification, Calhoun}. Vice-president and senator

championed states' rights of veto and secession.

Alexandre Dumas (père) [Dumas (père), Alexandre]

novelist

France

1832 to 1850

La Tour de Nesle or Tower of Nesle [1832]; Count of Monte Cristo [1844]; Three Musketeers [1844]; Man in the Iron

Mask [1850]

He lived 1802 to 1870.

George Sand [Sand, George] or Amandine Aurore Lucie Dupin [Dupin, Amandine Aurore Lucie]

novelist

France

1832 to 1864

Indiana [1832]; Un hiver à Majorque or Winter in Majorca [1838: essay]; Haunted Pool [1846]; Fanchon the Cricket

[1864]

She lived 1804 to 1876.

John Greenleaf Whittier [Whittier, John Greenleaf]

poet

USA

1832 to 1867

Moll Pitcher [1832]; Barefoot Boy [1855]; Skipper Ireson's Ride [1857]; Barbara Fritchie or Barbara Frietchie [1863];

Laus Deo or Praise to God [1863]; Snowbound [1866]; Maud Miller [1867]; Saddest Words [1867: in Maud Muller]

He lived 1807 to 1892.

Charles Lyell [Lyell, Charles]

geologist

England

1833

Principles of Geology [1833]

He lived 1797 to 1875. Wind, water, pressure, and heat forces can make mountains, riverbeds, coastlines, and other

land shapes. Events observed in present explain events in past. World always has same laws {uniformitarianism}.

Jordan Mott [Mott, Jordan]

inventor

England

1833

coal stove [1833]

He lived 1768 to 1840 {coal stove}.

William Augustus Taylor [Taylor, William Augustus]

inventor

England

1833

balloon frame for house using 2x4 boards and nails [1833]

He lived 1818 to 1886 {balloon frame for house}.

Joseph Story [Story, Joseph]

lawyer

Boston, Massachusetts

1833 to 1834

Commentaries on the Constitution of the United States [1833]; Commentaries on the Conflict of Laws [1834]

He lived 1779 to 1845 and wrote about bailments [1832], equity jurisprudence [1835 to 1836], equity pleadings [1838],

agency [1839], partnership [1841], bills of exchange [1843], and promissory notes [1845].

François Rude [Rude, François]

sculptor

Paris, France

1833 to 1836

La Marseillaise or Departure of the Volunteers of 1792 [1833 to 1836: on Arc de Triomphe]

He lived 1784 to 1855.

Alfred de Musset [Musset, Alfred de]

playwright

France

1833 to 1837

Moods of Marianne [1833]; Fantasio [1834]; Don't Play with Love [1834]; Lorenzaccio [1834]; Caprice [1837]

He lived 1810 to 1857.

Johannes Peter Müller [Müller, Johannes Peter]

physiologist/anatomist

Berlin, Germany

1833 to 1840

Handbook of Physiology [1833 to 1840]

He lived 1801 to 1858 and founded modern physiology. Sensation type depends on stimulated neurons, not on what

stimulates them {doctrine of specific nerve energies, Muller}.

Antonio Santa Anna [Santa Anna, Antonio]

president

Mexico

1833 to 1855

He lived 1794 to 1876, failed to end revolution in Texas, defeated France, and failed in Mexican War. Juarez exiled

him.

Hiroshige or Ando Hiroshige [Hiroshige, Ando] or Utagawa Hiroshige [Hiroshige, Utagawa] or Ichiyusai

Hiroshige [Hiroshige, Ichiyusai]

printmaker

Japan

1833 to 1857

Pheasant on a Snowy Hillside [1845]

He lived 1797 to 1858 and was of Ukiyo-e School of printmaking.

Otto I

king

Greece

1833 to 1862

He lived 1815 to 1867 and was from Bavaria.

Daniel Dunglas Home [Home, Daniel Dunglas]

spiritualist medium

Britain

1833 to 1886

Incidents of My Life [1863 to 1872]

He lived 1833 to 1886.

Alfred, Lord Tennyson [Tennyson, Alfred, Lord]

poet

England

1833 to 1889

In Memoriam A.H.H. [1833: including Ring Out, Wild Bells]; Ulysses [1833]; Break, Break, Break [1842]; Lady of

Shallot [1843]; Eagle [1850]; Sweet and Low [1855]; Idylls of the King [1859]; Flower in the Crannied Wall [1868];

Charge of the Light Brigade [1880]; Locksley Hall [1886]; Crossing the Bar [1889]

He lived 1809 to 1892.

Edward Bulwer-Lytton [Bulwer-Lytton, Edward]

novelist

England

1834

Last Days of Pompeii [1834]

He lived 1803 to 1873.

Heinrich Lenz [Lenz, Heinrich]

physicist

Germany

1834

He lived 1804 to 1865 and invented Lenz's law [1834].

Jean-Jacques Pradier [Pradier, Jean-Jacques] or James Pradier [Pradier, James]

sculptor

France

1834

Satyr and Bacchante [1834: Rococo clay figures]

He lived 1790 to 1852.

Georg Büchner [Büchner, Georg]

playwright

Germany

1834 to 1835

Woyzeck [1834]; Lenz [1835]

He lived 1813 to 1837.

Theophile Gautier [Gautier, Theophile]

poet

France

1834 to 1838

Mademoiselle de Maupin [1834]; d'Une Nuit de Cléopâtre or One Night with Cleopatra [1838]

He lived 1811 to 1872 and was in Aesthetic Movement.

Horace Greeley [Greeley, Horace]

journalist

New York, New York

1834 to 1841

New Yorker [1834]; Log Cabin [1840]; New York Tribune [1841]

He lived 1811 to 1872 and founded new York Tribune, which advocated high tariffs, social reforms, peace, and

amnesty for the South. He later helped form the Liberal Republican Party, against Grant, for civil service reform and

just reconstruction. Greeley said, "Go west, young man".

Maria II

queen

Portugal

1834 to 1853

She lived 1819 to 1853 and defeated Miguel in Miguelist Wars.

Charles Jefferys [Jefferys, Charles]/Sidney Nelson [Nelson, Sidney]

composer

Ireland

1835

Rose of Allandale [1881]

Jeffreys lived 1807 to 1865. Nelson lived 1800 to 1862.

James J. Morier [Morier, James J.]

novelist

England

1835

Hajji Baba or Adventures of Hajji Baba of Isfahan [1835: stories]

He lived 1780 to 1849.

Alexis de Tocqueville [Tocqueville, Alexis de]

historian

Paris, France/USA

1835

Democracy in America [1835]

He lived 1805 to 1859.

Fanny Essler [Essler, Fanny]

ballerina

France

1835 to 1837

She lived 1810 to 1884.

John James Audubon [Audubon, John James]

painter

USA

1835 to 1840

bird paintings [1835 to 1840]

He lived 1785 to 1851 and painted birds.

Samuel Morse [Morse, Samuel]

inventor

USA

1835 to 1840

telegraph [1835 to 1837]; Morse code [1840]

He lived 1791 to 1919.

Angel Rivas [Rivas, Angel] or Angel de Saavedra, Duque de Rivas [Rivas, Angel de Saavedra, Duque de]

writer

Spain

1835 to 1841

Don Álvaro or La fuerza del sino or Don Alvaro or Power of Destiny [1835]; Romances históricos or Historical

Romances [1841]

He lived 1791 to 1865.

Hans Christian Andersen [Andersen, Hans Christian]

storyteller/writer

Denmark

1835 to 1845

Thumbelina [1835: story]; Princess and the Pea [1835: story]; Little Mermaid [1836: story]; Emperor's New Clothes

[1837: story]; Steadfast Tin Soldier [1838: story]; Ugly Duckling [1844: story]; Red Shoes [1845: story]; Snow Queen

[1845: story]

He lived 1805 to 1875 and wrote fairy tales.

Honoré de Balzac [Balzac, Honoré de]

novelist

France

1835 to 1847

Eugenie Grandet [1833]; Le Père Goriot or Father Goriot [1835]; La Cousin Bette or Cousin Betty [1846]; Le Cousin

Pons or Cousin Pons [1847]

He lived 1799 to 1850 and wrote the Human Comedy series.

Mohammad Shah

shah

Persia

1835 to 1848

He lived 1810 to 1848 and was Qajar.

Ferdinand

emperor

Austria

1835 to 1848.12

He lived 1793 to 1875 and abdicated to Francis Joseph I, who soon gained absolute power. Metternich was Council of

State leader but resigned.

August Welby Northmore Pugin [Pugin, August Welby Northmore]

sculptor

London, England

1835 to 1852

Houses of Parliament furnishings [1835 to 1852]

He lived 1812 to 1852.

Robert Browning [Browning, Robert]

poet

England

1835 to 1864

Pippa's Song [1835: in Paracelsus]; My Last Duchess [1842]; Incident of the French Camp [1842]; Home-Thoughts

from Abroad [1845]; Love among the Ruins [1852]; Grow Old Along with Me [1864]; Prospice [1864]

He lived 1812 to 1889.

Justus von Liebig [Liebig, Justus von]

biologist

Munich, Germany

1835 to 1865

Organic Chemistry in its Application to Agriculture and Physiology [1840]; Organic Chemistry in its Application to

Physiology and Pathology [1842]

He lived 1803 to 1873 and described enzyme action chemically {law of the minimum}. He observed that plants use

nitrogen and carbon dioxide from air. He invented nitrogen fertilizer. He invented {Liebig condenser}. He silvered

mirrors [1835]. He invented beef extract [1865].

Lambert Adolphe Jacques Quetelet [Quetelet, Lambert Adolphe Jacques]

statistician/astronomer

Brussels, Belgium

1835 to 1871

On Man [1835]; Anthropometry [1871]

He lived 1796 to 1874 and developed social and human statistics.

Stephen Austin [Austin, Stephen]

leader

Texas

1836

He lived 1793 to 1836. Texas formed Republic of Texas and revolted against Mexico but lost.

Thomas Cole [Cole, Thomas]

painter

England/USA

1836 to 1842

Course of Empire series [1836]; Notch in the White Mountains [1839: in the White Mountains series]; Voyage of Life

series [1842]

He lived 1801 to 1848 and founded Hudson River School of nature painting.

Mikhail Glinka [Glinka, Mikhail]

composer

Russia

1836 to 1842

Life for the Tsar [1836: opera]; Russlan and Ludmilla [1842: opera]

He lived 1804 to 1857.

Nikolai Gogol [Gogol, Nikolai]

novelist/playwright/essayist

Russia

1836 to 1842

Inspector-General [1836: play]; Dead Souls [1842: novel]; Shinel or The Overcoat [1842: story]

He lived 1809 to 1852.

Lucille Grahn [Grahn, Lucille]

ballerina

USA

1836 to 1845

Pas de Quatre [1845: with Carlotta Grisi, Marie Taglioni, Lucille Grahn, and Fanny Cerrito]

She lived 1819 to 1907. The Danish ballet dismissed her [1841].

August Bourneville [Bourneville, August] or August Bournonville [Bournonville, August]

choreographer/ballet dancer

France/Denmark

1836 to 1849

La Sylphide [1836: music by Løvenskjold]; Napoli [1842: music by E. Halstead, Gade, and Paulli]; Le Conservatoire

[1849: including The Dancing School, music by H. S. Paulli]

He lived 1805 to 1879.

William H. McGuffey [McGuffey, William H.]

editor

USA

1836 to 1857

McGuffey Eclectic Reader [1836 and 1857: collection]

He lived 1800 to 1873.

Franz Liszt [Liszt, Franz]

composer

Hungary

1836 to 1860

Années de Pelerinage or Years of Pilgrimage [1836: tone poems]; Hungarian Rhapsodies [1846 to 1860]; Hungarian

Rhapsody No. 1 [1846: symphony]; Hungarian Rhapsody No. 2 [1847: symphony]; Liebestraum No. 3 in A flat or

Love Dream No. 3 in A flat [1847]; Concerto No. 1 in E Flat [1849]; Hungarian Rhapsody No. 3 [1853: symphony];

Les Préludes [1854: tone poem]; Dante Symphony [1856]; Faust Symphony [1857]; Hungarian Rhapsody No. 4 [1857:

symphony]; Hungarian Rhapsody No. 5 [1860: symphony]

He lived 1811 to 1886 and composed symphonies and tone poems.

Sam Houston [Houston, Sam]

president

Texas

1836 to 1861

He lived 1793 to 1863, was president of Texas Republic [1836 to 1844], and was governor of State of Texas afterward.

As governor of Texas, he refused to secede from Union. Other leaders removed him from office [1861].

Roger B. Taney [Taney, Roger B.]

chief justice

USA

1836 to 1864

He lived 1777 to 1864 and became USA Supreme Court Chief Justice [1836 to 1864].

Joseph Plateau [Plateau, Joseph]

mathematician

Paris, France

1836 to 1883

Experimental and Theoretical Statics of Liquids under only Molecular Forces [1873]; stroboscope [1836]

He lived 1801 to 1883 and invented Plateau's problem.

Thomas Carlyle [Carlyle, Thomas]

historian

London, England

1837

French Revolution [1837]

He lived 1795 to 1881. Heroes make history {great man theory}, not social forces.

Louis J. M. Daguerre [Daguerre, Louis J. M.]

inventor/photographer

France

1837

He lived 1787 to 1851 and invented daguerreotype.

John Deere [Deere, John]

inventor

USA

1837

steel plow [1837]

He lived 1804 to 1886 {steel plow}.

Horace Mann [Mann, Horace]

educator

Massachusetts

1837

He lived 1796 to 1859.

Isaac Pitman [Pitman, Isaac]

inventor

England

1837

phonographic shorthand [1837]

He lived 1813 to 1897 {phonographic shorthand}.

Martin Van Buren [Van Buren, Martin]

president

USA

1837 to 1841

He lived 1782 to 1862. Eighth president was follower of Jackson, but Panic of 1837 caused his unpopularity. He

advocated Treasury system independent of banks.

William Whewell [Whewell, William]

philosopher

England

1837 to 1847

History of the Inductive Sciences from the Earliest to the Present Time [1837]; Philosophy of the Inductive Sciences

Founded upon their History [1840 and 1847]

He lived 1794 to 1866. People make hypotheses and then check them by observation. These are two different

processes. Two inductions can lead to same cause, or two testimonies or experiments can state same fact {consilience,

Whewell}.

Bernard Bolzano [Bolzano, Bernard]

mathematician

Bohemia

1837 to 1850

Scientific Theory [1837]; Paradoxes of Infinity [1850]

He lived 1781 to 1848 and studied continuity and set theory. Real numbers in closed intervals can be in one-to-one

correspondence with real numbers in other closed intervals. Infinite sequences in closed intervals have limits {Bolzano-

Weierstrass theorem}. Truths can be a priori. Logic is about ideals, not about time or space.

Nathaniel Hawthorne [Hawthorne, Nathaniel]

novelist

USA

1837 to 1851

Twice Told Tales [1837]; Scarlet Letter [1850]; House of the Seven Gables [1851]

He lived 1804 to 1864.

Ferdinand II

king

Portugal

1837 to 1853

He lived 1816 to 1885 married Maria II [1836].

Charles Dickens [Dickens, Charles]

novelist

England

1837 to 1861

Pickwick Papers [1837]; Oliver Twist [1837]; Nicholas Nickleby [1839]; David Copperfield [1850]; Christmas Carol

[1859]; Tale of Two Cities [1859]; Great Expectations [1861]

He lived 1812 to 1870.

Victoria

queen

England

1837 to 1901

She lived 1819 to 1901 and was Hanover. Lord Melbourne and Palmerston were Prime Ministers in first half of her

reign, before her husband Prince Albert died. Disraeli and Gladstone were Prime Ministers during last half of her reign.

Her children married to ally with most of Europe. She had diamond jubilee [1897]. Her reign is Victorian Era.

Leigh Hunt [Hunt, Leigh]

poet

USA

1838

Abou Ben Adhem [1838]; Jenny Kiss'd Me [1838]

He lived 1784 to 1859.

Isaac Ray [Ray, Isaac]

lawyer

USA

1838

Treatise on Medical Jurisprudence of Insanity [1838]

He lived 1807 to 1881 and developed Doe-Ray insanity tests. Insanity is a fact for juries to decide.

Matthias J. Schleiden [Schleiden, Matthias J.]

anatomist

Jena, Germany

1838

Contributions to Phytogenesis [1838]

He lived 1804 to 1881 and invented plant cell theory. Cells are life units.

Theodor Schwann [Schwann, Theodor]

anatomist

Berlin, Germany

1838

Microscopic Research of the Structure and Growth of Animals and Plants [1838]

He lived 1810 to 1882 and invented animal cell theory. Cells are life units.

John Lort Stokes [Stokes, John Lort]

discoverer

England/Australia/Tasmania

1838 to 1842

He lived 1812 to 1885. From England, he went to Tasmania, Gulf of Carpentaria, Adelaide, and Port Darwin.

Vincenzo Gioberti [Gioberti, Vincenzo]

philosopher

Italy

1838 to 1847

Theory of Natural Sovereignty [1838]; Introduction to the Study of Philosophy [1839 to 1840]; Moral and Civil

Principles of Italians [1843]; Modern Jesuit [1847]

He lived 1801 to 1852, was of Ontologism, and was premier of Sardinia-Piedmont [1848 to 1849].

Thomas H. Burgess [Burgess, Thomas H.]

biologist

England

1839

Physiology or Mechanism of Blushing [1839]

Experiment cannot induce blushing physically. Experiment can induce blushing only mentally. Trying to restrain

blushing only increases it.

Michel E. Chevreul [Chevreul, Michel E.]

psychologist

Paris, France

1839

On the law of simultaneous contrast of colors [1839]

He lived 1786 to 1889 and invented Chevreul's array of progressively darker gray strips, which showed edge-

enhancement effects.

John Benjamin Dancer [Dancer, John Benjamin]

inventor

England

1839

microfilm [1839]

He lived 1812 to 1889 and invented microfilm.

William Henry Fox Talbot [Talbot, William Henry Fox]

inventor/photographer

USA

1839

He lived 1800 to 1877 and invented calotype.

Charles Barry [Barry, Charles]

architect

London, England

1839 to 1859

Houses of Parliament or Palace of Westminster [1839]; Big Ben [1859: Gothic clock]

He lived 1795 to 1860.

Henry Wadsworth Longfellow [Longfellow, Henry Wadsworth]

poet

USA

1839 to 1863

Psalm of Life [1839]; Wreck of the Hesperus [1841]; Village Blacksmith [1841]; Day Is Done [1845]; Evangeline

[1847]; Courtship of Miles Standish [1859]; Children's Hour [1860: poems]; Paul Revere's Ride [1861]; Excelsior

[1862]; Song of Hiawatha [1863: including Hiawatha's Departure]

He lived 1807 to 1882.

Isabella

queen

Spain

1839 to 1868

She lived 1830 to 1904 and became queen at end of Carlist War [1839]. Carlists had revolted because her father

Ferdinand VII did not follow Salid Law of succession, which allowed male heirs only, but Carlists under Don Carlos

lost. She abdicated [1868].

Richard Henry Dana [Dana, Richard Henry]

novelist

USA

1840

Two Years before the Mast [1840]

He lived 1815 to 1882.

Germain Henri Hess [Hess, Germain Henri]

chemist

Switzerland/Russia

1840

He lived 1802 to 1850 and noted enthalpy changes [1840].

Mikhail Lermontov [Lermontov, Mikhail]

poet/novelist

Russia

1840

Hero of Our Time [1840]; Poems [1840]

He lived 1814 to 1841.

Pierre Joseph Proudhon [Proudhon, Pierre Joseph]

essayist

France

1840

What Is Property? [1840: essay]

He lived 1809 to 1865 and was anarchist. Property is theft. People are equal. Living and working in small communities

or cooperatives is best. For justice and equality, small farmers, integrated through contracts, are better than large

landowners.

Qa'ani or Mirza Habib Gha'ani Shirazi [Shirazi, Mirza Habib Gha'ani]

poet

Persia

1840

Elegy [1840]

He lived 1807 to 1853.

Christoph Gudermann [Gudermann, Christoph]

mathematician

Munster, Germany

1840 to 1841

He lived 1798 to 1852 and worked with elliptic functions [1840 to 1841]. Elliptic functions are sums of converging

power terms.

William II

king

Netherlands

1840 to 1849

He lived 1792 to 1849.

Louis Agassiz [Agassiz, Louis]

biologist

Neuchâtel, Switzerland/USA

1840 to 1851

Study of Glaciers [1840]; Essay on Classification [1851]

He lived 1807 to 1873. Species form hierarchies, with form laws {taxonomy, Agassiz}.

Gabriel Lamé [Lamé, Gabriel]

mathematician

Paris, France

1840 to 1859

Lessons on curvilinear coordinates and their diverse applications [1859]

He lived 1795 to 1870 and studied curvilinear coordinates [1840] and invented Lamé's differential equation.

Fernan Caballero [Caballero, Fernan] or Cecilia Bohl de Faber [Faber, Cecilia Bohl de]

writer

Spain

1840 to 1860

La Oreja de Lucifer y Otros Cuentos del Demonio or The Ear of Lucifer and Other Tales of the Devil [1840 to 1860:

stories]

He lived 1796 to 1877.

Frederick William IV

king

Prussia

1840 to 1861

He lived 1795 to 1861 and put down 1848 Revolution. Treaty of Olmutz [1850] blocked his plan for German Union

with Austria by forming German Confederation, with Austria as leader.

Karl Rozenkranz [Rozenkranz, Karl]

philosopher

Germany

1840 to 1879

He lived 1805 to 1879 and was Hegelian.

William Henry Harrison [Harrison, William Henry]

president

USA

1841

He lived 1773 to 1841. Ninth president died soon.

Frederick Oakley [Oakley, Frederick]/John Reading [Reading, John]

composer

Germany

1841

Come, All Ye Faithful or Adeste Fidelis [1841: music is Portuguese Hymn]

Reading lived 1677 to 1764.

James Braid [Braid, James]

physician/surgeon

Britain

1841 to 1843

Neurypnology [1843]

He lived 1795 to 1860 and studied how to induce hypnosis.

John Tyler [Tyler, John]

president

USA

1841 to 1845

He lived 1790 to 1862. Tenth president became president when Harrison died. He was Whig but vetoed Whig bank

acts. He annexed Texas.

Søren Aabye Kierkegaard [Kierkegaard, Søren Aabye]

philosopher

Copenhagen, Denmark

1841 to 1849

On the Concept of Irony [1841]; Either/Or [1843]; Fear and Trembling [1843]; Philosophical Fragments [1844];

Concept of Anxiety [1844]; Stages on Life's Way [1845]; Concluding Unscientific Postscript to Philosophical

Fragments [1846]; Sickness unto Death [1849]

He lived 1813 to 1855, was Christian, and founded existentialism. He criticized Hegel's absolute consciousness, which

left out subjectivity and personality in favor of rationalism.

Epistemology

Truth is in self. Subjectivity gives truth.

Religion knows truth first by revelation and personal feeling {Religiousness A} and then by history and the eternal

{Religiousness B}.

Ethics

People should do good deeds for spiritual satisfaction alone, not to reach goal, gain reward, or avoid punishment

{double-mindedness}.

To act ethically, people cannot use objective standards, because choices are personal. People must develop self or

essence through ethics. Self makes choice and commits to idea or action.

People have sense of anxiety, dread, or anguish about having no control and facing life's vicissitudes {angst,

Kierkegaard}. People can try to avoid spiritual satisfaction {despair, Kierkegaard}, by denying God, by not thinking

about it, by trying to be someone else, or by suicide. Despair can lead to rejecting pleasurable life and discovering self.

People need faith, the opposite of despair or doubt, to avoid despair and suffering.

Mind

People's use of will to make choices with meaning and passion gives them self-interest and structure. People develop

themselves over life. People have essences, which try to come into existence and thus pass through three life stages:

aesthetic, ethical, and religious. Societies or political groups do not define people.

Sarah F. Adams [Adams, Sarah F.]/Lowell Mason [Mason, Lowell]

lyricist/composer

USA

1841 to 1858

Nearer, My God, to Thee [1841: music is Bethany, 1858]

Adams lived 1805 to 1848. Mason lived 1792 to 1872.

Jules Perrot [Perrot, Jules]

choreographer

St. Petersburg, Russia/France

1841 to 1858

Giselle [1841: created with Jean Coralli]; Pas de Quatre [1845: music by Cesare Pugni, for Taglioni, Cerrito, Grahn,

and Grisi]; Le Corsaire [1858]

He lived 1810 to 1882 and choreographed and danced at Imperial Theater.

Julius Robert von Mayer [Mayer, Julius Robert von]

chemist

Germany

1841 to 1867

He lived 1814 to 1878, studied energy conservation [1841], and showed that living things use chemical processes for

heat and power [1845]. Energy conservation is the only form in which axiom of causality is true.

David Livingstone [Livingstone, David]

discoverer

Scotland/Africa/Tanzania

1841 to 1873

He lived 1813 to 1873 and explored south Africa [1841], crossed Kalahari Desert, explored Zambesi River, reached

Luanda on Atlantic [1854], searched for source of Nile [1866], got to Lake Tanganyika, saw Victoria Falls, and went

down upper Congo. USA journalist Henry Stanley found him [1871] and said, "Dr. Livingstone, I presume." He died in

Africa.

Christian Doppler [Doppler, Christian]

physicist

Austria

1842

He lived 1803 to 1853 and discovered Doppler effect [1842].

Thomas Macaulay [Macaulay, Thomas]

poet

England

1842

Lays of Ancient Rome [1842: poem]

He lived 1800 to 1859.

Carlo Matteucci [Matteucci, Carlo]

physiologist

Italy

1842

On a physiological phenomenon produced by contracting muscles [1842]

He lived 1811 to 1868. Muscle cells have electric current [1842].

James Clark Ross [Ross, James Clark]

discoverer

England/Antarctica/Arctic

1842

He lived 1800 to 1862.

Johan Wilhelm Snellman [Snellman, Johan Wilhelm]

statesman

Finland

1842 to 1845

He lived 1806 to 1881 and was leader and Hegelian philosopher.

Giuseppe Verdi [Verdi, Giuseppe]

composer

Italy

1842 to 1896

Nabucco [1842]; Rigoletto [1851: opera]; Il Trovatore or The Troubadour [1853: opera]; La Traviata or The Woman

Who Strayed [1854: opera]; Masked Ball or Un Ballo in Maschera [1859: opera]; La Forza del Destino or Force of

Destiny [1862: opera]; Aida [1871: opera]; Requiem [1874: mass]; Othello [1887: opera]; Falstaff [1893: opera]; Stabat

Mater or The Mother Was Standing [1896: mass]

He lived 1813 to 1901.

Bruno Bauer [Bauer, Bruno]

philosopher

Berlin, Germany

1843

Christianity Exposed [1843]

He lived 1809 to 1882 and was of Hegelian left wing.

Ada Lovelace [Lovelace, Ada] or Augusta Byron [Byron, Augusta]

mathematician

London, England

1843

Notes on the Analytical Engine [1843: notes about general purpose computers added to her translation of French

memoir on Babbage's Analytical Engine]

She lived 1815 to 1852. Calculating machines cannot be creative, but only do what program indicates {Lady Lovelace's

objection}.

Henri Labrouste [Labrouste, Henri]

architect

Paris, France

1843 to 1851

Bibliothèque Sainte Genevieve or Sainte Genevieve Library [1843 to 1851: Cast iron building]

He lived 1801 to 1875.

Daniel Decatur Emmett [Emmett, Daniel Decatur]

composer

USA

1843 to 1859

Old Man Tucker [1843]; Blue Tail Fly or Jimmy Crack Corn [1846]; Dixie [1859]; Black Brigade [1863]

He lived 1815 to 1904.

Karl Marx [Marx, Karl]

philosopher

Germany/Paris, France/London, England

1843 to 1867

On the Jewish Question [1843]; Toward the Critique of Hegel's Philosophy of Right: Introduction [1843]; Holy Family:

Or a Critique of All Critiques [1844]; Economic and Philosophical Manuscripts [1844]; Theses on Feuerbach [1845];

German Ideology [1846: with Friedrich Engels]; Poverty of Philosophy [1847]; Communist Manifesto [1848: with

Friedrich Engels]; Class Struggles in France [1850]; Eighteenth Brumaire of Louis Bonaparte [1852]; Outlines of the

Critique of Political Economy [1858]; Contribution to a Critique of Political Economy [1859]; Theories of Surplus

Value [1863]; Wages, Prices and Profit [1865]; Capital [1867: Engels edited second and third volumes of 1884 and

1893]

He lived 1818 to 1883, was Feuerbach's and Bauer's student, and was Young Hegelian. He wanted to merge

Hegelianism with Enlightenment materialism. He began working with Engels [1844] and helped found Communist

League with Engels [1848]. He helped found First International Workingmen's Association [1864].

Economics

One person or group cannot affect market, though people create markets.

Market and capitalists {bourgeoisie} exploit workers {proletariat}. Capitalism and markets always tends to form

monopolies and create injustice. They take away freedom, prevent constructive social activity, cause competition, block

cooperation, and take labor products away from laborer to anonymous place. Bourgeoisie create new production forces.

Those forces control proletariat.

First basic production mode {feudalism, Marx} had landowners in control. Second mode {capitalism, Marx} had

industrialists in control. Third and final mode {socialism, Marx} will have wage earners in control.

Capitalism and private property are about profit making, not about people. Employers increase their profits by adding

capital, decreasing labor, and merging, to control the market and bankrupt other smaller businesses. More people

become unemployed and wages fall, which can lead to revolution.

Production level greater than wage level {surplus value} causes profit.

However, if surplus value theory is true, labor-intensive industries should have higher profits, but they do not. Actually,

different industry types have about equal profit.

To maximize profit, businesses try to keep wages low and employ few workers. Profit minimizes employment, and

workers are poor.

Economic system must change to allow human meaning and freedom, by removing social classes and allowing people

to produce under their will, under rule of proletariat {dictatorship of the proletariat}.

Only labor, not land or capital, has value {labor theory of value}. Capital and resources are indirect labor. Because

capitalistic systems discount labor, they make too much capital {overproduction}, have overproduction, and have

unsold goods, and economy has business cycles.

Epistemology

Social and economic relations {culture base} {base, culture}, particularly production ability, determine society's

beliefs, arts, laws, politics, government, institutions, morals, and religions {superstructure}. The superstructure and

social ideas {ideology, society} favor and are for society's ruling class.

Perception is interaction between subject and object, using the dialectic. The process can never be complete. To know

sensations and perceptions, you must use or apply them.

Because people and knowledge change over time as situations change, values change.

Ethics

Inhuman social and economic conditions cause alienation. Culture, religiosity, and materialism suppress expression of

spirit. Inhuman social and economic conditions also block people from getting basic needs. People cannot be free to

exercise their will or realize their essence. Life has no meaning.

Religion is an opiate and an illusion.

History

History is dialectical materialism applied to matter and man's relation to matter, which results in good production-mode

changes. Production modes determine philosophy, art, politics, and history.

History is deterministic.

The five history epochs are tribal communism, classical civilization, feudalism, capitalism, and communism. Epochs

have spirits, which determine people's actions, ideas, and environment. At historical periods, one class, such as

feudalism nobility or capitalism petty-bourgeoisie, dominates, because they optimize production.

Politics

Group creates state to allow one class to exploit another. Government is state's agent in this process. Dominant class

achieves and then maintains power.

However, the dialectic always maintains struggle between classes. Capitalism injustices lead to revolt of the masses.

Overcoming capitalist power requires revolution. After capitalist-system breakdown, proletariat will collectively

establish goals and produce accordingly. Dictatorship of proletariat is transition to state control of land and production

{communism, Marx}, which is the only alternative to capitalism.

John Stuart Mill [Mill, John Stuart]

philosopher/economist

Scotland/Britain

1843 to 1873

System of Logic [1843]; Principles of Political Economy [1848]; Essay On Liberty [1859]; Considerations on

Representative Government [1861]; Utilitarianism [1861]; Examination of Sir William Hamilton's Philosophy [1865];

Auguste Comte and Positivism [1866]; Subjection of Women [1869]; Autobiography [1873]

He lived 1806 to 1873, was James Mill's son, and was utilitarian, empiricist, and associationist. He tried to meld the

Enlightenment with romanticism.

Epistemology

Knowledge, including mathematics and logic, comes only from experience. People can know matter and objects only

as sensation loci.

Reasoning is induction or generalization {inductivism}. Reasoning can be good, middling, or poor.

Science laws can result from adding similar components {homopathic law} to obtain similar results. Science laws can

result from multiplying dissimilar components {heteropathic law} to obtain new properties.

Eliminating objects and events that have no effect can find true causes {Mill's methods}, by agreement, difference,

joint-agreement-and-difference, residues, or concomitant-variations methods.

Language feature, word, or phrase has connotation and denotation. Connotation is meaning and gives denotation.

Proper names do not have connotation, because they have no wider meaning and no defining attributes.

Associations can be real and actual or apparent and verbal ones.

Consciousness is only perception associations. It does not need intuition or subjective faculty.

Ethics

People seek only happiness. Other goals, such as virtue, are part of happiness or means to happiness.

The happiness of the greatest number is the best. Happiness requires liberty and free will. Wrong actions or things

cause less happiness.

Pleasures have qualitative differences. People must account for pleasure quality, as well as quantity.

Human nature is free and individual.

Mind

Mind can have experiences, memories, and hopes or desires, experienced by self.

Other humans seem to have consciousness, but how can mind know that there are other minds {Other, Mill}.

Politics

Society should provide the basic conditions for happiness. Society can nurture human nature.

Government can coerce individuals only to prevent harm to others {harm principle}.

Society must protect people's possessions. One possession is justice.

Hermann Ulrici [Ulrici, Hermann]

philosopher

Halle, Germany

1843 to 1875

Principle and Method of Hegelian Philosophy [1843]; God and Nature [1875]

He lived 1806 to 1884 and was Theist.

Richard Wagner [Wagner, Richard]

composer

Germany

1843 to 1882

Flying Dutchman [1843: opera]; Tannhäuser [1845: opera, including Arrival of the Guests at Wartburg]; Lohengrin

[1850: opera, including Wedding March or Bridal Chorus]; Tristan und Isolde [1865: tone poem]; Die Meistersinger

von Nurnberg [1868: opera]; Der ring der Nibelungen or Ring of the Nibelung [1869 to 1874: operas]; Das Rheingold

or Rhine Gold [1869: Ring first part]; Die Walkure or Valkyries [1870: Ring second part]; Siegfried [1876: Ring third

part]; Die Götterdämmerung or Twilight of the Gods [1877: Ring fourth part includes Death of Siegfried]; Parsifal

[1882: opera]

He lived 1813 to 1883. Operas had leitmotifs and chromaticism, with continuous melody, no melodic or poetic

repetitions, and no separate arias or recitativas.

Charles Goodyear [Goodyear, Charles]

inventor

USA

1844

rubber vulcanization [1844]

He lived 1800 to 1860 {rubber vulcanization}. He did not found or run Goodyear Rubber Company. Mesoamericans

vulcanized rubber [-1600].

Shaykh Ahmad-i-Ahsa'i or Shaykh Ahmad

leader

Iran

1844

He lived 1753 to 1826 and founded Shaykhi Shi'a religious movement. Shi'a believes that there were twelve Imams

starting with Ali ibn Abu Talib and ending with Muhammad al-Mahdi, who will return before judgment day as the

Mahdi or Mihdi. Shaykh Ahmad said he communicated with the coming Mahdi. Shaykh Ahmad or his successor

Siyyid Kazim predicted that the Mahdi was coming. Shaykhi began to search for Qa'im or Promised One of the Shiites

and said it was the Bab [1844]. One was Ali Muhammad or the Báb, who said he was the Mahdi and Persia executed

him [1850]. Bahá'í Faith comes from Shaykh Ahmad, Siyyid Kazim, the Báb, and then Bahá'u'lláh. Another was Haji

Karim Khan of Kirman, who escaped punishment and had no followers.

Horace Wells [Wells, Horace]

dentist

USA

1844

He lived 1815 to 1848 and first used nitrous-oxide anesthetic [1844] when he extracted his tooth.

Ali Muhammad [Muhammad, Ali] or The Bab [Bab, The] or Gate

philosopher

Iran

1844 to 1850

He lived 1819 to 1850, was Muslim, and announced that soon person was to come to unify all people [1844]. Later he

said he was Mahdi. Iranian government killed him [1850].

Giuseppe Mazzini [Mazzini, Giuseppe]

philosopher

Turin, Italy

1844 to 1858

Duties of Man [1844 to 1858]

He lived 1804 to 1872, was Hegelian, and founded Young Italy [1831].

Hermann Grassmann [Grassmann, Hermann]

mathematician

Germany

1844 to 1862

Theory of Linear Extension [1844]; Theory of Extension [1862]

He lived 1809 to 1877 and invented hypercomplex numbers {Grassmann variable}. Hypernumbers can represent

tensors, quaternions, matrices, determinants, and all number types. Grassmann variables anti-commute: m . n = - n . m.

He studied calculus of extension. Perhaps, space-time has extra, Grassmann dimensions to allow supersymmetry and

supergravity.

Kit Carson [Carson, Kit]

scout

West USA

1845

He lived 1809 to 1868 and fought against American natives.

Frederick Douglass [Douglass, Frederick]

biographer

USA

1845

Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass, an American Slave [1845: biography]

He lived 1818 to 1895.

Sarah Margaret Fuller [Fuller, Sarah Margaret]

feminist

USA

1845

She lived 1810 to 1850.

Carlotta Grisi [Grisi, Carlotta]

ballerina

France

1845

Pas de Quatre [1845: with Carlotta Grisi, Marie Taglioni, Lucille Grahn, and Fanny Cerrito]

She lived 1819 to 1899.

Max Stirner [Stirner, Max] or Johann Schmidt [Schmidt, Johann]

philosopher

Leipzig, Germany

1845

Ego and Its Own [1845]

He lived 1806 to 1856 and was of Hegelian left wing. Personal egos are reality and should use ideas and things for

themselves. There should be no state, government, law, property, religion, family, ethics, or love. There should be no

compulsion.

Elizabeth Barrett Browning [Browning, Elizabeth Barrett]

poet

England

1845 to 1846

How Do I Love Thee? [1845: in Sonnets from the Portuguese]; Go from Me [1845: in Sonnets from the Portuguese]; If

Thou Must Love Me [1845: in Sonnets from the Portuguese]; Sonnets from the Portuguese [1846]

She lived 1806 to 1861.

James K. Polk [Polk, James K.]

president

USA

1845 to 1849

He lived 1795 to 1849, was follower of Andrew Jackson, reduced tariffs, directed Mexican War [1845 to 1848],

annexed Texas [1845], settled trouble over Oregon Territory [1846], and got California, Nevada, Utah, and Arizona

land [1848]. Treasury system became independent of banks.

George Gabriel Stokes [Stokes, George Gabriel]

mathematician

Ireland

1845 to 1849

Dynamical Theory of Diffraction [1849]

He lived 1819 to 1903 and invented Stokes theorem [1845], fluid-dynamics Navier-Stokes equations, and Stokes lines.

Navier-Stokes equations extend Newton's second dynamics law and linear constitutive stress relation.

Henry David Thoreau [Thoreau, Henry David]

essayist/political scientist

Boston, Masschusetts

1845 to 1849

Walden [1845]; On Civil Disobedience [1849: essay]

He lived 1817 to 1862 and was New England Transcendentalist. He advocated return to nature. He advocated non-

violent disobedience of unjust laws, and acceptance of punishment, to force repeal or modification.

Emil Heinrich Du Bois-Reymond [Du Bois-Reymond, Emil Heinrich]

physiologist

Germany

1845 to 1877

Researches on Animal Electricity [1848 and 1860: two volumes]

He lived 1818 to 1896. Nerve cells have resting potential [1845] that decreases with nerve impulse. Nerves conduct

electricity. Nerve impulses transmit chemically [1877].

Leopold Kronecker [Kronecker, Leopold]

mathematician

Germany

1845 to 1887

On Complex Units [1845]; Foundation of an Arithmetic Theory of General Algebra [1882]; On the Concept of

Numbers [1887]

He lived 1823 to 1891 and helped develop intuitionism. He invented Kronecker delta function and studied fields

[1881].

Edward Hicks [Hicks, Edward]

painter

USA

1846

Peaceable Kingdom [1846]

He lived 1780 to 1849.

Elias Howe [Howe, Elias]

inventor

USA

1846

lock stitch sewing machine [1846]

He lived 1819 to 1867 {lock stitch sewing machine}.

Edward Lear [Lear, Edward]

poet

USA

1846

Owl and the Pussycat [1846]

He lived 1812 to 1888 and wrote limericks and nonsense verse.

Elisha Graves Otis [Otis, Elisha Graves]

inventor

USA

1846 to 1852

railway safety brake [1846 to 1852]; elevator brake [1852]

He lived 1811 to 1861 {railway safety brake}.

John Ruskin [Ruskin, John]

critic/essayist

England

1846 to 1853

Modern Painters [1846: essay]; Seven Lamps of Architecture [1849: essay]; Stones of Venice [1853: essay]

He lived 1819 to 1900 and praised Arts and Crafts movement [1880 to 1900].

Franz von Suppe [Suppe, Franz von]

composer

Dalmatia/Austria

1846 to 1866

Poet and Peasant [1846: opera, includes the Poet and Peasant Overture]; Light Cavalry [1866: opera, includes the Light

Cavalry Overture]

He lived 1819 to 1895.

Friedrich Engels [Engels, Friedrich]

philosopher

Germany/England

1846 to 1884

German Ideology [1846: with Marx]; Communist Manifesto [1848: with Marx]; Condition of the Working Class in

England [1844]; Socialism: Utopian and Scientific [1870]; Anti-Dühring [1878]; Dialectics of Nature [1875 to 1882];

Origin of the Family, Private Property, and the State [1884]

He lived 1820 to 1895 and was Young Hegelian. He met Marx [1842], founded Communism [1848], and organized

revolutionary movements in Europe.

Epistemology

Practical results determine truth.

Metaphysics

Nature develops through dialectic {dialectical materialism}. Matter has opposites and contradictions, whose dialectic

gives motion and development to matter. Dialectic causes quantitative and then qualitative change. Change results in

loss or negation and thus leads to new things. Matter gives thought form, which is the dialectic. Matter came before

consciousness.

Politics

Society develops through dialectical materialism. History is struggle between classes.

Charlotte Brontë [Brontë, Charlotte]

novelist

England

1847

Jane Eyre [1847]

She lived 1816 to 1855.

Emily Brontë [Brontë, Emily]

novelist

England

1847

Wuthering Heights [1847]

She lived 1818 to 1848.

Placide Cappeau [Cappeau, Placide]/Adolphe-Charles Adam [Adam, Adolphe-Charles]

composer

France/USA

1847

O Holy Night [1847: translated by John Sullivan Dwight]

Cappeau lived 1808 to 1877. Adam lived 1803 to 1856.

Friedrich von Flotow [Flotow, Friedrich von]

composer

Germany

1847

Martha [1847: opera, including M'appari Tutt' Amor]

He lived 1812 to 1883.

Henry F. Lyte [Lyte, Henry F.]/William H. Monk [Monk, William H.]

lyricist/composer

USA

1847

Abide with Me [1847: music is Eventide, 1861]

Lyte lived 1793 to 1847. Monk lived 1823 to 1889.

Karl von Staudt [Staudt, Karl von]

mathematician

Nuremberg, Germany

1847

Geometry of Position [1847]

He lived 1798 to 1867 and analyzed projective geometry without metric and without congruence.

George Boole [Boole, George]

mathematician

England

1847 to 1854

Mathematical Analysis of Logic [1847]; Investigation of the Laws of Thought, on which are founded the Mathematical

Theories of Logic and Probabilities [1854]

He lived 1815 to 1864 and studied symbolic logic and logic of classes or extensional logic. Arithmetic and algebras

have axioms and theorems allowing independent term or variable meanings. Axioms and theorems can be statements,

sets, classes, events, or durations. Syllogisms can use arithmetic notation, and algorithm can prove them {Boolean

algebra, Boole}. Boolean algebra has sets, union operation, intersection operation, complement operation, zero

element, and unit element. Arithmetic axioms hold for elements and operations.

Epistemology

Mind has ability to conceive class, designate individual class members by common name, perform other logical tasks,

and think logically {laws of thought, Boole}. Thought laws are innate and inherited.

Matthew Townsend [Townsend, Matthew]

inventor

England

1847 to 1856

latch needle for knitting [1847 to 1856]

He lived 1817 to ?. Knitting needles {latch needle} can open and close.

Stephen A. Douglas [Douglas, Stephen A.]

senator

USA

1847 to 1858

He lived 1813 to 1861 and debated Lincoln [1858]. He advocated Squatter Sovereignty, permitting slavery in territories

and allowing state applying for statehood to vote to be slave or free. At Freeport [1860], he said that territories can

exclude slavery by voting, lost southern-Democrat support, and lost presidential race against Lincoln.

Ignaz Philipp Semmelweis [Semmelweis, Ignaz Philipp]

biologist

Hungary/Vienna, Austria

1847 to 1861

Etiology, Concept, and Prophylaxis of Childbed Fever [1861]

He lived 1818 to 1865 and started hand washing in chlorine solution [1847].

Alexandr Herzen [Herzen, Alexandr]

philosopher

Russia/Paris, France

1847 to 1862

Who Is to Blame? [1847]; From the Other Shore [1848 to 1849]; My Past and Thoughts [1855]; Bell [1857 to 1862]

He lived 1812 to 1870 and was Hegelian historian. Chance causes all things to be contingent.

Francis Parkman [Parkman, Francis]

historian

USA

1847 to 1885

Oregon Trail [1847]; History of the Conspiracy of Pontiac [1851]; Montcalm and Wolfe [1885]

He lived 1823 to 1893.

George Henry Corliss [Corliss, George Henry]

inventor

USA

1848

steam valve gear [1848]

He lived 1817 to 1888 {steam valve gear}.

Elizabeth Stanton [Stanton, Elizabeth]

feminist

USA

1848

She lived 1815 to 1902 and worked for women's rights.

Johann Strauss, Sr. [Strauss, Sr., Johann]

composer

Austria

1848

Radetsky March [1848]

He lived 1804 to 1849.

William Makepeace Thackeray [Thackeray, William Makepeace]

novelist

England

1848

Vanity Fair [1848]

He lived 1811 to 1863.

Jean Foucault [Foucault, Jean]

physicist

France

1848 to 1850

He lived 1819 to 1868, invented Foucault pendulum [1848], and studied refraction index [1850].

Robert Mills [Mills, Robert]

architect

Washington, DC

1848 to 1855

Washington Monument [1848 to 1885: concrete and iron obelisk]

He lived 1781 to 1855.

Stephen C. Foster [Foster, Stephen C.]

composer

USA

1848 to 1865

Oh Susanna [1848]; De Camptown Races [1850]; Ah! May the Red Rose Live Alway! [1850]; Old Folks at Home or

Swanee River [1851]; My Old Kentucky Home [1853]; I Dream of Jeanie with the Light Brown Hair [1854]; Old

Black Joe [1860]; Beautiful Dreamer [1862]; Voices That Are Gone [1865]

He lived 1826 to 1864.

Nasseroddin Shah

shah

Persia

1848 to 1896

He lived 1831 to 1896 and was Qajar. Amir Kabir was Premier [1848 to 1851].

Charles Bernard Renouvier [Renouvier, Charles Bernard]

philosopher

Paris, France

1848 to 1901

Republican Manual of the Man and Citizen [1848]; Dilemmas of Pure Metaphysics [1901]

He lived 1815 to 1903 and was Idealist. Belief is voluntary. Nature is indeterminate, finite, and relative.

Martin Van Buren [Van Buren, Martin]

candidate

USA

1848.11

He lived 1782 to 1862 and ran for president as Free-Soil Party candidate.

Louis Napoleon or Napoleon III

president/emperor

France

1848.12 to 1870

He lived 1808 to 1873. After trying to become emperor in 1836 and 1840, he returned to France, and assembly elected

him president of Republic [1848], promising democracy and order. He dissolved legislature, crushed worker revolt, and

ended Second Republic. He founded Second Empire of France [1852]. He granted more power to legislature and

reigned in prosperity. He built Suez Canal [1859 to 1869], adventured in Mexico, got China Lands, fought Crimean

War, restored the pope, and controlled Papal States. He fought Franco-Prussian War [1869 to 1870], but Prussia

captured and deposed him.

Francis Joseph I or Franz Joseph I

emperor

Austria

1848.12 to 1916

He lived 1830 to 1916 and reorganized Austrian Empire [1867] as Austro-Hungary. He lost Lombardy and Venetia in

Austro-Prussian War or Seven Weeks War, which Peace of Prague settled.

Arnold A. Berthold [Berthold, Arnold A.]

biologist

Berlin, Germany

1849

Transplantation of Testes [1849]

He lived 1803 to 1861 and studied hormones [1849] and transplantation.

Arthur Hugh Clough [Clough, Arthur Hugh]

poet

England

1849

Say Not the Struggle Nought Availeth [1849]

He lived 1819 to 1861.

Richard Owen [Owen, Richard]

physician/naturalist

Britain

1849

On Parthenogenesis [1849]

He lived 1804 to 1892 and found horse intermediate fossils. All vertebrates have body plans based on repeating

vertebrae, which can evolve.

Arnold Ruge [Ruge, Arnold]

philosopher

Germany/England

1849

Religion of Humanity [1849]

He lived 1802 to 1880 and was humanist and Theist.

Nathaniel Currier [Currier, Nathaniel]

lithographer

USA

1849 to 1850

Way They Come from California [1849]; Son and Daughter of Temperance [1850]

He lived 1813 to 1888.

Zachary Taylor [Taylor, Zachary]

president

USA

1849 to 1850

He lived 1784 to 1850. Before 1849, 12th president fought American Indians and fought in Mexican War.

Carlo Cattaneo [Cattaneo, Carlo]

philosopher

Lugano, Italy

1849 to 1855

History of the Revolution of 1848 [1849]; Triennial Archive of Italian History [1850 to 1855]

He lived 1801 to 1869 and was of Comtian School.

Gustave Courbet [Courbet, Gustave]

painter

France

1849 to 1855

Stone Breakers [1849]; Burial at Ornano [1849]; Interior of My Studio [1855]

He lived 1819 to 1877.

Christian Hermann Weisse [Weisse, Christian Hermann]

philosopher

Leipzig, Germany

1849 to 1862

Future of the Protestant Church [1849]; Philosophical Dogmatics of Christian Philosophy [1855 and 1860 and 1862]

He lived 1801 to 1866 and was Theist. Being is free-personality self-production.

Edwin Booth [Booth, Edwin]

actor

USA

1849 to 1864

He lived 1833 to 1893.

Claude Bernard [Bernard, Claude]

physiologist

Paris, France

1849 to 1865

Lessons on Phenomena of Life in Animals and Plants [1863]; Introduction to the study of internal medicine [1865]

He lived 1813 to 1878, studied pancreas [1849], studied liver and carbohydrates [1851], and noted curare's effects on

nerve transmission to muscle [1853]. Anesthetics affect single cell organisms, such as green slime mold, amoebae, and

paramecia [1875]. Internal environments {milieu interieur} can have constancies {homeostasis, Bernard}.

Frederick W. Faber [Faber, Frederick W.]/Henri F. Hemy [Hemy, Henri F.]/James G. Walton [Walton, James

G.]

lyricist/composer/composer

England

1849 to 1871

Faith of Our Fathers [1849: music is Hemy's St. Catherine, 1864, as adapted by Walton, 1871]

Faber lived 1814 to 1863. Hemy lived 1818 to 1888. Walton lived 1821 to 1905.

James Russell Lowell [Lowell, James Russell]

poet

USA

1849 to 1888

Once to Every Man and Nation [1849: hymn]; On Democracy [1868]; Heartsease and Rue [1888: poems]

He lived 1819 to 1891.

William III

king

Netherlands

1849 to 1890

He lived 1817 to 1890.

Robert Bingham [Bingham, Robert]

inventor

England

1850

He lived 1824 to 1870 and invented dry collodion process. Process became efficient later [1871].

Sanford C. Faulkner [Faulkner, Sanford C.]

composer

USA

1850

Arkansas Traveler [1850]

He lived 1806 to 1874.

Charles A. Saint-Beuve [Saint-Beuve, Charles A.]

poet

France

1850

Causeries du Lundi or Monday Chats [1850]

He lived 1804 to 1869.

François Millet [Millet, François]

painter

France

1850 to 1855

Sower [1850]; Peasant Spreading Manure [1855]

He lived 1814 to 1875 and was of Barbizon School.

William R. Hamilton [Hamilton, William R.]

mathematician

Ireland/Scotland

1850 to 1856

Lectures on Metaphysics and Logic [1869]

He lived 1788 to 1856 and belonged to school of intuition. He invented quaternions and Cayley-Hamilton theorem. He

studied non-commutative algebras. His student was H.L. Mansel. People can know the finite, but people know the rest

by faith, based on Kant.

Millard Fillmore [Fillmore, Millard]

president

USA

1850 to 1857

He lived 1800 to 1874. 13th president tried to implement Fugitive Slave act, avoided foreign affairs, and tried to

advance Whig party. Later, he was Know-Nothing Party candidate.

Rudolf Clausius [Clausius, Rudolf]

physicist/chemist

Germany

1850 to 1865

He lived 1822 to 1888 and noted energy conservation [1850], studied gas kinetic theory, and invented virial theorem.

Entropy always increases [1865].

Hermann Ludwig Ferdinand von Helmholtz [Helmholtz, Hermann Ludwig Ferdinand von]

physiologist/physicist/inventor

Germany

1850 to 1867

Treatise on Physiological Optics [1856 to 1867]; On the Sensations of Tone [1863]; ophthalmoscope [1851];

ophthalmometer

He lived 1821 to 1894 and founded perceptual physiology {ophthalmoscope, Helmholtz}. He developed Young-

Helmholtz trichromatic color-vision theory and studied lens accommodation. He first timed nerve-signal conduction

rate and muscle-action times [1850]. Speed at which electrical impulses travel along nerve fibers limits human reaction

time. Pitch discrimination depends on resonance {fixed pitch theory}.

Epistemology

People cannot know external physical events and only have neural signals. Neural signals from senses gain meaning

from learned associations, which depend on assumptions that can be incorrect. Perceptions are unconscious inferences.

People cannot experience or introspect how they perceive or think. People cannot know data on which brain bases

perceptions and beliefs. During perceptions and decisions to perform muscle movements, nerve signals switch. Body

sense receptors receive and analyze physical energies from outside world to make independent, simple, and

unnoticeable sensations, and brains learn to perceive objects and events that probably produced sensations {classical

theory of psychology}.

David F. Strauss [Strauss, David F.]

philosopher

Germany

1850 to 1874

Life of Jesus [1835]

He lived 1808 to 1874 and was of Hegelian left wing.

Moritz Lazarus [Lazarus, Moritz]

philosopher

Berlin, Germany

1850 to 1883

Leadership of the Prussians in Germany [1850]; Life of the Soul [1855 to 1857 and 1883]; Journal of National

Psychology and Linguistics [1860: with Heymann Steinthal]; Synthesis of Thoughts on National Psychology [1865]

He lived 1824 to 1903 and developed a new psychology {Folk Psychology, Lazarus} {Comparative Psychology,

Lazarus} [1854: with Heymann Steinthal].

Frederick Scott Archer [Archer, Frederick Scott]

photographer

USA

1851

He lived 1813 to 1857 and used wet collodion process.

James Prescott Joule [Joule, James Prescott]

physicist

England

1851

He lived 1818 to 1889 and studied heat in conductors. Work and heat are energies [1851].

Joseph Paxton [Paxton, Joseph]

architect

Sydenham, England

1851

Crystal Palace [1851: Three tiers of long parallel halls inside a glass and iron shell had a central entrance hall 35 meters

high with trees inside]

He lived 1801 to 1865. Crystal Palace was at Great Exhibition, the first World's Fair. In 1854, it moved to Hyde Park

until 1939. Sydenham is now in London.

Franz Grillparzer [Grillparzer, Franz]

writer

Germany

1851 to 1855

Libussa [1851]; Die Jüdin von Toledo or Jewess of Toledo [1855]

He lived 1791 to 1872.

Danilo II

king

Montenegro

1851 to 1860

He lived 1826 to 1860 and became archbishop [1851].

Thomas U. Walter [Walter, Thomas U.]

architect

Washington, DC

1851 to 1865

Capitol Dome and Wings [1851 to 1865: Neoclassical]

He lived 1804 to 1887.

Henry Longueville Mansel [Mansel, Henry Longueville]

philosopher

Scotland

1851 to 1866

Introduction to Logic [1851]; Metaphysics [1860]; Philosophy of the Conditioned [1866]

He lived 1820 to 1871 and was intuitionist and idealist.

Matthew Arnold [Arnold, Matthew]

poet

England

1851 to 1869

Dover Beach [1851: poem]; Culture and Anarchy [1869: essay]

He lived 1822 to 1888. People need liberal education, to know what is and what is best.

Edward Caswell [Caswell, Edward]/John Goss [Goss, John]

lyricist/composer

England

1851 to 1871

Christ Is Born in Bethlehem [1851: music, 1871]

Caswell lived 1814 to 1873. Goss lived 1800 to 1880.

Herman Melville [Melville, Herman]

novelist

USA

1851 to 1891

Moby Dick [1851]; Billy Budd, Foretopman [1891]

He lived 1819 to 1891.

Kuno Fischer [Fischer, Kuno]

philosopher

Heidelberg, Germany/Baden, Germany

1852

System of Logic und Metaphysics [1852]

He lived 1812 to 1870 and founded neo-Kantian Heidelberg School or Baden School or Southwest German School.

Mind uses logic and other a priori tools to make things valid.

Peter Mark Roget [Roget, Peter Mark]

essayist

England

1852

Roget's Thesaurus of English Words and Phrases [1852: thesaurus]

He lived 1779 to 1869.

Harriet Beecher Stowe [Stowe, Harriet Beecher]

novelist

USA

1852

Uncle Tom's Cabin [1852]

She lived 1811 to 1896.

Alexandre Dumas (fils) [Dumas (fils), Alexandre]

novelist

France

1852 to 1858

Camille [1852]; Le Demi-Monde or Underworld [1855]; Le Fils Naturel or Natural Child [1858]

He lived 1824 to 1895.

Ford Madox Brown [Brown, Ford Madox]

painter

England

1852 to 1865

Work [1852 to 1865: Pre-Raphaelite]

He lived 1821 to 1893.

Arthur Michel Saint Léon [Saint Léon, Arthur Michel]

ballet dancer/choreographer

France

1852 to 1870

Stenochorégraphie [1852: book about choreography notation]; Coppelia or Girl with Enamel Eyes [1870: ballet with

music by Léo Delibes]

He lived 1815 to 1870.

Rudolf von Jhering [Jhering, Rudolf von]

lawyer

Germany

1852 to 1889

Spirit of Roman Law [1852 to 1878]; Struggle for Justice [1872]; Instrument of Law or Law as a Means to an End

[1877 to 1883]; Jurisprudence in Jest and in Earnest [1884]; Intent to Possess [1889]

He lived 1818 to 1892 and was an international lawyer and Roman-law scholar.

Richard F. Burton [Burton, Richard F.]

historian

England

1853

Pilgrimage to Mecca [1853]

He lived 1821 to 1890 and translated Kama Sutra and Arabian Nights.

William Rankine [Rankine, William]

physicist

Scotland

1853

He lived 1820 to 1872, developed Rankine temperature scale, and invented first energy-conservation law.

Matthew Perry [Perry, Matthew]

commodore

Japan

1853 to 1854

He lived 1794 to 1858. Japan granted trade concessions to USA. He opened Japan to outside commerce and shipping,

soon followed by trade agreements with other nations.

Franklin Pierce [Pierce, Franklin]

president

USA

1853 to 1857

He lived 1804 to 1869. 14th president got Gadsen Purchase [1853] from Mexico in south Arizona. Sectionalism

increased with Kansas-Nebraska Bill [1854]. The squatter controversy resulted in bloodshed.

Edward Caswell [Caswell, Edward]/Joseph Barnby [Barnby, Joseph]

lyricist/composer

USA

1853 to 1868

When Morning Gilds the Skies [1853 and 1858: Caswell translated from German, music is Laudes Domini, 1868]

Barnby lived 1838 to 1896.

Bartolome Mitre [Mitre, Bartolome]

leader

Argentina

1853 to 1870

He lived 1821 to 1906, changed constitution [1853], became president [1862 to 1870], and began reforms.

Charles Gounod [Gounod, Charles]

composer

Germany/France

1853 to 1882

Meditation on the First Prelude of Bach or Ave Maria [1853]; Faust [1859: opera]; Romeo and Juliet [1864: opera]; La

Redemption [1882: chorale]

He lived 1818 to 1893.

Jenny Lind [Lind, Jenny]

soprano

Sweden

1854

Few Days [1854]

She lived 1820 to 1887.

Florence Nightingale [Nightingale, Florence]

nurse

Crimea

1854

She lived 1820 to 1910 and founded hospitals in Crimean War, bettered soldier lives, and reformed nurse training to

emphasize cleanliness, knowledge, and organization.

Bertrando Spaventa [Spaventa, Bertrando]

philosopher

Naples, Italy

1854

Letter on the Doctrine of Bruno [1854]

He lived 1817 to 1882 and was Hegelian.

Karl Weierstrass [Weierstrass, Karl]

mathematician

Germany

1854

On the Theory of Abelian Functions [1854]

He lived 1815 to 1897, used arithmetic concepts for mathematical analysis, and studied real number theory, analytic

and elliptic functions, and uniform convergence. He invented Weierstrass-Bolzano theorem [1854]. To remove

contradictions introduced by infinitesimals, he reformulated calculus using limits and exhaustion method. Elliptic

complex functions are sums of convergent power functions. Irrational numbers are rational-number-series

convergences.

Georg Bernhard Riemann [Riemann, Georg Bernhard]

mathematician

Germany

1854 to 1859

On the hypotheses that lie at the foundations of geometry [1854]; Theory of Abelian functions [1857]; On the number

of primes less than given magnitude [1859]

He lived 1826 to 1866. He studied non-Euclidean geometry, differential geometry, complex functions, multiple-valued

functions, mapping, prime-number theorems, analytic number theory, and singularities. He invented Riemann surfaces,

Riemann-Darboux integral, Riemann zeta function, Riemann mapping theorem, and Riemann hypothesis. Riemann

integrals are sums over infinity of step functions. All closed line segments have the same number of points. All points,

in plane touching Riemann sphere at South Pole, map to sphere points, with points at infinity mapping to North Pole.

Compact-plane points can thus map to limited, closed, and bounded surfaces.

Heymann Steinthal [Steinthal, Heymann]

philosopher

Germany

1854 to 1860

Journal of National Psychology and Linguistics [1860: with Lazarus]

He lived 1823 to 1899 and developed new psychology {Folk Psychology, Steinthal} {Comparative Psychology,

Steinthal} [1854], with Lazarus.

James Clerk Maxwell [Maxwell, James Clerk]

physicist

Britain

1854 to 1865

He lived 1831 to 1879, developed feedback-regulation mathematical formulas, and invented electromagnetism and

electromagnetic-wave laws [1865], using first-order partial-differential-equation systems. Mixing red, green, and blue

primary colors can make all colors [1854].

John Bartlett [Bartlett, John]

editor

USA

1855

Familiar Quotations [1855: dictionary]

He lived 1820 to 1905.

Thomas Bulfinch [Bulfinch, Thomas]

writer

London, England

1855

Mythology [1855]

He lived 1796 to 1867.

Arthur Cayley [Cayley, Arthur]

mathematician

England

1855

Determinants used before Matrices [1855]

He lived 1821 to 1895 and studied matrix theory and invariant theory.

Karl Fortlage [Fortlage, Karl]

philosopher

France/Germany

1855

System of Psychology [1855]

He lived 1820 to 1900. Source of existence is will.

Donald McKay [McKay, Donald]

inventor

Canada/USA

1855

clipper ship [1855]

He lived 1810 to 1880 {clipper ship}.

Joseph M. Scriven [Scriven, Joseph M.]/Charles C. Converse [Converse, Charles C.]

lyricist/composer

USA

1855

What a Friend We Have in Jesus [1855: music, 1868]

Scriven lived 1820 to 1886. Converse lived 1832 to 1918.

Anthony Trollope [Trollope, Anthony]

novelist

England

1855 to 1867

Barsetshire Chronicles [1855 to 1867: novels]; Warden [1855: Barsetshire Chronicles first novel]; Barchester Towers

[1857: Barsetshire Chronicles second novel]; Framley Parsonage [1861: Barsetshire Chronicles third novel]; Last

Chronicle of Barset [1867: Barsetshire Chronicles fourth novel]

He lived 1815 to 1882.

Walt Whitman [Whitman, Walt]

poet

USA

1855 to 1870

There Was a Child Went Forth [1855]; Song of Myself [1855]; I Hear America Singing [1855]; Leaves of Grass [1855:

poems]; Out of the Cradle Endlessly Rocking [1859]; O Captain! My Captain! [1866 and 1881: in Memories of

President Lincoln]; When Lilacs Last in the Courtyard Bloom'd [1866 and 1881: in Memories of President Lincoln];

Noiseless Patient Spider [1868]; Ethiopia Saluting the Colors [1870]

He lived 1819 to 1892.

Alexander Bain [Bain, Alexander]

philosopher

London, England

1855 to 1876

Senses and the Intellect [1855]; Emotions and the Will [1859]; Mind and Body [1872]; Mind [1876: journal]

He lived 1818 to 1903. Nearness in time and space, not causes or logic, causes idea associations.

Alexander II

czar

Russia

1855 to 1881

The Tsar liberator lived 1818 to 1881, was Romanov, and freed serfs [1861] but did not allow them to leave their

villages without permission. He started local assembly {zemstvo} and new judicial system. He fought Crimean War

over Russian influence in southeast Europe. Someone assassinated him.

Louis Pasteur [Pasteur, Louis]

biologist

Paris, France

1855 to 1883

Germ Theory and its Application to Medicine and Surgery [1878]

He lived 1822 to 1895 and studied yeast and fermentation [1855], developed pasteurization [1864], and developed

rabies vaccine [1883]. Organic molecules can have chirality. Cells come from cells, with no spontaneous generation.

Herbert Spencer [Spencer, Herbert]

philosopher

Britain

1855 to 1884

Principles of Psychology [1855]; Programme of a System of Synthetic Philosophy [1860]; Education [1861]; First

Principles [1862]; Principles of Biology [1864]; Study of Sociology [1873]; Principles of Ethics [1879]; Principles of

Sociology [1880]; Man versus the State [1884]

He lived 1820 to 1903 and was determinist. He developed a system {Social Darwinism} of thought and reality based on

evolution. He promoted and defended Darwin's theory. He believed in human progress, as necessary to natural, organic

society development. He emphasized individualism, laissez-faire economics, energy, optimism, and confidence.

Epistemology

Thinking relates two things {synthetic philosophy}, and so it is only real for phenomena. Outside phenomena, both

science and religion have unknowables.

Homogeneous things are unstable. Multiplying effects and segregating things lead to heterogeneity.

Incongruity between actual and expected explains humor {incongruity theory} [1860].

Ethics

Doing good makes life longer and better, integrates group more, and coordinates life better. Ethics depends on society

type. Laissez-faire economics is good. In evolution, pleasure associates with good, and pain associates with bad.

Evolution determines morality. Ethics involves adapting, without preventing others from adapting.

Metaphysics

Nature always seeks equilibrium and always becomes more diverse. Adaptation leads to acquiring new characteristics,

which can evolve. Evolution is matter integration and motion dissipation, moving from homogeneity to coordinated

heterogeneity. Dissolution is opposite of evolution. Life is continuous adjustment to external by internal. Survival of

fittest and struggle for existence are life principles.

Politics

Societies move toward perfection by evolution, like organism. Religious-military-monarchy and industrial-peaceful-

democracy are the two society types.

Theodor Mammsen [Mammsen, Theodor]

lawyer/historian

Berlin, Germany

1855 to 1885

History of Rome [1855 and 1885]

He lived 1817 to 1903 and was an international lawyer and Roman-law historian.

Heinrich Lissauer [Lissauer, Heinrich]

psychologist

Germany

1855 to 1890

Contribution on the Pathological Anatomy of Tabes dorsalis [1885]; Case of visual agnosia with contribution to theory

[1889]; Thalamus Lesions in Progressive Paralysis [1890: Lissauer's paralysis]

He lived 1861 to 1891, found tractus dorsolateralis or Lissauer's tract [1855], and invented model for visual recognition

[1890]. Patients can fail to form associations between memories and perceptions or fail to form perceptions {mind-

blindness} [1879].

Henry Bessemer [Bessemer, Henry]

inventor

England

1856

open-hearth process [1856]

He lived 1813 to 1898 and invented cheaper steel manufacturing process {open-hearth process}.

Pierre Larousse [Larousse, Pierre]

editor

France

1856

Larousse Dictionary [1856: dictionary]

He lived 1817 to 1875.

Joseph Mazilier [Mazilier, Joseph]

choreographer

France

1856

Le Corsaire [1856: especially the pas de deux, music by Adolph Adam]

He lived 1797 to 1868.

Hamilton Smith [Smith, Hamilton]

inventor

USA

1856

tintype or ferrotype

He invented tintype.

William Smith [Smith, William]

architect

Royal Deeside, Scotland

1856

Balmoral Castle [Gothic]

He lived 1817 to 1891. It is near Aberdeen.

Thomas Vernon Wollaston [Wollaston, Thomas Vernon]

anatomist

England

1856

Variation of Species [1856]

He lived 1822 to 1878.

Karl Göschel [Göschel, Karl]

philosopher

Germany

1856 to 1857

Immortality: Psychology of the Bible [1856]; Hegel and His Time [1857]

He lived 1784 to 1862 and was of Hegelian right wing.

Rudolf H. Lotze [Lotze, Rudolf H.]

philosopher

Germany

1856 to 1881

Microcosmus: An Essay concerning Man and His Relation to the World [1856 to 1864]

He lived 1817 to 1881 and was Teleological Idealist.

Paul Gustave Doré [Doré, Paul Gustave]

painter/illustrator

France

1856 to 1887

Contes Drolatiques by Balzac or Droll Stories by Balzac [1856: illustrations]; Divine Comedy [1861 to 1868:

illustrations]; Scripture Reader in a Night Shelter [1865]; Paradise Lost [1866: illustrations]; Don Quixote in His

Library [1887]; Men Setting Their Watches by the Noon Gun

He lived 1832 to 1883.

Charles Baudelaire [Baudelaire, Charles]

poet

France

1857

Flowers of Evil [1857]

He lived 1821 to 1867.

James Buchanan [Buchanan, James]

president

USA

1857

He lived 1791 to 1868. 15th president dealt with slavery issues.

Gustave Flaubert [Flaubert, Gustave]

novelist

France

1857

Madame Bovary [1857: novel]; Three Tales [1872: stories]; Simple Heart [1872: Three Tales first story]; St. Julian the

Hospitaler [1872: Three Tales second story]; Aucassin et Nicolette [1872: Three Tales third story]

He lived 1821 to 1880.

John Henry Hopkins, Jr. [Hopkins, Jr., John Henry]

composer

USA

1857

We Three Kings of Orient Are [1857]

He lived 1820 to 1891.

William S. Pitts [Pitts, William S.]

lyricist/composer

USA

1857

Church in the Wildwood [1857]

He lived 1830 to 1918.

Henry Thomas Buckle [Buckle, Henry Thomas]

philosopher

London, England

1858

History of Civilization [1858]

He lived 1821 to 1862 and developed evolutionary laws of history. History has three stages. Theological stage depends

on supernatural and has rule by priests. Metaphysical stage depends on concepts and has rule by judges. Positive or

scientific stage depends on experimental laws and has rule by businessmen.

Stanislao Canizzaro [Canizzaro, Stanislao]

chemist

Italy

1858

He lived 1826 to 1910 and defined the mole [1858], found atomic weights, and invented molecular formulas.

Joseph Fawkes [Fawkes, Joseph]

inventor

USA

1858

steam plow [1858]

He lived 1804 to 1886 {steam plow}.

Ivan Goncharov [Goncharov, Ivan]

writer

Russia

1858

Oblomov [1858]

He lived 1812 to 1891.

Anton Rubinstein [Rubinstein, Anton]

pianist

Russia

1858

Melody in F [1858]

He lived 1829 to 1894.

Rudolf Virchow [Virchow, Rudolf]

biologist

Germany

1858

Cell Pathology [1858]

He lived 1821 to 1902 and studied cell theory. Cells arise from each other over continual generations {Omnis cellula e

cellula}.

Charles Hermite [Hermite, Charles]

mathematician

France

1858 to 1864

On a new development in function series [1864]

He lived 1822 to 1901 and invented Hermitean operators and Hermite functions [1858 to 1864].

Jacques Offenbach [Offenbach, Jacques]

composer

France/Germany

1858 to 1866

Orpheus in the Underworld [1858: opera]; Tales of Hoffman [1864: opera]; Beautiful Helene [1864: opera]; Parisian

Life [1866: opera]

He lived 1819 to 1880.

Ferdinand de Lesseps [Lesseps, Ferdinand de]/Alois Negrelli [Negrelli, Alois]

diplomat/architect

France/Austria/Egypt

1858 to 1869

Suez Canal [1858 to 1869: iron canal from Port Said on Mediterranean to Suez on Red Sea]

Negrelli lived 1799 to 1858 and was from Austria. Lesseps lived 1805 to 1894 and was from France.

Benito Juarez [Juarez, Benito]

president

Mexico

1858 to 1871

He lived 1806 to 1872, led War of Reform, opposed Santa Anna, and resisted attempt of Maximilian to set up French

Empire, He led after Emperor Maximilian was overthrown [1867] and changed constitution. He put down rebellion by

Diaz [1871].

Johann Strauss, Jr. [Strauss, Jr., Johann]

composer

Austria

1858 to 1899

Tritsch Tratsch Polka [1858]; Blue Danube [1867]; Tales from the Vienna Woods [1868]; Die Fledermaus or Flying

Mouse [1874: opera]; Emperor Waltz [1889]; Vienna Blood [1899: waltz]

He lived 1825 to 1899 and composed operettas.

Gustav Robert Kirchhoff [Kirchhoff, Gustav Robert]

chemist/inventor

Germany

1859

spectroscope [1865]

He lived 1824 to 1887, discovered spectra absorption lines [1859], and discovered cesium and rubidium.

Henry Walter Bates [Bates, Henry Walter]

biologist

England

1859 to 1862

Contributions to an Insect Fauna of the Amazon Valley [1862]

He lived 1825 to 1892, studied mimicry [1862] {Batesian mimicry}, and was a naturalist in Amazon [1848 to 1859].

George Meredith [Meredith, George]

novelist/poet

England

1859 to 1862

Ordeal of Richard Feveral [1859]; Modern Love [1862]

He lived 1828 to 1909.

Alexander John Cusa [Cusa, Alexander John]

prince

Walachia/Moldavia

1859 to 1866

He lived 1820 to 1873, was prince of Romania [1859 to 1866], and led Danubian Principalities of Walachia and

Moldavia [1859].

Charles Robert Darwin [Darwin, Charles Robert]

naturalist

Britain

1859 to 1872

On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection [1859]; Descent of Man and Selection in Relation to Sex

[1871]; Expression of the Emotions in Man and Animals [1872]

He lived 1809 to 1882. He developed plant and animals evolution theory. Natural selection of variations leads to the

most-successful reproduction {survival of the fittest, Darwin}. Species evolved from earlier species, making branching

evolutionary trees. Evolution has caused changes without needing causer. Evolution has support from organism

location, because similar environments in different locations have different organisms, and similar, mutually accessible,

locations with different environments have similar organisms. Evolution has support from comparative anatomy,

because different species have similar hand bones, and species have vestigial structures. Evolution has support from

embryology, because segmented-worm and unsegmented-mollusc larvae are similar, and vertebrate embryos have gills.

Evolution has support from the fossil record, which shows intermediate forms. Changes have billions of years to

happen. Ancient rocks and environment differ from now, and fossil life forms differ from now. Current animals

adapted to present environment, not to ancient one. Finches of Galapagos Islands and barnacles were test cases.

He also studied emotions. Human emotional-response and facial-expression origins are pre-human species behaviors.

George Eliot [Eliot, George] or Mary Ann Evans [Evans, Mary Ann]

novelist

England

1859 to 1876

Adam Bede [1859]; Mill on the Floss [1860]; Silas Marner [1861]; Middlemarch [1872]; Daniel Deronda [1876]

She lived 1819 to 1880.

Edward FitzGerald [FitzGerald, Edward]

poet/translator

England

1859 to 1879

Omar Khayyam's Rubaiyat or Rubaiyat of Omar Khayyam [1859 and 1879: translated poem]

He lived 1809 to 1883 and rhymed stanza first, second, and fourth lines {FitzGerald stanza}.

Pasquale Villari [Villari, Pasquale]

philosopher/historian

Florence, Italy

1859 to 1901

History of Girolamo Savonarola and His Times [1859 to 1861]; Letters from Meridionali Province [1875]; Niccolo

Machiavelli and His Times [1877 to 1882]; Barbarian Invasion in Italy [1901]

He lived 1826 to 1917, was Positivist, and studied history.

Giuseppe Garibaldi [Garibaldi, Giuseppe]

leader

Italy

1860

He lived 1807 to 1882 and unified Italy under his 1000 armed citizen followers {red shirts} by defeating Naples and

Sicily [1860]. He gave his conquests to King Victor Emmanuel II.

Adolf Krupp [Krupp, Adolf]

manufacturer

Germany

1860

He lived 1812 to 1887 and started munitions factory.

Anna B. Warner [Warner, Anna B.]/Susan Warner [Warner, Susan]/William B. Bradbury [Bradbury, William

B.]

lyricist/composer

USA

1860

Jesus Loves Me [1860]

Anna Warner lived 1820 to 1915. Susan Warner lived 1819 to 1885. Bradbury lived 1816 to 1868.

William Dix [Dix, William]/Conrad Kocher [Kocher, Conrad]

composer

England

1860 to 1861

As with Gladness Men of Old [1860]

Dix lived 1837 to 1898. Kocher lived 1786 to 1872.

Matthew B. Brady [Brady, Matthew B.]

photographer

USA

1860 to 1865

He lived 1823 to 1896. His Civil War photographs used dry collodion process.

Robert Wilhelm Bunsen [Bunsen, Robert Wilhelm]

chemist/inventor

Germany

1860 to 1865

spectroscope [1865]; spectrum analysis

He lived 1811 to 1899, improved Bunsen burner [1860], and discovered cesium and rubidium. He discovered hydrated-

iron-oxide antidote for arsenic poisoning.

Emily Dickinson [Dickinson, Emily]

poet

USA

1860 to 1865

I Never Saw a Moor or Chartless [1860 to 1865]; My Life Closed Twice Before Its Close [1860 to 1865]; Because I

Could Not Stop for Death [1863]; Tell All The Truth But Tell It Slant [1860 to 1865]; The Only News I Know [1860 to

1865]; Soul Selects [1862]

She lived 1830 to 1886.

James S. Pierpont [Pierpont, James S.]

composer

USA

1860 to 1870

Jingle Bells [1860 to 1870]

He lived 1822 to 1893.

Edmund Sears [Sears, Edmund]/Richard Willis [Willis, Richard]

lyricist/composer

USA

1860 to 1870

It Came upon a Midnight Clear [1860 to 1870]

Sears lived 1810 to 1876. Willis lived 1819 to 1900.

Werner Siemens [Siemens, Werner]

inventor

Germany

1860 to 1870

electric dynamo [1860 to 1870]

He lived 1816 to 1892.

C. Mordaunt Spencer [Spencer, C. Mordaunt]/Charles Glover [Glover, Charles]

lyricist/composer

Ireland

1860 to 1870

Rose of Tralee [1912]

Spencer lived ? to 1888. Glover lived 1806 to 1863.

Boss Tweed or William M. Tweed [Tweed, William M.]

leader

New York, New York

1860 to 1870

He lived 1823 to 1878, controlled Tammany Hall as Democrat, and accumulated a fortune by graft.

Gustav Theodor Fechner [Fechner, Gustav Theodor]

philosopher/physicist

Germany

1860 to 1876

Elements of Psychophysics [1860]; Pre-school of Aesthetics [1876]

He lived 1801 to 1887. Sensation intensity is proportional to logarithm of stimulus {Weber-Fechner law, Fechner}

{Weber's law, Fechner}. Logarithmic scale measures sensation intensity: S = k * log(I) + A, where S = sensation, k =

relative-difference ratio, I = intensity, and A = absolute threshold. The law applies if sensations have categories

{category scaling}. To detect just noticeable difference in sensation at higher intensities, stimulus intensity must

increase in geometrical proportion. Sense qualities and psychological functions relate to stimuli {psychophysics,

Fechner}.

Aesthetics

Method of paired comparisons can judge aesthetic preferences.

Samuel Francis Smith [Smith, Samuel Francis]

lyricist/composer

USA

1860 to 1890

America or My Country, 'Tis of Thee [1860 to 1890]

He lived 1808 to 1895.

Nicholas I

king

Montenegro

1860 to 1910

He lived 1841 to 1921 and helped Montenegro gain independence from Bulgaria and Ottomans [1878].

William Crookes [Crookes, William]

physicist/inventor

England

1861

spinthariscope

He lived 1832 to 1919 and invented cathode rays [1861] {spinthariscope}.

Julia Ward Howe [Howe, Julia Ward]/William Steffe [Steffe, William]

lyricist/composer

USA

1861

Mine Eyes Have Seen the Glory or Battle Hymn of the Republic [1861: music is American camp meeting tune]

Howe lived 1819 to 1910. Steffe lived 1830 to 1890.

Henry Maine [Maine, Henry]

lawyer

London, England

1861

Ancient Law [1861: law history]

He lived 1822 to 1888 and studied change from status system to contract system.

Alexander Parkes [Parkes, Alexander]

inventor

England

1861

nitrocellulose plastic [1861]

He lived 1813 to 1890 {nitrocellulose plastic}.

Carl Spohr [Spohr, Carl]

composer

USA

1861

Band Polka [1861]

Ivan Turgenev [Turgenev, Ivan]

novelist

Russia

1861

Fathers and Sons [1861]

He lived 1818 to 1883.

George Frederick Root [Root, George Frederick]

lyricist/composer

USA

1861 to 1862

Battle Cry of Freedom [1861]; Two Brothers or One Wore Blue, One Wore Gray [1862]

He lived 1820 to 1895 and wrote songs about the Civil War.

Thomas Jackson [Jackson, Thomas] or Stonewall Jackson [Jackson, Stonewall]

general

Virginia

1861 to 1863

He lived 1824 to 1863 and tied first Battle of Bull Run, won Shenandoah Valley Campaign, won second Battle of Bull

Run, and died at Chancellorsville.

Jefferson Davis [Davis, Jefferson]

president

South USA

1861 to 1865

He lived 1808 to 1889 and led Confederate States of America.

Abraham Lincoln [Lincoln, Abraham]

president/essayist/orator

USA

1861 to 1865

Emancipation Proclamation [1863]; Gettysburg Address [1864: oration]; Second Inaugural Address [1865: oration]

He lived 1809 to 1865. 16th-president election started Civil War. South believed it needed slaves to produce cotton,

which it exported for profit. He had trouble with divided cabinet, discontent over war, bad generals, and abolitionists.

John Wilkes Booth assassinated Abraham Lincoln at Ford's Theater in Washington.

Emancipation Proclamation [1863] freed 4,000,000 slaves, mostly on cotton plantations. This act diminished states'

rights.

Charles Garnier [Garnier, Charles]

architect

Paris, France

1861 to 1875

Paris Opera House [1861 to 1875: Neo-Baroque theater]

He lived 1857 to 1874.

Paul Pierre Broca [Broca, Paul Pierre]

surgeon/anthropologist

Paris, France

1861 to 1878

On the principal of cerebral localizations [1861]; New observation of aphasia produced by lesion in the posterior part of

second and third convolution of the left frontal lobe [1861]; Memoranda of Anthropology [1871 to 1878: three

volumes]

He lived 1824 to 1880, developed skull-measuring instruments, and studied prehistoric skull trephining. He first

described Cro-Magnon and Aurignacian man. He disproved theory {Celtic myth} that Celts constituted a racial group

with inherited characteristics [1866]. Frontal-lobe-third or inferior-gyrus damage {Broca's area, Broca} makes people

unable to speak [1861].

Victor Emmanuel II

king

Italy

1861 to 1878

He lived 1820 to 1878 and led wars of Risorgimento as Sardinia king, with Garibaldi as general. After victory over

Papal States, Florence was capital. He ruled as constitutional monarch.

Edward Burnett Tylor [Tylor, Edward Burnett]

anthropologist

England

1861 to 1881

Anahuac or Anahuac Civilization of Mexico [1861: Mexica was last Anahuac civilization, 1325 to 1521]; Researches

into the Early History of Mankind and the Development of Civilization [1865]; Primitive Culture [1871]; Anthropology

[1881]

He lived 1832 to 1917, studied folklore and societies {ethnology, Tylor} {ethnography, Tylor}, and founded social

anthropology. All humans have same mind type.

Religion is superstition and belief in spiritual beings or persons {animism, Tylor}. People see difference between living

and death, sleep, or trance and have dreams and visions of people and other living things, so they think everything has a

living soul, which can be independent of body.

Evil spirits can enter bodies. One spirit can become supreme. Magic and myth require narrative with rational

associations. Rational culture improves over time, but ancient superstitions still survive.

William I

king

Prussia

1861 to 1888

He lived 1797 to 1888 and was emperor of Germany [1871 to 1888] and king of Prussia [1861 to 1888]. His minister

was Bismarck. Prussia and Austria fought Denmark over Schleswig-Holstein [1864]. German Empire began [1871].

Friedrich Argelander [Argelander, Friedrich]

astronomer

Germany

1862

Bonner Survey [1862]

He lived 1799 to 1875 and found 300,000 star positions.

Pierre Beauregard [Beauregard, Pierre]

general

South USA

1862

He lived 1818 to 1893 and was Confederate general.

Guillaume Duchenne [Duchenne, Guillaume]

biologist

Paris, France

1862

Mechanism of Human Physionomy [1862]

He lived 1806 to 1875 and located innervated muscles for behaviors, gestures, and expressions. He studied locomotor

ataxia and tried electrical stimulation therapy.

Ulysses S. Grant [Grant, Ulysses S.]

general

USA

1862 to 1865

He lived 1822 to 1885. After he fought at Shiloh in Virginia, Vicksburg in Mississippi, and Chattanooga, Tennessee, he

led Wilderness Campaign for the North, which led to Lee's surrender at Appomattox Courthouse in Virginia [1865].

Robert E. Lee [Lee, Robert E.]

general

South USA

1862 to 1865

He lived 1807 to 1872. Confederate general stopped march on Richmond in Seven Days battles, won second Battle of

Bull Run, fought to standstill at Antietam while trying to invade North, won at Fredericksburg, won at Chancellorsville,

lost at Gettysburg, fought Grant in Wilderness Campaign, endured siege at Petersburg, and surrendered at Appomattox

Courthouse [1865].

Alfred Clebsch [Clebsch, Alfred]

mathematician

Germany

1862 to 1866

Theory of Elasticity in Fields [1862]; On the Applications of Abelian Functions in Geometry [1864]; Theory of

Abelian Functions [1866: with Paul Gordan]

He lived 1833 to 1872 and studied genus of curves {Clebsch-Gordan coefficients}.

Ernst Haeckel [Haeckel, Ernst]

biologist

Berlin, Germany

1862 to 1868

Radiolaria [1862]; History of Creation [1868]

He lived 1834 to 1919 and studied marine invertebrates. Ontogeny recapitulates phylogeny {theory of recapitulation}.

Sperm are mostly nucleic acid [1868].

Christina Rossetti [Rossetti, Christina]

poet

England

1862 to 1881

Goblin's Market [1862]; Pageant and Other Poems [1881]

She lived 1830 to 1894.

William Stanley Jevons [Jevons, William Stanley]

economist/philosopher

England

1862 to 1882

General Mathematical Theory of Political Economy [1862: marginal-utility theory of value]; Coal Question [1865];

Theory of Political Economy [1871]; Principles of Science [1874]; State in Relation to Labour [1882]

He lived 1835 to 1882. He started the marginalist revolution [1871] and developed marginal-utility theory of value. He

advocated deductive science based on probability. In logic, he studied inclusive OR and developed logic of similar

objects.

Franz Brentano [Brentano, Franz]

philosopher

Germany/Austria/Italy

1862 to 1889

Several Senses of Being in Aristotle [1862]; Psychology of Aristotle [1867]; Psychology from the Empirical Standpoint

[1871]; Descriptive Psychology [1874]; Origin of Our Knowledge of Right and Wrong [1889]

He lived 1838 to 1917.

Epistemology

Psychology is about mental states, which can be mental/intentional or physical/sensational.

Phenomena are physical, such as color, cold, sound, smell, or mental, such as presentations from senses or imagination,

emotion, judgment. Physical phenomena require object. Like language, mental phenomena can reference objects in

thought {intentionality, Brentano} and can be conscious or unconscious. The mental is about something else.

However, some conscious states are not representational, and some representations are not conscious.

Awareness relates to objects and events external to people and their awareness, so awareness has intentionality.

Subjective experiences refer to perceptions or mental ideas, independent of their external objects. Intention objects can

also be selves {psychological immanentism}.

All and only mental phenomena have intentionality {irreducibility thesis}. Mental states are always intentional

{Brentano's thesis} {aboutness}.

However, sensations seem not to be about something else.

Mental states are intentional states {propositional attitude, Brentano}. All intentional states are intentional, but not vice

versa. Intentional states causally relate to their objects, including non-existing objects.

Consciousness acts are constitutive powers of self and are subjective experiences. Intuition can describe all subjective

experience. Subjective experiences have classes {act psychology} {descriptive phenomenology} {phenomenognosis}

that find causal relations between phenomena.

Intentionality grounds object concepts.

Emotions and judgments use presentation with acts of judging or emoting.

Mind

Mental is personal and self-referencing. Mental phenomena cannot be physical phenomena.

Otto von Bismarck [Bismarck, Otto von] or Iron Chancellor

premier

Prussia

1862 to 1890

He lived 1815 to 1898 and was first chancellor. He started Austro-Prussian War [1866]. He organized Germany under

Prussia as North German Confederation. He started Franco-Prussian War [1869]. He created German Empire under

King William I. He passed social security and labor laws to block more socialism. Kaiser Wilhelm II dismissed him

[1890].

Sarah Bernhardt [Bernhardt, Sarah]

actor

France/USA

1862 to 1912

Camille [1912]; Queen Elizabeth [1912]

She lived 1844 to 1923.

Oliver Wendell Holmes, Jr. [Holmes, Jr., Oliver Wendell]

chief justice/inventor

USA

1862 to 1932

stereoscope [1862]; Common Law [1881]

He lived 1841 to 1935. As USA Supreme Court Chief Justice [1902 to 1932], he emphasized human rights over

property rights.

Julia Ward Howe [Howe, Julia Ward]

poet

USA

1863

Battle Hymn of the Republic [1863: hymn]

She lived 1819 to 1910.

Gregor Mendel [Mendel, Gregor]

biologist

März, Austria

1863 to 1866

Experiments in Plant Hybridization [1865]

He lived 1822 to 1884 and developed Mendel's inheritance laws by studying dominant and recessive characteristics of

pea-plant independent and discrete heredity units.

Henry Wadsworth Longfellow [Longfellow, Henry Wadsworth]/John Baptiste Calkin [Calkin, John Baptiste]

lyricist/composer

USA

1863 to 1872

I Heard the Bells on Christmas Day [1863 to 1872: music is from Waltham and from Mainzer]

Calkin lived 1827 to ?.

Camille Saint-Saens [Saint-Saens, Camille]

composer

France

1863 to 1877

Introduction and Rondo Capriccioso [1863]; Danse Macabre [1874]; Omphale's Spinning Wheel [1871]; Samson and

Delilah [1877: opera]

He lived 1835 to 1921 and composed symphonies and operas.

Ismail Pasha or Ismail the Magnificent

pasha

Egypt

1863 to 1879

He lived 1830 to 1895 and was Ibrahim Pasha's son. Debt caused him to allow France and Britain to take over Egyptian

government. He sold Suez Canal [completed in 1869] to Britain [1876].

Ernest Renan [Renan, Ernest]

historian

Paris, France

1863 to 1881

History of the Origins of Christianity [1863 to 1881: seven volumes]

He lived 1823 to 1892 and studied Judaism and Christianity.

Eduardo Manet [Manet, Eduardo]

painter

France

1863 to 1882

Luncheon on the Grass [1863]; Olympia [1863]; Fifer [1866]; Bar at the Folies-Bergere [1882]

He lived 1832 to 1883 and was the first Impressionist, for whom painting itself was reality.

Mirza Huseyn Ali [Ali, Mirza Huseyn] or Baha'u'llah or Glory of God

philosopher

Baghdad, Iraq/Iran

1863 to 1890

Hidden Words [1857]; Book of Certitude [1863]; Seven Valleys and the Four Valleys [1870 to 1890]; Epistle to the

Son of the Wolf [1870 to 1890]; Most Holy Book [1870 to 1890]; Prayer and Meditations [1870 to 1890]

He lived 1817 to 1892 and was Babi. He then claimed he was the Promised One of all ages [1863]. He had to leave

Iran, and Ottomans imprisoned him in Acre, Lebanon.

Auguste Rodin [Rodin, Auguste]

sculptor

France

1863 to 1900

Man with the Broken Nose [1863: bronze mask]; Age of Bronze [1876: bronze]; Gates of Hell [1880 to 1917: bronze];

Thinker [1881: bronze]; Eve [1881: bronze]; Burghers of Calais [1884 to 1886: bronze]; Kiss [1886: bronze]; Balzac

[1893 to 1897: bronze]; Walking Man [1900: bronze]

He lived 1840 to 1917.

Thomas Henry Huxley [Huxley, Thomas Henry]

biologist/paleontologist/philosopher

England

1863 to 1910

Man's Place in Nature [1863]; Lessons in Elementary Physiology [1866]; Animal Automatism and Other Essays

[1884]; Agnosticism [1893]; Methods and Results [1910]

He lived 1825 to 1895, was evolutionary theorist, and promoted and defended Darwin's theory.

Epistemology

People cannot know the Absolute.

Ethics

It is immoral to believe if one cannot justify the belief from what one knows.

Mind

Animals are machines but are conscious {conscious automata}. Consciousness does not cause anything

{epiphenomenalism, Huxley}.

George I

king

Greece

1863 to 1913

He lived 1845 to 1913.

Numa Denys Fustel de Coulanges [Coulanges, Numa Denys Fustel de]

archaeologist

Paris, France

1864

Ancient City [1864]

He lived 1830 to 1889 and studied Greek and Roman morals, traditions, and religion in city-states.

Robert Lowry [Lowry, Robert]

lyricist/composer

USA

1864

Shall We Gather at the River [1864: music is Hanson Place]

He lived 1826 to 1899.

John Henry Newman [Newman, John Henry]

essayist/cardinal

England

1864

Apology for His Life [1864: essay]

He lived 1801 to 1890. People need well-rounded liberal education, to know things and see relations between things.

Maximilian

emperor

Mexico

1864 to 1867

He lived 1832 to 1867. Napoleon III sent him to aid Mexican conservatives against Juarez. Someone killed him after

French soldiers left. He was brother of Francis Joseph II of Austria.

Frans Donders [Donders, Frans]

physiologist

Utrecht, Netherlands

1864 to 1870

On the anomalies of accommodation and refraction of the eye with a preliminary essay on physiologic dioptrics [1864];

Proceedings of the Community Meeting of the Koninlijke Academy of Science [1865]; Speed of Mental Processes

[1868]; Physiology of speech sounds, in particular those of the Dutch language [1870]

He lived 1818 to 1889 and studied eyes and reaction times.

Charles L. Dodgson [Dodgson, Charles L.] or Lewis Carroll [Carroll, Lewis]

storyteller/poet

England

1864 to 1871

Alice's Adventures in Wonderland [1864: story]; The Walrus and the Carpenter [1871: poem in Through the Looking

Glass]; Jabberwocky [1871: in Through the Looking Glass]; Through the Looking Glass [1871: story]; Father William

[1876: poem]; Hunting of the Snark [1876: poem]

He lived 1832 to 1898.

Fyodor Dostoyevsky [Dostoyevsky, Fyodor]

novelist

Russia

1864 to 1880

Notes from Underground [1864]; Crime and Punishment [1866]; Idiot [1869]; Possessed [1872]; Brothers Karamazov

[1880]

He lived 1821 to 1881.

Edvard Grieg [Grieg, Edvard]

composer

Norway

1864 to 1886

I Love You [1864: song]; Peer Gynt [1876: opera]; Piano Concerto in A Minor; Last Spring [1886: song]

He lived 1843 to 1907.

John Graham Chambers [Chambers, John Graham]

boxer

England

1865

He lived 1843 to 1883 and invented Marquis of Queensberry rules for boxing [1865], published [1867].

Mary Mapes Dodge [Dodge, Mary Mapes]

writer

USA

1865

Hans Brinker or the Silver Skates [1865]

She lived 1830 to 1905.

John Grote [Grote, John]

philosopher

England

1865

Philosophical Explorations [1865]; Examination of the Utilitarian Philosophy [1865]

He lived 1813 to 1866 and was Idealist.

Otto Liebmann [Liebmann, Otto]

philosopher

Stuttgart, Germany

1865

Kant and the Epigoni [1865]

He lived 1840 to 1912 and was of Marburg School of Immanent Philosophy. People cannot know things-in-themselves.

Algernon Swinburne [Swinburne, Algernon]

poet

England

1865 to 1866

Atalanta in Calydon [1865]; When the Hounds of Spring [1865: in Atalanta in Calydon]; Forsaken Garden [1865];

Garden of Proserpine [1866]; Triumph of Time [1866]; Poems and Ballads [1866: including Hymn to Proserpine]

He lived 1837 to 1909.

Andrew Johnson [Johnson, Andrew]

president

USA

1865 to 1869

He lived 1808 to 1875. 17th president became president after Booth assassinated Lincoln. He proposed mild

Reconstruction for South, encouraged Seward to purchase Alaska from Russia [1867], and barely escaped

impeachment for trying to remove Stanton, Secretary of War, who was a radical Republican.

Sabine Baring-Gould [Baring-Gould, Sabine]/Arthur S. Sullivan [Sullivan, Arthur S.]

lyricist/composer

England

1865 to 1871

Onward, Christian Soldiers [1865: music is St. Gertrude, 1871]

Baring-Gould lived 1834 to 1924. Sullivan lived 1842 to 1900.

Jules Verne [Verne, Jules]

novelist

France

1865 to 1873

From the Earth to the Moon [1865]; Journey to the Center of the Earth [1871]; 20,000 Leagues under the Sea [1873];

Tour of the World in 80 Days [1873]

He lived 1828 to 1905.

Henry Clay Work [Work, Henry Clay]

composer

USA

1865 to 1876

Marching Through Georgia [1865]; Grandfather's Clock [1876]

He lived 1832 to 1884.

Johannes Brahms [Brahms, Johannes]

composer

Germany

1865 to 1880

Hungarian Dances [1865]; Waltz in A flat or Valse-Berceuse Célèbre [1865]; Cradle Song or Brahm's Lullaby [1868];

German Requiem [1868: mass]; Symphony Number One in C Minor [1876]; Academic Festival Overture [1880]

He lived 1833 to 1897.

James H. Stirling [Stirling, James H.]

philosopher

England

1865 to 1881

Secret of Hegel [1865]; As Regards Protoplasm [1869]; Text Book to Kant [1881]

He lived 1820 to 1909 and was Idealist.

Anton Dvorak [Dvorak, Anton]

composer

Czech Republic

1865 to 1894

Slavonic Dance No. 1 or Bells of Zlonice [1865]; Songs My Mother Taught Me [1880]; Slavonic Dance No. 2 [1886];

Symphony No. 9 From the New World [1893: symphony]; Humoresque [1894: song]

He lived 1841 to 1904.

Charles Sanders Peirce [Peirce, Charles Sanders]

philosopher/logician

USA

1865 to 1905

Harvard Lectures On the Logic of Science [1865]; On a New List of Categories [1867]; Questions Concerning Certain

Faculties Claimed for Man [1868]; Description of a Notation for the Logic of Relatives [1870]; Illustrations of the

Logic of Science [1877 to 1878]; Fixation of Belief [1877: in Illustrations of the Logic of Science]; How to Make Our

Ideas Clear [1878: in Illustrations of the Logic of Science]; Evolutionary Love [1893]; What is a Sign? [1894];

Reasoning and the Logic of Things [1898]; What Pragmatism Is [1905]

He lived 1839 to 1914 and started pragmatism or pragmaticism, as development of Kant. In mathematics, he developed

quantification theory [1878] and axiomatized pure mathematics using logic of relations.

Epistemology

Proposition is true if it corresponds to reality [1871]. However, people cannot experience reality. Direct, subjective, or

personal methods such as introspection, faith, will, and authority cannot reliably provide true beliefs. People cannot

idealize reality. Thinking only theoretically and logically cannot deduce reliable conclusions, because premises that

allow reasoning depend on ideals, not reality. The only method that can approach truth with better and better

probability is observing reality objectively, publicly, and scientifically {method of science} {science method}. Science

uses reasoning {abduction, reasoning} that can explain available evidence by making new, possibly generic,

hypotheses or inferences and testing them using public and objective techniques {inference to the best explanation,

Peirce}.

Scientific concepts state that operations cause observable consequences. Scientific statements make predictions to test.

A statement is true if its cause's predicted effect happens.

The same principle applied to belief makes belief clear. Belief practical effects can test belief {pragmaticism, Peirce}.

If belief results in good consequences, it is good belief.

People can be wrong about beliefs {fallibilism}. Truth takes time, to reach public consensus.

Relations can have one, two, or three positions. One-place relations are people's experiences. Two-place relations are

physical laws. Three-place relations are meaning, understanding, and consciousness.

Meaning is three-place relation among sign, observer, and interpretation {speculative grammar}. Meaning is

interpretation sign causes in observers {semeiotics}. Meaning depends on knowing or believing consequences.

Signs are singular terms. Sign classes are words {symbol, Peirce} {conventional sign}, pointers {index, Peirce}

{natural sign, philosophy}, or pictures {icon, Peirce}. Words can represent object category {type} or object example

{token, Peirce}. Words always refer to same object or event. Pointers {indexical word} {demonstrative word} {token-

reflexive} are pronouns and words about relative places or times and refer to something else. Indexicals can take

different sentence roles and can refer to different things. Icons represent actual or ideal object.

Metaphysics

Reality is efficient causes, of sense qualities or other effects. Reality is continuous {syncheism}, not discrete. Reality is

not deterministic {tychism}.

Roberto Ardigo [Ardigo, Roberto]

philosopher

Padua, Italy

1865 to 1909

Concourse of Religion [1865]; Science of Education [1893 and 1909]

He lived 1828 to 1920 and was of Comtian School.

Leopold II

king

Belgium

1865 to 1909

He lived 1835 to 1909.

Paul Gordan [Gordan, Paul]

mathematician

Germany

1866

Theory of Abelian Functions [1866: with Alfred Clebsch]

He lived 1837 to 1912.

Jesse James [James, Jesse]

outlaw

West USA

1866

He lived 1847 to 1882.

Friedrich Albert Lange [Lange, Friedrich Albert]

philosopher

Iserlohn, Westphalia, Germany

1866

History of Materialism [1866]

He lived 1828 to 1875 and was of Marburg School of Immanent Philosophy.

Alfred Nobel [Nobel, Alfred]

inventor

Sweden

1866

dynamite [1866]

He lived 1801 to 1872. His trust provided for Nobel Prizes [1901].

Leopold von Sacher-Masoch [Sacher-Masoch, Leopold von]

writer/lawyer

Lemberg, Austria

1866

Don Juan of Kolomea [1866]

He lived 1835 to 1895 and studied if animal can be masochistic.

Nikolaus Otto [Otto, Nikolaus] or Nicholas Otto [Otto, Nicholas]

inventor

Germany

1866 to 1867

internal combustion engine using Otto cycle [1866 to 1867]

He lived 1832 to 1891.

Alphonse Daudet [Daudet, Alphonse]

writer

France

1866 to 1869

Les lettres de mon moulin or Letters from My Windmill [1866 to 1869]

He lived 1840 to 1897.

Joseph Lister [Lister, Joseph]

biologist

England

1866 to 1877

He lived 1827 to 1912, used carbolic acid on wounds to prevent infection [1866], and studied bacteria, antiseptics, heat

sterilization, and operative techniques [1877].

Bedrich Smetana [Smetana, Bedrich]

composer

Czech Republic

1866 to 1879

Bartered Bride [1866: opera]; Moldau [1875]; From My Life [1876]; My Fatherland [1879]

He lived 1824 to 1884.

Carol I

prince

Romania

1866 to 1881

He lived 1839 to 1914. Romania gained independence from Ottoman Empire [1881]. Romania had pogroms and laws

against Jews.

Henry Hobson Richardson [Richardson, Henry Hobson]

architect

Chicago, Illinois

1866 to 1887

Richardson House [1866: Romanesque]; Trinity Church [1872 to 1877: Romanesque]; Marshall Field Wholesale Store

[1885 to 1887: Beaux Arts style seven-story building used iron and concrete and was dismantled in 1930]

He lived 1838 to 1886.

Miguel II

king

Portugal

1866 to 1920

He lived 1853 to 1927 and abdicated [1920] when republic formed.

Louisa May Alcott [Alcott, Louisa May]

novelist

USA

1867

Little Women [1867]

She lived 1832 to 1888.

Horatio Alger, Jr. [Alger, Jr., Horatio]

novelist

USA

1867

Ragged Dick [1867]

He lived 1832 to 1898 and wrote novels {Horatio Alger story} in which young man overcomes adversity and succeeds.

J. G. Hunting [Hunting, J. G.]

composer

USA

1867

Happy Uncle Joe [1867]

Thaddeus Stevens [Stevens, Thaddeus]

senator

USA

1867

He lived 1792 to 1868, was Senator, and wanted to punish South.

Charles Sumner [Sumner, Charles]

senator

USA

1867

He lived 1811 to 1874, was Senator from Massachusetts, and wanted to punish South.

Cornelius Vanderbilt [Vanderbilt, Cornelius]

businessman

New York

1867

He lived 1873 to 1942 and started New York Central railroad and shipping lines.

Joseph P. Webster [Webster, Joseph P.]/Sanford F. Bennett [Bennett, Sanford F.]

lyricist/composer

USA

1867

In the Sweet By and By [1867]

Webster lived 1819 to 1875. Bennett lived 1836 to 1898.

Benjamin Disraeli [Disraeli, Benjamin]

prime minister

England

1867 to 1880

He lived 1804 to 1881, was Conservative {Tory}, and passed Reform Bill, widening right to vote to workingmen. He

annexed Fiji Islands, Transvaal, and Cyprus. He fought Afghanistan and Zulu tribe in Africa. He bought control of

Suez Canal. He reduced Russian power in Balkans at Congress of Berlin. In 1874, he became Prime Minister again.

Mark Twain or Samuel Langhorn Clemens [Clemens, Samuel Langhorn]

novelist

USA

1867 to 1889

Celebrated Jumping Frog of Calaveras County [1867: story]; Innocents Abroad [1869]; Tom Sawyer [1876]; Prince

and the Pauper [1882]; Huckleberry Finn [1884]; Connecticut Yankee in King Arthur's Court [1889]

He lived 1835 to 1910.

Phillips Brooks [Brooks, Phillips]/Lewis Henry Redner [Redner, Lewis Henry]

lyricist/composer

USA

1868

O Little Town of Bethlehem [1868]

Brooks lived 1835 to 1893. Redner lived 1830 to 1908.

Willkie Collins [Collins, Willkie]

novelist

England

1868

Moonstone [1868]

He lived 1824 to 1889.

George Leybourne [Leybourne, George]

lyricist/composer

USA

1868

Man on the Flying Trapeze [1868]

He lived 1842 to 1884.

Christopher Sholes [Sholes, Christopher]/S. W. Soule [Soule, S. W.]/G. Glidden [Glidden, G.]

inventor

USA

1868

typewriter [1868]

He lived 1819 to 1890.

Bret Harte [Harte, Bret]

novelist

USA

1868 to 1869

Luck of Roaring Camp [1868]; Outcast of Poker Flats [1869]

He lived 1836 to 1902.

Wilhelm Mannhardt [Mannhardt, Wilhelm]

anthropologist

Berlin, Germany

1868 to 1877

Spirits of the Corn [1868]; Tree-Worship of the Germans [1875]; Ancient Worship of Forest and Field [1877]

He lived 1831 to 1880 and studied customs and mythology.

John Muir [Muir, John]

naturalist

USA

1868 to 1890

Treasure of the Yosemite [1890]; Features of the Proposed National Park [1890]

He lived 1838 to 1942 and wrote about the beauty and meaning of nature, especially after visiting Yosemite [1868].

William E. Gladstone [Gladstone, William E.]

prime minister

England

1868 to 1894

He lived 1809 to 1898. Liberal passed Irish Land Act, enacted civil-service reform, started ballot vote, ended sale of

army commissions, reformed Parliament, and started public education. His career ended when he advocated Home Rule

for Ireland.

Edgar Dégas [Dégas, Edgar]

painter

France

1868 to 1895

Orchestra at the Opera [1868]; Prima Ballerina [1876]; Dancer at the Bouquet [1876]; Rehearsal in the Foyer of the

Opera [1895]

He lived 1834 to 1917.

Claude Monet [Monet, Claude]

painter

France

1868 to 1906

River [1868]; Impression: Sunrise [1872]; Water Lilies [1906]

He lived 1840 to 1926.

Mutsuhito or Meiji

emperor

Japan

1868 to 1912

Shogun had surrendered to Perry. In Meiji Restoration [1868], clans took capital, Kyoto, from shogun. Mutsuhito lived

1852 to 1912 and ruled Japan [1873 to 1912]. Capital moved to Edo (Tokyo). Emperor owned all land. Government

had prefectures. Conscription built army. Clans industrialized and built ships, weapons, and cotton mills. They studied

navigation and other western techniques.

Richard Blackmore [Blackmore, Richard]

novelist

England

1869

Lorna Doone [1869]

He lived 1825 to 1900.

Eduard von Hartmann [Hartmann, Eduard von]

philosopher

Germany

1869

Philosophy of the Unconscious [1869]

He lived 1842 to 1906. The Absolute contains both idea and will, and will's pain and suffering always persists with idea

order and spirit.

Friedrich Miescher [Miescher, Friedrich]

biologist

Germany

1869

He lived 1844 to 1895 and discovered DNA in trout sperm [1869]. Blood carbon dioxide level regulates breathing.

Francesco De Sanctis [De Sanctis, Francesco]

philosopher

Italy

1869 to 1871

Critical essays [1869]; Critical essay on Petrarch [1869]; History of Italian Literature [1871]

He lived 1817 to 1882 and was Hegelian.

Ulysses S. Grant [Grant, Ulysses S.]

president

USA

1869 to 1877

He lived 1822 to 1885. 18th president allowed passage of harsh Reconstruction Act for South. He allowed legal tender

notes {greenback money} to stay in circulation after Panic of 1873, though gold and silver reserves backing the money

were low. He associated with dishonest politicians. His secretary of state was Hamilton Fish.

Auguste Renoir [Renoir, Auguste]

painter

France

1869 to 1881

Le Grenoullière or Froggery [1869: inn on river north of Paris]; Dance at Le Moulin de la Galette or Dance at the

Pancake Mill [1876]; Luncheon of the Boating Party [1881]

He lived 1841 to 1919.

Francis Galton [Galton, Francis]

biologist

England

1869 to 1883

Hereditary Genius [1869]; English Men of Science [1874]; Inquiries into Human Faculty and Its Development [1883]

He lived 1822 to 1911 and studied human mental-property and physical-property genetics. He collected and classified

fingerprints {fingerprinting}. He studied human individual differences, using imagery, psychological questionnaires,

twin life histories, and family and talented-people educational backgrounds. He developed the correlation coefficient.

He participated in scientific exploration to unexplored Africa.

He discovered air pressure systems and invented weather maps [1875]. He invented a polyhedron {Galton's

Polyhedron} of possible structural forms to which organisms can jump. More intellectually gifted people have less

vivid imagery [1883].

John Augustus Roebling [Roebling, John Augustus]

architect

Germany/New York, New York

1869 to 1883

Brooklyn Bridge [1869 to 1883: iron bridge has span of 160 meters from Manhattan Island to Brooklyn]

He lived 1806 to 1869 and patented wire rope, used in suspension bridges.

Paul Verlaine [Verlaine, Paul]

poet

France

1869 to 1889

A la promenade or At the promenade [1869: from Fêtes galantes]; A la manière or In the manner [1869 to 1889: from

Parallèlement]; A la princesse Roukhine [1889: from Parallèlement]

He lived 1844 to 1896.

Dmitri Mendeleyev [Mendeleyev, Dmitri]

chemist/physicist

Russia

1869 to 1890

He lived 1834 to 1907 and invented the periodic law and element periodic table [1869].

Pyotr I. Tchaikowsky [Tchaikowsky, Pyotr I.]

composer

Russia

1869 to 1893

Romeo and Juliet [1869 and 1880: ballet]; Piano Concerto No. 1 in B Flat Minor [1875]; Marche Slave Overture

[1876]; Swan Lake [1876: ballet]; Francesca da Rimini [1876: symphonic poem]; Violin Concerto in D [1878]; Eugene

Onegin [1878: opera]; Fourth Symphony [1878]; 1812 Overture [1880]; Fifth Symphony [1888]; Sleeping Beauty

[1889: ballet]; Queen of Spades [1890: opera]; Nutcracker [1892: ballet, including Waltz of the Flowers]; Sixth

Symphony or Pathetique [1893]

He lived 1840 to 1893.

Marius Petipa [Petipa, Marius]

ballet dancer/choreographer

St. Petersburg, Russia

1869 to 1898

Don Quixote [1869: music by Ludwig Minkus, including the Pas de Deux]; La Bayadere or Temple Dancer [1877:

music by Ludwig Minkus, including Act IV, In the Kingdom of the Shades]; Sleeping Beauty [1890 and 1910: music

by Tchaikowsky]; Raymonda [1898: music by Glazounov]

He lived 1818 to 1910 and choreographed at the Imperial Theater.

Leo Tolstoy [Tolstoy, Leo]

novelist

Russia

1869 to 1899

War and Peace [1869]; Anna Karenina [1877]; Death of Ivan Ilyich [1884: story]; Kreutzer Sonata [1889: story];

Resurrection [1899]

He lived 1828 to 1910.

Christian Johansson [Johansson, Christian]

ballet dancer/teacher

Russia/Sweden

1869 to 1903

He lived 1841 to 1903.

Thomas Alva Edison [Edison, Thomas Alva]

inventor

USA

1869 to 1910

stock ticker tape [1869]; automatic telegraph [1872]; phonograph [1877]; carbon button microphone [1878];

incandescent light bulb [1879]; electric dynamo [1879]; electrical distribution system [1880]; experimental electric

railroad [1880]; Edison effect [1883]; silent movies [1893]; projector [1896]; storage battery [1900 to 1910]

He lived 1847 to 1931, found Edison effect [1883], and invented light bulb {light bulb}, movies, phonograph, and

electric generator {electric dynamo}. He projected kinetoscopes onto screens and showed vaudeville acts [1896].

Gustav Fritsch [Fritsch, Gustav]/Eduard Hitzig [Hitzig, Eduard]

biologist

Germany

1870

On the Electrical Excitability of the Cerebrum [1870]

Fritsch lived 1838 to 1927. Hitzig lived 1838 to 1907. They studied Broca's-area localized motor functions.

Shadworth H. Hodgson [Hodgson, Shadworth H.]

philosopher

England

1870

Theory of Practice [1870]

He lived 1832 to 1912, started New Realism, and emphasized stream of consciousness. People know things as

somethings. Physical events cause conscious events, but conscious events cause nothing. The future is the test of truth.

Thomas Nast [Nast, Thomas]

cartoonist

New York, New York

1870

He lived 1840 to 1902 and caricatured Boss Tweed and Tammany Hall. He used donkey for Democrats and elephant

for Republicans.

Bernhard A. von Gudden [Gudden, Bernhard A. von]

biologist

Germany

1870 to 1874

Anomalies of the Human Skull [1870]; Experimental Studies of Skull Growth [1874]

He lived 1824 to 1886. After axons are cut, neuron cell bodies often die and disappear {retrograde cell degeneration}

[1870], providing method to study nerve pathways.

Henry George [George, Henry]

lawyer

USA

1870 to 1877

Our Land and Land Policy [1870]; Progress and Poverty [1877]

He lived 1839 to 1897, was against laissez-faire, and favored taxing only real estate.

Walter Flemming [Flemming, Walter]

biologist

USA

1870 to 1879

He lived 1843 to 1905 and studied mitosis [1870], meiosis, and chromatin role [1879].

Eadweard Muybridge [Muybridge, Eadweard]

photographer

England

1870 to 1880

He lived 1830 to 1904. His action photographs used dry collodion process.

Booker T. Washington [Washington, Booker T.]

founder/historian/biographer

USA

1870 to 1901

Up from Slavery [1901: autobiography]

He lived 1856 to 1915 and started Tuskegee Institute.

Alfred Russel Wallace [Wallace, Alfred Russel]

naturalist

Britain

1870 to 1903

Contributions of the Theory of Natural Selection [1870]; Geographical Distribution of Animals [1876]; Island Life

[1880]; On Miracles and Modern Spiritualism [1881]; Darwinism [1889]; Man's Place in the Universe [1903]

He lived 1823 to 1913 and independently developed evolution theory with survival of fittest. He studied animal

geography and life in Amazon River basin and Malay Archipelago.

Richard Dedekind [Dedekind, Richard]

mathematician

France

1870 to 1916

Essay on the Theory of Numbers [1870]

He lived 1831 to 1916 and studied fields, algebraic numbers, and irrational numbers.

Mikhail Bakunin [Bakunin, Mikhail]

anarchist/philosopher

Russia/Paris, France

1871

God and State [1871: including What is Authority?]

He lived 1814 to 1876. People should form voluntary cooperative groups with no private property {collectivism}.

Revolutions {anarchism} should end repression by politicians, give freedom, and end political power by bourgeois or

proletariat.

Phineas T. Barnum [Barnum, Phineas T.]

showman

USA

1871

He lived 1810 to 1891 and owned circus called "The Greatest Show on Earth". He organized American Museum of

freaks.

Ludwig Boltzmann [Boltzmann, Ludwig]

chemist

Austria

1871

He lived 1844 to 1906 and studied entropy and probability [1871].

Edward Eggleston [Eggleston, Edward]

novelist

USA

1871

Hoosier Schoolmaster [1871]

He lived 1837 to 1902.

Joseph Funk [Funk, Joseph]

arranger

USA

1871

Swing Low, Sweet Chariot [1871: spiritual]

He lived 1778 to 1862. It is traditional.

Felix Klein [Klein, Felix]

mathematician

Germany

1871

On the So-called Non-Euclidean Geometry [1871]; Erlanger Program [1872: Erlanger is town in Germany]; Riemann's

Theory of Algebraic Functions and their Integrals [1882]

He lived 1849 to 1925 and set forth Erlangen program [1872]. He invented Klein's bottle and metric. In three

dimensions, all metric geometries are projective geometry augmented by a quadric {absolute, geometry} or a curve

related to absolute.

Jean N. Arthur Rimbaud [Rimbaud, Jean N. Arthur]

novelist

France

1871

Drunken Boat [1871]

He lived 1854 to 1891.

Henry Stanley [Stanley, Henry]

discoverer

England/Africa

1871

He lived 1841 to 1904 and found Dr. Livingstone. Later, he helped Belgium rule Congo and Britain rule other African

lands.

James Abbott McNeill Whistler [Whistler, James Abbott McNeill]

painter

USA/England

1871 to 1877

Arrangement in Black and Gray: the Artist's Mother or Whistler's Mother [1871]; Nocturne in Black and Gold: the

Falling Rocket [1877]

He lived 1834 to 1903.

Carl Menger [Menger, Carl]

economist

Austria

1871 to 1892

Principles of Economics [1871]; Method of the Social Sciences with Special Reference to Economics [1883]; Theory

of Capital [1888]; Money [1892]

He lived 1840 to 1921, started the marginalist revolution [1871], and founded Austrian School. There was

Methodenstreit {methodological debate} between German Historical School and Austrian School [1884].

John William Strutt [Strutt, John William] or Lord Rayleigh [Rayleigh, Lord]

physicist

England

1871 to 1894

He lived 1842 to 1919, studied traveling waves, studied hydrodynamics {hydrodynamic similarity}, studied

frictionless-tube compressible flow with heat transfer {Rayleigh flow} [1885], discovered argon [1894], and described

light scattering [1871]. He calculated black-body radiation distribution at low and high frequencies {Rayleigh-Jeans

radiation}, with James Jeans [1900], which indicated that all energy goes into higher field frequencies over time

{ultraviolet catastrophe}, which is impossible.

Sarah O. Jewett [Jewett, Sarah O.] or Sarah O. Sweet [Sweet, Sarah O.]

essayist

USA

1871 to 1909

Spendthrift Doll [1871]; Bit of Foolishness [1881]; White Heron [1886]; Little Captive Maid [1891: Irish story];

Country of the Pointed Firs [1909]

She lived 1849 to 1909.

Luther Burbank [Burbank, Luther]

biologist

USA

1871 to 1921

Burbank potato [1871]; Shasta daisy [1901]; July Elberta peach [1905 to 1910]; Santa Rosa plum [1905 to 1910];

Flaming Gold nectarine [1905 to 1910]; How Plants Are Treated to Work for Man [1921]

He lived 1849 to 1926 and developed new plant varieties.

John Wesley Hyatt [Hyatt, John Wesley]

inventor

USA

1872

celluloid plastic [1872]

He lived 1837 to 1920 {celluloid plastic}.

Johanna Spyri [Spyri, Johanna] or Johanna Heuser [Heuser, Johanna]

novelist

Switzerland

1872

Heidi [1872]

She lived 1827 to 1901.

Georges Bizet [Bizet, Georges]

composer

France

1872 to 1875

L'Arlésienne or Woman from Arles [1872: opera]; Carmen [1875: opera]

He lived 1838 to 1875.

Eugen Dühring [Dühring, Eugen]

philosopher

Berlin, Germany

1872 to 1875

Critical Study of Theoretical Principles of Mechanics [1872]; Course of Philosophy [1875]

He lived 1833 to 1871 and was Optimist, materialist, positivist, atheist, and utopian.

Heinrich Schliemann [Schliemann, Heinrich]

archaeologist

Germany/Troy, Asia Minor

1872 to 1876

He lived 1822 to 1890 and excavated Troy [1872 to 1973] and Mycenae [1876]. He found gold at Troy [1874]. He

discovered gold jewelry from -1550 at Mycenae [1876].

Friedrich Max Muller [Muller, Friedrich Max]

linguist/anthropologist

Germany/England

1872 to 1893

Lectures on the Science of Religion [1872]; Lectures on the Origin and Growth of Religion [1878]; Natural Religion

[1881]; Physical Religion [1890]; Anthropological Religion [1892]; Theosophy or Psychological Religion [1893]

He lived 1823 to 1900. Religion began as nature worship and personified natural forces. As Hindu, Greek, and Roman

Aryan languages changed, storytelling {mythology, Muller} began.

John Philip Sousa [Sousa, John Philip]

composer

USA

1872 to 1896

Moonlight on the Potomac [1872]; Semper Fidelis or Always Faithful [1888]; Washington Post March [1889];

Thunderer [1889]; Stars and Stripes Forever [1896]

He lived 1854 to 1932 and composed marches.

Friedrich Wilhelm Nietzsche [Nietzsche, Friedrich Wilhelm]

philosopher

Germany/Basel, Switzerland

1872 to 1901

Birth of Tragedy [1872]; Untimely Meditations [1874]; Human, All too Human [1878]; Gay Science [1882 and 1887];

Thus Spake Zarathustra [1883 to 1885]; Beyond Good and Evil [1886]; On the Genealogy of Morals [1887]; Twilight

of the Gods or Twilight of the Idols [1888]; Case of Wagner [1888]; Antichrist [1888]; Ecce Homo or Behold Mankind

or Behold Humanity [1888]; Will to Power [1901]

He lived 1844 to 1900. Schopenhauer influenced him.

Aesthetics

Art can have restraint {Apollonian} or be free {Dionysian}.

Epistemology

People cannot know truth. All things are in flux, including truth. Therefore, all things must have continual study from

many perspectives, accounting for all cases and situations.

Ethics

Values should depend on world as it is, humans as they are, and all their possibilities. Morals are always changing as

world and people change.

People should accept material world and human life as they are. People should express their instincts, be fully alive,

have desire for power, and exercise power. People should feel free, powerful, creative, and independent {overman}

{superman}, by intellectually controlling and exercising their will-to-power as much as possible. For supermen, good

and evil are meaningless.

The best morality for the present time is morality for masters and free, independent persons. Only the strong ought to

survive and/or rule. Anything that delays arrival of the supermen is wrong or goes against nature.

Conventional morals and society are just escapes for the weak. People deny that anything is important or any action has

significance {nihilism, Nietzsche}. Nihilism, old values, old interpretations, and old thinking ways, such as theology

and metaphysics, are slave or herd morality for the powerless and weary. For example, the old value of sympathy

perpetuates the unfit. Old values make people sensitive to injury, inferiority, oppression, frustration, or humiliation, and

they react to them with hatred, tricks, and dishonesty {resentment} {slave mentality}.

Old values should have re-examination {transvaluation} {revaluation} to find relations to creative and powerful life

values.

Will and intellect oppose each other. People that can only will must suffer, as things thwart their will or they conflict

with others. Intellect should control will and engage in creative, powerful, and life-affirming activities.

Truth and happiness are not important, only expression of will-to-power.

Metaphysics

Irrational-force interactions {will-to-power} have no objective purposes and no structure and create and maintain

physical and biological worlds.

"God is dead" and does not exist.

Mind

People can only will. Therefore, they must suffer.

Politics

Society can develop people's awareness and activity.

Samuel Butler [Butler, Samuel]

novelist

England

1872 to 1902

Erewhon [1872]; Way of All Flesh [1903]

He lived 1835 to 1902.

Ernst Mach [Mach, Ernst]

physicist/philosopher

Vienna, Austria

1872 to 1916

History and Root of the Law of the Conservation of Energy [1872]; Science of Mechanics: a Critical and Historical

Account of its Development [1883]; Contributions to the Analysis of Sensations and the Relation of the Physical to the

Psychical [1885]; Popular Scientific Lectures [1894]; Knowledge and Error [1905]; Space and Geometry in the Light

of Physiological, Psychological and Physical Inquiry [1906]; Principles of Physical Optics: an Historical and

Philosophical Treatment [1916]

He lived 1838 to 1916. He studied gas flow, sound speed, optic Doppler effect, shock waves, and perception {Mach

band, Mach}. He studied how observers relate to sensations and objects and studied reference frames.

Epistemology

Accelerations and rotations are relative to universe mean mass {Mach's principle, Mach}, and so relative to fixed stars.

Object and physical knowledge cannot depend on sensations, because methods by which people perceive determine

sensations. Science terms describe and predict {instrumentalism} but do not refer to physical objects, which people

cannot know.

Only sensory experience can verify science ideas {empirio-criticism}.

Enrico Cecchetti [Cecchetti, Enrico]

ballet dancer

Italy

1872 to 1927

He lived 1850 to 1928 and was balletmaster of Diaghilev's Ballet Russes.

Winslow Homer [Homer, Winslow]

painter

USA

1873

Morning Bell [1873]

He lived 1836 to 1910.

Augusto Vera [Vera, Augusto]

philosopher

Naples, Italy

1873

Trendelenburg as Opponent of Hegel [1873]

He lived 1813 to 1885 and was Hegelian.

Rutherford B. Hayes [Hayes, Rutherford B.]

president

USA

1873 to 1877

He lived 1822 to 1893 and was the 19th president.

Gus Williams [Williams, Gus]

composer

USA

1873 to 1878

German Polka [1873]; Belle of the Ball [1873]; Banner Song [1874]; See That My Grave Is Kept Clean [1878]

He lived 1847 to 1915.

Walter Pater [Pater, Walter]

essayist

England

1873 to 1885

Studies in the History of the Renaissance [1873: essay]; Marius the Epicurean [1885: essay]

He lived 1839 to 1894 and was in Aesthetic Movement.

David Ferrier [Ferrier, David]

physician

Britain

1873 to 1890

Experimental researches in cerebral physiology and pathology [1873]; Croonian Lecture: Experiments on brain of

monkeys (second series) [1875]; Croonian Lectures on Cerebral Localisation [1890]

He lived 1843 to 1928 and developed operations to treat brain injuries and diseases. Cerebral functions are in fixed

brain areas.

Camillo Golgi [Golgi, Camillo]

biologist

Italy

1873 to 1909

Nerves of the Spinal Column [1873]

He lived 1843 to 1926 and found Golgi cells [1883] and Golgi apparatus [1909]. If silver chromate stains neural tissue,

some nerve cells stain black and become visible among unstained, transparent cells [1873].

Wilhelm Max Wundt [Wundt, Wilhelm Max]

psychologist

Germany

1873 to 1920

Principles of Physiological Psychology [1873 and 1920]

He lived 1832 to 1920 and founded experimental and physiological psychology. He studied attention, apperception,

sense processes, and reaction times. He trained himself in introspection [Wundt, 1873]. Melancholic and choleric

emotional types of Galen have strong emotional reactions, but phlegmatic and sanguine emotional types do not.

Epistemology

Ideas are mental processes, not objects. Mind combines units to make objects and perceptions {structuralism, Wundt}.

Pedro Alarçon [Alarçon, Pedro] or Pedro Antonio de Alarcon y Ariza [Alarcon y Ariza, Pedro Antonio de]

writer

Spain

1874

El Sombrero de Tres Picos or Three-Cornered Hat [1874]

He lived 1833 to 1891.

Sophus Lie [Lie, Sophus]

mathematician

Germany

1874

Theory of Integrability Factors [1874]

He lived 1842 to 1899 and studied transformation groups and finite continuous groups {Lie group, Lie}.

Knowles Shaw [Shaw, Knowles]/George Minor [Minor, George]

lyricist/composer

USA

1874

Bringing in the Sheaves [1874: music in 1880]

Shaw lived 1834 to 1878. Minor lived 1845 to 1904.

Juan Valera y Alcala Galiano [Valera y Alcala Galiano, Juan]

writer

Spain

1874

Pepita Jimenez [1874]

He lived 1824 to 1905.

Jacobus Van't Hoff [Van't Hoff, Jacobus]

chemist

Netherlands

1874

He lived 1852 to 1911 and studied stereochemistry and diamond structure [1874].

Léon Walras [Walras, Léon] or Marie-Ésprit-Léon Walras [Walras, Marie-Ésprit-Léon]

economist

France

1874

Elements of Pure Economics [1874]

He lived 1834 to 1910, created general equilibrium theory [1874], and founded Lausanne School. His student was

Vilfredo Pareto. He contributed to the marginalist revolution.

Carl Wernicke [Wernicke, Carl]

neurologist/psychiatrist

Germany

1874

Aphasic Syndrome [1874]

He lived 1848 to 1905, studied sensory aphasia and word-usage and word-choice disorders, and invented language

brain-flow diagrams. Alcoholics often have thiamine deficiency, which can cause encephalopathy.

William Kingdon Clifford [Clifford, William Kingdon]

mathematician/philosopher

England

1874 to 1877

Body and Mind [1874]; Ethics of Belief [1877]

He lived 1845 to 1879 and invented geometric product and Clifford algebras. He studied complex analysis. Addition

does not necessarily combine two units of same kind but instead defines relations, as in complex numbers or

hypernumbers. People have innate learning, which developed through evolution {evolutionary epistemology, Clifford}.

Mind grows by evolution {creative evolution}.

John Tyndall [Tyndall, John]

philosopher

England

1874 to 1879

Belfast Address [1874]; Fragments of Science: A Series of Detached Essays, Addresses, and Reviews [1879]

He lived 1820 to 1893 and studied science.

Modeste Mussorgsky [Mussorgsky, Modeste]

composer

Russia

1874 to 1880

Boris Godunov [1874: opera]; Pictures at an Exhibition [1874: symphony]; Night on Bald Mountain [1880: symphony]

He lived 1839 to 1881.

Henry Sidgwick [Sidgwick, Henry]

philosopher

England

1874 to 1886

Methods of Ethics [1874]; Outlines of the History of Ethics for English Readers [1886]

He lived 1838 to 1900 and was Utilitarian. Only conscious states have value, because people experience and appreciate

them. Achievement, success, or satisfaction value transfers to conscious state.

Thomas Hardy [Hardy, Thomas]

novelist

England

1874 to 1895

Far From the Madding Crowd [1874]; Return of the Native [1878]; Mayor of Casterbridge [1886]; Tess of the

Durbervilles [1891]; Jude the Obscure [1895]

He lived 1840 to 1928.

Emil Fischer [Fischer, Emil]

chemist

Germany

1874 to 1906

He lived 1852 to 1919 and studied enzymes and carbohydrate chemistry [1874 to 1906].

Calamity Jane or Martha Jane Canary-Burke [Canary-Burke, Martha Jane]

frontierswoman

South Dakota

1875

She lived 1852 to 1903.

Thomas Eakins [Eakins, Thomas]

painter

USA

1875

Gross Clinic [1875]

He lived 1844 to 1916.

Karl Verner [Verner, Karl]

linguist

Germany

1875

He lived 1846 to 1896. In all languages, sound changes follow same rules {Verner's Law} [1875].

Thomas Westendorf [Westendorf, Thomas]

composer

USA

1875

I'll Take You Home Again, Kathleen [1875]

He lived 1848 to 1923.

Jean-Martin Charcot [Charcot, Jean-Martin]

neurologist/psychologist

France

1875 to 1877

On cerebral localizations [1875]; Lectures on the Diseases of the Nervous System [1877]

He lived 1825 to 1893 and studied multiple sclerosis, hysteria, hypnosis, and tabes dorsalis "shooting pains" {lightning

pains}.

Sidney Lanier [Lanier, Sidney]

poet

USA

1875 to 1881

Symphony [1875]; Song of the Chattahoochee [1877]; Marshes of Glynn [1879]; Ballad of Trees and the Master [1881]

He lived 1842 to 1881.

Alphonso XII

king

Spain

1875 to 1885

He lived 1857 to 1885 and became king after Carlists revolted and lost.

Geronimo

chief

Arizona

1875 to 1886

He lived 1829 to 1909, led Bedonkohe band of Apache, was Apache chief, and fought USA army in Arizona until he

surrendered [1886], ending wars against Native Americans.

William Ernest Henley [Henley, William Ernest]

poet

England

1875 to 1891

Invictus [1875]; England, My England [1888 to 1891]

He lived 1849 to 1903.

Henrik Ibsen [Ibsen, Henrik]

playwright

Norway

1875 to 1899

Peer Gynt [1875]; Doll's House [1879]; Enemy of the People [1882]; Wild Duck [1884]; Hedda Gabler [1890]; Master

Builder [1892]; When We Dead Awaken [1899]

He lived 1828 to 1906.

Paul Rée [Rée, Paul]

philosopher

Germany/Italy

1875 to 1903

Psychological Investigations [1875]; Origin of the Moral Sentiments [1877]; Illusion of Free Will [1885]; Philosophy

[1903]

He lived 1849 to 1901. Morals depend on society.

Kwang Hsu

emperor

China

1875 to 1908

He lived 1871 to 1908. Of Ch'ing dynasty, he tried to reform China with Hundred Days reform [1898], but Tz'u Hsi

blocked reform, forced his resignation [1908], and became empress.

James Hickok [Hickok, James] or Wild Bill Hickok [Hickok, Wild Bill]

marshal/scout

Kansas

1876

He lived 1837 to 1876.

Gerald Manley Hopkins [Hopkins, Gerald Manley]

poet

England

1876

Wreck of the Deutschland [1876]

He lived 1844 to 1889.

William Thomson [Thomson, William] or Lord Kelvin [Kelvin, Lord]

physicist

England

1876

He lived 1824 to 1907, invented Kelvin temperature scale [1876], and studied thermodynamics.

Cesare Lombroso [Lombroso, Cesare]

philosopher

Turin, Italy

1876

Criminal Man During Autopsy [1876]

He lived 1835 to 1909, was Positivist, and studied criminology.

Louis Merante [Merante, Louis]

choreographer

France

1876

Sylvia [1876: music by Leo Delibes]

He lived 1828 to 1887.

Midhat Pasha

grand vizier

Istanbul, Turkey

1876

He lived 1822 to 1883 and published a constitution for Ottoman Empire [1876].

Amilcare Ponchielli [Ponchielli, Amilcare]

composer

Italy

1876

La Gioconda or Mona Lisa [1876: opera]

He lived 1834 to 1886.

J. Wellman [Wellman, J.]

composer

USA

1876

Branigan's Band [1876]

Randolph Caldecott [Caldecott, Randolph]

writer

England

1876 to 1886

Irving's Old Christmas [1876]; House that Jack Built [1878]; Diverting History of John Gilpin [1878]; Ride a

Cockhorse to Banbury Cross; Babes in the Wood; Frog He Would A-Wooing Go; Sing a Song for Sixpence [1880]

He lived 1846 to 1886.

Robert Koch [Koch, Robert]

biologist

Wollstein, Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany

1876 to 1890

Anthrax [1877]

He lived 1843 to 1910, stained bacteria [1877], grew bacterial colonies [1890], studied anthrax [1876], tuberculosis,

and cholera, and developed tuberculin test [1890]. He developed Koch's postulates about disease.

Tewfik Pasha

pasha

Egypt

1876 to 1892

He lived 1852 to 1892 and reformed law and education. He lost some of Sudan to Britain.

Alexander Graham Bell [Bell, Alexander Graham]

inventor

USA

1876 to 1901

telephone [1876]; audiometer [1879]; photophone [1880]; metal locator [1881]; wax cylinders for recording [1886];

tetrahedral kite [1901]

He lived 1847 to 1922.

Porfirio Diaz [Diaz, Porfirio]

president

Mexico

1876 to 1911

He lived 1830 to 1915 and increased foreign investment, but it only helped the wealthy. His term ended with

revolution.

Francis Herbert Bradley [Bradley, Francis Herbert]

philosopher

England

1876 to 1914

Ethical Studies [1876]; Principles of Logic [1883]; Appearance and Reality [1893]; Essays on Truth and Reality [1914]

He lived 1846 to 1924 and was utilitarian and Idealist.

Epistemology

Appearance has many objects in many relations. Relations can be independent of objects, be aspects of objects, or be

parts of whole system.

People experience the whole through appearances. Experience continually revises knowledge systems, and statements

are revisable {coherence theory of knowledge}.

Judgments assign predicates to reality.

People have direct knowledge only of perceptions and can build descriptions and conclusions about reality from them.

Logic itself is such conclusion and is mental system.

Ethics

Morality must provide people with unity, understanding, and goal for self {self-realization}. Pleasure seeking does not

supply goals. Kantian duty or rationality assigns role to self but not goal. Hegelian morality provides only duties in

context of society and history.

People should try to realize their best self {ideal morality}, using everyone's pleasures, all duties, all societies, and

analysis and reasoning about them.

Metaphysics

True reality is mental, eternal, self-experiencing, unified, and Absolute.

Mind

People are parts of the Absolute. The Absolute only appears to people in certain forms or appearances.

Henry Martyn Robert [Robert, Henry Martyn]

writer

San Francisco, California

1876 to 1914

Robert's Rules of Order [1876 to 1914: parliamentary procedure rules]

He lived 1837 to 1923, was general, and as engineer built Galveston Seawall.

Chief Joseph

chief

USA

1877

Joseph lived 1840 to 1904, was Nez Perce chief, and surrendered to USA [1877].

Crazy Horse/Dull Knife

surrender

Red Cloud Agency, South Dakota

1877

Crazy Horse lived 1840 to 1877 and was Oglala Lakota chief. Dull Knife lived 1810 to 1883 and was Northern

Cheyenne chief.

Paul Du Bois-Reymond [Du Bois-Reymond, Paul]

mathematician

France

1877

On the paradoxes of the infinitary calculus [1877]

He lived 1831 to 1889 and classified partial differential equations.

Mary A. Lathbury [Lathbury, Mary A.]/William F. Sherwin [Sherwin, William F.]

lyricist/composer

USA

1877

Day Is Dying in the West [1877: music is Chautauqua, 1877]

Lathbury lived 1841 to 1913. Sherwin lived 1826 to 1888.

George Henry Lewes [Lewes, George Henry]

philosopher

England

1877

Physical Basis of Mind [1877]

He lived 1817 to 1878.

Lewis Henry Morgan [Morgan, Lewis Henry]

anthropologist

USA

1877

Ancient Society [1877]

He lived 1818 to 1881 and studied society types.

Chauncey Wright [Wright, Chauncey]

philosopher

USA

1877

Philosophical Discussions [1877]

He lived 1830 to 1875 and was evolutionist.

James A. Garfield [Garfield, James A.]

president

USA

1877 to 1881

He lived 1831 to 1881. 20th president opposed boss and Senator Roscoe Conkling and prosecuted frauds involving

mail routes {star route, Garfield}.

Henry Sweet [Sweet, Henry]

linguist/philologist

England

1877 to 1888

Handbook on Phonetics [1877]; Oldest English Texts [1885]; Icelandic Primer [1888]

He lived 1845 to 1912.

Lev Ivanov [Ivanov, Lev]

ballet dancer/choreographer

Russia

1877 to 1892

Swan Lake [1877: music by Tchaikowsky, updated by Marius Petipa in 1895]; Nutcracker [1892: music by

Tchaikowsky]

He lived 1834 to 1901.

Will S. Hays [Hays, Will S.]

lyricist/composer

USA

1877 to 1895

Roll Out! Heave Dat Cotton [1877]; Drummer Boy of Shiloh [1895]

He lived 1837 to 1907.

Willy Kuhne [Kuhne, Willy]

physiologist

Heidelberg, Germany

1877 to 1900

On the red of the retina [1877]

He lived 1837 to 1900 and found rhodopsin retinal pigment {visual purple} in rod photoreceptors for twilight vision

[1877].

Alexius Meinong [Meinong, Alexius]

philosopher

Germany

1877 to 1910

Human Studies [1877 and 1882]; On Assumptions [1907 and 1910]

He lived 1853 to 1920 and was Brentano's student. Reality can be objects {Objektives} of intentions or states of affairs.

Word meanings are objects or objectives. Objectives or objects have analyzable properties {theory of objects} {object

theory}. Objectives or objects have existence and obey law of contradiction, which applies only to existing things.

Facts can refer to non-existent things, but law of contradiction does not apply.

Eduard Pfluger [Pfluger, Eduard]

physiologist

Bonn, Germany

1877 to 1910

Teleological Mechanics of Nature [1877]

He lived 1829 to 1910. Organisms have goal-directed feedback mechanisms to stabilize output.

Ferdinand Georg Frobenius [Frobenius, Ferdinand Georg]

mathematician

Germany

1878

He lived 1849 to 1917 and studied linear algebra [1878], series, and groups.

Ewald Hering [Hering, Ewald]

physiologist

Austria

1878

Theory of Light Sensing [1878]

He lived 1834 to 1918. Lung receptors signal distension, stop inspiration {Hering-Breuer reflex}, and partly control

respiration.

He explained brightness perception, color vision, afterimages, and complementary colors by starting from neutral point

and moving in anabolic or catabolic direction {opponent color theory, Hering}. Yellow does not subjectively appear to

mix green and red and is stable over intensity changes, so yellow is a primary-color complement. Eye-movement,

color-detection, and brightness-detection mechanisms are inborn. People see unique blue, unique green, and unique

yellow, because they affect all three cones and, at that wavelength, people perceive no other color mixed in. People do

not see unique red, because only two cones affect red.

Brain substance can contain memories, and memory is a material process, because memory survives unconsciousness

and sleep.

Lydia Liliuokalani [Liliuokalani, Lydia]

composer/lyricist

Hawaii

1878

Aloha Oe or Farewell to Thee [1878]

She lived 1838 to 1917 and was last queen of Hawaii [1891 to 1893].

Louis-Antoine Ranvier [Ranvier, Louis-Antoine]

anatomist

Paris, France

1878

Lessons on the histology of the nervous system [1878]

He lived 1835 to 1922 and studied neuron axons and conduction [1878].

Pablo de Sarasate [Sarasate, Pablo de] or Pablo Martín Melitón de Sarasate y Navascuéz [Sarasate y Navascuéz,

Pablo Martín Melitón de]

composer

Spain

1878

Zigeunerweisen or Gypsy Ways [1878]

He lived 1844 to 1908.

Eugene Veron [Veron, Eugene]

philosopher

Paris, France

1878

Aesthetics [1878]

He lived 1825 to 1889. People should express what they feel {emotive theory of art, Veron}.

Hermann Munk [Munk, Hermann]

psychologist

Germany

1878 to 1879

He lived 1839 to 1900 used the term mind-blindness [1878] and found optic chiasm [1879].

James A. Bland [Bland, James A.]

composer

USA

1878 to 1881

Carry Me Back to Old Virginia [1878]; Oh, Dem Golden Slippers [1879]; In the Evening by the Moonlight [1880];

Colored Hop [1881]

He lived 1854 to 1911.

Carl Gustav P. Laval [Laval, Carl Gustav P.]

biologist/inventor

Sweden

1878 to 1883

cream separator [1878]; centrifuge [1883]

He lived 1845 to 1913.

William S. Gilbert [Gilbert, William S.]/Arthur Sullivan [Sullivan, Arthur]

lyricist/composer

England

1878 to 1888

H.M.S. Pinafore [1878: musical]; Pirates of Penzance [1879: musical]; Mikado [1885: musical, including A Wandering

Minstrel]; Ruddigore [1887]; Yeomen of the Guard [1888: musical]

Gilbert lived 1836 to 1911. Sullivan lived 1842 to 1900.

Humbert I

king

Italy

1878 to 1900

He lived 1844 to 1900.

Vladimir Solovyov [Solovyov, Vladimir]

philosopher

St. Petersburg, Russia

1878 to 1900

Lectures on Godmanhood [1878]

He lived 1853 to 1900. People can realize their perfect human natures and so become like Jesus, both God and man

{godmanhood}. World-soul {Sophia} left God to make the world and will return to God as world progresses, a Gnostic

idea.

Van Alexander [Alexander, Van] or Al Feldman [Feldman, Al]

composer

USA

1879

A-Tisket A-Tasket [1879: adapted in 1920]

Felix Lincke [Lincke, Felix]

engineer/inventor

Germany

1879

mechanical relay [1879]

He lived 1840 to 1917 and studied feedback loops {mechanical relay}. Loops {feedback loop} can continuously

measure output {indicator, feedback}, modify feedback-loop input {executive organ, feedback}, connect indicator and

executive organ {transmitter, feedback}, and supply energy {motor, feedback}. Difference between intended goal and

indicator measurement modifies feedback-loop input, to bring system output nearer to goal.

Julio Roca [Roca, Julio]

leader

Argentina

1879

He lived 1843 to 1914 and defeated South American natives, opened south Argentina, set up federal system, and settled

boundary with Chile.

Robert Louis Stevenson [Stevenson, Robert Louis]

novelist/poet

England

1879 to 1889

Requiem [1879: poem]; Treasure Island [1883: novel]; Child's Garden of Verses [1885: poems]; Kidnapped [1886:

novel]; Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde [1886: novel]; Master of Ballantrae [1889: novel]

He lived 1850 to 1894.

César Franck [Franck, César]

composer

Belgium/France

1879 to 1890

Les Beatitudes [1879]; Prelude, Choral, and Fugue [1884]; Variations Symphoniques [1885]; Symphony in D Minor

[1888]; Trois Chorales or Three Chorals [1890]

He lived 1822 to 1890.

Gottlöb Frege [Frege, Gottlöb]

mathematician

Jena, Germany

1879 to 1892

Calculus of Concepts or Concept Script [1879]; Fundamental Laws of Arithmetic [1884]; Function and Concept

[1891]; Concept and Object [1892]; Sense and Reference [1892]

He lived 1848 to 1925, axiomatized counting numbers using equivalence and symbolic logic, and axiomatized

arithmetic. He founded axiomatic logic, using sets and propositions with quantifiers, to make the first propositional

calculus.

Epistemology

All mathematics is formal {logicism, Frege}. Numbers and arithmetic form logical systems {analytic system}. They

are not about intuition or empirical fact {synthetic system}.

Number is not an object property or subjective idea. Numbers are objective objects, and statements about numbers are

objective.

Number {number, Frege} is set of elements whose quantity is the number. For example, two is set of all pairs. Zero is

set of all sets having same number of elements as set of elements not identical to themselves. Classes have an element,

number of elements, and number of elements {successor, Frege} not identical to element.

Higher object or set category {ancestor, Frege} includes lower category {ancestral relation}.

Second-order logic needs this concept.

Symbol systems {propositional calculus, Frege} can show truth or falsehood of logical statements containing IF ...

THEN ..., AND, OR, and NOT, depending on clause truth. In particular, symbol system can express ideas of ALL,

SOME, ANY, EVERY, and NONE {quantification theory}. First-order predicate calculus, second-order predicate

calculus, and set theory can develop from propositional calculus.

Expressions {saturated expression} can be about objects and have completed senses. Expressions {unsaturated

expression} can be functions and need objects to complete them.

Language objects, concepts, features, phrases, or sentences {reference, Frege} can denote {bedeutung}. Logical

statement terms should have references.

Objects, concepts, or sentences can connote {sense, idea} {sinn}. Word sense is reference method used, so all words,

even proper names, have sense. Word sense is constant objective fact, not subjective idea.

Logic laws are not laws of thought.

Sentence is function with arguments and should be either true or false. Declarative sentence represents situation. Word

meanings and sentence structures supply conditions for understanding sentences {truth-condition, Frege}. Sentence

meaning is conditions that make sentence true {truth-conditional semantics, Frege} {model-theoretic semantics, Frege}

{Situation Semantics, Frege}. Only whole sentences have meaning.

Truth depends on objective-reality state that sentence depicts, not on mental judgments or ideas. Sentences with same

meaning can be in different forms.

Paul Cézanne [Cézanne, Paul]

painter

France

1879 to 1897

Self-Portrait [1879 and 1895]; Mont Sainte-Victoire Seen from Bibemus Quarry [1897]

He lived 1839 to 1906, was Post-Impressionist, and articulated foreground and background.

Henry James [James, Henry]

novelist

USA

1879 to 1904

Daisy Miller [1879]; Washington Square [1880]; Portrait of a Lady [1881]; Turn of the Screw [1898]; Wings of the

Dove [1902]; Ambassadors [1903]; Golden Bowl [1904]

He lived 1843 to 1916.

Jean Henri Fabré [Fabré, Jean Henri]

entomologist

Paris, France

1879 to 1907

Souvenirs of Entomology [1879 to 1907]

He lived 1823 to 1915 and studied insect behavior and sense capacities.

Albert Pinkham Ryder [Ryder, Albert Pinkham]

painter

USA

1879 to 1919

Toilers of the Sea [1919: realist]; Dead Bird [1879: realist]

He lived 1847 to 1917.

Joseph Breuer [Breuer, Joseph]

physician

Vienna, Austria

1880

Case of Anna O. [1880]

He lived 1842 to 1925, studied hysteria using hypnosis, and discussed catharsis. Vagus nerve controls breathing.

Semicircular canals are for balance.

James Martineau [Martineau, James]

philosopher

England

1880

Temple Not Made with Hands [1880]

He lived 1805 to 1900 and was Unitarian. Motivations are the basis of morals {agent-relative morality, Martineau}.

John Venn [Venn, John]

mathematician

USA

1880

On the Diagrammatic and Mechanical Representation of Prepositions and Reasonings [1880]

He lived 1834 to 1923 and invented Venn diagrams.

Guy du Maupassant [Maupassant, Guy du]

storyteller/essayist

France

1880 to 1884

Tallow Ball [1880: story]; Necklace [1883: story]; Piece of String [1884: story]; Miss Harriet [1884: story]

He lived 1850 to 1893 and was French Realist.

Alexander Borodin [Borodin, Alexander]

composer

Russia

1880 to 1890

In the Steppes of Central Asia [1880]; Prince Igor [1890: with the Polovtzian Dances]

He lived 1833 to 1887.

Hermann Ebbinghaus [Ebbinghaus, Hermann]

psychologist

Germany

1880 to 1890

On Memory [1885]

He lived 1850 to 1909 and tried to find human-memory laws [1880 to 1890]. He invented novel syllables {nonsense

syllable, Ebbinghaus}, with vowel between two consonants, to ensure learning had no previous associations. Memories

can last for minutes or longer. Repetition strengthens memory. Memory content involves storing basic units, such as

shapes, sizes, motions, and qualities. Memory strength is number of stored or recalled units. Complex memories have

same laws as basic unit memories.

James Whitcomb Riley [Riley, James Whitcomb]

poet

USA

1880 to 1890

When the Frost Is on the Punkin [1880]; Little Orphan Annie [1885]; Raggedy Man [1890]

He lived 1849 to 1916.

Colin K. Urquhart [Urquhart, Colin K.]

lyricist

USA

1880 to 1890

Far Above Cayuga's Waters [1880 to 1890: Cornell University. music is Annie Lisle]

Johannes van der Waals [van der Waals, Johannes]

physicist

Netherlands

1880 to 1890

Molecular theory of a substance composed of two different species [1890]

He lived 1837 to 1923, discovered Van der Waals forces [1880], and studied equilibrium matter states [1890].

Émile Zola [Zola, Émile]

novelist

France

1880 to 1898

Nana [1880]; Germinal [1885]; J'Accuse or I Accuse [1898]

He lived 1840 to 1902 and wrote in Naturalistic style.

Henry Adams [Adams, Henry]

novelist

USA

1880 to 1906

Democracy [1880: essay]; History of the United States of America [1889 to 1891]; Education of Henry Adams [1906:

history]

He lived 1838 to 1918.

Gustav Fauré [Fauré, Gustav]

composer

France

1880 to 1915

Barcarolle No. 1 in A minor [1880]; Pelleas and Melisande [1903: opera]; Barcarolle No. 11 in G minor [1915]

He lived 1845 to 1924.

Enrico Ferri [Ferri, Enrico]

philosopher

Turin, Italy

1880 to 1929

Criminal Sociology [1884]

He lived 1846 to 1929, was Positivist, and studied criminology.

Lou Dockstader [Dockstader, Lou]

composer

USA

1881

Colored Band [1881]

E. Emmert [Emmert, E.]

psychologist

USA

1881

Large Environment Effects on Afterimages [1881]

Visual afterimage has larger size if is thought to be far away and smaller size if it is thought to be nearby, so afterimage

apparent size directly relates to apparent distance {Emmert's law, Emmert}.

Josiah Willard Gibbs [Gibbs, Josiah Willard]

chemist/mathematician

USA

1881

Elements of Vector Analysis [1881]

He lived 1839 to 1903 and studied vectors and thermodynamic equilibrium in many-particle systems.

Billy Mortimer [Mortimer, Billy]/Dan Lewis [Lewis, Dan]

lyricist/composer

USA

1881

I Had But Fifty Cents [1881]

Dante Gabriel Rossetti [Rossetti, Dante Gabriel]

poet/painter

England

1881

Blessed Damozel [1881]; House of Life

He lived 1828 to 1882 and was painter.

Giovanni Verga [Verga, Giovanni]

writer

Italy

1881

House by the Medlar Tree [1881]

He lived 1840 to 1922.

Chester A. Arthur [Arthur, Chester A.]

president

USA

1881 to 1885

He lived 1830 to 1886. 21st president passed Civil Service Act.

Frederic-Auguste Bartholdi [Bartholdi, Frederic-Auguste]

architect

Liberty Island, New York

1881 to 1886

Statue of Liberty or Liberty Enlightening the World [1881 to 1886: Iron statue is 50 meters tall, on a 50-meter pedestal,

and is copper over an iron and steel frame]

He lived 1834 to 1904. Eiffel built the frame. Liberty Island is part of New York City.

Adolf Bastian [Bastian, Adolf]

anthropologist/ethnologist

Germany

1881 to 1887

History of Ethnology [1881]; Perceived World under Differences of Folk Thought [1887]

He lived 1826 to 1905. Everyone has same brain physiology {psychic unity of mankind} and has same elementary

ideas {Elementargedanken}, so people differ only in culture and history. Societies develop from simple to complex

according to laws {genetic principle}, and societies have collective representations and folk ideas. Studying collective

representations and folk ideas from many cultures can reveal elementary ideas.

John Hughlings Jackson [Jackson, John Hughlings]

neurologist

Britain

1881 to 1887

Croonian Lectures on Evolution and Dissolution of the Nervous System [1881 to 1887]

He lived 1835 to 1911. He noted focal-epilepsy involuntary-movement sequences and deduced motor-cortex excitable-

area spatial patterns. Patients can utter words or phrases under stress or during high emotion, though they cannot speak

voluntarily.

George Romanes [Romanes, George]

biologist

England

1881 to 1888

Animal Intelligence [1881]; Physiological Selection: An Additional Suggestion on the Origin of Species [1886];

Mental Evolution in Man [1888]

He lived 1848 to 1894. Animals learn by imitation [1886].

Alexander III

czar

Russia

1881 to 1894

He lived 1845 to 1894, was Romanov, and promoted peace and industry. The Black Hundred beat people and robbed

Jewish homes and shops.

Jules Massenet [Massenet, Jules]

composer

France

1881 to 1894

Herodiade [1881: opera]; Le Cid [1885: opera]; Manon [1893: opera]; Werther [1893: opera]; Thaïs [1894: opera]

He lived 1842 to 1912.

Anatole France [France, Anatole] or Jacques Anatole François Thibault [Thibault, Jacques Anatole François]

novelist

France

1881 to 1908

Crime of Sylvester Bonnard [1881]; Penguin Island [1908]

He lived 1844 to 1924.

Samuel Gompers [Gompers, Samuel]

founder

USA

1881 to 1924

He lived 1850 to 1924 and founded and led American Federation of Labor (AFL), which was against socialism and

profit sharing.

Thomas Masaryk [Masaryk, Thomas]

president

Prague, Czech Republic

1881 to 1937

Suicide [1881]; Foundations of Concrete Logic [1885]; Social Question [1898]; Spirit of Russia [1913]

He lived 1850 to 1937. He helped found Czechoslovakia [1918] and had problems with extremists.

Moritz Pasch [Pasch, Moritz]

mathematician

Germany

1882

He lived 1843 to 1930 and studied geometry foundations [1882], especially line and point interchangeability.

Sri Ramakrishna [Ramakrishna, Sri]

philosopher

India

1882

Gospel of Sri Ramakrishna [1882: about Tantric Buddhism]

He lived 1836 to 1886, followed Vedanta, and was a mystic. All religions are about uniting with God. People can be

divine by serving others and God, expressing one spirit. His student was Swami Vivekananda.

Loie Fuller [Fuller, Loie]

ballerina

USA

1882 to 1906

She lived 1862 to 1928.

Nikolai Rimsky-Korsakov [Rimsky-Korsakov, Nikolai]

composer

Russia

1882 to 1907

Snow Maiden [1882: opera]; Capriccio Espagnole or Spanish Caprice [1887]; Scheherazade [1888]; Russian Easter

Overture [1888]; Ivan the Terrible [1892: opera]; Flight of the Bumblebee [1900]; Le Coq d'Or or Golden Rooster

[1907: opera]

He lived 1844 to 1908 and composed symphonies and operas.

Harald Hoffding [Hoffding, Harald]

philosopher

Denmark

1882 to 1910

Outlines of Psychology [1882]; History of Modern Philosophy [1894]; Human Thought [1910]

He lived 1843 to 1931 and was Relativist. Consciousness builds concept by synthesis. Concepts change over history as

science advances.

Joseph Pulitzer [Pulitzer, Joseph]

essayist/journalist

USA

1882 to 1911

He lived 1847 to 1911.

René Lalique [Lalique, René]

designer

France

1882 to 1934

SS Normandie dining room and grand salon lighted glass walls and columns [1934: Art Deco]

He lived 1860 to 1945 and was jewelry maker instrumental in Art Nouveau and Art Deco. He worked in glass, enamel,

and stones.

Emilia Bazan [Bazan, Emilia]

writer

Spain

1883

Critical Issue [1883]

She lived 1852 to 1921.

William F. Cody [Cody, William F.] or Buffalo Bill

showman/scout

USA

1883

He lived 1845 to 1917.

Carlo Collodi [Collodi, Carlo] or Carlo Lorenzini [Lorenzini, Carlo]

writer

Italy

1883

Pinocchio [1883]

He lived 1826 to 1890.

P. Percy [Percy, P.]

composer

USA

1883

Sambo's Double Shuffle [1883]

Osborne Reynolds [Reynolds, Osborne]

physicist

England

1883 to 1889

He lived 1842 to 1912 and studied hydraulics and hydrodynamics, especially turbulent flow and when fluid transitions

from laminar to turbulent flow {hydrodynamic stability} [1883 to 1889].

Carl Stumpf [Stumpf, Carl]

psychologist

Germany

1883 to 1890

Psychology of Sound [1883 and 1890]

He lived 1848 to 1936 and studied tone and music psychology {act psychology, Stumpf} at School of Graz. He studied

experimental phenomenology [Stumpf, 1890].

Thomas Hill Green [Green, Thomas Hill]

philosopher

England

1883 to 1895

Prolegomena to Ethics or Introduction to Ethics [1883]; Lectures on the Principles of Political Obligation [1895]

He lived 1836 to 1882 and was Idealist.

Manuel Gutiérrez Nájera [Nájera, Manuel Gutiérrez]

writer

Mexico

1883 to 1898

Cuentos frágiles or Gossamer Stories [1883]; Cuentos de color de humo or Smoke-colored Stories [1898]

He lived 1859 to 1895.

August Weismann [Weismann, August]

biologist

Germany

1883 to 1902

On Inheritance [1883]; Essays upon Heredity and Kindred Biological Problems [1889]; Lecture on Descendency

Theory [1902]

He lived 1833 to 1914. Specialized cells carry genetic information {germ line} {germ plasm theory} [1883]. Selection

can operate at levels below and above organisms.

Wilhelm Dilthey [Dilthey, Wilhelm]

philosopher/historian

Berlin, Germany

1883 to 1910

Introduction to the Human Sciences [1883]; Poetry and Experience [1906]; Formation of the Historical World in the

Human Sciences [1910]

He lived 1833 to 1911 and was historian of culture. By studying other cultures and life, people can gain higher

understanding in world-view {weltanschaungen}, such as materialism, pantheism, vitalism, or idealism. People

understand history, writers, and artists by imagining their lives, cultures, and work's spirit {Verstehen, Dilthey}. Life

contains meaning and purpose, which continually change.

Emil Kraepelin [Kraepelin, Emil]

psychiatrist

Germany

1883 to 1927

Textbook of Psychiatry [1883 to 1927]; Directions of Psychiatric Research [1887]

He lived 1856 to 1926 and determined that manic-depressive psychosis [1899] and schizophrenia [1893] differ [1899].

Mental disorders can arise from metabolic or other defects that are not psychological adaptations. They show

neurological signs for different behavioral and psychological mental-disease syndromes. They associate with painful

symptom {distress} or impaired functioning {disability}. They involve behaviors that are persistent or repetitive, resist

modification, and do not remove anxiety sources.

Vito J. Volterra [Volterra, Vito J.]

mathematician/ecologist

Italy

1883 to 1930

Theory of Functionals and of Integral and Integro-Differential Equations [1930]

He lived 1860 to 1940 and studied integral equations [1883]. Mating, dying, or other-species effects cause predator-

number and prey-number change rates {Lotka-Volterra differential equations, Volterra} [1926]. In ecosystems,

predator and prey numbers can oscillate until reaching steady state, can continue to oscillate, or can become zero, so

species is extinct.

Svante Arrhenius [Arrhenius, Svante]

chemist

Sweden

1884

He lived 1859 to 1927 and studied electrolytic ion solutions [1884].

G. Clifton Bingham [Bingham, G. Clifton]/James Molloy [Molloy, James]

lyricist/composer

Ireland

1884

Love's Old Sweet Song [1884]

Molloy lived 1837 to 1909.

Ed Haley [Haley, Ed]/Robert A. Keiser [Keiser, Robert A.]

composer

USA

1884

While Strolling in the Park One Day [1884]

Joris Huysmans [Huysmans, Joris] or Charles-Marie-Georges Huysmans [Huysmans, Charles-Marie-Georges]

writer

France/Netherlands

1884

A Rebours or Against the Grain [1884]

He lived 1848 to 1907 and was Aesthetic and Decadent.

Helen Hunt Jackson [Jackson, Helen Hunt]

writer

USA

1884

Ramona [1884]

She lived 1830 to 1885.

Henri Louis Le Chatelier [Le Chatelier, Henri Louis]

chemist

Paris, France

1884

General Statement of the Laws of Chemical Equilibrium [1884]

He lived 1850 to 1936 and invented Le Chatelier's reaction-direction principle [1884].

Théodule Ribot [Ribot, Théodule]

psychologist

Paris, France

1884

Diseases of Memory [1884]

He lived 1839 to 1916 and studied retrograde amnesia. Brain injury damages recent memories more than older ones

{Ribot's law, Ribot}.

Juventino Rosas [Rosas, Juventino] or José Juventino Policarpo Rosas Cadenas [Rosas Cadenas, José Juventino

Policarpo]

composer

Mexico

1884

Sobre las Olas or Over the Waves [1884: waltz]

He lived 1868 to 1894.

George Eastman [Eastman, George]

inventor

USA

1884 to 1888

roll film [1884]; Kodak camera [1888]

He lived 1854 to 1932 and invented roll film and cameras.

Georges Seurat [Seurat, Georges]

painter

France

1884 to 1888

Bathers at Asnieres [1884 and 1887]; Side Show [1888]

He lived 1859 to 1891 and used color dots {Pointillism} {Divisionism}.

William Morris [Morris, William]

designer

England

1884 to 1896

Morris chair [1880 to 1890]

William Morris lived 1834 to 1896 and led Arts and Crafts movement.

Frederick T. Trouton [Trouton, Frederick T.]

chemist

England

1884 to 1902

Results of an Electrical Experiment [1902]

He lived 1863 to 1922 and studied vaporization entropy. Vaporization entropy is approximately 87 Joules/Kelvin per

mole for most liquids {Trouton's rule} [1884].

William James [James, William]

psychologist

USA

1884 to 1911

What is an emotion? [1884: with Carl Lange]; Principles of Psychology [1890]; Psychology: The Briefer Course

[1892]; Will to Believe [1897]; Human Immortality [1898]; Varieties of Religious Experience [1902]; Pragmatism

[1907]; Pluralist Universe [1909]; Meaning of Truth [1909]; Some Problems in Philosophy [1911]; Essays in Radical

Empiricism [1912]

He lived 1842 to 1910 and was pragmatist, radical empiricist, and Swedenborgian.

Epistemology

Things that people experience are real. Conjunctions {association, James} between perceptions and their parts organize

experience. Ideal forms or categories do not organize experience.

Hypothesis is true if consequences of believing it lead to personal well-being, success, and satisfaction {pragmatism,

James}. The best test of theory is what happens when using it. True beliefs have good practical effects in thinking and

acting. They help people, are profitable, correspond to actual events, or are expedient in most situations.

Useful hypothesis makes prediction about experience or behavior.

Statements do not have objective truth.

Sshort-term memory can last from seconds to minutes and be in current experience. Long-term memory can last for

days and require going back to the past.

Overt body behavior, especially in viscera, causes human and animal emotion, in response to internal or external

stimulation or perception {James-Lange theory of emotion}.

Fear of loud noises is innate, but conditioning and stimulus generalization cause most fears.

Sense and motor systems interact {ideomotor theory}, so actions have representations about their effects, and the

representations control further actions. Actions have predicted consequences.

Ethics

Will and attention seem to require effort, which indicates self-exerted force.

Will is active and purposeful consciousness. Belief requires effort of will {will-to-believe}. One then acts according to

one's beliefs.

Free will is active attention to choose or maintain belief and choose behavior.

The will-to-believe allows one to choose belief in situations in which one must choose belief, and so action, without

knowing consequences. Reason does not work in such situation.

Believing is good, because people might believe the truth, whereas avoiding error is not practical and cannot lead to

truth. People choose not believing when they fear trickery or mistakes, but it is better to have false hope than false fear.

People should not reject hypothesis if results are good. Therefore, people should believe in God.

Metaphysics

Pure experience is the only reality {radical empiricism}. Experiences contain knower {consciousness, James}, known

{perception, James}, and their relations. Living things both participate in pure experience and can reflect on it later.

Experience is neither mind nor matter {neutral monism, James}. Experience is pluralistic. Soul, self, Ideas, and matter

do not exist.

God is being and existence itself. Nothing else can determine God. Thus, God cannot not be, and so is necessary and

sufficient. Because necessary and sufficient, God is perfect and absolute. Because limitation is non-existence, God has

no limits from within or without and so is infinite. Because God is infinite, God is one and only one. Because God is

one and only, God is indivisible. God has no potentiality, because potential can lose or gain, thus contradicting

necessity and absoluteness. God contains all actuality already and is immutable. Because God has no limits, God is

boundless. If God has bound, God is in space and thus is composite. God is omniscient, because God knows all causes

as itself. God is pervasive and omnipresent, because God is present in all time. God is omnipotent for all things that do

not have logical contradictions. If God has physical substances or anything inside, they have cause other than God, so

God is non-physical and spiritual. If God is material, God has parts, which something not-God must combine, which is

contradiction. Therefore, God must be simple. God's nature or essence and existence or being must be the same.

Potential and actual, substance and accidents, being and activity, existence and attributes unite in God. Because God

has all attributes of persons, God is a person. Because God is object and subject of its activity, God is a living self-

sufficient person. Because people have will and intelligence, God has them, because cause must have more than effect.

The object of those things in God is God itself. God wills itself, knows itself, and must do these things. God is eternal.

If God does not exist from the beginning, God needs a prior cause. If God is not present at end, God is not necessary. If

God has succession, God is mutable.

God can create being from non-divine substance or out of nothing. God can will to create, because everything outside

God can change. God creates to exercise his freedom and manifest his glory. God creates out of love, to make rational

creations that can know and love God. God implants the Ideas in us, but people perceive them from finite viewpoint.

Evil is negation, and so God cannot be evil. God permits evil in free beings but does not will it.

Mysticism is passive, transient, ineffable, and noetic.

Mind

Brain as whole makes continuous, personal, active, and changing experience {stream of consciousness, James}, which

is about near past and near future. The stream of consciousness can affect brain.

Person's individual experience can interact with other's experiences.

Mind can use different means in different situations to reach fixed goals.

An "I" {subjective self} thinks and knows. A "Me" {empirical self} {objective self} is the body {material self}, social

acts {social self}, and spirit or soul {spiritual self}, which has reasoning, will, goals, conscience, and sensory

experiences. Spiritual self attends, judges, and acts {active element}. The "I" is whole set of Me's, holds thoughts, and

is a special thought type that remembers, selects, unifies {unity, self}, and continues {continuity, self} into next such

thought, making stream of consciousness. "...thought itself is the thinker..."

Consciousness can cause attention {cause theory}, or brain can direct it {effect theory}.

William Morris [Morris, William]/John Ruskin [Ruskin, John]/Gustav Stickley [Stickley, Gustav]

designer

England/USA

1884 to 1916

Arts and Crafts [1884 to 1916]

Morris lived 1834 to 1896. Ruskin lived 1819 to 1900. Stickley lived 1858 to 1942. They started a craft style {Arts and

Crafts movement}.

Woodrow Wilson [Wilson, Woodrow]

college professor/president

USA

1884 to 1921

Congressional Government [1884]; Fourteen Points [1918]

He lived 1856 to 1924. 28th president [1913 to 1921] started New Freedom reforms. He sent Marines to Vera Cruz,

Mexico [1914]. He occupied Haiti and Santo Domingo [1914 to 1916]. He passed Farm Loan Act [1916]. He set up

Federal Reserve. USA became a creditor nation, as Allies paid in gold, sold their assets, and bought goods from USA.

He entered World War I [1917] after earlier neutrality. He presented 14 points for peace at Paris Peace Conference

[1919]. Republicans under Lodge blocked USA entry into League of Nations [1920]. His health broke while

campaigning [1920] and he died [1921].

Sarah Winchester [Winchester, Sarah]

owner/architect

San José, California

1884 to 1922

Winchester Mansion [1884 to 1922: Romantic-style wood house has eight stories and 160 rooms and cost five million

dollars]

She lived 1837 to 1922.

Georg Cantor [Cantor, Georg]

mathematician

Halle, Germany

1885

Contributions to the Founding of the Theory of Transfinite Numbers [1885]

He lived 1845 to 1918 and studied set theory, infinity, continuity, transfinite numbers, union, intersection, conjunction,

disjunction, bound, extension principle, abstraction principle, and one-to-one correspondence.

He invented continuum hypothesis. Cardinal-number series and ordinal-number series are infinite. Irrational numbers

in closed intervals are rational-number-series limits. Sets of limits can have sets of limits, and so on, to infinity.

Geometrical-figure or space topologies are points related by distance functions or limits. For any real number n, 2^n >

n.

Gottfried Daimler [Daimler, Gottfried]

inventor

Germany

1885

motorcycle [1885]

He lived 1834 to 1900 {motorcycle}.

Theodor Escherich [Escherich, Theodor]

biologist

Graz, Germany

1885

On Intestinal Bacteria of Infants [1886]; Escherichia coli discovered [1885]

He lived 1857 to 1911.

William Dean Howells [Howells, William Dean]

novelist

USA

1885

Rise of Silas Lapham [1885]

He lived 1837 to 1920.

William LeBaron Jenney [Jenney, William LeBaron]

architect

Chicago, Illinois

1885

Home Insurance Company Building [1885: first to use steel skeleton]

He lived 1832 to 1907. Home Insurance had ten stories.

Carl Georg Lange [Lange, Carl Georg]

psychologist/philosopher

Copenhagen, Denmark

1885

Emotions [1885]

He lived 1834 to 1900 and was materialist. Only humans can understand and use number system. Ability to use number

system and abstract space properties is innate. Emotion is bodily changes evoked by perceiving external stimuli.

Frank W. Meacham [Meacham, Frank W.]

composer

USA

1885

American Patrol [1885]

He lived 1856 to 1909.

Hermann Amandus Schwarz [Schwarz, Hermann Amandus]

mathematician

Germany

1885

He lived 1843 to 1921 and invented Schwarz statistics criterion, Schwarz's inequality [1885], and Schwarz's paradox.

Joseph John Thomson [Thomson, Joseph John]

chemist/physicist

England

1885

He lived 1856 to 1940 and studied gas electrons and electrical conduction [1885].

Grover Cleveland [Cleveland, Grover]

president

USA

1885 to 1889

He lived 1837 to 1908 and was 22nd president.

John T. McFarland [McFarland, John T.]/William J. Kirkpatrick [Kirkpatrick, William J.]

composer

Germany

1885 to 1895

Away in a Manger [1885 and 1895]

McFarland lived 1851 to 1913. Kirkpatrick lived 1838 to 1932. First two verses are anonymous [1885].

Karl Friedrich Benz [Benz, Karl Friedrich]

inventor

Germany

1885 to 1896

automobile [1885 to 1896]

He lived 1844 to 1929.

Max von Frey [Frey, Max von]

physiologist

Göttingen, Germany

1885 to 1904

Journal of Mathematical Physics [1896]; Four Cutaneous Senses [1904]; heart-lung machine [1885]

He lived 1852 to 1932 and studied pain and touch sensations.

Josiah Royce [Royce, Josiah]

philosopher

USA

1885 to 1908

Religious Aspect of Philosophy [1885]; Philosophy of Loyalty [1908]

He lived 1855 to 1916 and was Idealist. The Absolute Mind includes all minds. Will properties or essence explain

motivation.

Ivan Bunin [Bunin, Ivan]

poet

Russia

1885 to 1920

Russian Requiem [1885 to 1920: poems]

He lived 1870 to 1953.

Richard von Krafft-Ebing [Krafft-Ebing, Richard von]

neurologist

Germany

1886

Psychopathy of Sex [1886]

He lived 1840 to 1902 and studied syphilitic infection, which can cause insanity and paralysis.

Emma Lazarus [Lazarus, Emma]

poet

USA

1886

New Colossus [1886: on Statue of Liberty]

She lived 1849 to 1887.

François Raoult [Raoult, François]

chemist

France

1886

He lived 1830 to 1901 and invented Raoult's vapor-pressure law [1886].

José Rizal [Rizal, José]

leader

Philippines

1886

He lived 1861 to 1896 and led independence from Spain movement.

William Stanley, Jr. [Stanley, Jr., William]

inventor

USA

1886

transformer [1886]

He lived 1858 to 1916.

Adolph Strasser [Strasser, Adolph]

leader

USA

1886

He lived 1844 to 1939. American Federation of Labor (AFL) formed.

Julien Viaud [Viaud, Julien] or Pierre Loti [Loti, Pierre]

writer

France

1886 to 1897

Pêcheur d'Islande or Iceland Fisherman [1886]; Ramuntcho [1897]

He lived 1850 to 1923.

James McKeen Cattell [Cattell, James McKeen]

psychologist

USA

1886 to 1902

Psychometric Investigation [1886]; Time of Perception as a Measure of Differences in Intensity [1902]

He lived 1860 to 1944, experimentally tried hashish, and measured reaction times and small perception differences

[1902].

James Ward [Ward, James]

psychologist

England

1886 to 1918

Psychology [1886]; Psychological Principles [1918]

He lived 1843 to 1925 and wrote psychology textbook.

Alphonso XIII

king

Spain

1886 to 1931

He lived 1886 to 1941.

Arturo Toscanini [Toscanini, Arturo]

conductor

Italy

1886 to 1954

He lived 1867 to 1957.

Edward Bellamy [Bellamy, Edward]

novelist

USA

1887

Looking Backward [1887]

He lived 1850 to 1898.

George Trumbull Ladd [Ladd, George Trumbull]

psychologist

USA

1887

Elements of Physiological Psychology [1887]

He lived 1842 to 1921 and studied perception and behavior physiology.

Nicola Tesla [Tesla, Nicola]

inventor

Italy

1887

magnetic coil [1887]; rotating magnetic field [1887]

He lived 1856 to 1943 {magnetic coil}.

Ferdinand Tonnies [Tonnies, Ferdinand]

sociologist

Germany

1887

Community and Society [1887]

He lived 1855 to 1936. Human will depends on either instinctive force {essential will} or reasoned purpose or goal

{arbitrary will}. Communities {Gemeinschaft}, such as cities and states, can depend on essential will, to gain essential

needs. Societies {Gesellschaft}, such as families and neighborhoods, can form to reach goals.

Vincent van Gogh [van Gogh, Vincent]

painter

France

1887 to 1889

Self-Portrait [1887]; Wheat Field and Cypress Trees [1889]; Potato Eaters [1889]; Starry Night [1889]

He lived 1853 to 1890, was Post-Impressionist, and painted landscapes filled with emotion and bright colors.

Sergei Korsakoff [Korsakoff, Sergei]

neuropsychiatrist

Russia

1887 to 1893

Alcohol Paralysis [1887]; Diseases of Memory and Their Diagnosis [1890]; Textbook of Psychiatry [1893]

He lived 1854 to 1900, discovered amnesia type [1887], and studied Korsakoff syndrome [Korsakoff, 1887].

Arthur Conan Doyle [Conan Doyle, Arthur]

novelist

England

1887 to 1902

Study in Scarlet [1887]; Sign of the Four [1890]; Final Problem [1893]; Hound of the Baskervilles [1902]

He lived 1859 to 1930 and wrote stories about detective Sherlock Holmes and his assistant Dr. Watson.

August Strindberg [Strindberg, August]

playwright/novelist

Sweden

1887 to 1907

Father [1887]; Miss Julie [1888]; Inferno [1894]; Son of a Servant [1896]; Dream Play [1907]

He lived 1849 to 1912.

Ferdinand

king

Bulgaria

1887 to 1918

He lived 1861 to 1948 and was Saxe-Coburg-Gotha. Bulgaria became independent [1908].

Edmund Gustav Albert Husserl [Husserl, Edmund Gustav Albert]

philosopher

Germany

1887 to 1937

On the Concept of Number [1887]; Philosophy of Arithmetic [1891]; Logical Investigations [1900 to 1901]; Lectures

on the Phenomenology of Internal Time-Consciousness [1905]; Thing and Space [1907]; Ideas Pertaining to a Pure

Phenomenology and to a Phenomenological Philosophy, First Book: General Introduction to a Pure Phenomenology

[1913]; Cartesian Meditations [1931]; Crisis of the European Sciences and Transcendental Phenomenology [1935]

He lived 1859 to 1938, was a psychologist, read Frege, and became a philosopher. He developed phenomenology by

extending Brentano's intentionality theory.

Epistemology

People know knowledge types only by psychological effects {psychologism}, which are subjective experiences.

Psychology is about psychological effects and subjective experiences themselves and so about consciousness. People

cannot know physical scientific facts or how subjective experience relates to them. Psychology needs postulates, but

psychology cannot prove these fundamental ideas.

Logical structures exist independently of psychological activities, but people can only understand logical structures

from psychological effects.

To study mental processes and what is in conscious mind, start with no assumptions about perception, objects,

concepts, causes, or consequences. Suspend judgment {epoché, Husserl} about actual existence.

First, classify phenomena {phenomenology, Husserl} and then find their essences {eidos} and origins.

People have meaningful and logical object representations {intention, Husserl} in consciousness {phenomena,

Husserl}, which reflect universals or essences {noema}. People can experience and remember unique and individual

intentions in consciousness and consciousness itself {noesis}. Conscious acts are intentional and direct towards objects.

Phenomena are mental object representations {profile, Husserl}. Profiles are object-essence aspects. Essence is sum of

all possible profiles, and people find it by intuition {eidetic intuition} using intentions about profiles {transcendental

subjectivity} {transcendental ego, Husserl}. Finding object essence makes that essence, and so consciousness is

constitutive. Eidetic intuition both finds object essence and develops its existence {eidetic reduction}.

Phenomena have ontology, because they are in object essence. Intentions have ontology, because they are about object

essence. Knowing object essence relates phenomena to intentions {phenomenological reduction}. Provisional

connections {bracketing} {einklam-merung} are between objects and intentions, which both refer to noema. After

analyzing intentions, find all possible meaningful intentional relations {transcendental reduction}. Intentions cannot

refer directly to objects, because objects are not contingent, but intentions and subjects are contingent.

Phenomenology is better way to establish physical world facts. In Western world, science appears to be the only fact

source {objectivism, Husserl}. However, facts are intentions from conscious activity, and subjective experience is all

people can know about world. Empiricism should account for subject, observer, and methodology. Including life,

history, and society subjective experiences requires an epistemological phenomena theory, such as phenomenology.

Psychologically, numbers develop from counting set elements. Logically, numbers are symbols and wholes, which

people do not count but manipulate.

Awareness has unrepresented features and has space and time {horizon of awareness} {awareness horizon}. The

horizon is necessary to perception, meaning, and understanding.

Mind

Mind knows only phenomena appearances, not reality.

Egos or subjects are not consciousness or mental-experience physical objects but transcend both categories

{transcendentalism, Husserl}.

People's egos can know each other {the Other, Husserl}.

The living world {Lebenswelt} {life-world} is people's subjective natural state, before science and history, which has

essences upon which to build knowledge.

Conscious experience has viewpoint and object {intentionality, Husserl}.

Conscious experiences have many meanings and appearances, some sensory and some non-sensory {superposition,

Husserl}.

Imaginary objects have arbitrary properties, but perceived objects have definite and often more properties

{transcendence, Husserl}. Perceived objects have stable part relations {relational constancy}; have no affect from

interruptions or other perception changes, will or other mental states; allow perception by different senses {perceptual

invariance}; and allow improvement in perception {corrigibility}.

Perceived objects associate with objects in the past and future {temporality}, including themselves, and so have history

{retention} and expectations {protention}. Consciousness moments {primal impression} include past and future.

People know viewpoint or object changes by object comparisons at different times. Perceived objects have duration,

and events have monotonic order. Time is global and unitary. Events nest recursively.

People have lived-in bodies {leib, Husserl} and bodies as intentional objects {körper, Husserl}. Sensations relate to

proprioceptive and kinesthetic information from physical body, which allows action. Sense-organ and body movements

create egocentric space, which makes intentions and experience. The sense of self is implicit, not known by higher-

order thought or itself.

Pain and color sensations {hyle} (material) are not intentional but are sense contents and lead to intentions and

consciousness.

Franz Boas [Boas, Franz]

anthropologist/linguist

Germany/USA

1887 to 1940

Principles of Ethnological Classification [1887]; On Alternating Sounds [1889]; Anthropology [1907: essay]; Mind of

Primitive Man [1910 and 1938]; Growth of Children, 1896 to 1904 [1911]; Culture and Race [1913]; Methods of

Ethnology [1920: essay]; Primitive Art [1927]; Anthropology and Modern Life [1928 to 1938]; General Anthropology

[1938: editor]; Race, Language, and Culture [1940]

He lived 1858 to 1942 and studied Pacific-Northwest native societies [1910]. He studied perception and sensation, such

as not hearing spoken sounds {sound blindness} and seeing color categories, and believed that contexts determined

them.

William Randolph Hearst [Hearst, William Randolph]

journalist

USA

1887 to 1940

He lived 1863 to 1951 and wanted war with Spain, opposed World War I and international dealings, and specialized in

sensationalism and scandal {muckraking} {yellow journalism}.

Frances Hodgson Burnett [Burnett, Frances Hodgson]

writer

England

1888

Secret Garden [1888]

She lived 1849 to 1924.

Heinrich Hertz [Hertz, Heinrich]

physicist

Germany

1888

He lived 1857 to 1894 and invented radio waves [1888].

Johannes Rydberg [Rydberg, Johannes]

chemist

Germany

1888

He lived 1854 to 1919 and studied element emission lines, making Rydberg formula [1888].

Theodor Storm [Storm, Theodor]

writer

Germany

1888

Der Schimmelreiter or The White Horse Rider or The Dykemaster [1888]

He lived 1817 to 1888.

Howard Pyle [Pyle, Howard]

writer

USA

1888 to 1892

Otto of the Silver Hand [1888]; Men of Iron [1892]

He lived 1853 to 1911.

Eugene Field [Field, Eugene]

poet

USA

1888 to 1904

Little Boy Blue [1888]; Winken, Blinken and Nod or A Dutch Lullaby [1890]; Poems of Childhood [1904: including

Winken, Blinken, and Nod]; Winken, Blinken, and Nod [1904]

He lived 1850 to 1895.

Gustav Mahler [Mahler, Gustav]

composer

Austria

1888 to 1909

Symphony 1 or Titan [1888]; Symphony 5 [1902]; Das Lied von der Erde or Songs of the Earth [1909]

He lived 1860 to 1911 and composed nine symphonies.

Walther H. Nernst [Nernst, Walther H.]

physicist

Germany

1888 to 1918

He lived 1864 to 1941, invented thermodynamic energy equation or Nernst equation [18], and studied matter at

absolute zero and thermodynamics, including photo chain reactions [1918].

Wilhelm II or William II

kaiser

Germany

1888 to 1918

He lived 1859 to 1941, led German Empire, dismissed Bismarck [1890], built commerce, took colonies, and built up

navy. He had Entente Cordiale with Britain and France. He formed Triple Entente of Britain, France, and Russia. He

formed Triple Alliance of Germany, Italy, and Austro-Hungary. He had to abdicate after World War I.

Erik Satie [Satie, Erik]

composer

France

1888 to 1924

Gymnopedies [1888]; Uspud [1892]; Entr'Acte or Intermission [1924]

He lived 1866 to 1925.

Joseph Bertrand [Bertrand, Joseph]

mathematician

Paris, France

1889

Calculation of Probabilities [1889]

He lived 1822 to 1900. Because circle chords can have varying angles to tangents, for example perpendicular to radius

and parallel to tangent, different ways of selecting chords lead to different probabilities that chord is less than

inscribed-equilateral-triangle side {Bertrand's paradox}.

Thomas Alva Edison [Edison, Thomas Alva]/George Eastman [Eastman, George]

inventor

USA

1889

film strip

Edison lived 1847 to 1931. Eastman lived 1854 to 1932. They invented frame-lined celluloid strip {filmstrip}.

Alexandre Gustave Eiffel [Eiffel, Alexandre Gustave]

architect

Paris, France

1889

Eiffel Tower [1889: International-Exposition iron tower is tallest building in Europe at 350 meters, with four base

columns that merge 200 meters above ground into one tower]

He lived 1832 to 1923. Stephen Sauvestre [1874 to 1919] added design.

Gerhart Hauptmann [Hauptmann, Gerhart]

writer

Germany

1889

Before Sunrise [1889]

He lived 1862 to 1946 and was of German Naturalism.

Sonja Kowalewski [Kowalewski, Sonja] or Sophie Kowalewski [Kowalewski, Sophie] or Sofia Kovalevskia

[Kovalevskia, Sofia]

mathematician

Russia

1889

On the problem of rotation of solid body around fixed point [1889]

She lived 1850 to 1891 and studied elliptic functions and power-series sums.

Charles Mayo [Mayo, Charles]/William Mayo [Mayo, William]

doctor

USA

1889

Charles lived 1865 to 1939. William lived 1861 to 1939. They performed surgery at Mayo Clinic [1889].

Benjamin Harrison [Harrison, Benjamin]

president

USA

1889 to 1893

He lived 1833 to 1901, was 23rd president, was under control of Republicans in Senate, approved McKinley Tariff Act

for high tariffs, and held first Pan-American Conference.

Franz Carl Müller-Lyer [Müller-Lyer, Franz Carl]

psychologist

Germany

1889 to 1896

Optical Illusions [1889]; Concerning the Theory of Optical Illusions: on Contrast and Confluxion [1896]

He lived 1857 to 1916 and invented illusion {Müller-Lyer illusion, Muller-Lyer} [1889]. Mind uses both figure and

ground to perceive object {confluxion principle} {principle of confluxion}.

Hugo de Vries [de Vries, Hugo]

botanist

Netherlands

1889 to 1905

Theory of Mutations [1901]; Species and Varieties: Their Origin by Mutation [1905]

He lived 1848 to 1935, studied evening-primrose mutations [1900], and developed inheritance laws based on cell

factors {pangenesis, de Vries} [1889]. Plants can jump from form to form, unconstrained by structures. Phylogenesis

results from species selection.

Charles I

king

Portugal

1889 to 1908

He lived 1863 to 1908.

Armando Palacio Valdes [Valdes, Armando Palacio]

writer

Spain

1889 to 1911

La hermana San Sulpicio or Joy of Captain Ribo [1889]; La aldea perdida or Lost Village [1911]

He lived 1853 to 1938.

Menelik II

king

Ethiopia

1889 to 1913

He lived 1844 to 1913 and became king with Italy's help.

Samuel Alexander [Alexander, Samuel]

philosopher

Australia/England

1889 to 1920

Moral Order and Progress [1889]; Space, Time and Deity [1920]

He lived 1859 to 1938, was New Realist, and developed evolutionary system.

Henri-Louis Bergson [Bergson, Henri-Louis]

philosopher

Paris, France

1889 to 1932

Essay on the Immediate Givens of Consciousness or Time and Free Will [1889]; Matter and Memory [1896]; Laughter,

an Essay on the Meaning of the Comic [1900]; Introduction to Metaphysics [1903]; Creative Evolution [1907]; Time

and Free Will [1910]; Two Sources of Morality and Religion [1932]

He lived 1859 to 1941.

Epistemology

Consciousness can only know the present. However, people intuit continuous time, as irreversible, never-repeating, and

always-altering change {duration, Bergson}. People must feel psychological truth by instinct.

Memory interacts alive, current, and active mind and inert, past, and passive matter. Memory recollects past states

during present activity.

Perceptions are limitations to and uses for active life force.

Life and movement are beyond science, so philosophy is intuitions about life force, time, and matter.

Laughter happens when people see humans acting mechanically.

Ethics

Life and will are free and creative, make unpredictable products, have no purpose or end, and are just action. Creation

is good in itself. Action is for its own sake.

Metaphysics

Change is the basis of reality. The life force {élan vital, Bergson} causes purposeful evolution through change and

development against matter's passive resistance. The life force is dynamic, while matter is inert. Life and matter

necessarily oppose. Life tries to organize and unify matter into new forms while matter tends toward separateness.

Time is essence of life. Duration is dynamic and continuous and not a series of states.

Mind

Through acting, life has produced instinct and intellect. Intellect is passive. Instinct is active. Intellect can deal with

things as stable states, in separate objects or in series, explaining why matter appears as objects. Instinct deals with

things in time, by harmonizing and blending present and past states.

Richard Avenarius [Avenarius, Richard]

philosopher

Zurich, Switzerland

1890

Critique of Pure Experience [1890]

He lived 1843 to 1896 and was realist. All science ideas should be verifiable by sensory experience {empirio-criticism,

Avenarius}.

Joseph Chamberlain [Chamberlain, Joseph]

mayor

Birmingham, England

1890

He lived 1836 to 1914 and had city develop water supply and public transportation.

Carrie Jacobs-Bond [Jacobs-Bond, Carrie]

composer

USA

1890

I Love You Truly [1890]

She lived 1862 to 1946.

Karl Lueger [Lueger, Karl]

mayor

Vienna, Austria

1890

He lived 1844 to 1910 and had city develop water supply and public transportation.

Alfred Marshall [Marshall, Alfred]

economist

Cambridge, England

1890

Principles of Economics [1890]

He lived 1842 to 1924 and invented equation relating money supply to income, utility and cost pricing {Cambridge

equation, Marshall}.

Pietro Mascagni [Mascagni, Pietro]

composer

Italy

1890

Cavalleria Rusticana or Rustic Chivalry [1890: opera]

He lived 1863 to 1945.

Michael Nolan [Nolan, Michael]

composer

USA

1890

Little Annie Rooney [1890]

Giuseppe Peano [Peano, Giuseppe]

mathematician

Turin, Italy

1890

Mathematical Formulas [1890]

He lived 1858 to 1932. He invented logical notation, which Russell used. He studied axiomatic number systems. He

invented Peano's postulates about rational numbers, based on Dedekind's work. He used reflexive, symmetric, and

transitive axioms to derive rational numbers from natural numbers.

Max Reger [Reger, Max]

composer

Germany

1890

String Trio [1915]

He lived 1873 to 1916 and composed symphonies.

Jacob Riis [Riis, Jacob]

photographer

USA

1890

Studies of the Tenements of New York [1890]; How the Other Half Lives [1890]

He lived 1849 to 1914 and photographed slums.

William Robertson Smith [Smith, William Robertson]

historian

Scotland

1890

Lectures on the Religion of the Semites [1890]

He lived 1846 to 1894. Tribe kinship groups had sacred totem animals. Marriages were between groups.

Louis Sullivan [Sullivan, Louis]

architect

USA

1890 to 1899

Wainwright Building [1890: steel-framed first skyscraper, in St. Louis]; Carson, Pirie, Scott and Co. [1899: in Chicago]

He lived 1856 to 1924 and was father of modernism. He was of Chicago school and founded Prairie School of

architecture.

Edith Nesbit Bland [Bland, Edith Nesbit]

composer

England

1890 to 1900

Christmas Is Coming [1890 to 1900]

She lived 1858 to 1924. Lyrics are traditional.

Honoré Daumier [Daumier, Honoré]

painter

France

1890 to 1902

Good Samaritan [1890]; Don Quixote Attacking the Windmill [1902]

He lived 1808 to 1879.

Anton Chekhov [Chekhov, Anton]

playwright

Russia

1890 to 1904

Boor [1890]; Sea Gull [1896]; Uncle Vanya [1899]; Three Sisters [1901]; Cherry Orchard [1904]

He lived 1860 to 1904 and wrote in Realistic style.

Claude Débussy [Débussy, Claude]

composer

France

1890 to 1913

Suite Bergamasque [1890: with Claire de Lune]; Prelude to the Afternoon of a Faun [1894]; Nocturnes [1899]; Pelléas

et Mélisande [1902: opera]; La Mer or The Sea [1905]; Children's Corner [1908]; La Cathedral Engloutie or Cathedral

Beneath the Waves [1910]; Jeux or Games [1913: ballet]

He lived 1862 to 1918, was Impressionist, and used pentatonic and six-tone whole-tone scales.

Pierre Duhem [Duhem, Pierre]

philosopher

Paris, France

1890 to 1916

Evolution of Mechanics [1903]; Aim and Structure of Physical Theory [1905]; To Save the Phenomena: An Essay on

the Idea of Physical Theory from Plato to Galileo [1908]

He lived 1861 to 1916. Phenomena are effects from mathematical-theory complexes, not from single theories. Data sets

can have theories that vary greatly in assumptions {underdetermination} {Duhem-Quine thesis}.

James George Frazer [Frazer, James George]

anthropologist

Scotland

1890 to 1922

Golden Bough [1890 to 1915, abridged 1922]; Totemism and Exogamy [1910]; Folklore in the Old Testament [1918]

He lived 1854 to 1941 and studied myths and comparative religions.

Primitive people first believe in magic through similarity and in magic through contact. Magician has social power and

is often tribal chief. Later, people replace magic with spirits and so have animistic religion, in which they pray to or

propitiate beings. Kings arise, who are priests, have priests, or are gods themselves. Rituals and social behaviors follow

from beliefs.

Primitive thought links to magic. Magic can involve homeopathy, contagion, sympathetic magic, taboos, sorcery,

charms, voodoo dolls, and envoutement. Magic can involve showing gods what people want.

Primitive thought involved customs and institutions. Sacred marriages and orgiastic festivals encouraged fecundity,

fertility, and more crops. The saturnalia festival was period of anarchy each year, held in Rome and elsewhere.

Ceremonies for fertility, solar year, harvest, and king's death used fire, because the king represented the people, not like

a priest or magician.

Primitive thought involved souls. Bodies also have souls, which can leave body and return, through body openings.

Shadows and reflections can be souls. Souls can occupy portraits. Death is not real, because soul is separate.

Science later replaces religion.

Conway Lloyd Morgan [Morgan, Conway Lloyd]

psychologist

Britain

1890 to 1923

Animal Life and Intelligence [1890]; Introduction to Comparative Psychology [1894 and 1903]; Emergent Evolution

[1923]

He lived 1852 to 1936 and studied trial-and-error learning. He emphasized carefully observing behavior in natural

settings where conditions systematically vary. He advocated finding minimal behavior causes {law of parsimony}

{Morgan's canon} [1894], using higher concepts only if necessary. Evolution makes higher systems by emergence from

lower ones.

Constantine Cavafy [Cavafy, Constantine]

poet

Greece

1890 to 1933

Passions and Ancient Days [1903: including September 1903 and December 1903]

He lived 1863 to 1933.

Wilhelmina

queen

Netherlands

1890 to 1948

She lived 1880 to 1962.

Andrew Carnegie [Carnegie, Andrew]

businessman

Scotland/USA

1891

He lived 1835 to 1919, was steel manufacturer and philanthropist, and built 2800 libraries and Carnegie Hall in New

York City.

Christian von Ehrenfels [Ehrenfels, Christian von]

philosopher/psychologist

Austria

1891

On Gestalt Qualities [1891]

He lived 1859 to 1933. Shape or melody directly relates to sense-stimulation pattern, but perception infers and selects

figure {gestalt, Ehrenfels} from ground. Shape or object has constancies and change directions, and these are the most-

basic gestalt properties.

Hamlin Garland [Garland, Hamlin]

novelist

USA

1891

Main-traveled Roads [1891]

He lived 1860 to 1940.

Charles Graham [Graham, Charles]

composer

USA

1891

Picture That's Turned to the Wall [1891]

Henry Sayers [Sayers, Henry]

composer

USA

1891

Ta-ra-ra Boom der-e or Ta-Ra-Ra-Boom-Dee-Ay [1891]

Charles Proteus Steinmetz [Steinmetz, Charles Proteus]

inventor

USA

1891

alternating current [1891]; Law of Hysteresis or Steinmetz's Law [1891]

He lived 1865 to 1923.

Paul Gauguin [Gauguin, Paul]

painter

France

1891 to 1893

Women of Tahiti [1891]; Offerings of Gratitude [1893]

He lived 1848 to 1903 and was Post-Impressionist. He used folk art, stained glass, and flat picture with strong colors, in

pre-Renaissance style {synthetism, Gauguin}. His later work is his Tahitian period.

Arthur W. Pinaro [Pinaro, Arthur W.]

playwright

England

1891 to 1900

Times [1891]; Second Mrs. Tanqueray [1893]; Trelawny of the Wells [1900]; Gay Lord Quex [1900]

He lived 1855 to 1934.

Rudyard Kipling [Kipling, Rudyard]

novelist/poet

England

1891 to 1902

Light that Failed [1891: novel]; Gunga Din [1892: poem]; Mandalay or Road to Mandalay [1892: poem]; Jungle Book

[1894: stories]; Recessional 1897 [1897: poem]; Captain's Courageous [1901: novel]; Kim [1901: novel]; Just So

Stories [1902: stories]

He lived 1865 to 1936.

Joaquin Machado de Assis [Machado de Assis, Joaquin]

writer

Brazil

1891 to 1904

Heritage of Quincas Borba [1891]; Esau and Jacob [1904]

He lived 1839 to 1908.

Paul Dresser [Dresser, Paul]

composer

USA

1891 to 1905

Pardon came Too Late [1891]; On the Banks of the Wabash [1897]; My Gal Sal [1905]

He lived 1858 to 1906.

Oscar Wilde [Wilde, Oscar]

writer

England

1891 to 1905

Portrait of Dorian Gray [1891: novel]; Importance of Being Ernest [1895: novel]; Ballad of Reading Gaol [1898:

poem]; De Profundis or From the Depths [1905: essay]

He lived 1854 to 1900 and was in Aesthetic Movement.

Paul Ehrlich [Ehrlich, Paul]

doctor

Frankfurt, Germany

1891 to 1925

He lived 1854 to 1915. He used methylene blue as antimalarial drug [1891], trypan red and trypaflavin against

trypanosomiasis, acriflavine as antibacterial, arsenical compounds (Carbarsone) against amoebas, arsenical compounds

(Salvarsan and oxophenarsine) against syphilis bacteria [1907 to 1909]. He discovered drug resistance [1925].

Ferdinand Canning Scott Schiller [Schiller, Ferdinand Canning Scott]

philosopher

Germany/England/USA

1891 to 1929

Riddles of the Sphinx [1891]; Studies in Humanism [1912]; Problems of Belief [1924]; Logic for Use [1929]

He lived 1890 to 1940, was Pragmatist, and wrote about ethics.

Susan B. Anthony [Anthony, Susan B.]

feminist

USA

1892

She lived 1820 to 1906 and worked for women's rights.

Harry Dacre [Dacre, Harry]

composer

USA

1892

Bicycle Built for Two or Daisy Bell [1892]

He lived 1860 to 1922.

William Kennedy-Laurie Dickson [Dickson, William Kennedy-Laurie]

inventor

USA

1892

kinetoscope

He lived 1860 to 1935. Film was for viewing in window {kinetoscope, Dickson}. William Heise invented camera

{kinetograph, Heise} to make the film. Kinetoscope parlors showed slapstick comedy and pornography.

Rudolf Diesel [Diesel, Rudolf]

inventor

Germany

1892

diesel engine [1892]

He lived 1858 to 1913.

George Francis Fitzgerald [Fitzgerald, George Francis]

physicist

Ireland

1892

He lived 1844 to 1894 and tried to measure electric wavelength. He said that matter moving near light speed contracts

in motion direction {Fitzgerald-Lorentz contraction} [1892].

Charles K. Harris [Harris, Charles K.]

lyricist/composer

USA

1892

After the Ball Is Over [1892]

He lived 1867 to 1930.

Charles H. Hoyt [Hoyt, Charles H.]/Percy Gaunt [Gaunt, Percy]

lyricist/composer

USA

1892

Bowery [1892]

Gaunt lived 1852 to 1896. Hoyt lived 1859 to 1900.

John D. Rockefeller [Rockefeller, John D.]

businessman

USA

1892

He lived 1839 to 1915, headed Standard Oil Company, and started Rockefeller Foundation.

Ruggiero Leoncavallo [Leoncavallo, Ruggiero]

composer

Italy

1892 to 1897

Pagliacci [1892: opera]; La Bohème or The Bohemian [1897]

He lived 1858 to 1919.

Jean Sibelius [Sibelius, Jean]

composer

Finland

1892 to 1903

En Saga [1892]; Finlandia [1899: symphony]; Valse Triste or Sad Waltz [1903: waltz]

He lived 1865 to 1957.

Wilhelm Windelband [Windelband, Wilhelm]

philosopher

Heidelberg, Germany/Baden, Germany

1892 to 1903

Textbook of the History of Philosophy [1892/1903: including History of Ancient Philosophy and History of Western

Philosophy]

He lived 1848 to 1915, was Hegelian historian, and was of Heidelberg School, Baden School, or Southwest German

School. Sciences can generalize {nomothetic science} or individualize {ideographic science}.

Hendrik Lorentz [Lorentz, Hendrik]

physicist

Netherlands

1892 to 1904

He lived 1853 to 1928. He studied Zeeman effect [1892]. He said that matter moving near light speed contracts in

motion direction {Fitzgerald-Lorentz contraction, Lorentz} [1892]. He invented motion equations {Lorentz equations

of motion} for charged particles in electromagnetic fields [1895], whereas Maxwell's equations are for electromagnetic-

field changes. He invented Einstein-Lorentz transformations [1904].

William Osler [Osler, William]

surgeon

USA

1892 to 1905

Principles and Practice of Medicine [1892]; Fixed Period [1905]

He lived 1849 to 1919.

Maurice Maeterlinck [Maeterlinck, Maurice]

playwright/essayist

Belgium

1892 to 1909

Pelléas et Mélisande [1892]; Monna Vanna [1902]; Bluebird [1909]

He lived 1862 to 1949.

Vladimir M. Bekhterev [Bekhterev, Vladimir M.]

psychologist

Russia

1892 to 1913

Nervous Diseases in Separate Observations [1892]; Objective Psychology [1913]

He lived 1857 to 1927 and studied token economies [Bekhterev, 1913].

Abbas II

pasha

Egypt

1892 to 1914

He lived 1874 to 1944.

Abdu'l-Baha

philosopher

Iran

1892 to 1921

He lived 1844 to 1921 and was Baha'u'llah's oldest son. Baha'u'llah appointed him to lead Bahaism [1892 to 1921].

Sergei Rachmaninoff [Rachmaninoff, Sergei]

composer

Russia

1892 to 1936

Prelude in C Sharp Minor [1892]; Second Piano Concerto [1900]; Prelude in G Minor [1901]; Second Symphony

[1907]; Rhapsody on a Theme of Paganini [1936: symphony]

He lived 1873 to 1943.

James M. Black [Black, James M.]

lyricist/composer

USA

1893

When the Roll Is Called up Yonder [1893]

He lived 1856 to 1938.

Paul Laurence Dunbar [Dunbar, Paul Laurence]

poet

USA

1893

Sympathy [1893]

He lived 1872 to 1906.

Vladimir I. Stepanov [Stepanov, Vladimir I.]

choreographer

Russia

1893

He lived 1866 to 1896 and developed ballet notation.

Francis Thompson [Thompson, Francis]

poet

England

1893

Hound of Heaven [1893]

He lived 1859 to 1907.

Lew Wallace [Wallace, Lew]

novelist

USA

1893

Ben-Hur [1893]

He lived 1827 to 1905.

Edvard Munch [Munch, Edvard]

painter

Norway

1893 to 1894

Scream [1893]; Madonna [1894]

He lived 1863 to 1944.

Stephen Crane [Crane, Stephen]

novelist

USA

1893 to 1895

Maggie: A Girl of the Streets [1893]; Red Badge of Courage [1895]

He lived 1871 to 1900.

Grover Cleveland [Cleveland, Grover]

president

USA

1893 to 1897

He lived 1837 to 1908, was 24th president upheld the gold standard, broke Pullman strike with army [1894], forced

Venezuela boundary dispute to arbitration, and wanted low tariffs but got high tariffs from Congress.

Georg Elias Müller [Müller, Georg Elias]

psychologist

Germany

1893 to 1900

Experimental Contributions to the Science of Memory [1900: with Alfons Pilzecker]

He lived 1850 to 1934 and studied memory consolidation over time [1893: with Alfons Pilzecker].

Aubrey Beardsley [Beardsley, Aubrey]

illustrator

England

1893 to 1909

Bon-Mots Series or Witticisms Series [1893 to 1897]; Enter Herodias [1893]; Salome [1894]; Mysterious Rose Garden

[1895: in The Yellow Book]; Messalina and her Companion [1895]; Portrait of Miss Winifred Emery [1895: in The

Yellow Book]; Ave Atque Vale or Hail Brother Farewell or Hail and Farewell [1896: poem]; Antoinette at her

Dressing Table [1909]

He lived 1872 to 1898.

Englebert Humperdinck [Humperdinck, Englebert]

composer

Germany

1893 to 1910

Hansel and Gretel [1893: opera]; Die Königskinder or The King's Children [1910: opera]

He lived 1854 to 1921.

Giacomo Puccini [Puccini, Giacomo]

composer

Italy

1893 to 1910

Manon Lescaut [1893: opera]; La Boheme [1895: opera]; Tosca [1900: opera]; Madame Butterfly [1904: opera]; Girl

of the Golden West [1910: opera]

He lived 1858 to 1924.

Katherine Lee Bates [Bates, Katherine Lee]/Samuel A. Ward [Ward, Samuel A.]

lyricist/composer

USA

1893 to 1913

America the Beautiful [1893 to 1913]

Bates lived 1859 to 1929. Ward lived 1847 to 1903.

Émile Durkheim [Durkheim, Émile]

sociologist

Paris, France

1893 to 1917

Division of Labor in Society [1893]; Rules of Sociological Method [1895]; Suicide: a Study in Sociology [1897];

Primitive Classification [1903]; Elementary Forms of Religious Life [1912]; Professional Ethics and Civic Morals

[1917]

He lived 1858 to 1917.

Suicide happens in individuals dissociated from their groups {anomie, Durkheim}, who lose social rules or have social-

rule conflicts. Social cohesion minimizes suicide risk {social cohesion theory}, but communities do not always have

values and beliefs adequate to current social problems.

Societies have behavior norms. Social institutions and relations, such as language, law, customs, values, traditions,

inventions, family, religion, and work, shape individual behavior and beliefs.

Religion and morals are main society parts, and all change together.

Religion is about the sacred, not magic, supernatural, or spirits. Community shares the sacred. Taboos separate sacred

from profane, by special places and days.

However, primitive peoples do separate natural and supernatural, and some do not have sacred things.

Totem is sacred, has totem symbol, and represents clan. Clans have larger groups {phratry, Durkheim}, and their

totems have groups. All things in life have categories, and categories have totems, so all things link to form unity.

Totemism is thus the first religion.

People feel power in totem {totemic principle}. The power is mana in Melanesia, manitou in North America, orenda, or

wakan. The power is not spirit or person. Soul is part of totemic principle and is conscience. Sacrifices are to share in

power.

Social events and ceremonies concentrate on totem but actually unify clan in shared excitement and joy. Rituals

reinforce idea of community. Rituals can be about death {piacular ritual} and allow society to heal.

Ancestor worship is about past souls and clans and leads to the idea of gods, which are for and about tribes, not clans.

Tribes often have supreme god.

Societies have principles not derivable from biology or psychology. Society is a collective of norms and is more than

sum of individual effects.

Oswald Külpe [Külpe, Oswald]

philosopher/psychologist

Würzburg, Germany

1893 to 1922

Basics of Psychology [1893]; Introduction to Philosophy [1898]; Lectures on Psychology [1922]

He lived 1862 to 1917 and was at Würzburg School of experimental psychology in Bavaria.

Before performing tasks, people prepare for doing any task, prepare for doing particular task, actively recall needed

information and possible responses, and select from among possible associations and responses.

Mental states such as confidence or doubt have no image, representation, or object {imageless thought, Külpe} and

cannot be sensations, images, volitions, or feelings {denkpsychologie} {thought psychology}.

William Butler Yeats [Yeats, William Butler]

poet

England

1893 to 1926

Song of Wandering Aengus [1893]; Long-Legged Fly; Responsibilities [1914]; Second Coming [1919]; Sailing to

Byzantium [1926]

He lived 1865 to 1939 and was Symbolist.

William Bateson [Bateson, William]

biologist

England

1894

Materials for the Study of Variation [1894]

He lived 1861 to 1926 and invented the word genetics for heredity study. Genes carry genetic information and are in

chromosomes. New species come from repeated-body-segment structure and number changes. Such modifications can

lead to similarity with existing part {homeosis, Bateson}. Parts can have jumps. For example, upper thoracic vertebrae

can have no ribs or lower cervical vertebrae can have ribs.

Anton Bruckner [Bruckner, Anton]

composer

Austria

1894

Ninth Symphony [1894]

He lived 1824 to 1896 and composed nine symphonies and string quartet.

Gabriele d'Annunzio [d'Annunzio, Gabriele]

writer

Italy

1894

Triumph of Death [1894]

He lived 1863 to 1879.

Vincent d'Indy [d'Indy, Vincent]

musician

France

1894

He lived 1851 to 1931 and founded the Schola Cantorum early-music school [1894] in Paris as alternative to the Paris

Conservatory.

Arthur Evans [Evans, Arthur]

scientist

England

1894

He lived 1851 to 1941. He discovered Minoan palace at Knossos [1894] and restored it somewhat.

Joe Hayden [Hayden, Joe]/Theodore Mertz [Mertz, Theodore]

composer

USA

1894

Hot Time in the Old Town Tonight or Hot Times (In the Old Town Tonight) [1894]

Charles Lawlor [Lawlor, Charles]/James Blake [Blake, James]

composer

USA

1894

Sidewalks of New York or East Side, West Side [1894]

Lawlor lived [1852 to 1925].

Pierre Louys [Louys, Pierre]

writer

France

1894

Chansons de Bilitis or Songs of Bilitis [1894]

He lived 1870 to 1925.

Thomas Stieltjes [Stieltjes, Thomas]

mathematician

Netherlands

1894

Researches on continuous fractions [1894]

He lived 1856 to 1894 and invented Stieltjes integral.

Kazimierz Twardowski [Twardowski, Kazimierz]

philosopher

Poland

1894

On the Content and Object of Presentation [1894]

He lived 1866 to 1938 and was Brentano's student. Phenomenon has content and object. The object of thought is not in

the thought, which has different content type. All thoughts are about objects, but objects do not have to exist. Actions

differ from products.

Charles L. Van Baar [Van Baar, Charles L.]

composer

USA

1894

Yale Society Two-Step [1894]

Frank Wedekind [Wedekind, Frank]

writer

Germany

1894 to 1895

Pandora´s Box: A Monstre Tragedy [1894: in the Lulu cycle]; Earth Spirit [1895: in the Lulu cycle]

He lived 1864 to 1918.

Gregorio Ricci-Curbastro [Ricci-Curbastro, Gregorio]

mathematician

Italy

1894 to 1900

Methods of calculating absolute differentials and their applications [1900: with Levi-Civita]

He lived 1853 to 1925 and studied absolute differential calculus [1894]. He started tensors, spinors, invariance,

covariant, contravariant, version orientation-entanglement relation, and bivector wedge product.

Louis Lumiere [Lumiere, Louis]/Auguste Lumiere [Lumiere, Auguste]

director

France

1894 to 1903

sprocket holes in film strips; cinématographe [1894]; public film showing [1895]; Autochrome Lumière [1903: color

photography]

Louis lived 1864 to 1948. Auguste lived 1862 to 1954.

Santiago Ramon y Cajal [Ramon y Cajal, Santiago]

anatomist

Spain

1894 to 1904

Textbook of the Human and Vertebrate Nervous System [1894 to 1904]

He lived 1852 to 1934 and studied neurons and brain microscopic structure. Nerve signal goes from neuron axon to

next-neuron dendrite.

Alfred Dreyfus [Dreyfus, Alfred]

trial

France

1894 to 1906

He lived 1859 to 1935 and was French army officer. He had a German and Jewish background, so a faction accused

him of treason for passing secret documents, and a court convicted him [1894] {Dreyfus Affair}. His brother reopened

case [1897], which split France for nine years into military, royalist, Catholic, republican, socialist, and anti-cleric

factions. The state cleared him later [1906]. Dreyfus Affair spurred church and state separation.

Nicholas II

czar

Russia

1894 to 1917

He lived 1868 to 1917, was Romanov, and tried to keep the peace at Hague Conference. He lost Russo-Japanese War

[1905] and then faced Revolution of 1905, which established legislature or Duma. He blocked Duma with his premier

Stolypin but allowed some land reform. He led army in World War I. Rasputin came to control his family.

Revolutionaries killed him after Russian Revolution [1917].

Charles Dodgson [Dodgson, Charles] or Lewis Carroll [Carroll, Lewis]

mathematician

England

1895

What the Tortoise Said to Achilles [1895]

He lived 1832 to 1898 and studied symbolic logic. Assuming inference rule is not the same as assuming conditional

statement.

Guglielmo Marconi [Marconi, Guglielmo]

physicist/inventor

Italy

1895

radio [1895]

He lived 1874 to 1937 and invented wireless communication telegraphy, radio [1895], filters, amplifiers, and tuners

{radio, Marconi}.

Albert A. Michelson [Michelson, Albert A.]

physicist

USA

1895

He lived 1852 to 1931 and proved light speed is constant [1895].

John F. Palmer [Palmer, John F.] or Jack Palmer [Palmer, Jack]/Charles B. Ward [Ward, Charles B.]

composer

USA

1895

Band Played On [1895]

Ward lived 1865 to 1917.

Wilhelm Roentgen [Roentgen, Wilhelm]

chemist/physicist

Germany

1895

He lived 1845 to 1923 and discovered x-rays [1895].

Henri de Toulouse-Lautrec [Toulouse-Lautrec, Henri de]

painter

France

1895

At the Moulin Rouge [1895]

He lived 1864 to 1901.

James Mark Baldwin [Baldwin, James Mark]

sociologist

USA

1895 to 1896

Mental Development in the Child and the Race [1895]; Consciousness and Evolution [1896]

He lived 1861 to 1934. People behave in different ways in the presence of others {social facilitation}. People can

acquire knowledge and build it into structure by adding more knowledge {genetic epistemology}.

Children learn to differentiate knower and known, in both themselves and others, and to reintegrate such knowledge.

Infants do not differentiate between subjects and objects or self and others {adualism}. They learn by observation and

imitation to see other behavior {projective behavior}, then do it and feel it {subjective behavior}, and then infer it in

others {ejective behavior}. Consciousness structure develops by this process until about age 13.

Ben Harney [Harney, Ben]

composer

USA

1895 to 1899

You've Been a Good Old Wagon but You've Done Broke Down [1895]; Mister Johnson Turn Me Loose [1896]; Cake

Walk in the Sky [1899]

He lived 1871 to 1938.

Antonio Labriola [Labriola, Antonio]

philosopher

Rome, Italy

1895 to 1901

In Memory of the "Communist Manifesto" [1895]; On Materialist History. Preliminary Elucidation [1896]; Discourse

on Socialism and Philosophy [1898]; From One Century to the Next [1901]

He lived 1843 to 1904, was of Comtian School, and was Spaventa's student.

Konstantin E. Tsiolkovsky [Tsiolkovsky, Konstantin E.]

novelist

Russia

1895 to 1903

Dreams of the Earth [1895: science fiction novel]

He lived 1857 to 1935. He invented equations {rocket equation} [1903] that calculate fuel mass to incrementally

increase rocket speed {delta-v} and exhaust velocity.

Hans Driesch [Driesch, Hans]

biologist/philosopher

France/Jena, Germany

1895 to 1905

History and Theory of Vitalism [1905]

He lived 1867 to 1941. Cell from 2-cell, 4-cell, 8-cell, or 16-cell frog embryo can develop into complete adult, which

can spawn complete children [1895]. Cell non-material transcendental order moves animal development toward

adulthood {entelechy, Driesch}.

Mozzaffar-oddin Shah

shah

Persia

1895 to 1907

He lived 1853 to 1907, was Qajar, and signed new constitution [1906].

Ramon Valle-Inclan [Valle-Inclan, Ramon]

poet/playwright

Spain

1895 to 1920

Divine Words; Silver Face; Femeninas or Women [1895]; Sonatas [1902 to 1905]; Aromas de leyenda or Aroma of a

Legend [1907: poem]; Águila de blasón or Eagle of Honor [1907: play]; La Marquesa Rosalinda [1913: play in verse];

La pipa de Kif or Marijuana Pipe [1919: poem]; Luces de Bohemia or Bohemian Lights [1920]

He lived 1866 to 1936.

Herbert George Wells [Wells, Herbert George] or H. G. Wells [Wells, H. G.]

novelist

England

1895 to 1920

Time Machine [1895: science fiction novel]; War of the Worlds [1898: science fiction novel]; Outline of History

[1920]

He lived 1866 to 1946.

Sigmund Freud [Freud, Sigmund]

psychoanalyst

Austria

1895 to 1939

Studies in Hysteria [1895: with Marcel Breuer]; Project for a Scientific Psychology [1898 to 1899]; Interpretation of

Dreams [1900]; Psychopathology of Everyday Life [1901]; Wit and its Relation to the Unconscious [1905]; Three

Contributions to the Theory of Sexuality [1906]; Five Lectures on Psycho-Analysis [1909]; Totem and Taboo [1913];

Introductory Lectures on Psycho-Analysis [1915 to 1917]; Beyond the Pleasure Principle [1920]; Ego and the Id

[1923]; Question of Lay Analysis [1926]; Civilization and Its Discontents [1930]; New Introductory Lectures on

Psychoanalysis [1933]; Inhibitions, Symptoms and Anxiety [1936]; Moses and Monotheism [1939]; Outline of Psycho-

Analysis [1939]

He lived 1856 to 1939. He invented a psychodynamic topographic mental model [1900], with rational conscious

awareness, rational preconscious memories, and irrational unconscious desires. Later [1926 to 1933], he invented a

psychodynamic structural model, with id ("it" in German), ego ("I" in German), and superego ("above-me" in German).

Dreams have meaning, can be about infantile wishes and thoughts, and have understandable symbols. Dream has

images {manifest dream content}. Dreams have underlying ideas {latent dream content}, which are wishes, memories,

and fantasies about emotional reactions that happened in early infancy. Latent content transforms into manifest content

by condensation, displacement, dramatization, and representation, followed by secondary elaboration or revision

{dream work}. Dream work tries to evade latent-content censorship by choosing acceptable manifest content. Dream

transforms many or separated ideas into one image {condensation, dream}. Dream can attribute emotional significance

to unimportant object {displacement, dream}. Dream can transpose thought into imagery. Dream can represent abstract

ideas metaphorically by concrete images {representation, dream}. Dreams further distort or elaborate after waking

{secondary elaboration}. Symbolic representations {primal symbolism} can be consistent in human dreams. Such

symbols always have censored meaning, independent of manifest content, for example, symbols for male and female

genitalia. Repetitive dreams reenact traumatic episode in recent experience.

In diagnosing hysteria, he used free association to reveal unconscious desires and used proper interpretation to find

hysteria causes. Neurosis can result as people actively try not to remember painful, distressing, or stressful events or try

to repress desires, typically sexual desires {libido, Freud}, and become unconscious of their motivations {repression,

Freud}. Desires begin in infantile sexual molestation {seduction theory}, incestual feelings, or sexual desire

{polymorphous perversity}.

However, many supposed experiences are imaginary fantasies that started in early years, even in infancy.

Morals block instinctual motivations, causing conflict, which causes repression of motive into unconscious. Mind can

repress memories, fantasies, and thoughts associated with painful, embarrassing, or anxious emotions. Mind breaks

links between ideas and emotions, but mind cannot repress emotions, which build up unless released. From fear of

punishment, drives cause anxiety. Repression causes desires to express in unusual or pathological ways. Repression of

bad memories becomes available after age five.

Repression causes amnesia about childhood.

In neuroses, instinctual energy expresses itself in hysteria. If people can perceive what the ways actually mean, using

analysis supplied by trained person, pathology can stop {psychoanalysis, Freud}. Revealing underlying emotion and

drive can treat hysteria {abreaction, Freud}. He treated hysteria using hypnosis. Hypnosis can reenact experiences that

cause hysteria, to express emotions freely {catharsis, emotion}. In psychoanalysis, hypnosis involves identification.

Humor is mixture of incongruity, relief, and conflict theories [1905].

Sexual development starts in infancy with oral phase, then anal phase, and then sexual phase. Development can stop at

any stage. Young children love opposite-sex parent and hate same-sex parent {Oedipus complex, Freud}. Child

development can stop if rivalry with same-sex parent does not resolve through identification with parent. Child

development can stop if sexual feelings for opposite-sex parent do not transfer to sexual partner outside family.

Relationship between mother and child before this development stage affects oedipal impulses.

People start with unconscious instinctual energy {id}, for needs, drives, impulses, and emotions, which uses no logic,

ignores external reality, and depends on the pleasure principle. They develop rational conscious mental structures and

processes {ego, Freud}, which reject id, from id and adapt to maximize pleasure and minimize unpleasant. They

consciously learn morality, social values, and unconscious identification with parents and their values, which cause

conscience, shame, guilt, and internal standard that regulates moral conduct {super-ego} {ego-ideal}, which represses

bad thoughts and gets energy from id. Superego is part of ego and develops before age five or six {oedipal period}.

Judgments and prohibitions internalize {introjection, Freud} in early childhood, before child is able to question them.

Feelings of hostility towards either or both parents neutralize. Conscience originates in identifying with parents and

repudiating childhood. Later, teachers, admired friends, and social and moral education influence superego. Successful

personality development {ego strength} depends on defenses against instinctual drives and on adaptations to social

situations. People can learn to accept society external authority more than their internal drives and values {adaptation,

society}.

Unconscious mind contains repressed fantasies, memories, and thoughts, which can be self-destructive. Unconscious

impulses {death-wish} can wish to end individual existence.

People have instinctual sexual-drive libido. Sexual energy builds up in body with unmet biological needs {cathexis}.

Pleasure results when biological-need gratification discharges stored energy {pleasure principle}. Frustrating

gratification builds stored energy {hypercathexis} and causes unpleasure. Failure to protect peripheral receptors from

excessive or prolonged stimulation can cause unpleasure. Libido can channel into socially acceptable behavior

{sublimation, desire}.

Theology

Eros is life instincts of sex libido, hunger, and thirst. Thanatos is death instincts of aggression, self-destruction, and

sadism. Totems represent father, in oedipal conflict. Taboos represent, at first, renunciating incest. Religion involves

love and fear of God. God is like father to religious believers, who are like his children. People wish this state to be true

and so have illusion.

Émile Borel [Borel, Émile]

mathematician

Paris, France

1895 to 1946

Risk [1913]; Space and time [1921]; Treatise on calculation of probability and its applications [1924 to 1934];

Paradoxes of infinity [1946]

He lived 1871 to 1956 and studied functions using series and measure theory [1895], invented Heine-Borel theorem,

and helped develop intuitionism.

Henri Becquerel [Becquerel, Henri]

physicist

France

1896

He lived 1852 to 1908 and studied radioactivity [1896].

William Jennings Bryan [Bryan, William Jennings]

populist

USA

1896

He lived 1860 to 1925 and gave the "Cross of Gold" speech in defense of free silver coinage. Later, he defended

religious fundamentalism in Scopes "monkey trial".

William Kennedy-Laurie Dickson [Dickson, William Kennedy-Laurie]/Herman Casler [Casler, Herman]/Henry

Marvin [Marvin, Henry]/Elias Koopman [Koopman, Elias]

inventor

USA

1896

Biograph projector

Dickson lived 1860 to 1935. Casler lived 1867 to 1939. Biograph projector showed motion pictures on a large screen.

J. H. Ellis [Ellis, J. H.]

composer

USA

1896

Remus Takes the Cake [1896]

Fanny Farmer [Farmer, Fanny]

cook

USA

1896

She lived 1857 to 1915 and wrote first household cookbook [1896].

Paul Emil Flechsig [Flechsig, Paul Emil]

biologist

Leipzig, Germany

1896

Brain and Mind [1896]

He lived 1847 to 1929. Cortex association areas myelinate after birth, while sense and motor areas myelinate before

birth.

Umberto Giordano [Giordano, Umberto]

composer

USA

1896

La Mamma Morta or Dead Mother [1896: in Andrea Chenier. also in the film Philadelphia, 1993, sung by Peter

Gabriel]

He lived 1867 to 1948.

A. E. Housman [Housman, A. E.]

poet

England

1896

Shropshire Lad [1896: poems]; When I Was One-and-Twenty [1896: in A Shropshire Lad]; Be Still My Soul [1896: in

A Shropshire Lad]; To an Athlete Dying Young [1896: in A Shropshire Lad]; On Wenlock Edge [1896: in A

Shropshire Lad]; Bredon Hill [1896: in A Shropshire Lad]; Loveliest of Trees [1896: in A Shropshire Lad]

He lived 1859 to 1936.

Alfred Marks [Marks, Alfred]

composer

USA

1896

Sambo at the Cake Walk [1896]

Maude Nugent [Nugent, Maude]

lyricist/composer

USA

1896

Sweet Rosie O'Grady [1896]

Nugent lived 1877 to 1958.

Katherine E. Purvis [Purvis, Katherine E.]/James M. Black [Black, James M.]

lyricist/composer

USA

1896

When the Saints Go Marching In [1896]

Black lived 1856 to 1938.

Henryk Sienkiewicz [Sienkiewicz, Henryk]

novelist

Poland

1896

Quo Vadis or Whither Thou Goest [1896]

He lived 1846 to 1916.

George M. Stratton [Stratton, George M.]

psychologist

USA

1896 to 1897

Some preliminary experiments on vision without inversion of retinal image [1896]

He lived 1865 to 1957. Distorting lenses make background appear to move at first, but soon users learn and background

becomes stationary [1896 to 1897].

Joseph Jastrow [Jastrow, Joseph]

psychologist

Poland

1896 to 1900

Community of Ideas of Men and Women [1896]; Fact and Fable in Psychology [1900]

He lived 1863 to 1944 and invented duck-rabbit illusion [1899], which relates to aspect perception using concepts.

Fatima

belly dancer

Chicago, Illinois

1896 to 1901

Danse du Ventre or Dance of the Wind [1896: film in Egyptian style]; Fatima, Muscle Dancer [1896: film]; Fatima's

Coochee-Coochee Dance [1901: film]

She performed at Chicago World's Fair.

Charles Booth [Booth, Charles]

sociologist

England

1896 to 1903

Life and Labour of the People in London [1896 to 1903]

He lived 1840 to 1916.

Rubén Darío [Darío, Rubén]

poet

Nicaragua

1896 to 1905

Prosas Profanas or Profane Proses [1896: poems]; Azul or Blue [1905: collected works]; Cantos de Vida y Esperanza

or Songs of Life and Hope [1905: poems]

He lived 1867 to 1916 and began modernismo in Latin America [1899].

Alexander Scriabin [Scriabin, Alexander]

composer

Russia

1896 to 1910

Piano Concerto [1896]; Symphony No. 3 or Divine Poem [1903]; Poem of Ecstasy [1907]; Prometheus [1910]

He lived 1872 to 1915.

Max Beerbohm [Beerbohm, Max]

essayist/caricaturist/critic

England

1896 to 1912

Works of Max Beerbohm [1896]; Happy Hypocrite [1897]; Zuleika Dobson [1911]; Christmas Garland [1912]

He lived 1872 to 1956.

Richard Strauss [Strauss, Richard]

composer

Germany/Austria

1896 to 1912

Thus Spake Zarathustra [1896: opera]; Don Quixote [1897: opera]; Ein Heldenleben or Life of a Hero [1898: opera];

Till Eulenspiegel [1898: opera]; Don Juan [1889: opera]; Death and Transfiguration [1889: opera]; Salome [1905:

opera]; Elektra [1909: opera]; Der Rosenkavalier or Rose Cavalier [1910: opera]; Ariadne auf Naxos [1912: opera]

He lived 1864 to 1949 and composed symphonies and operas.

Vilfredo Pareto [Pareto, Vilfredo]

economist/sociologist

Italy

1896 to 1916

Course of Political Economy [1896 to 1897]; Manual of Political Economy [1906]; Textbook of General Sociology

[1916]

He lived 1848 to 1923 and studied social stability, talent, and governing class. If people have defined preferences

between all good and service pairs, Pareto optimum goods-and-services distribution happens, if no one person can

satisfy more preferences while leaving other people the same.

Politics

People's emotions or beliefs {residues}, of which there are six types, cause actions, which people then justify

{derivations}. Residues include need to associate with others, need to maintain social groups, and tendency to combine

things.

Paul Valéry [Valéry, Paul] or Ambroise-Paul-Touissaint-Jules Valéry [Valéry, Ambroise-Paul-Touissaint-Jules]

poet

France

1896 to 1920

La Soirée avec M. Teste or Evening with Mr. Teste [1896]; La Jeune Parque or Yellow Park [1917: long poem]; Le

Cimetière marin or Graveyard by the Sea [1920]

He lived 1871 to 1945 and was Symbolist.

George Washington Carver [Carver, George Washington]

biologist/inventor

USA

1896 to 1923

peanut products [1897 to 1930]; crop rotation [1897 to 1930]

He lived 1864 to 1943 and developed soil improvements and new peanut, soybean, and cotton uses. He rotated peanuts

with cotton.

John Dewey [Dewey, John]

philosopher/educator

USA

1896 to 1938

Psychology [1887]; Study of Ethics [1894]; Reflex arc concept in psychology [1896]; School and Society [1907]; How

We Think [1910]; Democracy and Education [1916]; Human Nature and Conduct [1922]; Experience and Nature [1925

and 1929]; Quest for Certainty [1929]; Art as Experience [1934]; Logic [1938]

He lived 1859 to 1952, was pragmatist, and studied social and psychological processes of problem solving and inquiry.

In logic, he developed the idea of statement truth based on context {warranted assertibility}.

Aesthetics

Aesthetics is about consummatory experience and secondary qualities.

Education

Children should learn by doing practical things and experiments and by having social experiences. In this way, they

learn how to solve problems. They can have more equality, with less social division. People learn by doing {theory of

inquiry}.

Epistemology

Inquiry involves having problem in a context, making hypothesis about solution, testing hypothesis in context, refining

hypothesis, and retesting. Inquiry is a way of adjusting to environment and is how people unify and order contexts.

Inquiry solves problem in context, so people can take proper action for that context. Inquiry can be useful for science,

society, and individuals.

Testing ideas involves observing effects {instrumentalism, Dewey}. If idea works or is good, people believe it, but only

in proper context. Theories give truths only about observable world. Truth is not final, eternal, or perfect but evolves

with time and environment. All knowledge can be false {fallibilism, Dewey}.

Ethics

Human action is for solving psychological and social problems. Through inquiry, people can grow in ability and

experience. Means and ends can unify.

Metaphysics

Human action shapes reality. Reality changes and grows.

Politics

Experienced empirically derived laws determine political values.

Democracy is an experiment to allow people and society to grow stably.

George M. Cohan [Cohan, George M.]

composer

USA

1896 to 1942

Hot Tamale Alley [1896]; Warmest Baby in the Bunch [1896]; Yankee Doodle Dandy or Yankee Doodle Boy [1904];

Little Johnny Jones [1904: musical, including Give My Regards to Broadway and Yankee Doodle Dandy]; Mary

[1905]; Mary's a Grand Old Name [1906]; Forty-five Minutes from Broadway [1906]; Grand Old Flag or You're a

Grand Old Flag [1906]; George Washington, Jr. [1906: including You're a Grand Old Flag]; Harrigan [1907]; Over

There [1917: song]; Yankee Doodle Boy [1942: in the film Yankee Doodle Dandy]

He lived 1878 to 1942.

George Santayana [Santayana, George] or Jorge Agustín Nicolás de Santayana [Santayana, Jorge Agustín

Nicolás de]

philosopher

Spain/USA

1896 to 1952

Sense of Beauty [1896]; Sonnets and Other Verses [1896: poems]; Reason in Art [1903]; Life of Reason or the Phases

of Human Progress [1906]; Skepticism and Animal Faith [1923]; Realms of Being [1927 to 1940]; Last Puritan [1935:

novel]; Realm of Spirit [1940]; Persons and Places [1944 to 1952: autobiography]

He lived 1863 to 1952 and was skeptical.

Aesthetics

Beauty is pleasure in thinking about object and is object quality.

Epistemology

People unite instinct and reason in a form of common sense. People know only their immediate perceptions. People

have faith in them, animal faith. Mind perceives object essences {Critical Realism}.

Ethics

Religion is myth and untrue but is useful and has poetic beauty.

Metaphysics

Universe is mechanistic and materialist, but man must have faith in the unknowable, which is outside religion.

Politics

History realizes God's plan for man's salvation.

Michel Bréal [Bréal, Michel]

linguist

Paris, France

1897

Essay on Semantics [1897: Metaphors can cause language changes]

He lived 1832 to 1915. Metaphors are common.

Cesare Burali-Forti [Burali-Forti, Cesare]

mathematician

Italy

1897

Question about Transfinite Numbers [1897]

He lived 1861 to 1931. Ordinal numbers are well-ordered by definition. Ordinal-number sets must then have a greatest

ordinal number. However, the set can be infinite and not have greatest ordinal number. Therefore, infinite ordinal-

number sets cannot exist {Burali-Forti paradox}. Ordinal-number sets are higher-ordinal-number-set subsets.

Benny David [David, Benny]/Philip Braham [Braham, Philip]

lyricist/composer

USA

1897

Walkin' for Dat Cake [1897]

William H. Krell [Krell, William H.]

composer

USA

1897

Mississippi Rag [1897]

Arthur Lamb [Lamb, Arthur]/Henry W. Petrie [Petrie, Henry W.]

lyricist/composer

USA

1897

Asleep in the Deep [1897]

Petrie lived 1857 to 1925.

Gustave Le Bon [Le Bon, Gustave]

sociologist

Paris, France

1897

Crowd: A Study of the Popular Mind [1897]

He lived 1841 to 1931.

Stéphane Malarmé [Malarmé, Stéphane]

poet

France

1897

One Toss of the Dice Never Will Abolish Chance [1897]

He lived 1842 to 1898 and was Symbolist.

Kerry Mills [Mills, Kerry]

composer

USA

1897

At a Georgia Campmeeting [1897: cakewalk]

He lived 1869 to 1948.

Ted Morse [Morse, Ted]

composer

USA

1897

Coontown Capers [1897: cakewalk]

Morse lived 1873 to 1924.

Johnson Oatman, Jr. [Oatman, Jr., Johnson]/Edwin O. Exell [Exell, Edwin O.]

lyricist/composer

USA

1897

Count Your Blessings [1897]

Oatman lived 1856 to 1922.

Bram Stoker [Stoker, Bram]

novelist

England

1897

Dracula [1897: horror novel about vampire]

He lived 1847 to 1912.

Vilhelm Erik Svedelius [Svedelius, Vilhelm Erik]

linguist

Sweden

1897

Analysis of Language [1897]

He lived 1816 to 1889. Event and relation communications differ in meaning and grammar. Relation communications

nest and invert phrases. Event communications can use word sequences in event order, with no transformations.

J. R. Todd [Todd, J. R.]

composer

USA

1897

Shuffling Coon [1897]

Ned Wayburn [Wayburn, Ned]/Stanley Whiting [Whiting, Stanley]

composer

USA

1897

Syncopated Sandy [1897]

Wayburn lived 1874 to 1942.

Sigbert J. M. Ganser [Ganser, Sigbert J. M.]

psychologist

Germany

1897 to 1898

On a peculiar hysterical state [1898]

He lived 1853 to 1931 and discovered prisoners who imitated psychotic behavior {Ganser syndrome} [1897 to 1898].

William McKinley [McKinley, William]

president

USA

1897 to 1901

He lived 1843 to 1901. 25th president insisted on the gold standard and worked for business interests with Mark Hanna,

Republican leader. After USS Maine sank in Havana, Cuba [1898], he instigated Spanish-American War, though Spain

wanted to avoid war. Spanish fleet lost at Manila Bay and later near Cuba. He obtained Hawaii. He started Open Door

Policy in China, allowing no foreign intervention, just trading. Currency Act [1900] ensured the gold standard.

Someone assassinated him.

Theodore Lipps [Lipps, Theodore]

philosopher/psychologist

Germany

1897 to 1903

Empathy, Inner Imitation and Sense-Feelings [1890 to 1910]; Foundation of Aesthetics [1903]

He lived 1851 to 1914. People can have a feeling of belonging to, and associating with, something else {einfuhlung}

{empathy, aesthetics} [1897]. Empathy explains aesthetics.

Arthur Pryor [Pryor, Arthur]

lyricist/composer

USA

1897 to 1905

Ye Boston Tea Party [1897]; Whistler and His Dog [1905]

He lived 1870 to 1942.

Alfred Stieglitz [Stieglitz, Alfred]

photographer

USA

1897 to 1907

Hand Camera: its present importance [1897]

He lived 1864 to 1946.

Havelock Ellis [Ellis, Havelock]

psychologist

USA

1897 to 1910

Psychology of Sex [1897 to 1910]

He lived 1859 to 1939. Psychotherapy can link cognitions and emotions, so thoughts can control emotions {rational-

emotive therapy, Ellis}. Therapist argues and discusses {insightful countersuggestion, Ellis}, to attack patient's

irrational beliefs.

Henri Rousseau [Rousseau, Henri]

painter

France

1897 to 1910

Sleeping Gypsy [1897]; Exotic Landscape [1908]; Dream [1910]

He lived 1844 to 1910.

David Hilbert [Hilbert, David]

mathematician

Germany

1897 to 1912

Report on Numbers [1897]; Foundations of Geometry [1899]; 23 Unsolved Problems of Mathematics [1900: at

International Congress of Mathematicians, Paris]; Elements and Principles of Mathematics [1912]

He lived 1862 to 1943 and studied formal systems, proof theory, metamathematics, and Erlanger Program. He studied

real numbers using connection, calculation, order, and continuity axioms. He invented Hilbert space and Hilbert-

Schmidt theorem. He posed problems {Hilbert program} for 20th century mathematicians to solve [1900]. His tenth

problem {Entscheidungsproblem} asked if theorem-proving algorithms are possible. Integral equations and complete

orthogonal-system theories relate.

Epistemology

Mathematics can depend on proofs using symbol language {formalism, Hilbert}. Mathematics branches can be formal

and studied at higher level {metamathematics, Hilbert}, but do not need infinitely high level. Meaningful mathematics

is about finite objects and relations. The infinite hotel {Hilbert hotel} has an infinite number of rooms, so it has

infinitely many vacancies, no matter how many people.

Joseph Conrad [Conrad, Joseph] or Josef Korzeniowski [Korzeniowski, Joseph]

novelist

England

1897 to 1915

Nigger of the "Narcissus" [1897]; Youth [1898: story]; Lord Jim [1900]; Typhoon [1901]; Heart of Darkness [1902];

Nostromo [1904]; Secret Sharer [1910]; Under Western Eyes [1911]; Victory [1915]

He lived 1857 to 1924.

Edwin Arlington Robinson [Robinson, Edwin Arlington]

poet

USA

1897 to 1921

Luke Havergall [1897]; Richard Cory [1916]; Man against the Sky [1916]; Miniver Cheevy [1921]

He lived 1869 to 1935.

George Bernard Shaw [Shaw, George Bernard]

playwright

England

1897 to 1925

Devil's Disciple [1897]; Candida [1898]; Caesar and Cleopatra [1901]; Man and Superman [1903: includes the scene

Don Juan in Hell]; Major Barbara [1905]; Doctor's Dilemma [1906]; Androcles and the Lion [1913]; Pygmalion

[1916]; Heartbreak House [1919]; Back to Methuselah [1921]; Arms and the Man [1924]; Saint Joan [1925]

He lived 1856 to 1950.

Charles Scott Sherrington [Sherrington, Charles Scott]

physiologist

Britain

1897 to 1946

Synapse [1897]; Integrative Action of the Nervous System [1906]; Mammalian Physiology [1919]; Reflex Activity in

the Spinal Cord [1932: with Richard S. Creed]; Man on His Nature [1942]; Endeavor of Jean Fernel [1946]

He lived 1857 to 1952, named neuron junctions "synapses", showed that transmission slowed there, and studied

antagonistic-muscle reciprocal innervation. He studied peripheral and spinal reflexes, including dog scratch reflex, and

relations between reflexes and behavior patterns.

He studied sense exteroceptors, interoceptors, and proprioceptors. Exteroceptive distance receptors detect movements

and are at animal leading edges. Distance receptors receive stimuli far from physical source. Brains can build space-

time relations to represent environment. Interoceptive receptors receive stimuli where physical sources contact body

surface. Proprioceptive receptors receive stimuli from inside body.

Precurrent receptors initiate behavior, and non-precurrent receptor activity stops behavior. Behavior relies on body

hierarchical spatio-temporal subsystems that evolution built and linked for survival. Body-limit perception affects

behavior.

Organisms evolved to allow more exploration and autonomy, as distance receptors and brain integration evolved.

Organisms had more prey and predator knowledge. Anticipatory responses extended control over space and time, so

reaction time increased and immediate receptor responses lasted longer.

Theodor Herzl [Herzl, Theodor]

founder

Austria

1898

He lived 1860 to 1904 and started Zionist Movement to create Jewish state in Palestine.

William O'Hare [O'Hare, William]

composer

USA

1898

Levee Revels [1898]

Chauncey Olcott [Olcott, Chauncey]

composer

USA

1898

My Wild Irish Rose [1898]

He lived 1858 to 1932.

Edmond Rostand [Rostand, Edmond]

playwright

France

1898

Chanticleer; Cyrano de Bergerac [1898]

He lived 1868 to 1918 and was Romantic.

Marie-Thérèse de Subligny [Subligny, Marie-Thérèse de]

ballerina

France

1898

She lived 1666 to 1736.

Wilhelm Wien [Wien, Wilhelm]

physicist

Germany

1898

He lived 1864 to 1928 and studied black body radiation [1898].

Gabriel Tarde [Tarde, Gabriel]

sociologist

Paris, France

1898 to 1904

Social Laws [1898]; Outline of Sociology [1904]

He lived 1843 to 1904.

Georges Melies [Melies, Georges]

director

France

1898 to 1912

La Caverne maudite or Cave of the Demon [1898: first double exposure]; Un Homme de tête or A Man's Head [1898:

first split-screen shot]; Cendrillon [1899: first dissolve]; Cinderella [1900]; Cabinet of Dr. Caligari [1919: first horror

film]

He lived 1861 to 1938 and used double exposure, stop action, speed changes, animation, dissolves, and fades.

Leo Frobenius [Frobenius, Leo]

historian

Halle, Germany

1898 to 1913

African Masks and Secret Societies [1898]; Voice of Africa [1913]

He lived 1873 to 1938.

Scott Joplin [Joplin, Scott]

composer/pianist

USA

1898 to 1914

Swipsy [1898]; Banjo Rag Time [1899]; Maple Leaf Rag [1899]; Entertainer [1902: lyrics by John Brimhall]; Cascades

[1904]; Paragon Rag [1909]; New Rag [1912]; Magnetic Rag [1914]

He lived 1868 to 1917. Ragtime.

Vicente Ibanez [Ibanez, Vicente] or Vicente Blasco Ibáñez [Ibáñez, Vicente Blasco]

writer

Spain

1898 to 1918

La barraca or The Cabin [1898]; Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse [1918]

He lived 1867 to 1928.

Rainer Maria Rilke [Rilke, Rainer Maria]

poet

Germany

1898 to 1923

Book of Images [1898 to 1906: four poem books]; Tale of Love and Death of Cornet Christopher Rilke [1906];

Duinese Elegies [1922]; Sonnets to Orpheus [1923]

He lived 1875 to 1926.

Constantin Stanislavsky [Stanislavsky, Constantin]

actor

Moscow, Russia

1898 to 1936

Actor Prepares; Building a Character; Creating a Role; My Life in Art [1924]

He lived 1863 to 1938. He taught actors to interpret role subjectively {method acting}, rather use stylizations. He

cofounded, with Vladimir Nemirovich-Danchenko, the Moscow Art Theater [1898].

Jane Addams [Addams, Jane]

social worker

Chicago, Illinois

1899

She lived 1860 to 1935 and founded Hull House, settlement house.

Giovanni Capurro [Capurro, Giovanni]/Eduardo di Capua [Capua, Eduardo di]

lyricist/composer

Italy

1899

O Sole Mio or My Sunshine [1899]

Capurro lived 1825 to 1920. Capua lived 1865 to 1917.

Will Marion Cook [Cook, Will Marion]

composer

USA

1899

Darktown is Out Tonight [1899]

He lived 1869 to 1944.

Charles N. Daniels [Daniels, Charles N.]

composer

USA

1899

You Tell Me Your Dreams [1899]

He lived 1878 to 1943.

Sam Walter Foss [Foss, Sam Walter]

poet

USA

1899

House by the Side of the Road [1899]; Songs of War and Peace [1899]

He lived 1858 to 1911.

Francis Gotch [Gotch, Francis]

biochemist

England

1899

He lived 1853 to 1913 and studied nerve impulse, which has refractory period [1899].

Harry Guy [Guy, Harry]

lyricist/composer

USA

1899

Belle of the Creoles [1899]

Joseph Howard [Howard, Joseph]/Ida Emerson [Emerson, Ida]

composer

USA

1899

Hello My Baby [1899: perhaps, composed by Maxwell Marcuse]

Howard lived 1878 to 1961.

Louis-Philippe Laurendeau [Laurendeau, Louis-Philippe]

composer

Canada/USA

1899

Daphne Schottische [1899]

He lived 1861 to 1916.

Maurice Levi [Levi, Maurice]

composer

USA

1899

Ethiopian Mardi Gras [1899: cakewalk]

Edwin Markham [Markham, Edwin]

poet

USA

1899

Man with the Hoe [1899]

He lived 1852 to 1940.

Pee Wee Russell [Russell, Pee Wee]

composer

USA

1899

Happy Mose [1899: cakewalk]

He lived 1906 to 1969.

Alfred von Schlieffen [Schlieffen, Alfred von]

field marshal

Germany

1899

He lived 1833 to 1912. He formulated a military plan (Schlieffen Plan) to go through Belgium to Paris and defeat

France in 42 days.

Jean Schwartz [Schwartz, Jean]

composer

USA

1899

Dusky Dudes [1899: cakewalk]

He lived 1878 to 1956.

Frederick Winslow Taylor [Taylor, Frederick Winslow]

engineer/inventor

USA

1899

Taylor-White process [1899: heat-treated steel tools, with Maunsel White]

He lived 1856 to 1915 {Taylor-White process}.

Theodore Moses Tobani [Tobani, Theodore Moses]

composer

USA

1899

Hearts and Flowers [1899]

He lived 1855 to 1933.

Edward Elgar [Elgar, Edward]

composer

England

1899 to 1901

Enigma Variations [1899: symphony]; Pomp and Circumstance [1901: March No. 1]

He lived 1857 to 1934.

Frank Norris [Norris, Frank]

novelist

USA

1899 to 1901

Blix [1899]; Pit [1903]; Octopus [1901]

He lived 1870 to 1902.

Thorstein Veblen [Veblen, Thorstein]

economist

USA

1899 to 1904

Theory of the Leisure Class [1899]; Theory of Business Enterprise [1904]

He lived 1857 to 1929.

Harriet Brooks [Brooks, Harriet]

physicist

Canada

1899 to 1907

She lived 1876 to 1933 and studied radioactivity and element transmutation [1899 to 1907]. She discovered radon and

nuclei recoil after radioactivity.

Shelford Bidwell [Bidwell, Shelford]

barrister

Britain

1899 to 1909

Curiosities of Light and Vision [1899]

He lived 1848 to 1909. Alternating flashing lights can make afterimages {Bidwell's ghost}.

Charles L. Johnson [Johnson, Charles L.]

composer

USA

1899 to 1909

Doc Brown's Cakewalk [1899]; Dill Pickles Rag [1906: two-step]; Tabasco [1909: rag time waltz]

He lived 1876 to 1950.

Anna Pavlova [Pavlova, Anna]

ballerina

Russia

1899 to 1909

Autobiography [1922: book]

She lived 1881 to 1931.

Harry Houdini [Houdini, Harry]

magician/escape artist

USA

1899 to 1926

He lived 1874 to 1926.

Arnold Schönberg [Schönberg, Arnold] or Arnold Schoenberg [Schoenberg, Arnold]

composer

Austria

1899 to 1942

Verklarte Nacht or Transfigured Night [1899]; Erwartung or Expectation [1909]; Five Orchestral Pieces [1910];

Herzgewächse or Heart Growth [1911]; Pierrot Lunaire [1912]; Accompaniment to a Cinematographic Scene [1930];

Moses and Aron [1933]; Suite for Piano [1924]; Ode to Napoleon Buonaparte [1942]

He lived 1874 to 1951 and used tone-row technique.

George Edward Moore [Moore, George Edward]

philosopher

Britain

1899 to 1953

Nature of Judgment [1899]; Principia Ethica or Ethical Principles [1903]; Ethics [1912]; Philosophical Studies [1922];

Some Main Problems of Philosophy [1953]

He lived 1873 to 1958, was neo-realist, and developed criteria for meaning based on common sense.

Epistemology

Analysis of true common-sense propositions finds equivalent concepts and propositions. Experience and its object are

two separate things, and object is not mental.

Ethics

Goodness is basic, simple, unanalyzable, non-natural quality. Good does not depend on human reason, emotions, God,

or nature. The word "good" has no definition in terms of natural qualities, because natural qualities are good or bad

{naturalistic fallacy}. Confusing the good with particular objects or traits is invalid. Wrong and right are indefinable,

because they are fundamental.

Robert Sessions Woodworth [Woodworth, Robert Sessions]

psychologist

USA

1899 to 1954

On the Accuracy of Voluntary Movement [1899]; Dynamic Psychology [1918]; Contemporary Schools of Psychology

[1931]; Experimental Psychology [1938 and 1954]

He lived 1869 to 1962, measured individual differences, and invented objective emotional-stability tests.

L. Frank Baum [Baum, L. Frank] or Lyman Frank Baum [Baum, Lyman Frank]

writer

USA

1900

Wonderful Wizard of Oz [1900]

He lived 1856 to 1919.

Will Cobb [Cobb, Will]/Gus Edwards [Edwards, Gus]

composer

USA

1900

I Can't Tell Why I Love You, But I Do [1900]

Cobb lived 1876 to 1930. Edwards lived 1879 to 1945.

Arthur Gillespie [Gillespie, Arthur]/Herbert Dillea [Dillea, Herbert]

lyricist/composer

USA

1900

Absence Makes the Heart Grow Fonder [1900]

Alexander Gorsky [Gorsky, Alexander]

choreographer

Russia

1900

Don Quixote [1900]

He lived 1871 to 1924.

Abe Holzmann [Holzmann, Abe]

composer

USA

1900

Hunky Dory [1900: cakewalk]

He lived 1874 to 1939.

Arthur Lamb [Lamb, Arthur]/Harry Von Tilzer [Von Tilzer, Harry]

lyricist/composer

USA

1900

Bird in a Gilded Cage or She's Only a Bird in a Gilded Cage [1900]

Von Tilzer lived 1872 to 1946.

J. B. Lampe [Lampe, J. B.] or Ribe Danmark [Danmark, Ribe]

composer

USA

1900

Creole Belles [1900: 2-Step]

He lived 1869 to 1929.

Thomas Lipton [Lipton, Thomas]

businessman

Scotland/England

1900

He lived 1850 to 1931 and was tea merchant and started America's Cup sailboat racing.

Jacques Loeb [Loeb, Jacques]

biologist

Germany

1900

Comparative Physiology of the Brain and Comparative Psychology [1900]

He lived 1859 to 1924. Simple animals have forced tropism movements. Animals move towards stimulus source

{positive tropism} or away from it {negative tropism}. Simple animals have paired receptors, such as eyes, which send

signals to paired muscles, such as legs. When both receptors send equal signals, tension balances between both

muscles, and animal moves in straight lines {tonus hypothesis}. However, tonus hypothesis is not true for simple or

higher animals.

Peter C. Lutkin [Lutkin, Peter C.]

lyricist/composer

USA

1900

Lord Bless You And Keep You [1900]

He lived 1858 to 1931.

Alice Mack [Mack, Alice]/Andrew Mack [Mack, Andrew]

composer

USA

1900

Heart of My Heart or Story of the Rose [1900]

Carry Nation [Nation, Carry]

temperance worker

USA

1900

She lived 1846 to 1911 and used hatchet to destroy saloons.

Frederick Edward Weatherly [Weatherly, Frederick Edward]/George Petrie [Petrie, George]

lyricist/composer

USA

1900

Danny Boy [1900: music is Londonderry Air of 1855]

Weatherly lived 1848 to 1929.

Bert Williams [Williams, Bert]/George Walker [Walker, George]

composer

USA

1900

Voodoo Man [1900]; Blackville Strutters Ball [1900]

Williams lived 1874 to 1922. Walker lived 1873 to 1911.

Wilhelm Ostwald [Ostwald, Wilhelm]

chemist

Germany

1900 to 1902

He lived 1853 to 1932, studied chemical equilibrium [1900], reaction rates, and color, and invented Ostwald process

for nitric acid [1902].

Max Planck [Planck, Max]

physicist

Berlin, Germany

1900 to 1906

Theory of Heat Radiation [1906]

He lived 1858 to 1947 and found Plank's constant [1900]. He studied blackbody radiation, radiation absorption and

emission quantum theory, and electromagnetic radiation energy. Light has energy proportional to frequency. Blackbody

radiation intensity is proportional to temperature, because many oscillators with different, discrete frequencies cause

radiation [1900]. Sum of frequency intensities is not infinite.

Georg Simmel [Simmel, Georg]

philosopher

Berlin, Germany

1900 to 1911

Philosophy of Money [1900]; Sociology [1908]; Philosophical Culture [1911]

He lived 1858 to 1918, was Relativist, and studied event social interactions.

Andrei A. Markov [Markov, Andrei A.]

mathematician

Russia

1900 to 1913

He lived 1856 to 1922, invented probability theory using Chebyshev continued fraction [1900], and invented Markov

process [1913].

Billy Sunday [Sunday, Billy]

preacher

USA

1900 to 1920

He lived 1862 to 1935.

Edward Curtis [Curtis, Edward]

photographer

USA

1900 to 1930

He lived 1868 to 1952 and took still and moving American-Indian pictures.

James Jeans [Jeans, James]

physicist

England

1900 to 1943

Dynamical Theory of Gases [1903]; Theoretical Mechanics [1906]; Mathematical Theory of Electricity and Magnetism

[1908]; Universe around Us [1929]; Mysterious Universe [1930]; Stars in their Courses [1931]; New Background of

Science [1933]; Through Space and Time [1934]; Physics and Philosophy [1943]

He lived 1877 to 1946. He calculated black-body-radiation distribution at low and high frequencies {Rayleigh-Jeans

radiation, Jeans} {Rayleigh-Jeans law}, with Rayleigh [1900]. All energy seemed to go into higher field frequencies

over time, which is impossible {ultraviolet catastrophe, Jeans}: energy density = 8 * pi * k * T / (lambda^4), where T =

temperature, k = Boltzmann constant, and lambda = wavelength.

Large-enough {Jeans mass} {Jeans instability} {Jeans length} interstellar clouds can collapse to form stars, depending

on temperature, mass, and density.

Two things that can interact share a feature. For example, things that interact gravitationally both have mass. Perhaps,

thoughts about perceptions relate to stimulus energies.

Victor Emmanuel III

king

Italy

1900 to 1946

He lived 1869 to 1947 and appointed Mussolini [1922]. He dismissed Mussolini [1943] to make peace.

Mohandas Gandhi [Gandhi, Mohandas] or Mahatma Gandhi [Gandhi, Mahatma]

leader

India

1900 to 1948

He lived 1869 to 1948 and led India nationalist movement. He was pacifist, followed strict abstinence, and used passive

resistance and hunger strikes. He first used non-violence {satyagraha} in South Africa to protest racism. He used same

practices in India against class system and colonialism. He advocated home industries and end to untouchable class.

Ethics

People should not hurt other living things. Persuasion, self-control, and self-denial are good, but the process requires

zeal for truth.

Maltbie D. Babcock [Babcock, Maltbie D.]/Franklin L. Sheppard [Sheppard, Franklin L.]

lyricist/composer

England

1901

This Is My Father's World [1901: music is modified traditional English melody, Terra Beata]

Babcock lived 1858 to 1901. Sheppard lived 1852 to 1930.

Euclides da Cunha [Cunha, Euclides da]

writer

Brazil

1901

Os Sertões or Rebellion in the Backlands [1901]

He lived 1866 to 1909.

Walther von Dyck [Dyck, Walther von]

mathematician

Netherlands

1901

He lived 1856 to 1934 and combined equation group theory, group number theory, and infinite transformation groups

{abstract group theory} [1901].

Henri Lebesgue [Lebesgue, Henri]

mathematician

Paris, France

1901

On a generalization of the definite integral [1901]

He lived 1875 to 1941 and invented Lebesgue integral and Riemann-Lebesgue lemma, studied measure theory [1901],

and helped develop intuitionism.

Tullio Levi-Civita [Levi-Civita, Tullio]

mathematician

Padua, Italy

1901

Note on the resistance of fluids [1901]

He lived 1873 to 1941 and studied tensors.

John Pierpont Morgan [Morgan, John Pierpont]

financier

USA

1901

He lived 1837 to 1913 and financed railroads and U.S. Steel.

Frederic William Henry Myers [Myers, Frederic William Henry]

writer

Britain

1901

Human Personality and Its Survival of Bodily Death [1901]

He lived 1843 to 1901.

Ethelbert Nevin [Nevin, Ethelbert]

composer

USA

1901

Mighty Like a Rose [1901]

He lived 1862 to 1901.

Thomas L. Tully [Tully, Thomas L.]

businessman

Los Angeles, California

1901

movie theater

He lived 1908 to 1982.

Theodore Roosevelt [Roosevelt, Theodore]

president

USA

1901 to 1905

He lived 1858 to 1919. He led invading horsemen {Rough Riders} in Spanish-American War in Cuba [1898]. The 26th

president split big businesses with Sherman Anti-Trust Act. He encouraged conservation. He established Roosevelt

corollary to Monroe Doctrine and used money and threats in Latin America, especially at Santo Domingo in Caribbean.

He kept Open Door policy in China and mediated Russo-Japanese War. He founded Bull Moose Party.

Edward VII

king

England

1901 to 1910

He lived 1841 to 1910, was Saxe-Coburg-Gotha, and cooperated with Asquith in limiting House of Lords veto power.

His era is Edwardian Era. The next rulers in the family changed house name to Windsor: George V, Edward VIII,

George VI, and Elizabeth II.

Edward Bradford Titchener [Titchener, Edward Bradford]

psychologist

USA

1901 to 1915

Experimental Psychology: a Manual of Laboratory Practices [1901 and 1905]; Lectures on the Elementary Psychology

of Feeling and Attention [1908]; Lectures on the Experimental Psychology of the Thought Processes [1904]; Text-book

of Psychology [1909 to 1910]; Beginner's Psychology [1915]

He lived 1867 to 1927, studied sensation and attention, and trained in introspection. He invented Titchener-circles

illusion. He tried to catalog all mental elements, to find consciousness structure. Mind combines units to make objects

and perceptions {structuralism, Titchener}.

Gustav Stickley [Stickley, Gustav]

designer

USA

1901 to 1916

Mission [1901 to 1916]; Stickley [1901 to 1930]

He lived 1858 to 1942. Oak furniture design derived from English Arts and Crafts. Gustav Stickley and Roycroft

Community were in upstate New York State. Craftsman Magazine [1901] featured its designs.

Maurice Prendergast [Prendergast, Maurice]

painter

Canada/USA

1901 to 1923

Central Park, New York [1901]; Sunset and Sea Fog [1923]

He lived 1858 to 1924.

Ralph Vaughan Williams [Williams, Ralph Vaughan]

composer

England

1901 to 1930

Linden Lea [1901: song]; Songs of Travel [1904]; In the Fen Country [1904]; Sea Symphony [1910]; Fantasia on a

Theme by Thomas Tallis [1910]; London Symphony [1913]; Job [1930]

He lived 1872 to 1958.

Booth Tarkington [Tarkington, Booth]

novelist

USA

1901 to 1935

Monsieur Beaucaire [1901]; Penrod [1914]; Magnificent Ambersons [1918]; Seventeen [1918]; Alice Adams [1935]

He lived 1869 to 1946.

Thomas Mann [Mann, Thomas]

novelist

Germany

1901 to 1947

Buddenbrooks [1901]; Death in Venice [1911]; Confessions of Felix Krull Confidence Man [1922]; Magic Mountain

[1924]; Dr. Faustus [1947]

He lived 1875 to 1955.

Hughie Cannon [Cannon, Hughie]

composer

USA

1902

Bill Bailey, Won't You Please Come Home [1902]

He lived 1877 to 1912.

Augustine P. Conniff [Conniff, Augustine P.]

lyricist

USA

1902

Alma Mater or Holy Cross, Old Holy Cross [1902: music is Maryland]

Giambattista de Curtis [de Curtis, Giambattista]/Ernesto de Curtis [de Curtis, Ernesto]

lyricist/composer

Italy

1902

Torna a Surriento or Come Back to Sorrento [1902]

He lived 1875 to 1937.

Paul Drude [Drude, Paul]

physicist

Germany

1902

He lived 1863 to 1906 and studied metal free electrons [1902].

Peter Kropotkin [Kropotkin, Peter]

anarchist/philosopher

Russia

1902

Mutual Aid: A Factor of Evolution [1902]

He lived 1842 to 1921 and was communist and anarchist. State, law, police, courts, armies, teachers, capitalists, and

parents aid ruling class. Rulers rule for themselves, not the people. Anarchism is against such authoritarianism. People

left alone will be peaceful, cooperate, and produce. Living in communes, with property sharing and no

authoritarianism, is best.

John Masefield [Masefield, John]

poet

England

1902

On Growing Old [1902]; Sea-Fever [1902: in Salt-Water Ballads]; Cargoes [1902: in Salt-Water Ballads]

He lived 1878 to 1967.

Paul Natorp [Natorp, Paul]

philosopher

Marburg, Germany

1902

Plato's Ideas [1902]

He lived 1854 to 1924 and was of Marburg School of Immanent Philosophy.

Lilla Cayley Robinson [Robinson, Lilla Cayley]/Paul Lincke [Lincke, Paul]

lyricist/composer

USA

1902

Shine Little Glow Worm or Glow Worm [1902]

Lincke lived 1866 to 1946.

John Singer Sargeant [Sargeant, John Singer]

painter

USA

1902

Mrs. Knowles and Her Children [1902]

He lived 1856 to 1925.

Ren Shields [Shields, Ren]/George Evans [Evans, George]

lyricist/composer

USA

1902

In the Good Old Summertime [1902]

Shields lived 1868 to 1913.

Owen Wister [Wister, Owen]

novelist

USA

1902

Virginian [1902]

He lived 1860 to 1938.

Beatrix Potter [Potter, Beatrix]

writer/storyteller

England

1902 to 1905

Tale of Peter Rabbit [1902]; Tale of Squirrel Nutkin [1903]; Tailor of Gloucester [1903]; Tale of Two Bad Mice

[1904]; Tale of Mrs. Tiggy-Winkle [1905]

She lived 1866 to 1943.

Bob Cole [Cole, Bob] or Robert Cole [Cole, Robert]

composer

USA

1902 to 1906

Under the Bamboo Tree [1902]; Countess of Alagazam [1906]

Edith Nesbit [Nesbit, Edith]

writer

England

1902 to 1907

Five Children and It [1902]; Railway Children [1906]; Enchanted Castle [1907]

She lived 1858 to 1924.

Edwin S. Porter [Porter, Edwin S.]

director

USA

1902 to 1907

Life of an American Fireman [1902]; Great Train Robbery [1903]; Uncle Tom's Cabin [1907]

He lived 1869 to 1941 and used close-ups and crosscutting.

James Barrie [Barrie, James]

playwright

Scotland

1902 to 1908

Admirable Crichton [1902]; Peter Pan [1904]; What Every Woman Knows [1908]

He lived 1860 to 1937.

Julius Bernstein [Bernstein, Julius]

biochemist

Germany

1902 to 1912

Investigations into the Thermodynamics of Bioelectrical Currents [1902]; Electrobiology [1912]

He lived 1839 to 1917 and measured nerve-impulse conduction speed [1902]. Neural ion concentrations change slightly

during nerve impulses and cause nerve potential differences and action potentials {membrane theory} [1902 to 1912].

Local electric current flows between axon resting region and impulse region and causes depolarization {local circuit

hypothesis}. This was idea of Ludimar Hermann.

Hermann Cohen [Cohen, Hermann]

philosopher

Berlin, Germany

1902 to 1912

Logic of Pure Cognition [1902]; Ethic of Pure Will [1904]; Aesthetics of Feeling [1912]

He lived 1842 to 1918 and founded Marburg School of Immanent Philosophy. To approach truth, mind creates

categories, such as science, ethics, and law, and does so in context of culture.

Tamara Karsavina [Karsavina, Tamara]

ballerina

Russia

1902 to 1912

Thamar [1912]

She lived 1885 to 1978.

H. B. Blanke [Blanke, H. B.]

composer

USA

1902 to 1913

Cubanola [1902]

Maxim Gorky [Gorky, Maxim] or Alexander Peshkov [Peshkov, Alexander]

storyteller/playwright/novelist

Russia

1902 to 1913

Twenty-six Men and a Girl [1899: story]; Foma Gordeyev or Gordeyev Family [1899: novel]; Chelkash [1895: story];

Decadence [1902: play]; Lower Depths [1902: play]; Malva [1906: story]; Mother [1906: novel]; Life of Klim Samgin

[1925 to 1936: novels]; My Childhood [1913: biography]

He lived 1868 to 1936.

Benedetto Croce [Croce, Benedetto]

philosopher

Rome, Italy

1902 to 1917

Philosophy of the Spirit [1902 to 1917]; Notes on Aesthetics: Four Lessons [1917]

He lived 1866 to 1952 and was idealist.

Aesthetics

Art is individual and not categorizable but embodies universals in individuality. Art is to make beautiful objects

embodying artist feelings. Art involves imagination, which conceives images to express subjects or objects. It needs no

skill. Art enjoyment comes from pleasure that people feel inside as they form same perfect underlying image that they

observe.

Epistemology

People use intuition to know particular things and other things that have no concepts.

Metaphysics

Spirit has four aspects: aesthetic, economic, ethical, and logical.

Grazia Deledda [Deledda, Grazia]

storyteller

Sardinia, Italy

1902 to 1922

After the Divorce [1902: story]; Elias Portolu [1903: story]; Mother [1922: story]

She lived 1875 to 1936 and wrote in Verismo style.

Robert LaFollette [LaFollette, Robert]

senator

Wisconsin

1902 to 1924

He lived 1855 to 1925 and was Progressive governor and senator from Wisconsin. His program was Wisconsin Idea.

He led Progressive Party in 1924.

André Gide [Gide, André]

novelist

France

1902 to 1926

Immoralist [1902]; Straight Is the Gate [1909]; Counterfeiters [1926]

He lived 1869 to 1951.

Charles Horton Cooley [Cooley, Charles Horton]

sociologist

USA

1902 to 1927

Human Nature and the Social Order [1902]; Social Organization [1909]; Social Process [1918]; Life and the Student

[1927]

He lived 1864 to 1929 and studied primary groups and how self relates to groups.

Ivan Petrovich Pavlov [Pavlov, Ivan Petrovich]

physiologist

St. Petersburg, Russia

1902 to 1927

Work of the Digestive Glands [1902]; Conditional Reflexes [1927]

He lived 1849 to 1936 and studied neurosis, peripheral nerves, digestion physiology, classical conditioning, and

reflexes.

Contradictory stimuli can disturb balance between nervous-system excitatory and inhibitory processes, and personality

affects whether neurosis develops.

Vagus nerve controls blood pressure, and four nerves control and vary heartbeat rhythm and intensity. Depending on

saliva and food, tasting food {sham feeding} can release gastric juice, which has enzymes {enterokinase}.

Dogs associate neutral stimulus with reflex. Conditional reflex forms more easily if unconditional stimulus, such as

food, follows conditional stimulus, such as bell, than if they are simultaneous or if conditional stimulus follows

unconditional stimulus. Conditional reflex forms more easily if conditional stimulus is nearer in time to unconditional

stimulus. Conditional stimulus that starts just before unconditional stimulus is as effective as conditional stimulus that

started long before unconditional stimulus and lasted until just before. More intense conditional and unconditional

stimuli cause greater conditioned responses. Training conditional stimulus allows testing similar conditional stimuli to

investigate animal sense discriminations. External inhibition, internal inhibition, new environments, and new stimuli

affect conditioning. If conditional and unconditional stimuli no longer pair, conditioned reflex gradually decreases.

Maintaining conditioned reflex requires regular reinforcement. Conditioned reflex is similar to other reflexes.

Conditional reflex formation is adaptation whereby animal can survive better in changing environment.

Maurice Ravel [Ravel, Maurice]

composer

France

1902 to 1928

Pavane pour une Infante Défunte or Pavane for a Dead Infant [1902: dance]; Rhapsodie Espagnole or Spanish

Rhapsody [1908: symphony]; Valse Nobles et Sentimentales or Noble and Sentimental Waltz [1911: waltz]; Ma Mere

l'Oye or Mother Goose [1911: ballet]; Daphnis et Chloe [1912: ballet]; La Valse or Waltz [1914 and 1920: waltz]; La

Tombeau de Couperin or Fall of Couperin [1917 and 1918]; Pictures at an Exhibition [1922: orchestration]; Bolero

[1928: symphony]

He lived 1875 to 1937.

Alfred Binet [Binet, Alfred]

psychologist

Paris, France

1903

Experimental Study of Intelligence [1903]; Development of Intelligence in Children [1916: with Theodore Simon]

He lived 1857 to 1911 and developed Binet intelligence scale and intelligence quotient.

Marie-Antoine Carême [Carême, Marie-Antoine]

chef

France

1903

He lived 1783 to 1833, was chef to Talleyrand and Alexander I of Russia, and carved marzipan, fat, and sugar {pièce

montée}.

Marie Sklodowska Curie [Curie, Marie Sklodowska]

physicist

Poland/France

1903

She lived 1867 to 1934 and discovered radium [1903].

Auguste Escoffier [Escoffier, Auguste]

chef

France

1903

Guide Culinaire oe Culinary Guide [1903]

He served courses from menu and used stock, at Ritz Hotel.

Richard Gerard [Gerard, Richard]/Harry Armstrong [Armstrong, Harry]

lyricist/composer

USA

1903

Sweet Adeline [1903]

Gerard lived 1876 to 1948. Armstrong lived 1879 to 1951 and was a boxer.

Helen Adams Keller [Keller, Helen Adams]

biographer

USA

1903

Story of My Life [1903: autobiography about experience of being blind]

She lived 1880 to 1968.

Eddie Leonard [Leonard, Eddie]/Eddie Munson [Munson, Eddie]

lyricist/composer

USA

1903

Ida, Sweet as Apple Cider [1903]

Glen MacDonough [MacDonough, Glen]/Victor Herbert [Herbert, Victor]

composer

USA

1903

Toyland [1903]

MacDonough lived 1870 to 1924. Herbert lived 1859 to 1924.

Tom Turpin [Turpin, Tom]

composer

USA

1903

St. Louis Rag [1903]

He lived 1871 to 1922.

Josef Franz Wagner [Wagner, Josef Franz]

lyricist/composer

USA

1903

Under the Double Eagle [1903]

He lived [1856 to 1908].

Kate Douglas Wiggin [Wiggin, Kate Douglas]

novelist

USA

1903

Rebecca of Sunnybrook Farm [1903]

She lived 1856 to 1923.

Wilbur Wright [Wright, Wilbur]/Orville Wright [Wright, Orville]

inventor

Kitty Hawk, North Carolina

1903

controlled powered airplane flight [1903]

Wilbur lived 1867 to 1912 {controlled powered airplane flight}. Orville lived 1871 to 1948.

Jack London [London, Jack]

novelist/essayist

USA

1903 to 1908

Call of the Wild [1903]; Sea Wolf [1904]; White Fang [1906]; To Build a Fire [1908]

He lived 1876 to 1916.

Korbinian Brodmann [Brodmann, Korbinian]

biologist

Germany

1903 to 1909

Comparative Localization Studies on the Neocortex in their Differentiation on the Basis of Cell Density [1909]

He lived 1868 to 1918 and mapped 52 cortical areas [1903 to 1908].

Edward Lee Thorndike [Thorndike, Edward Lee]

psychologist

USA

1903 to 1911

Educational Psychology [1903]; Animal Intelligence [1911]

He lived 1874 to 1949 and studied learning, education, testing, and animal intelligence. He studied instrumental

learning, law of effect, law of exercise, law of readiness, operant conditioning, puzzle-box, reinforcement, and learning

transfer [Thorndike, 1911]. Imitation is seeing action, remembering it, and then doing it.

Karl Schwarzschild [Schwarzschild, Karl]

physicist

Germany

1903 to 1916

He lived 1873 to 1916 and used general relativity to model static universes {Schwarzschild space-time} and stars

[1916]. He found Schwarzschild limit. Schwarzschild [1903], Tetrode, and Fokker developed perfect absorption to

renormalize Maxwell's equations.

Leos Janacek [Janacek, Leos]

composer

Czech Republic

1903 to 1926

Jenufa [1903: opera]; Taras Bulba [1918: opera]; Glagolitic Mass [1926]

He lived 1854 to 1928.

Isadora Duncan [Duncan, Isadora]

modern dancer/choreographer

USA

1903 to 1927

My Life [1927]

She lived 1878 to 1927 and choreographed modern expressive dances.

Marcus Loew [Loew, Marcus]

theater owner

USA

1903 to 1927

He lived 1870 to 1927 and built arcades and movie theaters.

Pierre Janet [Janet, Pierre]

psychologist

Paris, France

1903 to 1929

Neuroses and Fixed Obsessions and Psychoasthenia [1903]; Major Symptoms of Hysteria [1907]; Psychological

Healing [1925]; Evolution of Memory and the Notion of Time [1929]

He lived 1859 to 1947 and studied neuroses, psychasthenia, anxiety states, phobias, obsessional disorders, and

dissociation.

Neurosis reduces integration {sentiment d'incomplétude} among psychological functions, which ordinarily form

hierarchy. People can have dependency wish {amae, Janet}.

All human communities use logical inference as thinking basis.

Hugo von Hofmannsthal [Hofmannsthal, Hugo von]

writer

Germany

1903 to 1933

Elektra [1903: Richard Strauss opera]; Der Rosenkavalier or Rose Cavalier [1911: Richard Strauss opera]; Ariadne auf

Naxos [1912: Richard Strauss opera]; Arabella [1933: Richard Strauss opera]

He lived 1874 to 1929.

John Lang Sinclair [Sinclair, John Lang]

lyricist/composer

USA

1903 to 1936

Eyes of Texas [1903: University of Texas theme song became a hit in 1936]

He lived ? to 1947.

Pablo Picasso [Picasso, Pablo]

painter

Spain

1903 to 1943

Old Guitarist [1903]; Les Demoiselles d'Avignon or Young Women of Avignon [1907]; Ambroise Voillard [1910];

Still Life with Chair Caning [1912]; Three Musicians [1921]; Mother and Child [1921]; Three Dancers [1925];

Guernica [1937]; Bull's Head [1943: sculpture]

He lived 1881 to 1973, had a Blue period, and then had a Rose period. He used shaded wedges and open spaces

{Cubism} and pasted collages.

Jacques Hadamard [Hadamard, Jacques]

mathematician

France

1903 to 1945

Mathematician's Mind or Psychology of Invention in the Mathematical Field [1945]

He lived 1865 to 1963 and studied functionals [1903], characteristic equations and helped develop intuitionism.

Juan Jimenez [Jimenez, Juan]

poet

Spain

1903 to 1953

Complete Perfectionist: A Poetics of Work; Three Hundred Poems, 1903-1953 [1953]

He lived 1881 to 1958. Nicaraguan poet Rubén Darío influenced him.

Irving Berlin [Berlin, Irving] or Isidore Baline [Baline, Isidore]

composer

Russia/USA

1903 to 1962

Babes in Toyland [1903: musical with Victor Herbert]; Marie from Sunny Italy [1907]; Everybody's Doin' It [1911];

Alexander's Ragtime Band [1911]; Play a Simple Melody [1913: from Watch Your Step]; Watch Your Step [1914:

musical]; Girl on the Magazine Cover [1915: from Stop Look and Listen]; I Love a Piano [1915: from Stop Look and

Listen]; Century Girl [1916: musical with Victor Herbert]; Oh How I Hate to Get up in the Morning [1918: from Yip

Yip Yaphank]; Mandy [1919: from Yip, Yip, Yaphank]; Pretty Girl Is Like a Melody [1919: from Ziegfield Follies];

(I'll See You In) C-U-B-A [1920]; Tell Me Little Gypsy [1920: from Ziegfeld Follies]; Say It with Music [1921: from

1st Music Box Revue]; Lady of the Evening [1922: from Music Box Revue 1922]; All Alone [1924]; Who [1924: from

Music Box Revue]; Lazy [1924]; Always [1925]; Song Is Ended [1927]; Blue Skies [1927: from the musical Betsy and

in the film the Jazz Singer]; My Mammy [1927: from the Jazz Singer]; Toot, Toot, Tootsie [1927: from the Jazz

Singer]; Shaking the Blues Away [1927: from Ziegfeld Follies of 1927]; Puttin' on the Ritz [1928: from the movie

Puttin' on the Ritz]; How about Me [1928]; Little Things in Life [1930]; Let Me Sing and I'm Happy [1930: sung by

Jolson]; Face the Music [1931: musical]; How Deep Is the Ocean [1932]; Say It Isn't So [1932]; I'm Playing with Fire

[1932]; Soft Lights and Sweet Music [1932: from Face the Music]; Easter Parade [1933]; Harlem on My Mind [1933:

from As Thousands Cheer]; Yesterdays [1933]; Not for All the Rice in China [1933: from As Thousands Cheer];

Maybe It's Because I Love You Too Much [1933]; Supper Time [1933: from As Thousands Cheer]; How's Chances

[1933: from As Thousands Cheer]; Heat Wave [1933: sung by Ethel Waters from As Thousands Cheer]; Isn't This a

Lovely Day [1935: from Top Hat]; Cheek to Cheek [1935: in the film Top Hat]; Top Hat [1935]; Top Hat, White Tie

and Tails [1935: from the film Top Hat]; Let's Face the Music and Dance [1935: from the movie Follow the Fleet];

Follow the Fleet [1936]; You're the Top [1936: from the film Anything Goes]; Change Partners [1937: from the movie

Carefree]; I've Got My Love to Keep Me Warm [1937: from On the Avenue]; God Bless America [1938]; Now It Can

Be Told [1938: from Alexander's Ragtime Band]; White Christmas [1941: from Holiday Inn]; This Is the Army [1942:

musical]; Easter Parade [1942: from the film Holiday Inn]; Holiday Inn [1942: including White Christmas]; White

Christmas [1942: from Holiday Inn]; Be Careful, It's My Heart [1942]; Annie Get Your Gun [1946: musical, including

Anything You Can Do, Doin' What Comes Naturally, Girl That I Marry, I Got the Sun in the Morning, There's No

Business Like Show Business, They Say It's Wonderful]; Girl That I Marry [1946: from Annie Get Your Gun]; I Got

Lost in His Arms [1946: from Annie Get Your Gun]; I've Got the Sun in the Morning [1946: from Annie Get Your

Gun]; My Defenses Are Down [1946: from Annie Get Your Gun]; They Say It's Wonderful [1946: from Annie Get

Your Gun]; Doin' What Comes Natur'lly [1946: from Annie Get Your Gun]; You Can't Get a Man with a Gun [1946:

from Annie Get Your Gun]; Anything You Can Do (I Can Do Better) [1946: from Annie Get Your Gun]; There's No

Business Like Show Business [1946: from Annie Get Your Gun]; Couple of Swells [1948: from Easter Parade];

Steppin' Out With My Baby [1948: from the film Easter Parade]; Shine on Your Shoes [1948]; It Only Happens When I

Dance with You [1948: from Easter Parade]; Miss Liberty [1948: musical]; Call Me Madam [1950: musical]; Best

Thing for You (Is Me) [1950: from Call Me Madam]; It's a Lovely Day [1950: from Call Me Madam]; You're Just in

Love [1950: from Call Me Madam]; Count Your Blessings instead of Sheep [1954: from the film White Christmas];

Mr. President [1962: musical]

He lived 1888 to 1989. His piano had a lever to shift the keyboard and thus transpose music. He composed using

mostly black keys.

Bertrand Arthur William Russell [Russell, Bertrand Arthur William]

philosopher

Britain

1903 to 1969

Principles of Mathematics [1903]; On Denoting [1905: in Mind]; Principia Mathematica or Principles of Mathematics

[1910 to 1913: about symbolic logic, with Whitehead]; Problems of Philosophy [1912]; Our Knowledge of the External

World [1914]; Logical Atomism [1918]; Introduction to Mathematical Philosophy [1918]; Analysis of Mind [1921];

Outline of Philosophy [1927]; Analysis of Matter [1927]; Marriage and Morals [1929]; ABC of Relativity [1935 and

1958]; Inquiry into Meaning and Truth [1940]; History of Western Philosophy [1945]; Human Knowledge: Its Scope

and Its Limits [1948]; Logic and Knowledge [1956]; Why I Am Not a Christian [1957]; Autobiography [1967 to 1969]

He lived 1872 to 1970 and was neo-realist. In logic, he developed theories of types, classes, and descriptions, to

distinguish between logical and grammatical proposition subjects. He invented method of stating problems in logical

symbols {philosophical logic}, to transform ordinary language into propositions. He axiomatized counting numbers

and logic {logicism, Russell}.

Epistemology

Philosophy is about meaning and therefore language and logic. Philosophy also uses science. "What science cannot tell

us, mankind cannot know."

Mathematics does not assert anything about physical world, only about logic and language.

Mind can know mental facts based on language or logic {knowledge by description, Russell}. These facts can be true

or false. Mind has special relation to certain mental objects such as perceptions, introspections, and certain memory

types {knowledge by acquaintance, Russell}. These are not about truth. Knowledge by description depends on objects

known by knowledge by acquaintance, which provides definitions and meanings by representation.

Propositional functions form a hierarchy {proposition types}, based on variable and function categories. Variable type

is one level below propositional-function type {theory of types, ramified} {ramified theory of types}. Propositional

functions cannot apply to selves {theory of types, Russell}. Function types can be equivalent to first-order functions

{axiom of reducibility, Russell}.

Existence, identity, and predication differ. Proper nouns identify individual things. Predicates identify object classes.

Existence and description are separate and independent. Asserting existence {theory of descriptions} {descriptions

theory} requires class descriptions of subject and predicate. Existences are not individual things, subjects, or predicates.

Asserting quantification requires subjects or descriptions, not predicates. Quantifiers do not apply for all functions or

types. Phrases like "the x" {definite description} indicate unique existence. Phrases like "an x" {indefinite description}

indicate non-unique existence.

Meaningful-proposition subjects can refer to objects that do not exist. Descriptions do not refer to anything, so

knowledge does not need acquaintance.

Numbers are classes of classes, and so mathematics can be a logical system.

Sentence symbols {incomplete symbol} can have meaning only in context.

All conditions define class {comprehension axiom}. This axiom is not consistent, because class can be about all things

not in the class {Russell paradox, Russell}. Instead of "class", use the word "function" in these statements.

People have innate postulates, allowing inferences.

If statements change truth over time, change has happened. Something began or changed shape, size, position, or

orientation.

Beliefs, wants, and desires relate person to proposition {propositional attitude, Russell}.

Appearances that radiate from objects go to minds and become sense-data, which are external to mind but phenomenal.

Sense-data cause mental images, which are how appearances exist in nervous systems. Mental images can also arise

from within mind. Sensed appearances relate to other appearances, so brain can distinguish them from unsensed

appearances, which have no such relations.

Intention objects are not mental objects but physical objects.

People feel assent or dissent to belief content.

Ethics

Desire starts behavior, and satisfaction ends behavior.

Metaphysics

Reality is elementary predicates or sensations, which are either instantaneous or outside time {logical atomism,

Russell}. Logical analysis can discover these logical atoms, which are independent and are neither physical nor mental

{neutral monism, Russell}. Complex things, physical and mental, come from logical atoms by logical methods. Logical

atoms radiate from physical event to cause appearances.

However, negative statements, independence, and exclusion cause problems for logical atomism, as does the possibility

of logical analysis for complex statements like beliefs.

Mind

Mind can acquaint with itself as subject {ego, Russell}. Mind is not the set of all received appearances.

Theron Catlen Bennett [Bennett, Theron Catlen]

composer

USA

1904

St. Louis Tickle [1904]

She lived 1879 to 1937.

Granville Stanley Hall [Hall, Granville Stanley]

psychologist

USA

1904

Adolescence [1904]

He lived 1844 to 1924 and studied many children.

William H. Hudson [Hudson, William H.]

novelist

England

1904

Green Mansions [1904]

He lived 1841 to 1922.

William Kindt [Kindt, William]

composer

USA

1904

Wabash Cannonball [1904: sung in 1943]

Andrew Sterling [Sterling, Andrew]/Kerry Mills [Mills, Kerry]

lyricist/composer

USA

1904

Meet Me in St. Louis [1904]

Sterling lived 1874 to 1955. Mills lived 1869 to 1948.

James R. Angell [Angell, James R.]

psychologist

USA

1904 to 1905

Psychology: An Introductory Study of the Structure and Function of Human Consciousness [1904 and 1905]

He lived 1869 to 1949 and founded Chicago functionalist school {functionalism, Angell}. He emphasized

physiological processes underlying cognition and behavior. Reaction times depend on both sense and muscle reaction

times. Practicing reduces individual reaction-time differences.

Herbert Spencer Jennings [Jennings, Herbert Spencer]

zoologist

USA

1904 to 1906

Contributions to the Study of the Behavior of Lower Organisms [1904]; Behavior of the Lower Organisms [1906]

He lived 1868 to 1947 and studied invertebrates.

Alfred Noyes [Noyes, Alfred]

poet

England

1904 to 1906

Barrel-Organ [1904]; Highwayman [1906]

He lived 1880 to 1958.

O. Henry [Henry, O.] or William Sydney Porter [Porter, William Sydney]

storyteller

USA

1904 to 1907

Friends in San Rosario [1903: story]; A Retrieved Reformation [1903: story]; Cabbages and Kings [1904: stories]; Cop

and the Anthem [1904: story]; A Municipal Report [1904: story]; Gift of the Magi [1905: story]; After Twenty Years

[1905: story]; Compliments of the Season [1906: story]; Furnished Room [1906: story]; Four Million [1906: stories,

including The Gift of the Magi, The Cop and the Anthem, After Twenty Years, Compliments of the Season, and The

Furnished Room]; Trimmed Lamp [1907: stories including The Last Leaf and The Pendulum]; Pendulum [1907: story];

Last Leaf [1907: story]; Ransom of Red Chief [1910: story]

He lived 1862 to 1910.

Herta Ayrton [Ayrton, Herta] or Hertha Ayrton [Ayrton, Hertha] or Sarah Marks [Marks, Sarah]

physicist

England

1904 to 1908

She lived 1854 to 1923 and determined that removing air from streetlamps and shaping arc ends prevented hissing in

electric arcs, with William Edward Ayrton.

Ernst Zermelo [Zermelo, Ernst]

mathematician

Germany

1904 to 1908

He lived 1871 to 1956 and invented Zermelo-Fraenkel set theory [1904 to 1908]. Infinite sets can contain sets with no

elements in common. Methods to choose one element from each set must exist {axiom of choice, Zermelo}. If sets

have no defined choice function, sets must use axiom of choice.

Lincoln Steffens [Steffens, Lincoln]

novelist

USA

1904 to 1909

Shame of the Cities [1904]; Upbuilders [1909]

He lived 1866 to 1936.

Hector Hugh Munro [Munro, Hector Hugh] or Saki

essayist

England

1904 to 1912

Reginald [1904]; Reginald in Russia [1910]; Chronicles of Clovis [1912]

He lived 1870 to 1916.

Charles Ives [Ives, Charles]

composer

USA

1904 to 1914

Third Symphony or the Camp Meeting [1904]; Three Places in New England [1914: symphony]; In Flanders Fields

[1919: lyrics by McCrae. part of Three Songs of War]

He lived 1874 to 1954.

Ludwig Prandtl [Prandtl, Ludwig]

physicist

Germany

1904 to 1920

He lived 1875 to 1953. Flow has two regions. One is potential flow, with incompressible and non-rotating fluid. The

other is thin boundary layer next to tube or obstruction, where there are viscous effects and where surface interacts

thermally and mechanically with fluid [1904]. Wing induces drag as it lifts {lifting line theory, Prandtl} [1920].

Alexander A. Bogdanov [Bogdanov, Alexander A.] or Malinovsky

philosopher

Moscow, Russia

1904 to 1922

Empirio-Monism [1904 to 1906]; Socially Organized Society: Socialist Society [1919 to 1922]

He lived 1873 to 1928 and led "proletarian culture". He emphasized science {tektology} of organizations in general.

Frank Bunker Gilbreth [Gilbreth, Frank Bunker]/Lillian Moller Gilbreth [Gilbreth, Lillian Moller]

engineer

USA

1904 to 1924

He lived 1868 to 1924. She lived 1878 to 1972. They studied industrial production methods and quality controls. He

studied job-task times and motions {time-and-motion study, Gilbreth}. He analyzed motions into elements {therblig}.

Pio Baroja y Nessi [Baroja y Nessi, Pio]

writer

Spain

1904 to 1928

La lucha por la vida or Struggle for Existence [1904]; La busca or The Quest [1922]; Mala hierba or Weeds [1923];

Aurora roja or Red Dawn [1924]; Memórias de un hombre de acción or Memoirs of a Man of Action [1913 to 1928]

He lived 1879 to 1956, was Basque, and was of Generation of '98.

Elie Cartan [Cartan, Elie]

mathematician

France

1904 to 1945

Exterior differential systems and their geometric applications [1945]

He lived 1869 to 1951 and studied hypercomplex numbers, Lie group theory, differential geometry [1904], and exterior

derivatives.

Maxfield Parrish [Parrish, Maxfield]

painter

USA

1904 to 1962

Air Castles [1904]; Daybreak [1920]; Knave of Hearts [1925: book]; Brown and Bigelow calendars [1937 to 1962]

He lived 1870 to 1966 and was Art Nouveau.

Guillaume Apollinaire [Apollinaire, Guillaume]

poet

France

1905

Alcools or Alcohols [1905]

He lived 1880 to 1918.

Vincent Bryan [Bryan, Vincent]/Gus Edwards [Edwards, Gus]

composer

USA

1905

In My Merry Oldsmobile [1905]

Bryan lived 1883 to 1937. Edwards lived 1879 to 1945.

Franz Lehar [Lehar, Franz]

lyricist/composer

Hungary/Austria

1905

Merry Widow [1905: musical]

He lived 1870 to 1948.

Heinrich Mann [Mann, Heinrich]

writer

Germany

1905

Professor Unrat [1905]

He lived 1871 to 1950.

Baroness Emmuska Orczy [Orczy, Baroness Emmuska]

novelist

France

1905

Scarlet Pimpernel [1905]

She lived 1865 to 1947.

Jules Antoine Richard [Richard, Jules Antoine]

philosopher

France

1905

He lived 1862 to 1956. Integers are describable in words with a finite number of letters. An integer exists that is the

least integer not describable in 100 or less letters. However, that phrase has less than 100 letters {Richard's paradox}

[1905].

Andrew Sterling [Sterling, Andrew]/Harry Von Tilzer [Von Tilzer, Harry]/Vincent Bryan [Bryan, Vincent]/Gus

Edwards [Edwards, Gus]

composer

USA

1905

Wait 'Til the Sun Shines, Nellie [1905]

Sterling lived 1874 to 1955. Von Tilzer lived 1872 to 1946. Bryan lived 1883 to 1937.

Harry H. Williams [Williams, Harry H.]/Egbert van Alstyne [Alstyne, Egbert van]

composer

USA

1905

In the Shade of the Old Apple Tree [1905]

Alstyne lived 1878 to 1951.

Antoni Gaudí [Gaudí, Antoni]

architect

Barcelona, Spain

1905 to 1907

Casa Mila or La Pedrera or Quarry [1905 to 1907: Art Nouveau apartment building]; Parque Güell or Güell Park [1900

to 1926]

He lived 1852 to 1926.

Jules Henri Poincaré [Poincaré, Jules Henri]

mathematician/philosopher

Paris, France

1905 to 1908

Science and Hypothesis [1905]; Foundations of Science [1908]

He lived 1854 to 1912, helped develop intuitionism, and studied function theory, differential equations, orbits, and

combinatorial topology. He found special-relativity equations [1905]. He showed how to keep distances constant as

observed from different constant motions in flat space-time {Poincaré motion} {inhomogeneous Lorentz motion}, by

lengthening light-cone along space dimensions and shrinking light-cone along time dimension. After systems reach

largest phase-space region, they can return to all smaller regions over times much longer than universe age {Poincaré

recurrence}.

Epistemology

Mathematical thinking is purely mental and so can reveal what is essential in mind. Unconscious thinking has preceded

insight. Mind unconsciously selects possible solutions using innate or consciously formulated rules. Thinking appears

to move in one direction and has purpose. Aesthetic value is an important creativity component.

Thinking converges on truth, but absolute truth is unattainable. Statement is possibly true if it is not necessary that it is

not true. Contradictions are necessarily not true. Statements that do not involve contradiction state logical possibility.

Not all contradictions are apparent. Nature contains contradictions, so contradictions can state possibilities.

Science decides what is naturally possible and naturally impossible. Epistemic possibility is what is consistent with

human knowledge states. Possible truth is true in at least one possible world. Necessary truth is true in all possible

worlds. Possibility and necessity are arbitrary rules about word use. Concept meaning depends on possible and

impossible.

Definition can quantify over all class objects {vicious-circle principle, Poincaré} {impredicative definition, Poincaré}

or not include them {predicative definition, Poincaré}.

Anton Breinl [Breinl, Anton]/Harold Wolferstam Thomas [Thomas, Harold Wolferstam]

doctor

Germany/England

1905 to 1909

Report on trypanosomes, trypanosomiasis and sleeping sickness [1905]

Breinl lived 1880 to 1944 {sleeping sickness, drug}. Atoxyl kills trypanosomes [1905], which cause human

trypanosomiasis. Thomas studied yellow fever.

Michael Fokine [Fokine, Michael]

ballet dancer/choreographer

Russia

1905 to 1912

Dying Swan [1905: music by Saint-Saens and dance by Anna Pavlova]; Les Sylphides [1909: ballet blanc with music

by Chopin]; Prince Igor [1909]; Scheherazade [1910: music by Rimsky-Korsakov]; Firebird [1910: music by

Stravinsky]; Petrouchka [1911: comic ballet with music by Stravinsky]; Le Spectre de la Rose or Spirit of the Rose

[1912: especially the pas de deux, music by von Weber]

He lived 1890 to 1942.

Max Weber [Weber, Max]

sociologist

Germany

1905 to 1914

Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism [1905]; Theory of Social and Economic Organizations [1912]; Economy

and Society [1914]

He lived 1864 to 1920. Social norms reflect meanings in human actions. Social actions reflect ethics, not economics.

Ethics

Ethics depends on responsibility. People want to have higher status.

Politics

Stabilizing factors for society are group traditions, common laws, constitutional law, and absolute value standard. Real

or supposed personal qualities, such as sanctity, courage, heroism, character, savior, wisdom, and insight are

destabilizing factors. Primitive societies have traditional religion, and societies that had crisis have rationalized

religion. Protestant ethics underlie capitalism. Authority types are traditional, charismatic, and bureaucratic-rational-

legal. Authority is attitude or norm. Authority does not necessarily have power to cause behavior in others. Legitimate

power depends on tradition, person's charisma, or law and reason.

Theodore Simon [Simon, Theodore]

psychologist

France

1905 to 1916

Development of Intelligence in Children [1916: with Binet]

He lived 1872 to 1961 and invented intelligence test [1905], Binet-Simon Scale, with Binet.

Sun Yat-sen

president

China

1905 to 1919

He lived 1866 to 1925 and founded Kuomintang [1905]. After defeating Ch'ing Dynasty, he became president [1911].

He left the government of warlords in north China [1919] and went south, where he organized Kuomintang. He split

with Communists [1927].

Zoltan Kodaly [Kodaly, Zoltan]

composer

Hungary

1905 to 1920

Adagio for Viola and Piano [1905]; Serenade for Two Violins and Viola [1920]

He lived 1882 to 1967.

Frederick Frost Blackman [Blackman, Frederick Frost]

biologist

England

1905 to 1922

Optima and Limiting Factors [1905]; Problem of Plant Respiration considered as a Catalytic Process [1922]

He lived 1866 to 1947 and studied light and dark photosynthesis [1905].

George O. Curme [Curme, George O.]

linguist

USA

1905 to 1935

Grammar of the German Language [1905 and 1922]; College English Grammar [1925]; Grammar of the English

Language III: Syntax [1931]; Grammar of the English Language II: Parts of Speech and Accidence [1935]

He lived 1860 to 1948 and wrote about syntax.

Albert Einstein [Einstein, Albert]

physicist

Germany/USA

1905 to 1935

Can a Quantum Mechanical Description of Physical Reality Be Considered Complete? [1935: with Boris Podolsky and

Nathan Rosen]

He lived 1879 to 1955, discovered photoelectric effect [1905], invented special relativity [1905], and analyzed

Brownian motion [1905]. He developed general theory of relativity [1915]. He predicted Bose-Einstein condensation

[1924]. He stated Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen (EPR) ideas [1935]. Crystal vibrations and rotations cause high heat

capacity.

Aristide Maillol [Maillol, Aristide]

sculptor

France

1905 to 1936

La Méditerranée [1905 to 1923]; La Nuit or Night [1909]; Young Woman Seated [1936: bronze]

He lived 1861 to 1944.

Haakon VII

king

Norway

1905 to 1957

He lived 1872 to 1957 and became king after Norway and Sweden split [1905].

Lee De Forest [De Forest, Lee]

physicist/inventor

USA

1906

vacuum tube amplifier [1906]

He lived 1873 to 1961 and invented vacuum tube amplifiers [1906] {vacuum tube amplifier}.

Maurice Frechet [Frechet, Maurice]

mathematician

France

1906

Abstract Spaces [1928]

He lived 1878 to 1973 and studied function spaces and topology [1906], introducing metric spaces [1906].

William Jerome [Jerome, William]/Jean Schwartz [Schwartz, Jean]

lyricist/composer

USA

1906

Chinatown, My Chinatown [1906]

Jerome lived 1865 to 1932. Schwartz lived 1878 to 1956.

Upton Sinclair [Sinclair, Upton]

novelist

USA

1906

Jungle [1906]

He lived 1878 to 1968.

George Albert Smith [Smith, George Albert]

inventor

England

1906

He invented kinemacolor.

Georges Sorel [Sorel, Georges]

philosopher

Paris, France

1906

Reflections on Violence [1906]

He lived 1847 to 1922. Changing society requires revolution. Worker control of capital {syndicalism, Sorel} is best.

Charles A. Zimmermann [Zimmermann, Charles A.]/Alfred Hart Miles [Miles, Alfred Hart]

composer

USA

1906

Anchors Aweigh [1906: USA Naval College]

Zimmermann lived 1861 to 1916. Miles lived 1883 to 1956.

Ernest Flagg [Flagg, Ernest]

architect

New York, New York

1906 to 1908

Singer Building [1906 to 1908: iron skyscraper is 200 meters tall]

He lived 1857 to 1947.

Henri Matisse [Matisse, Henri]

painter

France

1906 to 1910

Joy of Life [1906]; Harmony in Red [1908]; Conversation [1909]; Dance [1910]

He lived 1869 to 1954 and was Expressionist and Fauvist.

Henry Ford [Ford, Henry]

inventor

USA

1906 to 1913

assembly line [1906 to 1913]; standardized parts [1913]; mass production [1913]

He lived 1863 to 1947, built automobiles, opposed unions, and started Ford Foundation.

Edward Dunsany [Dunsany, Edward]

playwright

England

1906 to 1918

Time and the Gods [1906]; Land That Time Forgot [1918]

He lived 1878 to 1957.

John McTaggart Ellis McTaggart [McTaggart, John McTaggart Ellis]

philosopher

Scotland

1906 to 1921

Some Dogmas of Religion [1906]; Nature of Existence [1921]

He lived 1866 to 1925 and was Idealist. Events can have sequence {A-series} past, present, and future or sequence {B-

series} before and after. Reality has souls, which can love. Time is unreal, and universe has no change.

Martin A. Nexo [Nexo, Martin A.]

novelist

Scandinavia

1906 to 1921

Pelle the Conqueror [1906 to 1910]; Ditte, Daughter of Mankind [1917 to 1921]

He lived 1869 to 1954.

Roald Amundsen [Amundsen, Roald]

discoverer

Norway/Arctic/Antarctic

1906 to 1926

He lived 1872 to 1928 and sailed Northwest Passage [1906]. He lost race to North Pole [1909]. He found South Pole

[1911]. He flew over North Pole [1926].

Frederick M. Taylor [Taylor, Frederick M.]

economist

USA

1906 to 1929

Some Chapters on Money [1906]; Principles of Scientific Management [1911]; Guidance of Production in a Socialist

State [1929]

He lived 1855 to 1932, advocated market socialism, and studied management {Taylorism}. He studied job-task times

and motions {time-and-motion study, Taylor}.

Roscoe Pound [Pound, Roscoe]

lawyer

USA

1906 to 1936

Causes of Popular Dissatisfaction with the Administration of Justice [1906]; Theory of Interests [1921]

He lived 1870 to 1964 and was dean of Harvard Law School [1916 to 1936]. He wrote about patterns of living together

of actual people. Law must determine between conflicting interests. Law is tool for social engineering.

Ruth St. Denis [St. Denis, Ruth]

ballerina

USA

1906 to 1939

Unfinished Life [1939]

She lived 1879 to 1968 and combined theater and dance.

Arthur Anderson [Anderson, Arthur]/Howard Talbot [Talbot, Howard]

composer

USA

1907

Land Where the Best Man Wins [1907: from The Girl Behind the Counter of Lew Field]

Talbot lived 1865 to 1928.

Ada R. Habershon [Habershon, Ada R.]/Charles H. Gabriel [Gabriel, Charles H.]

lyricist/composer

USA

1907

Will the Circle Be Unbroken? [1907]

Habershon lived 1861 to 1918. Gabriel lived 1856 to 1932.

Joel Chandler Harris [Harris, Joel Chandler]

storyteller

USA

1907

Uncle Remus [1907: stories]; Brer Rabbit [1907: story in Uncle Remus]; Brer Fox [1907: story in Uncle Remus]; Brer

Bear [1907: story in Uncle Remus]

He lived 1848 to 1908.

Ross Granville Harrison [Harrison, Ross Granville]

inventor

England

1907

tissue culture [1907]

He lived 1870 to 1959 {tissue culture}.

William Myddleton [Myddleton, William]

composer

USA

1907

Down South [1907]

Hastings Rashdall [Rashdall, Hastings]

philosopher

England

1907

Theory of Good and Evil: A Treatise on Moral Philosophy [1907]

He lived 1858 to 1924. The whole system of goods adds value to each good {ideal utilitarianism}.

James Scott [Scott, James]

composer

USA

1907

Kansas City Rag [1907]

John Millington Synge [Synge, John Millington]

playwright

Ireland

1907

Playboy of the Western World [1907]

He lived 1871 to 1909.

Napoleon LeBrun [LeBrun, Napoleon]

architect

New York, New York

1907 to 1909

Metropolitan Life Insurance Tower [1907 to 1909: masonry and iron tower is 213 meters tall]

He lived 1821 to 1901.

Mohammad-Ali Shah

shah

Persia

1907 to 1909

He lived 1872 to 1925, was Qajar, and cancelled new constitution.

John Burroughs [Burroughs, John]

naturalist

USA

1907 to 1910

Camping and Tramping with Roosevelt [1907]; In the Catskills [1910]

He lived 1837 to 1921.

William Graham Sumner [Sumner, William Graham]

sociologist

USA

1907 to 1910

Science of Society [1910: with Albert G. Keller, published in 1927]; Folkways [1907]

He lived 1840 to 1910 and studied customs and mores.

Henri Pieron [Pieron, Henri]

psychologist

Paris, France

1907 to 1913

Physiological Problem of Sleep [1913]

He lived 1881 to 1964, founded French experimental psychology, and studied sleep. He claimed to find hypnotoxin or

sleep-promoting substance [1907, with Rene Legendre], in cerebrospinal fluid.

Mariano Azuela [Azuela, Mariano]

writer

Mexico

1907 to 1916

María Luisa [1907]; Los fracasados or The defeated [1908]; Mala Yerba or Ill Weed [1909]; Andrés Pérez, maderista

or Andrés Pérez, supporter of Madero [1911]; Los de abajo or Underdogs [1915]; Los caciques or Political Leaders

[1916]

He lived 1873 to 1952.

Felix Hausdorff [Hausdorff, Felix]

mathematician

Germany

1907 to 1919

Principles of Set Theory [1914]; Dimension and Outer Measure [1919]

He lived 1868 to 1942, invented generalized continuum hypothesis [1907], and invented Hausdorff space.

Vaslav Nijinsky [Nijinsky, Vaslav]

ballet dancer/choreographer

Poland/Russia

1907 to 1919

Afternoon of a Faun [1912: angular poses, music by Debussy]; Rite of Spring or La Sacre du Printemps [1913: music

by Stravinsky]

He lived 1890 to 1950. Afternoon of a Faun uses Greek-frieze setting as a tableau.

Edward Alsworth Ross [Ross, Edward Alsworth]

sociologist

USA

1907 to 1919

Sin and Society: An Analysis of Latter-Day Iniquity [1907]; Social Psychology: An outline and source book [1919]

He lived 1866 to 1951.

George David Birkhoff [Birkhoff, George David]

mathematician

USA

1907 to 1933

Asymptotic Properties of Certain Ordinary Differential Equations with Applications to Boundary Value and Expansion

Problems [1907]; Relativity and Modern Physics [1923: with R. E. Langer]; Aesthetic Measure [1933]

He lived 1884 to 1944, invented Birkhoff's theorem [1909], proved Poincaré's Last Geometric Theorem [1913],

discovered ergodic theorem [1931 to 1932], studied asymptotic series, and helped develop quantum logic.

Maria Montessori [Montessori, Maria]

educator

Rome, Italy

1907 to 1949

Children's House [1907]; Montessori Method [1916]; Absorbent Mind [1949]

She lived 1870 to 1952 and started school for children, emphasizing coordination, senses, and freedom. Children want

to learn and discover things for themselves. Children have creative energy. Teachers allow children to express

themselves freely. Teachers provide possibilities for action to children, rather than dictating, lecturing, or using set

tasks. Children are valued individuals.

Daisetz Teitaro Suzuki [Suzuki, Daisetz Teitaro]

philosopher

Japan

1907 to 1949

Outlines of Mahayana Buddhism [1907]; Essays in Zen Buddhism [1927 to 1934]; Studies in the Lankavatara Sutra

[1932]; Zen Buddhism and Its Influence on Japanese Culture [1938]; Japanese Spirituality [1944]; Introduction to Zen

Buddhism [1949]; Awakening of Faith in the Mahayana; Shinran's Kyogyoshinsho: Collection of Passages Expounding

the True Teaching, Living, Faith, and Realizing the Pure Land

He lived 1870 to 1966 and translated many Buddhist books into English.

Australian

ballot

USA

1908

By 1908, all states used secret ballot {Australian ballot}.

Nora Bayes [Bayes, Nora]

composer

USA

1908

Shine on Harvest Moon [1908]

She lived 1880 to 1928.

George Botsford [Botsford, George]

composer

USA

1908

Black and White Rag [1908]

He lived 1874 to 1949.

Florence Lawrence [Lawrence, Florence]

actor

USA

1908

She lived 1886 to 1938 and was the Biograph girl and the Imp girl.

Émile Meyerson [Meyerson, Émile]

philosopher

Paris, France

1908

Identity and Reality [1908]

He lived 1859 to 1933. People search for physical laws.

Hermann Minkowski [Minkowski, Hermann]

mathematician

Russia/Germany

1908

He lived 1864 to 1909 and unified space and time {space-time, Minkowski} in four dimensions [1908]. Light travels at

45-degree angle to make a light-cone, inside which events can affect future events and past events can affect point.

Distances between events involve positive time and negative distances: s^2 = t^2 - x^2 - y^2 - z^2.

Jack Norworth [Norworth, Jack]/Albert Von Tilzer [Von Tilzer, Albert]

lyricist/composer

USA

1908

Take Me Out to the Ball Game [1908]

Norworth lived 1879 to 1959. Von Tilzer lived 1872 to 1946.

Michael J. Shea [Shea, Michael J.]/John F. Shea [Shea, John F.]

composer

USA

1908

Notre Dame Fight Song [1908]

Elmer Ambrose Sperry [Sperry, Elmer Ambrose]

inventor

USA

1908

gyroscopic compass [1908]

He lived 1860 to 1930 and invented gyroscopic compass.

Henry Van Dyke [Van Dyke, Henry]

lyricist/composer

England

1908

Joyful, Joyful, We Adore Thee [1908: music is Hymn to Joy by Ludwig van Beethoven]

He lived 1852 to 1933.

Percy Wenrich [Wenrich, Percy]

composer

USA

1908

Memphis Rag [1908]

He lived 1880 to 1952.

Manuel II

king

Portugal

1908 to 1910

He lived 1889 to 1932.

Harvey Cushing [Cushing, Harvey]

biologist

USA

1908 to 1912

Pituitary Body and its Disorders [1912]

He lived 1869 to 1939, stimulated brains and elicited sensation without movement [1908], and described Cushing's

syndrome [1912].

Henrietta Swan Leavitt [Leavitt, Henrietta Swan]

astronomer

USA

1908 to 1912

She lived 1868 to 1921. Cepheid-variable brightness varies directly with logarithm of period {period-luminosity

relationship} [1908 and 1912].

Lucy Maud Montgomery [Montgomery, Lucy Maud]

writer

Canada

1908 to 1915

Anne of Green Gables [1908]; Anne of Avonlea [1909]; Anne of the Island [1915]

She lived 1874 to 1942.

Amadeo Modigliani [Modigliani, Amadeo]

painter/sculptor

Italy/France

1908 to 1917

Jewess [1908: painting]; Head [1912: sculpture]; Caryatid [1914: sculpture]; Moise Kisling [1915]; Nude [1917]

He lived from 1884 to 1920.

Enrico Caruso [Caruso, Enrico]

tenor

Italy

1908 to 1921

He lived 1873 to 1921 and sang opera music.

Luitzen E. J. Brouwer [Brouwer, Luitzen E. J.]

mathematician

Netherlands

1908 to 1924

Unreliability of the Logical Principles [1908]; Intuitionistic Reflections on Formalism [1927]

He lived 1881 to 1966, tried to define numbers, and helped develop quantum logic. He helped develop the idea that

mathematics requires mental constructions for truth {intuitionism, Brouwer} [1924]. Unconstructed and non-existent

things cannot be the basis for truth. Infinities cause excluded-middle-law contradiction, so mathematics cannot use this

law.

Edward Morgan Forster [Forster, Edward Morgan]

novelist

England

1908 to 1924

Room with a View [1908]; Howard's End [1910]; Passage to India [1924]

He lived 1879 to 1970.

Kemal Ataturk [Ataturk, Kemal]

leader

Istanbul, Turkey

1908 to 1938

He lived 1881 to 1938 and led Young Turks who restored constitution to Ottoman Empire [1908]. He was general in

World War I and then organized Nationalist Party. He defeated invasion by Greece at Smyrna [1922], abolished

sultanate [1922], and founded Turkey [1922]. He obtained peace at Lausanne Conference [1923] and then westernized

Turkey.

Kenneth Grahame [Grahame, Kenneth]

novelist

England

1908 to 1939

Wind in the Willows [1908]; Reluctant Dragon [1939]

He lived 1859 to 1932.

Coco Chanel [Chanel, Coco] or Gabrielle Chanel [Chanel, Gabrielle]

businesswoman

France

1908 to 1970

She lived 1883 to 1971 and created perfumes.

Muhammad Iqbal [Iqbal, Muhammad]

poet/philosopher

India

1908 to 19348

Development of Metaphysics in Persia [1908]; Secrets of the Self [1915: poem]; Book of Eternity [1934]

He lived 1876 to 1938, was Islamic, and combined Neoplatonism and Aristotle. The One is the first mover or cause of

all existence.

Carl Beck [Beck, Carl]/W. T. Purdy [Purdy, W. T.]

lyricist/composer

USA

1909

On Wisconsin [1909: University of Wisconsin]

Frans Alfons Janssens [Janssens, Frans Alfons]

biologist

Germany

1909

Theory of Crossing-over [1909]

He lived 1863 to 1924 and studied crossing-over.

Joseph F. Lamb [Lamb, Joseph F.]

lyricist/composer

USA

1909

Sensation Rag [1909]

He lived 1887 to 1960.

Keith Lucas [Lucas, Keith]

biochemist

England

1909

He lived 1879 to 1916 and studied nerve impulse, with Francis Gotch. Nerve impulse is all-or-nothing, with refractory

period afterward [1909].

Andrija Mohorovicic [Mohorovicic, Andrija]

geologist

Croatia

1909

He lived 1857 to 1936, studied seisomology, and discovered [1909] discontinuity at crust and mantle {Mohorovicic

Discontinuity, Mohorovicic}.

Stanley Murphy [Murphy, Stanley]/Percy Wenrich [Wenrich, Percy]

lyricist/composer

Ireland/USA

1909

Put on Your Old Gray Bonnet [1909]

Murphy lived 1875 to 1919.

Robert E. Peary [Peary, Robert E.]

discoverer

USA/Arctic

1909

He lived 1856 to 1920 and discovered North Pole and north Greenland.

J. Russel Robinson [Robinson, J. Russel]

lyricist/composer

USA

1909

Sapho Rag [1909]

He lived 1892 to 1963.

Peyton Rous [Rous, Peyton]

biologist

USA

1909 to 1910

Sarcoma of the common fowl [1910]

He lived 1879 to 1970 and discovered first oncovirus, Rous sarcoma virus [1909].

Andrei Bely [Bely, Andrei]

writer

Russia

1909 to 1912

Silver Dove [1909]; Petersburg [1912]

He lived 1880 to 1934.

Giacomo Balla [Balla, Giacomo]

painter

Italy

1909 to 1913

Street Lamp [1909]; Dog on a Leash [1912]; Rhythms of a Bow [1912]; Abstract Speed [1913]

He lived 1871 to 1958, was Futurist, and used Cubist ideas.

Robert Barany [Barany, Robert]

physiologist

Austria

1909 to 1913

On the Ear Labyrinth [1906]; Tests [1910]; Clinic on the Vestibular Apparatus [1913]

He lived 1876 to 1936 and studied ear labyrinth functions.

William Howard Taft [Taft, William Howard]

president

USA

1909 to 1913

He lived 1857 to 1930. 27th president broke up trusts, intervened in South America at Nicaragua, had high tariffs,

favored some businesses, and started income tax, postal savings system, and parcel post. He later was USA Supreme

Court Chief Justice.

Thomas Hunt Morgan [Morgan, Thomas Hunt]

biologist

USA

1909 to 1915

Mechanism of Mendelian Heredity [1915]

He lived 1866 to 1945, studied gene linkage, and invented linkage maps, using fruit flies [1909 to 1915]. Genes are in

chromosomes.

Shelton Brooks [Brooks, Shelton]

composer

Canada/USA

1909 to 1917

Some of These Days [1909: sung by Sophie Tucker]; Darktown Strutters Ball [1917]

He lived 1886 to 1975.

W. C. Handy [Handy, W. C.] or William Christopher Handy [Handy, William Christopher] or Father of the

Blues

composer

USA

1909 to 1917

Memphis Blues [1909 and 1912]; St. Louis Blues [1914]; Yellow Dog Blues [1914]; Beale Street Blues [1917]

He lived 1873 to 1958 and composed blues.

Daniel Jones [Jones, Daniel]

linguist/philologist

England

1909 to 1918

Pronunciation of English [1909]; Outline of English Phonetics [1918]

He lived 1881 to 1967 and invented International Phonetic Alphabet. Cardinal vowels have different articulation

places, such as tongue height, mouth front or back, and rounded or unrounded lips.

Serafin Alvarez Quintero [Quintero, Serafin Alvarez]/Joaquin Alvarez Quintero [Quintero, Joaquin Alvarez]

writer

Spain

1909 to 1919

Papá Juan: centenario or Father John: hundredth anniversary [1909]; Los mosquitos [1928]; Los galeotes or Galley

Slaves [1900]; Las flores or Flowers [1901]; Malvaloca [1912]; La calumniada or Calumny [1919]

Joaquin lived 1873 to 1944. Serafin lived 1871 to 1938.

Archibald E. Garrod [Garrod, Archibald E.]

biologist

England

1909 to 1923

Inborn Errors of Metabolism [1923]

He lived 1857 to 1936 and studied genetics [1909].

Ahmad Shah

shah

Persia

1909 to 1924

He lived 1898 to 1930, was Qajar, and revolted and defeated Mohammad-Ali Shah.

Vladimir Ilyich Lenin [Lenin, Vladimir Ilyich]

founder

Russia

1909 to 1924

Materialism and Empirio-Criticism [1909]; Philosophical Notebooks [1929]

He lived 1870 to 1924. He led Russian Revolution [1917] and Bolshevik party. He fought Mensheviks in civil war

[1917 to 1919]. He started Soviet Union or Union of Soviet Socialist Republics. He founded Comintern or Third

International [1919], to spread Marxism by uniting all Communist countries. He tried New Economic Policy [1922],

allowing private enterprise to save economy.

Politics

Leninism was the idea that imperialism preceded capitalism downfall, and a strong Communist Party must guide the

proletariat.

Bronislava Nijinska [Nijinska, Bronislava]

ballerina

Russia

1909 to 1924

Les Biches or Bad Girls [1924: music by Poulenc, Concerto Grosso in D for Strings]

She lived 1891 to 1972.

Serge Diaghilev [Diaghilev, Serge]

ballet dancer/choreographer

Russia

1909 to 1929

He lived 1872 to 1929 and founded Ballets Russes. Ballets Russes included Anna Pavlova, Tamara Karsavina,

Nijinska, Vaslav Nijinsky, Serge Lifan, Ninette de Valois, Leonid Massine, and George Balanchine.

Charles Samuel Myers [Myers, Charles Samuel]

psychologist

Britain

1909 to 1937

Text Book of Experimental Psychology [1909]; Mind and Work [1920]; Industrial Psychology in Great Britain [1926];

In the Realm of Mind [1937]

He lived 1873 to 1946 and studied work habits.

Van Wyck Brooks [Brooks, Van Wyck]

historian/critic

USA

1909 to 1947

Finders and Makers series [1909 to 1947: history]

He lived 1886 to 1963.

Frank Lloyd Wright [Wright, Frank Lloyd]

architect

USA

1909 to 1959

Robie House [1909: in Chicago]; Taliesin [1911 and 1925: in Spring Green, Wisconsin]; Imperial Hotel [1916 to 1922:

in Tokyo]; Fallingwater [1934, 1938, and 1948: Ohiopyle or Bear Run, Pennsylvania]; Johnson Wax Building [1936 to

1939: in Racine, Wisconsin]; Taliesin West [1937: in Scottsdale, Arizona]; Guggenhiem Museum [1956 to 1959: in

New York]; Marin Civic Center [1957: in San Rafael, California]; Organic Architecture [1939: book]

He lived 1867 to 1959 and used Cubist ideas. Horizontal houses {prairie house} integrate with surroundings. Well-

designed houses {Usonian house} can be affordable.

Robert Baden-Powell [Baden-Powell, Robert]

founder

England

1910

He lived 1857 to 1941 and started Boy Scouts.

Lucien Denny [Denny, Lucien]

composer

USA

1910

Red Devil Rag [1910]

William Dillon [Dillon, William]/Harry Von Tilzer [Von Tilzer, Harry]

lyricist/composer

USA

1910

I Want a Girl Just Like the Girl [1910]

Dillon lived 1877 to 1966. Von Tilzer lived 1872 to 1946.

Abraham Flexner [Flexner, Abraham]

biologist

USA

1910

Experimental poliomyelitis in monkeys: active immunization and passive serum protection [1910: with Paul A. Lewis];

Medical Education in the United States and Canada [1910]

He lived 1866 to 1959. He studied polio [1910].

Bill Hansen [Hansen, Bill]/Filippo D. Marchetti [Marchetti, Filippo D.]

lyricist/composer

USA

1910

Fascination or Valse Tzigane [1910]

Marchetti lived 1831 to 1902.

Iraj Mirza [Mirza, Iraj] or Iraj Mirza Jal'ul Mamalik [Mirza Jal'ul Mamalik, Iraj]

poet

Germany

1910

Book of the Veil [1910: in Farsi]

He lived 1874 to 1925.

Ren Shields [Shields, Ren]/Bert Leighton [Leighton, Bert]/Frank Leighton [Leighton, Frank]

lyricist/composer/composer

USA

1910

Steamboat Bill [1910]

Shields lived 1868 to 1913.

Ernst Steinitz [Steinitz, Ernst]

mathematician

Germany

1910

Algebraic Theory of Fields [1910]

He lived 1871 to 1928 and studied algebraic field theory.

Tell Taylor [Taylor, Tell]

lyricist/composer

USA

1910

Down by the Old Mill Stream [1910]

He lived 1876 to 1937.

William Tracey [Tracey, William]/Lewis F. Muir [Muir, Lewis F.]

composer

USA

1910

Play That Barber Shop Chord [1910]

Muir lived 1883 to 1915.

Stanford White [White, Stanford]/Charles Follen McKim [McKim, Charles Follen]

architect

New York, New York

1910

Great Hall of Penn Station [1910: Beaux Arts Neoclassical building was dismantled in 1964]

White lived 1853 to 1906. McKim lived 1847 to 1909.

Beth Slater Whitson [Whitson, Beth Slater]/Leo Friedman [Friedman, Leo]

composer

USA

1910

Let Me Call You Sweetheart [1910]

Friedman lived 1869 to 1927.

Rida Johnson Young [Young, Rida Johnson]/Victor Herbert [Herbert, Victor]

lyricist/composer

USA/Ireland

1910

Ah, Sweet Mystery of Life [1910: also in the film Naughty Marietta, 1935]

Young lived 1869 to 1926. Herbert lived 1859 to 1924.

Zane Grey [Grey, Zane]

novelist

USA

1910 to 1912

Heritage of the Desert [1910]; Riders of the Purple Sage [1912]

He lived 1872 to 1939 and wrote western stories.

Thornton W. Burgess [Burgess, Thornton W.]

writer

USA

1910 to 1913

Old Mother West Wind [1910]; Adventures of Reddy Fox [1913]

He lived 1874 to 1965.

John Bunny [Bunny, John]/Flora Finch [Finch, Flora]

actor

USA/England

1910 to 1915

Bunnygraphs or Bunnyfinches or Bunnyfinchgraphs [1910 to 1915]

Bunny lived 1863 to 1915. Finch lived 1869 to 1940. They were in comic one-reelers, with fat erring husband and

shrewish wife.

Francisco Villa [Villa, Francisco] or Pancho Villa [Villa, Pancho]

revolutionary

Mexico

1910 to 1915

He lived 1878 to 1923, helped Madero in Mexican Revolution, controlled north Mexico with Emil Zapata, and took

Mexico City [1915]. Later, he raided USA border.

Gilbert Anderson [Anderson, Gilbert] or Max Aronson [Aronson, Max] or Broncho Billy

actor

USA

1910 to 1918

Bronco Billy series [1910 to 1918: 400 silent movie westerns]

He lived 1880 to 1971.

Oswald Veblen [Veblen, Oswald]

mathematician

England

1910 to 1918

Projective Geometry [1910 to 1918: with John Wesley Young, 2 volumes]

He lived 1880 to 1960 and axiomatized geometry using ideas of point and order.

James Brockman [Brockman, James]/Abe Olman [Olman, Abe]

lyricist/composer

USA

1910 to 1920

Down among the Sheltering Palms [1910 to 1920]

Olman lived 1888 to 1984.

Vernon Castle [Castle, Vernon]/Irene Castle [Castle, Irene]

ballroom dancer

USA

1910 to 1920

Fox Trot; Castle Walk; Maxixe; One Step; Two Step

He lived 1887 to 1918. She lived 1893 to 1969.

Howard E. Johnson [Johnson, Howard E.]/Theodore Morse [Morse, Theodore]

lyricist/composer

USA

1910 to 1920

M-O-T-H-E-R [1910 to 1920]

Johnson lived 1887 to 1941. Morse lived 1873 to 1924.

Papa Jack or George Vital Laine [Laine, George Vital]

drummer/arranger

USA

1910 to 1920

He lived 1873 to 1966 and played Dixieland.

Sam M. Lewis [Lewis, Sam M.]/Joe Young [Young, Joe]/Jean Schwartz [Schwartz, Jean]

lyricist/lyricist/composer

USA

1910 to 1920

Rock-a-bye Your Baby with a Dixie Melody [1910 to 1920]

Lewis lived 1885 to 1959. Young lived 1889 to 1939. Schwartz lived 1878 to 1956.

Manuel Perez [Perez, Manuel] or Manole Perez [Perez, Manole]

cornetist

USA

1910 to 1920

He lived 1871 to 1946 and played Dixieland.

Ed Rose [Rose, Ed]/Abe Olman [Olman, Abe]

lyricist/composer

USA

1910 to 1920

Oh Johnny, Oh Johnny, Oh! [1910 to 1920]

Rose lived 1875 to 1935. Olman lived 1888 to 1984.

Shepherd Ivery Franz [Franz, Shepherd Ivery]

neuropsychologist

USA

1910 to 1923

Functions of the Anterior and Posterior Association Areas of the Cerebrum [1910]; Handbook of Mental Examination

Methods [1912]; Nervous and Mental Re-education [1923]

He lived 1874 to 1933 and studied focal cerebral-cortex lesions, frontal-lobe functions, motor-center variability, and

aphasia.

Anton Webern [Webern, Anton]

composer

Austria

1910 to 1928

Six Pieces for Orchestra [1910 and 1928: symphony]

He lived 1883 to 1945.

Hoot Gibson [Gibson, Hoot] or Edmund Richard Gibson [Gibson, Edmund Richard]

actor

USA

1910 to 1929

Pride of the Range [1910: western]

He lived 1892 to 1962.

Tom Mix [Mix, Tom] or Thomas E. Mix [Mix, Thomas E.]

actor

USA

1910 to 1929

Pride of the Range [1910: western]

He lived 1880 to 1940.

Buddy Bolden [Bolden, Buddy]

trumpeter

USA

1910 to 1930

He lived 1877 to 1931 and played Dixieland, New Orleans, and blues.

Kid Ory [Ory, Kid] or Edward Ory [Ory, Edward]

trombonist/composer

USA

1910 to 1930

He lived 1886 to 1973 and played Dixieland and New Orleans Revival: New Orleans Tailgate Trombonists.

Cass Gilbert [Gilbert, Cass]

architect

New York, New York

1910 to 1931

Woolworth Building [1910 to 1913: iron skyscraper is 260 meters tall]; George Washington Bridge [1925 to 1931: iron

and concrete suspension bridge connects New York and New Jersey across Hudson River]

He lived 1859 to 1934.

Ignace Paderewski [Paderewski, Ignace]

pianist

Poland

1910 to 1932

He lived 1860 to 1941.

Alfred North Whitehead [Whitehead, Alfred North]

mathematician/philosopher

Britain/USA

1910 to 1938

Principia Mathematica or Principles of Mathematics [1910 to 1913: with Russell]; Enquiry Concerning the Principles

of Natural Science [1919]; Concept of Nature [1920]; Principle of Relativity with Applications to Physical Science

[1922]; Science and the Modern World [1925]; Religion in the Making [1926]; Process and Reality [1929]; Adventures

of Ideas [1933]; Modes of Thought [1938]

He lived 1861 to 1947 and was idealist. He studied logical analysis, axiomatized logic, and developed logicism. Events

can relate {process, Whitehead}. Relations and events transform object properties. Objects are always changing

properties or property values. Reality is about such changes {process philosophy, Whitehead}. Since no properties exist

for significant times, processes and relations are more important than matter, time, and position. All things interconnect

and continually adjust to environment {philosophy of organism, Whitehead}. Higher properties emerge from lower

systems. God is always becoming, and this unifies universe. Qualities are not substances but are mind-activity results.

Wassily Kandinsky [Kandinsky, Wassily]

painter

Russia/Dresden, Germany/Munich, Germany

1910 to 1939

Improvisation 7 [1910]; Compositions [1911 to 1939: I to X]; Concerning the Spiritual in Art [1912: book]

He lived 1866 to 1944, led Die Brucke or the Bridge, and was the first non-objective or non-representational painter

{non-representational art} {non-objective art, Kandinsky}. He was Fauvist. He, Franz Marc, and other German

expressionists formed Der Blaue Reiter (The Blue Rider) [1911 to 1014].

Charles Evans Hughes [Hughes, Charles Evans]

judge

USA

1910 to 1941

Supreme Court of the United States [1928]

He lived 1862 to 1948 and was USA Supreme Court Associate Justice [1910 to 1916 and 1930 to 1941].

Yvette Guilbert [Guilbert, Yvette]

singer

France

1910 to 1944

She lived 1865 to 1944 and spoke her songs.

Ramana or Bhagavan Sri Ramana Maharishi [Ramana Maharishi, Bhagavan Sri]

philosopher

Arunachala, Tamil, India

1910 to 1950

Essence of Instruction [1910 to 1950]; Hymn to Arunachala [1910 to 1950]

He lived 1879 to 1950 and was Tantric Buddhist.

Junichiro Tanizaki [Tanizaki, Junichiro]

writer

Japan

1910 to 1950

Tattooer [1910]; Reed Cutter [1932]; Captain Shigemoto's Mother [1950]

He lived 1886 to 1965.

Igor Stravinsky [Stravinsky, Igor]

composer

Russia

1910 to 1965

Firebird [1910: ballet]; Sacre du Printemps or Rite of Spring [1913: ballet]; Soldiers Tale [1918]; Oedipus Rex or

Oedipus the King [1927: opera]; Symphony of Psalms [1930]; Orpheus [1947: ballet]; Petrouchka [1947: ballet];

Rake's Progress [1951: opera]; Cantata [1952]; Septuor or Composition for Seven Voices [1953: chorale]; Agon or

Struggle [1953 and 1957: chorale]; Pulcinella [1965]

He lived 1882 to 1971 and used serial technique.

Roberto Assagioli [Assagioli, Roberto]

psychologist

Italy/USA

1910 to 1973

Psychosynthesis: A Manual of Principles and Techniques [1965]; Act of Will [1973]

He lived 1888 to 1974. Will and self connect {psychosynthesis}, because self acts through will in all sensations,

emotions, desires, imaginings, thoughts, and intuitions [1910].

Ernst Barlach [Barlach, Ernst]

sculptor

Germany

1911

Man Drawing a Sword [1911: Post-Impressionist wood sculpture]

He lived 1870 to 1938.

Eugen Bleuler [Bleuler, Eugen]

psychiatrist

Zurich, Switzerland

1911

Dementia Praecox [1911]

He lived 1857 to 1939 and studied schizophrenia and hysteria. Schizophrenia begins in adolescence or early adult life,

is endogenous, and gets progressively worse if untreated [1911].

Marc Chagall [Chagall, Marc]

painter

Russia/France

1911

I and the Village [1911: Cubist and Romanticist]

He lived 1887 to 1985.

L. Wolfe Gilbert [Gilbert, L. Wolfe]/Lewis F. Muir [Muir, Lewis F.]

composer

Russia/USA

1911

Waiting for the Robert E. Lee [1911]

Gilbert lived 1886 to 1970. Muir lived 1883 to 1915.

Ejnar Hertzsprung [Hertzsprung, Ejnar]

astronomer

Germany

1911

He lived 1873 to 1067 and studied star classification and evolution {Hertzsprung-Russell diagram} [1911].

Nishida Kitaro [Kitaro, Nishida]

philosopher

Kyoto, Japan

1911

Inquiry into the Good [1911]

He lived 1870 to 1945, started Kyoto School, and tried to unite Zen Buddhist and Western philosophy, especially that

of James and Bergson.

Cecil Macklin [Macklin, Cecil]

lyricist/composer

USA

1911

Tres Moutarde or Too Much Mustard [1911]

Robert Michels [Michels, Robert]

political scientist

Marburg, Germany/Italy

1911

Political Parties: A Sociological Study of the Oligarchical Tendencies of Modern Democracy [1911]

He lived 1876 to 1936 and studied skill and privilege, loyalty, and power. Political parties tend toward oligarchy,

authoritarianism, and bureaucracy {iron law of oligarchy}.

Robert A. Milliken [Milliken, Robert A.]

physicist

USA

1911

He lived 1868 to 1953 and measured electron charge [1911].

George A. Norton [Norton, George A.]/Maybelle E. Watson [Watson, Maybelle E.]/Ernest M. Burnett [Burnett,

Ernest M.]

composer

USA

1911

My Melancholy Baby [1911]

Heike Kammerlingh Onnes [Onnes, Heike Kammerlingh]

physicist

Netherlands

1911

He lived 1853 to 1926 and discovered superconductivity [1911].

Peter D. Ouspensky [Ouspensky, Peter D.]

philosopher

Moscow, Russia

1911

Third Organon [1911]

He lived 1878 to 1947 and followed Gurdjieff {Fourth Way School}.

Ernest Rutherford [Rutherford, Ernest]

physicist

England

1911

He lived 1871 to 1937 and discovered atom central nucleus [1911], orbited by electrons.

Harlow Shapley [Shapley, Harlow]

astronomer

USA

1911

Flights from Chaos: A Survey of Material Systems from Atoms to Galaxies [1923]; Galaxies [1943]

He lived 1885 to 1972 and measured star distances and Sun galaxy position [1911].

Gregorio Martinez Sierra [Sierra, Gregorio Martinez]

writer

Spain

1911

Canción de cuna or Cradle Song [1911]

He lived 1881 to 1947.

Ernst Troeltsch [Troeltsch, Ernst]

philosopher

Baden, Germany/Heidelberg, Germany

1911 to 1912

Significance of the Historical Existence of Jesus for Faith [1911]; Christian faith [1912]

He lived 1848 to 1915 and was of Baden School of Neo-Kantism.

Hans Vaihinger [Vaihinger, Hans]

psychologist/philosopher

Germany

1911 to 1912

Philosophy of As-If [1911]; Neurotic Character [1912]

He lived 1852 to 1933, was Neo-Kantian, and studied Nietzsche.

Efforts to protect self-esteem and habits cause neurotic symptoms.

Epistemology

Only emotions and sensations are real. All knowledge, even logic, rests on useful fictions {as-if}. Human character and

actions has teleological explanation, using mental constructs or models {fiction}. Human life has fictive goals and

plans to achieve goals.

Ethics

People construct their habits and character based on meanings in their situations. Character builds unconsciously and

uniquely. Children need tasks that they can accomplish, to gain confidence and build character.

Arthur Holmes [Holmes, Arthur]

geologist

England

1911 to 1913

Age of the Earth [1913]

He lived 1890 to 1965, did first radiometric rock dating [1911], and championed continental drift and plate spreading.

Nicolai A. Vasiliev [Vasiliev, Nicolai A.]

mathematician

Russia/Berlin, Germany

1911 to 1913

Imaginary (non-Aristotelian) Logic [1912: non-Aristotelian logic]; Logic and metalogic [1913]

He lived 1880 to 1940 and helped develop three-valued logic [1910 to 1913].

Franz Werfel [Werfel, Franz]

writer

Germany

1911 to 1913

Der Weltfreund or Friend of the World [1911]; Wir sind or We are heroes [1913]

He lived 1890 to 1945.

Annie Jump Cannon [Cannon, Annie Jump]

astronomer

USA

1911 to 1914

Henry Draper Catalog [1914]

She lived 1863 to 1941, cataloged many stars, and invented star spectral classification system: O, B, A, F, G, K, and M.

Grigori Rasputin [Rasputin, Grigori]

politician

Russia

1911 to 1916

He lived 1872 to 1916 and controlled family of Czar Nicholas II through mysticism and supposed healing power.

Carl Pulfrich [Pulfrich, Carl]

psychologist

Jena, Germany

1911 to 1922

Stereoscopic Vision and Measurement [1911]; Stereoscopy in the Service of Isochromatic and Heterochromatic

Photometry [1922]

He lived 1858 to 1927. If people view pendulums with sunglasses over one eye and nothing over other eye, pendulums

appear to move in elliptical paths, with depth {Pulfrich's pendulum} {Pulfrich stereophenomenon} [1921]. Perhaps,

sunglass delays signal transmission from retina to brain {delay line explanation}, eye sees sunglass-filtered pendulum

at previous position compared to uncovered eye, and different positions cause stereoscopic disparity and appearance of

depth.

Actually, eye adaptation to lower illumination causes delay. Depth effect also happens with stroboscopically lit objects

and in television-set "snow".

David Katz [Katz, David]

psychologist

Germany

1911 to 1925

World of Color [1911]; World of Touch [1925]

He lived 1884 to 1953 and studied touch and color vision.

Walter Bradford Cannon [Cannon, Walter Bradford]

physiologist

USA

1911 to 1932

Mechanical Factors of Digestion [1911]; Bodily Changes in Pain, Hunger, Fear and Rage [1915 and 1929]; Wisdom of

the Body [1932]

He lived 1871 to 1945 and studied psychosomatic disease and fear and rage biochemistry. Body maintains chemical

and function equilibrium {homeostasis, Cannon}. Body uses feedback signals to indicate needs and to initiate action to

obtain needs.

William McDougall [McDougall, William]

psychologist

Britain

1911 to 1933

Body and Mind [1911]; Outlines of Psychology [1923]; Outline of Abnormal Psychology [1926]; Energies of Man

[1933]

He lived 1871 to 1938. People have purposes and goals that explain thoughts and actions. Emotion happens after

thwarted drives. He studied explicit recognition and implicit recognition [McDougall, 1924].

Gilbert Keith Chesterton [Chesterton, Gilbert Keith]

essayist

England

1911 to 1935

Father Brown short stories [1911 to 1935]

He lived 1874 to 1936. People achieve happiness by their decisions as agents motivated by values {distributism,

Chesterton}, so people must have private ownership and personal liberty. Distributism is communitarianism against

capitalism and socialism.

Bela Bartok [Bartok, Bela]

composer

Hungary

1911 to 1939

Allegro barbaro or Barbaric Allegro or Magyar Rhapsody No. 2 [1911]; Mikrokosmos [1926 to 1939 symphony];

Sonata for Two Pianos and Percussion [1937: symphony]

He lived 1881 to 1945.

Gordon Morgan Holmes [Holmes, Gordon Morgan]

neurologist

Ireland

1911 to 1941

Sensory disturbances from cerebral lesions [1911: with Henry Head]

He lived 1876 to 1965 and studied sensation locations and spinal and head injuries. He found Adie's syndrome and

Holmes' syndrome [1941], with William Adie.

George Asaf [Asaf, George] or George Powell [Powell, George]/Felix Powell [Powell, Felix]

lyricist/composer

USA

1912

Pack up Your Troubles in an Old Kit Bag and Smile, Smile, Smile [1912]

Asaf lived 1880 to 1951. Powell lived ? to 1942.

Grant Clarke [Clarke, Grant]/Maurice Abrahams [Abrahams, Maurice]/Lewis F. Muir [Muir, Lewis F.]

composer

USA

1912

Ragtime Cowboy Joe [1912]

Clarke lived 1891 to 1931. Muir lived 1883 to 1915.

Walter de la Mare [de la Mare, Walter]

poet

England

1912

Listeners [1912]

He lived 1873 to 1953.

Buddy G. DeSylva [DeSylva, Buddy G.]/Jerome Kern [Kern, Jerome]

lyricist/composer

USA

1912

Look for the Silver Lining [1912: from Sally]

DeSylva lived 1895 to 1950. Kern lived 1885 to 1945.

Thomas Alva Edison [Edison, Thomas Alva]

producer

USA

1912

What Happened to Mary [1912: first serial, with Mary Fuller]

He lived 1847 to 1931.

Jacob Epstein [Epstein, Jacob]

sculptor

USA/England

1912

Tomb of Oscar Wilde [1912]

He lived 1880 to 1959 and was Expressionist.

Rudolf Friml [Friml, Rudolf]

composer

USA

1912

Indian Love Call [1912: from The Firefly, also in the film Rose-Marie, 1936, sung by Jeanette MacDonald and Nelson

Eddy]; Mountie Song [1912: from The Firefly]; Rose Marie [1912: from The Firefly]

He lived 1879 to 1972.

Nellie Heim [Heim, Nellie]

composer

USA

1912

Maurice Tango [1912]; That Old Girl of Mine [1912]

Jack Judge [Judge, Jack]/Harry Williams [Williams, Harry]

lyricist/composer

USA

1912

It's a Long Way to Tipperary [1912]

Williams lived 1901 to 1982.

Edward Madden [Madden, Edward]/Percy Wenrich [Wenrich, Percy]

lyricist/composer

USA

1912

Moonlight Bay [1912]

Madden lived 1878 to 1952. Wenrich lived 1887 to 1952.

Henry Gwyn Jeffreys Moseley [Moseley, Henry Gwyn Jeffreys]

chemist

England

1912

He lived 1887 to 1915 and found atomic numbers [1912].

Chauncey Olcott [Olcott, Chauncey]/George Graff, Jr. [Graff, Jr., George]/Ernest Ball [Ball, Ernest]

lyricist/lyricist/composer

USA

1912

When Irish Eyes Are Smiling [1912]

Olcott lived 1858 to 1932. Graff lived 1886 to 1973. Ball lived 1878 to 1927.

Charles Peguy [Peguy, Charles]

writer

France

1912

Sinners and Saints [1912]

He lived 1873 to 1914.

Vesto M. Slipher [Slipher, Vesto M.]

astronomer

USA

1912

He lived 1875 to 1969, measured extra-galactic-star and galaxy spectra, discovered that most spectra were red-shifted,

and calculated their recessional velocities [1912].

Byron D. Stokes [Stokes, Byron D.]/F. Dudleigh Vernor [Vernor, F. Dudleigh]

lyricist/composer

USA

1912

Sweetheart of Sigma Chi [1912]

Vernor lived 1892 to 1974.

Hart A. Wand [Wand, Hart A.]/Lloyd Garret [Garret, Lloyd]

composer

USA

1912

Dallas Blues [1912]

Arthur Wimperis [Wimperis, Arthur]/Paul A. Rubens [Rubens, Paul A.]

lyricist/composer

USA

1912

Argentine [1912]

Wimperis lived 1874 to 1953. Rubens lived 1875 to 1917.

Georges Braque [Braque, Georges]

painter

France

1912 to 1913

Man with Guitar [1912]; Le Courrier or Courier [1913]

He lived 1882 to 1963.

Ralph Barton Perry [Perry, Ralph Barton]

philosopher

USA

1912 to 1926

New Realism [1912]; Present Philosophical Tendencies [1925]; General Theory of Value [1926]

He lived 1876 to 1957 and started New Realism. Consciousness content is the same as consciousness object. Mind and

brain are same. Anything conceived or perceived as outside mind is in mind. However, this cannot prove that nothing is

outside mind {egocentric predicament}.

Alfred Adler [Adler, Alfred]

psychoanalyst

Austria/Munich, Germany

1912 to 1927

Neurotic Constitution [1912]; Practice and Theory of Individual Psychology [1922]; Understanding Human Nature

[1927]

He lived 1870 to 1937 and founded School of Individual Psychology. People can feel that they are inferior {inferiority

complex} and therefore compensate. For example, people can feel physically inferior and compensate by increasing

their size or abilities. People can feel their sexual organs are inferior. Small, weak, and dependent children can feel

inferior and feminine.

Max Scheler [Scheler, Max]

philosopher

Germany

1912 to 1928

Resentment in the Structure of Morals [1912]; Formalism in Ethics and the Non-Formal Ethics of Values [1916];

Problems of a Sociology of Knowledge [1926]; Man and History [1926]; Man's Place in Nature [1928]

He lived 1874 to 1928 and was New Realist.

Ethics

Values are objective. Values are about sensation, beauty, religion, and nobility, not about reason.

Perhaps, people are perfect beings that have fallen from God's grace, animals with reason, evolved animals, beings that

can control their lives and environments, or beings that have lost purpose and motivation.

Human nature causes all cultural products.

Politics

Bourgeoisie have resentment toward their station.

Alfred Wegener [Wegener, Alfred]

geologist

Brunswick, Germany

1912 to 1928

Origin of the Continents and Oceans [1915]

He lived 1880 to 1930 and developed continental-drift theory [1912 to 1928].

William E. Hocking [Hocking, William E.]

philosopher

USA

1912 to 1932

Meaning of God in Human Experience [1912]; One Thousand Americans [1947: with G. Seldes]; Rethinking Missions

[1932]

He lived 1873 to 1966, was Idealist, and was Royce's student.

Marcel Duchamp [Duchamp, Marcel]

painter

France

1912 to 1934

Nude Descending a Staircase (No. 2) [1912]; Bride Stripped Bare by Her Bachelors, Even (The Large Glass) [1915 to

1923]; Bride Stripped Bare by Her Bachelors, Even (The Green Box) [1934]

He lived 1887 to 1968 and superimposed movement phases.

Peter Debye [Debye, Peter]

physicist

Netherlands/USA

1912 to 1936

He lived 1884 to 1966 and invented Debye-Hückel theory [1936] and studied vibration energy. Vibration energy equals

mechanical-vibration frequency times Planck constant [1912].

Antoine Meillet [Meillet, Antoine]

linguist

USA

1912 to 1937

How Words Change Their Meaning [1912]; Introduction to Indo-European Comparative Linguistics [1937]

He lived 1866 to 1936.

Martin Johnson [Johnson, Martin]/Osa Johnson [Johnson, Osa]

director

USA

1912 to 1940

travelogues [1912 to 1940: silent]

Martin lived 1884 to 1937. Osa lived 1894 to 1953.

Piet Mondrian [Mondrian, Piet]

painter

Netherlands

1912 to 1943

Flowering Apple Tree [1912]; Composition with Red, White, and Blue [1921]; Composition in Red, Blue, and Yellow

[1930]; Broadway Boogie-Woogie [1943]

He lived 1872 to 1944 and used a non-objective style {Neo-Plasticism} {De Stijl} that balanced asymmetrical parts.

Max Wertheimer [Wertheimer, Max]

psychologist

Germany

1912 to 1945

Experimental Study of Vision in Motion [1912]; Studies on the Theory of Gestalt [1923]; Productive Thinking [1943]

He lived 1880 to 1943, founded Gestalt psychology, and studied apparent visual motion.

Amy Lowell [Lowell, Amy]

poet

USA

1912 to 1955

Dome of Many-Colored Glass [1912]; Sword Blades and Poppy Seed [1914]; Men, Women and Ghosts [1916];

Weather-Cock Points South [1919]; Sisters [1925]

She lived 1874 to 1925 and was Imagist.

Anna Akhmatova [Akhmatova, Anna]

poet

Russia/France

1912 to 1963

Evening [1912]; Requiem [1963]

She lived 1889 to 1966.

George Bennard [Bennard, George]

lyricist/composer

USA

1913

Old Rugged Cross [1913]

He lived 1873 to 1958.

Umberto Boccioni [Boccioni, Umberto]

sculptor

Turin, Italy

1913

Unique Form of Continuity in Space [1913]

He lived 1882 to 1916, was Futurist, and used Cubist ideas.

Jim Burris [Burris, Jim]/Chris Smith [Smith, Chris]

composer

USA

1913

Ballin' the Jack [1913]

Smith lived 1879 to 1949.

Enver Pasha

dictator

Turkey

1913

He lived 1881 to 1922 and led Young Turks.

Fred Fisher [Fisher, Fred]/Alfred Bryan [Bryan, Alfred]

composer

USA

1913

Come, Josephine, in My Flying Machine [1910]; Peg O' My Heart [1913]

Fisher lived 1875 to 1942. Bryan lived 1871 to 1958.

Alain-Fournier or Henri Alban Fournier [Fournier, Henri Alban]

writer

France

1913

Le Grand Meaulnes or Wanderer [1913]

He lived 1886 to 1914.

Enrico Guazzoni [Guazzoni, Enrico]

director

Italy

1913

Quo Vadis or Whither Goest Thou? or Whither Thou Goest [1913]

He lived 1876 to 1949.

Wilhelm Lehmbruck [Lehmbruck, Wilhelm]

sculptor

Europe

1913

Standing Youth [1913: Post-Impressionist cast stone]

He lived 1881 to 1919.

Cecil Mack [Mack, Cecil]/James P. Johnson [Johnson, James P.]

composer

USA

1913

Charleston [1913]

Mack lived 1883 to 1944. Johnson lived 1894 to 1955.

Leonor Michaelis [Michaelis, Leonor]

biologist

Germany

1913

Kinetics of invertase activity [1913]

He lived 1875 to 1940 and studied enzyme kinetics and analyzed enzyme-substrate complexes as chemical equilibria.

Ina Dudley Ogdon [Ogdon, Ina Dudley]/Charles H. Gabriel [Gabriel, Charles H.]

lyricist/composer

USA

1913

Brighten the Corner Where You Are [1913]

Gabriel lived 1856 to 1932.

Eleanor Hodgman Porter [Porter, Eleanor Hodgman]

writer

USA

1913

Pollyanna [1913]

She lived 1868 to 1920.

Luckey Roberts [Roberts, Luckey]

composer

USA

1913

Junk Man Rag [1913]

He lived 1887 to 1968.

Henry Norris Russell [Russell, Henry Norris]

astronomer

England

1913

He lived 1877 to 1057 and studied star classification and evolution (Hertzsprung-Russell diagram) [1913].

Henry M. Sheffer [Sheffer, Henry M.]

mathematician

USA

1913

Set of Five Independent Postulates for Boolean Algebras, with application to logical constants [1913]

He lived 1883 to 1964. Elements {Sheffer stroke element} can equal "Not AND" and fire if either, but not both, of two

input elements fire. Sheffer-stroke-element combinations can make OR element, AND element, and NOT element.

Using many Sheffer stroke elements creates devices whose output fires if and only if most inputs fire.

Arnold Sommerfield [Sommerfield, Arnold]

physicist

England

1913

He lived 1868 to 1951 and studied Bohr atom and elliptical electron orbits [1913].

Juca Storoni [Storoni, Juca]

composer

USA

1913

Amapa Maxixa [1913: maxixe]

Francis William Aston [Aston, Francis William]

chemist

England

1913 to 1922

Isotopes [1922]

He lived 1877 to 1945 and studied isotopes [1913].

John Drinkwater [Drinkwater, John]

playwright/poet

England

1913 to 1922

Georgian Poetry [1913 to 1915: poems]; Rebellion [1914: play]; Preludes [1921 to 1922: poems]

He lived 1882 to 1937.

Franz Kafka [Kafka, Franz]

novelist

Prague, Czech Republic

1913 to 1926

Amerika [1913]; Metamorphosis [1915]; Penal Colony [1919]; Trial [1925]; Castle [1926]

He lived 1883 to 1924.

Marcel Proust [Proust, Marcel]

novelist

France

1913 to 1927

Remembrance of Things Past or In Search of Lost Time [1913 to 1927: Swann's Way was first book in 1913 and The

Past Recaptured was last book in 1927]

He lived 1871 to 1922.

Niels Bohr [Bohr, Niels]

physicist

Denmark

1913 to 1928

He lived 1885 to 1962, studied electromagnetic radiation energies, and explained atomic spectra. Absorbed or emitted

light has electron orbital-transition energies [1913]. Electron angular momentum is shell number times Planck constant

divided by 2 * pi. Electron rotation frequencies have discrete values. He philosophized about waves and particle

complementarity and invented Copenhagen quantum-mechanics interpretation [1928].

David Herbert Lawrence [Lawrence, David Herbert]

novelist/poet

England

1913 to 1928

Sons and Lovers [1913: novel]; Rainbow [1915: novel]; Women in Love [1920: novel]; Plumed Serpent [1926: novel];

Lady Chatterly's Lover [1928: novel]

He lived 1885 to 1930.

Vachel Lindsay [Lindsay, Vachel]

poet

USA

1913 to 1928

General William Booth Enters into Heaven [1913]; Congo [1914]; Johnny Appleseed [1923]; Eagle Forgotten [1928]

He lived 1879 to 1931.

John Broadus Watson [Watson, John Broadus]

psychologist

USA

1913 to 1928

Psychology as the Behaviorist Views It [1913]; Behavior: an Introduction to Comparative Psychology [1914];

Psychology from the Standpoint of a Behaviorist [1919]; Behaviorism [1924]; Psychological Care of Infant and Child

[1928]

He lived 1878 to 1958 and founded behaviorism. He emphasized being objective and working only with observables.

He studied reinforcement timing in instrumental learning, conditioned responses, and forming associations.

Associations can only form between stimulus and response, not between stimuli. All behaviors depend on reflexes. All

behavior and thought is stimulus-response, though people cannot observe mental stimuli and responses. Conditioning

determines human behavior, so people learn almost all behaviors. Previous-behavior recency and frequency determine

subsequent behavior. The goal of psychology is behavior prediction and control.

Classical conditioning can change human emotions.

David Wark Griffith [Griffith, David Wark]

director

USA

1913 to 1930

Judith of Bethulia [1913: first spectacular]; Birth of a Nation [1915: about the Civil War. G. W. Bitzer or Billy Bitzer,

cameraman, used close-ups, fade outs, back lighting, iris picture dissolves, fuzzy close-ups, panoramic long shots, cut-

backs between simultaneous scenes, last second rescues, and effective lighting. Lillian Gish acted]; Intolerance [1916:

Set had palace of Belshazzar of Babylon. Movie used 400 reels and had Babylon, Renaissance-France, Crucifixion, and

modern-slum parts. Lillian Gish acted]; Abraham Lincoln [1920]; Way Down East [1920: melodrama]; Isn't Life

Wonderful [1924]; Abraham Lincoln [1930: sound]

He lived 1875 to 1948.

Rabindranath Tagore [Tagore, Rabindranath]

playwright

India

1913 to 1930

Gardener [1913: play]; King of the Dark Chamber [1914: play]; Religion of Man [1930: essay]

He lived 1861 to 1941.

William Wilson [Wilson, William]

physicist

England

1913 to 1932

He lived 1875 to 1965 and studied Bohr atom [1913] and semiconductor average drift velocity per unit force [1932].

Georges Ivanovich Gurdjieff [Gurdjieff, Georges Ivanovich]

philosopher

Russia/Armenia

1913 to 1935

Meetings with Remarkable Men [1913]; All and Everything [1935: including Beelzebub's Tales to his Grandson,

Meetings with Remarkable Men, and Life is Real Only Then, When 'I Am']

He lived 1872 to 1949 and was mystic. Means {legominism} can transmit information about certain events of long-past

ages. People struggle, through working on themselves, to awaken conscience and create soul.

Joseph McCarthy [McCarthy, Joseph]/James V. Monaco [Monaco, James V.]

lyricist/composer

Italy/USA

1913 to 1938

You Made Me Love You (I Didn't Want to Do It) [1913]; Dear Mr. Gable (You Made Me Love You) [1938: from the

film Broadway Melody of 1937]

McCarthy lived 1885 to 1943. Monaco lived 1885 to 1945.

Maud Leonora Menten [Menten, Maud Leonora]

biologist

Canada

1913 to 1944

Michaelis-Menten equation [1913]; azo-dye method [1944: for alkaline phosphatase]

She lived 1879 to 1960 and studied enzyme kinetics and analyzed enzyme-substrate complexes as chemical equilibria.

Robert E. Park [Park, Robert E.]

sociologist

USA

1913 to 1952

Negro home life and standards of living [1913]; Introduction to the Science of Sociology [1921: with Ernest W.

Burgess]; City [1925: with Ernest W. Burgess]; Race and Culture [1950]; Human Communities [1952]

He lived 1864 to 1944 and helped start Chicago School of Sociology.

Kenneth J. Alford [Alford, Kenneth J.] or Frederick Joseph Ricketts [Ricketts, Frederick Joseph]

composer

USA

1914

Colonel Bogey March or Bridge over the River Kwai March [1914: used in the film The Bridge on the River Kwai,

1956]

He lived 1881 to 1945.

Harold Atteridge [Atteridge, Harold]/Harry Carroll [Carroll, Harry]

lyricist/composer

USA

1914

By the Beautiful Sea [1914]

Atteridge lived 1886 to 1938. Carroll lived 1892 to 1962.

W. Beardsley [Beardsley, W.]

composer

USA

1914

Mexi-Tango [1914]

Samuel N. Behrman [Behrman, Samuel N.]

playwright

USA

1914

Destroyer [1914]

He lived 1893 to 1973.

Rupert Brooke [Brooke, Rupert]

poet

England

1914

Songs of Innocence [1914: poems]; Soldier [1914: sonnet]; Peace [1914: sonnet]

He lived 1887 to 1915.

Edgar Rice Burroughs [Burroughs, Edgar Rice]

novelist

USA

1914

Tarzan of the Apes [1914]

He lived 1875 to 1960.

Colin Campbell [Campbell, Colin]

director

USA

1914

Spoilers [1914: first fight]

He lived 1883 to 1966.

Giorgio de Chirico [Chirico, Giorgio de]

painter

Italy/Paris, France

1914

Mystery and Melancholy of a Street [1914]

He lived 1888 to 1978 and was Fantasist.

Georges Clemenceau [Clemenceau, Georges]

premier

France

1914

He lived 1841 to 1929 and allied with Czech, Russia, and China. Ferdinand Foch was marshal of France.

Guy d'Hardelot [d'Hardelot, Guy]/Edward Teschemacher [Teschemacher, Edward]

composer/lyricist

USA

1914

Because [1914]

Teschemacher lived 1875 to 1940.

James P. Europe [Europe, James P.]

composer

USA

1914

Castle House Rag [1914: for Vernon and Irene Castle]

Arthur Fields [Fields, Arthur]/Walter Donovan [Donovan, Walter]

composer

USA

1914

Aba Daba Honeymoon [1914]

Fields lived 1905 to 1974.

George Goethals [Goethals, George]

architect

USA

1914

Panama Canal [1914: between Atlantic and Pacific Oceans]

He lived 1858 to 1928.

Gustav Hertz [Hertz, Gustav]

physicist

Germany

1914

He lived 1887 to 1975 and studied photoelectric effect {Franck-Hertz effect}, with James Franck [1914].

Herbert Reynolds [Reynolds, Herbert]/Jerome Kern [Kern, Jerome]

lyricist/composer

USA

1914

They Didn't Believe Me [1914: from The Girl from Utah]

Reynolds lived 1905 to 1988. Kern lived 1885 to 1945.

Pearl White [White, Pearl]

actor

USA

1914

Perils of Pauline [1914: serial silent movie]

She lived 1889 to 1938.

Don Richardson [Richardson, Don]

singer

USA

1914 to 1916

Arkansas Traveler [1916]

He lived 1898 to 1954.

Wilfred Owen [Owen, Wilfred]

poet

England

1914 to 1918

Greater Love [1914]; Strange Meeting [1918]

He lived 1893 to 1918.

William Halse Rivers [Rivers, William Halse]

psychologist/ethnologist

Britain

1914 to 1923

Kinship and Social Organization [1914]; History of Melanesian Society [1914]; Instinct and the Unconscious [1920];

Conflict and Dream [1923]

He lived 1864 to 1922. He postulated that two forms of cutaneous sensation exist, broad {protopathic sensation} and

narrow {epicritic sensation}. However, this theory is false. Many dreams are fantasy attempts to resolve current

emotional problems.

Mack Sennett [Sennett, Mack]

director

USA

1914 to 1923

Keystone Kops [1914 to 1917: silent comedies with Mabel Normand, Chester Conklin, and Ben Turpin]; Tillie's

Punctured Romance [1914: Charlie Chaplin, Mabel Normand, and Marie Dressler acted]; Sheik of Araby [1923]

He lived 1880 to 1960.

William S. Hart [Hart, William S.]

actor

USA

1914 to 1925

Hell's Hinges [1916]; Narrow Trail [1917]

He lived 1870 to 1946 and showed realism in silent westerns.

Ezra Pound [Pound, Ezra]

poet

USA

1914 to 1925

In a Station of the Metro [1914]; On Immortality [1925]

He lived 1885 to 1972 and was Imagist.

Ronco Arbuckle [Arbuckle, Ronco] or Fatty Arbuckle [Arbuckle, Fatty]

actor

USA

1914 to 1927

Keystone Kops [1914 to 1917]

He lived 1887 to 1933, was a comic and Keystone Kop, and was the Prince of Whales.

Gino Fano [Fano, Gino]

mathematician

Turin, Italy

1914 to 1930

Lessons in Descriptive Geometry [1914]; Lessons in Analytical and Projective Geometry [1930: with Alessandro

Terracini]

He lived 1871 to 1952 and invented line and space axiomatic systems, building from points to lines to space. The three

complete-quadrilateral diagonal points are never collinear {Fano's axiom}.

Edwin Howard Armstrong [Armstrong, Edwin Howard] or Howard Armstrong [Armstrong, Howard]

engineer/inventor

USA

1914 to 1933

regenerative circuit [1914: amplification using positive feedback]; superheterodyne receiver [1918: signal waves and

carrier wave have widely separated frequencies]; super-regenerative circuit [1922: for transmitting]; wide-band

frequency modulation [1933: as opposed to narrow band]

He lived 1890 to 1954.

Wallace Beery [Beery, Wallace]

actor

USA

1914 to 1934

Viva Villa! [1934]

He lived 1885 to 1949 and was in silent and sound movies.

James Joyce [Joyce, James]

novelist/playwright

Ireland

1914 to 1939

Dubliners [1914: play]; Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man [1915: novel]; Ulysses [1914 to 1922: novel]; Finnegan's

Wake [1939: novel]

He lived 1882 to 1941.

Gertrude Stein [Stein, Gertrude]

playwright/poet

USA

1914 to 1948

Tender Buttons [1914]; Rose is a Rose is a Rose [1934: poem]; Yes is for a Very Young Man [1946: poem]; Four

Saints in Three Acts [1948: opera, music by Virgil Thomson]

She lived 1874 to 1946.

Ludwig Josef Johann Wittgenstein [Wittgenstein, Ludwig Josef Johann]

philosopher

Germany/England

1914 to 1951

Tractatus Logico-philosophicus [1921]; Blue and Brown Books [1933 to 1935]; Remarks on the Foundations of

Mathematics [1937 to 1944]; Culture and Value [1950]; On Certainty [1951]; Philosophical Investigations [1951]

He lived 1889 to 1951 and was analytic philosopher.

Epistemology

Truth is about facts, not objects.

Propositions about metaphysics, ethics, religion, aesthetics, logic, propositions, and essences cannot state truth. They

have no meaning, because they are about things with variable meanings. Philosophy goals are to describe and to

increase understanding.

One thing is tautologically identical to itself, but two different things cannot be identical, and so identity cannot be

relation {paradox of identity, Wittgenstein} {identity paradox, Wittgenstein}. Identity actually conjoins two

propositions.

Models of reality need as many elements and relations as reality. Proposition sets can have as many elements and

relations as reality and can model reality {picture theory of meaning, Wittgenstein}.

Actual language expresses mind's thoughts and intentions. Language description can clarify language usage. Language

is not about experience. Grammar specifies how to use words {grammatical proposition}, not how world is. Language

cannot explain thought structures or rules or prove them true or self-evident. No argument or appeal to other authority

can prove the basic forms or ideas used in human activity or show they are self-evident. In all human activities, such as

thinking, solving problems, or using language, people can distinguish correct from incorrect performance based solely

on activity, not on verbal criteria or principles.

Mathematics is a rule system for using transformations and relations to produce new values or statements. Fundamental

logic and mathematics forms and ideas are about nature of thought. Logical propositions are tautological rules. Logical

forms cannot have name or description and are inherent in reality. Language alone can reveal them.

He described language game, family resemblance, and private language [Wittgenstein, 1953].

Language can be for shared social situations. People can agree about word meaning used in social situations, because

they apply same words to same social situations and they realize they do so. The culture maintains social situations and

so preserves word meaning. Meaning must be constant to allow people to communicate with others and themselves

over time. Using language of social situations, people can communicate about what happens in minds, because same

social situations shape mental images of perception words.

Sentences about emotions or sense qualities refer to internal things. Sentences about perceptual or physical phenomena

name public reference object. Sentences about pain and anger are only about mental phenomena and have no physical

object but still have public criteria through shared social situations and have constant meaning.

Like words, sentences have contingencies or applications that make them true and meaningful {truth-condition,

Wittgenstein}. Using correct sentence structure determines truth and meaning, by determining truth-conditions. Truth

and meaning do not depend on underlying thoughts. Mind can only assent to, dissent from, or abstain from thinking

about sentences and applications.

Factual statements are the most-common statements, and conditions that make factual statements true are the best-

understood statements. People judge other statement types in reference to factual statements, using assimilation or

contrast. Factual statements represent the physical world but can also represent alternative possible worlds. Factual

statement represents image. Factual statements should have same abstract form as the fact reported. Factual statements

can express everything that people can say and so limit what people can imagine or conceive. Factual statement has

sense. The sense of factual statements is what makes them true. Scrambled factual messages have no sense and are

meaningless. Factual statements are truth assertions, because sense is about truth. Other statement types do not have

sense but still can have meaning, by revealing physical-world or human-life features.

Things people do or use can rest on doing and thinking methods and so are not knowledge or truth but are all there is.

Mind does not have or follow definitions, templates, principles, or rules. Mind interprets what to do and applies

behaviors and language in particular situations. Definitions, templates, principles, rules, and understanding follow from

ability to apply word to situation. Templates are not accessible to others, so people cannot know meaning. Templates

typically do not precisely conform to situations, so meaning is not clear or true. Templates can change without person

or others being aware of change. Templates can be wrong.

Interpretation is verbal and so itself can have interpretation. "If you can say, here is one hand, we'll grant you all the

rest."

Gabriela Mistral [Mistral, Gabriela] or Lucila Alcayaga [Alcayaga, Lucila]

poet

Chile

1914 to 1954

Sonnets of Death [1914: poems]; Desolation [1922: poems]; Tala or Destruction [1938: poems]; Lagar or Winepress

[1954: poems]

She lived 1889 to 1957.

Paul von Hindenburg [Hindenburg, Paul von]

field marshal

Germany

1914.06 to 1918

He lived 1847 to 1934 and was German field marshal in World War I.

Bernard Bosanquet [Bosanquet, Bernard]

philosopher

England

1915

Three Lectures on Aesthetics [1915]

He lived 1848 to 1923 and was Idealist. Whole needs both beautiful and ugly. The beautiful and ugly can have social or

moral value. Society defines self.

Henry Fillmore [Fillmore, Henry]

composer

USA

1915

Lassus Trombone [1915: march and two-step]

He lived 1881 to 1956.

Ford Madox Ford [Ford, Ford Madox]

novelist

England

1915

Good Soldier [1915]

He lived 1873 to 1939.

Roger Graham [Graham, Roger]/Spencer Williams [Williams, Spencer]/Dave Peyton [Peyton, Dave]

lyricist/composer/composer

USA

1915

I Ain't Got Nobody [1915]

Williams lived 1889 to 1965.

Edwin Bissell Holt [Holt, Edwin Bissell]

philosopher/psychologist

USA

1915

Freudian Wish and its Place in Ethics [1915]

He lived 1873 to 1946 and was behaviorist.

Stoddard King [King, Stoddard]/Zo Elliott [Elliott, Zo]

lyricist/composer

USA

1915

There's a Long Long Trail A-Winding [1915]

Elliott lived 1891 to 1964.

Eric Maschwitz [Maschwitz, Eric] or Albert Eric Maschwitz [Maschwitz, Albert Eric] or Holt Marvell [Marvell,

Holt]/Manning Sherwin [Sherwin, Manning]

lyricist/composer

England

1915

Nightingale Sang in Berkeley Square [1915: from New Faces, sung by Vera Lynn in 1940]

Maschwitz lived 1901 to 1969. Sherwin lived 1890 to 1960.

Edgar Lee Masters [Masters, Edgar Lee]

poet

USA

1915

Spoon River Anthology [1915: poems]

He lived 1868 to 1950.

John McCrae [McCrae, John]

poet

Canada

1915

In Flanders Fields [1915]

He lived 1872 to 1918.

Edgar Rubin [Rubin, Edgar]

psychologist

Denmark

1915

Competing Visual Figures [1915]

He lived 1886 to 1951 and studied figure and ground and vase-profile illusion [1915].

Akutagawa Ryunosuke [Ryunosuke, Akutagawa]

writer

Japan

1915

Rashomon [1915]

He lived 1892 to 1927.

Frederick W. Twort [Twort, Frederick W.]

biologist

England

1915

bacteriophage discovered [1915]

He lived 1877 to 1950. Félix d'Hérelle discovered it in 1917.

Jack Yellen [Yellen, Jack]/George Cobb [Cobb, George]

lyricist/composer

USA

1915

Alabama Jubilee [1915]

Yellen lived 1892 to 1991. Cobb lived 1886 to 1942.

Thoralf Skolem [Skolem, Thoralf]/Leopold Löwenheim [Löwenheim, Leopold]

mathematician

Norway/Germany

1915 to 1920

Skolem lived 1887 to 1963. Lowenheim lived 1878 to 1957. If countable sets have formal models, domain is countable

{Löwenheim-Skolem theorem}, as proved by Löwenheim [1915] and Skolem [1920]. However, real numbers are not

countable {Skolem paradox}. Models {nonstandard model} can have elements that are not countable.

Emmy Noether [Noether, Emmy] or Amalie Noether [Noether, Amalie]

mathematician

Göttingen, Germany/USA

1915 to 1921

Ideal Theory in Ring-Fields [1921]

She lived 1882 to 1935, studied invariance, and showed that symmetries relate to conservation laws [1915] {Noether's

theorem, Noether}. She also studied rings [1921].

Robert Frost [Frost, Robert]

poet

USA

1915 to 1936

Mending Wall [1915]; Road Not Taken [1920]; Stopping by Woods on a Snowy Evening [1936]

He lived 1874 to 1963.

Sara Teasdale [Teasdale, Sara]

poet

USA

1915 to 1937

Rivers to the Sea [1915]; Flame and Shadow [1920 and 1924]; Strange Victory [1933]; Collected Poems [1937]

She lived 1884 to 1933.

Jelly Roll Morton [Morton, Jelly Roll] or Ferdinand Morton [Morton, Ferdinand]/Red Hot Peppers

pianist/lyricist/composer

Chicago, Illinois

1915 to 1939

Jelly Roll Blues [1915]; Frog-i-more Rag [1918]; Pearls [1923]; King Porter Stomp [1924]; Milenberg Joys [1924: with

Leon Toppolo, Paul Mares, and Walter Melrose]; Chicago Breakdown [1927]; King Porter Stomp [1939]

He lived 1890 to 1941 and played Chicago and New Orleans Revival: Red Hot Peppers.

Arnold Lucius Gesell [Gesell, Arnold Lucius]

psychologist

USA

1915 to 1940

Embryology of Behavior [1915]; Infancy and Human Growth [1928]; Atlas of Infant Behavior [1934]; First Five Years

of Life [1940]

He lived 1880 to 1961 and studied child development using movie cameras [1926].

Virginia Woolf [Woolf, Virginia]

novelist/critic

England

1915 to 1941

Voyage Out [1915]; Night and Day [1919]; Monday or Tuesday [1921: short story]; Jacob's Room [1922]; Mrs.

Dalloway [1925]; To the Lighthouse [1927]; Orlando [1928]; Room of One's Own [1929: criticism]; Waves [1931];

Between the Acts [1941]; Haunted House [1941: short story]

She lived 1882 to 1941 and was of Bloomsbury Group.

W. Somerset Maugham [Maugham, W. Somerset]

novelist

England

1915 to 1945

Of Human Bondage [1915]; Moon and Sixpence [1919]; Miss Thompson [1924: story]; Cakes and Ale [1930]; Razor's

Edge [1945]

He lived 1874 to 1965.

Charlie Chaplin [Chaplin, Charlie]

actor

USA

1915 to 1947

Tramp [1915]; Easy Street [1917]; Shoulder Arms [1918]; Gold Rush [1925]; City Lights [1931: sound]; Great Dictator

[1940: sound]; Monsieur Verdoux [1947: sound]

He lived 1889 to 1977.

Eduardo Barrios [Barrios, Eduardo]

writer

Latin America

1915 to 1948

El niño que se enloqueció de amor or The child who went mad because of love [1915]; Gran señor y rajadiablos or Big

Man and Devilish Fellow [1948]

He lived 1884 to 1963.

Erté or Romain de Tirtoff [Tirtoff, Romain de]

painter

Russia/France

1915 to 1973

Symphony in Black [1973: tall slim woman in black dress with long black dog]

He lived 1892 to 1990, designed stage and film clothes, and was of Art Deco.

Francis X. Bushman [Bushman, Francis X.]

actor

USA

1916

Ben-Hur [1916]; Romeo and Juliet [1916]

He lived 1883 to 1966.

Henri Fayol [Fayol, Henri]

sociologist

Paris, France

1916

General and Industrial Management [1916]

He lived 1841 to 1925 and discussed rational and efficient business administration, including central control, labor

division, hierarchical command, ordered and stable processes, and initiative. He had five principles: forecasting and

planning, organizing, commanding, coordinating, and controlling. He stated 14 management principles: labor

specialization and division, authority with corresponding responsibility, discipline, unified command, unified direction,

individual-interest subordination to general interest, staff remuneration, centralization, scalar authority chain, order,

equity, tenure stability, initiative, and esprit de corps.

Clifford Grey [Grey, Clifford]/Nat D. Ayer [Ayer, Nat D.]

lyricist/composer

USA

1916

If You Were the Only Girl [1916]

Grey lived 1887 to 1941. Ayer lived 1887 to 1952.

Raymond Hubbell [Hubbell, Raymond]/John Golden [Golden, John]

composer/lyricist

USA

1916

Poor Butterfly [1916]

Hubbell lived 1879 to 1954. Golden lived 1874 to 1955.

Gus Kahn [Kahn, Gus]/Egbert van Alstyne [Alstyne, Egbert van]

lyricist/composer

USA

1916

Memories [1916]

Kahn lived 1886 to 1941. Alstyne lived 1878 to 1951.

Gus Kahn [Kahn, Gus]/Egbert van Alstyne [Alstyne, Egbert van]/Tony Jackson [Jackson, Tony]

lyricist/composer/composer

USA

1916

Pretty Baby [1916]

Kahn lived 1886 to 1941. Alstyne lived 1878 to 1951. Jackson lived 1876 to 1921.

Ring Lardner [Lardner, Ring]

novelist

USA

1916

You Know Me Al [1916]

He lived 1885 to 1933.

Stanislaw Lesniewski [Lesniewski, Stanislaw]

logician

Poland/Russia

1916

General Theory of Sets [1916]

He lived 1886 to 1939 and invented definition theory. He helped develop quantum logic, based on equivalence

{protothetic logic, Lesniewski}, abstract quantifiers {ontology logic, Lesniewski}, and part and whole relations

{mereology, Lesniewski}. Logic is not about real world, only about statements. Wholes are not just sets or sums of

parts, because parts relate. Because living things can replace parts, modal or temporal logic can maintain integrated

wholes by maintaining relations among replaced parts.

Armand J. Piron [Piron, Armand J.]/Clarence Williams [Williams, Clarence]

composer

USA

1916

I Can Beat You Doing What You're Doing Me [1916: sung by Sophie Tucker, the Last of the Red Hot Mamas]

Piron lived 1888 to 1943. Williams lived 1898 to 1965.

Murray Roth [Roth, Murray]/George Gershwin [Gershwin, George]

composer

USA

1916

When You Want 'Em, You Can't Get 'Em; When You've Got 'Em, You Don't Want 'Em [1916]

Gershwin lived 1898 to 1937.

Wilbur C. Sweatman [Sweatman, Wilbur C.]

composer

USA

1916

Down Home Rag [1916]

He lived 1882 to 1961.

Lewis Madison Terman [Terman, Lewis Madison]

psychologist

USA

1916

Measurement of Intelligence [1916]

He lived 1877 to 1956, invented Stanford-Binet test and Terman group intelligence tests, and studied gifted children.

Joseph M. Verges [Verges, Joseph M.]

lyricist/composer

USA

1916

Camel Walk [1916]

He lived 1882 to 1964.

Frederick Edward Weatherly [Weatherly, Frederick Edward]/Haydn Wood [Wood, Haydn]

lyricist/composer

USA

1916

Roses of Picardy [1916]

Weatherly lived 1848 to 1929. Wood lived 1882 to 1959.

P. G. Wodehouse [Wodehouse, P. G.]/Jerome Kern [Kern, Jerome]

lyricist/composer

USA

1916

My Castle in the Air [1916: from Miss Springtime]

Wodehouse lived 1881 to 1975. Kern lived 1885 to 1945.

Sholom Aleichem [Aleichem, Sholom]

essayist/storyteller

Russia

1916 to 1917

Big Lottery/The Jackpot [1916: story]; Tevye the Milkman [1917: story]

He lived 1859 to 1916.

Charles I

king

Austria

1916 to 1918

He lived 1887 to 1922.

Alexander

king

Greece

1916 to 1920

He lived 1893 to 1920 and became king after Venizelos forced his father Constantine to abdicate, because Constantine

had kept Greece neutral in World War I.

David Lloyd George [Lloyd George, David]

prime minister

England

1916 to 1922

He lived 1863 to 1945 and ended veto power of House of Lords during social insurance issue [1910]. He opposed

imperialism. He participated in Paris Peace Conference [1919].

Thomas Edward Lawrence [Lawrence, Thomas Edward] or Lawrence of Arabia

historian

England/Arabia

1916 to 1923

Seven Pillars of Wisdom [1923]

He lived 1888 to 1935 and helped King Faisal I of Egypt defeat Ottoman Empire in the Arab revolt.

Hans Henning [Henning, Hans]

biologist

Germany

1916 to 1924

Smell [1916 and 1924]; Qualities of Tastes [1916]; New Example of Complex Synaesthesia [1923]

He lived 1885 to 1946. He identified four bitter, salty, sour, and sweet primary tastes [1924], which he put at

tetrahedron corners. He identified six primary smells [1916], which he put at prism corners.

Don Marquis

essayist/humorist

USA

1916 to 1927

Life and Times of Archie and Mehitabel [1916 to 1927: humorous stories]

He lived 1878 to 1937.

Will Rogers [Rogers, Will] or William Penn Adair Rogers [Rogers, William Penn Adair]

essayist/humorist

USA

1916 to 1929

Ziegfeld Follies [1916]; Cowboy Philosopher on the Peace Conference [1919]; Cowboy Philosopher on Prohibition

[1919]; Either and Me [1929]

He lived 1879 to 1935.

Mykola Dmytrovich Leontovych [Leontovych, Mykola Dmytrovich]

composer

USA

1916 to 1936

Carol of the Bells or Ukrainian Bell Carol [1916: updated by Peter J. Wilhousky, 1936]

He lived 1877 to 1921.

Carl Sandburg [Sandburg, Carl]

poet

USA

1916 to 1936

Fog [1916]; People, Yes [1936]; Chicago [1916]; Grass [1918]; Fire and Ice [1936]

He lived 1878 to 1967.

Louis D. Brandeis [Brandeis, Louis D.]

judge

USA

1916 to 1939

Erie Railroad Co. v. Tompkins [1938]

He lived 1856 to 1941 and was liberal USA Supreme Court Associate Justice [1916 to 1941] concerned about social

justice. Constitution allows experimentation. Justices need to use what public thinks its interest is, not just law or

policy.

Winston Churchill [Churchill, Winston]

lord admiral/prime minister/historian

England

1916 to 1950

Second World War [1948 to 1954]; History of the English Speaking Peoples [1956 to 1958]

He lived 1874 to 1965. The government dismissed him after failure in Dardanelles campaign [1916]. He formed

Atlantic Charter with Franklin Roosevelt of USA, defining United Nations. He was at conferences of Casablanca,

Quebec, Cairo, Yalta, Tehran, and Potsdam [1940 to 1946].

Norman Rockwell [Rockwell, Norman]

illustrator

USA

1916 to 1958

Freedom of Speech, Freedom of Worship, Freedom from Want, and Freedom from Fear [1942]

He lived 1894 to 1978 and painted Saturday Evening Post magazine covers [1916 to 1958].

Samuel Goldwyn [Goldwyn, Samuel]

producer

USA

1916 to 1959

Arrowsmith [1931]; Dodsworth [1936]; Dead End [1937]; Wuthering Heights [1939]; Little Foxes [1941]; Best Years

of Our Lives [1946]; Guys and Dolls [1955]; Porgy and Bess [1959]

He lived 1879 to 1974 and produced silent movies and talkies.

Pablo Casals [Casals, Pablo]

cellist

Spain

1916 to 1973

He lived 1876 to 1973.

Benedict XIV

pope

Rome, Italy

1917

Constitutions [1740 to 1758]

He lived 1675 to 1758.

Harry Thacker Burleigh [Burleigh, Harry Thacker]

arranger

USA

1917

Swing Low, Sweet Chariot [1917]

He lived 1866 to 1949.

James B. Cabell [Cabell, James B.]

novelist

USA

1917

Cream of the Jest [1917]

He lived 1879 to 1958.

Willem de Sitter [de Sitter, Willem]

physicist

France

1917

He lived 1872 to 1934, used curved time coordinate (in which distant clocks can run slower or faster), and

demonstrated how general relativity required expanding universe [1917]. With curved time coordinate, symmetrical

space with no matter or energy can have constant positive curvature (attraction) {de-Sitter space} {de-Sitter space-

time}, with no expansion or contraction. (After universe origin, universe probably was like de-Sitter space.)

With curved time coordinate, symmetrical space with no matter or energy can have constant negative curvature

(repulsion) {anti-de-Sitter space} {anti-de-Sitter space-time}, with no expansion or contraction. In anti-de-Sitter space,

object motions are harmonic. Space boundary is constant at infinity, but space radius depends on curvature and is finite.

Harry DeCosta [DeCosta, Harry]/Original Dixieland Jazz Band

lyricist/composer

USA

1917

Tiger Rag or Hold That Tiger [1917]

He lived 1885 to 1964.

Edmund Gruber [Gruber, Edmund]

composer

USA

1917

Caissons Go Rolling Along or Caisson Song [1917: West Point Army College]

He lived 1879 to 1941.

Jack Hanley [Hanley, Jack]/Ballard MacDonald [MacDonald, Ballard]

lyricist/composer

USA

1917

Indiana or Back Home Again in Indiana [1917]

MacDonald lived 1882 to 1935.

Nick La Rocca [La Rocca, Nick]

saxophonist/clarinetist/singer/bandleader

USA

1917

He lived 1889 to 1961 and played in Dixieland Jazz Band.

Edgar Leslie [Leslie, Edgar]/E. Ray Goetz [Goetz, E. Ray]/George Meyer [Meyer, George]

lyricist/lyricist/composer

USA

1917

For Me and My Gal [1917]

Goetz lived 1886 to 1954.

Ray Lopez [Lopez, Ray]/Yellow Nuñez [Nuñez, Yellow] or Alcide Nuñez [Nuñez, Alcide]

composer

USA

1917

Livery Stable Blues [1917]

Nuñez lived 1884 to 1934.

George A. Norton [Norton, George A.]

lyricist/composer

USA

1917

She Wore a Yellow Ribbon [1917]

Rudolf Otto [Otto, Rudolf]

theologian

Germany

1917

Idea of the Holy [1917]

He lived 1869 to 1937. People can have experience of the holy, which is wholly other, beautiful, powerful, and

mysterious.

George Riddoch [Riddoch, George]

neurologist

Scotland

1917

He lived 1888 to 1947. He studied brain injuries [1917]. Blind patients, with V1 area damage, can consciously perceive

fast moving highly contrasting stimuli {Riddoch syndrome}.

Larry Shields [Shields, Larry]/Nick La Rocca [La Rocca, Nick]

lyricist/composer

USA

1917

At the Jazz Band Ball [1917]

La Rocca lived 1885 to 1938.

Frank H. Warren [Warren, Frank H.]/S. R. Henry [Henry, S. R.]/Domenico Savino [Savino, Domenico] or

Domenico Onivas [Onivas, Domenico]

lyricist/composer

USA/Italy

1917

Indianola [1917]

Savino lived 1888 to 1973.

Harry H. Williams [Williams, Harry H.]/Art Hickman [Hickman, Art]

composer

USA

1917

Rose Room [1917]

Hickman lived 1886 to 1930.

Edna St. Vincent Millay [Millay, Edna St. Vincent]

poet

USA

1917 to 1923

Renascence [1917]; First Fig [1920]; Few Figs From Thistle [1923]

She lived 1892 to 1950.

William I. Thomas [Thomas, William I.]

sociologist

USA

1917 to 1923

Polish Peasant in Europe and America [1917: with Florian Znaniecki]; Unadjusted Girl [1923]

He lived 1863 to 1947.

Siegfried Sassoon [Sassoon, Siegfried]

poet

England

1917 to 1925

To any dead officer [1917]; Old Huntsman [1918]; Counter-Attack [1918]; Diaries [1923 to 1925]

He lived 1886 to 1967.

Ottorino Respighi [Respighi, Ottorino]

composer

Italy

1917 to 1929

Fountains of Rome [1917: symphony]; Pines of Rome [1924: symphony]; Feste Romane or Roman Festivals [1929:

symphony]

He lived 1879 to 1936.

Luigi Pirandello [Pirandello, Luigi]

playwright

Italy

1917 to 1932

Right You Are If You Think So [1917 and 1922]; Six Characters in Search of an Author [1925]; As You Desire Me

[1932]

He lived 1867 to 1936.

Serge Prokofiev [Prokofiev, Serge]

composer

Russia

1917 to 1936

Classical Symphony or Symphony No 1 [1917]; Peter and the Wolf [1936: symphony with singing]

He lived 1891 to 1953.

D'Arcy Thompson [Thompson, D'Arcy]

naturalist

England

1917 to 1940

On Growth and Form [1917 and 1940]

He lived 1860 to 1948. Dynamical forces and energies make a few main growth and development patterns and

determine organism shapes.

Harold J. Laski [Laski, Harold J.]

political scientist

England/USA

1917 to 1941

Studies in the Problem of Sovereignty [1917]; Authority in the Modern State [1919]; Foundations of Sovereignty and

Other Essays [1921]; Rise of Liberalism: Philosophy of a Business Civilization [1936]; Grammar of Politics [1941]

He lived 1893 to 1950 and was Marxist.

Marianne Moore [Moore, Marianne]

poet

USA

1917 to 1941

Sojourn in the Whale [1917]; Fish [1921]; Poems [1921]; Selected Poems [1935]; What Are Years [1941]

She lived 1887 to 1972.

Vicente Huidobro [Huidobro, Vicente]

poet

Chile

1917 to 1948

Tour Eiffel or Eiffel Tower [1917]; Manifestes or Manifestos [1925]; Altazor or Voyage in a Parachute [1931];

Ultimos poemas or Last Poems [1948]

He lived 1893 to 1948. Poets are word magicians {creacionismo, Huidobro}.

Thomas Stearns Eliot [Eliot, Thomas Stearns]

poet/playwright

England/USA

1917 to 1949

Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock [1917: poem]; Waste Land [1922: poem]; Hollow Men [1925: poem]; Ash Wednesday

[1930: poem]; Murder in the Cathedral [1935: play]; Four Quartets [1936 to 1944: poems]; Family Reunion [1939:

play]; Cocktail Party [1949: play]; Notes towards the Definition of Culture [1948: essay]

He lived 1888 to 1965.

Cecil B. DeMille [DeMille, Cecil B.]

director

USA

1917 to 1956

Joan the Woman [1917: luxury, bath scenes, and parties]; Male and Female [1919]; Feet of Clay [1920]; Manslaughter

[1922]; Ten Commandments [1923]; Ben-Hur [1926: Ramon Novarro acted]; King of Kings [1927]; Sign of the Cross

[1932: sound]; Cleopatra [1934: sound. Claudette Colbert acted]; Samson and Delilah [1949: sound]; Greatest Show on

Earth [1952: sound. Betty Hutton acted]; Ten Commandments [1956: sound. Charlton Heston and Yul Brynner acted]

He lived 1881 to 1959.

Carl Gustav Jung [Jung, Carl Gustav]

psychologist

Zurich, Switzerland

1917 to 1961

On the Psychology of the Unconsciousness [1917]; Psychology and Alchemy [1944]; Man and His Symbols [1944];

Mysterious Conjunctions [1956: about alchemy]; Memories, Dreams, Reflections [1961]

He lived 1875 to 1961, founded a psychoanalysis variant {analytic psychology}, and studied psychoanalysis, symbols,

myth, and cognitive styles.

People have effects {personality complex} that make a personality type. Personality types are meditative, inhibited, and

withdrawn {introversion, Jung}; outgoing, active, and lively {extroversion, Jung}; or mixture {ambiversion, Jung}.

Personality types depend on two opposites: feeling compared to thinking and sensation compared to intuition.

People develop in historical and cultural context, which gives life meaning, dignity, and purpose. People know

unconsciousness culture, which has central objects {archetype, culture}. People also have primal symbols, which are

innate and independent of history and culture. Dreams and visions include archetypes and symbols with emotional

content, which all people share and which indicate destiny.

People can undergo crisis in middle life and need to achieve mental integration {individuation, Jung}.

Aesthetics

Spontaneous emergence of archetypal forms shows that people have innate symbols universally accepted as beautiful.

Aesthetic sensibility developed over millions of years, as people learned to make and use tools and to undertake

cooperative projects.

Theda Bara [Bara, Theda]

actor

USA

1918

Cleopatra [1918]

She lived 1885 to 1955 and was a vamp.

J. Will Callahan [Callahan, J. Will]/Lee S. Roberts [Roberts, Lee S.]

lyricist/composer

USA

1918

Smiles [1918: from The Passing Show]

Callahan lived 1874 to 1946.

Bob Carleton [Carleton, Bob]

lyricist/composer

USA

1918

Ja Da [1918]

He lived 1896 to 1956.

Raymond Egan [Egan, Raymond]/Richard Whiting [Whiting, Richard]

lyricist/composer

USA

1918

Till We Meet Again [1918]; Japanese Sandman [1920]

Egan lived 1890 to 1952. Whiting lived 1891 to 1938.

Ferdinand Foch [Foch, Ferdinand]

marshal

France

1918

He lived 1851 to 1929, was Allied supreme commander in World War I, and planned Grand Offensive with Haig

[1918].

Joseph Lense [Lense, Joseph]

physicist

Austria

1918

He stated that relativity causes orbiting-particle orbit-plane precession around a rotating mass, because rotation and

angular momentum couple [1918], with Hans Thirring. He studied Lense-Thirring effect, frame dragging, and

gravitomagnetism.

Joseph McCarthy [McCarthy, Joseph]/Harry Carroll [Carroll, Harry]

lyricist/composer

USA

1918

I'm Always Chasing Rainbows [1918]

McCarthy lived 1885 to 1943. Carroll lived 1892 to 1962.

Geoffrey O'Hara [O'Hara, Geoffrey]

composer

USA

1918

K-K-K-Katy [1918]

He lived 1882 to 1967.

Sedition Act

law

USA

1918

Act suppressed dissent.

Oswald Spengler [Spengler, Oswald]

philosopher

Munich, Germany

1918

Decline of the West [1918]

He lived 1880 to 1936, wrote about history, and was pessimist. History has cycles. History begins with culture and

becomes civilization.

Hans Thirring [Thirring, Hans]

physicist

Austria

1918

He lived 1888 to 1976. He stated that relativity causes orbiting-particle orbit-plane precession around a rotating mass,

because rotation and angular momentum couple [1918], with Joseph Lense. He studied Lense-Thirring effect, frame

dragging, and gravitomagnetism.

César Vallejo [Vallejo, César]

writer

Peru

1918

Los Heraldos Negros or Black Heralds [1918]

He lived 1892 to 1938.

Oliver Wallace [Wallace, Oliver]/Harold Weeks [Weeks, Harold]

composer

USA

1918

Hindustan [1918]

Wallace lived 1887 to 1963.

Mary Pickford [Pickford, Mary]

actor

USA

1918 to 1921

Daddy Long Legs [1918]; Pollyanna [1920]; Little Lord Fauntleroy [1921]; Poor Little Rich Girl [1921]

She lived 1893 to 1979 and was "America's sweetheart".

Henry Creamer [Creamer, Henry]/J. Turner Layton [Layton, J. Turner]

lyricist/composer

USA

1918 to 1922

After You've Gone [1918: sung by Mildred Bailey]; One Mo' Time [1919: musical, including After You've Gone];

Way Down Yonder in New Orleans [1922]; Spices of 1922 [1922: musical, including Way Down Yonder in New

Orleans]

Creamer lived ? to 1930. Layton lived 1894 to 1978.

Alexander Friedmann [Friedmann, Alexander]

physicist

Germany

1918 to 1922

He lived 1888 to 1925 and mathematically demonstrated that general relativity required expanding universe [1918]. He

imagined universes {Friedmann space-time} that had uniform matter and energy, expanded forever, were infinite, and

had no boundary [1922]. Howard Robertson and Arthur G. Walker [1936] elaborated {Friedmann-Robertson-Walker

space-time} {FRW universe}, because universe is like FRW universe.

Charles Beebe [Beebe, Charles]

biologist

USA

1918 to 1934

Monograph of the Pheasants [1918 to 1922]; bathysphere [1934]

He lived 1877 to 1962 and deep-sea dived.

Leon Douglass [Douglass, Leon]

inventor

USA

1918 to 1935

Cupid Angling [1918: with Ruth Roland]

He invented color travelogues. Technicolor came from it [1935], requiring only one exposure.

Boris III

king/dictator

Bulgaria

1918 to 1943

He lived 1894 to 1943, was dictator [1938 to 1943], and allied with Hitler.

Edvard Benes [Benes, Edvard]

founder

Czech Republic/Slovakia

1918 to 1948

He lived 1884 to 1948, helped found Czechoslovakia [1918], was president [1935 to 1948], and had problems with

extremists.

Louis B. Mayer [Mayer, Louis B.]

studio manager

USA

1918 to 1948

He lived 1882 to 1957 and produced silent movies and talkies at MGM.

Hermann Weyl [Weyl, Hermann]

mathematician

Germany/USA

1918 to 1952

Continuum [1918]; Symmetry [1952]

He lived 1885 to 1955, studied integral equations, helped develop intuitionism, and studied universe symmetries.

Abstract objects exist only if they have predicative definitions {predicative theory, Weyl}. Predicative definition must

be countable.

William Strunk, Jr. [Strunk, Jr., William]

writer

USA

1918 to 1959

Elements of Style [1918 and 1959: nonfiction, in 1959 with Elwyn B. White]

He lived 1869 to 1946.

Peter I

king

Serbia/Croatia/Slovenia

1918.10 to 1921

He lived 1844 to 1921 and became king of Serbia, Croatia, and Slovenia.

Sherwood Anderson [Anderson, Sherwood]

novelist

USA

1919

Winesberg, Ohio [1919]

He lived 1876 to 1941.

Irving Caesar [Caesar, Irving]/George Gershwin [Gershwin, George]

lyricist/composer

USA

1919

Swanee [1919]

Caesar lived 1895 to 1996. Gershwin lived 1898 to 1937.

Paul Claudel [Claudel, Paul]

poet

France

1919

Verlaine [1919]

He lived 1868 to 1955.

Al Dubin [Dubin, Al]/Victor Herbert [Herbert, Victor]

lyricist/composer

USA

1919

Indian Summer [1919]

Dubin lived 1891 to 1945. Herbert lived 1859 to 1924.

Arthur Eddington [Eddington, Arthur]

physicist

England

1919

He lived 1882 to 1944 and led expedition to test Einstein's general-relativity theory [1919].

Manuel de Falla [Falla, Manuel de]

composer

Spain

1919

Three-Cornered Hat [1919: ballet]

He lived 1876 to 1946.

Fred Fischer [Fischer, Fred]/Felix Bernard [Bernard, Felix]/Johnny Black [Black, Johnny]

lyricist/composer/composer

USA

1919

Dardanella [1919]

Fischer lived 1875 to 1942. Bernard lived 1897 to 1944. Black lived 1891 to 1936.

Salomon Henschen [Henschen, Salomon]

biologist

Uppsala, Sweden

1919

dyscalculia [1919]

He lived 1847 to 1930. Occipital lobes have topological maps [1919]. People can lose ability to calculate but retain

other abilities.

Theodor Kaluza [Kaluza, Theodor]

mathematician

Poland

1919

He lived 1885 to 1954. If space has some tiny, curled-up spatial dimensions, besides the three long spatial dimensions,

general relativity and electromagnetism can unify [1919].

James Kendis [Kendis, James]/James Brockman [Brockman, James]/Nat Vincent [Vincent, Nat]/John William

Kellette [Kellette, John William]

lyricist/composer

USA

1919

I'm Forever Blowing Bubbles [1919]

Kendis lived 1883 to 1946. Brockman lived 1886 to 1967.

Eugene Lockhart [Lockhart, Eugene]/Ernest Seitz [Seitz, Ernest]

lyricist/composer

USA

1919

World is Waiting for the Sunrise [1919]

Seitz lived 1892 to 1978.

Joseph McCarthy [McCarthy, Joseph]/Harry Tierney [Tierney, Harry]

lyricist/composer

USA

1919

Alice Blue Gown [1919]

McCarthy lived 1885 to 1943. Tierney lived 1890 to 1965.

L. Z. Phillips [Phillips, L. Z.]

lyricist

USA

1919

Marines' Hymn [1919: Marine Corps. music is by Offenbach]

C. Mordaunt Spencer [Spencer, C. Mordaunt]/Clarence Williams [Williams, Clarence]

composer

USA

1919

Royal Garden Blues [1919]

Spencer lived ? to 1888. Williams lived 1898 to 1965.

Harry Tierney [Tierney, Harry]/Joseph McCarthy [McCarthy, Joseph]

lyricist/composer

USA

1919

Irene [1919: musical]

Tierney lived 1890 to 1965. McCarthy lived 1885 to 1943.

Ernst Toller [Toller, Ernst]

playwright

Germany

1919

Letters from Prison [1919]

He lived 1893 to 1939.

Charles Warfield [Warfield, Charles]/Clarence Williams [Williams, Clarence]

composer

USA

1919

Baby Won't You Please Come Home [1919]

Williams lived 1898 to 1965.

Paul Whiteman [Whiteman, Paul] or King of Jazz or Pops

violist/bandleader

USA

1919

He lived 1890 to 1967 and played Swing and Big Band.

Sam M. Lewis [Lewis, Sam M.]/Joe Young [Young, Joe]/Walter Donaldson [Donaldson, Walter]

lyricist/lyricist/composer

USA

1919 to 1920

How Ya Gonna Keep 'Em Down on the Farm? [1919]; My Mammy or Sun Shines East [1920]

Lewis lived 1885 to 1959. Young lived 1889 to 1939. Donaldson lived 1893 to 1947.

Grant Clarke [Clarke, Grant]/Roy Turk [Turk, Roy]/Joseph Meyer [Meyer, Joseph]/James P. Johnson

[Johnson, James P.]

composer

USA

1919 to 1924

Mandy, Make up Your Mind [1919]

Clarke lived 1891 to 1931. Turk lived 1892 to 1934. Meyer lived 1894 to 1987. Johnson lived 1894 to 1955.

Gloria Swanson [Swanson, Gloria]

actor

USA

1919 to 1928

Male and Female [1919]; Sadie Thompson [1928]

She lived 1897 to 1983.

Karl Jaspers [Jaspers, Karl]

philosopher

Heidelberg, Germany

1919 to 1932

Psychology of World-Views [1919]; Philosophy [1932]

He lived 1883 to 1969 and founded existentialism. Self acts of itself and for itself, communicates with other selves, and

always faces death and suffering.

Lorenz Hart [Hart, Lorenz]/Richard Rodgers [Rodgers, Richard]

lyricist/composer

USA

1919 to 1940

Any Old Place with You [1919]; Poor Little Ritz Girl [1920]; I'll Take Manhattan [1925]; Manhattan [1925: from

Garrick Gaieties]; Here in My Arms [1925: from Dearest Enemy]; Blue Room [1926: from The Girl Friend]; Girl

Friend [1926: musical]; Mountain Greenery [1926: from 2nd Garrick Gaieties]; Thou Swell [1927]; To Keep My Love

Alive [1927: from A Connecticut Yankee]; Connecticut Yankee [1927: musical, including Thou Swell]; Present Arms

[1928: musical]; My Heart Stood Still [1927: from A Connecticut Yankee]; You Took Advantage of Me [1928: from

Present Arms]; Ship Without a Sail [1929]; With a Song in My Heart [1929: from Spring is Here]; Spring Is Here

[1929: musical, including with a Song in My Heart]; Simple Simon [1930: musical, including Ten Cents a Dance];

Dancing on the Ceiling [1930: from Evergreen]; I Still Believe in You [1930: from Simple Simon]; Ten Cents a Dance

[1930: from Simple Simon. also in the film Love Me or Leave Me, 1955, sung by Doris Day]; Isn't It Romantic [1932:

from the film Love Me Tonight]; Lover [1932: from Love Me Tonight]; MiMi [1932: from Love Me Tonight]; Blue

Moon [1934]; My Romance [1935: from Jumbo]; Most Beautiful Girl in the World [1935: from Jumbo]; Little Girl

Blue [1935: from Jumbo]; Down by the River [1935]; It's Easy to Remember [1935: from Mississippi]; Jumbo [1935:

musical]; Boys from Syracuse [1935: musical, including Falling in Love with Love, This Can't Be Love]; On Your

Toes [1936: musical]; Have You Met Miss Jones [1937: from I'd Rather Be Right]; Going Home [1937]; Where or

When [1937: from Babes in Arms]; Lady Is a Tramp [1937: from Babes in Arms]; My Funny Valentine [1937: from

Babes in Arms]; Johnny One Note [1937: from Babes in Arms]; I Wish I Were in Love Again [1937: from Babes in

Arms]; My Heart Stood Still [1938]; There's a Small Hotel [1936: from On Your Toes]; Babes in Arms [1937: musical,

including Johnny One-Note, Lady Is a Tramp, My Funny Valentine, Where or When]; This Can't Be Love [1938: from

The Boys from Syracuse]; Sing for Your Supper [1938: from The Boys from Syracuse]; Falling in Love with Love

[1938: from The Boys from Syracuse]; I Didn't Know What Time It Was [1939: from Too Many Girls]; I Could Write

a Book [1940: from Pal Joey]; Nobody's Heart (Belongs to Me) [1940]; My Funny Valentine [1940: from Pal Joey];

Bewitched [1940: from Pal Joey]; Wait 'Till You See Her [1940]; Everything I've Got [1940: from By Jupiter]; Pal

Joey [1941: musical, including Bewitched, I Could Write a Book, and My Funny Valentine]; By Jupiter [1942:

musical]

Hart lived 1895 to 1943. Rodgers lived 1902 to 1979.

Hermann Hesse [Hesse, Hermann]

novelist

Germany

1919 to 1943

Demian [1919]; Siddhartha [1922]; Steppenwolf [1927]; Narcissus and Goldmund [1930]; Magister Ludi or Master

Ludi [1943]

He lived 1877 to 1962.

Mary Wigman [Wigman, Mary]

modern dancer/choreographer

Germany

1919 to 1965

She lived 1886 to 1973 and used angular style and strong emotion in modern dances.

Karl Barth [Barth, Karl]

theologian

Switzerland

1919 to 1968

Epistle to the Romans [1919]; Word of God and the Word of Man [1924]; Church Dogmatics [1932 to 1968]; Credo

[1935]; Evangelical Theology, an Introduction [1962]

He lived 1886 to 1968. God is unknowable but sent Jesus to those that had the grace of God to know the truth of the

gospels.

Perry Bradford [Bradford, Perry]

lyricist/composer

USA

1920

That Thing Called Love [1920: sung by Mamie Smith]; You Can't Keep a Good Man Down [1920: sung by Mamie

Smith]

He lived 1893 to 1970.

Jackie Coogan [Coogan, Jackie]

actor

USA

1920

Kid [1920: Charlie Chaplin acted]

He lived 1914 to 1984.

Henry Creamer [Creamer, Henry]

composer

USA

1920

I'm Looking all Around for a Vampire [1920]

He lived 1879 to 1930.

Benny Davis [Davis, Benny]/Com Conrad [Conrad, Com]/J. Russel Robinson [Robinson, J. Russel]

lyricist/composer/composer

USA

1920

Margie [1920]

William Du Bois [Du Bois, William]

writer

USA

1920

He lived 1868 to 1963 and was radical editor, educator, and writer.

Al Jolson [Jolson, Al]/Vincent Rose [Rose, Vincent]

lyricist/composer

USA/Italy

1920

Avalon [1920]

Jolson lived 1886 to 1950. Rose lived 1880 to 1944.

William LeBaron [LeBaron, William]/Victor Jacobi [Jacobi, Victor]

lyricist/composer

USA

1920

Goodbye [1920: from the musical The Half Moon]

André Maurois [Maurois, André] or Emile Salomon Wilhelm Herzog [Herzog, Emile Salomon Wilhelm]

writer

France

1920

Les silences du colonel Bramble [1920]

He lived 1885 to 1967.

Darius Milhaud [Milhaud, Darius]

composer

France

1920

Creation of the World [1923: symphony]

He lived 1892 to 1974.

Armand J. Piron [Piron, Armand J.]

composer

USA

1920

Purple Rose of Cairo [1920]

He lived 1888 to 1943.

John Schonberger [Schonberger, John]/Vincent Rose [Rose, Vincent]

lyricist/composer

USA

1920

Whispering [1920]

Rose lived 1880 to 1944.

Art Swanstrom [Swanstrom, Art]/Carey Morgan [Morgan, Carey]

lyricist/composer

USA

1920

I'm a Jazz Vampire [1920]

Leon Trotsky [Trotsky, Leon] or Lev Bronstein [Bronstein, Lev]

historian

Moscow, Russia

1920

Defense of Marxism [1920]

He lived 1879 to 1940 and was Bolshevik leader. Stalin exiled him to Mexico and murdered him there.

Constantin Brancusi [Brancusi, Constantin]

sculptor

Romania

1920 to 1925

Golden Bird [1920]; Bird in Space [1923]; Kiss [1925]

He lived 1876 to 1957, was Primevalist, and used primitive influences. He sculpted in metal, marble, and wood.

Albert Ketelbey [Ketelbey, Albert]

composer

England

1920 to 1925

In a Persian Market [1920]; In a Monastery Garden [1921]; In a Chinese Temple Garden [1923]; In a Lovers' Garden

[1925]

He lived 1875 to 1959.

Max Born [Born, Max]

physicist/chemist

Germany/England

1920 to 1926

Albert Einstein's Theory of Relativity [1920]

He lived 1882 to 1970 and studied time measurement, ion formation, and crystal energy. He contributed to matrix

mechanics as quantum mechanics explanation and to electron probability waves [1925]. He developed the Born-

Oppenheimer relation between molecular rotation, vibration, and electronic structure [1926].

Robert Flaherty [Flaherty, Robert]

director

USA

1920 to 1926

Man of Aran [1920: documentary]; Nanook of the North [1921: documentary]; Moana [1926: documentary]

He lived 1884 to 1951.

Conrad Aiken [Aiken, Conrad]

poet

USA

1920 to 1929

House of Dust [1920]; Mr. Arcularis [1929]

He lived 1889 to 1973.

Douglas Fairbanks, Sr. [Fairbanks, Sr., Douglas]

actor

USA

1920 to 1929

Mark of Zorro [1920]; Three Musketeers [1921]; Robin Hood [1922: largest set]; Thief of Baghdad [1924]; Don Q

[1925]; Black Pirate [1926]; Iron Mask [1929]

He lived 1883 to 1939.

Blind Lemon Jefferson [Jefferson, Blind Lemon]

singer/guitarist

USA

1920 to 1929

Match Box Blues [1920 to 1929]; Black Snake Moan [1920 to 1929]

He lived 1893 to 1929 and sang Texas blues.

Karel Capek [Capek, Karel]

writer

Czech Republic

1920 to 1930

Rossum's Universal Robots [1920]; Fateful Game of Love [1930]

He lived 1890 to 1938.

Johnny Dodds [Dodds, Johnny]

clarinetist

USA

1920 to 1930

He lived 1892 to 1940 and played Modern.

Bunk Johnson [Johnson, Bunk]

trumpeter

USA

1920 to 1930

He lived 1889 to 1949 and played Dixieland and New Orleans Revival.

Jim McPartland [McPartland, Jim]

trumpeter

Chicago, Illinois

1920 to 1930

He lived 1907 to 1991 and played Chicago.

Jimmie Noone [Noone, Jimmie]

clarinetist

Chicago, Illinois

1920 to 1930

He lived 1895 to 1944 and played Chicago.

Joe Oliver [Oliver, Joe] or King Oliver [Oliver, King]

trumpeter/composer

Chicago, Illinois

1920 to 1930

He lived 1901 to 1971 and played Dixieland and Chicago.

Ben Pollack [Pollack, Ben]

drummer

Chicago, Illinois

1920 to 1930

He lived 1903 to 1963 and played Chicago.

Jimmy Yancey [Yancey, Jimmy] or James Edward Yancey [Yancey, James Edward]

pianist

USA

1920 to 1930

He lived 1898 to 1951 and played Boogie Woogie and Blues.

George Herbert Mead [Mead, George Herbert]

sociologist

USA

1920 to 1931

Mind, Self, and Society [1934]

He lived 1863 to 1931 and was of Chicago School. He developed symbolic interactionism. People and things have

several roles and functions simultaneously in society {sociality} [Mead, 1934].

Gian Francesco Malipiero [Malipiero, Gian Francesco]

composer

Italy

1920 to 1933

Rispetti e Strambotti for String Quartet [1920: Rispetti and strambotti are short poetic forms]; Le Otto Stagioni or Eight

Seasons [1933]

He lived 1882 to 1973 and composed eight string quartets.

F. Scott Fitzgerald [Fitzgerald, F. Scott]

novelist

USA

1920 to 1934

This Side of Paradise [1920]; Six Tales of the Jazz Age [1922: stories]; Great Gatsby [1925]; Tender is the Night

[1934]

He lived 1896 to 1940.

Emil Post [Post, Emil]

mathematician

USA

1920 to 1936

Introduction to a General Theory of Elementary Propositions [1920]

He lived 1897 to 1954. Symbol strings can substitute other symbol strings {Post grammar, Post} {Post machine}

[1936], to make formal systems. Start with long symbol string and substitute, using symbol-string precedence rules.

Logic can be three-valued {many-valued logic}. Many-valued logic can use cyclic negation, so next truth-value negates

previous one. Such systems include all finite-valued logics. Such logics can represent switching circuits with many

inputs and/or outputs.

Ronald Aylmer Fisher [Fisher, Ronald Aylmer]

statistician/geneticist

Scotland

1920 to 1938

Statistical Methods for Research Workers [1925]; Genetical Theory of Natural Selection [1930]; Design of

Experiments [1935]; Statistical Tables for Biological, Agricultural, and Medical Research [1938]

He lived 1890 to 1962. He developed statistical-significance methods {analysis of variance, Fisher} and Fisher

experiment-design theory [1920]. Mendelian inheritance in large populations with great variety can result in gradual

evolution, but blending inheritance does not work. Variation frequency varies inversely with variation magnitude.

Natural selection can increase allele frequency.

Art Hodes [Hodes, Art]

pianist

Russia/USA

1920 to 1940

He lived 1904 to 1993 and played Boogie Woogie.

Blind Willie Johnson [Johnson, Blind Willie]

guitarist

USA

1920 to 1940

He lived 1897 to 1945 and played bottleneck or slide guitar in Big Band.

Bronislaw Malinowski [Malinowski, Bronislaw]

anthropologist

Poland/England

1920 to 1940

Sex and Repression in Savage Society [1927]

He lived 1884 to 1942 and studied South Pacific Trobriand Islanders [1920 to 1940]. He studied functional

anthropology, oedipal complex as child's resenting father dominance, and phattic communion.

Colette or Sidonie-Cabrielle Colette [Colette, Sidonie-Cabrielle]

novelist

France

1920 to 1945

Cheri [1920]; Gigi [1945]

She lived 1863 to 1954.

Jacques Maritain [Maritain, Jacques]

philosopher

Paris, France

1920 to 1947

Art and Scholasticism [1920]; Degrees of Knowledge [1932]; Person and the Common Good [1947]

He lived 1882 to 1973, was neo-Thomist, and studied John of St. Thomas. Natural law, which ordinary people can

know through reasoning or intuition, determines political values.

Ernst Junger [Junger, Ernst]

writer

Germany

1920 to 1957

Storm of Steel [1920]; Glass Bees [1957]

He lived 1895 to 1998.

James Truslow Adams [Adams, James Truslow]

historian

USA

1921

Founding of New England [1921]

He lived 1878 to 1949.

Benny David [David, Benny]/Milton Ager [Ager, Milton]/Lester Santly [Santly, Lester]

composer

USA

1921

I'm Nobody's Baby [1921]

Tom Delaney [Delaney, Tom]

composer

USA

1921

New York Glide [1921]

Buddy G. DeSylva [DeSylva, Buddy G.]/Louis Silvers [Silvers, Louis]

lyricist/composer

USA

1921

April Showers [1921: sung by Al Jolson from Bombo]

DeSylva lived 1895 to 1950.

Herbert McLean Evans [Evans, Herbert McLean]/Joseph Abraham Long [Long, Joseph Abraham]

biologist

USA

1921

Evans lived 1882 to 1971. Long lived 1879 to 1953. They isolated human growth hormone [1921].

Billy Higgins [Higgins, Billy]/W. Benton Overstreet [Overstreet, W. Benton]

lyricist/composer

USA

1921

There'll Be Some Changes Made [1921]

Rex Ingram [Ingram, Rex]

director

USA

1921

Four Horseman of the Apocalypse [1921: Rudolph Valentino acted]

He lived 1895 to 1969.

Arthur Jackson [Jackson, Arthur]/George Gershwin [Gershwin, George]

lyricist/composer

USA

1921

Drifting Along with the Tide [1921: from George White's Scandals of '21]

Gershwin lived 1898 to 1937.

Mohammad Ali Jamalzadeh [Jamalzadeh, Mohammad Ali] or Mohammad Ali Jamal-Zadegh [Jamal-Zadegh,

Mohammad Ali]

essayist

Persia

1921

Once Upon a Time [1921: essay]; Tender as Rain

He lived 1892 to 1997.

Isham Jones [Jones, Isham]/Ray Miller [Miller, Ray]

composer

USA

1921

I'll See You in My Dreams [1921]

Otto Loewi [Loewi, Otto]

biochemist

Graz, Austria

1921

He lived 1873 to 1961, proved that neurotransmitters cross junction between nerve cells, using vagus nerve to heart,

and so proved that synapses were chemical not electrical [1921], and studied acetylcholine chemical synapse.

Lu Xun or Lu Hsun

novelist

China

1921

True Story of Ah Q [1921]

He lived 1881 to 1936.

Gus Mueller [Mueller, Gus]/Bert Johnson [Johnson, Bert]/Henry Busse [Busse, Henry]

composer

USA

1921

Wang Wang Blues [1921]

Reza Khan or Reza Pahlavi or Reza Shah

premier

Iran

1921

He lived 1878 to 1944 and staged coup [1921] to become shah.

Dave Ringle [Ringle, Dave]/Fred Meinken [Meinken, Fred]

lyricist/composer

USA

1921

Wabash Blues [1921]

Hermann Rorschach [Rorschach, Hermann]

psychiatrist

Switzerland

1921

Psychodiagnostics [1921]

He lived 1884 to 1922 and developed standardized personality test {Rorschach test, Rorschach} using inkblots for free

association [1921].

Harry Smith [Smith, Harry]/Francis Wheeler [Wheeler, Francis]/Ted Snyder [Snyder, Ted]

lyricist/lyricist/composer

USA

1921

Sheik of Araby [1921]

Olga Spessivtzeva [Spessivtzeva, Olga]

ballerina

Russia

1921

Sleeping Beauty [1921]

She lived 1895 to 1991.

Miguel de Unamuno [Unamuno, Miguel de] or Miguel de Unamuno y Jugo [Unamuno y Jugo, Miguel de]

philosopher/philologist

Madrid, Spain

1921

Tragic Sense of Life in Men and in Peoples [1921]

He lived 1865 to 1936. People need philosophy that life is eternal and significant beyond material world, though people

cannot know this. People should have faith only in faith itself. Jesus and Don Quixote lived on this basis.

Louis Delluc [Delluc, Louis]

director

France

1921 to 1922

Fièvre or Fever [1921]; La Femme de nulle part or Woman from Nowhere [1922]

He lived 1890 to 1924.

Karl Abraham [Abraham, Karl]

psychologist

Berlin, Germany

1921 to 1924

Contributions to the Theory of the Anal Character [1921]; Short Study of the Development of the Libido [1924]

He lived 1877 to 1925 and developed a personal-development theory and a psychoanalysis variant. Instinctual energy

discharge {discharge of instinct} requires another person or thing. People have emotional involvement with objects or

internal representations. Obsession is strong focus on emotional object for fear of losing it. Depression is loss of

emotional object, and people attempt to restore it. All children need to attachment to a mother-like person. Medial

temporal lobe makes declarative memories but not short-term memory, memory storage, or procedural memories.

Warren G. Harding [Harding, Warren G.]

president

USA

1921 to 1925

He lived 1865 to 1923. 29th president promised normalcy. He sponsored Washington Naval Conference, limiting ships

and protecting China. Teapot Dome Scandal and other scandals happened in his term but he died.

James P. Johnson [Johnson, James P.] or Father of Stride Piano

pianist/composer

USA

1921 to 1925

Loveless Love [1921]; Carolina Shout [1925]

He lived 1894 to 1955 and played Big Band.

Sinclair Lewis [Lewis, Sinclair]

novelist

USA

1921 to 1927

Main Street [1921]; Babbitt [1922]; Arrowsmith [1925]; Elmer Gantry [1927]

He lived 1885 to 1951.

Ninette de Valois [de Valois, Ninette]

ballerina

Ireland/England

1921 to 1928

She lived 1898 to 2001 and founded Royal Ballet [1928].

Ernst Kretschmer [Kretschmer, Ernst]

psychiatrist

Germany

1921 to 1929

Physique and Character [1921]; Psychology of Men of Genius [1929]

He lived 1888 to 1964 and studied intelligence.

Edward Sapir [Sapir, Edward]

linguist

USA

1921 to 1929

Culture, Language, Personality [1921]; Status of Linguistics as a Science [1929]

He lived 1884 to 1939. Language affects thinking {Sapir-Whorf hypothesis} [1929].

Eubie Blake [Blake, Eubie] or James Hubert Blake [Blake, James Hubert]

pianist/composer

USA

1921 to 1930

I'm Just Wild about Harry [1921: from Shuffle Along]

He lived 1887 to 1983 and played Ragtime.

Ferde Grofe [Grofe, Ferde]

composer

USA

1921 to 1931

Song of India [1921]; Mississippi Suite [1926: symphony]; Grand Canyon Suite [1931: symphony]

He lived 1892 to 1972.

Faisal I

king

Iraq

1921 to 1933

He lived 1885 to 1933.

Federico García Lorca [Lorca, Federico García]

poet/playwright

Spain

1921 to 1935

Libro de Poemas or Book of Poems [1921]; Blood Wedding [1933: play]; Lament for the Death of a Bullfighter [1935:

poem]

He lived 1898 to 1936. He wrote gypsy deep song {cante jondo, Lorca}.

Otto Neurath [Neurath, Otto]

linguist/philosopher

Vienna, Austria/USA

1921 to 1935

Anti-Spengler [1921]; Scientific World-View [1929: with Hahn and Carnap]; Unified Science and Psychology [1933];

Meaning of Rational Consideration and Action [1935]

He lived 1882 to 1945, was of Vienna Circle of Logical Positivism, and led Unity of Science Movement. Movement

tried to unite sciences through characteristic actions.

Epistemology

People can have knowledge through subjective and historic means. Sentence meaning is the publicly accessible

outcome {outcome, meaning} of publicly accessible procedures. Group beliefs establish outcomes and procedures,

even in science. Cognitive and scientific meaning requires that sentence be expressible in logical language. People have

constructed subjects of discourse without foundations, like boats {Neurath's boat} built while at sea.

John Maynard Keynes [Keynes, John Maynard]

economist

England

1921 to 1936

Treatise on Probability [1921]; Treatise on Money [1930]; General Theory of Employment, Interest and Money [1936]

He lived 1883 to 1946 and studied marginal propensities. He suggested deficit spending to expand economy.

Epistemology

If alternatives have no known probabilities, they receive equal probability {indifference principle} {insufficient reason

principle} {principle of indifference} {principle of insufficient reason}. This principle is not true because, if all

probabilities are equal, people cannot learn from experience.

Ali Esfandiary [Esfandiary, Ali] or Nima Yushij [Yushij, Nima]

poet/novelist

Persia

1921 to 1937

Pale Story; Tale [book]; Afsaneh or Fantasy [1921: poem]; Nima's Fable; Oh! Night or City of Night [1922: story];

City of Morning; Bell; Makhula; Manneli; Phoenix [1937]

He lived 1894 to 1959.

Felix A. Vening Meinesz [Meinesz, Felix A. Vening]

geologist

Netherlands

1921 to 1937

Meinesz pendulum

He lived 1887 to 1966 and studied gravity. Strong negative isostatic anomalies {Meinesz belts} parallel deep-sea

trenches [1921 to 1937]. Downbuckling results from compression between large, rigid crustal blocks.

Diego Rivera [Rivera, Diego]

painter

Mexico

1921 to 1940

Man, Controller of the Universe [1934]; Pan American Unity or Marriage of the Artistic Expression of the North and of

the South on this Continent [1940]

He lived 1886 to 1957 and painted murals. Jose Clemente Orozco, David Alvaro Siquieros, and Rivera painted public-

building frescos in Mexican Mural Renaissance [1921 to 1930].

Nikos Kazantzakis [Kazantzakis, Nikos]

novelist

Greece/Crete/Germany

1921 to 1946

Last Temptation of Christ [1921]; Alexi Zormpa or Zorba the Greek [1946]

He lived 1883 to 1957.

Shoghi Effendi

philosopher

Haifa, Palestine/Lebanon

1921 to 1957

Gleanings from the Writings of Baha'u'llah [1935]; Bahai World Faith

He lived 1897 to 1957 and was Abdu'l-Baha's grandson. He led Bahaism [1921 to 1957] and set up the administrative

order.

Mao Tse-Tung

founder

China

1921 to 1975

He lived 1893 to 1976, founded Communist Party (CCP) [1921], and allied with nationalists. He then lost cities to

Kuomintang nationalists [1927]. He directed civil war in rural south China. He ruled Kiangsi province [1930 to 1934].

He led Long March [1934] from Kiangsi through mountains to Shensi in north. He forced Nationalists to flee to

Formosa Island (Taiwan) and became People's Republic of China chairman [1949], with government in Beijing.

1,000,000 died. Chou En-lai was Premier. He started Great Leap Forward [1958]. He started Cultural Revolution

[1965].

Stefan Banach [Banach, Stefan]

mathematician

Poland

1922

He lived 1892 to 1945 and studied functional analysis, projection theorem, triangle inequality, and adjoints. He

invented Banach spaces, Hahn-Banach theorem [1922], and Banach algebra.

Robert Benchley [Benchley, Robert]

essayist/humorist

USA

1922

Love Conquers All [1922]

He lived 1889 to 1945.

Zez Comfrey [Comfrey, Zez]

composer

USA

1922

Stumbling [1922]

Émile Coue [Coue, Émile]

psychotherapist

Paris, France

1922

Suggestion and its Applications [1922]

He lived 1857 to 1926 and used self-induced suggestion {auto-suggestion}.

Buddy G. DeSylva [DeSylva, Buddy G.]/Victor Herbert [Herbert, Victor]

lyricist/composer

USA

1922

Kiss in the Dark [1922]

DeSylva lived 1895 to 1950.

Fred Fisher [Fisher, Fred]

composer

USA

1922

Chicago [1922]

He lived 1875 to 1942.

Abraham Fraenkel [Fraenkel, Abraham] or Abraham Fränkel [Fränkel, Abraham]

mathematician

Germany

1922

He lived 1891 to 1965 and improved Zermelo-Fraenkel set theory [1922].

Douglas Furber [Furber, Douglas]/Phillip Braham [Braham, Phillip]

lyricist/composer

USA

1922

Limehouse Blues [1922]

Braham lived 1909 to 2002.

John Galsworthy [Galsworthy, John]

novelist

England

1922

Forsythe Saga [1922: novels]

He lived 1867 to 1933.

A. H. Gibbs [Gibbs, A. H.]

composer

USA

1922

Runnin' Wild [1922]

Joe Grey [Grey, Joe]/Leo Wood [Wood, Leo]/A. Harrington Gibbs [Gibbs, A. Harrington]

lyricist/lyricist/composer

USA

1922

Runnin' Wild [1922: also in the film Some Like It Hot, 1959, sung by Marilyn Monroe]

Hans Hahn [Hahn, Hans]

mathematician

Austria

1922

He lived 1879 to 1934 and invented Hahn-Banach theorem [1922].

Otto Jesperson [Jesperson, Otto]

linguist

Denmark

1922

Language [1922]

He lived 1860 to 1943 and developed categorical grammar. Specific factors, such as maximum vocal-tract-constriction

location, determine speech-sound articulation. Constriction completely closes for consonants like /p/. Nasal passage

opens for consonants like /m/. Voicing onset time is immediate for /b/ but delayed for /p/.

Gus Kahn [Kahn, Gus]/Ernie Erdman [Erdman, Ernie]/Dan Russo [Russo, Dan]/Ted Fiorito [Fiorito, Ted]

composer

USA

1922

Toot, Toot, Tootsie (Good-bye) [1922]

Kahn lived 1886 to 1941.

Katherine Mansfield [Mansfield, Katherine] or Kathleen Murry [Murry, Kathleen]

essayist

England

1922

Her First Ball [1922]; Garden Party [1922]; Doll's House [1922]

She lived 1888 to 1923.

Amedo Nervo [Nervo, Amedo]

writer

Mexico

1922

La amada inmóvil or Immobile Loved One [1922]

He lived 1870 to 1919.

Ramon Novarro [Novarro, Ramon]

actor

Mexico/USA

1922

Prisoner of Zenda [1922]

He lived 1899 to 1968.

Emily Post [Post, Emily]

essayist

USA

1922

Etiquette in Society, in Business, in Politics and at Home [1922]

She lived 1862 to 1960.

Heinrich Rickert [Rickert, Heinrich]

philosopher

Germany

1922

Science and History: A Critique of Positivist Epistemology [1922]

He lived 1863 to 1936, was Hegelian historian, and was of Marburg School of Immanent Philosophy.

Harry Ruby [Ruby, Harry]/Joseph Meyer [Meyer, Joseph]

composer

USA

1922

My Honey's Lovin' Arms [1922]

Meyer lived 1894 to 1987.

José Martínez Ruiz [Ruiz, José Martínez] or Azorín

writer

Spain

1922

Don Juan [1922]

He lived 1873 to 1967 and founded the Generation of '98.

Hugo Martin Tetrode [Tetrode, Hugo Martin]

physicist

Netherlands

1922

He lived 1895 to 1931. Schwarzschild, Tetrode [1922], and Fokker developed perfect absorption to renormalize

Maxwell's equations.

Margary Williams [Williams, Margary]

writer

USA

1922

Velveteen Rabbit or How Toys Become Real [1922]

She lived 1881 to 1944.

Dick Winfree [Winfree, Dick]/Phil Boutelje [Boutelje, Phil]

composer

USA

1922

China Boy [1922]

Kenneth L. Roberts [Roberts, Kenneth L.]

storyteller

USA

1922 to 1923

Adventures in Budgeting [1922: story]; Ambush of Italy [1923: story]

He lived 1885 to 1957.

George II

king

Greece

1922 to 1924

He lived 1890 to 1947 and became king by Treaty of Lausanne [1922]. Republic formed [1924]. He became king again

as republic failed [1935 to 1947].

Isham Jones [Jones, Isham]/Gus Kahn [Kahn, Gus]

lyricist/composer

USA

1922 to 1924

On the Alamo [1922]; Swinging Down the Lane [1923]; One I Love (Belongs to Somebody Else) [1923]; It Had to Be

You [1924]; Spain [1924]

Kahn lived 1886 to 1941.

Rudolph Valentino [Valentino, Rudolph]

actor

USA

1922 to 1924

Blood and Sand [1922]; Sheik [1922: first full-length color film]; Monsieur Beaucaire [1924]

He lived 1895 to 1926.

Lucien Lévy-Bruhl [Lévy-Bruhl, Lucien]

philosopher/anthropologist

Paris, France

1922 to 1926

Primitive Mentality [1922]; How Natives Think [1926]

He lived 1857 to 1939. Primitive mentality is imaginative and emotional {prelogical society}, comes from cultural

collective representations, and mixes with objects {law of participation} {mystical participation}. Modern mentality is

logical, comes from experience, and is separate from objects. Both forms are appropriate.

Mary Astor [Astor, Mary]

actor

USA

1922 to 1928

Rose of the Golden West [1927]

She lived 1906 to 1987 and was in silent movies and talkies.

Gus Kahn [Kahn, Gus]/Walter Donaldson [Donaldson, Walter]

lyricist/composer

USA

1922 to 1928

Carolina in the Morning [1922]; My Buddy [1922]; Yes Sir, That's My Baby [1925]; Whoopee [1928: musical]; Love

Me or Leave Me [1928]; Love Me or Leave Me [1928]; Makin' Whoopee [1928]

Kahn lived 1886 to 1941. Donaldson lived 1893 to 1947.

Harold Lloyd [Lloyd, Harold]

actor

USA

1922 to 1928

Grandma's Boy [1922]; Safety Last [1923]; Why Worry [1923]; Girl Shy [1924]; Freshman [1925]; Speedy [1928]

He lived 1893 to 1971.

Clara Bow [Bow, Clara]

actor

USA

1922 to 1929

It [1927]

She lived 1905 to 1965 and was the It Girl.

Edward Estlin Cummings [Cummings, Edward Estlin]

poet

USA

1922 to 1931

What if a much of a which of a wind [1922]; Enormous Room [1922]; I Sing of Olaf [1931]

He lived 1894 to 1962.

Friedrich Wilhelm Murnau [Murnau, Friedrich Wilhelm]

director

Germany

1922 to 1931

Nosferatu [1922]; Last Laugh [1925]; Tabu [1931: sound]

He lived 1888 to 1988.

Charles Prendergast [Prendergast, Charles]

painter

Canada/USA

1922 to 1932

Fairy Story [1922]; Holiday Beach Scene [1932]

He lived 1863 to 1948.

Ivor A. Richards [Richards, Ivor A.]

linguist/philosopher

USA

1922 to 1936

Foundations of Aesthetics [1922: with James Wood]; Meaning of Meaning [1923: with C. K. Ogden]; Philosophy of

Rhetoric [1936]; Practical Criticism [1936]

He lived 1893 to 1979. He developed Basic English with C. K. Ogden. Metaphor has actual topic, analogy to that topic,

something in common between the topics, and reason for using analogy.

Paul Klee [Klee, Paul]

painter

Germany

1922 to 1938

Twittering Machine [1922]; Park near Lucerne [1938]

He lived 1879 to 1940 and used ideographic and simple shapes.

Vienna Circle

philosophic school

Vienna, Austria

1922 to 1938

School included the logical positivists Rudolph Carnap, Herbert Feigl, Hans Hahn, Kurt Gödel, Philip Frank, Otto

Neurath, Moritz Schlick, and Friedrich Waisman. Preferences in ethics determine political values.

Louis Wirth [Wirth, Louis]

sociologist

Germany/USA

1922 to 1938

Ghetto [1922]; Urbanism as a Way of Life [1938]

He lived 1897 to 1952.

Roger Martin du Gard [Martin du Gard, Roger]

writer

France

1922 to 1940

Thibaults series [1922 to 1940]

He lived 1881 to 1958.

Benito Mussolini [Mussolini, Benito]

premier

Italy

1922 to 1943

He lived 1883 to 1945 and became Fascist premier by coup d'état [1922]. Italy had high inflation and high

unemployment. Fascists terrorized communists and democrats and advocated authoritarianism. He marched nationalist

war veterans on Rome during strikes and unrest. He slowly became dictator and suspended legislature [1925]. He

formed corporate state and combined employers and employees into guilds controlled by government. He signed

Lateran Treaty with the pope. He was victorious in Ethiopia and Albania and allied with Germany in World War II.

Allies invaded Italy [1943]. Partisans shot him [1945].

Hal Roach [Roach, Hal]

director

USA

1922 to 1944

Our Gang or Little Rascals [1922 to 1944: silent and sound comedies]

He lived 1892 to 1992.

Will Hays [Hays, Will]

clergyman

USA

1922 to 1945

He lived 1879 to 1954 and administered movie code [1930 to 1966].

Walter Lippman [Lippman, Walter]

sociologist/essayist/journalist

USA

1922 to 1947

Public Opinion [1922]; Cold War [1947]

He lived 1889 to 1974.

William Fielding Ogburn [Ogburn, William Fielding]

sociologist

USA

1922 to 1953

Social Change with Respect to Culture and Original Nature [1922 and 1950]; American Marriage and Family

Relationships [1928: with Groves]; President's Research Committee on U.S. Social Trends [1930 to 1933]; Social

Characteristics of Cities [1937]; Social Effects of Aviation [1946]; Technology and the Changing Family [1953: with

Meyer Nimkoff]

He lived 1886 to 1959.

Eugene O'Neill [O'Neill, Eugene]

playwright

USA

1922 to 1953

Hairy Ape [1922]; Great God Brown [1926]; Strange Interlude [1928]; Desire under the Elms [1931]; Mourning

Becomes Electra [1931]; Emperor Jones [1933]; Ice Man Cometh [1939]; Long Day's Journey into Night [1940];

Touch of the Poet [1953]

He lived 1888 to 1953.

Roy Wood Sellars [Sellars, Roy Wood]

philosopher

USA

1922 to 1969

Evolutionary Naturalism [1922]; Humanist Manifesto [1933]; Reflections on American Philosophy From Within

[1969]

He lived 1880 to 1973 and was Critical Realist.

Gus Arnheim [Arnheim, Gus]/Abe Lyman [Lyman, Abe]/Arthur Freed [Freed, Arthur]

lyricist/composer

USA

1923

I Cried for You [1923]

Arnheim lived 1897 to 1955. Lyman lived 1897 to 1957. Freed lived 1894 to 1973.

Johannes Brönsted [Brönsted, Johannes]

chemist

Germany

1923

He lived 1879 to 1947 and discussed acids as proton transfers [1923].

John Carson [Carson, John] or Fiddling John Carson [Carson, Fiddling John]

violinist

USA

1923

Little Old Log Cabin in the Lane [1923]; Old Hen Cackled and the Rooster's Going to Crow [1923]

He lived 1868 to 1949. His daughter Rosa Lee was Moonshine Kate.

Charlie Chase [Chase, Charlie]/Jim Chase [Chase, Jim]

lyricist/composer

USA

1923

Charley My Boy [1923]

Arthur Compton [Compton, Arthur]

physicist

USA

1923

He lived 1892 to 1962 and found Compton radiation [1923].

Carlos Fernandez [Fernandez, Carlos]

composer

Mexico

1923

Cielito Lindo or Beautiful Heaven [1923]

English translation was by Neil C. Wilson [1923] and Jerry Castillo [1935].

Cliff Friend [Friend, Cliff]/Abel Baer [Baer, Abel]

composer

USA

1923

Mama Loves Papa [1923]

Baer lived 1893 to 1976.

Fuad I

king

Egypt

1923

He lived 1868 to 1936.

Kahlil Gibran [Gibran, Kahlil]

writer

Lebanon

1923

Prophet [1923]

He lived 1883 to 1931.

Al Jolson [Jolson, Al]/Buddy G. DeSylva [DeSylva, Buddy G.]/Joseph Meyer [Meyer, Joseph]

composer

USA

1923

California, Here I Come [1923]

DeSylva lived 1895 to 1950. Meyer lived 1894 to 1987.

Gilbert N. Lewis [Lewis, Gilbert N.]

chemist

USA

1923

He lived 1875 to 1946 and discussed acids as electron pair acceptors and invented Lewis structures [1923].

Georg Lukacs [Lukacs, Georg]

philosopher

Budapest, Hungary

1923

History and Class Consciousness [1923]

He lived 1885 to 1971, was Marxist, and was against psychologism. He founded Sunday Circle. Culture is paramount.

Mae Murray [Murray, Mae]

actor

USA

1923

French Doll [1923]

She lived 1889 to 1965 and popularized bobbed hair, short skirts, the Charleston, rolled stockings, and bee-stung lips.

Gertrude Rainey [Rainey, Gertrude] or Ma Rainey [Rainey, Ma]

lyricist/composer

USA

1923

See See Rider [1923: blues]

She lived 1886 to 1939.

Billy Rose [Rose, Billy]/Mort Dixon [Dixon, Mort]/Ray Henderson [Henderson, Ray]

lyricist/lyricist/composer

USA

1923

That Old Gang of Mine [1923]

Rose lived 1899 to 1966. Dixon lived 1892 to 1956. Henderson lived 1896 to 1970.

Walter Dill Scott [Scott, Walter Dill]

economist

USA

1923

Personnel Management [1923: with Robert C. Clothier]

He lived 1869 to 1955 and studied scientific management theory.

Lon Chaney, Sr. [Chaney, Sr., Lon]

actor

USA

1923 to 1925

Hunchback of Notre Dame [1923]; Phantom of the Opera [1925]

He lived 1893 to 1930 and was the "man of a thousand faces".

Chaim Soutine [Soutine, Chaim]

painter

France

1923 to 1926

Still Life with Skate [1923]; Seated Woman [1924]; Dead Fowl [1926: Post-Impressionist]

He lived 1893 to 1943, used color dots {Pointillism, Soutine} {Divisionism, Soutine}, and was Post-Impressionist.

Calvin Coolidge [Coolidge, Calvin]

president

USA

1923 to 1927

He lived 1872 to 1933. 30th president was taciturn, honest, and simple. He preferred laissez-faire economy and small

government.

George Gershwin [Gershwin, George]

composer

USA

1923 to 1928

Rhapsody in Blue [1923]; Piano Concerto in F [1925]; American in Paris [1928]

He lived 1898 to 1937.

Joseph Oliver [Oliver, Joseph] or King Oliver [Oliver, King]

composer

USA

1923 to 1928

Dipper Mouth Blues or Sugar Foot Stomp [1923]; Snag It [1926]; West End Blues [1928]

He lived 1885 to 1938.

Serge Lifar [Lifar, Serge]

ballet dancer

Russia/France

1923 to 1929

He lived 1905 to 1986.

Charles Kay Ogden [Ogden, Charles Kay]

linguist

USA

1923 to 1930

Meaning of Meaning [1923]; Basic English: A General Introduction with Rules and Grammar [1930]

He lived 1889 to 1957 and studied semantics.

José Ortega y Gasset [Ortega y Gasset, José]

philosopher

Madrid, Spain

1923 to 1930

Theme of Our Time [1923]; Revolt of the Masses [1930]

He lived 1883 to 1955. Reality is self and life interactions. Intellectual minority needs to rule to prevent anarchy.

Primo de Rivera [Rivera, Primo de]

dictator

Spain

1923 to 1930

He lived 1903 and 1936 and became dictator with king's complicity.

Ernst Cassirer [Cassirer, Ernst]

philosopher

Germany

1923 to 1931

Philosophy of Symbolic Forms [1923 to 1931]

He lived 1874 to 1945 and was of Marburg School of Immanent Philosophy.

Albert Schweitzer [Schweitzer, Albert]

philosopher

Alsace/Africa

1923 to 1931

Quest of the Historical Jesus [1906]; On the Edge of the Primeval Forest [1920]; Decay and Restoration of Civilization

[1923]; Civilization and Ethics [1923]; Christianity and the Religions of the World [1924]; Out of My Life and

Thought [1931]

He lived 1875 to 1965, in Alsace and Africa, and wrote about history. People should revere their own and others' lives

{reverence for life}.

Arthur Honegger [Honegger, Arthur]

composer

Switzerland/France

1923 to 1935

King David or Le Roi David [1923]; Joan of Arc at the Stake or Jeanne d'Arc au bûcher [1935]

He lived 1892 to 1955 and composed five symphonies.

Frederic Charles Bartlett [Bartlett, Frederic Charles]

psychologist

Britain

1923 to 1939

Psychology and Primitive Culture [1923]; Remembering [1932]; Study of Society [1939]

He lived 1886 to 1969 and helped found cognitive psychology. He used reaction times and image rotation to learn

about representation properties. He studied memory using stories and pictures.

Organisms must understand current situation to know how to behave and so search for meaning in environment.

Perceiving, recognition, imaging, and recall are for meaning. Thinking uses past experience to solve problems and

choose from possible solutions. Thinking is skill, which improves with instruction and practice, by interpolation or

extrapolation.

Memory is construction from all mental information representations and is easy to forget and distort.

Memory and recall have no basic units, because stimuli have multiple responses. Random words or nonsense syllables

can have related meanings but do not have higher-level categories, making them poor memory test, because abstract

higher-level categories are important for memory.

Structures organize motor events, integrate/relate/give meaning to objects and events, and interpret {schema, Bartlett}.

Schemas are at every meaning level in semantic hierarchies. Schemas also underlie memory strength. Memory strength

depends on object and event relation to constructed schema. Memory content is more meaningful if it matches schema.

The schema can alter memory content to fit schema and improve understanding and meaning. People remember

meaningful content better.

Stories, descriptions, and pictures have meaning. Confusing sentences in stories can test if recall is less and/or

distorted, because they cannot be meaningful. People recall ambiguous, complex, unexpected, out-of-context, or

illogical sentences relative to constructed schema more weakly and/or with more changes. Higher-order schemas

isolate and connect sentences, which integrate with different strengths.

People remember sentences that evoke emotion more strongly, because they integrate more, not match cues more.

Perceptual codes have no hierarchy. Semantic codes have hierarchy and so last longer.

Memories weaken over time and people can forget them.

Ernest Lubitsch [Lubitsch, Ernest]

director

Hungary/USA

1923 to 1939

Passion [1923: Emil Jannings and Pola Negri acted]; Gypsy Blood [1924: Pola Negri acted]; Ninotchka [1939: sound.

Greta Garbo and Melvyn Douglas acted]

He lived 1887 to 1954.

Ken Maynard [Maynard, Ken]

actor

USA

1923 to 1940

Demon Rider [1925: western]

He lived 1928 to 1998.

Helmuth Plessner [Plessner, Helmuth]

philosopher

Germany

1923 to 1941

Unity of the Sense [1923]; Man and the Stages of the Organic [1929]; Laughter and Weeping [1941]

He lived 1892 to 1985.

Fats Waller [Waller, Fats] or Thomas Waller [Waller, Thomas]

pianist/composer

USA

1923 to 1943

Handful of Keys [1930]

He lived 1904 to 1943 and played Big Band and Swing.

Edward Steichen [Steichen, Edward]

photographer/director

USA

1923 to 1947

Family of Man [1923 and 1947]; Fighting Lady [1944: documentary]

He lived 1879 to 1973.

Charles Dunbar Broad [Broad, Charles Dunbar]

philosopher

England

1923 to 1953

Scientific Thought [1923 and 1927]; Mind and its Place in Nature [1925 and 1949]; Five Types of Ethical Theory

[1930]; Examination of McTaggart's Philosophy [1933 to 1938]; Ethics and the History of Philosophy [1952]; Religion,

Philosophy, and Psychical Research [1953]

He lived 1887 to 1971.

Epistemology

Philosophy should state question clearly, describe all answers, and select the most probable.

Materialist philosophy can say that consciousness is not real and only brain states or functions are real {radical

materialism}, consciousness is real but is brain state or function {reductive materialism}, or consciousness is real and is

a brain higher-order state or function but has properties not reducible to brain states or functions {emergent

materialism} [1925].

Physical causes mental being or property, such as qualia, but mental does not cause physical {epiphenomenalism,

Broad}. Subjective experience is epiphenomenal. Mental states and forces can arise from human-brain complex

structures and functions {emergentist philosophy}.

Religion

People have had numerous experiences of religious revelation or experience, many with similar phenomena {argument

from religious experience, Broad}, which God's existence and action can explain.

Paul Hindemith [Hindemith, Paul]

composer

Germany/USA

1923 to 1957

Das Marienleben or Life of Maria [1923: songs for Rilke's poems]; Mathis der Maler or Homage to Mahler [1934:

symphony]; Der Schwanendreher or Swan-turner [1935: symphony]; Nobilissima Visione or Noblest Vision [1938:

symphony]; Die Harmonie der Welt or Harmony of the World [1957: symphony]

He lived 1895 to 1963.

Pablo Neruda [Neruda, Pablo]

poet

Chile

1923 to 1959

Crepusculario or Twilight [1923: poems]; Twenty Love Poems and a Song of Despair [1924: poems]; Residence on

Earth [1933: poems]; Canto General or General Song [1950: poems, including Alturas de Macchu Picchu]; One

Hundred Love Sonnets [1959: poems]

He lived 1904 to 1973.

Martin Buber [Buber, Martin]

philosopher

Germany

1923 to 1965

I and Thou [1923]

He lived 1878 to 1965. Relations can be subjective, rather than objective.

Louis Armstrong [Armstrong, Louis]

trumpeter/singer

Chicago, Illinois

1923 to 1967

Mack the Knife [1956]; Hello, Dolly! [1964]; What a Wonderful World [1967]

He lived 1901 to 1971 and played Chicago, Swing, and New Orleans Revival.

Jean Piaget [Piaget, Jean]

psychologist

Geneva, Switzerland

1923 to 1971

Language and Thought of the Child [1923]; Child's Conception of the World [1926]; Child's Conception of Physical

Reality [1926]; Origins of Intelligence in Children [1952]; Child's Construction of Reality or The Construction of

Reality in the Child [1954 or 1955]; Mechanisms of Perception [1961]; Psychology of the Child [1969]; Insights and

Illusions of Philosophy [1971: translated by W. Mays]

He lived 1896 to 1980 and was constructivist. He studied children's cognitive development and developed cognition

tests. He asked children to describe what mountains look like if they are at different locations {mountain test}. He

asked what happens to liquid slopes in glass jars as they tilt. He asked what happens to liquid levels if poured into

various-diameter jars {conservation test}. He wanted to make epistemology experimental science and so unify biology

and logic.

Knowledge is symbolic structure. Existing knowledge structures modify perceptual input {assimilation, Piaget} and

change to adapt to perceptual input {accommodation, Piaget}. Mind has cognitive processes. Self-regulating processes

compare thesis to anti-thesis and synthesize contradictories {constructivism, Piaget} {dialectical constructivism}, by

examining context and premises at each step. Psychological development is not only emergence of innate properties

through biological maturation but also requires dialectical constructivism, as personal experience conflicts with its anti-

thesis. Psychological development thus depends on active exploration to gain experiences.

In early childhood, experience involves only behaviors. Later, thought can reconstruct behavior. By middle childhood,

knowledge is about objects. In early adolescence, verbal knowledge, formal reasoning, and deductive thinking develop.

"Intelligence is what you use when you do not know what to do."

Schemas exist in long-term memory and interact with other schemas {Genevan model} {Piagetian model}. Memory

strength depends on schema integration. Memory has three factors: external object or fact, unconscious schema sets

{memory significate}, and conscious representations {signifier}. Encoding and recall make memory significate.

John Barrymore [Barrymore, John]/Lionel Barrymore [Barrymore, Lionel]

actor

USA

1924

Beau Brummel [1924]

He lived 1882 to 1942.

Hans Berger [Berger, Hans]

psychiatrist

Germany

1924

He lived 1873 to 1941 and invented electroencephalogram [1924]. Electrodes can measure scalp electrical potentials

{electroencephalography, Berger}. Alpha waves are regular 10-Hz oscillations that happen when people relax and close

their eyes. Beta waves are faster and less synchronous oscillations that replace alpha waves when people perform

mental activity and keep their eyes open.

S. N. Bose [Bose, S. N.] or Satyendra Nath Bose [Bose, Satyendra Nath] or Satyendranath Bose [Bose,

Satyendranath] or Satyen Bose [Bose, Satyen]

physicist

India

1924

He lived 1894 to 1974 and developed Bose-Einstein statistics for bosons [1924].

Louis de Broglie [Broglie, Louis de]

physicist

France

1924

He lived 1892 to 1987. Matter has wave properties, all particles have associated waves, and electron orbits are

resonating waves {theory of the double solution} [1924]. Momentum times wavelength equals Planck constant, so

mass in motion has wavelength.

Edouard Claparède [Claparède, Edouard]

psychologist/educator

Switzerland

1924

On Psychoanalysis [1924]

He lived 1873 to 1940, studied human brain-injury and disease psychological consequences, and studied visual object-

recognition defects. Amnesic states can have partial recent-memory preservation {implicit memory, Claparède}.

Vernon Dalhart [Dalhart, Vernon]

composer/singer

USA

1924

Wreck of Old '97 [1924]; Prisoner's Song [1924]

He lived 1883 to 1948.

Raymond Dart [Dart, Raymond]

biologist

South Africa

1924

He lived 1893 to 1988 and found Taung child, Australopithecus africanus [1924].

Buddy G. DeSylva [DeSylva, Buddy G.]/Ballard MacDonald [MacDonald, Ballard]/George Gershwin

[Gershwin, George]

lyricist/lyricist/composer

USA

1924

Somebody Loves Me [1924: from Scandals of '24]

DeSylva lived 1895 to 1950. Gershwin lived 1898 to 1937.

Paul Eluard [Eluard, Paul] or Eugène Grindel [Grindel, Eugène]

writer

France

1924

Mourir de ne pas or Death of No [1924]

He lived 1895 to 1952 and was Surrealist.

Oscar Hammerstein II [Hammerstein II, Oscar]/Otto Harbach [Harbach, Otto]/Rudolf Friml [Friml, Rudolf]

lyricist/lyricist/composer

USA

1924

Rose-Marie [1924: musical]; Indian Love Call [1924: from Rose-Marie]

Harburg lived 1873 to 1963. Friml lived 1879 to 1972. Hammerstein lived 1895 to 1960.

Edgar Yipsel Harburg [Harburg, Edgar Yipsel] or Yip Harburg [Harburg, Yip]/Vincent Youmans [Youmans,

Vincent]

composer

USA

1924

Tea for Two [1924: from No No Nanette]

Harburg lived 1898 to 1981.

Gus Kahn [Kahn, Gus]/Ernie Erdman [Erdman, Ernie]/Elmer Schoebel [Schoebel, Elmer]/Billy Meyers

[Meyers, Billy]

composer

USA

1924

Nobody's Sweetheart [1924]

Kahn lived 1886 to 1941.

Sam M. Lewis [Lewis, Sam M.]/Joe Young [Young, Joe]/Harry Akst [Akst, Harry]

lyricist/lyricist/composer

USA

1924

Dinah [1924]

Lewis lived 1885 to 1959. Young lived 1889 to 1939. Akst lived 1894 to 1963.

Ray Lopez [Lopez, Ray]/Lew Colwell [Colwell, Lew]

composer

USA

1924

Stack O' Lee Blues [1924]

Cecil Mack [Mack, Cecil]/Lew Brown [Brown, Lew]/Ford Dabney [Dabney, Ford]

lyricist/lyricist/composer

USA

1924

Shine [1924]

Mack lived 1883 to 1944. Brown lived 1893 to 1958. Dabney lived 1883 to 1958.

Bennie Moten [Moten, Bennie]/Thamon Hayes [Hayes, Thamon]

composer

USA

1924

South [1924]

Moten lived 1894 to 1935.

John F. Palmer [Palmer, John F.] or Jack Palmer [Palmer, Jack]/Spencer Williams [Williams, Spencer]

composer

USA

1924

Everybody Loves My Baby [1924]

Ole Rolvaag [Rolvaag, Ole]

novelist

Norway/USA

1924 to 1925

I de dage or In these Days [1924]; Riket gundlaeges or Kingdom Is Founded [1925]; Giants in the Earth [1927:

combined In these Days and Kingdom Is Founded]

He lived 1876 to 1931.

Edna Ferber [Ferber, Edna]

novelist

USA

1924 to 1926

So Big [1924]; Show Boat [1926]

She lived 1885 to 1968.

Harry Langdon [Langdon, Harry]

comedian/actor

USA

1924 to 1926

Flickering Youth [1924]; Forgotten Clown [1926]

He lived 1884 to 1944 and had a Scottish brogue.

Buster Keaton [Keaton, Buster]

actor

USA

1924 to 1927

Navigator [1924]; Steamboat Bill Jr. [1925]; General [1927]

He lived 1895 to 1966.

Plutarco Calles [Calles, Plutarco]

president

Mexico

1924 to 1928

He lived 1877 to 1945 and first was reformer but then conservative.

Alan Alexander Milne [Milne, Alan Alexander]

novelist/poet

England

1924 to 1928

When We Were Very Young [1924: poems]; Winnie the Pooh [1926: story]; Now We Are Six [1927: poems]; House at

Pooh Corner [1928: story]

He lived 1882 to 1956.

Alicia Markova [Markova, Alicia]

ballerina

Russia

1924 to 1929

She lived 1910 to 2004.

Ernest Van Stoneman [Stoneman, Ernest Van] or Pop Stoneman [Stoneman, Pop]

musician

USA

1924 to 1929

Sinking of the Titanic [1924]

He lived 1893 to 1968 and was from Blue Ridge Mountains.

Irving Thalberg [Thalberg, Irving]

producer

USA

1924 to 1932

Big Parade [1925]; Flesh and the Devil [1926]; La Boheme [1926]; Road to Mandalay [1926]; Broadway Melody

[1929: sound]; Grand Hotel [1932: sound]; Red Dust [1932: sound]

He lived 1899 to 1936.

Clarence Darrow [Darrow, Clarence]

lawyer

USA

1924 to 1934

He lived 1857 to 1938 and defended at Leopold-Loeb trial [1924], Scopes "monkey trial" [1925], and Massie trial

[1934].

Mikhail Zoshchenko [Zoshchenko, Mikhail]

writer

Russia

1924 to 1934

Changing Model of Authorship [1924 to 1934]

He lived 1895 to 1958.

Kurt Koffka [Koffka, Kurt]

psychologist

Germany

1924 to 1935

Growth of the Mind [1924]; Principles of Gestalt Psychology [1935]

He lived 1886 to 1941 and helped found Gestalt psychology.

Ira Gershwin [Gershwin, Ira]/George Gershwin [Gershwin, George]

composer

USA

1924 to 1937

Lady, Be Good [1924: from Lady Be Good]; Man I Love [1924: from Lady Be Good]; Fascinating Rhythm [from Lady

Be Good] [1924]; Someone to Watch Over Me [1926: from Oh Kay!]; Do-Do-Do [1926: from Oh Kay!]; Funny Face

[1927: from Funny Face]; S'wonderful [1927: from Funny Face]; He Loves and She Loves [1927]; (I've Got A) Feeling

I'm Falling [1928: from Treasure Girl]; How Long Has This Been Going On [1928: from Rosalie]; Soon [1929]; I've

Got a Crush on You [1929]; Liza [1929: from Show Girl]; But Not for Me [1930: also in the film Girl Crazy, 1943]; I

Got Rhythm [1930: from Girl Crazy]; Biding My Time [1930: from Girl Crazy]; Embraceable You [1930: from Girl

Crazy]; Who Cares [1931]; Love is Sweeping the Country [1931: from Of Thee I Sing]; Till Then [1933]; Foggy Day

[from A Damsel in Distress] [1937]; Nice Work If You Can Get It [1937: from A Damsel in Distress]; Let's Call the

Whole Thing Off [1937: in the film Shall We Dance?]; They All Laughed [1937: in the film Shall We Dance?]; They

Can't Take That Away from Me [1937: in the film Shall We Dance?]; Nice Work If You Can Get It [1937: in the film

Damsel in Distress]; Shall We Dance? [1937: film]; Damsel in Distress [1937: film]; Love is Here to Stay [1937: from

the film Goldwyn Follies]; Love Walked in [1937: from the film Goldwyn Follies]

George lived 1898 to 1937. Ira lived 1896 to 1983.

Eric von Stroheim [Stroheim, Eric von]

director

USA

1924 to 1937

Greed [1924: mobile cameras and unusual camera angles]; Merry Widow [1925]; Grand Illusion [1937: sound]

He lived 1885 to 1957. As actor, he was the "man you love to hate".

Hector Villa-Lobos [Villa-Lobos, Hector] or Heitor Villa-Lobos [Villa-Lobos, Heitor]

composer

Brazil

1924 to 1938

Choros No. 7 [1924: Brazilian dance, in a series]; Bachianas Brasileiras No. 5 [1938: series]

He lived 1887 to 1959.

Abdu'l-Husayn Ayati [Ayati, Abdu'l-Husayn] or Husayn Ayati [Ayati, Husayn] or Avarih or Wanderer

historian

Iran

1924 to 1947

Brilliant Stars [1924]; Uncovering of Deceptions [1947]

He is Avarih or Wanderer.

Learned Hand

judge

USA

1924 to 1951

I Am an American Day Speech [1944]

He lived 1872 to 1961.

Joseph Stalin [Stalin, Joseph]

dictator

Russia

1924 to 1953

He lived 1879 to 1953 and got rid of Leon Trotsky [1927]. Trotsky wanted pure worldwide communism and fled to

Mexico. He started Five Year Plans to industrialize nation and collectivize farms [1927]. He purged enemies in 1930's.

Germany attacked Russia [1941]. He met with Allied leaders at Tehran, Yalta, and Potsdam. Molotov was Premier.

Beria was secret-police chief.

Sean O'Casey [O'Casey, Sean]

playwright

Ireland

1924 to 1956

Juno and the Paycock [1924: play]; Plough and the Stars [1926: play]; Within the Gates [1934: play]; Mirror in My

House [1956: autobiography]

He lived 1880 to 1964.

Edgard Varese [Varese, Edgard]

composer

France/USA

1924 to 1958

Hyperprism [1924: symphony]; Ionization [1931: symphony]; Poem Electronique [1958]

He lived 1883 to 1965.

Louis Leon Thurstone [Thurstone, Louis Leon]

psychologist

USA

1924 to 1959

Nature of Intelligence [1924]; Vectors of the Mind [1935]; Multiple-Factor Analysis [1947]; Measurement of Values

[1959]

He lived 1887 to 1955. He worked on psychometrics, army recruiting tests, mental qualities, attitude scales, learning

curves, mental development units, intelligence tests, multiple factor analyses, and psychoneurotic tendencies.

John Ford [Ford, John]

director

USA

1924 to 1964

Iron Horse [1924]; Lost Patrol [1934: sound]; Stagecoach [1938: sound. Claire Trevor acted]; How Green Was My

Valley [1941: sound]; Quiet Man [1952: sound. John Wayne and Maureen O'Hara acted]; Sergeant Rutledge [1960:

sound]; Cheyenne Autumn [1964: sound]

He lived 1894 to 1973.

J. Edgar Hoover [Hoover, J. Edgar]

director

USA

1924 to 1972

He lived 1924 to 1972 and was first director of Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI). He meddled in politics and

investigated suspected communists and leftists.

Mikhail Bakhtin [Bakhtin, Mikhail]

philosopher

Leningrad, Russia

1924 to 1975

Problem of Content, Material and Form [1924]; Discourse in the Novel [1935]; Dialogic Imagination [1941]; Speech

Genres [1979]

He lived 1895 to 1975 and discussed dialogism and heteroglossia [Bakhtin, 1986] [Bakhtin, 1983].

Ben Bernie [Bernie, Ben]/Kenneth Casey [Casey, Kenneth]/Maceo Pinkard [Pinkard, Maceo]

composer

USA

1925

Sweet Georgia Brown [1925]

Bernie lived 1891 to 1943.

Ben Black [Black, Ben]/Edwin LeMare [LeMare, Edwin]/Neil Monet [Monet, Neil]

composer

USA

1925

Moonlight and Roses [1925]

Black lived 1889 to 1950.

Richard Byrd [Byrd, Richard]

discoverer

USA/Arctic

1925

He lived 1888 to 1957 and explored North Pole.

Irving Caesar [Caesar, Irving]/Vincent Youmans [Youmans, Vincent]

lyricist/composer

USA

1925

Sometimes I'm Happy [1925: from A Night Out]

Caesar lived 1895 to 1996. Youmans lived 1898 to 1946.

James Cruze [Cruze, James]

director

USA

1925

Pony Express [1925]

He lived 1884 to 1942.

Buddy G. DeSylva [DeSylva, Buddy G.]/Joseph Meyer [Meyer, Joseph]

lyricist/composer

USA

1925

If You Knew Susie [1925]

DeSylva lived 1895 to 1950. Meyer lived 1894 to 1987.

Theodore Dreiser [Dreiser, Theodore]

novelist

USA

1925

American Tragedy [1925]

He lived 1871 to 1945.

Samuel Goudsmit [Goudsmit, Samuel]

physicist

Netherlands/USA

1925

He lived 1902 to 1978 and measured electron spin [1925], with Uhlenbeck.

Oscar Hammerstein II [Hammerstein II, Oscar]/Otto Harbach [Harbach, Otto]/Jerome Kern [Kern, Jerome]

lyricist/composer

USA

1925

Sunny [1925: from Sunny]

Hammerstein lived 1895 to 1960. Harburg lived 1873 to 1963. Kern lived 1885 to 1945.

Otto Harbach [Harbach, Otto]/Vincent Youmans [Youmans, Vincent]

lyricist/composer

USA

1925

No No Nanette [1925: musical, including Tea for Two and I Want to Be Happy]

Harbach lived 1873 to 1963. Youmans lived 1898 to 1946.

Friedrich Hund [Hund, Friedrich]

chemist

Germany

1925

He lived 1896 to 1997 and invented Hund's orbital electron-spin rule [1925].

Pascual Jordan [Jordan, Pascual]

physicist

Germany

1925

He lived 1902 to 1980 and contributed to matrix mechanics as quantum-mechanics explanation [1925], with Max Born.

Al Lewis [Lewis, Al]/Howard Simon [Simon, Howard]/Richard Whiting [Whiting, Richard]

lyricist/lyricist/composer

USA

1925

Sweet Child (I'm Wild about You) [1925]

Whiting lived 1891 to 1938.

Sam M. Lewis [Lewis, Sam M.]/Joe Young [Young, Joe]/Ray Henderson [Henderson, Ray]

lyricist/lyricist/composer

USA

1925

Five Foot Two, Eyes of Blue [1925]; I'm Sitting on Top of the World [1925]

Lewis lived 1885 to 1959. Young lived 1889 to 1939. Henderson lived 1896 to 1970.

Ange Lorenzo [Lorenzo, Ange]/Richard Whiting [Whiting, Richard]

lyricist/composer

USA

1925

Sleepy Time Gal [1925]

Whiting lived 1891 to 1938.

Carl Mayer [Mayer, Carl]

screenwriter

Austria/USA

1925

Das Kabinett des Doktor Caligari or Cabinet of Dr. Caligari [1920]; Der Letzte Man or Last Laugh [1924: for Murnau];

Sunrise [1927: for Murnau]

He lived 1894 to 1944.

Milutin Milankovich [Milankovich, Milutin]

geologist

Russia

1925

He lived 1879 to 1958. Earth-axis variation and atmospheric insulation caused ice ages [1925].

Ferenc Molnar [Molnar, Ferenc] or Ferenc Neumann [Neumann, Ferenc]

writer

Hungary

1925

Play at the Castle [1925]

He lived 1878 to 1952.

Willard Robison [Robison, Willard]

composer

USA

1925

Peaceful Valley [1925]

He lived 1894 to 1968.

Billy Rose [Rose, Billy]/Lew Brown [Brown, Lew]/Ray Henderson [Henderson, Ray]

lyricist/lyricist/composer

USA

1925

Don't Bring Lulu [1925]

Rose lived 1899 to 1966. Brown lived 1893 to 1958. Henderson lived 1896 to 1970.

George Uhlenbeck [Uhlenbeck, George]

physicist

Netherlands/USA

1925

He lived 1900 to 1988 and measured electron spin [1925], with Goudsmit. Spectra require particle rotation {spin,

Uhlenbeck}, which is angular-momentum component. Spin is required and intrinsic to some particles.

Alfred James Lotka [Lotka, Alfred James]

ecologist

Italy

1925 to 1926

Elements of Physical Biology [1925]

He lived 1880 to 1949. Mating, dying, or other-species effects cause predator-number and prey-number change rates

{Lotka-Volterra differential equations, Lotka} [1926]. In ecosystems, predator and prey numbers can oscillate until

reaching steady state, can continue to oscillate, or can become zero, so species is extinct.

B. Traven [Traven, B.] or Berwick Traven Torsvan [Traven Torsvan, Berwick]

writer

Germany

1925 to 1927

Death Ship [1925]; Treasure of the Sierra Madre [1927]

He lived 1890 to 1969.

Harry Woods [Woods, Harry]

composer

USA

1925 to 1927

Paddlin' Madeline Home [1925]; Side by Side [1927]

Woods lived 1896 to 1970.

Edgar D. Adrian [Adrian, Edgar D.]

doctor

England

1925 to 1928

Basis of Sensation [1928]

He lived 1889 to 1977 and recorded afferent-nerve impulses, with Lucas' capillary electrometer [1925]. Neurons use

impulse-frequency modulation.

James Stevens [Stevens, James]

storyteller

USA

1925 to 1928

Paul Bunyan [1925]; Brawnyman [1926]; Mattock [1927]; Homer in the Sagebrush [1928]

He lived 1892 to 1971.

Wolfgang Pauli [Pauli, Wolfgang]

physicist

Switzerland/Austria/USA

1925 to 1930

He lived 1900 to 1958, invented Pauli exclusion principle [1925], and predicted neutrinos [1930].

Charlie Poole [Poole, Charlie]

banjo player/singer

USA

1925 to 1930

Don't Let Your Deal Go Down [1925]; Can I Sleep in Your Barn Tonight, Mister; Old and Only in the Way; White

House Blues

He lived 1892 to 1931 and led the North Carolina Ramblers.

J. Stuart Blackton [Blackton, J. Stuart]/Albert E. Smith [Smith, Albert E.]

inventor

New York, New York

1925 to 1933

Vitaphone

He lived 1875 to 1941. The Jazz Singer and talking short subjects had sound on a disc {sound movie}.

Paul von Hindenburg [Hindenburg, Paul von]

president

Germany

1925 to 1934

He lived 1847 to 1934. Junkers or wealthy industrialists controlled Weimar Republic. Stresemann was foreign minister.

Economy had recovered from World War I. At end, Hindenburg appointed Adolf Hitler as chancellor.

Lev Semionovich Vygotsky [Vygotsky, Lev Semionovich]

psychologist

Moscow, Russia

1925 to 1934

Psychology of Art [1925]; Pedagogical Psychology [1926: with Alexei N. Leontiev]; Tool and Symbol in Children's

Development [1930]; Thought and Language or Thinking and Speech [1934]

He lived 1896 to 1934 and studied significative behavior. Culture, including language, changes consciousness structure.

Thought and speech are first independent. Speech is for directly communicating needs. Then children imitate formal

culture properties, such as language syntax. Then they internalize them, so they can plan and think about themselves as

subjects and objects [Vygotsky, 1930]. People learn best when material is only slightly above their current knowledge

{zone of proximal development}.

Alban Berg [Berg, Alban]

composer

Austria

1925 to 1935

Chamber Concerto [1925: for violin, piano, and 13 winds]; Wozzeck [1925: opera]; Lyric Suite [1926: for string

quartet]; Lulu [1928 to 1935: opera]; Der Wein or Wine [1929: for Baudelaire's poems]; Violin Concerto [1935]

He lived 1885 to 1935 and composed symphonies and operas.

Leon Chwistek [Chwistek, Leon]

mathematician

Krakow, Poland

1925 to 1935

Problem of Reality [1935]

He lived 1884 to 1937 and defined number.

Ellsworth Faris [Faris, Ellsworth]

sociologist

USA

1925 to 1937

Psychology of Human Society [1925]; Nature of Human Nature, and Other Essays in Social Psychology [1937]

He lived 1874 to 1953.

Allen Tate [Tate, Allen]

poet

USA

1925 to 1938

Ode [1925]; Reason in Madness [1938]

He lived 1899 to 1979.

Mikhail Bulgakov [Bulgakov, Mikhail]

writer

Russia

1925 to 1940

White Guard [1925]; Master and Margarita [1940]

He lived 1891 to 1940.

Cyril Lodowic Burt [Burt, Cyril Lodowic]

psychologist

Britain

1925 to 1940

Young Delinquent [1925]; Backward Child [1937]; Factors of the Mind [1940]

He lived 1883 to 1971. He studied individual ability and character differences and how heredity determined

differences. He developed statistical methods to quantify what differed among people {factor analysis, Burt}. He

invented a verbal reasoning test.

Wolfgang Köhler [Köhler, Wolfgang]

psychologist

Germany

1925 to 1940

Mentality of Apes [1925]; Task of Gestalt Psychology [1929]; Place of Value in a World of Facts [1938]; Dynamics in

Psychology [1940]

He lived 1887 to 1967 and co-founded Gestalt School. Insight, not trial and error, solves problems that involve thought

or tool use. Insight involves perception rearrangement {restructuring}, to reveal previously hidden or unnoticed

features.

Reza Shah Pahlavi

shah

Iran

1925 to 1941

He lived 1878 to 1944 and started Pahlavi Dynasty.

Dmitri Shostakovich [Shostakovich, Dmitri]

composer

Russia

1925 to 1941

First Symphony [1925]; Golden Age [1930: symphony]; Fifth Symphony [1937]; Seventh Symphony or Leningrad

Symphony [1941]

He lived 1906 to 1975 and composed symphonies.

Sergei Eisenstein [Eisenstein, Sergei]

director

Russia

1925 to 1943

Battleship Potemkin [1925]; October or Ten Days That Shook the World [1928]; General Line or Old and New [1929];

Ivan the Terrible [1943: sound]

He lived 1898 to 1948.

François Mauriac [Mauriac, François]

novelist

France

1925 to 1947

Desert of Love [1925]; Therèse Desqueyroux [1927]; Viper's Tangle [1947]

He lived 1885 to 1970.

Harry Stack Sullivan [Sullivan, Harry Stack]

psychoanalyst

USA

1925 to 1947

Conceptions of Modern Psychiatry [1953]; Interpersonal Theory of Psychiatry [1953]; Personal Psychopathology

[1972]

He lived 1882 to 1949 and was therapist.

Andres Segovia [Segovia, Andres]

guitarist

Spain

1925 to 1949

He lived 1893 to 1987.

Myrna Loy [Loy, Myrna]

actor

USA

1925 to 1950

Don Juan [1926]; Desert Song [1929: sound]

She lived 1905 to 1993 and was in silent movies and talkies.

Robinson Jeffers [Jeffers, Robinson]

poet

USA

1925 to 1951

Shine, Perishing Republic [1925 and 1941: poem]; Hurt Hawks [1928]; Medea [1946: adaptation from Euripedes];

Carmel Point [1951]

He lived 1887 to 1962.

King Vidor [Vidor, King]

director

USA

1925 to 1956

Big Parade [1925: John Gilbert acted]; Hallelujah [1929]; War and Peace [1956: sound. Audrey Hepburn and Henry

Fonda acted]

He lived 1894 to 1982.

Yasunari Kawabata

writer

Japan

1925 to 1962

Izu-no Odoriko or Izu Dancer [1925]; Kuritta Ippeji or Page of Madness [1926: film by Kinugasa Teinosuke]; Asakusa

Kurenaidan or Scarlet Gang of Asakusa [1929 to 1930]; Ki-no Ue or Up in the Tree [1962]

He lived 1899 to 1972 and was Neosensualist.

Marcel Breuer [Breuer, Marcel]

sculptor/architect

Austria

1925 to 1966

Wassily Chair No. B3 [1925]; Whitney Museum of American Art [1966: in New York]

He lived 1902 to 1981 and started International Style.

Edwin A. Abbott [Abbott, Edwin A.] or A. Square [Square, A.]

mathematician

England

1926

Flatland A Romance of Many Dimensions [1926]

He lived 1838 to 1926.

John Barrymore [Barrymore, John]

actor

USA

1926

Don Juan [1926]

He lived 1882 to 1942.

Anne Caldwell [Caldwell, Anne]/Vincent Youmans [Youmans, Vincent]

composer

USA

1926

I Know That You Know [1926: from Oh Please]

Youmans lived 1898 to 1946.

Henry Creamer [Creamer, Henry]/James P. Johnson [Johnson, James P.]

lyricist/composer

USA

1926

If I Could Be with You [1926]

Creamer lived ? to 1930. Johnson lived 1894 to 1955.

Benny Davis [Davis, Benny]/Harry Akst [Akst, Harry]

composer

USA

1926

Baby Face [1926]

Akst lived 1894 to 1963.

Dolores Del Rio [Del Rio, Dolores]

actor

Mexico/USA

1926

What Price Glory? [1926]

She lived 1905 to 1983.

Ira Gershwin [Gershwin, Ira]/Philip Charig [Charig, Philip]

lyricist/composer

USA

1926

Blowin' the Blues Away [1926: from Americana]

Gershwin lived 1896 to 1983.

John Gilbert [Gilbert, John]/Lillian Gish [Gish, Lillian]

actor

USA

1926

La Boheme [1926]

Gilbert lived 1894 to 1982. Gish lived 1893 to 1993.

Lillian Gish [Gish, Lillian]

actor

USA

1926

Scarlet Letter [1926]

She lived 1893 to 1993.

Robert H. Goddard [Goddard, Robert H.]

inventor

USA

1926

liquid fuel rocket [1926]

He lived 1882 to 1945 {liquid fuel rocket}.

Oscar Hammerstein II [Hammerstein II, Oscar]/Otto Harbach [Harbach, Otto]/Sigmund Romberg [Romberg,

Sigmund]

lyricist/lyricist/composer

USA

1926

Desert Song [1926: musical]

Hammerstein lived 1895 to 1960. Harbach lived 1873 to 1963. Romberg lived 1887 to 1951.

Henry Head [Head, Henry]

neurologist

Britain

1926

Aphasia and Kindred Disorders of Speech [1926]

He lived 1861 to 1940 and studied cerebral cortex and sensation. Cortical memory stores flexible experience

representations {schema, Head}.

Ray Henderson [Henderson, Ray]/Mort Dixon [Dixon, Mort]

lyricist/composer

USA

1926

Bye Bye Blackbird [1926]

Henderson lived 1896 to 1970. Dixon lived 1892 to 1956.

Oskar Klein [Klein, Oskar]

mathematician

Sweden

1926

He lived 1894 to 1977 and invented Kaluza-Klein theory [1926].

Sam M. Lewis [Lewis, Sam M.]/Joe Young [Young, Joe]/Mabel Wayne [Wayne, Mabel]

lyricist/lyricist/composer

USA

1926

In a Little Spanish Town or 'Twas on a Night like This [1926]

Lewis lived 1885 to 1959. Young lived 1889 to 1939. Wayne lived 1904 to 1978.

Henry Louis Mencken [Mencken, Henry Louis]

essayist/critic/editor

USA

1926

Last Words [1926]

He lived 1880 to 1956 and edited American Mercury magazine.

Edward Ory [Ory, Edward]/Roy Gilbert [Gilbert, Roy]

composer

USA

1926

Muskrat Ramble [1926]

Jozef Pilsudski [Pilsudski, Jozef]

dictator

Poland

1926

He lived 1867 to 1935.

Arthur Schnitzler [Schnitzler, Arthur]

playwright

Germany

1926

Traumnovelle or Dream Story [1926]

He lived 1862 to 1931.

Eddie Cantor [Cantor, Eddie]

actor

USA

1926 to 1927

Kid Boots [1926]; Special Delivery [1927]

He lived 1892 to 1964.

Edwin P. Hubble [Hubble, Edwin P.]

astronomer

USA

1926 to 1929

He lived 1899 to 1953, discovered galaxies (nebula) and classified them [1926], and compared galaxy recessional

velocities and distances to formulate Hubble's law [1929, with Milton L. Humason].

Buddy G. DeSylva [DeSylva, Buddy G.]/Lew Brown [Brown, Lew]/Ray Henderson [Henderson, Ray]

lyricist/lyricist/composer

USA

1926 to 1930

Birth of the Blues [1926]; Button up Your Overcoat [1928: from the musical Follow Thru]; Follow Thru [1928:

musical]; Hold Everything [1928: musical, including You're the Cream in My Coffee]; I'm in Seventh Heaven [1929:

with Al Jolson]; Sonny Boy [1929: from the film The Singing Fool. sung by Al Jolson]; Varsity Drag [1930: also in the

film Good News, 1947]

DeSylva lived 1895 to 1950. Brown lived 1893 to 1958. Henderson lived 1896 to 1970.

Werner Heisenberg [Heisenberg, Werner]

physicist

Germany

1926 to 1930

Physical Principles of the Quantum Theory [1930]

He lived 1901 to 1976, invented theory of infinite matrices and matrix mechanics {S matrix theory} as quantum-

mechanics explanation [1926], and developed uncertainty principle [1927].

George Riley Puckett [Puckett, George Riley] or Riley Puckett [Puckett, Riley]

guitarist/banjo player

USA

1926 to 1930

In a Little Gypsy Tea Room [1926 to 1930]

He lived 1894 to 1946 and was in Clayton McMichen's Hometown Band and the Skillet Lickers.

Frank P. Ramsey [Ramsey, Frank P.]

philosopher/economist

England

1926 to 1931

Truth and Probability [1926]; Facts and Propositions [1927]; Foundations of Mathematics [1931]

He lived 1903 to 1930 and invented a taxation theory [1927], with pricing rules {Boiteux-Ramsey pricing rule}. He

also determined optimal savings [1928], with models {optimal growth} {Ramsey model} using calculus of variations.

Epistemology

Scientific statements {Ramsey sentence} cannot reference theory. Rules do not state truths but only predict experience.

Logic theory {simple type theory} can use theory of types with some recursion. Propositions are about classes whose

members have type one level lower than proposition or class type. Only set theory needs reducibility axiom. Asserting

proposition and asserting that proposition is true are the same thing, so the predicate IS TRUE is always redundant

{redundancy theory of truth, Ramsey}. However, assertion can be too general, infinite, indeterminate, ambiguous, or

unknown.

John Baird [Baird, John]

inventor

Scotland

1926 to 1932

mechanical television [1926]; mechanical color television [1932]

He lived 1888 to 1946.

John B. S. Haldane [Haldane, John B. S.]

biologist

England

1926 to 1932

Possible Worlds [1926]; Causes of Evolution [1932]

He lived 1892 to 1964. In atmosphere or ocean, ultraviolet radiation, volcanic heat, lightning, and radioactive-nuclei

ionizing radiation can make complex organic molecules from nitrogen, methane, ammonia, water, carbon dioxide, and

hydrogen {Oparin-Haldane hypothesis, Haldane}.

Ernst Krenek [Krenek, Ernst]

composer

Austria/USA

1926 to 1933

Jonny Spielt auf or Johnny Strikes Up [1926: opera]; Karl V [1933: opera]

He lived 1900 to 1991.

Pavel A. Cerenkov [Cerenkov, Pavel A.]

physicist

Russia

1926 to 1934

He lived 1904 to 1990 and discovered Cerenkov effect [1926] and Cerenkov radiation [1934].

Stan Laurel [Laurel, Stan]/Oliver Hardy [Hardy, Oliver]

actor

England/USA

1926 to 1934

Leave 'em Laughing [1928]; Music Box [1932: sound]; Babes In Toyland [1934: sound]

Laurel lived 1890 to 1965. Hardy lived 1892 to 1957. They were in silent comedies and talkies.

Ronald Colman [Colman, Ronald]

actor

England/USA

1926 to 1935

Beau Geste or Noble Gesture [1926]; Tale of Two Cities [1935: sound]

He lived 1891 to 1958.

Greta Garbo [Garbo, Greta]

actor

USA

1926 to 1936

Mata Hari [1926: silent]; Torment [1926: silent]; Anna Christie [1930: sound]; Queen Christina [1933: sound]; Camille

[1936: sound]

She lived 1905 to 1990.

Deford Bailey [Bailey, Deford]

singer/harmonica

USA

1926 to 1941

Hard to Please [1926 to 1941]

He lived 1899 to 1982.

Herman Mankiewicz [Mankiewicz, Herman]

screenwriter

USA

1926 to 1941

Citizen Kane [1941: screenplay]

He lived 1897 to 1953 and wrote for silent and sound movies.

Enrico Fermi [Fermi, Enrico]

physicist

Italy/USA

1926 to 1942

He lived 1901 to 1954, developed Fermi-Dirac statistics for fermions [1926], studied radioactive decay, and invented

controlled chain reaction [1942].

Nikolai Hartmann [Hartmann, Nikolai]

philosopher

Germany

1926 to 1942

Ethics [1926]; New Ways of Ontology [1942]

He lived 1882 to 1950 and was Existentialist.

Erwin Schrödinger [Schrödinger, Erwin]

physicist

Austria

1926 to 1944

Present situation in quantum mechanics [1935: Schrödinger's cat]; What Is Life? [1944]; Mind and Matter [1944]

He lived 1887 to 1961 and invented Schrödinger wave equation [1926]. Schrödinger-equation WKBJ solution was

later.

Paul A. M. Dirac [Dirac, Paul A. M.]

physicist

England

1926 to 1947

Principles of Quantum Mechanics [1930 and 1947]

He lived 1902 to 1984, developed Fermi-Dirac statistics for fermions [1926], invented Dirac equation for electron

[1928], and developed relativistic quantum mechanics and relativistic wave equation [1931]. He showed how to

subtract particle field, which becomes infinite at point, and leave surrounding field, if particle position, velocity, and

acceleration have values. Many initial accelerations cause particles to accelerate continuously {runaway solutions}.

Duke Ellington [Ellington, Duke] or Edward Kennedy Ellington [Ellington, Edward Kennedy]

composer/pianist/bandleader

USA

1926 to 1947

East St. Louis Toodle-oo [1926]; Rent Party Blues [1929]; Wall Street Wail [1929]; Sophisticated Lady [1932];

Solitude [1934]; In a Sentimental Mood [1935]; I Let a Song Go Out of My Heart [1938]; Prelude to a Kiss [1938]; In a

Mellotone [1940]; Cotton Tail [1940]; Take the A Train [1941]; C Jam Blues [1942]; Don't Get Around Much

Anymore [1942]; Do Nothin' Till You Hear from Me [1943]; Deep South Suite [1947]

He lived 1899 to 1974.

Martha Graham [Graham, Martha]

modern dancer/choreographer

USA

1926 to 1948

Seraphic Dialogue [1926: modern dance]; Lamentation [1930: modern dance]; Primitive Mysteries [1931]; El Penitente

[1940: modern dance]; Appalachian Spring [1944: modern dance with music by Copland]; Diversion of Angels [1948:

modern dance]

She lived 1894 to 1991 and choreographed modern dances with inner tension.

Antonio Oscar de Fragoso Carmona [Carmona, Antonio Oscar de Fragoso]

general/dictator

Portugal

1926 to 1951

He lived 1869 to 1951.

Langston Hughes [Hughes, Langston]

poet

USA

1926 to 1951

Negro Artist and the Racial Mountain [1926]; Dream Deferred [1951]

He lived 1902 to 1967.

Hermann J. Muller [Muller, Hermann J.]

biologist

USA

1926 to 1951

Development of the Gene Theory [1951]

He lived 1890 to 1967. X-rays mutate fruitfly cells [1926]. Many mutations cause cancer [1951].

Archibald Macleish [Macleish, Archibald]

playwright

USA

1926 to 1952

End of the World [1926: poem]; Ars Poetica [1926: book]; J. B. [1952: poem play]

He lived 1892 to 1982.

Howard Dietz [Dietz, Howard]/Arthur Schwartz [Schwartz, Arthur]

composer

USA

1926 to 1953

I Guess I'll Have to Change My Plans [1926: from The Grand Street Follies]; Something to Remember You By [1930:

from Three's a Crowd]; Alone Together [1932: from Flying Colors]; I See Your Face Before Me [1937: from Between

the Devil]; That's Entertainment [1953: from the movie The Bandwagon]

Dietz lived 1896 to 1983. Schwartz lived 1900 to 1984.

Aleksandr Ivanovich Oparin [Oparin, Aleksandr Ivanovich]

biologist

Russia

1926 to 1960

Origin of Life [1936]

He lived 1894 to 1980. Glycerin molecules mixed with other molecules can clump together to make stable gel

coascervates [1926]. Other molecules can enter, interact inside, and leave glycerin. In atmosphere or ocean, ultraviolet

radiation, volcanic heat, lightning, and radioactive-nuclei ionizing radiation can make complex organic molecules from

nitrogen, methane, ammonia, water, carbon dioxide, and hydrogen {Oparin-Haldane hypothesis}.

Eugene Wigner [Wigner, Eugene]

physicist

Hungary/USA

1926 to 1961

He lived 1902 to 1995 and developed non-commuting observable-function theory [1926]. Consciousness causes

wavefunction collapse [1961].

Ragnar Frisch [Frisch, Ragnar]

economist

Norway

1926 to 1965

On a problem in pure economics [1926: began Neo-Walrasian research]

He lived 1895 to 1973 and started econometrics. He invented econometric time series [1927], impulse-propagation

business cycles [1933], econometric linear regression analysis [1934], and production theory [1965].

Will Durant [Durant, Will]

historian

USA

1926 to 1967

Story of Philosophy [1926 and 1961: with Ariel Durant]; Story of Civilization [1967]

He lived 1885 to 1981.

Hirohito

emperor

Japan

1926 to 1989

He lived 1901 to 1989. Army controlled him until after World War II. Constitution [1947] took away all his powers,

except for symbolism.

Leon Brunschvicg [Brunschvicg, Leon]

philosopher

France

1927

Progress of Consciousness in Western Philosophy [1927]

He lived 1869 to 1944 and was spiritualist.

James Cavanaugh [Cavanaugh, James]/Harry Barris [Barris, Harry]

lyricist/composer

USA

1927

Mississippi Mud [1927]

Cavanaugh lived 1892 to 1967. Barris lived 1905 to 1962.

Will Marion Cook [Cook, Will Marion]/Donald Heywood [Heywood, Donald]

composer

USA

1927

I'm Coming Virginia [1927]

Cook lived 1869 to 1944.

Clinton Davisson [Davisson, Clinton]

physicist

Germany

1927

He lived 1881 to 1958 and studied electron diffraction [1927], with Germer.

Buddy G. DeSylva [DeSylva, Buddy G.]/George Gershwin [Gershwin, George]

lyricist/composer

USA

1927

I'll Build a Stairway to Paradise [1927]

DeSylva lived 1895 to 1950. Gershwin lived 1898 to 1937.

Mort Dixon [Dixon, Mort]/Harry Woods [Woods, Harry]

lyricist/composer

USA

1927

I'm Looking over a Four-Leaf Clover [1927]

Dixon lived 1892 to 1956. Woods lived 1896 to 1970.

Greta Garbo [Garbo, Greta]/John Gilbert [Gilbert, John]

actor

USA

1927

Flesh and the Devil [1927]

Garbo lived 1905 to 1990. Gilbert lived 1894 to 1982.

Janet Gaynor [Gaynor, Janet]

actor

USA

1927

Seventh Heaven [1927]; Sunrise [1927]

She lived 1906 to 1984.

Lester Germer [Germer, Lester]

physicist

Germany

1927

He lived 1896 to 1971 and studied electron diffraction [1927], with Davisson.

Lil Hardin [Hardin, Lil]

lyricist/composer

USA

1927

Struttin' with Some Barbecue [1927]

She lived 1898 to 1971.

Walter Heitler [Heitler, Walter]

physicist

Germany

1927

He lived 1904 to 1981 and helped invent Heitler-London hydrogen-molecule electronic-structure theory [1927].

James Weldon Johnson [Johnson, James Weldon]

poet

USA

1927

God's Trombones [1927]

He lived 1871 to 1938.

Howard E. Johnson [Johnson, Howard E.]/Billy Moll [Moll, Billy]/Robert King [King, Robert]

lyricist/composer

USA

1927

I Scream, You Scream, We All Scream for Ice Cream [1927]

Johnson lived 1908 to 1991.

Al Jolson [Jolson, Al]

singer/actor

USA

1927

Jazz Singer [1927: Vitaphone and Warner Brothers produced the first talkie, with sound on disc]

He lived 1886 to 1950.

Charles Lindbergh [Lindbergh, Charles]

pilot

USA

1927

He lived 1902 to 1974 and first flew alone across Atlantic Ocean nonstop.

Fritz London [London, Fritz]

physicist

Germany/USA

1927

He lived 1900 to 1954 and helped invent Heitler-London hydrogen-molecule electronic-structure theory [1927].

Warren Marrison [Marrison, Warren]

inventor

Canada/USA

1927

quartz clock [1927]

He lived 1896 to 1980.

Bubber Miley [Miley, Bubber]/Duke Ellington [Ellington, Duke]

composer

USA

1927

Black and Tan Fantasy [1927]

Miley lived 1903 to 1932. Ellington lived 1899 to 1974.

Ramon Novarro [Novarro, Ramon]/Norma Shearer [Shearer, Norma]

actor

USA

1927

Student Prince [1927]

Novarro lived 1899 to 1968. Shearer lived 1902 to 1983.

Billy Rose [Rose, Billy]/Al Jolson [Jolson, Al]/Dave Dreyer [Dreyer, Dave]

lyricist/composer/composer

USA

1927

Me and My Shadow [1927]

Rose lived 1899 to 1966.

Gid Tanner [Tanner, Gid] or James Gideon Tanner [Tanner, James Gideon]/Skillet Lickers

musician

USA

1927

Corn Licker Still in Georgia [1927]

Gid Tanner and His Skillet Lickers. He lived 1885 to 1960.

Charles Edward Spearman [Spearman, Charles Edward]

psychologist

USA

1927

Abilities of Man [1927]

He lived 1863 to 1945, studied cognition principles, invented tetrad equation, and developed a two-factor intelligence

theory. Perhaps, intelligence has general factor {mental energy}, which allows good performance on all mental tests

{general ability}. General factor results from relations among primary intelligence factors.

George Whiting [Whiting, George]/Walter Donaldson [Donaldson, Walter]

lyricist/composer

USA

1927

My Blue Heaven [1927]

Donaldson lived 1893 to 1947.

Arnold Zweig [Zweig, Arnold]

writer

Germany

1927

Case of Sergeant Grischa [1927]

He lived 1887 to 1968.

Emil Jannings [Jannings, Emil]

actor

Austria/USA

1927 to 1928

Last Laugh [1927]; Variety [1928]

He lived 1884 to 1950.

Stuart Davis [Davis, Stuart]

painter

USA

1927 to 1930

Eggbeater series [1927 to 1930]

He lived 1894 to 1964.

Josef von Sternberg [Sternberg, Josef von]

director

Austria/USA

1927 to 1930

Underworld [1927]; Last Command [1928: Emil Jannings acted]; Morocco [1930: sound. Marlene Dietrich and Gary

Cooper acted]

He lived 1894 to 1969. The Last Command combined vulgarity and menace {schrecklichkeit}.

Georges Lemaître [Lemaître, Georges]

astronomer

Belgium/England/USA

1927 to 1931

He lived 1894 to 1966 and used general relativity to show that universe is expanding [1927], conjecturing that it began

as a point (Primeval Atom) [1931].

Jimmie Rodgers [Rodgers, Jimmie]

singer/composer

USA

1927 to 1933

Blue Yodel [1927 to 1933]; Waiting for a Train [1927 to 1933]; In the Jailhouse Now [1927 to 1933]; Jimmie the Kid

[1927 to 1933]; Miss the Mississippi and You [1927 to 1933]; Looking for a New Mama [1927 to 1933]; Jimmie's

Mean Mama Blues [1927 to 1933]; Train Whistle Blues [1927 to 1933]; Muleskinner Blues [1927 to 1933]

He lived 1897 to 1933 and sang the blues. He was the Singing Brakeman and the Blue Yodeler.

John William Dunne [Dunne, John William]

inventor/philosopher

Britain

1927 to 1934

Experiment with Time [1927]; Serial Universe [1934]; airplane [1900 to 1920]

He lived 1875 to 1949 and invented stable airplane.

Martin Heidegger [Heidegger, Martin]

philosopher

Germany

1927 to 1935

Being and Time [1927]; What Is Metaphysics? [1929]; Kant and the Problem of Metaphysics [1929]; Introduction to

Metaphysics [1935]

He lived 1889 to 1976, was atheist, founded existentialism, and was Sartre's and Hans-Georg Gadamer's teacher. Later,

Heidegger became more pessimistic.

Being and thinking are becoming lost {nihilism, Heidegger}, as science, logic, and technology progress. People need

thinking and language, as in art and poetry {the turn}.

Epistemology

Philosophy must be careful to use correct terms and to explain why other terms are incorrect.

Being itself causes errors in understanding, because many things are possible but only several actual.

Communication concerns living being transmitting information about problem at moment.

If something is true, people can understand it. False things do not have meaning.

Ethics

Present situations or problems require decision. Situation has social or problem context, people have goals or purposes,

and tools and moods affect situation. One can act mechanically or freely. People must learn to act in these situations.

People must come to accept the inevitability of death. This knowledge is motivation to action, and so death is cause

from the future that can affect people in the present.

Mind

People's lives are not like things people use {Zuhandenheit} and are not like things entirely separate from people

{Vorhandenheit}. People's lives are fundamental forms of being, in which they have social relations to live in

communities and personal goals to meet needs. Living people, as being itself {dasein}, are non-physical existences

{existenz} or life loci.

People have identity gained from family and culture {authenticity}. People can understand this identity.

Before life begins, people are nothing and after death will again be nothing, so nothingness focuses human ideas and

concepts.

Angst causes reflection. Then restless soul questions and so understands existence and thus accepts the pain and

hopelessness of short life in limited universe. The soul takes resolute decision to assert its existence and essence and so

determines its destiny itself. This is the meaning of being {sein, Heidegger}. Being depends on existence of people who

understand its being.

To gain understanding of being and self, which are hidden, deliberately obscure, or too familiar, requires a method

{hermeneutics, Heidegger}.

Politics

Beings develop in societies. Social conventions and ideas from the past determine one's being. To find all possibilities

of being and to understand development, people must study history.

Margaret Bourke-White [Bourke-White, Margaret]

photographer

England

1927 to 1936

She lived 1904 to 1971 and took farm-worker photographs.

Percy William Bridgman [Bridgman, Percy William]

physicist

USA

1927 to 1936

Logic of Modern Physics [1927]; Dimensional Analysis [1927]; Nature of Physical Theory [1936]

He lived 1882 to 1962. Scientific concepts relate to experiment methods {operationalism, Bridgman}.

Walter Donaldson [Donaldson, Walter]

lyricist/composer

USA

1927 to 1937

At Sundown [1927]; You're Driving me Crazy [1930]; Little White Lies [1937]

He lived 1893 to 1947.

Meade Lux Lewis [Lewis, Meade Lux]

pianist/composer

USA

1927 to 1939

Honky Tonk Train Blues [1936]

He lived 1905 to 1964 and played Boogie Woogie and Blues.

Ernest Hemingway [Hemingway, Ernest]

novelist

USA

1927 to 1940

Men without Women [1927]; Farewell to Arms [1929]; Death in the Afternoon [1932]; Snows of Kilimanjaro [1933];

For Whom the Bell Tolls [1940]; Old Man and the Sea [1952]

He lived 1899 to 1961.

Lewis Selznick [Selznick, Lewis]/Myron Selznick [Selznick, Myron]

producer

USA

1927 to 1940

Bill of Divorcement [1932]; What Price Hollywood? [1932]; Little Women [1933]; Dinner at Eight [1933]; David

Copperfield [1935]; Anna Karenina [1935]; Tale of Two Cities [1935]; Little Lord Fauntleroy [1936]; Star Is Born

[1937]; Prisoner of Zenda [1937]; Intermezzo [1939]

Louis lived 1870 to 1933. Myron lived 1898 to 1944. They produced silent movies and talkies.

Gutzon Borglum [Borglum, Gutzon]

sculptor

Black Hills, South Dakota

1927 to 1941

Mount Rushmore [1927 to 1941: World's four largest sculptures are each 20 meters high and show George Washington,

Thomas Jefferson, Abraham Lincoln, and Theodore Roosevelt]

He lived 1867 to 1941.

Oscar Hammerstein II [Hammerstein II, Oscar]/Jerome Kern [Kern, Jerome]

lyricist/composer

USA

1927 to 1942

Ol' Man River [1927]; Show Boat [1927: musical, including Ol' Man River, Can't Help Lovin' That Man, Make

Believe, and Bill]; Music in the Air [1932: musical, including I've Told Every Little Star]; I've Told Every Little Star

[1932: from Music in the Air]; All the Things You Are [1939]; Lady, Be Good [1940: musical, including Last Time I

Saw Paris]; Last Time I Saw Paris [1941: from the film Lady Be Good]

Hammerstein lived 1895 to 1960. Kern lived 1885 to 1945.

A. P. Carter [Carter, A. P.] or Alvin Pleasant Delaney Carter [Carter, Alvin Pleasant Delaney]/Carter Family

composer/singer

USA

1927 to 1943

Wandering Boy [1927]; Poor Orphan Child [1927]; Storms Are on the Ocean [1928]; Single Girl, Married Girl [1928];

Meet Me by the Moonlight Alone [1928]; Keep on the Sunny Side [1928]; Little Darling, Pal of Mine [1928]; Forsaken

Love [1928]; Anchored in Love [1928]; I Ain't Goin' to Work Tomorrow [1928]; Will You Miss Me When I'm Gone

[1928]; Wildwood Flower [1928]; River of Jordan [1928]; Chewing Gum [1928]; John Hardy Was a Desperate Little

Man [1928]; I'm Thinking Tonight of My Blue Eyes [1929]; My Clinch Mountain Home [1929]; Sweet Fern [1929];

Grave on the Green Hillside [1929]; Little Moses [1929]; Don't Forget This Song [1929]; Engine 143 [1929]

He lived 1891 to 1960. Sara Doughtety Carter lived 1898 to 1979 and played autoharp and guitar. Maybelle Carter

lived 1909 to 1978 and played guitar.

William A. Wellman [Wellman, William A.]

director

USA

1927 to 1949

Wings [1927: silent. Clara Bow acted]; Beau Geste [1939: sound. Gary Cooper, Ray Milland, and Robert Preston

acted]; Battleground [1949: sound. Van Johnson and Richard Jaeckel acted]

He lived 1896 to 1975.

Harold D. Lasswell [Lasswell, Harold D.]

political scientist

USA

1927 to 1950

Propaganda Technique in the World War [1927]; World Politics and Personal Insecurity [1935]; Democracy through

Public Opinion [1941]; Free and Responsible Press [1947]; Politics: Who Gets What, When, How [1948]; Power and

Personality [1948]; Power and Society [1950]; National Security and Individual Freedom [1950]

He lived 1902 to 1978 and invented Model of Communication: Who (says) What (to) Whom (in) What Channel (with)

What Effect.

Pierre Teilhard de Chardin [Chardin, Pierre Teilhard de]

philosopher

France

1927 to 1955

Divine Milieu [1927]; Human Phenomenon [1955]

He lived 1881 to 1955 and was Catholic. Purposes determine universe {teleology, Chardin}. Life moves toward higher

consciousness {omega point}.

Yannis Ritsos [Ritsos, Yannis]

poet

Greece

1927 to 1956

Legend of America [1927]; Sonnets of an Immigrant [1930]; Fourth Dimension [1930]; Moonlight Sonata [1956]

He lived 1909 to 1991.

Harold Adamson [Adamson, Harold]/Louis Alter [Alter, Louis]

lyricist/composer

USA

1928

Manhattan Serenade [1928]

Adamson lived 1906 to 1980. Alter lived 1902 to 1980.

Stephen Vincent Benet [Benet, Stephen Vincent]

storyteller/poet

USA

1928

Devil and Daniel Webster [1928: story]; John Brown's Body [1928: poem]

He lived 1898 to 1943.

Aristide Briand [Briand, Aristide]/Frank B. Kellogg [Kellogg, Frank B.]

law

Paris, France

1928

Briand-Kellogg Pact or Pact of Paris [1928]

Open to all nations, it prohibited war and forced peaceful settlements to be sought.

Leroy Carr [Carr, Leroy]

composer

USA

1928

How Long Blues [1928]

He lived 1905 to 1935.

Tommy Dorsey [Dorsey, Tommy] or Thomas A. Dorsey [Dorsey, Thomas A.]/Hudson Whittaker [Whittaker,

Hudson] or Tampa Red

composer

USA

1928

Tight Like That [1928]

Dorsey lived 1899 to 1993. Whittaker lived 1904 to 1981.

Raoul Dufy [Dufy, Raoul]

painter

France

1928

Interior with Open Windows [1928]

He lived 1877 to 1953 and was Fauvist.

Mark Fisher [Fisher, Mark]/Joe Goodwin [Goodwin, Joe]/Larry Shay [Shay, Larry]

composer

USA

1928

When You're Smiling [1928]

Goodwin lived 1889 to 1943. Shay lived 1898 to 1988.

Alexander Fleming [Fleming, Alexander]

biologist

England

1928

He lived 1881 to 1955. Penicillin is antibacterial drug [1928].

John Carl Flugel [Flugel, John Carl]

psychologist/psychoanalyst

Britain

1928

Practice, Fatigue and Oscillation [1928]

He lived 1884 to 1955 and studied attention.

Georg Groddeck [Groddeck, Georg]

psychoanalyst

Austria

1928

Id [1928]

He lived 1866 to 1934 and studied unconscious self.

Walter Gropius [Gropius, Walter]

architect

Dessau, Germany

1928

Bauhaus style or Staatliches Bauhaus school or House Building [1928: Modern style, at Dessau]

He lived 1883 to 1969. Style {Bauhaus style} can unite art and craft, without distinction between worker and artist.

Oscar Hammerstein II [Hammerstein II, Oscar]/Sigmund Romberg [Romberg, Sigmund]

lyricist/composer

USA

1928

New Moon [1928: musical]

Hammerstein lived 1895 to 1960.

Will Harris [Harris, Will]/Victor Young [Young, Victor]

composer

USA

1928

Sweet Sue, Just You [1928]

Young lived 1899 to 1956.

Walter Rudolph Hess [Hess, Walter Rudolph]

biologist

Germany

1928

He lived 1881 to 1973. Hypothalamic stimulation causes emotions and controls internal organs [1928].

Earl Hines [Hines, Earl] or Fatha Hines [Hines, Fatha]

pianist

Chicago, Illinois

1928

Apex Blues [1928]

He lived 1903 to 1983 and played Chicago and Swing.

Al Jolson [Jolson, Al]/Billy Rose [Rose, Billy]/Dave Dreyer [Dreyer, Dave]

composer

USA

1928

There's a Rainbow 'Round My Shoulder [1928]

Jolson lived 1886 to 1950. Rose lived 1899 to 1966.

Irving Kahal [Kahal, Irving]/Francis Wheeler [Wheeler, Francis]/Sammy Fain [Fain, Sammy]

lyricist/lyricist/composer

USA

1928

Let a Smile Be Your Umbrella [1928]

Kahal lived 1903 to 1942. Fain lived 1902 to 1989.

Roger Wolfe Kahn [Kahn, Roger Wolfe]/Irving Caesar [Caesar, Irving]/Joseph Meyer [Meyer, Joseph]

composer

USA

1928

Crazy Rhythm [1928]

Kahn lived 1907 to 1962. Caesar lived 1895 to 1996. Meyer lived 1894 to 1987.

Neil Moret [Moret, Neil]/Richard A. Whiting [Whiting, Richard A.]

lyricist/composer

USA

1928

She's Funny That Way [1928]

Whiting lived 1891 to 1938.

Frank Silver [Silver, Frank]/Irving Cohn [Cohn, Irving]

composer

USA

1928

Yes! We Have No Bananas [1928]

Cohn lived 1898 to 1961.

Dorothy Terriss [Terriss, Dorothy] or Theodora Morse [Morse, Theodora]/Walter Donaldson [Donaldson,

Walter]

lyricist/composer

USA

1928

There Must Be a Silver Lining [1928]

Terriss lived 1883 to 1953. Donaldson lived 1893 to 1947.

Spencer Williams [Williams, Spencer]

composer

USA

1928

Basin Street Blues [1928]

He lived 1893 to 1969.

John von Neumann [Neumann, John von]/Eugene Wigner [Wigner, Eugene]/Pascual Jordan [Jordan, Pascual]

physicist

USA

1928 to 1929

Mathematical Foundation of Quantum Mechanics [1932: by John von Neumann]

von Neumann lived 1903 to 1957. Wigner lived 1902 to 1995. They developed algebraic quantum-mechanics theory

[1928 to 1929].

Giovanni Gentile [Gentile, Giovanni]

philosopher

Italy

1928 to 1932

Philosophic Basis of Fascism [1928]; Doctrine of Fascism [1932: ghostwriter for Mussolini]

He lived 1875 to 1944, started an idealism form {actualism}, and studied history.

Roy Turk [Turk, Roy]/Fred Ahlert [Ahlert, Fred]

lyricist/composer

USA

1928 to 1932

I'll Get By (As Long As I Have You) [1928]; Mean to Me [1929]; Walking My Baby Back Home [1930]; Love, You

Funny Thing [1932]

Turk lived 1892 to 1934. Ahlert lived 1892 to 1953.

Bertold Brecht [Brecht, Bertold]/Kurt Weill [Weill, Kurt]

lyricist/composer

USA

1928 to 1933

Threepenny Opera [1928: musical, including Mack the Knife]; Rise and Fall of the City of Mahogany [1929: musical];

Yea-Sayer [1929: musical]; Happy End [1930: musical]; Seven Deadly Sins [1933: musical]

Weill lived 1900 to 1950. Brecht lived 1898 to 1956.

Dorothy Fields [Fields, Dorothy]/Jimmy McHugh [McHugh, Jimmy]

composer

USA

1928 to 1935

I Can't Give You Anything But Love [1928]; Exactly Like You [1930]; On the Sunny Side of the Street [1930: from

Lew Leslie's International Revue]; Don't Blame Me [1932: from Chicago Revue Clowns in Clover]; I'm in the Mood

for Love [1935]

Fields lived 1905 to 1974. McHugh lived 1893 to 1969.

Margaret Mead [Mead, Margaret]

anthropologist

USA

1928 to 1935

Coming of Age in Samoa [1928]; Sex and Temperament in Three Primitive Societies [1935]

She lived 1901 to 1978.

Bill Robinson [Robinson, Bill] or Bojangles

tap dancer

USA

1928 to 1938

Blackbirds of 1928 [1928]; Hot Mikado [1938]

He lived 1878 to 1949.

Agnes de Mille [de Mille, Agnes]

choreographer

USA

1928 to 1942

Rodeo [1942: modern dance with music by Aaron Copland]

She lived 1905 to 1993.

Thorton Wilder [Wilder, Thorton]

playwright/novelist

USA

1928 to 1943

Bridge of San Luis Rey [1928: novel]; Our Town [1938: play]; Matchmaker [1938: play]; Skin of Our Teeth [1943:

play]

He lived 1897 to 1975.

Doris Humphrey [Humphrey, Doris]

modern dancer/choreographer

USA

1928 to 1945

Air for the G String [1928]; Variations on a Theme of Handel [1931]

She lived 1895 to 1958 and choreographed modern dances based on a method {fall and recovery}.

Zog I or Ahmed Bey Zogu [Zogu, Ahmed Bey]

king

Albania

1928 to 1946

He lived 1895 to 1961 and was president [1925 to 1928] then king of Albania [1928 to 1939].

Vladimir Horowitz [Horowitz, Vladimir]

pianist

Russia/USA

1928 to 1947

He lived 1903 to 1989.

Evelyn Waugh [Waugh, Evelyn]

novelist

USA

1928 to 1948

Decline and Fall [1928]; Loved One [1948]

He lived 1903 to 1966.

José Limon [Limon, José]

modern dancer/choreographer

Spain

1928 to 1949

Moor's Pavane [1949: ballet]

He lived 1908 to 1972.

Hans Reichenbach [Reichenbach, Hans]

logician

Berlin, Germany

1928 to 1951

Philosophy of Space and Time [1928]; Rise of Scientific Philosophy [1951]

He lived 1891 to 1953, studied analytic philosophy, and helped develop quantum logic. Spaces and times are relative.

Probability depends on frequency. Induction depends on frequency. The geometry people use for universe is just

conventional, not real, because instruments can systematically alter from expectations.

Le Corbusier or Charles-Edouard Jeanneret-Gris [Jeanneret-Gris, Charles-Edouard]

architect

Switzerland/USA

1928 to 1953

Villa Savoye [1928 to 1929: at Poissy-sur-Seine, France]; Unité d'Habitation or Housing Unit [1946 to 1952: in

Marseilles, France]; United Nations Building [1947 to 1953: modern curtain wall building in New York]; Ronchamp or

Nôtre Dame du Haut chapel [1955: with projecting sunscreens, at Ronchamp, France]; Towards a New Architecture

[1917: book]

He lived 1887 to 1965 and designed "machines to be lived in" {machines à habiter}. He built curtain-wall buildings,

with steel skeletons and glass sides.

Cole Porter [Porter, Cole]

composer

USA

1928 to 1957

You Do Something to Me [1928: from Fifty Million Frenchmen]; Let's Do It (Let's Fall in Love) [1928: from Paris];

What Is This Thing Called Love [1929: from Wake up and Dream]; My Heart Belongs to Daddy [1930]; Love for Sale

[1930: from The New Yorkers]; Night and Day [1932: from Gay Divorcee]; After You, Who? [1932: from Gay

Divorcee]; Gay Divorcee [1932: musical]; All Through the Night [1934: from Anything Goes]; Anything Goes [1934:

from Anything Goes]; Don't Fence Me In [1934]; I Get a Kick Out of You [1934: from Anything Goes]; Miss Otis

Regrets [1934]; Begin the Beguine [1935: from Jubilee]; You're the Top [1934: from Anything Goes]; I Get a Kick Out

of You [1934: from Anything Goes]; Blow Gabriel, Blow [1934: from Anything Goes]; All Thru the Night [1934: from

Anything Goes]; Why Shouldn't I? [1935: from Jubilee]; Just One of Those Things [1935: from Jubilee]; Jubilee [1935:

musical]; Born to Dance [1936]; Easy to Love [1936: from Born to Dance]; I've Got You under My Skin [1936: from

the film Born to Dance]; Born to Dance [1936: musical, including Easy to Love and I've Got You under My Skin];

Red, Hot and Blue! [1936: musical, including It's De-Lovely]; Rosalee or Rosalie [1937: musical]; In the Still of the

Night [1937: from Rosalie]; At Long Last Love [1938: from You Never Know]; Get Out of Town [1938: from Leave It

to Me]; Leave It to Me [1938: musical, including My Heart Belongs to Daddy]; DuBarry Was a Lady [1939: musical,

including Friendship]; Do I Love You [1939: from Du Barry Was a Lady]; I've Got My Eyes on You [1940: from

Broadway Melody of 1940]; Broadway Melody of 1940 [1940]; You'll Never Get Rich [1941]; Don't Fence Me In

[1942: western]; Something to Shout About [1942: musical, including You'd Be So Nice to Come Home To]; Mexican

Hayride [1943: musical]; You'd Be So Nice to Come Home To [1943: from Something to Shout About]; Ev'ry Time

We Say Goodbye [1944: from Seven Lively Arts]; So in Love [1948: from Kiss Me Kate]; Pirate [1948]; Be a Clown

[1948: from the film The Pirate]; Kiss Me Kate [1948: musical, including Always True to You in My Fashion, Another

Op'nin', Another Show, So in Love, Wunderbar, and Too Darn Hot]; Wunderbar [1948: from Kiss Me Kate]; Why

Can't You Behave [1948: from Kiss Me Kate]; We Open in Venice [1948: from Kiss Me Kate]; Another Op'nin',

Another Show [1948: from Kiss Me Kate]; Tom, Dick or Harry [1948: from Kiss Me Kate]; Too Darn Hot [1948: from

Kiss Me Kate]; Brush up Your Shakespeare [1948: from Kiss Me Kate]; I Love Paris [1952: from Can Can]; Can-Can

[1952: musical, including I Love Paris, It's All Right with Me]; Silk Stockings [1954: musical, including All of You];

True Love [1955: from the movie High Society]; All of You [1955: from Silk Stockings]; High Society [1956:

including True Love]; True Love [1956: in the film High Society]; Les Girls [1957]

He lived 1891 to 1964.

Lily Pons [Pons, Lily]

singer

France

1928 to 1958

Lakmé [1928: music by Leo Delibes]

She lived 1904 to 1976.

Georg von Bekesy [Bekesy, Georg von]

physicist/physiologist/linguist/inventor

Hungary

1928 to 1962

Theory of Audition [1928 to 1932]; Experiments in Hearing [1962]; Bekesy audiometer

He lived 1899 to 1972. Sound vibrations travel from one inner-ear basilar-membrane end toward the other [1928 to

1932]. For sound frequencies, different membrane positions have maximum vibration.

Edith Sitwell [Sitwell, Edith]

poet

England

1928 to 1962

Five Poems [1928]; Fanfare for Elizabeth [1946]; Queens and the Hive [1962]

She lived 1887 to 1964.

Luis Bunuel [Bunuel, Luis]

director

Spain

1928 to 1967

Un Chien andalou or Andalusian Dog [1928]; L'Age d'Or or Golden Age [1930]; Belle de Jour or Call Girl [1967]

He lived 1900 to 1983.

Rudolf Carnap [Carnap, Rudolf]

mathematician

Austria

1928 to 1967

Logical Structure of the World [1928]; Unity of Science [1932]; Logical Syntax of Language [1934]; Meaning and

Necessity [1947]; Introduction to Semantics [1947]; Logical Foundations of Probability [1950]; Philosphical

Foundations of Physics: An Introduction to the Philosophy of Science [1966]

He lived 1891 to 1970, was in Vienna Circle, and was logical positivist. In logic, under Frege, he studied inductive

logic, quantum logic, and number definition and developed a stronger conditional {L-implication}.

Epistemology

People record observations {protocol sentence} to assess hypotheses. Starting from memories of personal-experience

similarities, people can construct and so verify all knowledge, except some physics concepts. People use evidence

inductively, to check hypothesis {confirmation} by comparison, classification, or quantification and find probability.

Inductive logic involves probability.

Logical analysis requires language structures and semantics, such as logic and modal logic. Logical axioms are useful

conventions.

Names do not denote unique objects but depend on context {method of extension and intention} {extension and

intention method}.

Language has distinct semantic features {material mode} and formal or syntactical features {formal mode}. All

philosophical problems are syntactical. Using syntax can clarify definitions and statements and put them in forms in

which meaning is clear and people can determine truth. Using this approach, philosophical problems can be solvable or

prove to be insoluble {explication, Carnap}.

Ludwig van Bertalanffy [Bertalanffy, Ludwig van]

sociologist

Germany

1928 to 1968

Modern Theories of Development [1928]; General System Theory [1968]

He lived 1901 to 1972 and invented a systems theory {general systems theory}. All fields of study have structural

similarities {isomorphism, Bertalanffy}.

Antonio de Oliveira Salazar [Salazar, Antonio de Oliveira]

dictator

Portugal

1928 to 1968

He lived 1889 to 1974 and controlled Portugal [1932 to 1968].

Marcel Ayme [Ayme, Marcel]

writer

France

1929

La Table aux crevés or Hunting Ground [1929]

He lived 1902 to 1967.

Walter Browne [Browne, Walter]/Julian Edwards [Edwards, Julian]

composer

USA

1929

Marianne [1929]

Edwards lived 1855 to 1910.

Ruth Chatterton [Chatterton, Ruth]

actor

USA

1929

Madame X [1929]

She lived 1893 to 1961.

Grant Clarke [Clarke, Grant]/Harry Akst [Akst, Harry]

lyricist/composer

USA

1929

Am I Blue [1929: sung by Ethel Waters from On with the Show]

Clarke lived 1891 to 1931. Akst lived 1894 to 1963.

Paul Denniker [Denniker, Paul]

composer

USA

1929

S'posin' [1929]

Marie Dressler [Dressler, Marie]

actor

USA

1929

Hollywood Review of 1929 [1929]

She lived 1868 to 1934.

Al Dubin [Dubin, Al]/Joseph Burke [Burke, Joseph]

lyricist/composer

USA

1929

Tip-toe through the Tulips with Me [1929: from the film Golddiggers of Broadway]

Dubin lived 1891 to 1945. Burke lived 1884 to 1950.

Edward Eliscu [Eliscu, Edward]/Billy Rose [Rose, Billy]/Vincent Youmans [Youmans, Vincent]

lyricist/lyricist/composer

USA

1929

Without a Song [1929]

Eliscu lived 1902 to 1998. Rose lived 1899 to 1966. Youmans lived 1898 to 1946.

Max Ernst [Ernst, Max]

painter

Germany

1929

La Femme 100 têtes or Hundred-headed Woman [1929]

He lived 1891 to 1976, was Surrealist, and constructed frottages [1925] and decalomania.

Adriaan Daniël Fokker [Fokker, Adriaan Daniël]

physicist

Germany

1929

He lived 1887 to 1972. Schwarzschild, Tetrode, and Fokker [1929] developed perfect absorption to renormalize

Maxwell's equations.

Friedrich Hollaender [Hollaender, Friedrich]

composer

Germany

1929

Ich bin von Kopf bis Fuss auf Liebe eingestellt or Falling in Love Again or I am adjusted from head to foot with love

[1929: from The Blue Angel]

Hollaender lived 1896 to 1976.

Paul James [James, Paul] or James Warburg [Warburg, James]/Kay Swift [Swift, Kay]

lyricist/composer

USA

1929

Can't We Be Friends? [1929: from The Little Show]

James lived 1896 to 1969. Swift lived 1897 to 1993.

Oliver La Farge [La Farge, Oliver]

novelist

USA

1929

Laughing Boy [1929]

He lived 1901 to 1963.

Robert Liebmann [Liebmann, Robert]/Friedrich Hollaender [Hollaender, Friedrich]

lyricist/composer

Germany

1929

Ich bin die fesche Lola or I am the naughty Lola [1929: from The Blue Angel]

Hollaender lived 1896 to 1976.

Harry Link [Link, Harry]/Billy Rose [Rose, Billy]/Fats Waller [Waller, Fats]

lyricist/composer

USA

1929

I've Got a Feelin' I'm Falling [1929]

Rose lived 1899 to 1966. Waller lived 1904 to 1943.

Mitchell Parish [Parish, Mitchell] or Mitchell Parrish [Parrish, Mitchell]/Hoagy Carmichael [Carmichael,

Hoagy]

lyricist/composer

USA

1929

Stardust [1929]

Parish lived 1900 to 1993. Carmichael lived 1899 to 1981.

Frank Proffit [Proffit, Frank]

singer

USA

1929

Tom Dooley [1947: traditional. sung by Frank Proffit]

Proffit lived 1897 to 1938.

Andy Razaf [Razaf, Andy]/Harry Brooks [Brooks, Harry]

composer

USA

1929

Ain't Misbehaving, Savin' My Love for You [1929: sung by Fats Waller]

Razaf lived 1895 to 1973. Brooks lived 1895 to 1970.

Erich Maria Remarque [Remarque, Erich Maria]

novelist

Germany

1929

All Quiet on the Western Front [1929]

He lived 1898 to 1970.

Leo Robin [Robin, Leo]/Richard A. Whiting [Whiting, Richard A.]

lyricist/composer

USA

1929

All I Want is Just One Girl [1925]; Louise [1929: from the movie Innocents in Paris]

Robin lived 1895 to 1984. Whiting lived 1891 to 1938.

Billy Rose [Rose, Billy]/Edward Eliscu [Eliscu, Edward]/Vincent Youmans [Youmans, Vincent]

composer

USA

1929

More Than You Know [1929: from Great Day]

Rose lived 1899 to 1966. Eliscu lived 1902 to 1998. Youmans lived 1898 to 1946.

Otto Struve [Struve, Otto]

astronomer

Germany

1929

On the Axial Rotation of Stars [1929]

He lived 1897 to 1963 and studied star rotations.

Jo Trent [Trent, Jo]/Louis Alter [Alter, Louis]

composer

USA

1929

My Kinda Love [1929]

Alter lived 1902 to 1980.

Lester Young [Young, Lester]

tenor saxophonist

USA

1929

He lived 1909 to 1959 and played Swing.

King Keppard [Keppard, King] or Freddie Keppard [Keppard, Freddie] or Whalemouth Keppard [Keppard,

Whalemouth]

trumpeter

USA

1929 to 1930

He lived 1889 to 1933 and played Dixieland and Chicago.

Bessie Smith [Smith, Bessie] or Empress of the Blues

singer

USA

1929 to 1930

Dirty No-Gooder's Blues [1929]; Poor Man's Blues [1930]

She lived 1894 to 1937 and played Big Band and blues.

Nilo Menendez [Menendez, Nilo]/Adolfo Utrera [Utrera, Adolfo]/E. Rivera [Rivera, E.]/Woods [Woods, E.]

composer/lyricist

Spain/USA

1929 to 1931

Aquellos Ojos Verdes or Green Eyes [1929]

Andy Razaf [Razaf, Andy]/Fats Waller [Waller, Fats]

composer

USA

1929 to 1932

Honeysuckle Rose [1929: from Ain't Misbehavin']; Black and Blue [1929]; Keepin' Out of Mischief Now [1932]

Razaf lived 1895 to 1973. Waller lived 1904 to 1943.

Herbert Hoover [Hoover, Herbert]

president

USA

1929 to 1933

He lived 1874 to 1964 and was Secretary of Commerce in 1920's. Great Depression started after 31st-president

election. He tried to balance budget, defended the gold standard, urged public works, provided loans, handled veterans

march on Washington, held ineffective disarmament talks, and had bank crisis [1932]. His Treasury Secretary was

Andrew Mellon.

Leo Szilard [Szilard, Leo]

chemist

USA

1929 to 1933

On the decrease of entropy in thermodynamic system by the intervention of intelligent beings [1929]

He lived 1898 to 1964 and studied chain reactions [1933].

Alexander

king

Yugoslavia

1929 to 1934

He lived 1888 to 1934. Someone killed him.

George Arliss [Arliss, George]

director

England/USA

1929 to 1935

Disraeli [1929]; Cardinal Richelieu [1935]

He lived 1868 to 1946.

Sam Coslow [Coslow, Sam]

composer

USA

1929 to 1938

Sweeping the Clouds Away [1929]; (I'm in Love With) The Honorable Mr. So and So [1938: from Society Lawyer]

He lived 1900 to 1982.

Thomas Wolfe [Wolfe, Thomas]

novelist

USA

1929 to 1938

Look Homeward Angel [1929, includes A Stone, A Leaf, A Door]; Of Time and the River [1935]; You Can't Go Home

Again [1938]

He lived 1900 to 1938.

Hoagy Carmichael [Carmichael, Hoagy]

composer

USA

1929 to 1939

Rockin' Chair [1929: sung by Mildred Bailey]; I Get Along without You Very Well [1938: from poem by J. B.

Thompson]; Hong Kong Blues [1939]

He lived 1899 to 1981.

Karl Mannheim [Mannheim, Karl]

philosopher/sociologist

Hungary/Germany/Britain

1929 to 1940

Ideology and Utopia [1929]; Man and Society in an Age of Reconstruction [1940]

He lived 1893 to 1947 and was of Sunday Circle in Hungary. He was "father of sociology of knowledge" and studied

what people feel about society.

Clarence Williams [Williams, Clarence]

pianist/composer

USA

1929 to 1940

He lived 1898 to 1965 and used plunger mute for Duke Ellington's Big Band.

Robert Yerkes [Yerkes, Robert]

biologist

USA

1929 to 1943

He lived 1876 to 1956 and studied primates [1929 to 1943].

William Faulkner [Faulkner, William]

novelist

USA

1929 to 1948

Sound and the Fury [1929]; As I Lay Dying [1930]; Sanctuary [1931]; Light in August [1932]; Absalom, Absalom

[1936]; Hamlet [1940]; Intruder in the Dust [1948]

He lived 1897 to 1962.

Carolyn Keene [Keene, Carolyn] or Mildred Wirt Benson [Benson, Mildred Wirt]

writer

USA

1929 to 1948

Nancy Drew [1929 to 1948: books, commissioned by Edward Stratemeyer]

She lived 1905 to 2002.

Edwin Garrigues Boring [Boring, Edwin Garrigues]

psychologist

USA

1929 to 1950

History of Experimental Psychology [1929 and 1950]; Sensation and Perception in the History of Experimental

Psychology [1942]

He lived 1886 to 1968, reviewed sensation and perception, and studied consciousness physical dimensions.

James Thurber [Thurber, James]

essayist/humorist

USA

1929 to 1952

Is Sex Necessary? [1929: humorous essays]; Seal in the Bedroom [1932: humorous essays]; Male Animal [1941:

humorous essays]; Thurber Album [1952: humorous essays]

He lived 1894 to 1961.

Willie Smith [Smith, Willie] or Lion

alto saxophonist

USA

1929 to 1953

He lived 1910 to 1967 and played Modern and stride.

Raoul Walsh [Walsh, Raoul]

director

USA

1929 to 1953

Cockeyed World [1929]; Lion in the Streets [1953: James Cagney acted]

He lived 1887 to 1980.

Joseph Wood Crutch [Crutch, Joseph Wood]

naturalist

USA

1929 to 1954

Modern Temper [1929]; Measure of Man [1954]

He lived 1893 to 1970.

Herbert Feigl [Feigl, Herbert]

philosopher

Vienna, Austria/USA

1929 to 1958

Theory and Experience in Physics [1929]; 'Mental' and the 'Physical' [1958]; Concepts, Theories, and the Mind-Body

Problem [1958: with Michael Scriven]

He lived 1902 to 1989, was logical positivist, studied mind-body problem, advocated neutral monism, and was member

of Vienna Circle.

Clarence I. Lewis [Lewis, Clarence I.]

logician

USA

1929 to 1959

Mind and the World Order [1929]; Symbolic Logic [1932: with Cooper H. Langford]; Analysis of Knowledge and

Valuation [1946]

He lived 1883 to 1964, helped develop modal or relevance logic, developed implication requiring necessity {strict

implication, Lewis}, and studied phenomenalism.

Salvador Dali [Dali, Salvador]

painter

Spain

1929 to 1962

Lugubrious Game [1929]; Persistence of Memory [1931]; Evocation of the Apparition of Lenin [1933]; Autumn

Cannibalism [1937]; Geopoliticus World Child Watching the Birth of the New Man [1943]; Christ of St. John of the

Cross [1951]; Raphaelesque Head Exploding [1951]; Oecumenical Council [1962]

He lived 1904 to 1989, used psychoanalytic ideas, and was Surrealist.

Charles Weidman [Weidman, Charles]

modern dancer/choreographer

USA

1929 to 1966

He lived 1901 to 1975 and choreographed modern dances.

Harold Adamson [Adamson, Harold]/Mack Gordon [Gordon, Mack]/Vincent Youmans [Youmans, Vincent]

composer

USA

1930

Time on My Hands [1930: from Smiles]

Adamson lived 1906 to 1980. Gordon lived 1904 to 1959. Youmans lived 1898 to 1946.

Gus Arnheim [Arnheim, Gus]/Harry Barris [Barris, Harry]

lyricist/composer

USA

1930

It Must be True (You Are Mine, All Mine) [1930]

Arnheim lived 1897 to 1955. Barris lived 1905 to 1962.

Lew Ayres [Ayres, Lew]

actor

USA

1930

All Quiet on the Western Front [1930]

He lived 1908 to 1996.

Richard Barthelmess [Barthelmess, Richard]

actor

USA

1930

Dawn Patrol [1930]

He lived 1895 to 1963.

Sidney Bechet [Bechet, Sidney]

trumpeter

New Orleans, Louisiana

1930

He lived 1897 to 1959 and played New Orleans Revival.

Bix Beiderbecke [Beiderbecke, Bix]

trumpeter

Chicago, Illinois

1930

He lived 1903 to 1931 and played Chicago and Swing.

Constance Bennett [Bennett, Constance]/Lew Ayres [Ayres, Lew]

actor

USA

1930

Common Clay [1930]

Bennett lived 1904 to 1965. Ayres lived 1908 to 1996.

Julius Brammer [Brammer, Julius]/Leonello Casucci [Casucci, Leonello]/Irving Caesar [Caesar, Irving]

lyricist/composer/lyricist

USA

1930

Just a Gigolo [1930]

Casucci lived 1885 to 1975. Caesar lived 1895 to 1996.

Newell Chase [Chase, Newell]/Richard Whiting [Whiting, Richard]

lyricist/composer

USA

1930

My Ideal [1930: from Playboy of Paris]

Whiting lived 1891 to 1938.

Hart Crane [Crane, Hart]

poet

USA

1930

Bridge [1930: long poem]

He lived 1899 to 1932.

Marie Dressler [Dressler, Marie]/Wallace Beery [Beery, Wallace]

actor

USA

1930

Min and Bill [1930]

Dressler lived 1869 to 1934. Beery lived 1885 to 1949.

Lillian Gish [Gish, Lillian]/Marie Dressler [Dressler, Marie]

actor

USA

1930

Swan [1930]

Gish lived 1893 to 1993. Dressler lived 1869 to 1934.

Stuart Gorrell [Gorrell, Stuart]/Hoagy Carmichael [Carmichael, Hoagy]

lyricist/composer

USA

1930

Georgia on My Mind [1930]

Carmichael lived 1899 to 1981.

Edgar Yipsel Harburg [Harburg, Edgar Yipsel] or Yip Harburg [Harburg, Yip]

composer

USA

1930

Brother Can You Spare a Dime [1930]

Harburg lived 1898 to 1981.

Edgar Yipsel Harburg [Harburg, Edgar Yipsel] or Yip Harburg [Harburg, Yip]/John W. Green [Green, John

W.]

lyricist/composer

USA

1930

I'm Yours [1930]

Harburg lived 1898 to 1981. Green lived 1908 to 1989.

Jimmy Harrison [Harrison, Jimmy]

trombonist

USA

1930

He lived 1900 to 1931 and played Modern.

Hergé or Georges Remi [Remi, Georges]

writer

Belgium

1930

Tintin [1930 on: books]

He lived 1907 to 1983.

Edward Heyman [Heyman, Edward]/Robert Sour [Sour, Robert]/Frank Eyton [Eyton, Frank]/John Green

[Green, John]

lyricist/lyricist/lyricist/composer

USA

1930

Body and Soul [1930]

Heyman lived 1907 to 1981. Sour lived 1906 to 1985. Green lived 1908 to 1989.

Arend Heyting [Heyting, Arend]

mathematician

England

1930

He lived 1898 to 1980 and helped develop quantum logic [1930].

Gus Kahn [Kahn, Gus]/Wilbur Schwandt [Schwandt, Wilbur]/Fabian Andree [Andree, Fabian]

lyricist/composer/composer

USA

1930

Dream a Little Dream of Me [1930]

Kahn lived 1886 to 1941. Schwandt lived 1904 to 1998.

Maceo Pinkard [Pinkard, Maceo]/William Tracy [Tracy, William]/Doris Tauber [Tauber, Doris]

composer

USA

1930

Them There Eyes [1930]

Pinkard lived 1897 to 1962. Tracy lived 1917 to 1967. Tauber lived 1907 to 1996.

Watty Piper [Piper, Watty]

writer

USA

1930

Little Engine That Could [1930]

Piper was pseudonym used by Platt and Munk publishers.

Andy Razaf [Razaf, Andy]/Eubie Blake [Blake, Eubie] or James Herbert Blake [Blake, James Herbert]

composer

USA

1930

Memories of You [1930]

Razaf lived 1895 to 1973. Blake lived 1883 to 1983.

Leo Robin [Robin, Leo]/Frank Harling [Harling, Frank]/Richard A. Whiting [Whiting, Richard A.]

lyricist/composer/composer

USA

1930

Beyond the Blue Horizon [1930: from Monte Carlo]

Robin lived 1895 to 1984. Whiting lived 1891 to 1938.

Edward G. Robinson [Robinson, Edward G.]

actor

Romania/USA

1930

Little Caesar [1930]

He lived 1893 to 1973.

George Roth [Roth, George]/F. F. Flemming [Flemming, F. F.]

lyricist/composer

USA

1930

Hail, Alma Mater [1930: George Washington University. music is Integer Vitae]

George Steiner rewrote words [1970]. Flemming lived 1778 to 1813.

Victoria Sackville-West [Sackville-West, Victoria]

novelist

England

1930

Edwardians [1930]

She lived 1892 to 1962.

Norma Shearer [Shearer, Norma]

actor

Canada/USA

1930

Divorcee [1930]

She lived 1902 to 1983.

Kuki Shuzo [Shuzo, Kuki]

philosopher

Kyoto, Japan

1930

Structure of Iki [1930]

He lived 1888 to 1943 and wrote about aesthetics.

Roy Turk [Turk, Roy]/Fred Ahlert [Ahlert, Fred]/Fats Waller [Waller, Fats] or Thomas Waller [Waller,

Thomas]

lyricist/composer/composer

USA

1930

Walking My Baby Back Home [1930]

Turk lived 1892 to 1934. Ahlert lived 1892 to 1953. Waller lived 1904 to 1943.

Paul James [James, Paul] or James Warburg [Warburg, James]/Kay Swift [Swift, Kay]

lyricist/composer

USA

1930

Fine and Dandy [1930: from Fine and Dandy]

James lived 1896 to 1969. Swift lived 1897 to 1993.

Paul Whiteman [Whiteman, Paul]

actor

USA

1930

King of Jazz [1930]

He lived 1890 to 1967.

Mort Dixon [Dixon, Mort]/Billy Rose [Rose, Billy]/Harry Warren [Warren, Harry]

lyricist/lyricist/composer

USA

1930 to 1931

Would You Like to Take a Walk [1930: from Sweet and Low]; I Found a Million Dollar Baby [1931: from Crazy

Quilt]

Dixon lived 1892 to 1956. Rose lived 1899 to 1966. Warren lived 1893 to 1981.

William Frederick Lamb [Lamb, William Frederick]

architect

New York, New York

1930 to 1931

Empire State Building [1930 to 1931: Iron and concrete Art Deco skyscraper is 102 stories and 400 meters tall]

He lived 1883 to 1958 and worked for Shreve, Lamb, and Harmon Company [1929], with Richmond Harold Shreve

[1877 to 1946] and Arthur Loomis Harmon [1878 to 1958].

George F. Stout [Stout, George F.]

philosopher

Britain

1930 to 1931

Studies in Philosophy and Psychology [1930]; Mind and Matter [1931]

He lived 1860 to 1944 and was Idealist. Experience refers to real object. Object's particular quality or property differs

from other objects' properties {individual property}, though qualities can be similar.

Josef Capek [Capek, Josef]

painter/writer

Czech Republic

1930 to 1933

Fateful Game of Love [1930]; Principles of German Education [1933]

He lived 1887 to 1945 and co-founded the Group of Avant-Garde Artists.

Con Conrad [Conrad, Con]/Herb Magidson [Magidson, Herb]

lyricist/composer

USA

1930 to 1934

Continental [1930: also in the film The Gay Divorcee, 1934]

Conrad lived 1890 to 1938. Magidson lived 1906 to 1986.

Dashiell Hammett [Hammett, Dashiell]

novelist

USA

1930 to 1934

Maltese Falcon [1930]; Glass Key [1930]; Thin Man [1934]

He lived 1894 to 1961.

Ted Koehler [Koehler, Ted]/Harold Arlen [Arlen, Harold]

lyricist/composer

USA

1930 to 1934

One Love [1930: from Earl Carroll Vanities of 1930]; Sweet and Hot [1931]; Between the Devil and the Deep Blue Sea

[1931: from Cotton Club Revue]; I've Got the World on a String [1932: from Cotton Club Revue]; I Gotta Right to

Sing the Blues [1932: from Carroll's Vanities of '32]; Happy As the Day Is Long [from Cotton Club Revue] [1933];

Stormy Weather [1933: from Cotton Club Revue]; Ill Wind [1934: from Cotton Club Revue of 1934]; As Long As I

Live [1934: from Cotton Club Parade]; Let's Fall in Love [1934: from Lets Fall in Love]

Koehler lived 1894 to 1973. Arlen lived 1905 to 1986.

Marcus C. Connelly [Connelly, Marcus C.]

essayist/novelist/director

USA

1930 to 1936

Green Pastures [1930 and 1936: play and movie]

He lived 1890 to 1980.

John Rupert Firth [Firth, John Rupert]

linguist

England

1930 to 1937

Speech [1930]; Tongues of Men [1937]

He lived 1890 to 1960 and developed prosodic analysis.

Marx Brothers/Margaret Dumont [Dumont, Margaret]

actor

USA

1930 to 1937

Animal Crackers [1930]; Horse Feathers [1932]; Duck Soup [1933]; Night at the Opera [1935]; Day at the Races

[1937]

Groucho lived 1890 to 1964. They were Groucho, Harpo, Chico, and Zeppo.

Noel Coward [Coward, Noel]

playwright

England

1930 to 1939

Private Lives [1930]; Dinner at Eight [1933]; Private Lives [1934]; Topper [1937]; Man Who Came to Dinner [1939]

He lived 1899 to 1973.

Kurt Gödel [Gödel, Kurt]

mathematician/logician

Czech Republic/Slovakia/USA

1930 to 1939

On Formally Undecidable Propositions of Principia Mathematica and related systems [1931]; Consistency of the

Axiom of Choice and of the Generalized Continuum-hypothesis with the Axioms of Set Theory [1940]

He lived 1906 to 1978. First-order predicate calculus and first-order logic are complete [1930]. All formal arithmetic

systems must be incomplete [1931]. For all formal and consistent arithmetic systems, at least one true arithmetic

proposition cannot be formally decidable. Neither proposition nor negation has proof, so arithmetic system is

incomplete {Gödel's first incompleteness theorem}. Propositions are statements about numbers. Propositions have

Gödel-number codes. Systems have propositions about propositions, and at least one such statement is not provable,

because proofs use self-referential number statements. Therefore, it is impossible to prove system consistency using

arithmetic.

Formal or logical systems are logically equivalent to recursively definable functions and arithmetic systems.

Computing machines embody such functions. Therefore, machines can never prove their consistency or completeness.

The continuum hypothesis is consistent with basic set-theory axioms [1938 to 1939].

Epistemology

Definitions can specify class elements and their relations, and relations can make new elements {recursive definition}.

Mathematical objects and concepts are real and separate from mind. People know fundamental mathematical truths by

intuition.

Hermann Schmidt [Schmidt, Hermann]

engineer

Germany

1930 to 1939

He lived 1894 to 1968 and worked on control and feedback [1930 to 1939]. First, people provided goals, energy, and

control for primitive tools like ax. Next, machines provided energy, and people provided goals and monitored

machines. Now, people provide goals, and machines provide energy and control. In the future, machines will determine

their goals.

Carol II

king

Romania

1930 to 1940

He lived 1893 to 1953.

Benny Carter [Carter, Benny]

saxophonist

USA

1930 to 1940

He lived 1907 to 2003 and played Modern.

Eddie Condon [Condon, Eddie]

banjo player

Chicago, Illinois

1930 to 1940

He lived 1905 to 1973 and played Chicago.

Kirstin Flagstad [Flagstad, Kirstin]

ballerina

Norway

1930 to 1940

She lived 1895 to 1962.

Spike Hughes [Hughes, Spike] or Patrick Hughes [Hughes, Patrick]

bassist/bandleader

England

1930 to 1940

He lived 1908 to 1987 and played Modern.

Miff Mole [Mole, Miff] or Irving Milfred Mole [Mole, Irving Milfred]

trombonist

USA

1930 to 1940

He lived 1898 to 1961 and played Big Band.

Phil Napoleon [Napoleon, Phil]

trumpeter

USA

1930 to 1940

He lived 1901 to 1990 and played Big Band.

Red Nichols [Nichols, Red]

cornetist/bandleader

USA

1930 to 1940

He lived 1905 to 1965 and played Big Band.

Joe Sullivan [Sullivan, Joe]

trumpeter/pianist

USA

1930 to 1940

He lived 1906 to 1971 and played Swing.

Art Tatum [Tatum, Art]

pianist

USA

1930 to 1940

He lived 1909 to 1956 and played Big Band and Swing.

Lu Watters [Watters, Lu]/Yerba Buena Jazz Band

cornetist

USA

1930 to 1940

He lived 1911 to 1989 and played Swing.

Dickie Wells [Wells, Dickie]

trombonist

USA

1930 to 1940

He lived 1909 to 1985 and played Swing.

Teddy Wilson [Wilson, Teddy] or Theodore Shaw Wilson [Wilson, Theodore Shaw]

pianist

USA

1930 to 1940

He lived 1912 to 1986 and played Swing.

Curt John Ducasse [Ducasse, Curt John]

philosopher

USA

1930 to 1941

Philosophy of Art [1930]; Philosophy as a Science [1941]

He lived 1881 to 1969 and was analytical philosopher. His student was Roderick Chisholm. Causation relates to the

only preceding change that can cause event, as judged and believed by observer. Secondary qualities are sensing

methods, not actual properties.

Jimmie Davis [Davis, Jimmie] or James Edward Davis [Davis, James Edward]/Charles Mitchell [Mitchell,

Charles]

composer

USA

1930 to 1942

You Are My Sunshine, My Only Sunshine [1930: became a hit in 1942]

Davis lived 1899 to 2000.

Dorothy Parker [Parker, Dorothy] or Dorothy Rothschild [Rothschild, Dorothy]

essayist/humorist

USA

1930 to 1942

Laments for the Living [1930: stories]; After Such Pleasures [1933: stories]; Collected Stories [1942]

She lived 1893 to 1967.

Wystan Hugh Auden [Auden, Wystan Hugh]

poet

England/USA

1930 to 1947

Poems [1930]; Orators, an English Study [1932]; Funeral Blues [1936]; Collected Poetry [1945]; Age of Anxiety

[1947]

He lived 1907 to 1973.

Bert Kalmar [Kalmar, Bert]/Harry Ruby [Ruby, Harry]

composer

USA

1930 to 1951

Hooray for Captain Spaulding [1930: from the film Animal Crackers]; Kiss to Build a Dream On [1951: from the film

The Strip]

Kalmar lived 1884 to 1947. Ruby lived 1895 to 1974.

Dylan Thomas [Thomas, Dylan]

poet

England

1930 to 1951

Force that through the Green Fuse Drives the Flower [1930]; Death Shall Have No Dominion [1933]; Do Not Go

Gentle into That Good Night [1951]

He lived 1914 to 1953.

Jan Tinbergen [Tinbergen, Jan]

economist

Netherlands

1930 to 1951

Determination and Interpretation of Supply Curves [1930]; Econometric Approach to Business Cycle Problems [1937];

Econometrics [1951]

He lived 1903 to 1994 and invented first national-economy model [1937].

Charles Leonard Wooley [Wooley, Charles Leonard]

archaeologist

USA

1930 to 1953

Digging Up the Past [1930]; Ur of the Chaldees [1938]; Spadework: Adventures in Archaeology [1953]

He lived 1880 to 1960 and discovered Ur.

Edith Hamilton [Hamilton, Edith]

historian

USA

1930 to 1955

Greek Way [1930]; Roman Way; Mythology [1955]

She lived 1867 to 1963.

Karl Spencer Lashley [Lashley, Karl Spencer]

neuropsychologist

USA

1930 to 1956

Brain Mechanisms and Intelligence [1930]; Functional Determinants of Cerebral Localization [1937]; Cerebral

Organization and Behavior [1956]

He lived 1890 to 1958 and studied cerebral-cortex lesion effects on intelligence, rat maze learning [1920 to 1930], and

mass-action law [Lashley, 1956].

Clive Staples Lewis [Lewis, Clive Staples] or C. S. Lewis [Lewis, C. S.] or Jack Lewis [Lewis, Jack]

writer/philosopher

USA

1930 to 1956

Miracles [1930]; Chronicles of Narnia [1946 to 1956: including Lion, the Witch, and the Wardrobe]; Lion, the Witch,

and the Wardrobe [1950]

He lived 1898 to 1963. If any thought is valid, eternal self-existent Reason must exist and must be source of imperfect

and intermittent rationality. Love can be sexual, brotherly/sisterly, affectionate, or friendly. People have worth.

Stanley J. Kunitz [Kunitz, Stanley J.]

poet

USA

1930 to 1958

Intellectual Things [1930]; Selected Poems 1928-1958 [1958]

He lived 1928 to 1978.

Jean Cocteau [Cocteau, Jean]

playwright/director

France

1930 to 1959

Blood of a Poet [1930: play]; Le Bel Indifférent or Indifferent Beauty [1940: play]; Beauty and the Beast [1946:

movie]; Orpheus [1950: movie]; Testament of Orpheus [1959: movie]

He lived 1889 to 1963.

Moss Hart [Hart, Moss]

playwright

USA

1930 to 1959

Once in a Lifetime [1930: play, with Kaufman]; Act One [1959: autobiography]

He lived 1904 to 1961.

Gene Krupa [Krupa, Gene] or Eugene Bertram Krupa [Krupa, Eugene Bertram]

drummer

Chicago, Illinois

1930 to 1960

He lived 1909 to 1973 and played Chicago and Swing.

Katherine Anne Porter [Porter, Katherine Anne]

storyteller/novelist

USA

1930 to 1965

Flowering Judas [1930: stories]; Collected Stories of Katherine Anne Porter [1965]

She lived 1890 to 1980.

Salvatore Quasimodo [Quasimodo, Salvatore]

poet

Italy

1930 to 1965

Acque e terra or Water and Land [1930]; Dare e avere or To Give and to Have [1959 to 1965]

He lived 1901 to 1968.

Robert Henry Thouless [Thouless, Robert Henry]

psychologist

Britain

1930 to 1972

Straight and Crooked Thinking [1930]; Experimental Psychical Research [1963]; From Anecdote to Experiment in

Psychical Research [1972]; Perceptual constancy or perceptual compromise [1972]

He lived 1894 to 1984 and studied size and brightness constancies. Perceived object property, such as size, shape, or

brightness, is intermediate between stimulus pattern property in peripheral senses and object property {compromise

element} {element of compromise} [1972]. Learning does not affect element of compromise. Element of compromise

has individual differences.

Haile Selassie [Selassie, Haile] or Lion of Judah

king

Ethiopia

1930 to 1974

He lived 1894 to 1975 and started reforms in 1930s but then retrenched. Italy forced him to leave [1936], but he

became king again [1941]. He united with Eritrea [1962]. Marxists deposed him [1974] and he died [1975].

Frederick Allen [Allen, Frederick]

novelist

USA

1931

Only Yesterday [1931: history]

He lived 1890 to 1954.

Arthur Altman [Altman, Arthur]/Seymour Simons [Simons, Seymour]/Gerald Marks [Marks, Gerald]

lyricist/lyricist/composer

USA

1931

All of Me [1931]

Altman lived 1911 to 1994. Simons lived 1896 to 1949. Marks lived 1900 to 1997.

Gus Arnheim [Arnheim, Gus]/Harry Tobias [Tobias, Harry]/Jules Lemare [Lemare, Jules]

lyricist/composer

USA

1931

Sweet and Lovely [1931]

Arnheim lived 1897 to 1955. Tobias lived 1895 to 1994.

Sidney Arodin [Arodin, Sidney]/Hoagy Carmichael [Carmichael, Hoagy]

lyricist/composer

USA

1931

Lazy River [1931: from The Best Years of Our Lives]

Arodin lived 1901 to 1948. Carmichael lived 1899 to 1981.

Constance Bennett [Bennett, Constance]/Joel McCrea [McCrea, Joel]

actor

USA

1931

Born to Love [1931]

Bennett lived 1904 to 1965. McCrea lived 1905 to 1990.

Lew Brown [Brown, Lew]/Ray Henderson [Henderson, Ray]

lyricist/composer

USA

1931

Life Is Just a Bowl of Cherries [1931: from George White's Scandals]

Brown lived 1893 to 1958. Henderson lived 1896 to 1970.

Jean de Brunhoff [Brunhoff, Jean de]

writer

France

1931

Story of Babar [1931]

He lived 1899 to 1937.

Pearl S. Buck [Buck, Pearl S.]

novelist

USA

1931

Good Earth [1931]

She lived 1890 to 1973.

Jimmy Campbell [Campbell, Jimmy]/Reg Connelly [Connelly, Reg]/Ray Noble [Noble, Ray]

composer

USA/England

1931

Goodnight Sweetheart [1931]

Noble lived 1903 to 1978.

Jackie Cooper [Cooper, Jackie]/Wallace Beery [Beery, Wallace]

actor

USA

1931

Champ [1931]

Cooper lived 1921 to ?. Beery lived 1885 to 1949.

Raymond Dodge [Dodge, Raymond]

psychologist

USA

1931

Conditions and Consequences of Human Variability [1931]

He lived 1871 to 1942 and studied human variation.

Karl Jansky [Jansky, Karl]

astronomer

USA

1931

He lived 1905 to 1950 and started radio astronomy [1931].

Will Jason [Jason, Will]/Val Burton [Burton, Val]

composer

USA

1931

Penthouse Serenade or When We're Alone [1931]

Howard E. Johnson [Johnson, Howard E.]/Harry M. Woods [Woods, Harry M.]

lyricist/composer

USA

1931

When the Moon Comes over the Mountain [1931: sung by Kate Smith]

Johnson lived 1908 to 1991. Woods lived 1896 to 1970.

Boris Karloff [Karloff, Boris]

actor

England/USA

1931

Frankenstein [1931]

He lived 1887 to 1969.

Nick Kenny [Kenny, Nick]/Charles Kenny [Kenny, Charles]/J. Fred Coots [Coots, J. Fred]

lyricist/lyricist/composer

USA

1931

Love Letters in the Sand [1931]

Kenny lived 1895 to 1975. Coots lived 1897 to 1985.

Ted Koehler [Koehler, Ted]/Billy Moll [Moll, Billy]/Harry Barris [Barris, Harry]

lyricist/lyricist/composer

USA

1931

Wrap Your Troubles in Dreams [1931]

Koehler lived 1894 to 1973. Barris lived 1905 to 1962.

Ned Lehak [Lehak, Ned]/Edward Eliscu

composer

USA

1931

You Forgot Your Gloves [1931: from The Third Little Show]

Eliscu lived 1902 to 1998.

Sam Lewis [Lewis, Sam]/John Klenner [Klenner, John]

composer

USA

1931

Just Friends [1931]

Lewis lived 1885 to 1959.

Bela Lugosi [Lugosi, Bela]

actor

Hungary/USA

1931

Dracula [1931: Tod Browning wrote]; Murders in the Rue Morgue [1932]

He lived 1882 to 1956.

Joel McCrea [McCrea, Joel]

actor

USA

1931

Kept Husbands [1931]

He lived 1905 to 1990.

Adolphe Menjou [Menjou, Adolphe]/Pat O'Brien [O'Brien, Pat]

actor

USA

1931

Front Page [1931]

Menjou lived 1890 to 1963. O'Brien lived 1899 to 1983.

Irving Mills [Mills, Irving]/Albany Bigard [Bigard, Albany] or Barney Bigard [Bigard, Barney]/Duke Ellington

[Ellington, Duke]

lyricist/lyricist/composer

USA

1931

Sophisticated Ladies [1931: musical, including It Don't Mean a Thing If It Ain't Got That Swing, Mood Indigo,

Sophisticated Lady]

Mills lived 1894 to 1985. Bigard lived 1906 to 1980. Ellington lived 1899 to 1974.

Charles O'Flynn [O'Flynn, Charles]/Jack Meskill [Meskill, Jack]/Max Rich [Rich, Max]

lyricist/lyricist/composer

USA

1931

Smile, Darn Ya, Smile [1931]

O'Flynn lived 1897 to 1964.

Errell Reaves [Reaves, Errell]/Tolchard Evans [Evans, Tolchard]

lyricist/composer

USA

1931

Lady of Spain [1931]

Evans lived 1901 to 1978.

Leon Rene [Rene, Leon]/Otis Rene [Rene, Otis]/Clarence Muse [Muse, Clarence]

composer

USA

1931

When It's Sleepy Time Down South [1931]

Leon Rene lived 1902 to 1982. Otis Rene lived 1898 to 1970. Muse lived 1889 to 1979.

Bernhard Schmidt [Schmidt, Bernhard]

astronomer/inventor

Estonia/Germany

1931

Schmidt telescope [1931]

He lived 1879 to 1935 and invented Schmidt telescope [1931].

Arthur Schwartz [Schwartz, Arthur]/Vincent Youmans [Youmans, Vincent]

composer

USA

1931

High and Low [1931: from The Band Wagon]; New Sun in the Sky [1931: from The Band Wagon]; Dancing in the

Dark [1931: from The Band Wagon]

Schwartz lived 1900 to 1984. Youmans lived 1898 to 1946.

Einer A. Swan [Swan, Einer A.]

lyricist/composer

USA

1931

When Your Lover Has Gone [1931: from Blonde Crazy]

Cornelius B. Van Niel [Van Niel, Cornelius B.]

biologist

USA

1931

He lived 1897 to 1985 and studied anaerobic photosynthesis [1931].

Josef von Sternberg [Sternberg, Josef von]

director

USA

1931

American Tragedy [1931]

He lived 1894 to 1969.

Roy Turk [Turk, Roy]/Fred Ahlert [Ahlert, Fred]/Bing Crosby [Crosby, Bing]

lyricist/composer/lyricist

USA

1931 to 1932

Where the Blue of the Night Meets the Gold of the Day [1931: from the film Big Broadcast]

Turk lived 1892 to 1934. Ahlert lived 1892 to 1953. Crosby lived 1903 to 1977.

Edward Heyman [Heyman, Edward]/John W. Green [Green, John W.]

lyricist/composer

USA

1931 to 1933

(You Came to Me From) Out of Nowhere [1931]; Hello My Lover, Goodbye [1931: from Here Goes the Bride]; I

Cover the Waterfront [1933]

Heyman lived 1907 to 1981. Green lived 1908 to 1989.

Irving Mills [Mills, Irving]/Manny Kurtz [Kurtz, Manny]/Duke Ellington [Ellington, Duke]

composer

USA

1931 to 1935

In a Sentimental Mood [1935]

Mills lived 1894 to 1985. Ellington lived 1899 to 1974.

Irene Dunne [Dunne, Irene]

actor

USA

1931 to 1936

Cimarron [1931]; Back Street [1932]; Show Boat [1936]

She lived 1898 to 1990.

George S. Kaufman [Kaufman, George S.]

playwright

USA

1931 to 1936

Butter and Egg Man [1925]; Of Thee I Sing [1931: with Morrie Ryskind]; You Can't Take It with You [1935: with

Moss Hart]; Stage Door [1936: with Edna Ferber]

He lived 1889 to 1961.

James D. Mooney [Mooney, James D.]

economist

USA

1931 to 1939

Onward Industry [1931: with A. C. Reiley]; Principles of Organization [1939: with A. C. Reiley]

He lived 1884 to ? and studied scientific management theory.

Alan C. Reiley [Reiley, Alan C.]

economist

USA

1931 to 1939

Onward Industry [1931: with J. D. Mooney]; Principles of Organization [1939: with J. D. Mooney]

He studied scientific management theory.

Chick Webb [Webb, Chick] or William Henry Webb [Webb, William Henry]

drummer

USA

1931 to 1939

He lived 1909 to 1939 and played Swing.

Joan Crawford [Crawford, Joan]

actor

USA

1931 to 1945

Possessed [1931]; Dancing Lady [1933]; Mildred Pierce [1945]

She lived 1905 to 1977.

Richard Eberhart [Eberhart, Richard]

poet

USA

1931 to 1947

Bravery of Earth [1931]; Burr Oaks [1947]

He lived 1904 to 2005.

Hanya Holm [Holm, Hanya]

modern dancer/choreographer

Germany/USA

1931 to 1948

Kiss Me Kate [1948]

She lived 1893 to 1992 and choreographed modern dances.

Walter Piston [Piston, Walter]

composer

USA

1931 to 1948

Three Places in New England [1931: symphony]; Symphony No. 3 [1948]

He lived 1894 to 1976.

Harold Urey [Urey, Harold]

geologist

USA

1931 to 1952

He lived 1893 to 1981 and studied life's origin [1952] and ocean temperature variation [1931].

Spencer Tracy [Tracy, Spencer]

actor

USA

1931 to 1957

Quick Millions [1931]; Bad Day at Black Rock [1955]; Old Man and the Sea [1957]

He lived 1900 to 1967.

Alberto Moravia [Moravia, Alberto]

novelist

Italy

1931 to 1958

Two Adolescents [1931]; Conformist [1951]; Conjugal Love [1951]; Two Women [1958]

He lived 1907 to 1990.

James Cagney [Cagney, James]

actor

USA

1931 to 1960

Public Enemy [1931]; G-Men [1935]; Yankee Doodle Dandy [1942]; Tribute to a Bad Man [1956]; Man of a Thousand

Faces [1957]; Shake Hands with the Devil [1959]; Gallant Hours [1960]

He lived 1899 to 1986.

Anaïs Nin [Nin, Anaïs]

novelist

USA

1931 to 1966

Journals [1931 to 1934]; Diary of Anaïs Nin, Vol. I [1966]

She lived 1903 to 1977.

Ogden Nash [Nash, Ogden]

poet

USA

1931 to 1970

Hard Lines [1931]; I'm a Stranger Here Myself [1938]; Selected Verse [1946]; Versus [1949]; Private Dining Room

[1953]; You Can't Get There from Here [1957]; Verses From 1929 On [1959]; Everyone But Thee and Me [1962]; Bed

Riddance [1970]

He lived 1902 to 1971 and wrote limericks.

Sewall Wright [Wright, Sewall]

biologist

England

1931 to 1978

Evolution in Mendelian Populations [1931]; Evolution and the Genetics of Populations [1978]

He lived 1889 to 1988 and discovered genetic drift. Species arise randomly even within clade that has evolutionary

direction {Wright's rule}. Selection changes allele frequencies.

Carl Anderson [Anderson, Carl]

physicist

USA

1932

He lived 1905 to 1991 and found anti-electron or positron [1932].

Tallulah Bankhead [Bankhead, Tallulah]

actor

USA

1932

Faithless [1932]

She lived 1902 to 1968.

Lionel Barrymore [Barrymore, Lionel]/Ethel Barrymore [Barrymore, Ethel]/John Barrymore [Barrymore,

John]

actor

USA

1932

Rasputin and the Empress [1932]

Lionel lived 1878 to 1954. Ethel lived 1879 to 1959. John lived 1882 to 1942.

John Barrymore [Barrymore, John]/Katherine Hepburn [Hepburn, Katherine]

actor

USA

1932

Bill of Divorcement [1932]

Barrymore lived 1882 to 1942. Hepburn lived 1907 to 2003.

Al Bowlly [Bowlly, Al]/Ray Noble [Noble, Ray]

composer

USA

1932

Love Is the Sweetest Thing [1932]

Noble lived 1903 to 1978.

Cab Calloway [Calloway, Cab]

composer/singer

USA

1932

Minnie the Moocher [1932]

He lived 1907 to 1994.

Joan Crawford [Crawford, Joan]/Greta Garbo [Garbo, Greta]/Wallace Beery [Beery, Wallace]/John Barrymore

[Barrymore, John]/Lionel Barrymore [Barrymore, Lionel]

actor

USA

1932

Grand Hotel [1932]

Crawford lived 1905 to 1977. Garbo lived 1905 to 1990. Beery lived 1885 to 1949. Barrymore lived 1882 to 1942.

Bing Crosby [Crosby, Bing]/Kate Smith [Smith, Kate]/Mills Brothers/George Burns [Burns, George]/Gracie

Allen [Allen, Gracie]/Arthur Tracy [Tracy, Arthur]/Boswell Sisters

actor

USA

1932

Big Broadcast [1932: Arthur Tracy was the Street Singer]

Crosby lived 1903 to 1977. Smith lived 1909 to 1986. Burns lived 1896 to 1996. Allen lived 1895 to 1964. Tracy lived

1899 to 1997.

Eamon De Valera [De Valera, Eamon] or Edward George de Valera [Valera, Edward George de]

president

Ireland

1932

He lived 1882 to 1975. Civil war ended in south Ireland. Sinn Fein or Irish Republican Army became outlaws.

Marlene Dietrich [Dietrich, Marlene]/Cary Grant [Grant, Cary]

actor

USA

1932

Blonde Venus [1932]

Dietrich lived 1901 to 1992. Grant lived 1904 to 1986.

Arthur Freed [Freed, Arthur]/Harry Barris [Barris, Harry]

lyricist/composer

USA

1932

It Was So Beautiful (And You Were All Mine) [1932]

Freed lived 1894 to 1973. Barris lived 1905 to 1962.

Helen Hayes [Hayes, Helen]/Adolphe Menjou [Menjou, Adolphe]/Gary Cooper [Cooper, Gary]

actor

USA

1932

Farewell to Arms [1932]

Hayes lived 1900 to 1993. Menjou lived 1890 to 1963. Cooper lived 1901 to 1961.

Erich Hückel [Hückel, Erich]

physicist

Germany

1932

He lived 1896 to 1980 and invented Debye-Hückel theory [1932].

Kurt Joosa [Joosa, Kurt]

choreographer

England

1932

Green Table [1932]; Dance of Death [1932: music by Fritz Cohen]

He lived 1901 to 1979.

Russell Mack [Mack, Russell]

director

USA

1932

Once in a Lifetime [1932: George S. Kaufman and Marc Connelly wrote]

He lived 1891 to 1960.

Ettore Majorana [Majorana, Ettore]

physicist

Italy

1932

He lived 1906 to 1938 and showed how Riemann sphere can designate n - 1 independent unordered spatial spin

directions for a particle with spin 0.5 * n, with no opposite directions [1932]. Quantum mechanically, particle spins

about many spatial axes simultaneously. However, large particle collections spin around one axis. It is not clear how

collective spin is sum of particle spins and thus depends on wavefunction superpositions. Only wavefunction reduction

eliminates other possibilities.

Fredric March [March, Fredric]

actor

USA

1932

Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde [1932]

He lived 1897 to 1975.

Edward Arthur Milne [Milne, Edward Arthur]

physicist

England

1932

He lived 1896 to 1950 and developed kinematic relativity theory [1932].

Dick Powell [Powell, Dick]

actor

USA

1932

Blessed Event [1932]

He lived 1904 to 1963.

Leo Reisman [Reisman, Leo]/Arthur Schwartz [Schwartz, Arthur]

composer

USA

1932

Louisiana Hayride [1932]

Reisman lived 1897 to 1961. Schwartz lived 1900 to 1984.

Ann Ronell [Ronell, Ann]

composer

USA

1932

Willow Weep for Me [1932]

She lived 1908 to 1993.

Damon Runyan [Runyan, Damon] or Damon Runyon [Runyon, Damon]

novelist/essayist

USA

1932

Guys and Dolls [1932]

He lived 1884 to 1946.

Othmar Spann [Spann, Othmar]

philosopher

Hungary/Germany

1932

Historical Philosophy [1932]

He lived 1878 to 1950 and advocated organized state {ständestaat}.

Ned Washington [Washington, Ned]/George Bassman [Bassman, George]

lyricist/composer

USA

1932

I'm Getting Sentimental Over You [1932]

Washington lived 1901 to 1976. Bassman lived 1914 to 1997. It was Tommy Dorsey's theme song and was

instrumental.

Ned Washington [Washington, Ned]/Victor Young [Young, Victor]/Bing Crosby [Crosby, Bing]

lyricist/composer

USA

1932

I Don't Stand A Ghost of a Chance with You or A Ghost of a Chance [1932]

Washington lived 1901 to 1976. Young lived 1899 to 1956. Crosby lived 1903 to 1977.

Johnny Weismuller [Weismuller, Johnny]/Maureen O'Sullivan [O'Sullivan, Maureen]

actor

USA

1932

Tarzan [1932]

Weismuller lived 1904 to 1984. O'Sullivan lived 1911 to 1998.

Mae West [West, Mae]/George Raft [Raft, George]

actor

USA

1932

Night after Night [1932]

West lived 1893 to 1980. Raft lived 1895 to 1980.

Joseph Yasser [Yasser, Joseph]

composer

USA

1932

Theory of Evolving Tonality [1932: divided equally tempered whole tone into 100 parts]

He lived 1893 to 1981 and composed electronic music.

Joe Young [Young, Joe]/Little Jack Little/John Siras [Siras, John]

lyricist/composer

USA

1932

In a Shanty in Old Shanty Town [1932: from The Crooner]

Young lived 1889 to 1939. Little lived 1899 to 1956.

Erskine Caldwell [Caldwell, Erskine]

novelist

USA

1932 to 1933

Tobacco Road [1932]; God's Little Acre [1933]

He lived 1903 to 1987.

Edgar Yipsel Harburg [Harburg, Edgar Yipsel] or Yip Harburg [Harburg, Yip]/Vernon Duke [Duke, Vernon]

lyricist/composer

USA

1932 to 1934

April in Paris [1932: from Walk a Little Faster]; What Is There to Say [1934]; Autumn in New York [1934: from

Thumbs Up]; I Like the Likes of You [1934: from Ziegfeld Follies]

Harburg lived 1898 to 1981. Duke lived 1903 to 1969.

Busby Berkeley [Berkeley, Busby]

director/producer

USA

1932 to 1935

Ziegfield Girl; Broadway Serenade; Footlight Parade; For Me and My Gal; Forty Second Street [1932]; Goldiggers of

1935 [1935]

He lived 1895 to 1976.

Heinrich Schenker [Schenker, Heinrich]

psychologist

Germany

1932 to 1935

Five Graphic Music Analyses [1932]; Free Composition [1935]

He lived 1868 to 1935. Some notes and chords are musical structural bases {Schenkerian analysis}. Other notes and

chords are elaboration and ornamentation patterns.

Laura Ingalls Wilder [Wilder, Laura Ingalls]

writer

USA

1932 to 1935

Little House in the Big Wood [1932]; Farmer Boy [1933]; Little House on the Prairie [1935]

She lived 1867 to 1957.

Benjamin Cardozo [Cardozo, Benjamin]

judge

USA

1932 to 1938

Nature of the Judicial Process [1921]

He lived 1870 to 1938 and was Supreme Court Associate Justice [1932 to 1938].

Lewis Milestone [Milestone, Lewis]

director

Ukraine/USA

1932 to 1938

Rain [1932: with Joan Crawford. remake of Sadie Thompson]; Of Mice and Men [1938]

He lived 1895 to 1980.

Leo Robin [Robin, Leo]/Ralph Rainger [Rainger, Ralph]

composer

USA

1932 to 1938

Here Lies Love [1932]; Love in Bloom [1934: from the film She Loves Me Not]; If I Should Lose You [1935: from

Rose of the Rancho]; Blue Hawaii [1936: from the film Waikiki Wedding]; Thanks for the Memory [1938: from the

film The Big Broadcast of 1938]

Robin lived 1895 to 1984. Rainger lived 1901 to 1942.

Paul Muni [Muni, Paul]

actor

Austria/USA

1932 to 1939

I am a Fugitive from a Chain Gang [1932]; Scarface [1932]; Story of Louis Pasteur [1935]; Life of Émile Zola [1937];

Juarez [1939]

He lived 1895 to 1967.

Sergei Lvovich Sobolev [Sobolev, Sergei Lvovich]

mathematician

Russia

1932 to 1939

He lived 1920 to 1990 and developed generalized-function spaces [1932].

John McGeoch [McGeoch, John]

psychologist

USA

1932 to 1942

Psychology of Human Learning [1942]

He lived 1897 to 1942. Long-term memories do not change or weaken over time [1932].

Hermann Goering [Goering, Hermann]

leader

Germany

1932 to 1945

He lived 1893 to 1946, was Nazi president of Reichstag [1932], founded Gestapo secret police [1935], and controlled

economy. He planned German air war for World War II.

Lois Lenski [Lenski, Lois]

writer

USA

1932 to 1945

Little Auto [1932: picture book about Mr. Small]; Phebe Fairchild, Her Book [1936]; Indian Captive, The Story of

Mary Jemison [1941]; Bayou Suzette [1943: about girl in Louisiana]; Strawberry Girl [1945: about girl in Florida]

She lived 1893 to 1974.

J. Robert Oppenheimer [Oppenheimer, J. Robert]

physicist

USA

1932 to 1945

He lived 1904 to 1967 and developed the Born-Oppenheimer relation between molecular rotation, vibration, and

electronic structure [1932]. He and Hartland Snyder used general relativity to describe black holes [1939]. He and G.

M. Volkov found mass limit {Landau-Oppenheimer-Volkov limit, Oppenheimer} for making black holes instead of

neutron stars, 2.5 times Sun mass [1939]. He led Manhattan Project [1945].

John von Neumann [Neumann, John von]

inventor

Hungary/USA

1932 to 1946

EDVAC electronic digital computer design [1946]

He lived 1903 to 1957. He showed that entanglement and non-locality do not send information faster than light speed

[1932].

Edward Chase Tolman [Tolman, Edward Chase]

psychologist

USA

1932 to 1950

Purposive Behavior in Animals and Men [1932]; Organism and the Causal Texture of the Environment [1935]

He lived 1886 to 1959 and developed a behavioral learning theory that did not rely on reflexes. He studied hypothesis

formation and reward expectance in animal learning. He studied spatial orientation and cognitive maps [1950]. He

studied latent learning and sign-gestalt theory [Tolman, 1935].

Anton Semyonovitch Makarenko [Makarenko, Anton Semyonovitch] or Antón Semionovich Makarenko

[Makarenko, Antón Semionovich]

educator

Russia

1932 to 1951

Road to Life [1932]

He lived 1888 to 1939. Children need security. Collective organization provides security to individual and develops

sense of obligation to other people in the collective. Individuals must feel that they have freely chosen to become part

of the collective. In return for collective support, collective makes demands on individual. One goal is self-discipline.

Teachers must balance kindness and severity to fulfill their responsibility to teach self-discipline. Children have

responsibility to learn. Students organize into detachments, each with student leader. Students and detachments are

responsible for running school. Students perform work and participate in cultural activities.

Linus Pauling [Pauling, Linus]

chemist

USA

1932 to 1951

He lived 1901 to 1994 and studied electronegativity [1932] and protein structure [1951].

Melanie Klein [Klein, Melanie]

psychoanalyst

Britain

1932 to 1952

Psychoanalysis of Children [1932]; Developments in Psycho-Analysis [1952]

She lived 1882 to 1960 and developed an infantile development theory, as a psychoanalysis variant.

Even infants have emotions like love, fear, hate, and concern. By observing play, people can know normal and

abnormal child behavior patterns and emotional states. Object-relations between infant and parent can change at either

of two stages {object-relations school}. Disturbances in first stage, pre-oedipal period before age two {paranoid-

schizoid position}, lead to paranoia or schizophrenia. Children want self-survival and need love and attachment to

emotional object but project death-wishes on emotional objects. Personality splitting, idealization, projection, and

introjection are defense mechanisms. Disturbances in second stage, oedipal period from age two to five {depressive

position}, lead to depression. Children realize that mother is a whole and separate person. Children want that mother

remain an emotional object. Envy or anger can cause children to wish damage or destruction on objects. Children can

identify with emotional objects in both stages, and feelings in first stage affect feelings in second stage.

Three-person family relationships, two-person relationships {attachment, Klein} {therapist-patient}, and one-person

creativity require different descriptions. Two-person relationships involve transference from one person to the other

and projection and introjection defense mechanisms.

Julian Huxley [Huxley, Julian]

biologist

England

1932 to 1953

Problems of Relative Growth [1932]; Evolution, the Modern Synthesis [1942]; Evolution in Action [1953]

He lived 1887 to 1975 and developed cladistics. Organism characteristics are clade units that determine classes and

hierarchies. Organisms have homologies, and cladogram nodes represent shared homologies. Cladistics can use

property absences.

Ibn Saud

king

Saudi Arabia

1932 to 1953

He lived 1880 to 1953. As king of Nejd, he took Hejaz region of Arabia [1925] and created Saudi Arabia [1932 to

1953].

Ilya Ehrenberg [Ehrenberg, Ilya]

writer

Russia

1932 to 1954

Street in Moscow [1932]; Thaw [1954]

He lived 1891 to 1967.

Alfred Eisenstadt [Eisenstadt, Alfred]

photographer

USA

1932 to 1954

He lived 1898 to 1995.

Aldous Huxley [Huxley, Aldous]

novelist

England

1932 to 1954

Chrome Yellow [1921]; Point Counter Point [1928]; Brave New World [1932]; Eyeless in Gaza [1936]; Doors of

Perception [1954: essay]

He lived 1894 to 1963.

Jacques Lacan [Lacan, Jacques]

psychoanalyst

Paris, France

1932 to 1968

On paranoid psychosis and its relationships with personality [1932]; Seminar of Jacques Lacan [1953 to 1960];

Language of the Self: The Function of Language in Psychoanalysis [1968]

He lived 1901 to 1981 and interpreted Freud by comparing unconscious to language structures. Spoken language

creates person.

Allan Nevins [Nevins, Allan]

historian

USA

1932 to 1971

Grover Cleveland: A Study in Courage [1932]; Hamilton Fish: The Inner History of the Grant Administration [1936];

Ordeal of the Union [1947 to 1971]

He lived 1890 to 1971.

Sean O'Faolain [O'Faolain, Sean] or John Whelan [Whelan, John]

essayist

Ireland

1932 to 1971

Midsummer Night Madness [1932]; Man Who Invented Sin [1948]; Heat of the Sun [1966]; Talking Trees [1971]

He lived 1900 to 1991.

Aleksandr Romanovich Luria [Luria, Aleksandr Romanovich]

psychologist

Russia

1932 to 1980

Nature of Human Conflicts [1932]; Role of Speech in the Regulation of Normal and Abnormal Behavior [1961];

Higher Cortical Functions in Man [1962]; Mind of a Mnemonist [1968]; Traumatic Aphasia [1970]; Working Brain

[1973]; Man with a Shattered World; Basic Problems in Neurolinguistics [1976]

He lived 1902 to 1977 and studied emotional-stress effects on human motor reactions. He studied eidetic imagery

[Luria, 1980].

Harold Adamson [Adamson, Harold]/Burton Lane [Lane, Burton]

composer

USA

1933

Everything I Have Is Yours [1933: from Dancing Lady]

Adamson lived 1906 to 1980. Lane lived 1912 to 1997.

Hervey Allen [Allen, Hervey]

novelist

USA

1933

Anthony Adverse [1933]

He lived 1889 to 1949.

Wallace Beery [Beery, Wallace]/Jean Harlow [Harlow, Jean]

actor

USA

1933

Dinner at Eight [1933]

Beery lived 1885 to 1949. Harlow lived 1911 to 1937.

Joe Bishop [Bishop, Joe]/Isham Jones [Jones, Isham]

composer

USA

1933

Blue Prelude [1933: from Tuba Player]

Bishop lived 1907 to 1976. Jones lived 1894 to 1956.

Irving Caesar [Caesar, Irving]

composer

USA

1933

If I Forget You [1933]

He lived 1895 to 1986.

James Cavanaugh [Cavanaugh, James]/Frank Weldon [Weldon, Frank]

lyricist/composer

USA

1933

I Like Mountain Music [1933]

Cavanaugh lived 1892 to 1967.

Ann Ronell [Ronell, Ann]/Frank Churchill [Churchill, Frank]

lyricist/composer

England

1933

Whose Afraid of the Big Bad Wolf? [1933: in the movie The Three Little Pigs]

Churchill lived 1901 to 1942. Ronell lived 1906 to 1993.

Marlene Dietrich [Dietrich, Marlene]/Emil Jannings [Jannings, Emil]

actor

USA

1933

Blue Angel [1933]

Dietrich lived 1901 to 1992. Jannings lived 1884 to 1950.

Marie Dressler [Dressler, Marie]/Wallace Beery [Beery, Wallace]/Robert Young [Young, Robert]/Maureen

O'Sullivan [O'Sullivan, Maureen]

actor

USA

1933

Tugboat Annie [1933]

Dressler lived 1869 to 1934. Beery lived 1885 to 1949. Young lived 1907 to 1998. O'Sullivan lived 1911 to 1998.

Jimmy Durante [Durante, Jimmy]/Ben Ryan [Ryan, Ben]/Harry Donnelly [Donnelly, Harry]

composer

USA

1933

Inka-Dinka-Doo [1933: also in the film Two Girls and a Sailor, 1944, sung by Jimmy Durante]

Durante lived 1893 to 1980.

Edward Eliscu [Eliscu, Edward]/Gus Kahn [Kahn, Gus]/Vincent Youmans [Youmans, Vincent]

composer

USA

1933

Carioca or Rio de Janeiroan [1933: from the film Flying Down to Rio]; Flying Down to Rio [1933: from Flying Down

to Rio]; Orchids in the Moonlight [1933: from Flying Down to Rio]; Music Makes Me [1933: from Flying Down to

Rio]

Eliscu lived 1902 to 1998. Kahn lived 1886 to 1941. Youmans lived 1898 to 1946.

Marjorie Flack [Flack, Marjorie]

writer

USA

1933

Story of Ping [1933]

She lived 1897 to 1958.

Clark Gable [Gable, Clark]/Jean Harlow [Harlow, Jean]

actor

USA

1933

Hold Your Man [1933]

Gable lived 1901 to 1960. Harlow lived 1911 to 1937.

Otto Harbach [Harbach, Otto]/Jerome Kern [Kern, Jerome]

lyricist/composer

USA

1933

Roberta [1933: musical, including Smoke Gets in Your Eyes and Lovely to Look At]; Smoke Gets in Your Eyes [1933:

from Roberta]

Harburg lived 1873 to 1963. Kern lived 1985 to 1945.

Max Kester [Kester, Max]/Ray Noble [Noble, Ray]

composer

USA

1933

Love Looked Out [1933]

Noble lived 1903 to 1978.

Heinrich Klüver [Klüver, Heinrich]

psychologist

Germany/USA

1933

Behavior Mechanisms in Monkeys [1933]

He lived 1897 to 1979 and discovered Klüver-Bucy syndrome, with Paul Bucy.

Alfred Korzybski [Korzybski, Alfred]

linguist

USA

1933

Science and Sanity [1933]

He lived 1879 to 1950 and developed General Semantics, with Hayakawa.

Irving Mills [Mills, Irving]/Edgar Sampson [Sampson, Edgar]

composer

USA

1933

Blue Lou [1933]

Mills lived 1894 to 1985. Sampson lived 1907 to 1973.

Bennie Moten [Moten, Bennie]

composer

USA

1933

Moten Swing [1933]

He lived 1894 to 1935.

Jack P. Murray [Murray, Jack P.]/Ben Oakland [Oakland, Ben]

lyricist/composer

USA

1933

If I Love Again [1933]

Oakland lived 1907 to 1979.

Jerzy Neyman [Neyman, Jerzy]

mathematician

USA

1933

He lived 1894 to 1981 and invented Neyman-Pearson hypothesis-testing theory [1933].

Lars Onsager [Onsager, Lars]

physicist

Norway/USA

1933

He lived 1903 to 1976 and studied irreversible thermodynamics [1933]. He symmetrically related non-equilibrium-

system forward and backward molecular processes {reciprocity relation}, such as osmosis and reverse osmosis or

heating and thermocoupling.

Karl Pearson [Pearson, Karl]

mathematician

USA

1933

He lived 1857 to 1936 and invented Neyman-Pearson hypothesis-testing theory [1933].

Lionel Sharples Penrose [Penrose, Lionel Sharples]

physician

Britain

1933

Biology of Mental Defect [1933]

He lived 1898 to 1972 and studied mental deficiency and genetics of Down's syndrome and epiloia or tuberous

sclerosis. Maternal age increases children's Down's syndrome, but paternal age does not. Subnormality is not

qualitatively different than normal intelligence. Mental deficiency has many factors and causes, and people can perform

well on some factors. Mental deficiency is more common in parents and relatives of people with IQ 50 or above than it

is in parents of people with IQ lower than 50.

Bernice Petkere [Petkere, Bernice]

composer

USA

1933

Close Your Eyes [1933]

She lived 1902 to 2000.

Claude Rains [Rains, Claude]

actor

England/USA

1933

Invisible Man [1933]

He lived 1889 to 1967.

Leo Reisman [Reisman, Leo]/Harold Arlen [Arlen, Harold]

lyricist/composer

USA

1933

Stormy Weather [1933: from Cotton Club Revue]

Reisman lived 1897 to 1961. Arlen lived 1905 to 1986.

Billy Rose [Rose, Billy]/Edgar Yipsel Harburg [Harburg, Edgar Yipsel] or Yip Harburg [Harburg, Yip]/Harold

Arlen [Arlen, Harold]

lyricist/lyricist/composer

USA

1933

It's Only a Paper Moon [1933]

Rose lived 1899 to 1966. Harburg lived 1898 to 1981. Arlen lived 1905 to 1986.

Ignazio Silone [Silone, Ignazio] or Secondino Tranquilli

writer

Italy

1933

Fontamara [1933]

He lived 1900 to 1978.

Lytton Strachey [Strachey, Lytton]

writer

England

1933

Characters and Commentaries [1933]

He lived 1880 to 1932.

Marty Symes [Symes, Marty]/Al J. Neiburg [Neiburg, Al J.]/Jerry Livingston [Livingston, Jerry]

lyricist/lyricist/composer

USA

1933

It's the Talk of the Town [1933]; Under a Blanket of Blue [1933]

Symes lived 1904 to 1953. Livingston lived 1909 to 1987.

Ned Washington [Washington, Ned]/Joe Young [Young, Joe]/Victor Young [Young, Victor]

lyricist/composer

USA

1933

Hundred Years from Today [1933: from Lew Leslie's Blackbirds of 1933]

Washington lived 1901 to 1976. Joe Young lived 1889 to 1939. Victor Young lived 1899 to 1956.

Fay Wray [Wray, Fay]

actor

Canada/USA

1933

King Kong [1933]

She lived 1907 to 2004.

Arthur Johnston [Johnston, Arthur]/Sam Coslow [Coslow, Sam]

composer

USA

1933 to 1934

Moon Song [1933: from Hello Everybody]; My Old Flame [1934: from Belle of the Nineties]

Johnston lived 1898 to 1954. Coslow lived 1900 to 1982.

Moritz Schlick [Schlick, Moritz]

philosopher

Austria

1933 to 1934

Problems of Philosophy in their Interconnection [1933 to 1934]

He lived 1882 to 1936 and founded Vienna Circle of Logical Positivism.

Leonard Bloomfield [Bloomfield, Leonard]

linguist

USA

1933 to 1935

Language [1933]; Stressed Vowels of American English [1935]

He lived 1887 to 1949 and was main developer of immediate constituent grammar and constituent structure.

Al Dubin [Dubin, Al]/Harry Warren [Warren, Harry]

lyricist/composer

USA

1933 to 1935

42nd Street or Forty-Second Street [1933: from the film 42nd Street]; Forty-Second Street [1933]; We're in the Money

[1933: from the film Gold Diggers of 1933]; I Only Have Eyes for You [1934: from Dames]; (You May Not Be An

Angel But) I'll String Along with You [1934]; Gold Diggers of 1935 [1935: film]; Lullaby of Broadway [1935: from

the film Gold Diggers of 1935]; Lady in the Tutti-Frutti Hat or Gang's All Here [1943: from the film The Gang's All

Here]

Dubin lived 1891 to 1945. Warren lived 1893 to 1981.

Francis Bitter [Bitter, Francis]

physicist

USA

1933 to 1936

He lived 1902 to 1967 and studied magnetism, developing resistive magnets [1933 to 1936] of stacked copper plates

{Bitter plate}.

Dorothy Fields [Fields, Dorothy]/Jerome Kern [Kern, Jerome]

lyricist/composer

USA

1933 to 1936

Roberta [1933]; Swing Time [1936]; Pick Yourself Up [1936: from the film Swing Time]; Way You Look Tonight

[1936: from the film Swing Time]; A Fine Romance [1936: from the film Swing Time]

Kern lived 1985 to 1945. Fields lived 1905 to 1974.

Wilhelm Reich [Reich, Wilhelm]

philosopher

Austria

1933 to 1936

Character Analysis [1933]; Mass Psychology of Fascism [1933]; Sexual Revolution [1936]

He lived 1897 to 1957. Illness can result from society's repression and authoritarianism. Individuals can act to protect

themselves from such society and so imprison spontaneous tendencies {bio-energy}, which normally require freedom

and expression. Confined bio-energy can cause tension and illness. People express tension in faces and bodies. People

choose behaviors that protect {character armor} {muscular armor} them from their own or others' anxiety or anger.

Energy fills universe and can heal {orgone theory}.

Wilf Carter [Carter, Wilf] or Montana Slim

composer/singer

Canada

1933 to 1937

My Swiss Moonlight Lullaby [1933]; Capture of Albert Johnson [1933]

He lived 1904 to 2006.

Leon Moisseiff [Moisseiff, Leon]/Charles Alton Ellis [Ellis, Charles Alton]

architect

San Francisco, California

1933 to 1937

Golden Gate Bridge [1933 to 1937: steel suspension bridge has span of 1300 meters]

Moisseiff lived 1872 to 1943. Ellis lived 1876 to 1949.

Fritz Zwicky [Zwicky, Fritz]

astronomer

Germany

1933 to 1937

He lived 1898 to 1974. Coma-cluster galaxies move so fast that the cluster would dissipate, so there must be more mass

there [1933]. Gravitational lensing can test relativity, magnify distant objects, and find missing matter [1937].

Osamu Dazai [Dazai, Osamu] or Tsushima Shuji [Shuji, Tsushima]

writer

Japan

1933 to 1939

Seascape with Figures in Gold [1939]; OMOIDE [1933]

He lived 1909 to 1948.

Ray Noble [Noble, Ray]

composer

England/USA

1933 to 1939

I Hadn't Anyone 'Till You [1933]; Very Thought of You [1934]; Cherokee [1939]

He lived 1903 to 1978.

Nathanael West [West, Nathanael] or Nathan Weinstein [Weinstein, Nathan]

novelist

USA

1933 to 1939

Miss Lonelyhearts [1933]; Day of the Locust [1939]

He lived 1903 to 1940.

Moss Hart [Hart, Moss]/Irving Berlin [Berlin, Irving]

lyricist/composer

USA

1933 to 1940

As Thousands Cheer [1933: musical]

Hart lived 1904 to 1961.

W. C. Fields [Fields, W. C.] or William Claude Dukenfield [Dukenfield, William Claude]

actor

USA

1933 to 1941

Alice in Wonderland [1933]; You Can't Cheat an Honest Man [1933]; David Copperfield [1936]; Bank Dick [1940];

Never Give a Sucker an Even Break [1941]

He lived 1904 to 1946.

Ansel Adams [Adams, Ansel]

photographer

USA

1933 to 1942

He lived 1902 to 1984 and took nature photographs.

Dorothea Lange [Lange, Dorothea]

photographer

USA

1933 to 1942

She lived 1895 to 1965 and took farm-worker photographs.

Joseph Goebbels [Goebbels, Joseph]

propagandist

Germany

1933 to 1945

He lived 1897 to 1945.

Adolf Hitler [Hitler, Adolf] or Der Führer

chancellor

Germany

1933 to 1945

He lived 1889 to 1945 and was National Socialist (Nazi). Hindenburg named him chancellor [1932]. He gained

absolute power by outlawing Communists after blaming them for setting fire to Reichstag legislature [1934]. He

rearmed Germany and allied with Italy [1936]. Munich Pact gave Germany Czechoslovakia [1937]. He set up

totalitarian state that emphasized anti-Semitism. Concentration camps killed five million people. He started World War

II [1939] with blitzkrieg through Poland, Belgium, and France. He lost Battle of Britain in air [1940]. He bogged down

in Russia [1941]. He committed suicide [1945] in Berlin.

Franklin Delano Roosevelt [Roosevelt, Franklin Delano]

president

USA

1933 to 1945

New Deal [1933]

He lived 1882 to 1945. Before 1933, the 32nd president recovered from polio and became governor of New York. In

1933, he declared bank holiday, set up many public agencies to hire unemployed and use natural resources, and began

New Deal policies with many new laws. He had Brain Trust of economic advisors: Henry Wallace, Harry Hopkins, and

Henry Morgenthau. He tried to reorganize Supreme Court [1937]. He set up Lend-Lease plan to supply Britain [1940].

He attended Allied conferences. He declared four human rights or Four Freedoms [1941]: freedom of expression and

religion and freedom from want and fear.

His wife was the humanitarian Eleanor Roosevelt.

Walt Disney [Disney, Walt]

director

USA

1933 to 1950

Three Little Pigs [1933: cartoon]; Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs [1937: cartoon]; Ugly Duckling [1938: cartoon];

Sleeping Beauty [1939: cartoon]; Fantasia [1940: cartoon]; Pinocchio [1940: cartoon]; Cinderella [1950: cartoon]

He lived 1901 to 1966.

Mervyn LeRoy [LeRoy, Mervyn]

director

USA

1933 to 1950

Grand Slam [1933]; Escape [1940: with Norma Shearer, Robert Taylor, Conrad Veidt]; Quo Vadis [1950]

He lived 1900 to 1987.

Clifford Odets [Odets, Clifford]

playwright

USA

1933 to 1950

Awake and Sing [1933]; Waiting for Lefty [1935]; Golden Boy [1937]; Country Girl [1950]

He lived 1906 to 1963.

Mae West [West, Mae]

actor

USA

1933 to 1950

She Done Him Wrong [1933]; Diamond Lil; I'm No Angel

She lived 1892 to 1980.

Johnny Mercer [Mercer, Johnny]/Hoagy Carmichael [Carmichael, Hoagy]

lyricist/composer

USA

1933 to 1951

Lazybones [1933]; Skylark [1944]; How Little We Know [1944]; How Little We Know [1945: from the film To Have

and Have Not]; In the Cool, Cool, Cool of the Evening [1951: from the movie Here Comes the Groom]

Mercer lived 1909 to 1976. Carmichael lived 1899 to 1981.

Stephen Spender [Spender, Stephen]

poet

England

1933 to 1951

Poems [1933]; World Within World [1951]

He lived 1909 to 1995.

Clark Leonard Hull [Hull, Clark Leonard]

psychologist

USA

1933 to 1952

Hypnosis and Suggestibility [1933]; Mathematico-Deductive Theory of Rote Learning [1940]; Principles of Behavior

[1943]; Behavior System [1952]

He lived 1884 to 1952, was behaviorist {neobehaviorism}, studied hypnosis, and measured attitudes. He studied

behavior segments, continuity learning theory, drive reduction, primary needs, and secondary needs [Hull, 1943].

Fred Astaire [Astaire, Fred] or Frederick Austerlitz [Austerlitz, Frederick]

ballroom dancer

USA

1933 to 1955

Flying Down To Rio [1933: with Ginger Rogers]; Gay Divorcee [1934: with Ginger Rogers]; Top Hat [1935: with

Ginger Rogers]

He lived 1899 to 1987.

George Cukor [Cukor, George]

director

USA

1933 to 1957

Little Women [1933: Katherine Hepburn acted]; David Copperfield [1935: W. C. Fields acted and David O. Selznick

produced]; Born Yesterday [1950: Judy Holliday, Broderick Crawford, and William Holden acted. Garson Kanin

wrote]; Marrying Kind [1952: Judy Holliday and Aldo Ray acted]; Actress [1953: Spencer Tracy and Jean Simmons

acted]; Star is Born [1954: Judy Garland and James Mason acted]; Les Girls [1957: Gene Kelly and Mitzi Gaynor

acted]

He lived 1899 to 1983.

Frank Capra [Capra, Frank]

director

Italy/USA

1933 to 1959

Lady for a Day [1933]; It Happened One Night [1934: Clark Gable and Claudette Colbert acted]; Mr. Deeds goes to

Town [1936]; Lost Horizon [1937: Jane Wyatt and Ronald Colman acted]; Mr. Smith goes to Washington [1938: James

Stewart and Claude Rains acted]; It's a Wonderful Life [1950: James Stewart acted]; Hole in the Head [1959: Frank

Sinatra and Edward G. Robinson acted]

He lived 1897 to 1991.

Max Steiner [Steiner, Max]

composer

Austria/USA

1933 to 1959

King Kong [1933]; Gone with the Wind [1939]; Tara's Theme [1939: from the film Gone with the Wind]; Gay

Divorcee [1934]; Summer Place [1959: Percy Faith arranged later]

He lived 1888 to 1971.

John Steinbeck [Steinbeck, John]

novelist

USA

1933 to 1961

Red Pony [1933 and 1937]; Tortilla Flat [1935]; Cannery Row [1937]; Of Mice and Men [1937]; Grapes of Wrath

[1939]; Moon Is Down [1941]; East of Eden [1952]; Winter of Our Discontent [1961]

He lived 1902 to 1968.

Louis Flexner [Flexner, Louis]

biologist

USA

1933 to 1963

Some problems of the origin, circulation, and absorption of the cerebrospinal fluid [1933]; Chemistry and Nature of the

Cerebrospinal Fluid [1934]; Memory in mice as affected by intracerebral puromycin [1963: with J. B. Flexner and E.

Stellar]

He lived 1902 to 1996. Long-term memory needs protein synthesis.

Andrei N. Kolmogorov [Kolmogorov, Andrei N.]

mathematician

Russia

1933 to 1965

Foundations of Probability [1933]; General theory of dynamical systems and classical mechanics [1954]

He lived 1903 to 1987, invented Kolmogorov probability, and developed measure theory [1965]. System-complexity

measures {algorithmic complexity, Kolmogorov} {Kolmogorov complexity, Kolmogorov} {algorithmic information

content, Kolmogorov} can be number of bits for smallest program that can run on universal Turing machines and

produce same output. In turbulence, low frequencies transfer energy to higher frequencies throughout fluid.

Theodor W. Adorno [Adorno, Theodor W.]

psychologist

Frankfurt, Germany

1933 to 1966

Kierkegaard: Construction of the Aesthetic [1933]; Against Epistemology: A Metacritique [1937]; Dialectic of the

Enlightenment [1947: with Max Horkheimer]; Minimum Morals [1951]; Jargon of Authenticity [1965]; Negative

Dialectics [1966]

He lived 1903 to 1969, was of Frankfurt School, and studied authoritarian personality. He used dialectical thinking to

negate other's ideas.

Aesthetics

Art is not social or political. It is illusion and expresses freedom.

Ethics

People can have middle-class values, condemn value violators, apply values absolutely, emphasize power and

authority, deny sexual motives, believe others have strong sexual motives, tend to exploit others, have feelings of being

exploited, use stereotyped thinking, and use projection defense mechanism {authoritarian personality, Adorno}.

Metaphysics

Something mediates everything. Nothing is absolute. Reality has things that people cannot conceive.

Wassily Leontief [Leontief, Wassily]

economist

USA

1933 to 1966

Use of Indifference Curves in the Analysis of Foreign Trade [1933]; Structure of the American Economy, 1919-1939

[1941]; Pure Theory of the Guaranteed Annual Wage Contract [1946]; Input-Output Economics [1966]

He lived 1906 to 1999 and studied input-output analysis. USA exports labor-intense goods and imports capital-

intensive goods {Leontief paradox} [1953]. It is because USA had trade surplus.

Everett Dirksen [Dirksen, Everett]

senator

USA

1933 to 1969

He lived 1896 to 1969 and was moderate Republican leader.

Earl Stanley Gardner [Gardner, Earl Stanley]

novelist

USA

1933 to 1970

Case of the Sulky Girl [1933]

He lived 1889 to 1970 and wrote Perry Mason detective novels.

Max Black [Black, Max]

linguist

Azerbaijan/England/USA

1933 to 1983

Nature of Mathematics [1933]; Language and Philosophy [1949]; Metaphor [1955]; Models and Metaphors [1962];

More about Metaphor [1979: in Metaphor and Thought]; Prevalence of Humbug [1983]

He lived 1909 to 1988. Models and metaphors are similar in purpose and use. Different people interpret metaphors in

different ways {interaction theory}.

William Beebe [Beebe, William]

geologist

USA

1934

He lived 1877 to 1962 and went 1000 meters below sea level in bathysphere [1934].

Ruth Fulton Benedict [Benedict, Ruth Fulton]

anthropologist

USA

1934

Patterns of Culture [1934]

She lived 1887 to 1948 and studied cultural relativism, northwest USA Indians, and southwest USA Indians.

Brooks Bowman [Bowman, Brooks]

composer

USA

1934

East of the Sun and West of the Moon [1934]

He lived 1913 to 1937.

Lew Brown [Brown, Lew]/Wladimir Timm [Timm, Wladimir]/Jaromir Vejvoda [Vejvoda, Jaromir]/Vasek

Zeman [Zeman, Vasek]

lyricist/composer

Poland/USA

1934

Beer Barrel Polka or Roll Out the Barrel or Skoda Lasky [1934]

Brown lived 1893 to 1958.

Louis Destouches [Destouches, Louis] or Celine

novelist

France

1934

Death on the Installment Plan [1934]

He lived 1894 to 1961.

Sidney Clare [Clare, Sidney]/Richard A. Whiting [Whiting, Richard A.]

lyricist/composer

USA

1934

On the Good Ship Lollipop [1934: from the film Bright Eyes]

Clare lived 1892 to 1972. Whiting lived 1891 to 1938.

Sidney Crane [Crane, Sidney]/Richard A. Whiting [Whiting, Richard A.]

composer

USA

1934

On the Good Ship Lollipop [1934: from the movie Bright Eyes]

Whiting lived 1891 to 1938.

Robert Graves [Graves, Robert]

novelist

England

1934

I, Claudius [1934]

He lived 1895 to 1985.

Maria Grever [Grever, Maria]/Stanley Adams [Adams, Stanley]

lyricist/composer

USA

1934

What a Difference a Day Makes [1934]

Adams lived 1914 to 1994.

Robert Hargreaves [Hargreaves, Robert]/Stanley Damerell [Damerell, Stanley]/Tolchard Evans [Evans,

Tolchard]

lyricist/lyricist/composer

USA

1934

If [1934]

Evans lived 1901 to 1978.

Edward Heyman [Heyman, Edward]/Oscar Levant [Levant, Oscar]

lyricist/composer

USA

1934

Blame It on My Youth [1934]

Heyman lived 1907 to 1981. Levant lived 1906 to 1972.

Will Hudson [Hudson, Will]/Eddie DeLange [DeLange, Eddie]/Irving Mills [Mills, Irving]

composer

USA

1934

Moonglow [1934]

Hudson lived 1908 to 1981. DeLange lived 1904 to 1949. Mills lived 1894 to 1985.

Gordon Jenkins [Jenkins, Gordon]/Bernard Hanighen [Hanighen, Bernard]

lyricist/composer

USA

1934

When a Woman Loves a Man [1934]

Jenkins lived 1910 to 1984. Hanighen lived 1908 to 1976.

Muhammad Ali Jinnah [Jinnah, Muhammad Ali]

leader

India

1934

He lived 1876 to 1948 and led Moslem League.

Carl Laemmle [Laemmle, Carl]

director

Germany/USA

1934

Phantom of the Opera [1934]

He lived 1867 to 1939.

Sammy Lerner [Lerner, Sammy]/Hoagy Carmichael [Carmichael, Hoagy]

lyricist/composer

USA

1934

Judy [1934]

Lerner lived 1903 to 1989. Carmichael lived 1899 to 1981.

Sammy Lerner [Lerner, Sammy]

composer

USA

1934

I'm Popeye the Sailor Man [1934: from Popeye cartoon series]

He lived 1903 to 1989.

Edgar Leslie [Leslie, Edgar]/Fred Ahlert [Ahlert, Fred]

lyricist/composer

USA

1934

Moon Was Yellow [1934]

Leslie lived 1885 to 1976. Ahlert lived 1892 to 1953.

Hamilton MacFadden [MacFadden, Hamilton]

director

USA

1934

Stand Up and Cheer [1934]

He lived 1901 to ?.

André Malraux [Malraux, André]

novelist

France

1934

Man's Fate or La Condition Humaine [1934]

He lived 1901 to 1976.

Grace Moore [Moore, Grace]

actor

USA

1934

One Night of Love [1934]

She lived 1901 to 1953.

Mitchell Parish [Parish, Mitchell] or Mitchell Parrish [Parrish, Mitchell]/Frank Perkins [Perkins, Frank]

composer

USA/England

1934

Stars Fell on Alabama [1934]

Parish lived 1900 to 1993. Perkins lived 1889 to 1967.

Andy Razaf [Razaf, Andy]/Chick Webb [Webb, Chick]/Benny Goodman [Goodman, Benny]/Edgar Sampson

[Sampson, Edgar]

composer

USA

1934

Stompin' at the Savoy [1934]

Razaf lived 1895 to 1973. Webb lived 1905 to 1939. Goodman lived 1909 to 1986. Sampson lived 1907 to 1973.

William Saroyan [Saroyan, William]

essayist/novelist

USA

1934

Man on the Flying Trapeze [1934]

He lived 1908 to 1981.

Norma Shearer [Shearer, Norma]/Fredric March [March, Fredric]

actor

USA

1934

Barretts of Wimpole Street [1934]

Shearer lived 1902 to 1983. March lived 1897 to 1975.

Mikhail Sholokhov [Sholokhov, Mikhail]

novelist

Russia

1934

Quiet Flows the Don [1934]

He lived 1905 to 1984.

Richard B. Smith [Smith, Richard B.]/Felix Bernard [Bernard, Felix]

lyricist/composer

USA

1934

Winter Wonderland [1934]

Smith lived 1901 to 1935. Bernard lived 1897 to 1944.

Dana Suesse [Suesse, Dana]/Edward Heyman [Heyman, Edward]

lyricist/composer

USA

1934

You Oughta Be in Pictures [1934]

Suesse lived 1909 to 1987. Heyman lived 1907 to 1981.

Pamela Lyndon Travers [Travers, Pamela Lyndon]

writer

England

1934

Mary Poppins [1934: books]

She lived 1899 to 1996.

Stanislaw Jaskowski [Jaskowski, Stanislaw]

mathematician

Poland

1934 to 1936

He lived 1906 to 1965 and invented natural deduction and worked with infinite-valued logic [1934 to 1936].

William Powell [Powell, William]/Myrna Loy [Loy, Myrna]

actor

USA

1934 to 1936

Thin Man [1934]; After the Thin Man [1936]

Powell lived 1892 to 1984. Loy lived 1905 to 1993.

Oskar Lange [Lange, Oskar]

economist

Poland

1934 to 1937

Notes on the Determinateness of the Utility Function [1934]; On the Economic Theory of Socialism [1936 to 1937]

He lived 1904 to 1965 and advocated market socialism.

Gregorio Lopez y Fuentes [Lopez y Fuentes, Gregorio]

writer

Mexico

1934 to 1937

Mi General! or My General! [1934]; El Indio or The Indian [1937]

He lived 1895 to 1966.

Haven Gillespie [Gillespie, Haven]/J. Fred Coots [Coots, J. Fred]

lyricist/composer

USA

1934 to 1938

Santa Claus is Coming to Town [1934]; You Go to My Head [1938]

Gillespie lived 1898 to 1975. Coots lived 1897 to 1985.

Benny Goodman [Goodman, Benny]

clarinetist/bandleader

USA

1934 to 1939

He lived 1909 to 1986 and played Swing.

Lazaro Cardenas [Cardenas, Lazaro]

president

Mexico

1934 to 1940

He lived 1895 to 1970 and started widespread reforms [1934 to 1940].

William Dieterle [Dieterle, William]

director

Germany/USA

1934 to 1940

Madame du Barry [1934]; Dr. Ehrlich's Magic Bullet [1940: with Edward G. Robinson]; Dispatch from Reuters [1940:

with Eddie Albert]

He lived 1893 to 1972.

Henry Miller [Miller, Henry]

novelist

USA

1934 to 1941

Tropic of Cancer [1934]; Tropic of Capricorn [1936]; Colossus of Maroussi [1941]

He lived 1891 to 1980.

Isak Dinesen [Dinesen, Isak] or Karen Dinesen [Dinesen, Karen]

essayist/novelist

Denmark/Kenya

1934 to 1942

Seven Gothic Tales [1934: stories]; Out of Africa [1937: novel]; Winter's Tales [1942: stories]

She lived 1885 to 1962.

Kurt Goldstein [Goldstein, Kurt]

physician/psychiatrist

Breslau, Germany/USA

1934 to 1944

Organism: a Holistic Approach to Biology [1934]; Human Nature in the Light of Psychopathology [1940]; After-

effects of Brain Injuries in War: Their Evaluation and Treatment [1944]

He lived 1878 to 1965 and studied aphasia and brain injury effects.

Fiorello La Guardia [La Guardia, Fiorello]

mayor

New York, New York

1934 to 1945

He lived 1882 to 1947 and led Fusion party {reform party}.

John B. Rhine [Rhine, John B.]

psychologist

USA

1934 to 1947

Extrasensory Perception [1934]; Reach of the Mind [1947]

At Duke University, he was the father of parapsychology, did card guessing, and studied telepathy, clairvoyance, and

psychokinesis {ESP experiment} [Rhine, 1934] [Rhine, 1947]. All his research is suspect, because his experimenters'

suggestions caused positive results.

Bette Davis [Davis, Bette]

actor

USA

1934 to 1953

Of Human Bondage [1934]; Dark Victory [1939]; Now, Voyager [1942]; Star Is Born [1953]

She lived 1908 to 1989.

George Wald [Wald, George]

biologist

USA

1934 to 1954

Original Life [1954]

He lived 1906 to 1997, studied life's origin, and studied found retina vitamin A [1934].

Egon Brunswik [Brunswik, Egon]

psychologist

Austria/USA

1934 to 1955

Perception and Object [1934]; Perception and the Representative Design of Psychological Experiments [1956]

He lived 1903 to 1955 and studied perception.

Agatha Christie [Christie, Agatha]

novelist

England

1934 to 1957

Murder on the Orient Express [1934]; Death on the Nile [1937]; Ten Little Niggers [1939: And Then There Were

None]; Mousetrap [1948: mystery novel]; Witness for the Prosecution [1957: mystery novel]

She lived 1890 to 1976.

Lewis Mumford [Mumford, Lewis]

sociologist

USA

1934 to 1961

Technics and Civilization [1934]; City in History [1961]

He lived 1895 to 1988.

Ernest Nagel [Nagel, Ernest]

philosopher

Austria

1934 to 1961

Logic and Scientific Method [1934: with Morris R. Cohen]; Logic without Metaphysics [1956]; Gödel's Proof [1958:

with James R. Newman]; Structure of Science [1961]

He lived 1901 to 1985 and was Logical Positivist. Sciences reduce to physics by deduction {reductionism, Nagel}.

Belief causes and belief justifications are separate. People often mix them {genetic fallacy}. People can also say that

causes have no affect on truth {modal fallacy}. They go from "A is not necessarily B" to "A is necessarily not B."

People rely on testimony and other reliable sources, as well as information-transfer methods.

Arnold Joseph Toynbee [Toynbee, Arnold Joseph]

historian

England

1934 to 1961

Study of History [1934 to 1961: 12 volumes]

He lived 1889 to 1975.

Henry Moore [Moore, Henry]

sculptor

England

1934 to 1969

Recumbent Figure [1938]; Two Forms [1934 and 1969]

He lived 1898 to 1986 and was Primevalist.

Pelham Grenville Wodehouse [Wodehouse, Pelham Grenville]

essayist/humorist

England

1934 to 1974

Jeeves and Wooster canon [1934 to 1974: four books]

He lived 1904 to 1977.

Roger Tory Peterson [Peterson, Roger Tory]

biologist

USA

1934 to 1980

Field Guide to the Birds [1934 to 1980]

He lived 1908 to 1996 and studied birds.

Maxwell Anderson [Anderson, Maxwell]

playwright

USA

1935

Elizabeth the Queen [1930]; Winterset [1935]; What Price Glory [1935]; High Tor [1937]

He lived 1888 to 1959.

James Cagney [Cagney, James]/Anita Louise [Louise, Anita]

actor

USA

1935

Midsummer Night's Dream [1935]

Cagney lived 1899 to 1986. Louise lived 1915 to 1970.

Willa Cather [Cather, Willa]

novelist

USA

1935

Death Comes to the Archbishop [1935]

She lived 1873 to 1947.

James Chadwick [Chadwick, James]

physicist

England

1935

He lived 1891 to 1974 and studied electrons [1935].

Sam Coslow [Coslow, Sam]/Tom Satterfield [Satterfield, Tom]

composer

USA

1935

Restless [1935]

Coslow lived 1900 to 1982.

Clarence Day [Day, Clarence]

novelist

USA

1935

Life with Father [1935]

He lived 1874 to 1935.

Dorothy Fields [Fields, Dorothy]/George Oppenheimer [Oppenheimer, George]/Jimmy McHugh [McHugh,

Jimmy]

lyricist/lyricist/composer

USA

1935

I Feel a Song Comin' On [1935: from Every Night at Eight]

Fields lived 1905 to 1974. Oppenheimer lived 1900 to 1981. McHugh lived 1893 to 1969.

Marvin V. Frey [Frey, Marvin V.]

composer

Nigeria

1935

Kum Ba Ya or Kumbaya or Come By Here, Lord [1935]

He lived 1918 to 1992.

Gerhard Gentzen [Gentzen, Gerhard]

logician

Germany

1935

He lived 1909 to 1945. He developed formal first-order logic {natural deduction, Gentzen} [1935], which only assumes

inference laws. One rule uses premises and operator to make compound statement {introduction rule, Gentzen}.

Another rule uses compound statement and statement to make statement. Statements depend on simple and compound

sequent statements. Sequent-calculus proofs can be truth-trees or truth-tables {cut elimination theorem, Gentzen},

which eliminate formulas. Natural deduction led to proof theory.

Ira Gershwin [Gershwin, Ira]/Vernon Duke [Duke, Vernon]

lyricist/composer

USA

1935

I Can't Get Started (With You) [1935: from Ziegfeld Follies]

Gershwin lived 1896 to 1983. Duke lived 1903 to 1969.

Ira Gershwin [Gershwin, Ira]/DuBose Heyward [Heyward, DuBose]/George Gershwin [Gershwin, George]

lyricist/composer

USA

1935

Porgy and Bess [1935: musical, including Summertime]

George lived 1898 to 1937. DuBose Heyward lived 1885 to 1940. Ira lived 1896 to 1983.

Roy Harris [Harris, Roy]

composer

USA

1935

When Johnny Comes Marching Home [1935]

He lived 1898 to 1979.

Moss Hart [Hart, Moss]/Kurt Weill [Weill, Kurt]

lyricist/composer

USA

1935

Lady in the Dark [1935: musical]

Hart lived 1904 to 1961. Weill lived 1900 to 1950.

Ben Hecht [Hecht, Ben]/Charles MacArthur [MacArthur, Charles]

writer

USA

1935

Scoundrel [1935]

Hecht lived 1894 to 1964. MacArthur lived 1895 to 1956.

Gordon Jenkins [Jenkins, Gordon]

composer

USA

1935

Goodbye [1935]

He lived 1910 to 1984. Duke lived 1903 to 1969.

Boris Karloff [Karloff, Boris]/Elsa Lanchester [Lanchester, Elsa]

actor

USA

1935

Bride of Frankenstein [1935]

Karloff lived 1887 to 1969. Lanchester lived 1902 to 1986.

Charles Laughton [Laughton, Charles]/Clark Gable [Gable, Clark]/Donald Crisp [Crisp, Donald]

actor

USA/England

1935

Mutiny on the Bounty [1935]

Laughton lived 1899 to 1962. Gable lived 1901 to 1960. Crisp lived 1882 to 1974.

Charles Laughton [Laughton, Charles]/Zasu Pitts [Pitts, Zasu]/Charlie Ruggles [Ruggles, Charlie]

actor

USA

1935

Ruggles of Red Gap [1935]

Laughton lived 1899 to 1962. Pitts lived 1894 to 1963. Ruggles lived 1886 to 1970.

John L. Lewis [Lewis, John L.]

founder

USA

1935

He lived 1880 to 1969, was United Mine Workers of America president [1920 to 1960], and started Congress of

Industrial Organizations [1935] (CIO).

Almeida Lima [Lima, Almeida]

surgeon

Spain

1935

He performed prefrontal lobe leucotomy to cure chronic anxiety, depression with suicide risk, and obsessive-

compulsive disorder [1935].

Eduardo Mallea [Mallea, Eduardo]

writer

Argentina

1935

El escritor y nuestro tiempo or The writer and our time [1935]

He lived 1903 to 1982.

Egas Moniz [Moniz, Egas]

neurologist

Portugal

1935

He lived 1875 to 1955 and started frontal lobotomy for mental illness [1935].

Manuel Luis Quezon [Quezon, Manuel Luis]

president

Philippines

1935

He lived 1878 to 1944. Philippines became commonwealth under USA.

Leo Robin [Robin, Leo]/Ralph Rainger [Rainger, Ralph]/Richard A. Whiting [Whiting, Richard A.]

composer

USA

1935

Miss Brown to You [1935: from the film Big Broadcast of 1936]

Robin lived 1895 to 1984. Whiting lived 1891 to 1938.

Harry Ruby [Ruby, Harry]/Irving Caesar [Caesar, Irving]

composer/lyricist

USA

1935

Animal Crackers in My Soup [1935: from the film Curly Top]

Caesar lived 1895 to 1996.

Harry Smith [Smith, Harry]/Victor Herbert [Herbert, Victor]

lyricist/composer

USA

1935

Gypsy Love Song [1935: musical, including Gypsy Love Song]

Smith lived 1860 to 1936. Herbert lived 1859 to 1924.

Shirley Temple [Temple, Shirley]/Bill Robinson [Robinson, Bill] or Bojangles

actor

USA

1935

Little Colonel [1935]

Temple lived 1928 to ?. Robinson lived 1878 to 1949.

Watsuji Tetsuro [Tetsuro, Watsuji]

philosopher

Japan

1935

Climate [1935]

He lived 1889 to 1960. People have relationships {ninjen} differently expressed in different cultures.

Hideki Yukawa [Yukawa, Hideki]

physicist

Japan

1935

He lived 1907 to 1981 and discovered pion [1935].

Harvey Carr [Carr, Harvey]

psychologist

USA

1935 to 1936

Introduction to Space Perception [1935]; Autobiography [1936]

He lived 1873 to 1954. Normal perception uses key features, such as recognizing meaningful facial expressions and

other complex perceptions in simple drawings [1935].

Edward VIII

king

England

1935 to 1936

He lived 1894 to 1972, abdicated to marry an American, and became Duke of Windsor [1936].

Teddy Hill [Hill, Teddy]

saxophonist/bandleader

USA

1935 to 1937

Uptown Rhapsody [1935]

He lived 1909 to 1978 and played Modern.

Jimmy Kennedy [Kennedy, Jimmy]/Hugh Williams [Williams, Hugh] or Will Grosz [Grosz, Will]

composer

USA

1935 to 1937

Red Sails in the Sunset [1935]; Harbor Lights [1937]

Kennedy lived 1902 to 1984.

Berenice Abbott [Abbott, Berenice]

photographer

USA

1935 to 1938

She lived 1898 to 1991, took portraits, and photographed New York City scenes.

Emlyn Williams [Williams, Emlyn]

novelist

England

1935 to 1938

Night Must Fall [1935]; Corn is Green [1938]

He lived 1905 to 1987.

Ted Koehler [Koehler, Ted]/Rube Bloom [Bloom, Rube]

lyricist/composer

USA

1935 to 1939

Truckin' [1935]; Don't Worry 'Bout Me [1939: from Cotton Club Parade]

Koehler lived 1894 to 1973. Bloom lived 1902 to 1976.

David Wechsler [Wechsler, David]

psychologist

USA

1935 to 1939

Range of Human Capacities [1935]; Measurement of Adult Intelligence [1939]; Measurement and Appraisal of Adult

Intelligence [1958]

He lived 1896 to 1981, studied verbal and performance intelligence {Wechsler Bellevue Scale} [1939], and invented

WAIS test [1955].

Kazimierz Ajdukiewicz [Ajdukiewicz, Kazimierz]

linguist/philosopher

Poland

1935 to 1940

Syntactic Connexion [1935]; Empirical Basis of Knowledge [1940]

He lived 1890 to 1963, helped develop immediate constituent grammar, and was analytic philosopher. The same data

can have more than one closed and coherent independent description {conventionalism} {radical conventionalism},

from which people can choose based on simplicity, aesthetics, usefulness, ease, or evidence. Two basic syntax

categories are sentences and singular terms, which can combine.

John O'Hara [O'Hara, John]

novelist/essayist

USA

1935 to 1940

Appointment in Samarra [1935]; Butterfield 8 [1935]; Pal Joey [1940]

He lived 1905 to 1970.

Ciro Alegria [Alegria, Ciro]

writer

Peru

1935 to 1941

El La Serpiente de Oro or The Golden Serpent [1935]; El mundo es Ancho y Ajeno or World is Broad and Alien [1941]

He lived 1909 to 1967.

Karl Duncker [Duncker, Karl]

psychologist

Germany

1935 to 1941

Psychology of Productive Thinking [1935]; On Pleasure, Emotion, and Striving [1941]

He lived 1903 to 1940 and studied induced motion and studied productive thinking.

E. Y. Harburg [Harburg, E. Y.] or Edgar Yipsel Harburg [Harburg, Edgar Yipsel] or Yip Harburg [Harburg,

Yip]/Harold Arlen [Arlen, Harold]

lyricist/composer

USA

1935 to 1944

Last Night When We Were Young [1935]; Lydia the Tattooed Lady [1939: from the film At the Circus]; Wizard of Oz

[1939: musical]; Ding Dong the Witch Is Dead [1939: from the film The Wizard of Oz]; If I Only Had a Brain [1939:

from the film The Wizard of Oz]; Over the Rainbow [1939: from the film The Wizard of Oz]; Happiness Is a Thing

Called Joe [1943: from the film Cabin in the Sky]; Evelina [1944: from Bloomer Girl]

Arlen lived 1905 to 1986. Harburg lived 1896 to 1981.

Nelson Eddy [Eddy, Nelson]/Jeanette MacDonald [MacDonald, Jeanette]

actor

USA

1935 to 1945

Rose Marie; Naughty Marietta [1935]

Eddy lived 1901 to 1967. MacDonald lived 1903 to 1965.

William Boyd [Boyd, William]

actor

USA

1935 to 1948

Hopalong Cassidy of the Bar 20 [1938: western]

He lived 1910 to 1972.

George Humphrey [Humphrey, George]

psychologist

Britain

1935 to 1951

Nature of Learning [1935]; Thinking: Its Experimental Psychology [1951]

He lived 1889 to 1966 and studied conditioning and learning.

Kurt Lewin [Lewin, Kurt]

psychologist

USA

1935 to 1951

Dynamic Theory of Personality [1935]; Frontiers in Group Dynamics [1946]; Field Theory in Social Science [1951]

He lived 1890 to 1947. Internal and external stimuli cause individual differences {field theory}. Incentives come from

outside and goals from inside. Rewards come from outside and success from inside.

Tex Ritter [Ritter, Tex] or Woodard Maurice Ritter [Ritter, Woodard Maurice]

singer

USA

1935 to 1952

Sam Hall [1935]; Get Along Little Dogie [1935]; Jingle, Jangle, Jingle [1942]; I'm Wastin' My Tears on You [1944];

There's A New Moon Over My Shoulder [1944]; You Two Timed Me One Time Too Often [1945]; Rye Whiskey

[1948]; Deck of Cards [1948]; High Noon (Do Not Forsake Me Oh My Darlin') [1952]

He lived 1905 to 1974 and sang western music.

Fred Astaire [Astaire, Fred]

actor

USA

1935 to 1955

Top Hat [1935: Irving Berlin composed]; Three Little Words [1950]; Daddy Long Legs [1955]

He lived 1899 to 1987.

Ernst Bloch [Bloch, Ernst]

philosopher

Frankfurt, Germany

1935 to 1959

Heritage of Our Times [1935]; Principle of Hope [1959]

He lived 1885 to 1977.

Alfred Hitchcock [Hitchcock, Alfred]

director

USA

1935 to 1963

39 Steps [1935: Robert Donat acted]; Rebecca [1940]; Foreign Correspondent [1940: Joel McCrea acted]; Suspicion

[1941]; Shadow of a Doubt [1943: Joseph Cotten acted]; Spellbound [1945: Ingrid Bergman and Gregory Peck acted];

Dial M for Murder [1954]; Rear Window [1954: James Stewart acted]; To Catch a Thief [1955: Cary Grant and Grace

Kelly acted]; North by Northwest [1959: Cary Grant acted]; Psycho [1960: Anthony Perkins acted]; Birds [1963]

He lived 1899 to 1980.

Cecil Scott Forester [Forester, Cecil Scott]

novelist

England

1935 to 1966

African Queen [1935]; Midshipman Hornblower series [1937 to 1966: novels]

He lived 1899 to 1966.

Anthony Tudor [Tudor, Anthony]

choreographer

England

1935 to 1967

Pillar of Fire [1935]; Dark Elegies [1937: music by Mahler, Kindertotenlieder]; Gala Performance [1938: comic ballet

with music by Prokofiev, Concerto #3 in C for Piano and Classical Symphony]; Shadowplay [1967]

He lived 1908 to 1987.

Carol Ryrie Brink [Brink, Carol Ryrie]

writer

USA

1935 to 1972

Caddie Woodlawn [1935]; Bad Times of Irma Baumlein [1972]

She lived 1895 to 1981.

Alfred Tarski [Tarski, Alfred]

logician/mathematician

Poland/USA

1935 to 1983

Concept of Truth in Formalized Languages [1933]; On the Concept of Logical Consequence [1936]; Introduction to

Logic and to the Methodology of Deductive Science [1937]; Semantic Conception of Truth [1944]; Undecidable

Theories [1953]; Axiomatic Method: with special reference to geometry and physics [1957]; Equational logic and

equational theories of algebra [1968]; Logic, Semantics and Metamathematics [1983]

He lived 1902 to 1983, founded modern logical theory, studied part and whole relations {mereology, Tarski}, helped

develop quantum logic, and invented Banach-Tarski theorem.

Convention establishes basic-linguistic-element use and meaning {basic vocabulary}, which can construct complex

term and sentence meanings {compositional semantics} {recursive semantics}.

Formal languages have consistent syntax, in which sentences form correctly or not. Formal language uses objects to

replace language variables and predicates to replace language functions {interpretation, Tarski}. Truth is about

interpretation {semantic theory of truth}. Determining truth requires defining what constitutes satisfying interpretation

{satisfaction, Tarski}, which requires metalanguage {Tarski's theorem}. Formal languages have true interpretations

{model, Tarski}. Premise sets can be models. If premise model is sentence model, sentences are premise-set

consequences {theory of logical consequence} {logical consequence theory}.

For two sentence systems, sentences in one system can derive from sentences in other system {equipollence, Tarski}.

Stanley Adams [Adams, Stanley]/Hoagy Carmichael [Carmichael, Hoagy]

lyricist/composer

USA

1936

Little Old Lady [1936]

Adams lived 1914 to 1994. Carmichael lived 1899 to 1981.

Harold Adamson [Adamson, Harold]/Walter Donaldson [Donaldson, Walter]

lyricist/composer

USA

1936

Did I Remember [1936: from Suzy]

Adamson lived 1906 to 1980. Donaldson lived 1893 to 1947.

John Barrymore [Barrymore, John]/Norma Shearer [Shearer, Norma]/Leslie Howard [Howard, Leslie]

actor

USA

1936

Romeo and Juliet [1936]

Shearer - Barrymore lived 1882 to 1942. Shearer lived 1902 to 1983. Howard lived 1893 to 1943.

Walter Benjamin [Benjamin, Walter]

psychologist/philosopher

Berlin, Germany

1936

Work of Art in the Age of Mechanical Reproduction [1936]

He lived 1892 to 1940 and was of Frankfurt School. Art theory comes from art examples {immanent criticism,

Benjamin}. People experience fading of aura {Verfall der Aura}. Mass media are good.

Georges Bernanos [Bernanos, Georges]

writer

France

1936

Diary of a Country Priest [1936]

He lived 1888 to 1948.

John Burke [Burke, John]/Arthur Johnston [Johnston, Arthur]

composer

USA

1936

Pennies from Heaven [1936: in the film Pennies from Heaven]

Burke lived 1884 to 1950. Johnston lived 1898 to 1954.

Prem Chand [Chand, Prem] or Munshi Premchad [Premchad, Munshi] or Dhanpat Srivastava [Srivastava,

Dhanpat]

writer

India

1936

Gift of a Cow [1936]

He lived 1880 to 1936.

Charlie Chaplin [Chaplin, Charlie]/Paulette Goddard [Goddard, Paulette]

actor

USA

1936

Modern Times [1936]

Chaplin lived 1889 to 1977. Goddard lived 1910 to 1990.

Gordon Childe [Childe, Gordon]

sociologist

England

1936

Man Makes Himself [1936]

He lived 1892 to 1957 and studied technological stages and social stages.

Gary Cooper [Cooper, Gary]/Jean Arthur [Arthur, Jean]

actor

USA

1936

Plainsman [1936]

Cooper lived 1901 to 1961. Arthur lived 1900 to 1991.

Henry Dale [Dale, Henry]

physiologist

England

1936

He lived 1875 to 1968 and studied chemical synapses [1936].

Roy Del Ruth [Del Ruth, Roy]

director

USA

1936

Broadway Melody of 1936 [1936]

He lived 1895 to 1961.

Tommy Dorsey [Dorsey, Tommy] or Thomas A. Dorsey [Dorsey, Thomas A.]

composer

USA

1936

Music Goes 'Round and 'Round [1936]

He lived 1905 to 1956.

Vernon Duke [Duke, Vernon]

composer

Russia/USA

1936

Now [1936: from The Show Is On]

He lived 1903 to 1969.

Walter Edmonds [Edmonds, Walter]

novelist

USA

1936

Drums along the Mohawk [1936]

He lived 1903 to 1998.

Hazel Felleman [Felleman, Hazel]

writer

USA

1936

Best Loved Poems of the American People [1936]

Dorothy Fields [Fields, Dorothy]/Jerome Kern [Kern, Jerome]

lyricist/composer

USA

1936

Way You Look Tonight [1935]; Fine Romance [1936: from the film Swing Time]; Swing Time [1936: musical,

including A Fine Romance, Pick Yourself Up, Way You Look Tonight]

Fields lived 1905 to 1974. Kern lived 1985 to 1945.

Cliff Friend [Friend, Cliff]/Dave Franklin [Franklin, Dave]

composer

USA

1936

When My Dreamboat Comes Home [1936]

Clark Gable [Gable, Clark]/Jeanette MacDonald [MacDonald, Jeanette]

actor

USA

1936

San Francisco [1936]

Gable lived 1901 to 1960. MacDonald lived 1903 to 1965.

Kurt Grelling [Grelling, Kurt]

philosopher

Germany/England

1936

Logical Paradoxes [1936]

He lived 1886 to 1941. Self-applicable can mean thing expresses property that it has. Self-applicable can mean

expression applies to itself. If heterological means not-self-applicable, then heterological is both self-applicable and

not-self-applicable {Grelling's paradox} {Weyl's paradox}.

Billy Hill [Hill, Billy]

composer

USA

1936

In the Chapel in the Moonlight [1936]; Glory of Love [1936]

He lived 1899 to 1940.

Mann Holiner [Holiner, Mann]/Alberta Nichols [Nichols, Alberta]/Sammy Cahn [Cahn, Sammy]/Saul Chaplin

[Chaplin, Saul]/L. E. Freeman [Freeman, L. E.]

composer

USA

1936

Until the Real Thing Comes Along [1936]

Cahn lived 1913 to 1993. Chaplin lived 1912 to 1997.

Robert Johnson [Johnson, Robert]

composer

Mississippi

1936

Rambling on My Mind [1936]; Crossroads Blues [1936]; Me and the Devil Blues [1936]

He lived 1911 to 1938 and was the "father of blues".

Bronislau Kaper [Kaper, Bronislau]

composer

USA

1936

San Francisco [1936: from the film San Francisco]

He lived 1902 to 1983.

Fritz Lang [Lang, Fritz]

director

Austria/USA

1936

Fury [1936]; Big Heat [1953: Glenn Ford acted]

He lived 1890 to 1976.

Munro Leaf [Leaf, Munro]

writer

USA

1936

Story of Ferdinand [1936]

He lived 1905 to 1976.

Huddie Ledbetter [Ledbetter, Huddie]/John A. Lomax [Lomax, John A.]

composer

USA

1936

Goodnight, Irene [1936]

Ledbetter lived 1888 to 1949. Lomax lived 1867 to 1948.

Robert Z. Leonard [Leonard, Robert Z.]

director

USA

1936

Great Ziegfeld [1936: with William Powell and Myrna Loy]

He lived 1889 to 1968.

Ralph Linton [Linton, Ralph]

sociologist

USA

1936

Study of Man [1936]

He lived 1893 to 1953.

Holt Marvell [Marvell, Holt] or Maschwitz [Maschwitz, Albert Eric]/Jack Strachey [Strachey, Jack]/Harry Link

[Link, Harry]

lyricist/composer/composer

USA

1936

These Foolish Things [1936]

Marvell lived 1901 to 1969. Strachey lived 1894 to 1972.

Johnny Mercer [Mercer, Johnny]/Walter Donaldson [Donaldson, Walter]

lyricist/composer

USA

1936

Mr. Meadowlark [1936]

Mercer lived 1909 to 1976. Donaldson lived 1893 to 1947.

Meade Minnigerode [Minnigerode, Meade]/George Pomeroy [Pomeroy, George]/Tod Galloway [Galloway, Tod]

singer

USA

1936

Whiffenpoof Song or Baa! Baa! Baa! [1936: sung by Rudy Vallee]

Minnigerode lived 1887 to 1967.

Sidney D. Mitchell [Mitchell, Sidney D.]/Louis Alter [Alter, Louis]

composer

USA

1936

You Turned the Tables on Me [1936]

Mitchell lived 1888 to 1942. Alter lived 1902 to 1980.

Jose Norman [Norman, Jose]

composer

USA

1936

Cuban Pete [1936: in the film Cuban Pete, 1946]

Eleanor Powell [Powell, Eleanor]

actor

USA

1936

Born to Dance [1936: Cole Porter composed]

She lived 1912 to 1982.

William Powell [Powell, William]/Carole Lombard [Lombard, Carole]

actor

USA

1936

My Man Godfrey [1936]

Powell lived 1892 to 1984. Lombard lived 1908 to 1942.

Andy Razaf [Razaf, Andy]/Leon Berry [Berry, Leon]

lyricist/composer

USA

1936

Christopher Columbus [1936]

Razaf lived 1895 to 1973.

Romain Rolland [Rolland, Romain]

writer

France

1936

Le 14 Juillet or 14th of July [1936]

He lived 1866 to 1944.

Gladys Shelley [Shelley, Gladys]/Fred Astaire [Astaire, Fred]

lyricist/composer

USA

1936

Rise and Shine [1936]

Shelly lived 1911 to 2003. Astaire lived 1899 to 1987.

Al Smith [Smith, Al]

candidate

USA

1936

He lived 1873 to 1944 and was Republican presidential candidate.

Maurice Utrillo [Utrillo, Maurice]

painter

Paris, France

1936

Montmartre Street Corner/Lapin Agile [1936]

He lived 1883 to 1955 and painted Paris street scenes.

David O. Selznick [Selznick, David O.]

director/producer

USA

1936 to 1937

Little Lord Fauntleroy [1936]; Adventures of Tom Sawyer [1937]

He lived 1902 to 1965.

Ray Bolger [Bolger, Ray]

jazz dancer

USA

1936 to 1939

Great Ziegfeld [1936]; Slaughter on Tenth Avenue [1936: from On Your Toes]; Sweethearts; Wizard of Oz [1939: he

was the Scarecrow]

He lived 1904 to 1966.

Ioannis Metazas [Metazas, Ioannis]

dictator

Greece

1936 to 1939

He lived 1871 to 1941.

Robin G. Collingwood [Collingwood, Robin G.]

historian

England

1936 to 1940

Idea of History [1936]; Principles of Art [1938]; Essay on Metaphysics [1940]

He lived 1889 to 1943, was positivist, and wrote about Roman Britain.

Epistemology

Philosophy, history, and all thinking depend on fundamental assumptions {absolute presupposition}, which form

perspective. Absolute presuppositions are neither true nor false. People need to imagine previous-epoch thoughts and

actions to understand their practical problems. The idea of agency is basis of the idea of causality.

Berthold Brecht [Brecht, Berthold]

playwright

Germany

1936 to 1941

Threepenny Opera [1928]; Mother Courage [1941]; Good Woman of Setzuan [1943]; Galileo [1943]

He lived 1898 to 1956.

Jimmie Lunceford [Lunceford, Jimmie]

composer/bandleader

USA

1936 to 1941

For Dancers Only [1936]

He lived 1902 to 1947 and played Big Band.

Humphrey Bogart [Bogart, Humphrey]

actor

USA

1936 to 1948

Black Legion [1936]; Petrified Forest [1936]; Action in the North Atlantic [1943]; Treasure of the Sierra Madre [1948]

He lived 1899 to 1957.

Errol Flynn [Flynn, Errol]

actor

Australia/USA

1936 to 1949

Charge of the Light Brigade [1936]; Adventures of Robin Hood [1938]; Sea Hawk [1940]; Don Juan [1949]

He lived 1909 to 1959.

Richard Buckminster Fuller [Fuller, Richard Buckminster]

architect

USA

1936 to 1950

Geodesic Dome [1948 to 1950: tetrahedral frames increase strength with size]

He lived 1895 to 1983.

Aaron Copland [Copland, Aaron]

composer

USA

1936 to 1954

Billy the Kid [1936: ballet]; El Salon Mexico [1936: ballet]; Rodeo [1942: ballet]; Lincoln Portrait [1942: symphonic

reading]; Fanfare for the Common Man [1943]; Appalachian Spring or Ballet for Martha [1946: ballet, using the

Shaker hymn The Gift to Be Simple]; Simple Gifts or Gift to Be Simple [1944: by Joseph Brackett]; Tender Land

[1954]

He lived 1900 to 1990.

James Agee [Agee, James]

novelist

USA

1936 to 1957

Let Us Now Praise Famous Men [1936: essay]; Death in the Family [1957: novel]

He lived 1909 to 1955.

Arthur O. Lovejoy [Lovejoy, Arthur O.]

philosopher

USA

1936 to 1961

Great Chain of Being [1936]; Essays in the History of Ideas [1948]; Revolt against Dualism [1960]; Reason, the

Understanding, and Time [1961]

He lived 1873 to 1962 and was Critical Realist.

George Balanchine [Balanchine, George]

ballet dancer/choreographer

Russia/USA

1936 to 1962

Slaughter on Tenth Avenue [1936: modern dance with music by Richard Rodgers]; Le Baiser de la Fée or Fairy's Kiss

[1937: music by Stravinsky, based on Ashton's and Nijinska's works]; Four Temperaments [1946: music by

Hindemith]; Firebird [1949: music by Stravinsky]; Pas de Deux [1950: music by Leo Delibes, played on pan pipes];

Agon [1957: music by Stravinsky, based on the 17th-century-court saraband, gaillard, and branles dances]; Midsummer

Night's Dream [1962: music by Mendelssohn]

He lived 1909 to 1962.

Stanley Smith Stevens [Stevens, Stanley Smith]

psychologist

USA

1936 to 1962

Handbook of Experimental Psychology [1951: editor]

He lived 1906 to 1973.

Cardinal numbers, ordinal numbers, differences, and ratios measure stimuli or sensations {magnitude estimation,

Stevens}. Neural signal discreteness {neural quantum theory} limits sense-discrimination sensitivity.

Sensation magnitudes S are directly proportional to physical-stimuli magnitudes I, raised to power b [1962] {Stevens'

power law}: S = a*I^b, where a is constant for sense. Sound has the power 0.3, so loudness is not high as physical

noise {sone scale} [1936]. Brightness has power 0.3, so sensation intensity is not as high as physical intensity. Lengths

have power 1, and sensation and intensity match. Pain has power 3, so pain is more intense than the physical stimuli.

Samuel Barber [Barber, Samuel]

composer

USA

1936 to 1967

String Quartet No. 1 [1936]; Adagio for Strings [1938]; Agnus Dei or Lamb of God [1967]

He lived 1910 to 1981.

Jean-Paul Sartre [Sartre, Jean-Paul]

philosopher

Paris, France

1936 to 1969

Transcendence of the Ego [1936]; Psychology of Imagination [1936]; Nausea [1938: novel]; Sketch for a Theory of

Emotions [1939]; War Diaries [1939 to 1940]; Flies [1943: play]; Being and Nothingness [1943]; No Exit [1944: play];

On Genocide [1944]; Roads to Freedom [1945 to 1949]; Existentialism and Humanism [1945]; Age of Reason [1945:

novel trilogy]; Respectful Prostitute [1952: play]; Search for a Method [1957]; Critique of Dialectical Reason [1960]

He lived 1905 to 1980 and was existentialist.

Epistemology

Things {the absurd} can appear to be subject to reason, but in fact people cannot reason about them. The meaning of

existence is such a subject. Reason alone also cannot guide one's choice of fundamental project.

Repression is not possible, because conscious must be aware of what to repress at each instant.

Self-knowledge is impossible, because people are not objects but agents. People can create belief, even if they know it

is not true.

Ethics

The main emotion is anguish over life and existence. Moral choices are about how to resolve this anguish.

Neither god nor nature provides moral authority {abandonment}. Moral authority comes only from people's choices.

There is no fate. People shape destiny and are responsible for choices.

One must choose to act. This is the human condition {la condition humaine}. Only people's actions have meaning.

Choosing makes one free and creates one existence. Morality lies in making decision to act. Choosing to make no

decision is self-deception or bad faith {mauvaise foi}.

Self-essence reveals itself by asserting existence. Existence precedes essence.

People often treat other people as objects, rather than subjects.

People have one or more overall purposes {fundamental project}, which they freely chose.

The imagination is free.

Mind

Understanding consciousness involves three existence or being categories. 1. Consciousness is conscious of objects

other than itself {the in-itself}. In-itself exists only in consciousness but is not part of consciousness. It is an object of

intention. It is non-physical and does not follow causal laws. In-itself is passive. 2. Consciousness can be conscious of

itself as a different thing than in-itself {the for-itself}. The for-itself is separate from the in-itself and is not intentional.

This self-consciousness {prereflective self-consciousness} is consciousness that there are intentions and the in-itself.

For-itself is active. 3. People's bodies, characters, actions, and history exhibit a consciousness form that other people or

same person can perceive as physical-world object {the for-others}. For-others relates its conscious body to other

conscious bodies and relates its consciousness to its body. For-other and other for-other relations are perceptive,

subjective, and affective and do not involve thought, knowledge, or cognition.

No consciousness type is personal or related to ego.

Mind has something inside {in-itself}, something for both {for-itself}, and something outside {for-others}. Because it

is not in-itself, self-consciousness is nothingness, intention without object. As nothingness, self-consciousness causes

questioning, imagining, being skeptical, denying, feeling detachment or delusion, and feeling need or lack. Therefore,

self-consciousness has freedom. People are conscious of nothingness and freedom but often fear or do not accept them.

Such people desire consciousness to be in-itself, rather than for-itself, and do not accept their real being. For-others

often compete. Such relations oppose free action and so typically cause or involve conflict. Love, for example, can be a

wish to possess another's freedom. Human relationships typically involve control of others and restrictions on freedom,

so most human relationships eventually end. Human interactions involve so many factors that people cannot know

them, and knowing them makes interactions impossible [Sartre, 1943].

Politics

Preferences in ethics determine political values.

At all human-life phases, from conception to death, something has power over individual {biopolitics}. Decisions taken

for other people cannot have rational bases and are always questionable.

Society builds institutions that restrict freedom and increase alienation.

In coming into existence, driven by self or self-states, people's minds can go through transformations in which mental

states appear abnormal. However, if transformations continue to completion, result can be clear and balanced mental

state. Social contexts can help mentally ill people live independently.

Alfred Jules Ayer [Ayer, Alfred Jules]

philosopher

Britain

1936 to 1973

Language, Truth and Logic [1936]; Foundations of Empirical Knowledge [1940]; Problem of Knowledge [1956];

Concept of a Person [1963]; Central Questions of Philosophy [1973]

He lived 1910 to 1989, was Logical Positivist or Logical Atomist, and developed verification principle.

Epistemology

The idea that people know object properties directly without representations or mental substitutes {naive realism,

Ayer} is false. The idea that people can detect patterns in objects, thoughts or behavior, and memories {reductionism,

Ayer} is false. The idea that people can go from evidence to conclusions {induction, Ayer} is false. What is left is just

to describe how people use evidence to reach conclusions [Ayer, 1963].

Ethics

Moral judgments are meaningless problems. Ethics needs psychological, not ethical, theory.

Metaphysics

Metaphysics has meaningless statements and problems. All utterances about nature of God are nonsensical.

Max Horkheimer [Horkheimer, Max]

philosopher

Germany

1936 to 1973

Studies on Authority and Family [1936]

He lived 1895 to 1973 and founded Frankfurt School, which was critical of totalitarianism and promoted rationalism.

Francisco Franco [Franco, Francisco]

dictator

Spain

1936 to 1975

He lived 1892 to 1975 and abolished all parties except Falange fascist party. He declared monarchy, with himself as

head of state [1947].

Mircea Eliade [Eliade, Mircea]

anthropologist

Romania/France

1936 to 1981

Yoga [1936]; Patterns in Comparative Religion [1949: symbols in religion]; Myth of the Eternal Return [1949:

religious ideas about time and history]; Shamanism [1951]; Images and Symbols [1952]; Myths, Dreams, and

Mysteries [1957]; Sacred and the Profane [1957]; Two and the One [1962]; Journal III [1970 to 1978]; Ordeal by

Labyrinth [1978]; Autobiography [1981]

He lived 1907 to 1986, studied folk religion {archaic religion}, and compared religious behavior, symbols, and

feelings.

Religion is about the sacred. The sacred has unity and is living, sexual or energetic, redemptive or regenerative, clean,

and permanent. The sky, sun, moon, water, stones, Earth, trees, ancestors, heroes, and gods can be sacred. The sacred is

powerful, awesome, beautiful, and mysterious.

People intuit the sacred and want to be part of it or return to it. People have religious feelings about the sacred and

religious experiences of transcendence. Performing sacraments affects person's beliefs and feelings. Religions use

symbols, symbol systems, and myths to refer to the sacred.

People want to end history and start over {eternal return myth} {myth of eternal return}, so life will have meaning.

Judaic prophets proclaimed that life was trials, punishments, and blessings from God and so was meaningful.

Modern society removes the sacred from history and nature.

Arne Naess [Naess, Arne]

philosopher

Norway

1936 to 1989

Cognition and Scientific Behavior [1936]; Skepticism [1968]; Ecology, Community and Lifestyle [1989]

He lived 1912 to 2004, was Logical Positivist, and studied ecology. Word meanings are their uses in situations

{empirical semantics, Naess}. Simple meaning has one property {precisation}. Other meaning has no properties.

Bernard Baruch [Baruch, Bernard]

advisor

USA

1937

He lived 1870 to 1965 and advised Roosevelt.

Ray Bauduc [Bauduc, Ray]/Bob Haggart [Haggart, Bob]

composer

USA

1937

South Rampart Street Parade [1937]

Bauduc lived 1906 to 1988. Haggart lived 1914 to 1998.

Clay Boland [Boland, Clay]

composer

USA

1937

Gypsy in My Soul [1937]

Lew Brown [Brown, Lew]/Sammy Fain [Fain, Sammy]

lyricist/composer

USA

1937

That Old Feeling [1937]

Brown lived 1893 to 1958. Fain lived 1902 to 1989.

Frank Churchill [Churchill, Frank]/Leigh Harline [Harline, Leigh]

composer

USA

1937

Whistle While You Work [1937: from the film Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs]

Churchill lived 1901 to 1942. Harline lived 1907 to 1969.

Theodosius Dobzhansky [Dobzhansky, Theodosius]

biologist

USA

1937

Genetics and the Origin of Species [1937]

He lived 1900 to 1975 and studied evolutionary theory.

Deanna Durbin [Durbin, Deanna]/Leopold Stokowski [Stokowski, Leopold]

actor

USA/England

1937

One Hundred Men and a Girl [1937]

Durbin lived 1921 to ?. Stokowski lived 1882 to 1977.

Amelia Earhart [Earhart, Amelia]

pilot

USA

1937

She lived 1897 to 1937 and disappeared in Pacific Ocean on her around-the-world trip in a two-passenger airplane.

Janet Gaynor [Gaynor, Janet]/Adolphe Menjou [Menjou, Adolphe]/Fredric March [March, Fredric]

actor

USA

1937

Star is Born [1937]

Gaynor lived 1906 to 1984. Menjou lived 1890 to 1963. March lived 1897 to 1975.

Jean Giraudoux [Giraudoux, Jean]

playwright

France

1937

Electre [1937]

He lived 1882 to 1944.

Mack Gordon [Gordon, Mack]/Harry Revel [Revel, Harry]

lyricist/composer

USA/England

1937

There's a Lull in My Life [1937]

Gordon lived 1904 to 1959. Ravel lived 1905 to 1958.

Cary Grant [Grant, Cary]/Constance Bennett [Bennett, Constance]

actor

USA

1937

Topper [1937]

Grant lived 1904 to 1986. Bennett lived 1904 to 1965.

Luther Gulick [Gulick, Luther]

economist

USA

1937

Notes on the Theory of Organization [1937]

He lived 1865 to 1918 and studied administrative management theory. His wife was Charlotte Gulick [1865 to 1938].

They started Camp Fire Girls in 1910.

Sadegh Hedayat [Hedayat, Sadegh]

novelist

Persia

1937

Blind Owl [1937]

He lived 1903 to 1951.

Carole Lombard [Lombard, Carole]/Fredric March [March, Fredric]

actor

USA

1937

Nothing Sacred [1937: David O. Selznick produced and Ben Hecht wrote]

Lombard lived 1908 to 1942. March lived 1897 to 1975.

Herb Magdison [Magdison, Herb]/Allie Wrubel [Wrubel, Allie]

composer

USA

1937

Gone with the Wind [1937]

Wrubel lived 1905 to 1973.

Johnny Mercer [Mercer, Johnny]/Bernard Hanighen [Hanighen, Bernard]

lyricist/composer

USA

1937

Bob White [1937]

Mercer lived 1909 to 1976. Hanighen lived 1908 to 1976.

Johnny Mercer [Mercer, Johnny]/Gordon Jenkins [Jenkins, Gordon]

composer

USA

1937

P.S. I Love You [1937]

Mercer lived 1909 to 1976. Jenkins lived 1910 to 1984.

Johnny Mercer [Mercer, Johnny]

composer

USA

1937

Jamboree Jones [1937]; Sent for You Yesterday, and Here You Come Today [1937]

He lived 1909 to 1976.

Irving Mills [Mills, Irving]/Juan Tizol [Tizol, Juan]/Duke Ellington [Ellington, Duke]

lyricist/composer/composer

USA/Puerto Rico

1937

Caravan [1937]

Mills lived 1894 to 1985. Tizol lived 1900 to 1984. Ellington lived 1899 to 1974.

Larry Morey [Morey, Larry]/Frank E. Churchill [Churchill, Frank E.]

lyricist/composer

USA

1937

Heigh-Ho [1937: from the movie Snow White]; Someday My Prince Will Come [1937: from the movie Snow White];

Whistle While You Work [1937: from the movie Snow White]; One Song [1937]

Churchill lived 1901 to 1942.

Charles Nordhoff [Nordhoff, Charles]/James N. Hall [Hall, James N.]

novelist

USA

1937

Mutiny on the Bounty [1937]

Nordhoff lived 1887 to 1947.

Harry Owens [Owens, Harry]

composer

USA

1937

Sweet Leilani [1937: from the film Waikiki Wedding]

He lived 1902 to 1986.

Mitchell Parish [Parish, Mitchell] or Mitchell Parrish [Parrish, Mitchell]/Benny Goodman [Goodman,

Benny]/Edgar Sampson [Sampson, Edgar]

lyricist/composer

USA

1937

Don't Be That Way [1937]

Parish lived 1900 to 1993. Goodman lived 1909 to 1986. Sampson lived 1907 to 1973.

Luise Rainer [Rainer, Luise]

actor

Austria/USA

1937

Good Earth [1937]

She lived 1910 to 2003.

Grote Reber [Reber, Grote]

astronomer

Germany

1937

He lived 1911 to 2002 and studied radio galaxies using his invention, the radio telescope [1937].

Georges Rouault [Rouault, Georges]

painter

France

1937

Head of Christ [1937]; Old King [1937]

He lived 1871 to 1958.

Harry Tobia [Tobia, Harry]/Percy Wenrich [Wenrich, Percy]

lyricist/composer

USA

1937

Sail Along, Silv'ry Moon [1937]

Wenrich lived 1887 to 1952.

Spencer Tracy [Tracy, Spencer]/Freddie Bartholomew [Bartholomew, Freddie]

actor

USA/Ireland

1937

Captains Courageous [1937]

Tracy lived 1900 to 1967. Bartholomew lived 1924 to 1992.

Ned Washington [Washington, Ned]/Hoagy Carmichael [Carmichael, Hoagy]

lyricist/composer

USA

1937

Nearness of You [1937]

Washington lived 1901 to 1976. Carmichael lived 1899 to 1981.

Count Basie or William Allen Basie [Basie, William Allen]

pianist/bandleader/composer

USA

1937 to 1938

One O'Clock Jump [1937]; Swingin' the Blues [1937]

He lived 1904 to 1984 and played Big Band.

Johnny Mercer [Mercer, Johnny]/Richard A. Whiting [Whiting, Richard A.]

composer

USA

1937 to 1938

(You're) Too Marvelous for Words [1937: from Ready, Willing and Able]; Hooray for Hollywood [1938: from the film

Hollywood Hotel]

Mercer lived 1909 to 1976. Whiting lived 1891 to 1938.

Pitirim A. Sorokin [Sorokin, Pitirim A.]

philosopher

Germany

1937 to 1941

Social and Cultural Dynamics [1937 to 1941]

He lived 1889 to 1968 and wrote about history.

Harold Adamson [Adamson, Harold]/Jimmy McHugh [McHugh, Jimmy]

lyricist/composer

USA

1937 to 1947

Where Are You [1937: from Top of the Town]; You're a Sweetheart [1937]; Coming in on a Wing and a Prayer [1943];

It's a Most Unusual Day [1947: from A Date with Judy]

Adamson lived 1906 to 1980. McHugh lived 1893 to 1969.

John Archibald Wheeler [Wheeler, John Archibald]

physicist

USA

1937 to 1949

He lived 1911 to ?, studied S-matrix theory [1937], and invented Wheeler-Feynman absorption theory [1949]. Perhaps,

universe {participatory universe} stayed in superposed quantum states until consciousness arose and determined states

that led to consciousness.

Alan Mathison Turing [Turing, Alan Mathison]

mathematician

Britain

1937 to 1950

On Computable Numbers with an Application to the Entscheidungs Problem [1937]; Computing Machinery and

Intelligence [1950]

He lived 1912 to 1954 and developed Turing test for intelligence. He developed a code-breaking machine {electronic

cryptanalytic machine}, which was the first programmed computer {Colossus computer}. Fixed definite processes

{algorithm, Turing} {recursive procedure, Turing} or trial-and-error procedure {heuristic procedure} can solve

mathematical problems. Turing machines programmed to perform procedures can solve problems. Universal Turing

machines can define all possible operations and solve general problems. Algorithms and heuristics cannot solve some

mathematical problems, so machines cannot solve them [Turing, 1950].

Farouk I

king

Egypt

1937 to 1952

He lived 1920 to 1965. Kingdom ended when Nasser began republic.

Alan Hodgkin [Hodgkin, Alan]/Andrew F. Huxley [Huxley, Andrew F.]

biochemist

England

1937 to 1952

Currents carried by sodium and potassium ions [1952]

Hodgkin lived 1914 to 1998. Huxley lived 1917 to ?. They used squid giant axons to prove that ions flow across

membrane rather than down axon {local circuit hypothesis, Hodgkin}, by locally increasing and decreasing

extracellular-fluid conductivity [1937]. Sodium ions have ion channels, and potassium ions have separate ion channels.

During action potentials, membranes are first more permeable to sodium ions, flowing in, and then potassium ions,

flowing out, so potential becomes negative {Hodgkin-Huxley theory} [1952].

Nicanor Parra [Parra, Nicanor]

poet

Chile

1937 to 1954

Cancionero sin Nombre or Songs without Number [1937]; Emergency Poems; Poems and Antipoems [1954]

He lived 1914 to ? and wrote in colloquial language about common life {antipoetry, Parra}.

Wallace Stevens [Stevens, Wallace]

poet

USA

1937 to 1954

Man With the Blue Guitar [1937]; Thirteen Ways of Looking at a Blackbird [1954]

He lived 1879 to 1955.

Richard Thorpe [Thorpe, Richard]

director

USA

1937 to 1954

Night Must Fall [1937: with Robert Montgomery]; Student Prince [1954]

He lived 1896 to 1991.

John Ronald Reuel Tolkien [Tolkien, John Ronald Reuel]

novelist

England

1937 to 1955

Hobbit [1937]; Lord of the Rings [1955]

He lived 1892 to 1973.

Lyndall F. Urwick [Urwick, Lyndall F.]

economist

USA

1937 to 1955

Making of Scientific Management [1937: with Edward Brech]; Pattern of Management [1955]

He lived 1891 to 1983 and studied scientific management theory.

Hans Krebs [Krebs, Hans]

biologist

England

1937 to 1957

Energy Transformation in Living Matter [1957: with Hans Kornberg]

He lived 1900 to 1981 and studied tricarboxylic carbohydrate cycle [1937].

George Peter Murdock [Murdock, George Peter]

sociologist

USA

1937 to 1962

Cross-Cultural Survey [1937]; Social Structure [1949]; Human Relations Area Files [1949: including the Outline of

Cultural Materials and used for World Ethnographic Sample and the Ethnographic Atlas]; Ethnology [1962: journal]

He lived 1897 to 1985 and studied comparative culture.

George Gamow [Gamow, George]

astronomer

USA

1937 to 1966

Mr. Tompkins in Wonderland [1937]; One Two Three ... Infinity [1950]; Thirty Years That Shook Physics [1966]

He lived 1904 to 1968, predicted microwave background radiation [1948], and calculated helium and lithium

production from hydrogen just after universe origin. He expanded Big-Bang theory, with Ralph Alpher, Robert

Hermann, and James Follin.

Artur Rubinstein [Rubinstein, Artur]

pianist

Poland/USA

1937 to 1966

He lived 1887 to 1982.

Karen Horney [Horney, Karen]

psychologist

USA

1937 to 1967

Neurotic Personality of Our Time [1937]; Neurosis and Human Growth [1950]; Feminine Psychology [1967]

She lived 1885 to 1952 and studied repression.

Maurits C. Escher [Escher, Maurits C.]

painter

Netherlands

1937 to 1968

Metamorphosis I [1937]; Sky and Water I [1938]; Sky and Water II [1938]; Day and Night [1938]; Regular Division of

the Plane with Asymmetric Congruent Polygons [1941]; Drawing Hands [1948]; Gravity [1952]; Ascending and

Descending [1953]; Relativity [1953]; Circle Limit I [1955]; Circle Limit II [1959]; Circle Limit III [1959]; Circle

Limit IV [1960]; Regular Division of the Plane [1958]; Up and Down [1961]; Waterfall [1961]; Möbius Strip I [1963];

Metamorphosis III [1967]

He lived 1898 to 1972 and etched lithographs and woodcuts with scenes impossible in three-dimensional space or with

opposite-shape tilings. He used the 17 symmetries available in the plane {wallpaper group, Escher}. He also

represented hyperbolic space by projection onto plane.

Herbert Blumer [Blumer, Herbert]

sociologist

Chicago, Illinois

1937 to 1969

Race Prejudice as a Sense of Group Position [1958]; Symbolic Interaction: An Approach to Human Communication

[1937 and 1969]

He lived 1900 to 1987. He created symbolic interactionism [1937], with Everett C. Hughes at University of Chicago

{Second Chicago School}. Their predecessors were W. I. Thomas and Robert Park {First Chicago School}.

Talcott Parsons [Parsons, Talcott]

sociologist

USA

1937 to 1969

Structure of Social Action [1937]; Social System [1951]; Structure and Process in Modern Societies [1960];

Sociological Theory and Modern Society [1968]; Politics and Social Structure [1969]

He lived 1902 to 1979. Social systems {cultural system} have values, symbols, and beliefs and influence people

{structural functionalism}. Groups fulfill four functions {functional imperatives}: adaptation to physical and social

environment, goal attainment, society integration, and motivation to perform social roles according to expectations

{latency, Parsons}.

Hugo Black [Black, Hugo]

judge

USA

1937 to 1971

Adamson v. California [1947]; Dennis v. United States [1951]; Engel v. Vitale [1962]; Gideon v. Wainwright [1963]

He lived 1886 to 1971 and was USA Supreme Court Associate Justice [1937 to 1971].

Edward Evan Evans-Pritchard [Evans-Pritchard, Edward Evan]

anthropologist

England

1937 to 1981

Witchcraft, Magic, and Oracles among the Azande [1937]; Nuer: A Description of the Modes of Livelihood and

Political Institutions of a Nilotic People [1940]; Sanusi of Cyrenaica [1949]; Kinship and Marriage among the Nuer

[1951]; Social Anthropology [1951]; Nuer Religion [1956]; Essays in Social Anthropology [1962]; Theories of

Primitive Religion [1965]; History of Anthropological Thought [1981]

He lived 1902 to 1973, studied African peoples, and criticized grandiose theories.

All peoples use symbols, analogy, and metaphor. Society's rituals and beliefs explain many society aspects.

Supernatural powers {spirits, Evans-Pritchard} form hierarchies and families.

People have souls, and ghosts can leave bodies and return. Souls are not spirits.

People can believe that all ills are their fault, and they must atone. Sacrifice is to atone to a god for transgression and is

typically private. Public sacrifices are for weddings and funerals.

Lou Harrison [Harrison, Lou]

composer

USA

1937 to 1992

Prelude and Sarabande for Piano [1937]; La Koro Sutro or Heart Sutra [1988]; Rhymes with Silver [1992]

He lived 1917 to 2003.

May Sarton [Sarton, May]

poet/novelist

USA

1937 to 1994

Encounter in April [1937: poetry collection]; Lion and the Rose [1948: poetry collection]; Small Room [1961]; Coming

into Eighty [1994: poetry collection]

She lived 1912 to 1995 and wrote about lesbianism starting 1974.

Jean Arp [Arp, Jean] or Hans Arp [Arp, Hans]

sculptor

France

1938

Coquille Crystals [1938]

He lived 1886 to 1966 and founded a non-sensical irrational style {Dadaism}.

Gaston Bachelard [Bachelard, Gaston]

philosopher

Paris, France

1938

New Scientific Spirit [1938]

He lived 1884 to 1962.

Chester I. Barnard [Barnard, Chester I.]

businessman

USA

1938

Functions of the Executive [1938]

He lived 1886 to 1961 and wrote about the ideal administrator. Good administration depends on analysis, authority,

communication, decision-making, expansion, goals, motivation, and purpose.

Business analysis requires looking for process critical, limiting, and strategic factors and making decisions to address

these factors. Then further analysis finds new critical, limiting, and strategic factors. Good analysis uses past

experience, connects decisions, analyzes decision-making process itself, and facilitates limiting options.

To have authority to lead, executive must be moral and qualified. Authority depends on subordinate acceptance of

executive. The moral code defines authority levels, emphasizes loyalty to organization purposes, and sets goal to strive

for excellence.

Communication is official, is only for employees, comes from communication center through accepted channels, goes

through all proper stages, preferably only one stage, comes from authority, is authenticatable, and comes from someone

responsible.

Executive decisions mostly limit choices. Consequence anticipations and results after previous actions limit choices.

High-level decisions involve purposes and personnel. Middle-level decisions involve technical, economic, and social

problems. Low-level decisions involve means to ends. Executives can protect themselves against decision criticism, by

documentation and superiors' approval. Executives can ensure that authorities make decisions and take responsibility.

Organization must expand to gain more incentives for workers.

Organization has two main goals, which executive leads and to which organization adapts. The first goal is to reach

organization purpose. The second goal is to motivate individuals. Meeting both goals requires willingness to cooperate

among all employees, communication between all employees, and accepted purpose for organization. Purpose must be

relevant to customers or environment, be attainable given resources and people, and fit with employee desires and

hopes. Executive can motivate by distributing rewards in the most-efficient way, based on people's powers, wishes,

needs, and abilities, to keep people satisfied. Direct incentives alone are not enough to satisfy employees. Propaganda,

education, and training can persuade people. Technology, education, and opportunities to do more are other rewards.

Executive must remember that people can always think about doing something else instead. Social relations can

contribute to success but must be compatible with organization purposes.

As for motivation, best results happen if people have high pay and then give full value in return. Return value typically

seems small to person giving it.

Purposes about family, religion, or country are personal, but business purposes are impersonal. All intentions, acts, and

ideas communicate business purposes, to persuade people to accept them. Business purpose has parts that specialists

can do, by place, time, other people required, resources, and methods.

Irving Berlin [Berlin, Irving]

composer

USA

1938

Alexander's Ragtime Band [1938]

He lived 1888 to 1989.

Charles Boyer [Boyer, Charles]/Hedy Lamarr [Lamarr, Hedy]

actor

USA

1938

Algiers [1938]

Boyer lived 1899 to 1978. Lamarr lived 1914 to 2000. She said "Come with me to the Casbah".

James Cagney [Cagney, James]/Pat O'Brien [O'Brien, Pat]/Humphrey Bogart [Bogart, Humphrey]

actor

USA

1938

Angels with Dirty Faces [1938]

Cagney lived 1899 to 1986. O'Brien lived 1899 to 1983. Bogart lived 1899 to 1957.

Sammy Cahn [Cahn, Sammy]/Saul Chaplin [Chaplin, Saul]

composer

USA

1938

Please Be Kind [1938]

Cahn lived 1913 to 1993. Chaplin lived 1912 to 1997.

Larry Clinton [Clinton, Larry]

lyricist/composer

USA

1938

My Reverie [1938]; Cry, Baby, Cry [1938]; Dipsy Doodle [1938]

He lived 1909 to 1985.

Robert Crawford [Crawford, Robert]

composer

USA

1938

Off We Go into the Wild Blue Yonder [1938: Air Force Academy]

He lived 1899 to 1964.

Mack David [David, Mack]/Jerry Livingston [Livingston, Jerry]/Count Basie

lyricist/composer

USA

1938

Blue and Sentimental [1938]

David lived 1912 to 1993. Livingston lived 1909 to 1987. Basie lived 1904 to 1984.

Daphne du Maurier [du Maurier, Daphne]

novelist

England

1938

Rebecca [1938]

She lived 1907 to 1989.

James T. Farrell [Farrell, James T.]

novelist

USA

1938

Studs Lonigan [1938]

He lived 1904 to 1979.

Slim Gaillard [Gaillard, Slim]/Slam Stewart [Stewart, Slam]/Bud Green [Green, Bud]

composer

USA/Austria

1938

Flat Foot Floogie [1938]

Gaillard lived 1916 to 1991. Stewart lived 1914 to 1987. Green lived 1897 to 1981.

Cary Grant [Grant, Cary]/Katherine Hepburn [Hepburn, Katherine]

actor

USA

1938

Bringing Up Baby [1938]

Grant lived 1904 to 1986. Hepburn lived 1907 to 2003.

Samuel I. Hayakawa [Hayakawa, Samuel I.]

linguist

Canada/USA

1938

Language in Thought and Action [1938]

He lived 1906 to 1992 and helped develop semantics {General Semantics}, with Korzybski.

Irving Kahal [Kahal, Irving]/Sammy Fain [Fain, Sammy]

lyricist/composer

USA

1938

I Can Dream, Can't I? [1938]; I'll Be Seeing You [1938: from Right This Way]

Kahal lived 1903 to 1942. Fain lived 1902 to 1989.

Pyotr Leonidovich Kapitsa [Kapitsa, Pyotr Leonidovich]

physicist

Russia

1938

He lived 1894 to 1984 and discovered helium-4 superfluidity [1938].

Jimmy Kennedy [Kennedy, Jimmy]/Georges Boulanger [Boulanger, Georges]

lyricist/composer

USA

1938

My Prayer [1938: adapted from the music Avant de Mourir]

Kennedy lived 1902 to 1984.

Charles Laughton [Laughton, Charles]/Elsa Lanchester [Lanchester, Elsa]

actor

USA

1938

Beachcomber [1938]

Laughton lived 1899 to 1962. Lanchester lived 1902 to 1986.

Jack Lawrence [Lawrence, Jack]/Harry James [James, Harry]

lyricist/composer

USA

1938

Ciribiribin or They're So in Love [1938]

Lawrence lived 1912 to ?. James lived 1916 to 1983.

Raymond Leveen [Leveen, Raymond]/Maria Grever [Grever, Maria]/Horace Heidt [Heidt, Horace]

lyricist/lyricist/composer

USA

1938

Ti-Pi-Tin [1938]

Heidt lived 1901 to 1986.

Frank Loesser [Loesser, Frank]/Hoagy Carmichael [Carmichael, Hoagy]

composer

USA

1938

Two Sleepy People [1938]; Small Fry [1938: from Sing You Sinners]; Heart and Soul [1938: from the short A Song Is

Born]

Loesser lived 1910 to 1969. Carmichael lived 1899 to 1981.

Frank Loesser [Loesser, Frank]/Alfred Newman [Newman, Alfred]

lyricist/composer

USA

1938

Moon of Manakoora [1938]

Loesser lived 1910 to 1969. Newman lived 1900 to 1970.

Frank Loesser [Loesser, Frank]/Manning Sherwin [Sherwin, Manning]

lyricist/composer

USA

1938

I Fall in Love Everyday [1938]

Loesser lived 1910 to 1969. Sherwin lived 1890 to 1960.

Paul Mann [Mann, Paul]/Ned Weaver [Weaver, Ned]

composer

USA

1938

I Simply Adore You [1938]

Leonid Massine [Massine, Leonid]

ballet dancer

Russia

1938

Seventh Symphony [1938]

He lived 1886 to 1979.

Marjorie Rawlings [Rawlings, Marjorie]

novelist

USA

1938

Yearling [1938]

She lived 1896 to 1953.

Ginger Rogers [Rogers, Ginger]/Fred Astaire [Astaire, Fred]

actor

USA

1938

Carefree [1938]

Rogers lived 1911 to 1995. Astaire lived 1899 to 1987.

Artie Shaw [Shaw, Artie]

clarinetist/bandleader

USA

1938

Begin the Beguine [1938]

He lived 1910 to 2004 and played Big Band.

Robert Sherwood [Sherwood, Robert]

playwright

USA

1938

Abe Lincoln in Illinois [1938]; Petrified Forest

He lived 1896 to 1955.

Penny Singleton [Singleton, Penny]

actor

USA

1938

Blondie [1938]

She lived 1908 to 2003. Series went to 1950.

Esphyr Slobodkina [Slobodkina, Esphyr]

writer

USA

1938

Caps for Sale: A Tale of a Peddler, Some Monkeys and Their Monkey Business [1938]

He lived 1908 to 2002.

James Stewart [Stewart, James]/Jean Arthur [Arthur, Jean]

actor

USA

1938

You Can't Take It With You [1938]

Stewart lived 1908 to 1997. Arthur lived 1900 to 1991.

Nikolai Trubetzkoy [Trubetzkoy, Nikolai]

linguist

Russia/Prague, Czech Republic

1938

Principles of Phonology [1939]

He lived 1890 to 1938 and studied phonemes.

Rodolfo Usigli [Usigli, Rodolfo]

playwright

Latin America

1938

Gesticulator [1938]

He lived 1905 to 1979.

Edith Wharton [Wharton, Edith]

novelist

USA

1938

Ethan Frome [1938]

She lived 1862 to 1937.

Johnny Burke [Burke, Johnny]/James V. Monaco [Monaco, James V.]

lyricist/composer

USA

1938 to 1939

On the Sentimental Side [1938]; Apple for the Teacher [1939: from The Star Maker]

Burke lived 1884 to 1950. Monaco lived 1885 to 1945.

Edgar De Lange [De Lange, Edgar]/James Van Heusen [Heusen, James Van] or Edward Chester Babcock

[Babcock, Edward Chester]

composer

USA

1938 to 1939

Deep in a Dream [1938]; Darn That Dream [1939]

Van Heusen lived 1913 to 1990.

Carl Friedrich von Weizsäcker [Weizsäcker, Carl Friedrich von]

physicist

Germany/USA

1938 to 1939

Unity of Nature [1939]

He lived 1912 to and invented a star-evolution theory [1938].

Henry A. Murray [Murray, Henry A.]

psychologist

USA

1938 to 1940

Explorations in Personality [1938]; What should psychologists do about psychoanalysis? [1940]

He lived 1893 to 1988. Environment force or process {need-press theory} causes organism force or process {need}.

Erich Wolfgang Korngold [Korngold, Erich Wolfgang]

composer

Moravia/USA

1938 to 1941

Adventures of Robin Hood [1938]; Sea Hawk [1940]; Kings Row [1941]

He lived 1897 to 1957.

Glenn Miller [Miller, Glenn]

clarinetist/bandleader/composer

USA

1938 to 1942

Moonlight Serenade [1938]; Little Brown Jug [1938]; In the Mood [1938]; Tuxedo Junction [1938]; At Last [1939];

Careless [1940]; Elmers Tune [1942]

He lived 1904 to 1944 and played Big Band.

Michael Curtiz [Curtiz, Michael]

director

Hungary/USA

1938 to 1943

Four Daughters [1938]; This Is the Army [1943: Irving Berlin composed]

He lived 1888 to 1962.

Maxwell Anderson [Anderson, Maxwell]/Kurt Weill [Weill, Kurt]

lyricist/composer

USA

1938 to 1944

Knickerbocker Holiday [1938: musical, including September Song]; Lost in the Stars [1944: musical, including Lost in

the Stars]

Anderson lived 1888 to 1959.

Robert Lawson [Lawson, Robert]

writer

USA

1938 to 1945

Mr. Popper's Penguins [1938]; Rabbit Hill [1945]

He lived 1892 to 1957.

Johnny Mercer [Mercer, Johnny]/Harry Warren [Warren, Harry]

lyricist/composer

USA

1938 to 1945

You Must Have Been a Beautiful Baby [1938: from the film Hard to Get]; Jeepers Creepers [1938: from the film Going

Places]; On the Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe [1945: from the film The Harvey Girls]

Mercer lived 1909 to 1976. Warren lived 1893 to 1981.

Albert Hofmann [Hofmann, Albert]

psychologist

Switzerland

1938 to 1960

LSD: My Problem Child [1960]

He lived 1906 to 2005, discovered LSD-25 [1938], and showed that related alkaloids {lysergic acid amide} {lysergic

acid hydroxyethylamide} are naturally in plants [1959].

Salvatore Luria [Luria, Salvatore]

biologist

USA

1938 to 1965

He lived 1912 to 1991 and studied enzymes [1938 to 1965].

Charles William Morris [Morris, Charles William]

linguist

England

1938 to 1968

Foundations of the Theory of Signs [1938]; Signification and Significance [1968]

He lived 1901 to 1979 and studied theory of signs {semiotics}, which has semantics, pragmatics, and syntactics.

Vladimir Nabokov [Nabokov, Vladimir]

novelist

Russia

1938 to 1969

Gift [1938 and 1952]; Lolita [1955]; Pale Fire [1962]; Speak, Memory or Conclusive Evidence [1951 and 1966:

autobiography]; Ada [1969]

He lived 1899 to 1977.

Burrhus Fredric Skinner [Skinner, Burrhus Fredric]

psychologist

USA

1938 to 1974

Behavior of Organisms: An Experimental Analysis [1938]; Walden II [1948]; Science and Human Behavior [1953];

Verbal Behavior [1957]; Cumulative Record [1961]; Contingencies of Reinforcement [1969]; Beyond Freedom and

Dignity [1971]; About Behaviorism [1974]

He lived 1904 to 1990. He studied operant conditioning or instrumental responses as explanations for internal and

external behavior. Most behaviors involve voluntary movements {operant conditioning, Skinner}, rather than reflexes

{classical conditioning, Skinner}. Current behavior depends on rewards or punishments experienced after previous

behavior. Rewards can be food or pleasure {positive reinforcement, Skinner} or can be punishment reduction {negative

reinforcement, Skinner}. Punishment can decrease behavior. Low reward can decrease behavior {extinction, Skinner}.

People have private stimuli and responses. People learn to be self-aware by verbal reports. Only stimulus-response

conditioning frequencies determine behavior {radical behaviorism}.

Experimental chambers {Skinner box} allow stimulus delivery and response measurement. Skinner boxes can be

enclosed cribs {air-crib} for human infants.

Wilder Graves Penfield [Penfield, Wilder Graves]

neurosurgeon

Canada

1938 to 1975

Cerebral Cortex of Man [1950: with Theodore B. Rasmussen]; Epilepsy and the Functional Anatomy of the Human

Brain [1954: with H. Jasper]; Mystery of the Mind [1975]

He lived 1891 to 1976, studied local epilepsy, found epileptic brain-lesion locations and extents [1938], and surgically

treated local epilepsy. He electrically stimulated brains to find regions needed for language, but he also elicited images

and sensations, which are same dream-like sensations that patients experience when epileptic [Penfield, 1975] [Penfield

and Perot, 1963]. Removing tissue did not delete sensation.

John Bowlby [Bowlby, John]

psychologist

USA

1938 to 1988

Review of The Development of Children's Concepts of Causal Relations [1938]; Maternal Care and Mental Health

[1951]; Secure Base: Parent-Child Attachment and Healthy Human Development [1988]

He lived 1907 to 1990. Mental health and proper development depend on close and enjoyable relation to, and

communication with, mother. Young children typically attach themselves to their mother in second six months.

Attachment prepares children for monogamous relationships at sexual maturity.

Gene Autry [Autry, Gene]/Ray Whitley [Whitley, Ray]

singer/composer

USA

1939

Back in the Saddle Again [1939: western]

Autry lived 1907 to 1998. Whitley lived 1901 to 1979.

Ludwig Bemelmans [Bemelmans, Ludwig]

writer

France

1939

Madeleine [1939]

He lived 1898 to 1962.

Nicholas Bourbaki [Bourbaki, Nicholas]

mathematics group

France

1939

Elements of Mathematics [1939]

Mathematicians, including Claude Chevalley, André Weil, Henri Cartan, and Jean Dieudonné, studied modern-

mathematics foundations.

Bette Davis [Davis, Bette]/Errol Flynn [Flynn, Errol]

actor

USA

1939

Elizabeth the Queen [1939]

Davis lived 1908 to 1989. Flynn lived 1909 to 1959.

Peter DeRose [DeRose, Peter]

composer

USA

1939

Deep Purple [1939]

He lived 1900 to 1953.

Alberto Dominguez [Dominguez, Alberto]

composer

Chiapas, Mexico

1939

Perfidia or Perfidy [1939]; Frenesí [1939]

He lived 1913 to 1975.

Robert Donat [Donat, Robert]

actor

USA

1939

Goodbye Mr. Chips [1939]

He lived 1900 to 1900.

Pietro di Donato [Donato, Pietro di]

novelist

Italy

1939

Christ in Concrete [1939]

He lived 1911 to 1992.

Saxie Dowell [Dowell, Saxie]

composer

USA

1939

Three Little Fishies or Itty Bitty Poo [1939]

He lived 1904 to 1968.

Ziggy Elman [Elman, Ziggy]

composer

USA

1939

And the Angels Sing [1939]

He lived 1914 to 1968.

Buddy Feyne [Feyne, Buddy]/Erskine Hawkins [Hawkins, Erskine]/William Johnson [Johnson, William]/Julian

Dash [Dash, Julian]

lyricist/composer/composer/composer

USA

1939

Tuxedo Junction [1939]

Feyne lived 1912 to 1998. Hawkins lived 1914 to 1993. Dash lived 1916 to 1974.

Judy Garland [Garland, Judy]/Ray Bolger [Bolger, Ray]/Jack Haley [Haley, Jack]/Bert Lahr [Lahr, Bert]

actor

USA

1939

Wizard of Oz [1939]

Garland lived 1922 to 1969. Bolger lived 1904 to 1987. Haley lived 1899 to 1979. Lahr lived 1895 to 1967.

Joe Garland [Garland, Joe]

composer

USA

1939

In the Mood [1939]

He lived 1903 to 1977.

Cary Grant [Grant, Cary]/Douglas Fairbanks, Jr. [Fairbanks, Jr., Douglas]

actor

USA

1939

Gunga Din [1939]

Grant lived 1904 to 1986. Fairbanks lived 1909 to 2000.

Lionel Hampton [Hampton, Lionel]

vibraphonist/bandleader

USA

1939

He lived 1908 to 2002 and played Swing and Big Band.

Coleman Hawkins [Hawkins, Coleman]

saxophonist

USA

1939

Body and Soul [1939]

He lived 1904 to 1969 and played Big Band and Swing.

Lillian Hellman [Hellman, Lillian]

playwright

USA

1939

Little Foxes [1939]

She lived 1905 to 1984.

Dubose Heyward [Heyward, Dubose]

writer

USA

1939

Country Bunny and the Little Gold Shoes [1939]

He lived 1885 to 1940.

Friedrich Hollaender [Hollaender, Friedrich]/Frank Loesser [Loesser, Frank]

lyricist/composer

USA

1939

Boys in the Backroom [1939: from the film Destry Rides Again. sung by Marlene Dietrich]

Hollaender lived 1896 to 1976. Loesser lived 1910 to 1969.

Christopher Isherwood [Isherwood, Christopher]

essayist/storyteller

England/USA

1939

Mr. Norris Changes Trains or The Last of Mr. Norris [1939]; Goodbye to Berlin [1939]

He lived 1904 to 1986 and wrote Berlin Stories.

Jimmy Kennedy [Kennedy, Jimmy]/Michael Carr [Carr, Michael]

composer

USA

1939

South of the Border [1939: from the film South of the Border]

Kennedy lived 1902 to 1984.

Jack Lawrence [Lawrence, Jack]/Arthur Altman [Altman, Arthur]

lyricist/composer

USA

1939

All or Nothing At All [1939]

Lawrence lived 1912 to ?. Altman lived 1911 to 1994.

Jack Lawrence [Lawrence, Jack]

lyricist/composer

USA

1939

If I Didn't Care [1939]

He lived 1912 to ?.

Vivien Leigh [Leigh, Vivien]/Clark Gable [Gable, Clark]

actor

USA

1939

Gone with the Wind [1939: David O. Selznick produced]

Leigh lived 1913 to 1967. Gable lived 1901 to 1960.

Frank Loesser [Loesser, Frank]/Burton Lane [Lane, Burton]

composer

USA

1939

Lady's in Love with You [1939: from Some Like It Hot]; I Hear Music [1940: from Dancing on a Dime]

Loesser lived 1910 to 1969. Lane lived 1912 to 1997.

Jimmy Lunceford [Lunceford, Jimmy]/Trummy Young [Young, Trummy]

composer

USA

1939

'Taint What You Do (It's the Way Whatcha Do It) [1939]

Lunceford lived 1902 to 1947. Young lived 1912 to ?.

Lise Meitner [Meitner, Lise]

physicist

Austria

1939

She lived 1878 to 1968 and described nuclear fission [1939] with Otto Frisch.

Annette Mills [Mills, Annette]

lyricist/composer

USA

1939

Boomps-A-Daisy [1939]

She lived 1894 to 1955.

Margaret Mitchell [Mitchell, Margaret]

novelist

USA

1939

Gone with the Wind [1939]

She lived 1900 to 1949.

Gaetano Mosca [Mosca, Gaetano]

political scientist

Italy

1939

Ruling Class [1939]

He lived 1858 to 1941.

Mitchell Parish [Parish, Mitchell] or Mitchell Parrish [Parrish, Mitchell]/Glenn Miller [Miller, Glenn]

lyricist/composer/clarinetist

USA

1939

Moonlight Serenade [1939]

Parish lived 1900 to 1993. Miller lived 1904 to 1944.

Ross Parker [Parker, Ross]/Hughie Charles [Charles, Hughie]

composer

England

1939

There'll Always Be an England [1939]; We'll Meet Again [1939]

Basil Rathbone [Rathbone, Basil]/Nigel Bruce [Bruce, Nigel]

actor

England

1939

Adventures of Sherlock Holmes [1939]

Rathbone lived 1892 to 1967. Bruce lived 1895 to 1953.

June Richmond [Richmond, June]/Andy Kirk [Kirk, Andy]

composer

USA

1939

Wham Rebop Boom Bam (I'm a Killer Diller, Yes I Am) [1939]

Sid Robin [Robin, Sid]/Lionel Hampton [Hampton, Lionel]/Benny Goodman [Goodman, Benny]

lyricist/composer/composer

USA

1939

Flyin' Home [1939]

Hampton lived 1908 to 2002. Goodman lived 1909 to 1986.

Edward G. Robinson [Robinson, Edward G.]/George Sanders [Sanders, George]

actor

USA/Russia

1939

Confessions of a Nazi Spy [1939]

Robinson lived 1893 to 1973. Sanders lived 1906 to 1972.

Carl Sandburg [Sandburg, Carl]

historian

USA

1939

Abraham Lincoln: The Prairie Years [1939]; Abraham Lincoln: The War Years

He lived 1878 to 1967.

Norma Shearer [Shearer, Norma]/Joan Crawford [Crawford, Joan]/Rosalind Russell [Russell, Rosalind]

actor

USA

1939

Women [1939]

Shearer lived 1902 to 1983. Crawford lived 1905 to 1977. Russell lived 1907 to 1976.

Muggsy Spanier [Spanier, Muggsy]/Joe Bushkin [Bushkin, Joe]

composer

USA

1939

Relaxin' at the Touro [1939]

James Stewart [Stewart, James]/Marlene Dietrich [Dietrich, Marlene]

actor

USA

1939

Destry Rides Again [1939]

Stewart lived 1908 to 1997. Dietrich lived 1901 to 1992.

James Stewart [Stewart, James]/Carole Lombard [Lombard, Carole]

actor

USA

1939

Made for Each Other [1939]

Stewart lived 1908 to 1997. Lombard lived 1908 to 1942.

Dalton Trumbo [Trumbo, Dalton]

writer

England

1939

Johnny Got His Gun [1939]

He lived 1905 to 1976.

Hans Bethe [Bethe, Hans]

physicist/inventor

USA/Chicago, Illinois

1939 to 1942

controlled fission of uranium [1942]

He lived 1906 to 2005 and described carbon-nitrogen and proton-proton nuclear-fusion cycles [1939].

Virginia Lee Burton [Burton, Virginia Lee]

writer

USA

1939 to 1943

Mike Mulligan and His Steam Shovel [1939]; Little House [1942]; Katy and the Big Snow [1943]

She lived 1909 to 1968.

Mickey Rooney [Rooney, Mickey]/Lewis Stone [Stone, Lewis]/Judy Garland [Garland, Judy]

actor

USA

1939 to 1944

Andy Hardy [1939 on: comedies]

Rooney lived 1920 to ?. Stone lived 1879 to 1953. Garland lived 1922 to 1969.

Woody Herman [Herman, Woody]

clarinetist/saxophonist/bandleader/composer

USA

1939 to 1945

Woodchoppers' Ball [1939]; Bijou [1945]

He lived 1913 to 1987. Big Band.

Abraham Wald [Wald, Abraham]

mathematician

Hungary/USA

1939 to 1947

Sequential Analysis [1947]

He lived 1902 to 1950, studied statistical decision problem, and used minimax [1939].

Johnny Mercer [Mercer, Johnny]/Rube Bloom [Bloom, Rube]

composer

USA

1939 to 1951

Day In, Day Out [1939]; Fools Rush In [1940]; Here's to My Lady [1951]

Mercer lived 1909 to 1976.

Shalom Asch [Asch, Shalom]

novelist

England

1939 to 1955

Nazarene [1939]; Apostle [1943]; Prophet [1955: about Isaiah]

He lived 1880 to 1957.

Kenneth Patchen [Patchen, Kenneth]

poet

USA

1939 to 1955

First Will and Testament [1939]; Sleepers Awake [1947]; Glory Never Guesses [1955]

He lived 1911 to 1972.

C. Wright Mills [Mills, C. Wright]

sociologist

USA

1939 to 1956

Language, Logic and Culture [1939]; Power Elite [1956]

He lived 1916 to 1962.

Tyrone Power [Power, Tyrone]

actor

USA

1939 to 1956

Jesse James [1939]; Eddy Duchin Story [1956]

He lived 1914 to 1958.

Faisal II

king

Iraq

1939 to 1958

He lived 1935 to 1958.

Pius XII

pope

Rome, Italy

1939 to 1958

He lived 1876 to 1958. As pope, he opposed Communism in Italy.

Joaquín Rodrigo [Rodrigo, Joaquín]

composer

Spain

1939 to 1959

Concierto de Aranjuez [1939]; Aria Antigua or Ancient Aria [1959: for flute and string orchestra]

He lived 1901 to 1999.

Benjamin Britten [Britten, Benjamin]

composer

England

1939 to 1962

Ceremony of Carols [1939: to Old English carols]; Peter Grimes [1945: opera]; Young Person's Guide to the Orchestra

[1946: symphony]; Billy Budd [1951: opera]; Turn of the Screw [1954: opera]; War Requiem [1962: mass]

He lived 1913 to 1976.

Carleton S. Coon [Coon, Carleton S.]

sociologist

USA

1939 to 1962

Races of Europe [1939]; Origin of Races [1962]

He lived 1904 to 1981.

Felix Frankfurter [Frankfurter, Felix]

judge

Austria/USA

1939 to 1962

He lived 1882 to 1965 and was USA Supreme Court Associate Justice [1939 to 1962].

Peter F. Drucker [Drucker, Peter F.]

economist

Austria/USA

1939 to 1966

End of Economic Man [1939]; Effective Executive [1966]

He lived 1909 to ? and studied non-profit business policy.

Margot Fonteyn [Fonteyn, Margot]

ballerina

England

1939 to 1966

Romeo and Juliet [1966: with Fonteyn and Nureyev]

She lived 1919 to 1991.

Rachel de Queiroz [Queiroz, Rachel de]

novelist/playwright

Brazil

1939 to 1967

Three Marias [1939: novel]; Metonymy or Husband's Revenge [1967: story]

She lived 1910 to 2003 and wrote in Portuguese.

William Wyler [Wyler, William]

director

USA

1939 to 1967

Wuthering Heights [1939: Laurence Olivier and Merle Oberon acted, and Sam Goldwyn produced]; Little Foxes [1941:

Bette Davis acted, and Sam Goldwyn produced]; Mrs. Miniver [1942: Greer Garson and Walter Pidgeon acted]; Best

Years of Our Lives [1946: Myrna Loy, Fredric March, Dana Andrews, and Harold Russell acted, and MacKinley

Kantor and Robert Sherwood wrote]; Heiress [1949]; Roman Holiday [1953: Gregory Peck and Audrey Hepburn

acted]; Friendly Persuasion [1956: Gary Cooper and Dorothy McGuire acted]; Ben-Hur [1958: Charleton Heston

acted]; Funny Girl [1967: Barbra Streisand acted]

He lived 1902 to 1981.

Conrad H. Waddington [Waddington, Conrad H.]

biologist

England

1939 to 1978

Introduction to Modern Genetics [1939]

He lived 1905 to 1975 and studied evolution [1939].

Subramanyan Chandrasekhar [Chandrasekhar, Subramanyan]

astronomer

India

1939 to 1987

Introduction to the Study of Stellar Structures [1939]; Truth and Beauty: Aesthetics and Motivations in Science [1987]

He lived 1911 to 1995 and stated mass limit for making neutron star instead of white-dwarf star, 1.4 times solar mass

(Chandrasekhar limit).

Tom Adair [Adair, Tom] or Thomas Montgomery Adair [Adair, Thomas Montgomery]/Matt Dennis [Dennis,

Matt]

lyricist/composer

USA

1940

Everything Happens to Me [1940]; Night We Called it a Day [1940]; Will You Still Be Mine [1940]

Adair lived 1913 to ?.

Earl Brent [Brent, Earl]/Matt Dennis [Dennis, Matt]

composer

USA

1940

Angel Eyes [1940]

Bill Carey [Carey, Bill]/Carl Fisher [Fisher, Carl]

composer

USA

1940

It Started All Over Again [1940]

W. C. Fields [Fields, W. C.]/Mae West [West, Mae]

actor

USA

1940

My Little Chickadee [1940]

Fields lived 1879 to 1946. West lived 1892 to 1980.

Dorothea Canfield Fisher [Fisher, Dorothea Canfield]

essayist

USA

1940

Nothing Ever Happens and How It Does [1940]

She lived 1879 to 1958.

Henry Fonda [Fonda, Henry]

actor

USA

1940

Grapes of Wrath [1940]

He lived 1905 to 1982.

George Gallup [Gallup, George]

sociologist

USA

1940

Pulse of Democracy [1940: with Saul Rae]

He lived 1901 to 1984 and started polling.

Kim Gannon [Gannon, Kim]/Arthur Altman [Altman, Arthur]

lyricist/composer

USA

1940

I'll Pray for You [1940]

Altman lived 1911 to 1994.

Richard Goldschmidt [Goldschmidt, Richard]

biologist

Germany/USA

1940

Material Basis of Evolution [1940]

He lived 1878 to 1958 and studied gypsy moths. Genes {rate gene} can control rates and regulate other genes.

Nancy Hamilton [Hamilton, Nancy]/Morgan Lewis [Lewis, Morgan]

lyricist/composer

USA

1940

How High the Moon [1940: from Two for the Show]

Katherine Hepburn [Hepburn, Katherine]

actor

USA

1940

Philadelphia Story [1940]

She lived 1907 to 2003.

Jimmy Hughes [Hughes, Jimmy]/Frank Lake [Lake, Frank]/Al Stillman [Stillman, Al]

composer

USA

1940

Bless 'Em All [1940]

Stillman lived 1906 to ?.

Al Jolson [Jolson, Al]/Vincent Rose [Rose, Vincent]/Buddy G. DeSylva [DeSylva, Buddy G.]

composer

USA

1940

Avalon [1940]

Jolson lived 1886 to 1950. Rose lived 1899 to 1966. DeSylva lived 1895 to 1950.

Eric Knight [Knight, Eric]

writer

USA

1940

Lassie Come Home [1940]

He lived 1897 to 1943.

Dorothy Kunhardt [Kunhardt, Dorothy]

writer

USA

1940

Pat the Bunny [1940]

She lived 1901 to 1979.

Hans Liep [Liep, Hans]/Tommie Connor [Connor, Tommie]/Norbert Schultze [Schultze, Norbert]

lyricist/lyricist/composer

Germany/USA

1940

Lilli Marlene [1940]

Ruth Lowe [Lowe, Ruth]

lyricist/composer

USA

1940

I'll Never Smile Again [1940]

She lived 1915 to ?.

Raymond Massey [Massey, Raymond]/Ruth Gordon [Gordon, Ruth]

actor

USA

1940

Abe Lincoln in Illinois [1940: Robert Sherwood wrote]

Massey lived 1896 to 1983. Gordon lived 1896 to 1985.

Helen O'Connell [O'Connell, Helen]

singer

USA

1940

She lived 1920 to 1993 and sang with Bob Eberly for bandleader Jimmy Dorsey, in Swing.

Warner Oland [Oland, Warner]

actor

Sweden/USA

1940

Charlie Chan in Panama [1940]; Charlie Chan at the Wax Museum [1940]

He lived 1880 to 1938.

Mitchell Parish [Parish, Mitchell] or Mitchell Parrish [Parrish, Mitchell]/Cliff Burwell [Burwell, Cliff]

lyricist/composer

USA

1940

Sweet Lorraine [1940]

Parish lived 1900 to 1993.

Joachim von Ribbentrop [Ribbentrop, Joachim von]

general

Germany

1940

He lived 1893 to 1946.

Roy Rogers [Rogers, Roy]

actor

USA

1940

Colorado [1940: singing western]

He lived 1911 to 1998.

Leon Roppolo [Roppolo, Leon] or Leon Rappolo [Rappolo, Leon]

clarinetist

Chicago, Illinois

1940

He lived 1902 to 1943 and played Chicago.

Terry Shard [Shard, Terry]/Jimmy Eaton [Eaton, Jimmy]/Mickey Leader [Leader, Mickey]

composer

USA

1940

Dance with a Dolly with a Hole in Her Stocking [1940]

William H. Sheldon [Sheldon, William H.]

psychologist

USA

1940

Varieties of Human Physique: An Introduction to Constitutional Psychology [1940]

He lived 1898 to 1977. Descriptive personality theory {type theory, Sheldon} postulates that people have some

personality types, which depend on a main trait or trait set: ectomorphy, mesomorphy, or endomorphy.

Armstrong Sperry [Sperry, Armstrong]

writer

USA

1940

Call It Courage [1940]

He lived 1897 to 1976.

Leopold Stokowski [Stokowski, Leopold]

conductor

England

1940

Fantasia [1940]

He lived 1882 to 1977.

Charles Tobias [Tobias, Charles]/Cliff Friend [Friend, Cliff]

composer

USA

1940

Tradewinds [1940]

Tobias lived 1898 to 1970.

Ned Washington [Washington, Ned]/Leigh Harline [Harline, Leigh]

lyricist/composer

USA

1940

Give a Little Whistle [1940: from the movie Pinocchio]; Hi-Diddle-Dee-Dee an Actor's Life for Me [1940: from the

movie Pinocchio]; When You Wish upon a Star [1940: in the film Pinocchio]; Pinocchio [1940: film]

Washington lived 1901 to 1976. Harline lived 1907 to 1969.

Benjamin Whorf [Whorf, Benjamin]

linguist

USA

1940

Science and Linguistics [1940]

He lived 1897 to 1941. Language affects thinking {Sapir-Whorf hypothesis, Whorf} [1940].

Wendell Wilkie [Wilkie, Wendell]

candidate

USA

1940

He lived 1892 to 1944. Republican candidate for president campaigned for peace.

Bob Wills [Wills, Bob] or James Robert Wills [Wills, James Robert]

composer/violinist

USA

1940

New San Antonio Rose [1940]

He lived 1905 to 1975 and led the Wills Fiddle Band, Light Crust Doughboys, and the Texas Playboys.

Richard Wright [Wright, Richard]

novelist

USA

1940

Native Son [1940]

He lived 1908 to 1960.

Edward Hopper [Hopper, Edward]

painter

USA

1940 to 1942

Gas [1940]; Nighthawks: Boulevard of Broken Dreams [1942]

He lived 1882 to 1967.

Dietrich Bonhoeffer [Bonhoeffer, Dietrich]

theologian

Munich, Germany

1940 to 1943

Ethics [1940 to 1943]

He lived 1906 to 145 and was Protestant theologian.

Maud Hart Lovelace [Lovelace, Maud Hart]

writer

USA

1940 to 1943

Betsy-Tacy [1940]; Betsy-Tacy and Tib [1941]; Betsy and Tacy Go Over the Big Hill [1942]; Betsy and Tacy Go

Downtown [1943]

She lived 1892 to 1980.

Leslie Goodwins [Goodwins, Leslie]

director

England/USA

1940 to 1944

Mummy's Hand [1940]; Mummy's Curse [1944: with Lon Chaney, Jr.]

He lived 1899 to 1969.

Ion Antonescu [Antonescu, Ion]

dictator

Romania

1940 to 1946

He lived 1882 to 1946, took over Romania with Iron Guard's help, and fought Russia.

Fletcher Henderson [Henderson, Fletcher]

pianist/bandleader

USA

1940 to 1950

He lived 1897 to 1952 and played Big Band.

Johnny Hodges [Hodges, Johnny]

trumpeter

USA

1940 to 1950

He lived 1906 to 1970 and played Modern.

Charles Percy Snow [Snow, Charles Percy]

novelist

England

1940 to 1951

Strangers and Brothers [1940: novels]; Masters [1951]

He lived 1905 to 1980.

Robert McCloskey [McCloskey, Robert]

writer

USA

1940 to 1952

Lentil [1940]; Make Way for Ducklings [1941]; Blueberries for Sal [1948]; One Morning in Maine [1952]; Homer

Price

He lived 1914 to ?.

Richard V. Southwell [Southwell, Richard V.]

mathematician

England

1940 to 1952

Relaxation Methods in Engineering Science [1940 and 1952]

He lived 1888 to 1970 and solved differential equations by substituting algebraic equations {relaxation method,

Southwell}.

Johnny Burke [Burke, Johnny]/James Van Heusen [Heusen, James Van] or Jimmy Van Heusen [Heusen,

Jimmy Van]

lyricist/composer

USA

1940 to 1953

Imagination [1940]; Polka Dots and Moonbeams [1940]; Moonlight Becomes You [1942: in the film Road to

Morocco]; (We're off on the) Road to Morocco [1942: in the film Road to Morocco]; Sunday, Monday or Always

[1943]; Like Someone in Love [1944]; It Could Happen to You [1944: from the movie And the Angels Sing];

Swinging on a Star [1944: from the film Going My Way]; Here's That Rainy Day [1953: from Carnival in Flanders]

Burke lived 1884 to 1950. Van Heusen lived 1913 to 1990.

Karl Shapiro [Shapiro, Karl] or Bourgeois Poet

poet

USA

1940 to 1953

Person, Place, and Thing [1942]; Poems 1940-1953 [1953]

He lived 1913 to 2000.

Marian Anderson [Anderson, Marian]

soprano

USA

1940 to 1955

She lived 1898 to 1992.

Graham Greene [Greene, Graham]

novelist/screenwriter

England

1940 to 1955

Power and the Glory [1940: novel]; Third Man [1949: screenplay]; End of the Affair [1951]; Quiet American [1955:

novel]

He lived 1904 to 1991.

Frederick Ashton [Ashton, Frederick]

ballet dancer/choreographer

England

1940 to 1956

Romeo and Juliet [1940: music by Prokofiev]; Cinderella [1945: music by Prokofiev, for Margot Fonteyn]; La Peri

[1956: music by Paul Dukas]

He lived 1904 to 1988.

Woody Guthrie [Guthrie, Woody]

composer

USA

1940 to 1956

So Long, It's Been Good to Know You [1940]; This Land Is Your Land or God Blessed America or This Land Was

Made For You And Me [1956]

He lived 1912 to 1967.

Tenzin Gyatso [Gyatso, Tenzin] or 14th Dalai Lama

philosopher

Tibet

1940 to 1959

He lived 1935 to ?, became Dalai Lama [1940], and went into exile in India [1959], when China took over Tibet.

Phyllis McGinley [McGinley, Phyllis]

poet

USA

1940 to 1960

Pocketful of Wry [1940]; Love Letters of Phyllis McGinley [1950]; Times Three [1960]

She lived 1905 to 1978.

Buddy Rich [Rich, Buddy] or Bernard Rich [Rich, Bernard]

drummer

USA

1940 to 1960

He lived 1917 to 1987 and played Modern.

Miklos Rozsa [Rozsa, Miklos]

composer

USA

1940 to 1961

Thief of Baghdad [1940]; Spellbound [1945]; Double Life [1948]; Madame Bovary [1949]; Quo Vadis or Whither

Thou Goest [1951]; Ivanhoe [1952]; Ben-Hur [1959]; El Cid [1961]

He lived 1907 to 1995.

Bing Crosby [Crosby, Bing]/Bob Hope [Hope, Bob]/Dorothy Lamour [Lamour, Dorothy]

actor

USA

1940 to 1962

Road to Singapore [1940]; Road to Morocco [1942]; Road to Rio [1947]; Road to Bali [1952]; Road to Hong Kong

[1962]

Crosby lived 1903 to 1977. Hope lived 1903 to 2003. Lamour lived 1914 to 1996.

Robert Hayden [Hayden, Robert]

poet

USA

1940 to 1962

Heart-Shape in the Dust [1940]; Those Winter Sundays [1962]

He lived 1913 to 1980.

Karl Ritter von Frisch [von Frisch, Karl Ritter]

ethologist

Austria/USA

1940 to 1974

Bees: Their Vision, Chemical Senses, and Language [1950]; Animal Architecture [1974]

He lived 1886 to 1983. Fish can have color vision and can hear. Special honeybees {scout honeybee} convey

information about food-source direction and distance by performing symbolic dances after they return to hive floor.

Bee determines direction in reference to Sun or to sky light-polarization angle, detectable by bee compound eye.

Dances have a symmetry line, which indicates food-source direction. Dance kinds and speeds indicate food-source

distance: slow and round for near and fast, and waggly for far.

Arthur Koestler [Koestler, Arthur]

novelist/biologist

Russia/USA

1940 to 1978

Darkness at Noon [1940: novel]; Act of Creation [1964]; Beyond Reductionism [1969: with John R. Smythies]; Case of

the Midwife Toad [1971]; Janus: a Summing Up [1978]

He lived 1905 to 1983 and studied creativity.

Gene Autry [Autry, Gene]

composer

USA

1941

Back in the Saddle Again [1941: from the film Back in the Saddle]

Autry lived 1907 to 1998.

George Beadle [Beadle, George]

biologist

USA

1941

Genetic Control of Biochemical Reactions in Neurospora [1941: with Edward L. Tatum]

He lived 1903 to 1989. One gene makes one protein [1941].

Humphrey Bogart [Bogart, Humphrey]/Peter Lorre [Lorre, Peter]/Sidney Greenstreet [Greenstreet, Sidney]

actor

USA/England

1941

Maltese Falcon [1941]

Bogart lived 1899 to 1957. Lorre lived 1904 to 1964. Greenstreet lived 1879 to 1954.

Nat Burton [Burton, Nat]/Walter Kent [Kent, Walter]

composer

England

1941

White Cliffs of Dover or There'll Be Bluebirds Over the White Cliffs of Dover [1941: sung by Vera Lynn]

Lynn lived 1917 to ?.

Joe Bushkin [Bushkin, Joe]

composer

USA

1941

You Don't Know What Love Is [1941: from Keep 'em Flyin']

He lived 1916 to 2004.

Gary Cooper [Cooper, Gary]

actor

USA

1941

Sergeant York [1941]

He lived 1901 to 1961.

Mack David [David, Mack]/Ray Joseph [Joseph, Ray]

lyricist/composer

USA

1941

(The Night) A Sinner Kissed a Angel [1941]

David lived 1912 to 1993.

Jimmie Davis [Davis, Jimmie] or James Edward Davis [Davis, James Edward]/Roger Ramirez [Ramirez,

Roger]/Jimmy Sherman [Sherman, Jimmy]

composer

USA/Puerto Rico

1941

Lover Man [1941: sung by Billie Holiday]

Davis lived 1899 to 2000. Ramirez lived 1913 to 1994.

Gene de Paul [Paul, Gene de]

composer

USA

1941

I'll Remember April [1941: from Ride 'em Cowboy]

He lived 1919 to 1988.

John DeVries [DeVries, John]/Joe Bushkin [Bushkin, Joe]

lyricist/composer

USA

1941

Oh! Look at Me Now [1941]

Bushkin lived 1916 to 2004.

Finley Peter Dunne [Dunne, Finley Peter]

essayist/humorist

USA

1941

Mr. Dooley's America [1941: humor]

He lived 1867 to 1936.

Roy Eldridge [Eldridge, Roy] or Little Jazz

trumpeter/composer

USA

1941

Let Me Off Uptown [1941]

He lived 1911 to 1989 and played Swing.

Walter Farley [Farley, Walter]

writer

USA

1941

Black Stallion [1941]

He lived 1915 to 1989.

Fred Fisher [Fisher, Fred]/Doris Fisher [Fisher, Doris]

lyricist/composer

England

1941

Whispering Grass [1941]

Fred Fisher lived 1875 to 1942. Doris Fisher lived 1915 to 2003.

Ralph Freed [Freed, Ralph]/Burton Lane [Lane, Burton]

composer

Canada/USA

1941

How about You? [1941: from the film Babes on Broadway]

Freed lived 1907 to 1973. Lane lived 1912 to 1997.

Bud Green [Green, Bud]/Mickey Stoner [Stoner, Mickey]

lyricist/composer

Austria/USA

1941

I Guess I'll Have to Dream the Rest [1941]

Green lived 1897 to 1981.

Ted Grouya [Grouya, Ted]/Ed Anderson [Anderson, Ed]

composer

USA

1941

Flamingo [1941]

Billie Holiday [Holiday, Billie]/Arthur Herzog [Herzog, Arthur]

composer

USA

1941

God Bless the Child [1941]

Holiday lived 1915 to 1959. Herzog lived ? to 1983.

Agustin Lara [Lara, Agustin]/Ray Gilbert [Gilbert, Ray]

composer/lyricist

Spain/USA

1941

You Belong to My Heart or Solamente una vez [1941]

Lara lived 1900 to 1970. Gilbert lived 1912 to 1976.

Richard Llewellyn [Llewellyn, Richard]

novelist

England

1941

How Green Was My Valley [1941]

He lived 1907 to 1983.

Paul Madeira [Madeira, Paul]/Jimmy Dorsey [Dorsey, Jimmy]

composer

USA

1941

I'm Glad There Is You [1941]

Dorsey lived 1904 to 1957.

Sol Marcus [Marcus, Sol]/Bennie Benjamin [Benjamin, Bennie]/Eddie Seiler [Seiler, Eddie]

composer

USA

1941

I Don't Want to Set the World on Fire [1941]

Benjamin lived 1907 to 1989.

Richard von Mises [Mises, Richard von]

physicist

Ukraine/USA

1941

He lived 1883 to 1953 and developed measure theory [1941].

Sy Oliver [Oliver, Sy]

composer

USA

1941

Swingin' on Nothin' [1941]; Yes Indeed, It Comes Out If It's in You [1941]

He lived 1910 to 1988.

John C. Ransom [Ransom, John C.]

critic/poet

USA

1941

New Criticism [1941: book]

He lived 1864 to 1950. New Criticism is only about actual words, not about author, emotional reactions, historical

perspectives, philosophies, or literary forms.

Don Raye [Raye, Don]/Hughie Prince [Prince, Hughie]

composer

USA

1941

Boogie Woogie Bugle Boy of Company B [1941: from the film Buck Privates. sung by the Andrews Sisters]

Raye lived 1909 to 1985.

Hans Augusto Rey [Rey, Hans Augusto]

writer

Germany/USA

1941

Curious George [1941 on: 7 books]

He lived 1898 to 1977. Margret Rey lived 1906 to 1996.

Fritz Roethlisberger [Roethlisberger, Fritz]

economist

USA

1941

Management and Morale [1941]

He studied behavior and human relations.

Margaret Sullivan [Sullivan, Margaret]/Charles Boyer [Boyer, Charles]

actor

USA

1941

Back Street [1941]

Sullivan lived 1911 to 1960. Boyer lived 1899 to 1978.

Edward Tatum [Tatum, Edward]

biologist

USA

1941

Genetic Control of Biochemical Reactions in Neurospora [1941: with George Beadle]

He lived 1909 to 1975. One gene makes one protein.

Juan Tizol [Tizol, Juan]/Ervin Drake [Drake, Ervin]/Hans Lengsfelder [Lengsfelder, Hans]

composer

USA

1941

Perdido [1941]

Tizol lived 1900 to 1984. Drake lived 1919 to ?.

Consuelo Velazquez [Velazquez, Consuelo]/Sunny Skylar [Skylar, Sunny]

composer/lyricist

Spain/Mexico/USA

1941

Bésame Mucho or Kiss Me Much [1941]

Velazquez lived 1916 to 2005.

Elio Vittorini [Vittorini, Elio]

writer

Italy

1941

Conversations in Sicily [1941]

He lived 1908 to 1966.

Ned Washington [Washington, Ned]/Frank Churchill [Churchill, Frank]

lyricist/composer

USA

1941

Baby Mine [1941: from the film Dumbo]

Washington lived 1901 to 1976. Churchill lived 1901 to 1942.

Paul Francis Webster [Webster, Paul Francis]/Duke Ellington [Ellington, Duke]

lyricist/composer

USA

1941

I Got it Bad and That Ain't Good [1941]

Webster lived 1907 to 1984. Ellington lived 1899 to 1974.

Matt Willis [Willis, Matt]

actor

USA

1941

Wolf Man [1941]

He lived 1913 to 1989.

June Hershey [Hershey, June]/Don Swander [Swander, Don]

lyricist/composer

USA

1941 to 1942

Deep in the Heart of Texas [1941: from the film Deep in the Heart of Texas. sung by Gene Autry]

Swander lived 1906 to ?.

Aram Khachaturian [Khachaturian, Aram]

composer

Russia

1941 to 1942

Masquerade [1941: ballet suite]; Gayane or Gayaneh [1942: ballet]

He lived 1903 to 1978.

George Bergstrom

architect

Arlington, Virginia

1941 to 1943

Pentagon [1941 to 1943: Five-sided headquarters of USA Defense Department, world's largest office building, holds

30,000 people and has 300-meter sides, with five concentric pentagons five stories high.]

He lived 1876 to 1955.

Mack Gordon [Gordon, Mack]/Harry Warren [Warren, Harry]

lyricist/composer

USA

1941 to 1945

Chattanooga Choo Choo [1941: from the film Sun Valley Serenade]; Serenade in Blue [1942]; At Last [1942]; There

Will Never Be Another You [1942: from Iceland]; You'll Never Know (Just How Much I Love You) [1943: from the

film Hello, Frisco, Hello]; More I See You [1945: from Billy Rose's Diamond Horseshoe]

Gordon lived 1904 to 1959. Warren lived 1893 to 1981.

Tojo

premier

Japan

1941 to 1945

He lived 1884 to 1948 and started war with USA [1942].

Johnny Mercer [Mercer, Johnny]/Harold Arlen [Arlen, Harold]

composer

USA

1941 to 1946

Blues in the Night [1941: from Blues in the Night]; That Old Black Magic [1942: from Star Spangled Rhythm]; One

for My Baby [1943: from the film The Sky's the Limit]; My Shining Hour [1943: from The Sky's the Limit]; Ac-Cent-

Tchu-Ate the Positive [1944: from Here Come the Waves]; Out of This World [1945]; Come Rain or Come Shine

[1946]; Any Place I Hang My Hat [1946: from St Louis Woman]

Mercer lived 1909 to 1976. Arlen lived 1905 to 1986.

W. Herbert Brewster [Brewster, W. Herbert]

lyricist/composer

USA

1941 to 1949

Move on up a Little Higher [1941: sung by Mahalia Jackson]; Surely, God Is Able [1947]; Peace Be Still [1949]; Let

Us Go Back to the Old Landmark [1949]

He lived 1897 to 1987.

Budd Schulberg [Schulberg, Budd]

novelist

USA

1941 to 1954

What Makes Sammy Run [1941]; On the Waterfront [1954]

He lived 1914 to ?.

Alonzo Church [Church, Alonzo]

mathematician

USA

1941 to 1956

Calculi of Lambda-Conversion [1941]; Introduction to Mathematical Logic [1944 and 1956]

He lived 1903 to 1995, studied denotation, and helped develop quantum logic. Symbol strings can represent numbers

and functions. Using functions on input function and data strings makes output function and data strings {lambda

calculus, Church}. Lambda acts on variable or function, or variable and function combination, which is second-

function dummy variable: lambda(x(f(x))) = f, lambda(x(f(x)))(a) = f(a), lambda(f(f(f(x)))) =

lambda(f(lambda(x)(f(f(x))))) = lambda(f(x)(f(f(x)))). This expression is a function and precedes a value, which

substitutes into function. In particular, after lambda, expressions can have variable zero times, function of variable one

time, function of function of variable two times, and so on: 0 = lambda(f(x)(x)), 1 = lambda(f(x)(f(x))), 2 =

lambda(f(x)(f(f(x)))). Function of function equals lambda and function of function {abstraction, lambda calculus}:

f(f(x)) = lambda(x)(f(f(x))). Really, symbols are functions. Lambda calculus represents recursion, iteration, and

algorithm loops. Recursive functions can be equation sets. Recursive functions are computable {Church's theorem}.

Functions are computable if they are recursive {Church's thesis, recursion}. Recursive functions can be lambda

calculus. Lambda calculus is equivalent to Post grammar and Turing machine and so can express all algorithms. LISP

computer language depends on lambda calculus.

Epistemology

Formal systems can prove most theorems {effectively calculable} {computability}. Lambda calculus shows that it is

impossible to prove some valid theorems in most formal systems, including arithmetic.

Erich Fromm [Fromm, Erich]

psychologist

USA

1941 to 1956

Escape from Freedom [1941]; Art of Loving [1956]

He lived 1900 to 1980 and was psychoanalyst.

Alfred Landé [Landé, Alfred]

physicist

USA

1941 to 1956

He lived 1888 to 1976 and developed unitary particle interpretation [1941 to 1956].

Orson Welles [Welles, Orson]

director/actor

USA

1941 to 1959

Citizen Kane [1941: Joseph Cotten and Orson Welles acted]; Magnificent Ambersons [1942: Tim Holt and Agnes

Moorehead acted]; Jane Eyre [1944]; Macbeth [1948: Judith Anderson acted]; Touch of Evil [1958]; Compulsion

[1959]

He lived 1915 to 1985.

Ralph Blane [Blane, Ralph]/Hugh Martin [Martin, Hugh]

composer

USA

1941 to 1964

Ev'ry Time (We Say Goodnight) [1941: from Best Foot Forward]; You Are for Loving [1941: from Best Foot

Forward]; Meet Me In St. Louis [1944]; Trolley Song [1944: from the film Meet Me in St. Louis]; Boy Next Door

[1944: from the film Meet Me in St. Louis]; Have Yourself a Merry Little Christmas [1944: from the film Meet Me in

St. Louis]; Occasional Man [1955: from The Girl Rush]; You'd Better Love Me [1964: from Blythe Spirit]

Blane lived 1914 to 1995. Martin lived 1914 to ?.

Étienne Gilson [Gilson, Étienne]

philosopher

France

1941 to 1966

God and Philosophy [1941]; Being and Some Philosophers [1949]; Arts of the Beautiful [1965]; Forms and Substances

in the Arts [1966]

He lived 1884 to 1978 and studied medieval philosophy.

Theodor Reik [Reik, Theodor]

psychologist

USA

1941 to 1966

Masochism in Sex and Society or Masochism and Modern Man [1941]; Listening with the Third Ear [1948];

Temptation [1961]; Voices from the Inaudible [1964]; Curiosities of the Self [1965]; Many Faces of Sex [1966]

He lived 1888 to 1969 and studied ethics.

Karl Menninger [Menninger, Karl]

psychologist

USA

1941 to 1973

Crime of Punishment [1968]; Whatever Became of Sin? [1973]

He lived 1919 to 1990, was psychoanalyst, and started Menninger Foundation [1941].

Jorge Luis Borges [Borges, Jorge Luis]

writer

Argentina

1941 to 1975

Library of Babel [1941: story in Ficciones]; Ficciones or Fictions [1944: stories]; Aleph [1949: stories]; Book of Sand

[1975: novel]

He lived 1889 to 1986.

Mohammad Reza Shah Pahlavi [Pahlavi, Mohammad Reza Shah]

shah

Iran

1941 to 1979

He lived 1919 to 1980 and began rule when his father Reza Shah Pahlavi abdicated [1941], after Britain and Russia

occupied Iran. He put down rival governments [1947]. He defeated Communists and overcame Premier Mossadegh

[1953], with help from USA CIA. He started land and other reforms in White Revolution [1962 to 1963]. He fled Iran

[1979], as Moslem clerics took power in peaceful revolution under Ayatollah Khomeini.

Bernard Herrmann [Herrmann, Bernard]

composer

USA

1941 to 1983

Citizen Kane [1941]; Hangover Square [1944]; Ghost And Mrs. Muir [1947]; Day the Earth Stood Still [1951]; Vertigo

[1958]; Psycho [1960]; Fahrenheit 451 [1967]; Taxi Driver [1983]

He lived 1911 to 1975.

Herbert Marcuse [Marcuse, Herbert]

philosopher

USA

1941 to 1987

Reason and Revolution [1941]; Eros and Civilization [1955]; One-Dimensional Man [1964]; Essay on Liberation

[1969]; Counterrevolution and Revolt [1972]; Aesthetic Dimension [1978]; Hegel's Ontology and the Theory of

Historicity [1987]

He lived 1898 to 1979, was of Frankfurt School, and spoke of sexual freedom.

Stanley Adams [Adams, Stanley]/Abel Baer [Baer, Abel]/George W. Meyer [Meyer, George W.]

lyricist/composer

USA

1942

There Are Such Things or A Heart That's True, There Are Such Things [1942]

Adams lived 1914 to 1994. Baer lived 1893 to 1976. Meyer lived 1884 to 1959.

Hillaire Belloc [Belloc, Hillaire]

poet/storyteller

England

1942

Servile State [1942: commentary]

He lived 1870 to 1953. People achieve happiness by their decisions as agents motivated by values {distributism,

Belloc}, so people must have private ownership and personal liberty. Distributism is communitarianism against

capitalism and socialism.

Humphrey Bogart [Bogart, Humphrey]/Ingrid Bergman [Bergman, Ingrid]

actor

USA/Sweden

1942

Casablanca [1942]

Bogart lived 1899 to 1957. Bergman lived 1915 to 1982.

Les Brown [Brown, Les]/Charles Tobias [Tobias, Charles]/Sam H. Stept [Stept, Sam H.]

lyricist/composer

USA/Russia

1942

Don't Sit under the Apple Tree [1942]

Brown lived 1912 to 2001. Tobias lived 1898 to 1970. Stept lived 1897 to 1964.

Camilo Cela [Cela, Camilo]

writer

Spain

1942

Family of Pascual Duarte [1942]

He lived 1916 to 2002.

Al Dubin [Dubin, Al]/Dave Franklin [Franklin, Dave]

lyricist/composer

USA

1942

Anniversary Waltz [1942]

Dubin lived 1891 to 1945.

Ray Gilbert [Gilbert, Ray]

composer

USA

1942

Baja [1942]

He lived 1912 to 1976.

Tom Glazer [Glazer, Tom]/Hans Engelmann [Engelmann, Hans]

lyricist/composer

USA

1942

Melody of Love [1942]

Glazer lived 1914 to 2003.

Edward Heyman [Heyman, Edward]/Dana Suesse [Suesse, Dana]

lyricist/composer

USA

1942

My Silent Love [1942]

Suesse lived 1909 to 1987. Heyman lived 1907 to 1981.

James Hilton [Hilton, James]

novelist

England

1942

Goodbye Mr. Chips [1942]; Lost Horizon

He lived 1900 to 1954.

Emily Kimbrough [Kimbrough, Emily]

novelist

USA

1942

Our Hearts Were Young and Gay [1942: with Cornelia Otis Skinner]

She lived 1899 to 1989.

André Kostelanetz [Kostelanetz, André]

conductor

USA

1942

He lived 1901 to 1980.

Suzanne K. Langer [Langer, Suzanne K.]

philosopher

USA

1942

Philosophy in a New Key [1942]

She lived 1895 to 1985 and studied music aesthetics. Music causes structured feeling, with symbols that have no

specific meaning. Structural differences between language and music make language unable to express musical

feelings.

Jack Lawrence [Lawrence, Jack]/Eric Coates [Coates, Eric]

lyricist/composer

USA

1942

Sleepy Lagoon [1942]

Lawrence lived 1912 to ?. Coates lived 1886 to 1957.

Frank Loesser [Loesser, Frank]/Joseph Lilley [Lilley, Joseph]

lyricist/composer

USA

1942

Jingle Jangle Jingle or I Got Spurs [1942: from the movie The Forest Rangers]

Loesser lived 1910 to 1969.

Frank Loesser [Loesser, Frank]/Jimmy McHugh [McHugh, Jimmy]

composer

USA

1942

Can't Get Out of This Mood [1942: from Seven Days' Leave]

Loesser lived 1910 to 1969. McHugh lived 1893 to 1969.

Janette S. Lowrey [Lowrey, Janette S.]

writer

USA

1942

Poky Little Puppy [1942]

She lived 1892 to ?.

Joe McCoy [McCoy, Joe]

lyricist/composer

USA

1942

Why Don't You Do Right [1942]

He lived 1905 to 1950.

Johnny Mercer [Mercer, Johnny]/Victor Schertzinger [Schertzinger, Victor]

lyricist/composer

USA

1942

I Remember You [1942: from The Fleet's In]

Mercer lived 1909 to 1976. Schertzinger lived 1890 to 1941.

Robert Musil [Musil, Robert]

writer

Austria

1942

Man without Qualities [1942]

He lived 1880 to 1942.

Eddie Seiler [Seiler, Eddie]/Sol Marcus [Marcus, Sol]/Bennie Benjamin [Benjamin, Bennie]

composer

USA

1942

When the Lights Go on Again All over the World [1942]

Benjamin lived 1907 to 1989.

Cornelia Otis Skinner [Skinner, Cornelia Otis]

novelist

USA

1942

Our Hearts Were Young and Gay [1942: with Emily Kimbrough]

She lived 1901 to 1979.

Frank Tuttle [Tuttle, Frank]

director

USA

1942

This Gun for Hire [1942]

He lived 1892 to 1963.

Werner von Braun [von Braun, Werner]

physicist/inventor

Germany/USA

1942

rocket [1942]

He lived 1912 to 1977 and developed rockets [1942].

Hoagy Carmichael [Carmichael, Hoagy]/Herman Hupfeld [Hupfeld, Herman]

lyricist/composer

USA

1942 to 1943

As Time Goes By [1942: from the film Casablanca. written in 1931]

Carmichael lived 1899 to 1981. Hupfeld lived 1894 to 1951.

Eleanor Estes [Estes, Eleanor]

writer

USA

1942 to 1944

Moffats [1941]; Middle Moffat [1942]; Hundred Dresses [1944]; Ginger Pye

She lived 1909 to 1988.

Bing Crosby [Crosby, Bing]

actor

USA

1942 to 1945

Holiday Inn [1942]; Going My Way [1944]; Bells of St. Mary's [1945]

He lived 1903 to 1977.

Robert Fletcher [Fletcher, Robert]/Cole Porter [Porter, Cole]

composer

USA

1942 to 1945

Don't Fence Me In [1942: from the film Don't Fence Me In]

Porter lived 1891 to 1964.

Jackson Pollack [Pollack, Jackson]

painter

USA

1942 to 1946

Moon Woman [1942]; One [1946]

He lived 1912 to 1956 and was Abstract Expressionist, who used poured or squirted paint in an active painting process

{action painting}.

Jule Styne [Styne, Jule]/Sammy Cahn [Cahn, Sammy]

composer/lyricist

England/USA

1942 to 1948

I've Heard That Song Before [1942: from the film Youth on Parade]; I Fall in Love Too Easily [1945: from the film

Anchors Aweigh. sung by Frank Sinatra]; It's Magic [1948: from the film Romance on the High Seas]

Styne lived 1905 to 1994. Cahn lived 1913 to 1993.

Margaret Wise Brown [Brown, Margaret Wise]

writer

USA

1942 to 1949

Runaway Bunny [1942]; Noisy Book [1942]; Child's Good Night Book [1943]; Goodnight Moon [1947]; Color Kittens

[1949]

She lived 1910 to 1952.

Gertrude Warner [Warner, Gertrude]

writer

USA

1942 to 1949

Boxcar Children [1942]; Surprise Island [1949: Boxcar Children #2]

She lived 1890 to 1979.

Carlos Chavez [Chavez, Carlos]

composer

Mexico

1942 to 1950

Toccata para percusión or Toccata for percussion [1942]; Concierto para violín y piano [1950]

He lived 1899 to 1978 and composed Native American music.

Joseph Schumpeter [Schumpeter, Joseph]

economist

Austria/USA

1942 to 1951

Capitalism, Socialism, and Democracy [1942 and 1951]

He lived 1883 to 1950 and studied entrepreneurs, innovation, and economic development. Capitalists manage, save,

take risks, and supervise. Capitalists can save profits. Capitalists are at risk from business failure or trouble but have

ownership as cushion. Capitalists use their social and economic power to get the most rewards and try to minimize

rewards to workers. Capital tends to accumulate but has unfair distribution. Management can decentralize. Workers can

supervise workers. Workers are at risk from business failure or trouble but have no ownership as cushion and cannot

save profits.

Douglas MacArthur [MacArthur, Douglas]

general

Pacific Ocean

1942 to 1952

He lived 1880 to 1964 and commanded all Far East forces for USA in World War II. He led Japan occupation [1945 to

1952].

Philip Wylie [Wylie, Philip]

novelist

USA

1942 to 1955

Generation of Vipers [1942 and 1955]

He lived 1902 to 1971.

Albert Camus [Camus, Albert]

novelist

France

1942 to 1956

Myth of Sisyphus [1942]; Stranger [1942]; Plague [1947]; Fall [1956]

He lived 1913 to 1960 and was Existentialist. People need justice and reason, but world does not have those concepts,

leading to conflict {absurdity, Camus}.

Norbert Wiener [Wiener, Norbert]

mathematician

USA

1942 to 1958

Cybernetics or Control and Communication in the Animal and the Machine [1942 and 1947]; Human Use of Human

Beings [1950]; Nonlinear Problems in Random Theory [1958]

He lived 1894 to 1964 and studied non-linear problems. He developed animal and machine control and communication

theory {cybernetics, Wiener} and feedback-using self-regulating system theory. He helped develop artificial limbs. He

studied automata {logical net}, information theory, and principles involved in communication between sources and

sinks.

Epistemology

Information has encoding, transmission, and decoding. A possibly noisy channel transmits information. Channel has

information capacity. The same information can use different codes, one of which can be optimum.

Jean Anouilh [Anouilh, Jean]

playwright

France

1942 to 1959

Antigone [1942]; La Valse des Toréadors or Waltz of the Toreadors [1952]; Becket [1959]

He lived 1910 to 1987.

George Stevens [Stevens, George]

director

USA

1942 to 1959

Woman of the Year [1942]; Place in the Sun [1951: Montgomery Clift and Elizabeth Taylor acted]; Shane [1953: Alan

Ladd, Jean Arthur, Van Heflin, Brandon de Wilde, and Jack Palance acted]; Giant [1956: Elizabeth Taylor, Rock

Hudson, and James Dean acted]; Diary of Anne Frank [1959]

He lived 1904 to 1975.

Maurice Merleau-Ponty [Merleau-Ponty, Maurice]

philosopher

Paris, France

1942 to 1961

Structure of Behavior [1942]; Phenomenology of Perception [1945]; Signs [1960]; Visible and the Invisible [1961]

He lived 1907 to 1961, was existentialist, and opposed dualism.

Epistemology

Awareness of object has representation and has space, time, and other unrepresented features {horizon, awareness}.

The horizon is necessary to perception, meaning, and understanding.

Mind

Ego or self is about body experience. Body experience is neither subject nor object. Self's essence or reality develops

through actions. World is self's experiences.

Fritz Perls [Perls, Fritz]

psychoanalyst

Germany

1942 to 1969

Ego, Hunger, and Aggression: A Revision of Freud's Theory and Method [1942]; Gestalt Therapy [1951: with Ralph

Hefferline and Paul Goodman]; Gestalt Therapy Verbatim [1969]

He lived 1893 to 1970. He used psychotherapy {gestalt therapy, Perls} to emphasize, enhance, and complete figure-

ground differentiation in gestalten related to patient needs. Patient tries to understand actions and sensations, which self

can then control. Gestalt therapy often involves problem dramatization and training patient to become more aware of

self and environment, using both observation and inference. Patient moves attention between different focuses

{shuttling}. If patient suffers from repetition or compulsion, patient comes to a satisfactory conclusion. If patient has

split personality, patient is more aware of actual personality experiences. Gestalt therapy tries to change current

defensive and manipulative behaviors, confront patient with real feelings and problems, and force patient to learn how

to behave in new circumstances. Gestalt therapy is most effective with socialized, restrained, and constricted

individuals.

Everett C. Hughes [Hughes, Everett C.]

sociologist

Chicago, Illinois

1942 to 1971

Study of Institutions [1942]; Sociological Eye [1971]

He lived 1897 to 1983 and created symbolic interactionism [1937], with Herbert Blumer at University of Chicago

(Second Chicago School), and their predecessors W. I. Thomas and Robert Park (First Chicago School).

Frank Sinatra [Sinatra, Frank]

singer

USA

1942 to 1979

Night and Day [1942]; I Get a Kick out of You [1953]; Young at Heart [1953]; Learnin' the Blues [1955]; I've Got You

under My Skin [1956]; All the Way [1957: from the film The Joker Is Wild]; Lady is a Tramp [1957]; Chicago [1957];

Witchcraft [1957]; For Only the Lonely [1958]; Softly as I Leave You [1964]; Fly Me to the Moon [1964]; Way You

Look Tonight [1964]; It Was a Very Good Year [1965]; Strangers in the Night [1966]; That's Life [1967]; My Way

[1968]; New York, New York [1979]

He lived 1915 to 1998.

Ernst Mayr [Mayr, Ernst]

biologist

USA

1942 to 1988

Systematics and the Origin of Species [1942]; Evolution and the Diversity of Life [1976]; Toward a New Philosophy of

Biology [1988]

He lived 1904 to 2005 and examined differences between historical and non-historical sciences. New species result

from variety geographic isolation {allopatry, Mayr} [1960 to 1970], rather than arising in same location {sympatry,

Mayr}.

Ralph Blane [Blane, Ralph]/Roger Edens [Edens, Roger]/Hugh Martin [Martin, Hugh]

lyricist/lyricist/composer

USA

1943

Pass That Peacepipe [1943: from Good News]

Blane lived 1914 to 1995. Edens lived 1905 to 1970. Martin lived 1914 to ?.

Alexander Calder [Calder, Alexander]

sculptor

USA

1943

mobiles [1943]

He lived 1898 to 1976 and balanced movable pieces connected by wires {mobile sculpture} and stationary structures

{stabile sculpture}.

Charles Coburn [Coburn, Charles]/Joel McCrea [McCrea, Joel]

actor

USA

1943

More the Merrier [1943: Garson Kanin wrote]

Coburn lived 1877 to 1961. McCrea lived 1905 to 1990.

Kenneth Craik [Craik, Kenneth]

psychologist

Britain

1943

Nature of Explanation [1943]

He lived 1914 to 1945 and studied eye adaptations to illumination changes.

Retina has adaptations to both light and dark. Adaptation adjusts illumination range expected, to make eye most

efficient at detecting signals in that range. Adaptation is about expectations and is predictive, just as is all thinking.

Brain models external reality and can make successful predictions, just as machines can predict. Retina has visual

afterimages.

Mental processes build and use representations using rules.

Al Dexter [Dexter, Al]

lyricist/composer

USA

1943

Pistol Packin' Mama [1943]

He lived 1902 to 1984.

Dwight David Eisenhower [Eisenhower, Dwight David]

general

USA

1943

He lived 1890 to 1969 and led Allies in North Africa in World War II. Allies appointed him Supreme Commander in

Europe [1944].

Esther Forbes [Forbes, Esther]

writer

USA

1943

Johnny Tremaine [1943]

She lived 1891 to 1967.

Anne Frank [Frank, Anne]

biographer

Netherlands

1943

Diary of a Young Girl [1943: autobiography]

She lived 1929 to 1945.

Sammy Gallop [Gallop, Sammy]/David Rose [Rose, David]

lyricist/composer

USA

1943

Holiday for Strings [1943]

Rose lived 1910 to 1990.

Louis Hjelmslev [Hjelmslev, Louis]

linguist

Denmark

1943

Prolegomena to a Theory of Language or Introduction to a Theory of Language [1943]

He lived 1899 to 1965 and developed categorical grammar.

Tim Holt [Holt, Tim]

actor

USA

1943

Hitler's Children [1943]

He lived 1919 to 1973.

Sidney Hook [Hook, Sidney]

political scientist/historian

USA

1943

Hero in History [1943]

He lived 1902 to 1989, was Dewey's and Cohen's student, and was democratic socialist.

Howard Hughes [Hughes, Howard]

director

USA

1943

Outlaw [1943: Jane Russell acted]

He lived 1905 to 1976.

Ogden Nash [Nash, Ogden]/Kurt Weill [Weill, Kurt]

composer

USA

1943

Speak Low [1943: from One Touch of Venus]

Nash lived 1902 to 1971. Weill lived 1900 to 1950.

Ernie Pyle [Pyle, Ernie]

essayist

USA

1943

G. I. Joe [1943: stories about World War II]

He lived 1900 to 1945.

Ayn Rand [Rand, Ayn]

novelist

Russia/USA

1943

Fountainhead [1943]; Atlas Shrugged

She lived 1905 to 1982.

Eddie Rickenbacker [Rickenbacker, Eddie]

pilot

USA

1943

He lived 1890 to 1973.

Antoine Saint-Exupery [Saint-Exupery, Antoine]

writer

France

1943

Little Prince [1943]

He lived 1900 to 1944.

Jesse Stuart [Stuart, Jesse]

essayist

USA

1943

Kentucky is My Land [1952]

He lived 1907 to 1976.

Gustav Vigeland [Vigeland, Gustav]

sculptor

Oslo, Norway

1943

Human Pillar [1943: obelisk 17 meters high and 3 meters diameter, with 121 humans climbing to top, in Frogner

Sculpture Park]

He lived 1869 to 1943.

Simone Weil [Weil, Simone]

philosopher

France

1943

Needs of the Soul [1943]

She lived 1909 to 1943 and was Existentialist, Platonist, and Catholic.

William Foote Whyte [Whyte, William Foote]

sociologist

USA

1943

Street Corner Society [1943]

He lived 1914 to 2000 and studied primary group status and roles.

Oswald Avery [Avery, Oswald]

biologist

USA

1943 to 1944

He lived 1877 to 1955. DNA transfers from cell to cell in chromosomes. DNA contains gene information to transform

cells. He studied pneumococcus deadly S strain, with smooth surface, and mild R strain, with rough surface.

Jennifer Jones [Jones, Jennifer]

actor

USA

1943 to 1944

Song of Bernadette [1943]; Since You Went Away [1944]

She lived 1919 to ?.

Kurt Weill [Weill, Kurt]

composer

USA

1943 to 1949

One Touch of Venus [1943: musical, including Speak Low]; Lost in the Stars [1949]

He lived 1900 to 1950.

Henry Steele Commager [Commager, Henry Steele]

historian

USA

1943 to 1950

Majority Rule and Minority Rights [1943]; American Mind [1950]

He lived 1902 to 1998.

Paul F. Lazarsfeld [Lazarsfeld, Paul F.]

political scientist

USA

1943 to 1954

Studies in Radio and Film Propaganda [1943: with Robert Merton]; Voting [1954: with Bernard R. Berelson and

William McPhee]

He lived 1901 to 1976.

Reinhold Niebuhr [Niebuhr, Reinhold]

theologian

USA

1943 to 1958

Nature and Destiny of Man [1943]; Faith and History [1949]; Irony of American History [1952]; Pious and Secular

America [1958]

He lived 1892 to 1971 and was Protestant theologian. Man depends on goodness of God to overcome sin.

Oscar Hammerstein II [Hammerstein II, Oscar]/Richard Rodgers [Rodgers, Richard]

lyricist/composer

USA

1943 to 1959

Oklahoma [1943: musical, including Oh, What A Beautiful Morning, Oklahoma, People Will Say We're in Love,

Surrey with the Fringe on Top]; It's a Grand Night for Singing [1945: from State Fair]; It Might As Well Be Spring

[1945: from State Fair]; State Fair [1945: musical, including It Might as Well Be Spring, It's a Grand Night for

Singing]; South Pacific [1949: musical, including Bali Ha'i, Happy Talk, I'm Gonna Wash That Man Right Out of My

Hair, Some Enchanted Evening, This Nearly Was Mine, A Wonderful Guy, Younger Than Springtime]; King and I

[1951: musical, including Getting to Know You, Hello, Young Lovers, I Have Dreamed, I Whistle A Happy Tune,

March of the Siamese Children, Shall We Dance?, We Kiss in a Shadow]; Carousel [1954: musical, including If I

Loved You, June Is Bustin' Out All Over, You'll Never Walk Alone]; Pipe Dream [1955: musical]; Flower Drum Song

[1958: musical, including I Enjoy Being A Girl, Love, Look Away, You Are Beautiful]; Sound of Music [1959:

musical, including Do-Re-Mi, Edelweiss, Climb Ev'ry Mountain, Maria, My Favorite Things, Sixteen Going on

Seventeen, So Long, Farewell, Sound of Music]

Hammerstein lived 1895 to 1960. Rodgers lived 1902 to 1979.

Warren Sturgis McCulloch [McCulloch, Warren Sturgis]

neurophysiologist

USA

1943 to 1959

Logical Calculus of the Ideas Immanent in Nervous Activity [1943: with Pitts]; How We Know Universals: the

Perception of Visual and Auditory Forms [1947: with Pitts]; What the Frog's Eye Tells the Frog's Brain [1959: with

Maturana, Lettvin, and Pitts]

He lived 1899 to 1972 and studied chimpanzee isocortex. He invented Perceptrons, with Walter H. Pitts. Neuron model

sends unit output if input is above threshold. Finite device combinations, including loops, can perform any algorithm.

Neural networks can recognize figures, so any input feature from figure produces same output. Reliable neural

networks can come from unreliable components using redundancy.

Walter H. Pitts [Pitts, Walter H.]

psychologist

USA

1943 to 1959

Logical Calculus of the Ideas Immanent in Nervous Activity [1943: with McCulloch]; How we know universals [1947:

with McCulloch]; What the Frog's Eye Tells the Frog's Brain [1959: with Maturana, McCulloch, and Lettvin]

He lived 1923 to 1969 and studied vision and neurons.

Frank Loesser [Loesser, Frank]

lyricist/composer

USA

1943 to 1967

Praise the Lord and Pass the Ammunition [1943]; Spring Will Be a Little Late This Year [1943: from Christmas

Holiday]; Baby, It's Cold Outside [1948: from Neptune's Daughter]; More I Cannot Wish You [1950: from Guys and

Dolls]; Luck Be a Lady [1950: from Guys and Dolls]; Sit Down You're Rockin' the Boat [1950: from Guys and Dolls];

Guys and Dolls [1950: musical, including Sit Down You're Rockin' the Boat, More I Cannot Wish You, and Luck Be a

Lady]; Thumbelina [1952: from the film Hans Christian Andersen]; Most Happy Fella [1956: musical]; How to

Succeed in Business without Really Trying [1967: musical, including I Believe in You]

He lived 1910 to 1969.

Richard Wilbur [Wilbur, Richard]

poet

USA

1943 to 1969

Baroque Wall Fountain in the Villa Sciarra [1943]; Poems 1943-1956 [1956]; Advice to a Prophet [1961]; Walking to

Sleep [1969]

He lived 1921 to ?.

Bruno Bettelheim [Bettelheim, Bruno]

psychologist/sociologist

Austria/USA

1943 to 1976

Individual and Mass Behavior in Extreme Situations [1943]; Informed Heart [1960]; Empty Fortress [1967]; Children

of the Dream [1969]; Uses of Enchantment [1976]

He lived 1903 to 1990 and studied communal education.

Tom Adair [Adair, Tom] or Thomas Montgomery Adair [Adair, Thomas Montgomery]/Hal Hopper [Hopper,

Hal]

lyricist/composer

USA

1944

There's No You [1944]

Adair lived 1913 to ?.

Howard Aiken [Aiken, Howard]

inventor

USA

1944

Mark I digital computer [1944]

He lived 1900 to 1973.

June Allyson [Allyson, June]/Margaret O'Brien [O'Brien, Margaret]

actor

USA

1944

Music for the Millions [1944]

Allyson lived 1917 to 2006. O'Brien lived 1937 to ?.

John V. Atanasoff [Atanasoff, John V.]/John Mauchly [Mauchly, John]/J. Presper Eckert [Eckert, J. Presper]

inventor

USA

1944

ENIAC digital computer [1944]

Atanasoff lived 1904 to 1995. Mauchly lived 1907 to 1980. Eckert lived 1919 to 1995.

John Blackburn [Blackburn, John]/Karl Suessdorf [Suessdorf, Karl]

lyricist/composer

USA

1944

Moonlight in Vermont [1944]

Humphrey Bogart [Bogart, Humphrey]/Lauren Bacall [Bacall, Lauren]

actor

USA

1944

To Have and Have Not [1944]

Bogart lived 1899 to 1957. Bacall lived 1924 to ?.

J. Keirn Brennan [Brennan, J. Keirn]/Ernest R. Ball [Ball, Ernest R.]

lyricist/composer

USA

1944

Let the Rest of the World Go By [1944]

Joyce Cary [Cary, Joyce]

novelist

England

1944

Horse's Mouth [1944]

He lived 1888 to 1957.

Mary Chase [Chase, Mary]

playwright

USA

1944

Harvey [1944]

She lived 1907 to 1981.

Lloyd C. Douglas [Douglas, Lloyd C.]

novelist

USA

1944

Robe [1944]

He lived 1877 to 1951.

Judy Garland [Garland, Judy]/Margaret O'Brien [O'Brien, Margaret]

actor

USA

1944

Meet Me in St. Louis [1944]

Garland lived 1922 to 1969. O'Brien lived 1937 to ?.

Don George [George, Don]/Johnny Hodges [Hodges, Johnny]/Duke Ellington [Ellington, Duke]/Harry James

[James, Harry]

composer

USA

1944

I'm Beginning to See the Light [1944]

Hodges lived 1907 to 1970. Ellington lived 1899 to 1974.

Ira Gershwin [Gershwin, Ira]/Jerome Kern [Kern, Jerome]

lyricist/composer

USA

1944

Long Ago and Far Away [1944: from the film Cover Girl]

Gershwin lived 1896 to 1983. Kern lived 1985 to 1945.

Bud Green [Green, Bud]/Les Brown [Brown, Les]/Ben Homer [Homer, Ben]

lyricist/composer

USA

1944

Sentimental Journey [1944]

Green lived 1897 to 1981. Brown lived 1912 to 2001.

Van Johnson [Johnson, Van]

actor

USA

1944

Thirty Seconds over Tokyo [1944]

He lived 1916 to 2004.

Danny Kaye [Kaye, Danny]

actor

USA

1944

Up in Arms [1944]

He lived 1913 to 1987.

Stan Kenton [Kenton, Stan]

pianist/composer

USA

1944

Eager Beaver [1944]

He lived 1912 to 1979 and played Progressive.

Alex Kramer [Kramer, Alex]/Joan Whitney [Whitney, Joan]/Mack David [David, Mack]

composer

USA

1944

Candy [1944]

Kramer lived 1903 to 1998. David lived 1912 to 1993.

Carmen Laforet [Laforet, Carmen]

writer

Spain

1944

Nada [1944]

He lived 1921 to 2004.

William F. Lee [Lee, William F.]/Stan Kenton [Kenton, Stan]

lyricist/composer

USA

1944

Artistry in Rhythm [1944]

Kenton lived 1911 to 1979.

Jerry Livingston [Livingston, Jerry]/Milton Drake [Drake, Milton]/Al Hoffman [Hoffman, Al]

lyricist/composer

USA

1944

Mairzy Doats and Dozy Doats a Little Lamsey Divy [1944]

Livingston lived 1909 to 1987. Drake lived 1916 to ?.

Hugh Martin [Martin, Hugh]/Ralph Blaine [Blaine, Ralph]

composer

USA

1944

Have Yourself a Merry Little Christmas [1944: sung by Judy Garland]

Martin lived 1914 to ?.

Michael

king

Romania

1944

He lived 1921 to ?.

Mills Brothers

singer

USA

1944

Till Then [1933: by George Gershwin]

John Jr. lived 1911 to 1936. Herbert lived 1912 to 1989. Harry lived 1913 to 1982. Donald lived 1915 to 1999.

Robert Mitchum [Mitchum, Robert]

actor

USA

1944

Story of G. I. Joe [1944]

He lived 1917 to 1997.

Russ Morgan [Morgan, Russ]/Larry Stock [Stock, Larry]/James Cavanaugh [Cavanaugh, James]

composer

USA

1944

You're Nobody Until Somebody Loves You [1944]

Morgan lived 1904 to 1969. Stock live 1897 to 1984. Cavanaugh lived 1892 to 1967.

Oskar Morgenstern [Morgenstern, Oskar]

mathematician

USA

1944

Theory of Games and Economic Behavior [1944: with John von Neumann]

He lived 1902 to 1977 and studied game theory, competition, and cooperation.

Gunnar Myrdal [Myrdal, Gunnar]

sociologist

Sweden/USA

1944

American Dilemma [1944]

He lived 1898 to 1987.

Buck Ram [Ram, Buck]/Morty Nevins [Nevins, Morty]/Al Nevins [Nevins, Al]

lyricist/composer/composer

USA

1944

Twilight Time [1944]

Ram lived 1907 to 1991.

Bob Russell [Russell, Bob]/Duke Ellington [Ellington, Duke]

lyricist/composer

USA

1944

I Didn't Know about You [1944]

Ellington lived 1899 to 1974.

Carl Seyfert [Seyfert, Carl]

astronomer

USA

1944

He lived 1911 to 1960 and found Seyfert galaxies [1944].

Phil Silvers [Silvers, Phil]/James Van Heusen [Heusen, James Van]

composer

USA

1944

Nancy [1944]

Silvers lived 1911 to 1985. Van Heusen lived 1913 to 1990.

Preston Sturges [Sturges, Preston]

director

USA

1944

Miracle of Morgan's Creek [1944: William Demarest and Betty Hutton acted]; Mad Wednesday [1946: Harold Lloyd

acted]

He lived 1898 to 1959.

Elizabeth Taylor [Taylor, Elizabeth]/Mickey Rooney [Rooney, Mickey]

actor

USA

1944

National Velvet [1944]

Taylor lived 1932 to ?. Rooney lived 1920 to ?.

William Walton [Walton, William]

composer

England

1944

Henry V [1944]

He lived 1902 to 1983 and composed symphonies.

Cootie Williams [Williams, Cootie]/Bernard Hanighen [Hanighen, Bernard]/Thelonious Monk [Monk,

Thelonious]

lyricist/composer

USA

1944

'Round Midnight [1944]

Williams lived 1910 to 1985. Hanighen lived 1908 to 1976. Monk lived 1917 to 1982.

Dizzy Gillespie [Gillespie, Dizzy] or John Birks [Birks, John]

trumpeter/lyricist/composer

USA

1944 to 1949

Woody 'n You [1944]; Groovin' High [1945]; Night in Tunisia [1945]; Ooo Bop Sh'bam [1946]; In the Land of Oo-Bla-

Dee [1949]; Jumpin' with Symphony Sid [1949]

He lived 1917 to 1993 and played Bebop.

Betty Comden [Comden, Betty]/Adolph Green [Green, Adolph]/Leonard Bernstein [Bernstein, Leonard]

lyricist/composer

USA

1944 to 1953

On the Town [1944: musical, including New York, New York]; Wonderful Town [1953: musical]

Bernstein lived 1918 to 1990. Comden lived 1919 to ?. Green lived 1914 to 2002.

Sammy Cahn [Cahn, Sammy]/Jule Styne [Styne, Jule]

lyricist/composer

USA/England

1944 to 1954

I'll Walk Alone [1944: from the film Follow the Boys]; Let it Snow [1945]; Five Minutes More or (Give Me) Five

Minutes More [1946]; Time After Time [1947: from It Happened in Brooklyn]; Three Coins in the Fountain [1954:

from the movie Three Coins in the Fountain]

Cahn lived 1913 to 1993. Styne lived 1905 to 1994.

Esther Williams [Williams, Esther]

actor

USA

1944 to 1954

Bathing Beauty [1944: first swimming movie]

She lived 1921 to ?.

Robert Wright [Wright, Robert]/George Forrest [Forrest, George]

composer

USA

1944 to 1954

Song of Norway [1944: musical]; Kismet [1954: musical, including Stranger in Paradise]

Wright lived 1914 to 2005. Forrest lived 1915 to 1999.

Charles Francis Hockett [Hockett, Charles Francis]

linguist

USA

1944 to 1958

Spoken Chinese [1944: with Chaoying Fang]; Course In Modern Linguistics [1958]

He lived 1916 to 2001, was Bloomfield's student, and worked on transformational grammar.

John von Neumann [Neumann, John von]

mathematician

Germany/USA

1944 to 1958

Theory of Games and Economic Behavior [1944 and 1953: with Oskar Morgenstern]; Probabilistic Logics [1952];

Mathematical Foundations of Quantum Mechanics [1932]; Computer and the Brain [1958]

He lived 1903 to 1957.

In logic, he studied empirical logic, logic with uncertainty, error, and logical-net errors and helped develop quantum

logic, with Birkhoff and Mackey.

In computing, he studied linear programming and electronic digital-computer theory and developed first digital

computer [1946], called ENIAC. Multiple connections between elements allow system to operate, even if some units

fail {multiplexing, Neumann}. Multiple lines can provide multiplexing.

In biology, he studied finite automata as central-nervous-system models.

In geometry, he showed how to use general eigenvalue theory for axiomatic Hilbert spaces and operators.

In game theory, he studied zero-sum games, strategy, Colonel Blotto game, minimax theorem, utility function,

prisoner's dilemma, competition, and cooperation. Game theory involves decision-making when conditions are

uncertain.

Set theory does not allow sets {paradoxical set, Neumann} to be their own elements {Foundation axiom, Neumann}.

John Hersey [Hersey, John]

novelist

USA

1944 to 1959

Bell for Adano [1944]; Hiroshima [1946]; War Lover [1959]

He lived 1914 to 1993.

Bernard Berelson [Berelson, Bernard]

sociologist

USA

1944 to 1960

People's Choice [1944: with Paul Lazarsfeld and Hazel Gaudet]; Graduate Education in the United States [1960]

He lived 1912 to 1979.

Charles L. Stevenson [Stevenson, Charles L.]

philosopher

England/USA

1944 to 1963

Ethics and Language [1944]; Facts and Values [1963]

He lived 1908 to 1979 and studied prescriptive meaning, descriptive meaning, and fact-value distinction. Definitions

can persuade people to change original definition. Morality is about approval and disapproval {emotive theory,

Stevenson}.

Jerome Robbins [Robbins, Jerome]

jazz dancer/choreographer

USA

1944 to 1964

Fancy Free [1944: modern dance with music by Leonard Bernstein]; Cage [1951: modern dance with music by

Stravinsky]; Fiddler on the Roof [1964]

He lived 1918 to 1998.

George Gaylord Simpson [Simpson, George Gaylord]

biologist

USA

1944 to 1964

Tempo and Mode in Evolution [1944]; Meaning of Evolution [1949]; Major Features of Evolution [1953]; Principles of

Animal Taxonomy [1961]; This View of Life [1964]

He lived 1902 to 1984. DNA transfers from cell to cell in chromosomes. DNA contains information to transform cells.

Ernest Tubbs [Tubbs, Ernest]

singer

USA

1944 to 1966

Soldier's Last Letter [1944: by Henry Stewart and Ernest Tubbs]; Till My Get up Has Got up and Gone [1966]

He lived 1914 to 1984.

Billy Wilder [Wilder, Billy]

director

Poland/USA

1944 to 1966

Double Indemnity [1944]; Lost Weekend [1945: Ray Milland acted]; Sunset Boulevard [1950: William Holden, Gloria

Swanson, and Eric von Stroheim acted, and Charles Brackett wrote]; Ace in the Hole [1951: Kirk Douglas acted];

Stalag 17 [1953: William Holden acted]; Witness for the Prosecution [1958: Tyrone Power, Marlene Dietrich, and

Charles Laughton acted]; Some Like It Hot [1959: Jack Lemmon, Tony Curtis, and Marilyn Monroe acted]; Apartment

[1960: Jack Lemmon, Shirley Maclaine, and Fred MacMurray acted]; Fortune Cookie [1966: Walter Matthau and Jack

Lemmon acted]

He lived 1906 to 2002.

Simone de Beauvoir [Beauvoir, Simone de]

philosopher/novelist

France

1944 to 1970

Pyrrhus et Cinéas [1944: play]; Ethics of Ambiguity [1947: essay]; Second Sex [1949: essay]; Mandarins [1954:

novel]; Old Age [1970: essay]

She lived 1908 to 1986 and was Existentialist. She compared female to "Other" or perceived, rather than male

perceiver. She examined girl, woman, prostitute, and wife roles.

Ethics

Girls become women and so bear responsibility for choosing security over action. However, situations constrain what

people can do. People can change or control lives and surroundings, or not. Significant constraints are effects on others.

Yehudi Menuhin [Menuhin, Yehudi]

violinist

Great Britain

1944 to 1970

He lived 1916 to 1999.

Friedrich August von Hayek [Hayek, Friedrich August von]

philosopher/economist

England

1944 to 1988

Road to Serfdom [1944]; Sensory Order [1952]; Constitution of Liberty [1960]; Fatal Conceit [1988]

He lived 1899 to 1992. He studied free markets as methods to disseminate information. He also studied how synapses

can change to be more or less excitable.

Ivo Andric [Andric, Ivo] or Ivan Andric [Andric, Ivan]

writer

Bosnia

1945

Bridge over the Drina [1945]

He lived 1892 to 1975.

Den Berry [Berry, Den]/Desmond O'Connor [O'Connor, Desmond]/Bernard Harris [Harris, Bernard]

composer

USA

1945

Apple Honey [1945]

Hermann Broch [Broch, Hermann]

writer

Austria

1945

Death of Vergil [1945]

He lived 1886 to 1951.

Ernest Burgess [Burgess, Ernest]

sociologist

USA

1945

Family From Institution to Companionship [1945: with Harvey J. Locke]

He lived 1911 to 2000.

Peter Collinson [Collinson, Peter]

director

England

1945

And Then There Were None [1945: with Wallace Beery]

He lived 1936 to 1980.

Carl Fischer [Fischer, Carl]

composer

USA

1945

We'll Be Together Again [1945]

He lived 1875 to 1962.

Dizzy Gillespie [Gillespie, Dizzy]/Charlie Parker [Parker, Charlie]

lyricist/composer

USA

1945

Hot House [1945]

Gillespie lived 1917 to 1993. Parker lived 1920 to 1955.

Louis Jordan [Jordan, Louis]

lyricist/composer

USA

1945

Caldonia [1945]

He lived 1908 to 1975.

Garson Kanin [Kanin, Garson]/Carol Reed [Reed, Carol]

director

USA/England

1945

True Glory [1945: documentary]

Kanin lived 1912 to 1999. Reed lived 1906 to 1976.

Gene Kelly [Kelly, Gene]/Frank Sinatra [Sinatra, Frank]/Kathryn Grayson [Grayson, Kathryn]

actor

USA

1945

Anchors Aweigh [1945]

Kelly lived 1912 to 1996. Sinatra lived 1915 to 1998. Grayson lived 1897 to 1978.

Jack Lawrence [Lawrence, Jack]/Walter Gross [Gross, Walter]

lyricist/composer

USA

1945

Tenderly [1945]

Lawrence lived 1912 to ?.

Astrid Lindgren [Lindgren, Astrid]

writer

Sweden

1945

Pippi Longstocking [1945]

She lived 1907 to 2002.

Johnny Mercer [Mercer, Johnny]/David Raksin [Raksin, David]

lyricist/composer

USA

1945

Laura [1945]

Mercer lived 1909 to 1976. Raksin lived 1912 to 2004.

Philip Morrison [Morrison, Philip]

physicist

USA

1945

He lived 1915 to 2005 and built atomic bomb [1945].

Ralph K. Potter [Potter, Ralph K.]

linguist/inventor

USA

1945

sonograph

He lived 1895 to 1980 and invented sound recorder {sonograph} [1945].

Claude Rains [Rains, Claude]/Vivien Leigh [Leigh, Vivien]

actor

England/USA

1945

Caesar and Cleopatra [1945]

Rains lived 1889 to 1967. Leigh lived 1913 to 1967.

Harry Ruby [Ruby, Harry]/Rube Bloom [Bloom, Rube]

lyricist/composer

USA

1945

Give Me the Simple Life [1945: from Wake up and Dream]

Ruby lived 1895 to 1974. Bloom lived 1902 to 1976.

Lillian Smith [Smith, Lillian]

novelist

USA

1945

Strange Fruit [1945]

She lived 1897 to 1966.

Charles Trenet [Trenet, Charles]/Jack Lawrence [Lawrence, Jack]

composer/lyricist

France/USA

1945

Beyond the Sea [1945]

Trenet lived 1913 to 2001. Lawrence lived 1912 to ?.

Victor Weisskopf [Weisskopf, Victor]

physicist

Austria/USA

1945

He lived 1908 to 2002 and built atomic bomb [1945].

Jerome Weissner [Weissner, Jerome]

physicist

USA

1945

He lived 1915 to 1994 and worked on atomic bomb [1945].

Robert Wells [Wells, Robert]/Mel Torme [Torme, Mel]

lyricist/composer

USA

1945

Christmas Song or Chestnuts roasting over an open fire [1945]

Wells lived 1922 to ?. Torme lived 1925 to 1999.

Louis de Rochemont [Rochemont, Louis de]

director

France

1945 to 1946

House on 92nd Street [1945]; 13 Rue Madeleine [1946]

He lived 1899 to 1978.

Charlie Parker [Parker, Charlie] or Bird

saxophonist/composer

USA

1945 to 1948

Billie's Bounce [1945]; Now's the Time [1945]; Ornithology [1946]; Confirmation [1946]; Yardbird Suite [1946];

Relaxin' at Camarillo [1947]; Chasin' the Bird [1948]

He lived 1920 to 1955 and played Bebop.

George Orwell [Orwell, George] or Eric Arthur Blair [Blair, Eric Arthur]

novelist

England

1945 to 1949

Animal Farm [1945]; 1984 [1949]

He lived 1903 to 1950.

Laurent Schwartz [Schwartz, Laurent]

mathematician

Germany

1945 to 1950

He lived 1915 to 2002, developed distribution theory {theory of distributions}, and developed generalized-function

theory, allowing discontinuous-function derivatives [1945 to 1950].

Bud Abbott [Abbott, Bud]/Lou Costello [Costello, Lou]

actor

USA

1945 to 1951

Abbott lived 1895 to 1974. Costello lived 1906 to 1959. They were in comedies.

Thelonious Monk [Monk, Thelonious]

pianist/composer

USA

1945 to 1953

52nd St. Theme [1945: recorded by Charlies Parker]; Well You Needn't [1948]; In Walked Bud [1948]; Straight, No

Chaser [1948]

He lived 1917 to 1982 and played Cool.

Harry S. Truman [Truman, Harry S.]

president

USA

1945 to 1953

He lived 1884 to 1972. 33rd president became president when Roosevelt died in office. He went to Potsdam

Conference [1945], which divided Germany into four sectors and authorized war trials. He authorized the hydrogen

bomb [1945]. He stated Truman Doctrine [1947] to financially aid Greece and Turkey, which communism threatened,

and to provide support for all peoples threatened by communism. He presided over Marshall Plan [1947] to rebuild

Europe. He tried to enact Fair Deal of price controls and civil rights. He finalized North Atlantic Treaty [1948]. He sent

troops to Korea [1950]. He dismissed General MacArthur [1952]. He pressured steel industry.

Jessamyn West [West, Jessamyn]

novelist

USA

1945 to 1953

Friendly Persuasion [1945]; Cress Delahanty [1953]

She lived 1907 to 1984.

Johnny Otis [Otis, Johnny]

singer/composer

USA

1945 to 1958

Harlem Nocturne [1945]; Willie and the Hand Jive or Doin' the Hand Jive [1958]

He lived 1921 to ?.

J. Paul Getty [Getty, J. Paul]

businessman

USA

1945 to 1960

He lived 1892 to 1976 and was in oil business.

Jay Livingston [Livingston, Jay]/Ray Evans [Evans, Ray]

lyricist/composer

USA

1945 to 1961

Cat and the Canary [1945]; To Each His Own [1946]; Buttons and Bows [1948: from the film The Paleface]; Silver

Bells [1948]; Mona Lisa [1949: from the movie Captain Carey, U.S.A.]; Silver Bells [1951: from The Lemon Drop

Kid]; Whatever Will Be, Will Be or Que Sera, Sera [1955: from the film The Man Who Knew Too Much. sung by

Doris Day]; Tammy [1957: from the film Tammy and the Bachelor. sung by Debbie Reynolds]; Bonanza [1959: from

the TV series Bonanza]; Almost in Your Arms [1958: from Houseboat]; Mr. Ed [1961]

Livingston lived 1915 to 2001. Evans lived 1915 to 2007.

Tennessee Williams [Williams, Tennessee]

playwright

USA

1945 to 1964

Glass Menagerie [1945]; Summer and Smoke [1948]; Rose Tattoo [1950]; Camino Real [1953]; Cat on a Hot Tin Roof

[1954]; Streetcar Named Desire [1955]; Sweet Bird of Youth [1962]; Night of the Iguana [1964]

He lived 1911 to 1983.

Arthur Schlesinger [Schlesinger, Arthur]

historian

USA

1945 to 1965

Age of Roosevelt [1957 to 1960]; Age of Jackson [1945]; 1000 Days [1965]

He lived 1917 to ?.

Rene A. Spitz [Spitz, Rene A.]

psychologist

USA

1945 to 1965

Hospitalism [1945]; Smiling Response: A Contribution to the Ontogenesis of Social Relations [1946: with Katherine

M. Wolf]; On the beginning of word use [1965]; First Year of Life [1965]

He lived 1887 to 1974 and studied child emotional deprivation {anaclitic depression} [1946].

Achmad Sukarno [Sukarno, Achmad]

president

Indonesia

1945 to 1966

He lived 1901 to 1970.

Eddy Arnold [Arnold, Eddy]

singer

USA

1945 to 1968

I'll Hold You in My Heart (Till I Can Hold You in My Arms); I Wanna Play House with You; Cattle Call [1955]; Make

the World Go Away [1965]; Misty Blue [1967]; Then You Can Tell Me Goodbye [1968]

He lived 1918 to 2008.

Josip Broz Tito [Tito, Josip Broz]

premier

Yugoslavia

1945 to 1970

He lived 1892 to 1980, deposed king, and defeated Mikhailovich in Yugoslav civil war between two Nazi resistors.

Yugoslavia became Communist but was independent of Russia.

Philip Larkin [Larkin, Philip]

poet

England

1945 to 1974

North Ship [1945]; High Windows [1974]

He lived 1922 to 1985.

Karl Popper [Popper, Karl]

philosopher

Austria/Britain

1945 to 1977

Open Society and Its Enemies [1945]; Poverty of Historicism [1957]; Logic of Scientific Discovery [1959];

Conjectures and Refutations [1963]; Objective Knowledge [1972]; Self and Its Brain [1977: with John C. Eccles]

He lived 1902 to 1994 and studied inductive logic.

Epistemology

Proving statements false {falsification, Popper} can gain knowledge. Hypotheses should be statements that are testable

and falsifiable. Stronger tests can test strong hypothesis {corroboration}. This process can refine hypotheses

{falsificationism} to approach truth {verisimilitude}.

Observation or experiment cannot directly prove or falsify hypotheses, because subjective assumptions or previous

knowledge, which can be wrong, always interpret evidence. Statistical induction is not reliable truth indicator.

Hypotheses have strong support if they predict true but surprising results.

Science uses falsifiable hypotheses. Pseudo-science uses falsified theories, such as Marxism, or theories that make no

testable predictions, such as psychoanalysis.

People cannot predict plans well.

Mind

Matter and mind are separate substances, and interact in synapses {interactionism, Popper}. Mind has units {psychon}.

Politics

Open societies criticize plans and rulers and can change them constructively. Closed societies are passive and accept

status. History evolves according to rules and is deterministic {historicism, Popper}. Epochs have spirits or overall

feelings {Zeitgeist}.

Adelbert Ames [Ames, Adelbert]

sociologist

USA

1946

He lived 1880 to 1955, studied education, and invented distorting rooms {Ames room} [1946].

Carolyn Sherwin Bailey [Bailey, Carolyn Sherwin]

writer

USA

1946

Miss Hickory [1946]

She lived 1875 to 1961.

Mary Cartwright [Cartwright, Mary]/John Littlewood [Littlewood, John]

mathematician

England

1946

She lived 1900 to 1998. For non-linear radio amplifiers, equations {Van der Pol equation} can calculate output for sine-

wave input. At higher amplifier gains, output period doubles input period and then becomes non-periodic. Van-der-Pol-

equation solutions were early chaos-theory ideas.

Jeanne Crain [Crain, Jeanne]

actor

USA

1946

Margie [1946]

She lived 1925 to 2003.

Arthur Crudup [Crudup, Arthur] or Big Boy Crudup [Crudup, Big Boy]

composer/singer

USA

1946

That's All Right (Mama) [1946]

He lived 1905 to 1974 and played rockabilly.

Loren Eiseley [Eiseley, Loren]

biologist

USA

1946

Immense Journey [1946]

He lived 1907 to 1977 and studied ecology.

Viktor Frankl [Frankl, Viktor]

essayist

Germany

1946

Man's Search for Meaning [1946: nonfiction]

He lived 1905 to 1997. "The angels are lost in perpetual contemplation of an infinite glory." "When we form a clear

and precise idea of an emotion, the emotion ceases to exist."

Dennis Gabor [Gabor, Dennis]

physicist/inventor

USA

1946

Theory of Communication [1946]; hologram [1946]

He lived 1900 to 1979 and invented holograms and Gabor filter [1946]. Instruments cannot measure both frequency

and time precisely and simultaneously. Impulses happen at precise times, but impulses have wide component-frequency

range. For one frequency, wave cycle happens over wave period. The tradeoff defines the minimum information

quantity {quantum, information}.

Mack Gordon [Gordon, Mack]/Josef Myrow [Myrow, Josef]

lyricist/composer

USA

1946

You Make Me Feel So Young [1946: from Three Little Girls in Blue]

Gordon lived 1904 to 1959. Myrow lived 1910 to 1987.

Tanabe Hajime [Hajime, Tanabe]

philosopher

Japan

1946

Philosophy as Metanoetics [1946]

He lived 1885 to 1962.

Thomas Heggen [Heggen, Thomas]

novelist

USA

1946

Mr. Roberts [1946]

He lived 1905 to 1982.

Al Jolson [Jolson, Al] or Asa Yoelson [Yoelson, Asa]/Saul Chaplin [Chaplin, Saul]

composer

USA

1946

Anniversary Song [1946]

Jolson lived 1886 to 1950. Chaplin lived 1912 to 1997.

George F. Kennan [Kennan, George F.]

historian

USA

1946

Long Telegram [1946]

He lived 1904 to 2005.

John Jacob Loeb [Loeb, John Jacob]/Carmen Lombardo [Lombardo, Carmen]

composer

USA/Canada

1946

Seems Like Old Times [1946]

Loeb lived 1910 to ?. Lombardo lived 1903 to 1971.

Gregory Peck [Peck, Gregory]/Jennifer Jones [Jones, Jennifer]

actor

USA

1946

Duel in the Sun [1946]

Peck lived 1916 to 2003. Jones lived 1919 to ?.

John Boynton Priestley [Priestley, John Boynton]

essayist/humorist

England

1946

Inspector Calls [1946]

He lived 1894 to 1984.

Allan Roberts [Roberts, Allan]/Doris Fisher [Fisher, Doris]

composer

USA

1946

Put the Blame on Mame [1946: from the film Gilda]

Fisher lived 1915 to 2002.

Benjamin Spock [Spock, Benjamin]

doctor

USA

1946

Baby and Child Care [1946]

He lived 1903 to 1998.

Charles Tobias [Tobias, Charles]/Nat Simon [Simon, Nat]

lyricist/composer

USA

1946

Old Lamplighter [1946]

Tobias lived 1898 to 1970.

Bernard Vonnegut [Vonnegut, Bernard]

geologist/inventor

USA

1946

cloud seeding [1946]

He lived 1914 to 1997 and started cloud seeding [1946] with silver iodide for more rain {cloud seeding}.

Robert Penn Warren [Warren, Robert Penn]

novelist

USA

1946

All the King's Men [1946]

He lived 1905 to 1989.

Eudora Welty [Welty, Eudora]

novelist

USA

1946

Robber Bridegroom [1946]; Delta Wedding [1946]

She lived 1909 to 2001.

Alexander Woollcott [Woollcott, Alexander]

novelist

USA

1946

Shouts and Murmurs column in The New Yorker; Portable Woollcott [1946]

He lived 1887 to 1943.

Kawabata Yasunari [Yasunari, Kawabata]

novelist

Japan

1946

Sound of the Mountain [1946]

He lived 1899 to 1972 and used neosensualism style.

Ambrose Bierce [Bierce, Ambrose]

essayist/humorist

USA

1946 to 1947

Occurrence at Owl Creek Bridge [1946: story]; Devil's Dictionary [1947: humorous dictionary]

He lived 1842 to 1914.

Edgar Yipsel Harburg [Harburg, Edgar Yipsel] or Yip Harburg [Harburg, Yip]/Burton Lane [Lane, Burton]

composer

USA

1946 to 1947

Finian's Rainbow [1946: musical, including How Are Things in Glocca Morra, Old Devil Moon]; How Are Things in

Gloccamora [1947: from Finian's Rainbow]; If This Isn't Love [1947: from Finian's Rainbow]; Old Devil Moon [1947:

from Finian's Rainbow]

Harburg lived 1898 to 1981. Lane lived 1912 to 1997.

Bert Reisfeld [Reisfeld, Bert]/Jean Villard [Villard, Jean]/Marc Herrand [Herrand, Marc]

composer

USA/France

1946 to 1948

Les trois cloches or Three Bells [1946 to 1948]

Reisfeld lived 1906 to 1974.

Carson McCullers [McCullers, Carson]

novelist

USA

1946 to 1951

Member of the Wedding [1946]; Ballad of the Sad Cafe [1951]

She lived 1917 to 1967.

Trygve Lie [Lie, Trygve]

secretary-general

New York, New York

1946 to 1953

He lived 1896 to 1968 and was United Nations Secretary-General.

Robert Maxwell [Maxwell, Robert]

composer

USA

1946 to 1953

Ebb Tide [1953: with Carl Sigman. sung by The Righteous Brothers 1965]; Shangri-la [1946: sung by Four Coins

1957]

Leonard Carmichael [Carmichael, Leonard]

psychobiologist

USA

1946 to 1954

Manual of Child Psychology [1946 and 1954]

He lived 1898 to 1973. Practice, use, and experience during early childhood are not necessarily critical for normal

neural or behavioral development.

Juan Peron [Peron, Juan]

dictator

Argentina

1946 to 1955

He lived 1895 to 1974.

Raymond B. Cattell [Cattell, Raymond B.]

psychologist

England/USA

1946 to 1957

Description and Measurement of Personality [1946]; Structure and Measurement [1957]

He lived 1905 to 1998. Descriptive personality theory {trait theory} lists 35 overt personality manifestations {surface

trait} caused by 16 basic factors {source trait}. Source traits are values in ranges between two extremes:

reserved/outgoing, less intelligent/more intelligent, affected by feeling/emotionally stable, submissive/dominant,

serious/happy-go-lucky, expedient/conscientious, timid/adventurous, tough minded/sensitive, trusting/suspicious,

practical/imaginative, self assured/apprehensive, conservative/experimenting, forthright/shrewd, self sufficient/group

dependent, uncontrolled/controlled, and relaxed/tense.

Hugo Friedhofer [Friedhofer, Hugo]

composer

USA

1946 to 1957

Best Years of Our Lives [1946]; Affair to Remember [1957: from the film An Affair to Remember]

He lived 1902 to 1981.

David Lean [Lean, David]

director

England

1946 to 1957

Great Expectations [1946]; Oliver Twist [1951]; Bridge on the River Kwai [1957: Alec Guinness, William Holden,

Jack Hawkins, and Sessue Hayakawa acted]

He lived 1908 to 1991.

Albert Michotte [Michotte, Albert]

psychologist

Belgium/France

1946 to 1962

Perception of Causality [1946]; Causality, Permanence, and Phenomenal Reality [1962]

He lived 1881 to 1965. Interactions among objects moving in space and time reveal causality. Experience of causality

depends on actual object movements and the idea that moving objects can cause other objects to move {launching}

{entraining}.

Kingsley Amis [Amis, Kingsley]

poet

England

1946 to 1963

Poems 1946-1956 [1956]; One Fat Englishman [1963]

He lived 1922 to 1995.

Manford H. Kuhn [Kuhn, Manford H.]

sociologist

Iowa

1946 to 1963

Major Trends in Symbolic Interaction Theory in the Past Twenty-five Years [1963]

He lived ? to 1963, emphasized symbolic interactionism at Iowa School [1946 to 1973], and developed Twenty

Statements Test (TST).

Eric Bentley [Bentley, Eric]

novelist

USA

1946 to 1965

Playwright as Thinker [1946]; Life of the Drama [1964]; Bentley on Brecht [1965]

He lived 1916 to ?.

Lester Flatt [Flatt, Lester]/Earl Scruggs [Scruggs, Earl]/Foggy Mountain Boys

musician

USA

1946 to 1969

Don't Get Above Your Raisin' [1951]

They played with the Foggy Mountain Boys. Flatt lived 1914 to 1979 and played five-string banjo. Scruggs lived 1924

to ? and played banjo.

Robert W. Moncrieff [Moncrieff, Robert W.]

psychologist

Scotland

1946 to 1970

Chemical Senses [1946]; What Is Odor. A New Theory [1949]; Chemistry of Perfumery Materials [1949]; Odours

[1970]

He invented stereochemical theory of odor [1946].

Rudolf von Laban [Laban, Rudolf von]

ballet dancer

Hungary

1946 to 1974

Mastery of Movement on the Stage [1950]; Principles of Dance and Movement Notation [1956]; Effort: Economy in

Body Movement [1974: with F. C. Lawrence]

He lived 1879 to 1958. He developed a system {ballet notation} {Kinetographic Laban} {Labanotation} to record

ballets and human motions.

Gene Autry [Autry, Gene]

actor

USA

1947

Last Roundup [1947: singing western]

He lived 1907 to 1998.

Gene Autry [Autry, Gene]/Oakley Haldeman [Haldeman, Oakley]

lyricist/composer

USA

1947

Here Comes Santa Claus [1947]

Autry lived 1907 to 1998. Haldeman lived 1909 to 1986.

Johnny Burke [Burke, Johnny]/James Van Heusen [Heusen, James Van]/Hoagy Carmichael [Carmichael,

Hoagy]

lyricist/composer

USA

1947

Ivy [1947]

Burke lived 1884 to 1950. Van Heusen lived 1913 to 1990. Carmichael lived 1899 to 1981.

William Pene duBois [duBois, William Pene]

writer

USA

1947

Twenty-One Balloons [1947]

He lived 1916 to 1993.

Ray Gilbert [Gilbert, Ray]/Allie Wrubel [Wrubel, Allie]

lyricist/composer

USA

1947

Zip-A-Dee-Doo-Dah [1947: from the film Song of the South]

Wrubel lived 1905 to 1973.

Henry Hathaway [Hathaway, Henry]

director

USA

1947

Kiss of Death [1947]

He lived 1898 to 1985.

Marguerite Henry [Henry, Marguerite]

writer

USA

1947

Misty of Chincoteague [1947]; King of the Wind

She lived 1902 to 1997.

Alex Kramer [Kramer, Alex]/Joan Whitney [Whitney, Joan]

composer

Canada/USA

1947

Far Away Places [1947]

Kramer lived 1903 to 1998.

Willis E. Lamb Jr. [Lamb Jr., Willis E.]/Robert C. Retherford [Retherford, Robert C.]

physicist

England

1947

Lamb shift [1947]

They discovered electron Lamb shift [1947].

Betty MacDonald [MacDonald, Betty]/Hilary Knight [Knight, Hilary]

writer

USA

1947

Mrs. Piggle-Wiggle [1947: books]

Betty MacDonald lived 1908 to 1958 and wrote The Egg and I.

George C. Marshall [Marshall, George C.]

secretary of state

USA

1947

He lived 1880 to 1959 and developed Marshall Plan or European Recovery Program, which integrated all aid to

Europe. He was Army chief of staff in World War II.

Marcel Pagnol [Pagnol, Marcel]

writer

France

1947

En Habit d'Académicien en Mars [1947]

He lived 1895 to 1974.

Sidney Joseph Perelman [Perelman, Sidney Joseph]

essayist/humorist

USA

1947

Westward Ho! [1947]

He lived 1904 to 1979.

Edith Piaf [Piaf, Edith]/Louiguy or Louis Gugliemi [Gugliemi, Louis]/Mack David [David, Mack]

lyricist/composer/lyricist

France/USA

1947

La Vie En Rose or Life in Pink [1947]

Piaf lived 1915 to 1963. Gugliemi lived 1916 to 1991. David lived 1912 to 1993.

Vasco Pratolini [Pratolini, Vasco]

writer

Italy

1947

Cronache di poveri amanti or Chronicle of Poor Lovers [1947]

He lived 1913 to 1991.

George Russell [Russell, George]

composer

USA

1947

Cubana Be and Cubana Bop [1947]

He lived 1923 to ?.

Robert Taft [Taft, Robert]

senator

Ohio

1947

He lived 1889 to 1953. Taft-Hartley law [1947] was about labor.

Charles Phillip Thompson [Thompson, Charles Phillip]

lyricist/composer

USA

1947

Robbins' Nest or Just When We're Falling in Love [1947]

He lived 1918 to ?.

Merle Travis [Travis, Merle]

composer

USA

1947

Sixteen Tons [1947: sung by Tennessee Ernie Ford]

He lived 1917 to 1983.

Sigrid Undset [Undset, Sigrid]

novelist

Sweden

1947

Cross [1922: last in Kristan Lavransdatter trilogy of 1920 to 1922]

She lived 1882 to 1947.

Rulon Wells [Wells, Rulon]

linguist

USA

1947

Immediate Constituents [1947]

He lived 1919 to ?.

Alfred Bertram Guthrie [Guthrie, Alfred Bertram]

novelist

USA

1947 to 1949

Big Sky [1947]; Way West [1949]

He lived 1901 to 1991.

Harrison Brown [Brown, Harrison]

astronomer/earth scientist

USA

1947 to 1953

He lived 1917 to 1986 and studied meteorites [1947 to 1953].

Edward Dmytryk [Dmytryk, Edward]

director

USA

1947 to 1954

Crossfire [1947]; Caine Mutiny [1954]

He lived 1908 to 1999.

Joe McCarthy [McCarthy, Joe]

senator

USA

1947 to 1954

He lived 1909 to 1957, investigated Communist party, and labeled many liberals traitors. Army-McCarthy hearings

exposed his methods and led to his defeat [1954].

Jacques Tati [Tati, Jacques]

director/actor

France

1947 to 1958

L'ecole des facteurs or School of Workers [1947]; Mon Oncle or My Uncle [1958] [1947]

He lived 1907 to 1982.

James Michener [Michener, James]

novelist

USA

1947 to 1959

Tales of the South Pacific [1947]; Hawaii [1959]

He lived 1907 to 1997.

Alan Jay Lerner [Lerner, Alan Jay]/Frederick Loewe [Loewe, Frederick]

lyricist/composer

USA

1947 to 1960

Brigadoon [1947: musical, including Almost Like Being in Love]; Paint Your Wagon [1951: musical, including I Talk

to the Trees, They Call the Wind Maria]; My Fair Lady [1956: musical, including Get Me to the Church on Time, I

Could Have Danced All Night, I've Grown Accustomed to Her Face, On the Street Where You Live, With a Little Bit

of Luck, Wouldn't It Be Loverly, Rain in Spain]; Gigi [1957: musical, including Gigi, I Remember It Well, Thank

Heaven for Little Girls]; Camelot [1960: musical, including Camelot, If Ever I Would Leave You]

Lerner lived 1918 to 1986. Loewe lived 1904 to 1988.

Earl C. Kelley [Kelley, Earl C.]

sociologist

USA

1947 to 1962

Education for What is Real [1947]; Workshop Way of Learning [1951]; In Defense of Youth [1962]

George Bernard Dantzig [Dantzig, George Bernard]

economist

USA

1947 to 1963

Linear Programming and Extensions [1963]; simplex method [1947]

He lived 1914 to 2005 and invented linear-programming simplex method, for operations research.

Elia Kazan [Kazan, Elia]

director

USA

1947 to 1963

Boomerang [1947]; Panic in the Streets [1950: Jack Palance, Richard Widmark, Paul Douglas, and Zero Mostel acted];

Streetcar Named Desire [1951: Vivien Leigh, Marlon Brando, and Kim Hunter acted]; Viva Zapata [1952: Marlon

Brando and Jean Peters acted]; Man on a Tightrope [1953: Fredric March acted]; On the Waterfront [1954: Marlon

Brando acted]; Baby Doll [1956: Eli Wallach and Carroll Baker acted, and Tennessee Williams wrote]; Splendor in the

Grass [1961: Natalie Wood and Warren Beatty acted]; America, America [1963]

He lived 1909 to 2003.

Jawaharal Nehru [Nehru, Jawaharal]

prime minister

India

1947 to 1964

He lived 1889 to 1964. After British left India, he led Congress Party, favored industrialization and socialism, fought

Pakistan for Kashmir, fought Portugal for Goa, and fought China over border.

Nicholas A. Bernstein [Bernstein, Nicholas A.]

physiologist

Russia

1947 to 1966

On the Construction of Movements [1947]; Coordination and Regulation of Movements [1967]

He lived 1896 to 1966 and developed sensation fields {afferent field, Bernstein}. He studied feedback and feedforward

mechanisms. He studied human coordination and movement physiology by photographing lights fastened to arms and

legs. Human movements have patterns and structures, and people maintain basic patterns no matter which organ or

limb they use [Bernstein, 1947].

Gordon Allport [Allport, Gordon]

psychologist

USA

1947 to 1968

Psychology of Rumor [1947: with Leo Postman]; Nature of Prejudice [1954]; Pattern and Growth in Personality

[1961]; Person in Psychology [1968: essays]

He lived 1897 to 1967 and studied personality and expressive behavior. Personality traits are pervasive, central, or

weak, as determined by trait frequency, range, and intensity.

Eric Berne [Berne, Eric]

psychologist

USA

1947 to 1971

Mind in Action [1947]; Transactional Analysis in Psychotherapy [1961]; Games People Play [1964]; What Do You Say

After You Say Hello [1971]

He lived 1910 to 1970. Knowledge and prejudices of each generation transmit to next generation with variable but

significant effects {transactional analysis}, with Thomas Harris.

Emmanuel Levinas [Levinas, Emmanuel]

philosopher

Paris, France

1947 to 1977

On Existence and Existing [1947]; Totality and Infinity [1961]; Otherwise than Being or Beyond Essence [1974]

He lived 1906 to 1995. The Other is absolute.

Italo Calvino [Calvino, Italo]

storyteller

Italy

1947 to 1981

Path to the Nest of Spiders [1947]; Adam, One Afternoon, and Other Stories [1949]; Cloven Viscount [1951];

Nonexistent Knight [1959]; Watcher and Other Stories [1963]; Cosmicomics [1968]; Invisible Cities [1972]; Castle of

Crossed Destinies [1976]; Italian Folktales [1981]

He lived 1923 to 1985.

Eden Ahbez [Ahbez, Eden]

composer

USA

1948

Nature Boy [1948: from the film The Boy With Green Hair]

He lived 1908 to 1995.

Lew Ayres [Ayres, Lew]/Jane Wyman [Wyman, Jane]

actor

USA

1948

Johnny Belinda [1948]

Ayres lived 1908 to 1996. Wyman lived 1914 to ?.

Buddy Bernier [Bernier, Buddy]/Jerry Brainin [Brainin, Jerry]

lyricist/composer

USA

1948

Night Has a Thousand Eyes [1948]

Hermann Bondi [Bondi, Hermann]

physicist

Germany

1948

He lived 1919 to ? and invented universe steady-state theory [1948], with Hoyle and Gold.

John Benson Brooks [Brooks, John Benson] or Jack Brooks [Brooks, Jack]/Bob Russell [Russell, Bob]

lyricist/composer

USA

1948

You've Come a Long Way from St. Louis [1948]

Paul Burkhard [Burkhard, Paul]/John Turner [Turner, John]/Geoffrey Parsons [Parsons, Geoffrey]

composer/lyricist/lyricist

USA

1948

Oh My Papa or O Mein Papa [1948]

Burkhard lived 1911 to 1977. Parsons lived 1929 to 2005.

Ralph Burns [Burns, Ralph]

lyricist/composer

USA

1948

Early Autumn [1948]

He lived 1922 to 2001.

Hendrik B. G. Casimir [Casimir, Hendrik B. G.]

physicist

Netherlands

1948

He lived 1909 to 2000 and found Casimir effect [1948].

Judy Garland [Garland, Judy]/Fred Astaire [Astaire, Fred]

actor

USA

1948

Easter Parade [1948: Irving Berlin composed]

Astaire lived 1899 to 1987.

Simon Kuznets [Kuznets, Simon]

economist

USA

1948

National Income: A New Version [1948]

He lived 1901 to 1985, found Kuznets business cycles, and studied national income growth.

Harold Lyons [Lyons, Harold]

inventor

USA

1948

atomic clock [1948]

He lived 1913 to ?.

Hans Morgenthau [Morgenthau, Hans]

political scientist

Germany/USA

1948

Politics Among Nations [1948]

He lived 1904 to 1980.

Arturo O'Farrill [O'Farrill, Arturo] or Chico O'Farrill [O'Farrill, Chico]

lyricist/composer

USA

1948

Manteca Suite [1948]

He lived 1921 to 2001.

Mitchell Parish [Parish, Mitchell]/Leroy Anderson [Anderson, Leroy]

lyricist/composer

USA

1948

Sleigh Ride [1948]

Parish lived 1900 to 1993. Anderson lived 1908 to 1975.

Alan Paton [Paton, Alan]

novelist

South Africa

1948

Cry the Beloved Country [1948]

He lived 1903 to 1988.

Gregory Peck [Peck, Gregory]/Celeste Holm [Holm, Celeste]/John Garfield [Garfield, John]

actor

USA

1948

Gentlemen's Agreement [1948]

Peck lived 1916 to 2003. Holm lived 1919 to ?. Garfield lived 1913 to 1952.

Leo Robin [Robin, Leo]/Harold Arlen [Arlen, Harold]

lyricist/composer

USA

1948

For Every Man There's a Woman [1948: from Casbah]

Robin lived 1895 to 1984. Arlen lived 1905 to 1986.

Claude Shannon [Shannon, Claude]

mathematician

USA

1948

Mathematical Theory of Communication [1948]

He lived 1916 to 2001 and founded information theory and studied transition probabilities.

Frank Sinatra [Sinatra, Frank]/Kim Novak [Novak, Kim]

actor

USA

1948

Pal Joey [1948]

Sinatra lived 1915 to 1998. Novak lived 1933 to ?.

Redd Stewart [Stewart, Redd]/Pee Wee King [King, Pee Wee]

composer

USA

1948

Tennessee Waltz [1948]

Stewart lived 1923 to 2003. King lived 1914 to 1999.

Sid Tepper [Tepper, Sid]/Roy C. Bennett [Bennett, Roy C.]

composer

USA

1948

Red Roses for a Blue Lady [1948]

Bennett lived 1918 to ?.

An Wang [Wang, An]

inventor

USA

1948

magnetic core memory [1948]

He lived 1920 to 1990. Jay Forrester also developed magnetic core memory [1951].

Clifton Webb [Webb, Clifton]

actor

USA

1948

Sitting Pretty [1948: introduced Mr. Belvedere]

He lived 1889 to 1966.

Andrew Wyeth [Wyeth, Andrew]

painter

USA

1948

Christina's World [1948]; Helga Pictures

He lived 1917 to ?.

Christopher Fry [Fry, Christopher]

playwright

England

1948 to 1949

Lady's Not for Burning [1948]; Venus Observed [1949]

He lived 1907 to 2004.

Bernard Katz [Katz, Bernard]

biologist

England

1948 to 1949

He lived 1911 to 2003. Action potentials open calcium-ion channels, and calcium inflow leads to release of 5000-

transmitter-molecule packets from synaptic vesicles into synapse.

George Wallington [Wallington, George] or Giacinto Figlia [Figlia, Giacinto]

lyricist/composer

Italy/USA

1948 to 1949

Lemon Drop [1948]; Godchild [1949]

He lived 1924 to 1993.

Laurence Olivier [Olivier, Laurence]

director/actor

England

1948 to 1950

Hamlet [1948]; Othello [1950]; Richard III

He lived 1907 to 1989.

Norman Mailer [Mailer, Norman]

novelist

USA

1948 to 1951

Naked and the Dead [1948]; Barbary Shore [1951]

He lived 1923 to ?.

Ludwig Mies van der Rohe [Rohe, Ludwig Mies van der]

architect

Germany/USA

1948 to 1951

Lake Shore Drive Apartment Houses or Glass House apartments [1948 to 1951: twin towers in Chicago]

He lived 1886 to 1969.

Virgil Thomson [Thomson, Virgil]

composer

USA

1948 to 1951

Four Saints in Three Acts [1948: symphonic poem]; Tiger Tiger [1951: lyrics by William Blake]

He lived 1896 to 1989 and composed symphonies and opera.

Bob Hope [Hope, Bob]

actor

USA

1948 to 1954

Paleface [1948]; Seven Little Foys [1954]

He lived 1903 to 2003.

Alfred C. Kinsey [Kinsey, Alfred C.]/Wardell B. Pomeroy [Pomeroy, Wardell B.]/Clyde E. Martin [Martin,

Clyde E.]

physician

USA

1948 to 1954

Sexual Behavior in the Human Male [1948]; Sexual Behavior in the Human Female [1954]

Kinsey lived 1894 to 1956. Pomeroy lived 1913 to 2001. Martin lived 1918 to ?. They studied sexual physiology and

behavior.

Henry Schaefer-Simmern [Schaefer-Simmern, Henry]

psychologist

USA

1948 to 1958

Unfolding of Artistic Activity [1948]; Eskimo Sculpture in Canada [1958]

He lived 1896 to 1978 and studied creativity and development.

Anatole Litvak [Litvak, Anatole]

director

Ukraine/USA

1948 to 1959

Snake Pit [1948: Olivia de Haviland acted]; Decision before Dawn [1951]; Anastasia [1956: Ingrid Bergman, Yul

Brynner, and Helen Hayes acted]; Journey [1959: Deborah Kerr and Yul Brynner acted]

He lived 1902 to 1974.

Paul Samuelson [Samuelson, Paul]

economist

USA

1948 to 1960

Economics [1948]; Balanced Growth under Constant Returns to Scale [1953: with Robert M. Solow]; Complete Capital

Model Involving Heterogeneous Capital Goods [1956: with Robert M. Solow]; Linear Programming and Economic

Analysis [1958: with R. Dorfman and Robert M. Solow]; Analytical Aspects of Anti-Inflation Policy [1960: with

Robert M. Solow, about Phillips Curve]

He lived 1915 to ?.

William M. Dobriner [Dobriner, William M.]

sociologist

USA

1948 to 1964

Suburban Community [1948]; Class in Suburbia [1964]

Richard Feynman [Feynman, Richard]

physicist/mathematician

USA

1948 to 1965

Feynman Lectures on Physics [1963]; Character of Physical Law [1965]; QED: the strange theory of light and matter

[1985]

He lived 1918 to 1988 and developed quantum electrodynamics [1948], renormalization group theory [1948], and path

integral theory [1948].

Trofim Lysenko [Lysenko, Trofim]

biologist

Russia

1948 to 1965

He lived 1898 to 1976 and opposed evolution by natural selection.

Terence Rattigan [Rattigan, Terence]

playwright

England

1948 to 1965

Winslow Boy [1948]; Browning Version [1951]; Separate Tables [1954]; VIP's [1963]; Yellow Rolls-Royce [1965]

He lived 1911 to 1977.

Jerzy Konorski [Konorski, Jerzy]

neurophysiologist

Poland

1948 to 1967

Conditioned Reflexes and Neuron Organization [1948]; Integrative Activity of the Brain [1967]

He lived 1903 to 1973 and studied interactions between classical and instrumental conditioning. He suggested that one

cell (grandmother cell) can recognize a perception or store an object concept [Konorski, 1967].

Chang Kai-Shek [Kai-Shek, Chang]

president

Taiwan

1948 to 1975

He lived 1887 to 1975 and led Republic of China.

Alicia Alonso [Alonso, Alicia]

ballerina

Cuba

1948 to 1977

Giselle [1977]

She lived 1921 to ? and founded Havana Ballet.

Nelson Algren [Algren, Nelson]

novelist

USA

1949

Man with the Golden Arm [1949]

He lived 1909 to 1981.

Alex Anderson [Anderson, Alex]

composer

USA/Hawaii

1949

Mele Kalikimaka or Merry Christmas [1949]

He lived 1894 to 1995.

Henri Betti [Betti, Henri]/Jerry Seelen [Seelen, Jerry]/Andre Hornez [Hornez, Andre]

composer

France/USA

1949

C'est Si Bon or It Is So Good [1949: sung by Louis Armstrong]

Betti lived 1917 to ?.

Ugo Betti [Betti, Ugo]

playwright

Italy

1949

Queen and the Rebels [1949]

He lived 1892 to 1953.

Clarence Brown [Brown, Clarence]

director

USA

1949

Intruder in the Dust [1949]

He lived 1890 to 1987.

John Cade [Cade, John]

biologist

Australia

1949

He lived 1912 to 1980 and used lithium carbonate to treat mania [1949].

Tadd Dameron [Dameron, Tadd]

lyricist/composer

USA

1949

Lady Bird [1949: with Fats Navarro, trumpet]

He lived 1917 to 1965.

Evelyn Danzig [Danzig, Evelyn]

composer

USA

1949

Scarlet Ribbons [1949]

She lived 1902 to 1996.

Marguerite DeAngeli [DeAngeli, Marguerite]

writer

USA

1949

Door in the Wall [1949]

She lived 1889 to 1987.

Tay Garnett [Garnett, Tay]

director

USA

1949

Connecticut Yankee in King Arthur's Court [1949]

He lived 1894 to 1977.

Constantin Virgil Gheorghiu [Gheorghiu, Constantin Virgil]

writer

Romania

1949

25th Hour [1949]

He lived 1916 to 1992.

William F. Giauque [Giauque, William F.]

physicist

USA

1949

He lived 1895 to 1982 and studied cryogenics [1949].

Bob Hilliard [Hilliard, Bob]/Sammy Fain [Fain, Sammy]

lyricist/composer

USA

1949

Dear Hearts and Gentle People [1949]

Hilliard lived 1918 to 1971. Fain lived 1902 to 1989.

Stan Jones [Jones, Stan] or Stanley Davis Jones [Jones, Stanley Davis]/Johnny Cash [Cash, Johnny]

composer/lyricist

USA

1949

Ghost Riders in the Sky [1949: western]

Cash lived 1932 to 2003. Jones lived 1914 to 1963.

Gene Kelly [Kelly, Gene]/Frank Sinatra [Sinatra, Frank]

actor

USA

1949

Take Me Out to the Ball Game [1949]

Kelly lived 1912 to 1996. Sinatra lived 1915 to 1998.

Charles Lamont [Lamont, Charles]

director

USA

1949

Ma and Pa Kettle [1949: with Marjorie Main and Percy Kilbride]

He lived 1895 to 1990.

Walter Lord [Lord, Walter]/Anton Karas [Karas, Anton]

lyricist/composer

England/Austria

1949

Third Man Theme [1949: from the movie The Third Man]

Lord lived 1917 to ?. Karas lived 1906 to 1985.

Johnny Marks [Marks, Johnny]

lyricist/composer

USA

1949

Rudolf the Red-nosed Reindeer [1949]

He lived 1909 to 1985.

John P. Marquand [Marquand, John P.]

novelist

USA

1949

Point of No Return [1949]

He lived 1893 to 1960.

Jean-Pierre Melville [Melville, Jean-Pierre]

director

France

1949

Les Enfants Terrible or Holy Terrors [1949]

He lived 1917 to 1973.

David Miller [Miller, David]

director

USA

1949

Sands of Iwo Jima [1949: with John Wayne]

He lived 1909 to 1992.

Larry Morey [Morey, Larry]/Eliot Daniel [Daniel, Eliot]

lyricist/composer

USA

1949

Lavender Blue [1949: from the film So Dear to My Heart]

Daniel lived 1908 to 1997.

Gerry Mulligan [Mulligan, Gerry] or Gerald Joseph Mulligan [Mulligan, Gerald Joseph]

tenor saxophonist/composer

USA

1949

Venus De Milo [1949]

He lived 1927 to 1996 and played Cool.

Donald O'Connor [O'Connor, Donald]

actor

USA

1949

Francis [1949]

He lived 1925 to 2003.

Jacob Rabinow [Rabinow, Jacob]

inventor

USA

1949

magnetorheological fluid [1949]

He lived 1910 to 1999. Oil with iron filings {magnetorheological fluid, Rabinow} can turn solid in magnetic fields

[1949]. Electrorheological fluids become solid in high electric fields.

Leo Robin [Robin, Leo]/Jule Styne [Styne, Jule]

lyricist/composer

USA

1949

Diamonds Are a Girl's Best Friends [1949: sung by Marilyn Monroe in the movie Gentlemen Prefer Blondes];

Gentlemen Prefer Blondes [1949]

Robin lived 1895 to 1984.

Ferdinand de Saussure [Saussure, Ferdinand de]

linguist

France

1949

Course of General Linguistics [1949]

He lived 1857 to 1913 and founded modern structural linguistics {structuralism, linguistics} {structural linguistics}.

Phonemes marks usage differences in sound or symbol systems. Phonemes are not physical, separate, independent

elements.

Word values are functions of exchangeable and non-exchangeable words {substitution, word} {word substitution}.

Word connections provide word meanings, so word meaning depends on all word values. Speaker and listener

vocabularies must be identical to convey full meaning in communication.

Spencer Tracy [Tracy, Spencer]/Katherine Hepburn [Hepburn, Katherine]

actor

USA

1949

Adam's Rib [1949]

Tracy lived 1900 to 1967. Hepburn lived 1907 to 2003.

Ned Washington [Washington, Ned]/Victor Young [Young, Victor]

lyricist/composer

USA

1949

My Foolish Heart [1949]

Washington lived 1901 to 1976. Young lived 1899 to 1956.

Ethel Waters [Waters, Ethel]

actor

USA

1949

Pinky [1949]

She lived 1896 to 1977.

Stephan Weiss [Weiss, Stephan]/Bernie Baum [Baum, Bernie]

composer

USA

1949

Music! Music! Music! or Put Another Nickel In [1949]

Alfred L. Werker [Werker, Alfred L.]

director

USA

1949

Lost Boundaries [1949]

He lived 1896 to 1975.

Leslie White [White, Leslie]

sociologist

USA

1949

Science of Culture [1949]

He lived 1900 to 1975.

Marston Bates [Bates, Marston]

biologist

USA

1949 to 1950

Natural History of Mosquitoes [1949]; Nature of Natural History [1950]

He lived 1906 to 1974 and studied mosquitoes.

Garson Kanin [Kanin, Garson]

playwright

USA

1949 to 1950

Adam's Rib [1949]; Born Yesterday [1950]

He lived 1912 to 1999.

Lennie Tristano [Tristano, Lennie] or Leonard Joseph Tristano [Tristano, Leonard Joseph]

composer

USA

1949 to 1950

Crosscurrent [1949: with Tadd Dameron]; Intuition [1950]; Digression [1950]

He lived 1919 to 1978, was bebop and cool jazz pianist, and started trend of playing whatever came to mind {free

jazz}.

Charles C. Fries [Fries, Charles C.]

linguist

USA

1949 to 1952

Coexistent phonemic systems [1949: with Kenneth L Pike]; Structure of English [1952]

He lived 1887 to 1967 and studied grammar.

Hank Williams [Williams, Hank]

singer/composer

USA

1949 to 1953

Lovesick Blues [1949]; Long Gone Lonesome Blues [1950]; Hey, Good Lookin' [1951]; Dear John [1951]; Cold Cold

Heart [1951]; Jambalaya (on the Bayou) [1952]; Your Cheatin' Heart [1952]; Kaw-Liga [1953: about wooden Indian]

He lived 1923 to 1953.

John B. Fenn [Fenn, John B.]/Koichi Tanaka [Tanaka, Koichi]

biologist/inventor

USA

1949 to 1954

Fenn lived 1917 to ?. Tanaka lived 1959 to ?. They invented matrix assisted laser absorption ionization (MALDI) for

mass spectroscopy [1949 to 1954]. It works with Time-of-Flight TOF detectors.

Alec Guinness [Guinness, Alec]

actor

England

1949 to 1955

Kind Hearts and Coronets [1949]; Prisoner [1955]

He lived 1914 to 2000.

Harry Harlow [Harlow, Harry]

psychologist

USA

1949 to 1958

Learning to Think [1949: with Margaret Kuenne Harlow]; Nature of Love [1958]

He lived 1905 to 1981 and studied monkey play and learning set formation [Harlow and Harlow, 1949].

Louis S. Leakey [Leakey, Louis S.]

biologist

England

1949 to 1959

He lived 1903 to 1972 and found fossil hominins [1949 to 1959].

Aly Khan or Ali Solomone Khan

prince

Pakistan

1949 to 1960

He lived 1911 to 1960 and was famous lover and celebrity, married to Rita Hayworth.

Eugene Ionesco [Ionesco, Eugene]

playwright

Romania/France

1949 to 1960

Bald Soprano [1949]; Rhinoceros [1960]

He lived 1912 to 1994.

Fats Domino [Domino, Fats]

singer

USA

1949 to 1961

Fat Man [1949]; Every Night about this Time [1950]; Goin' Home [1952]; Ain't That a Shame or Ain't It a Shame

[1955]; I'm in Love Again [1955]; Blue Monday [1955]; Valley of Tears [1957]; It's You I Love [1957]; I'm Walking

[1957]; Whole Lotta Lovin' [1958]; Be My Guest [1959]; I'm Goin' to Be a Wheel Someday [1959]; I'm Ready [1959];

Margie [1959]; My Girl Josephine [1960]; Walkin' to New Orleans [1960]; Let the Four Winds Blow [1961: sung by

Ray Brown 1957]; Blueberry Hill [1940: by Al Lewis, Larry Stock, and Vincent Rose. sung in 1956]

He lived 1928 to ?.

Robert Rossen [Rossen, Robert]

director

USA

1949 to 1961

All the King's Men [1949: Broderick Crawford acted]; Brave Bulls [1951: Mel Ferrer and Anthony Quinn acted];

Alexander the Great [1956: Richard Burton and Fredric March acted]; Hustler [1961: Paul Newman, Jackie Gleason,

and Piper Laurie acted]

He lived 1908 to 1965.

Konrad Adenauer [Adenauer, Konrad]

chancellor

Germany

1949 to 1963

He lived 1876 to 1967 and led Christian Democrats, centrist party of West Germany. Opposition was Social

Democrats, socialist party.

David Ben Gurion [Ben Gurion, David]

premier

Israel

1949 to 1963

He lived 1886 to 1973 and led Labor party.

Harry Partch [Partch, Harry]

composer

USA

1949 to 1966

Genesis of a Music [1949: book]; And on the Seventh Day Petals Fell in Petaluma [1964 and 1966]; Delusion of the

Fury [1966]

He lived 1901 to 1974 and used the 43-tone scale.

Jascha Heifetz [Heifetz, Jascha]

violinist

USA

1949 to 1967

He lived 1901 to 1987.

Bertrand de Jouvenal [Jouvenal, Bertrand de]

political scientist

England

1949 to 1967

On Power: Its Nature and the History of Its Growth [1949]; Ethics of Redistribution [1951]; Sovereignty: An Inquiry

into the Political Good [1957]; Pure Theory of Politics [1963]; Art of Conjecture [1967]

He lived 1903 to 1987 and was conservative.

Stanley Kramer [Kramer, Stanley]

director

USA

1949 to 1967

Home of the Brave [1949]; Wild One [1953: Marlon Brando acted]; Defiant Ones [1958: Tony Curtis and Sidney

Poitier acted]; On the Beach [1959]; Inherit the Wind [1960: Spencer Tracy, Fredrich March, and Gene Kelly acted];

Judgment at Nuremburg [1961]; Ship of Fools [1965: Oskar Werner and Simone Signoret acted]; Guess Who's Coming

to Dinner [1967: Spencer Tracy, Katherine Hepburn, and Sidney Poitier acted]

He lived 1913 to 2001.

Arthur Miller [Miller, Arthur]

playwright

USA

1949 to 1968

Death of a Salesman [1949]; Crucible [1953]; View from the Bridge [1955]; Price [1968]

He lived 1915 to 2005.

Arthur Mitchell [Mitchell, Arthur]

modern dancer/choreographer

USA

1949 to 1969

He lived 1934 to ?.

Yukio Mishima [Mishima, Yukio] or Hiraoka Kimitake [Kimitake, Hiraoka]

writer

Japan

1949 to 1970

Confessions of a Mask [1949]; Sailor Who Fell From the Grace With the Sea [1963]; Sea of Fertility tetralogy [1964 to

1970]

He lived 1925 to 1970.

Gilbert Ryle [Ryle, Gilbert]

philosopher

Britain

1949 to 1979

Concept of Mind [1949]; Dilemmas [1954]; Thinking and Meaning [1962]; Plato's Progress [1966]; Collected Papers

[1971]; On Thinking [1979]

He lived 1900 to 1976.

Epistemology

Philosophy should make language clear and find why some statements have no meaning or do not work in contexts.

Statements have categories {statement types}. Knowledge can be about skill {knowing how} or about facts and events

{knowing that} [1949]. Statements of one category often use contexts that require another category {category mistake,

Ryle} {type error}.

Words belong to categories {logical type} by usage {logical behavior}. Mental ideas mean what happens in behavior

{operational behaviorism} or what disposes people to behave in way {logical behaviorism, Ryle}. Words can be about

mental dispositions and feelings. Words can describe values. Words {achievement word} can be about mental

processes or activities that have results, such as solving, detecting, and seeing.

Words about mental processes can have different types. For example, people perform some mental processes and have

skills, while some processes seem to just happen. Mental processes can have causes or antecedents, while others seem

spontaneous.

Pairs can require each other for meaning {polar concept}, like up or down and correctness or error. Because there can

be error, people can be correct.

However, this does not state when or where error or correctness was. Pairs, like finite and infinite, can have one

member that has no reference.

Mental-event descriptions describe agent possible actions and statements, not actual mental events.

Thinking is acting in organized ways.

Mind

The idea that thinking things reside inside bodies or minds {ghost in the machine, Ryle} is ridiculous. Mind-brain

dualism does not exist, because statements about minds are not statements about matter. Mental states are dispositions

{reactive disposition} to behave in specific ways {dispositional analysis}. Mental states are not substances but

substance processes.

If will causes voluntary actions, and will is voluntary, will has infinite regress.

Claude Lévi-Strauss [Lévi-Strauss, Claude]

sociologist/anthropologist

France

1949 to 1983

Elementary Structures of Kinship [1949]; Tristes Tropiques [1955]; Mythologiques [1964 to 1971: including The Raw

and the Cooked, From Honey to Ashes, The Origin of Table Manners, and The Naked Man]; Structural Anthropology

[1958]; Le Pensée Sauvage or The Savage Mind [1962]; Le Cru et le Cuit or The Raw and the Cooked [1964]; View

from Afar [1983]

He lived 1908 to 2009. Systems have arrangements of rules, institutions, and environments {structuralism, sociology}

and have models. All cultures share solutions to human conflicts that have structural similarities. Myths from different

cultures share structures. Belief systems, cultures, communications, and languages have semantic and syntactic

structures.

Donald Hebb [Hebb, Donald]

psychologist

Canada

1949 to 1985

Organization of Behavior [1949]

He lived 1904 to 1985. Memory and information distribute among cortex cell assemblies. Synapses strengthen if

presynaptic activity correlates with postsynaptic activity {Hebb rule}. Hebbian rules can only find large input

correlations, like interactions between self-generated actions and perceptions. For example, neurons can correlate

saccadic eye movements with neuron responses to find motion direction. Eye movement signals that direct saccades to

objects initiate object representation. Network circuits {Hebbian circuit} can learn only if receiving part alters sending-

part behavior.

Nicholas Brodszky [Brodszky, Nicholas]/Harold Arlen [Arlen, Harold]/Cesare Andrea Bixio [Bixio, Cesare

Andrea]

composer

Russia/USA

1950

Be My Love [1950: from the film The Toast of New Orleans]

Brodszky lived 1905 to 1985. Arlen lived 1905 to 1986. Bixio lived 1920 to 1978.

Ralph Bunche [Bunche, Ralph]

diplomat

USA

1950

He lived 1904 to 1971 and worked at United Nations.

David Butler [Butler, David]

director

USA

1950

Tea for Two [1950: with Doris Day]

He lived 1894 to 1979.

Delmer Daves [Daves, Delmer]

director

USA

1950

Broken Arrow [1950]

He lived 1904 to 1977.

Mack David [David, Mack]/Jacques Larue [Larue, Jacques]/Louiguy or Louis Gugliemi [Gugliemi, Louis]

lyricist/lyricist/composer

France/USA

1950

Cherry Pink and Apple Blossom White [1950: translated by David]

Gugliemi lived 1916 to 1991. David lived 1912 to 1993.

Douglas Fairbanks, Jr. [Fairbanks, Jr., Douglas]/Glynis Johns [Johns, Glynis]

actor

USA

1950

State Secret [1950]

Fairbanks lived 1909 to 2000. Johns lived 1923 to ?.

Red Foley [Foley, Red] or Clyde Julian Foley [Foley, Clyde Julian]

singer

USA

1950

Chattanooga Shoeshine Boy [1950]

He lived 1910 to 1968 and played Texas Swing guitar.

Anna Freud [Freud, Anna]

psychotherapist

Austria/USA

1950

Ego and the Mechanisms of Defense [1950]

She lived 1895 to 1982, directly observed young children's behavior, studied ego development, and studied defense-

mechanism development.

John Garfield [Garfield, John]/Patricia Neal [Neal, Patricia]

actor

USA

1950

Breaking Point [1950]

Garfield lived 1913 to 1952. Neal lived 1926 to ?.

Bob Hope [Hope, Bob]/Lucille Ball [Ball, Lucille]

actor

USA

1950

Fancy Pants [1950]

Hope lived 1903 to 2003. Ball lived 1911 to 1989.

Trevor Howard [Howard, Trevor]/Joseph Cotten [Cotten, Joseph]/Orson Welles [Welles, Orson]

actor

USA

1950

Third Man [1950]

Howard lived 1913 to 1988. Cotten lived 1905 to 1994. Welles lived 1915 to 1985.

Betty Hutton [Hutton, Betty]/Howard Keel [Keel, Howard]

actor

USA

1950

Annie Get Your Gun [1950]

Hutton lived 1921 to 2007. Keel lived 1919 to 2004.

Milt Jackson [Jackson, Milt] or Bags Jackson [Jackson, Bags]

vibraphonist/composer

USA

1950

Bag's Groove [1950]

He lived 1923 to 1999 and was in the Modern Jazz Quartet and played Modern.

Bill Katz [Katz, Bill]/Gene Pillar [Pillar, Gene]/Ruth Roberts [Roberts, Ruth]

composer

USA

1950

Mister Touchdown, U.S.A. [1950]

Ted Koehler [Koehler, Ted]/Mack Gordon [Gordon, Mack]

composer

USA/Poland

1950

Get Happy [1950: from the film Summer Stock. sung by Judy Garland]

Koehler lived 1894 to 1973. Gordon lived 1904 to 1959.

Par Lagerkvist [Lagerkvist, Par]

novelist

Sweden

1950

Barabbas [1950]

He lived 1891 to 1974.

Charles Macak [Macak, Charles]/Tafft Baker [Baker, Tafft]/Larry LaPrise [LaPrise, Larry]

composer

USA

1950

Hokey Pokey [1950]

Marcel Mauss [Mauss, Marcel]

anthropologist

France

1950

Techniques of the Body [1950]

He lived 1872 to 1950 and wrote that culture affects body posture, balance, kinesthesia, and movements {habitus}.

Percy Mayfield [Mayfield, Percy]

singer

USA

1950

Please Send Me Someone to Love [1950]

Johnny Mercer [Mercer, Johnny]/Jacques Prevert [Prevert, Jacques]/Joseph Kosma [Kosma, Joseph]

lyricist/lyricist/composer

USA/France

1950

Autumn Leaves [1950]

Mercer lived 1909 to 1976. Prevert lived 1900 to 1977. Kosma lived 1905 to 1969.

Ralph Moody [Moody, Ralph]

writer

USA

1950

Little Britches [1950]

He lived 1898 to 1982.

Steve Nelson [Nelson, Steve]/Walter E. Rollins [Rollins, Walter E.]

lyricist/composer

USA

1950

Frosty the Snowman [1950]

Rollins lived 1906 to 1973.

Jan Oort [Oort, Jan]

astronomer

USA

1950

He lived 1900 to 1992 and found comet belt around solar system (Oort cloud) [1950].

Johnny Otis [Otis, Johnny]/Little Esther [Esther, Little]/Robins

singer

USA

1950

Double Crossing Blues [1950]

Otis lived 1921 to ?.

Cesare Pavese [Pavese, Cesare]

poet

Italy

1950

Verra la morte e avra i tuoi occhi or Death Will Come and Will Have Your Eyes [1950]

He lived 1908 to 1950.

David Riesman, Jr. [Riesman, Jr., David]

sociologist

USA

1950

Lonely Crowd [1950: with Reuel Denney and Nathan Glaser]

He lived 1909 to 2002 and studied alienation.

Annie Ross [Ross, Annie]/Wardell Gray [Gray, Wardell]

lyricist/composer

USA

1950

Twisted [1950: with Lambert and Hendricks]

Angele Vannier [Vannier, Angele]/Johnny Mercer [Mercer, Johnny]/Philippe Bloch [Bloch, Philippe]

lyricist/lyricist/composer

France/USA

1950

When the World Was Young [1950: modified by M. Philippe-Gerard, 1956]

Vannier lived 1917 to 1980. Mercer lived 1909 to 1976.

Immanuel Velikovsky [Velikovsky, Immanuel]

novelist

Russia

1950

Worlds in Collision [1950: science fiction novel]

He lived 1895 to 1979.

Muddy Waters [Waters, Muddy]

singer

USA

1950

Rollin' Stone [1950]

He lived 1915 to 1983.

Clifton Webb [Webb, Clifton]/Myrna Loy [Loy, Myrna]

actor

USA

1950

Cheaper by the Dozen [1950]

Webb lived 1889 to 1966. Loy lived 1905 to 1993.

Jane Wyman [Wyman, Jane]/Arthur Kennedy [Kennedy, Arthur]/Kirk Douglas [Douglas, Kirk]/Gertrude

Lawrence [Lawrence, Gertrude]

actor

USA/England

1950

Glass Menagerie [1950]

Wyman lived 1914 to ?. Kennedy lived 1914 to 1990. Douglas lived 1916 to ?. Lawrence lived 1898 to 1952.

Claudette Colbert [Colbert, Claudette]

actor

France/USA

1950 to 1951

Imitation of Life [1934]; Three Came Home [1950]; Let's Make It Legal [1951]

She lived 1903 to 1996.

John F. Nash, Jr. [Nash, John F. Jr.]

mathematician

USA

1950 to 1951

Equilibrium points in n-person games [1950]; Bargaining problem [1950]; Non-cooperative games [1951]; Two-Person

Cooperative Games [1953]

He lived 1928 to ? and invented Nash equilibrium [1950], Nash bargaining solution [1950], and Nash programme

[1951].

Paul Francis Webster [Webster, Paul Francis]/Juventino Rosas [Rosas, Juventino]

lyricist/composer

USA

1950 to 1951

Loveliest Night of the Year [1950]

Webster lived 1907 to 1984. Rosas lived 1868 to 1894.

Ruth Brown [Brown, Ruth]

singer

USA

1950 to 1953

Teardrops from My Eyes [1950]; Mama, He Treats Your Daughter Mean [1953]

She lived 1928 to 2006.

James Dean [Dean, James]

actor

USA

1950 to 1955

East of Eden [1955: directed by Elia Kazan]; Rebel without a Cause [1955]

He lived 1931 to 1955.

Vincente Minnelli [Minnelli, Vincente]

director

USA

1950 to 1956

Father of the Bride [1950: Spencer Tracy acted]; American in Paris [1951: Leslie Caron and Gene Kelly acted];

Bandwagon [1953: Fred Astaire acted]; Lust for Life [1956: Kirk Douglas acted]

He lived 1903 to 1986.

José Ferrer [Ferrer, José]

actor

Puerto Rico/USA

1950 to 1957

Cyrano de Bergerac [1950]; Great Man [1957]

He lived 1909 to 1992.

Grenville Clark [Clark, Grenville]

attorney

USA

1950 to 1958

Plan for Peace [1950]; World Peace through World Law [1958: with Louis Sohn]

He lived 1882 to 1967.

Art Blakey [Blakey, Art]/Jazz Messengers

drummer

USA

1950 to 1960

He lived 1919 to 1990 and played Modern.

Kenny Clark [Clark, Kenny]

drummer

USA

1950 to 1960

He lived 1914 to 1985 and played Cool.

Bill Evans [Evans, Bill]

pianist

USA

1950 to 1960

He lived 1929 to 1980 and played Modern.

Richard W. Hamming [Hamming, Richard W.]

mathematician

USA

1950 to 1960

Coding and Information Theory [1960]

He lived 1915 to 1998 and invented Hamming code [1950] to detect computer-coding errors.

Percy Heath [Heath, Percy]

bassist

USA

1950 to 1960

He lived 1923 to 2005, was in played Modern Jazz Quartet, and played Cool.

Gaetano Kanizsa [Kanizsa, Gaetano]

psychologist

Italy

1950 to 1960

He lived 1913 to 1993. He invented and studied figures that had illusory contours.

Lee Konitz [Konitz, Lee]

alto saxophonist

USA

1950 to 1960

He lived 1937 to ?. Cool.

Billy Kyle [Kyle, Billy]

pianist

USA

1950 to 1960

He lived 1915 to 1966 and played Modern.

John Lewis [Lewis, John]

pianist

USA

1950 to 1960

He lived 1920 to 2001, was in the Modern Jazz Quartet, and played Cool and Modern.

Charlie Mingus [Mingus, Charlie]

trumpeter

USA

1950 to 1960

He lived 1922 to 1979. Cool.

Max Roach [Roach, Max]

drummer

USA

1950 to 1960

He lived 1924 to ? and played Modern.

Johnny St. Cyr [St. Cyr, Johnny]

banjo player

USA

1950 to 1960

He lived 1890 to 1966 and played Modern.

Nat King Cole or Nathaniel Adams Coles [Coles, Nathaniel Adams]

singer

USA

1950 to 1962

Mona Lisa [1950]; Too Young [1951]; Blossom Fell [1955]; Ramblin' Rose [1962]

He lived 1919 to 1965.

John Huston [Huston, John]

director

USA

1950 to 1962

Asphalt Jungle [1950]; Red Badge of Courage [1951]; African Queen [1952: Humphrey Bogart and Katherine Hepburn

acted]; Moulin Rouge [1953: José Ferrer acted]; Moby Dick [1956: Gregory Peck acted]; Freud [1962: Montgomery

Clift acted]

He lived 1906 to 1987.

Hank Snow [Snow, Hank] or Singing Ranger

singer

Canada/USA

1950 to 1962

I'm Movin' On [1950]; I've Been Everywhere [1962: by Geoff Mack. sung by Lucky Starr, 1959]

He lived 1914 to 1999.

Franz Waxman [Waxman, Franz]

composer

Germany/USA

1950 to 1962

Sunset Boulevard [1950]; Place In The Sun [1951]; Taras Bulba [1962]

He lived 1906 to 1967.

Nathan Glaser [Glaser, Nathan]

sociologist

USA

1950 to 1963

Lonely Crowd [1950: with Reuel Denney and David Riesman]; Beyond the Melting Pot [1963: with Daniel Moynihan]

Joseph Mankiewicz [Mankiewicz, Joseph]

director

USA

1950 to 1963

All about Eve [1950: Bette Davis and Anne Baxter acted]; No Way Out [1950]; People Will Talk [1951: Cary Grant

and Jeanne Crain acted]; Five Fingers [1952: James Mason acted]; Julius Caesar [1953: John Gielgud, Marlon Brando,

and James Mason acted]; Guys and Dolls [1955: Marlon Brando, Jean Simmons, and Frank Sinatra acted]; Cleopatra

[1963: Elizabeth Taylor, Richard Burton, and Rex Harrison acted]

He lived 1909 to 1993.

Gregory Peck [Peck, Gregory]

actor

USA

1950 to 1963

Gunfighter [1950]; To Kill a Mockingbird [1963]

He lived 1916 to 2003.

Peter Weiss [Weiss, Peter]

playwright

Germany

1950 to 1964

Der Turm or The Tower [1950]; Persecution and Assassination of Jean-Paul Marat as Performed by the Inmates of the

Asylum of Charenton Under the Direction of the Marquis de Sade [1964]

He lived 1916 to 1982.

Mack David [David, Mack]/Jerry Livingston [Livingston, Jerry]

lyricist/composer

USA

1950 to 1965

Bobbidi-Boo [1950: from the film Cinderella]; Dream Is a Wish Your Heart Makes [1950: from the film Cinderella];

77 Sunset Strip [1959: from the TV series]; Ballad of Cat Ballou [1965: from the film Cat Ballou]

David lived 1912 to 1993. Livingston lived 1915 to 2001.

Miles Davis [Davis, Miles]

trumpeter

USA

1950 to 1965

He lived 1926 to 1991 and played Cool.

Patti Page [Page, Patti]

singer

USA

1950 to 1965

Tennessee Waltz [1950]; How Much Is That Doggy in the Window [1953]; Hush, Hush, Sweet Charlotte [1965]

She lived 1927 to ?.

James Stewart [Stewart, James]

actor

USA

1950 to 1965

Harvey [1950]; Spirit of St. Louis [1957]; Shenandoah [1965]

He lived 1908 to 1997.

Yehoshua Bar-Hillel [Bar-Hillel, Yehoshua]

linguist

USA

1950 to 1971

On syntactic categories [1950]; Quasi Arithmetical Notation for Syntactic Description [1953]; Pragmatics of Natural

Languages [1971: editor]

He lived 1915 to 1975 and helped develop immediate constituent grammar.

Konrad Lorenz [Lorenz, Konrad]

biologist

Switzerland/Germany

1950 to 1973

King Solomon's Ring [1950]; Man Meets Dog [1954]; On Aggression [1963]; Behind the Mirror: a Search for a

Natural History of Human Knowledge [1973]

He lived 1903 to 1989 and studied natural behavior {ethology, Lorenz}, aggression, imprinting, instincts, innate

releasing mechanisms, and fixed action patterns.

Erik Erikson [Erikson, Erik]

psychologist

USA

1950 to 1975

Childhood and Society [1950]; Young Man Luther [1958]; Ghandi's Truth [1969]; Life History and the Historical

Moment [1975]

He lived 1902 to 1994 and studied personality growth. Genuine intimacy is in 20's, generativity is in 30's to 50's, and

self-integrity is in 50's.

Frederick Sanger [Sanger, Frederick]

biologist/inventor

England

1950 to 1977

He lived 1918 to ?, determined insulin amino-acid sequence [1950], and developed method to sequence DNA [1977].

James Jerome Gibson [Gibson, James Jerome]

psychologist

USA

1950 to 1979

Perception of the Visual World [1950]; Senses Considered as Perceptual Systems [1966]; Ecological Approach to

Visual Perception [1979]

He lived 1904 to 1979. He studied visual shape and motion perception in natural conditions, when observer moved

freely while objects were still, or objects moved while observer was still {visual flow, Gibson}.

Higher-order object features can be invariant during motion or rotation. Perception involves acquiring such information

from ambient sensations. Sense qualities provide motion lines {flow line} and texture gradients {ecological optics}.

People seem to perceive such features without visual computation.

People can adapt to distorting lenses but slightly overadapt.

Joy Paul Guilford [Guilford, Joy Paul]

psychologist

USA

1950 to 1982

Nature of Human Intelligence [1967]; Cognitive psychology's ambiguities: Some suggested remedies [1982]

He lived 1897 to 1967 and studied intellectual structure {Structure of Intellect}.

Akira Kurosawa [Kurosawa, Akira]

director

Japan

1950 to 1985

Rashomon [1950]; Seven Samurai [1954]; Hidden Fortress [1958]; Yojimbo [1961]; Ran [1985]

He lived 1910 to 1985.

Max Lerner [Lerner, Max]

sociologist

USA

1950 to 1990

Unfinished Country [1950]; America as a Civilization [1957]; Wrestling with the Angel [1990]

He lived 1902 to 1992.

Peter F. Strawson [Strawson, Peter F.]

philosopher

England

1950 to 1996

On Referring [1950: in Mind]; Introduction to Logical Theory [1952]; Individuals [1959 and 1963]; Bounds of Sense

[1966]; Logico-Linguistic Papers [1971]; Freedom and Resentment [1974]; Subject and Predicate in Logic and

Grammar [1974]; Skepticism and Naturalism [1985]; Mental Reality [1996]

He lived 1919 to ? and associate with Quine.

Epistemology

All particulars are individuals. Individuals can be particular spatial objects, with identity. Individuals can be non-

particulars, like properties, numbers, and statements. Statements are non-particular and have context. Sentences and

descriptions refer to particular objects, such as statements in which "The" and "That" can interchange. Concepts can

depend on or refer to other concepts.

Mind

Experience is a mental-state series {pearl view, Strawson}. Self is new each time. Introspection shows that

consciousness alternates with unconsciousness. There is no personality or agent. Neural processes have mental as well

as non-mental properties. Experiences depend on persons or selves {no-ownership theory, Strawson}.

Harold Adamson [Adamson, Harold]/Hoagy Carmichael [Carmichael, Hoagy]

lyricist/composer

USA

1951

My Resistance Is Low [1951]

Adamson lived 1906 to 1980. Carmichael lived 1899 to 1981.

Ken Annakin [Annakin, Ken]/Harold French [French, Harold]

director

England

1951

Trio [1951]

Annakin lived 1914 to ?. French lived 1897 to 1997.

Kenneth Arrow [Arrow, Kenneth]

economist

USA

1951

Social Choice and Individual Values [1951]

He lived 1921 to ? and invented Arrow social welfare theorem. All markets balance supply and demand if in

competitive equilibrium {general equilibrium theory}.

Individuals typically have preference orders among candidates when voting or among products and services when

buying. Similarly, groups have preference orders among candidates or products and services. Individuals cannot

significantly affect group preferences, because no person has significantly greater wealth, power, or influence than

other people. Group preferences typically are sums of individual preferences, because votes or purchases add.

Preferences can be independent. If these conditions are true, no method exists that guarantees that group preference

order is consistent with sum of individual preference orders {voting paradox, Arrow} {Arrow paradox}.

Richard Basehart [Basehart, Richard]/Paul Douglas [Douglas, Paul]

actor

USA

1951

Fourteen Hours [1951]

Basehart lived 1914 to 1984. Douglas lived 1916 to ?.

Baudouin or Boudewijn

king

Belgium

1951

He lived 1930 to 1993 and ruled when Leopold III abdicated.

Jackie Brenston [Brenston, Jackie]

singer

USA

1951

Rocket 88 [1951]

Haskell Curry [Curry, Haskell]

mathematician

England

1951

Outlines of a Formalist Philosophy of Mathematics [1951]

He lived 1900 to 1982. Mathematics branches become more formal over time, until they are deductive systems.

Mathematics is about deductive systems.

Kirk Douglas [Douglas, Kirk]/William Bendix [Bendix, William]

actor

USA

1951

Detective Story [1951]

Douglas lived 1916 to ?. Bendix lived 1906 to 1964.

J. Presper Eckert [Eckert, J. Presper]/John Mauchly [Mauchly, John]

inventor

USA

1951

UNIVAC magnetic tape computer [1951]

Eckert lived 1919 to 1995 {magnetic tape computer}. Mauchly lived 1907 to 1980.

Art Farmer [Farmer, Art]

composer

USA

1951

Farmer's Market [1951]

He lived 1928 to 1999.

Dorothy Fields [Fields, Dorothy]/Arthur Schwartz [Schwartz, Arthur]

composer

USA

1951

Make the Man Love Me [1951: from A Tree Grows in Brooklyn]

Fields lived 1905 to 1974. Schwartz lived 1900 to 1984.

Ronnie Gilbert [Gilbert, Ronnie]/Lee Hays [Hays, Lee]/Fred Hellerman [Hellerman, Fred]/Pete Seeger [Seeger,

Pete]/Huddie Ledbetter [Ledbetter, Huddie]

lyricist/lyricist/lyricist/lyricist/composer

USA

1951

Kisses Sweeter Than Wine [1951]

Gilbert lived 1926 to ?. Hays lived 1914 to 1981 and was in the Weavers. Hellerman lived 1927 to ?. Seeger lived 1919

to ?. Ledbetter lived 1888 to 1949.

Irving Gordon [Gordon, Irving]

composer

USA

1951

Unforgettable [1951]

He lived 1915 to 1996.

José Greco [Greco, José]

flamenco dancer

Spain/USA

1951

He lived 1918 to 2001.

Oscar Handlin [Handlin, Oscar]

sociologist

USA

1951

Uprooted [1951]

He lived 1915 to ?.

Zellig S. Harris [Harris, Zellig S.]

linguist

Russia/USA

1951

Methods in Structural Linguistics [1951]

He lived 1909 to 1992 and developed transformational grammar.

Neal Hefti [Hefti, Neal]

composer

USA

1951

Coral Reef or Swingin' on a Coral Reef [1951]

He lived 1926 to ?.

Elmore James [James, Elmore]

singer

USA

1951

Dust My Broom [1951]

James Jones [Jones, James]

novelist

USA

1951

From Here to Eternity [1951]

He lived 1921 to 1977.

Tjalling C. Koopmans [Koopmans, Tjalling C.]

economist

USA

1951

Analysis of Production as an Efficient Combination of Activities [1951: editor]

He lived 1910 to 1985 and used activity analysis model, instead of production function.

Jan Lukasiewicz [Lukasiewicz, Jan]

mathematician/philosopher

Poland

1951

Aristotle's Syllogistic from the Standpoint of Modern Formal Logic [1951]

He lived 1878 to 1956. Three-value logic allows true, false, and possible. It can account for future contingencies. Polish

mathematical notation needs no brackets.

Fredric March [March, Fredric]/Mildred Dunnock [Dunnock, Mildred]

actor

USA

1951

Death of a Salesman [1951]

March lived 1897 to 1975. Dunnock lived 1901 to 1991.

Barbara McClintock [McClintock, Barbara]

biologist

USA

1951

She lived 1902 to 1992 and studied corn transposable elements {jumping gene, McClintock} [1951].

Gian-Carlo Menotti [Menotti, Gian-Carlo]

composer

Italy/USA

1951

Amahl and the Night Visitors [1951: opera]

He lived 1911 to ?.

Mohammed Mossadegh [Mossadegh, Mohammed]

premier

Iran

1951

He lived 1882 to 1967. With Communist Tudeh party, he deposed king [1951].

Christian Nyby [Nyby, Christian]

director

USA

1951

Thing [1951]

He lived 1913 to 1993.

George Pal [Pal, George]

director

Austria/USA

1951

When Worlds Collide [1951]

He lived 1908 to 1980.

Robert Parrish [Parrish, Robert]

director

USA

1951

Cry Danger [1951]

He lived 1916 to 1995.

Les Paul [Paul, Les]/Mary Ford [Ford, Mary]

singer

USA

1951

How High the Moon [1951]

Paul lived 1915 to ?. Ford lived 1924 to ?.

Tyrone Power [Power, Tyrone]/Susan Hayward [Hayward, Susan]

actor

USA

1951

Rawhide [1951]

Power lived 1914 to 1958. Hayward lived 1917 to 1975.

Johnnie Ray [Ray, Johnnie]

singer

USA

1951

Cry [1951]

Michael Rennie [Rennie, Michael]

actor

England

1951

Day the Earth Stood Still [1951]

He lived 1909 to 1971.

Jerome David Salinger [Salinger, Jerome David]

novelist

USA

1951

Catcher in the Rye [1951]

He lived 1919 to ?.

Irving Segal [Segal, Irving]

physicist

USA

1951

He lived 1918 to 1998 and developed C* algebra theory for quantum mechanics [1951].

Alistair Sim [Sim, Alistair]

actor

England

1951

Christmas Carol [1951]

He lived 1900 to 1976.

Ralph Thomas [Thomas, Ralph]

director

England

1951

Clouded Yellow [1951]

He lived 1915 to 2001.

Juan Antonio Vallejo-Nagera [Vallejo-Nagera, Juan Antonio]

writer

Spain

1951

Ante la depresión or Before Depression [1951]

He lived 1926 to 1990.

Bernie Wayne [Wayne, Bernie]/Lee Morris [Morris, Lee]

composer

USA

1951

Blue Velvet [1951]

Richard Widmark [Widmark, Richard]

actor

USA

1951

Halls of Montezuma [1951]

He lived 1914 to ?.

William Carlos Williams [Williams, William Carlos]

poet/playwright

USA

1951

Farmer's Daughter [1951: play]

He lived 1883 to 1963.

Donald Winnicott [Winnicott, Donald]

psychotherapist

Britain

1951

Transitional Objects and Transitional Phenomena [1951]

He lived 1896 to 1971 and treated children.

Herman Wouk [Wouk, Herman]

novelist

USA

1951

Caine Mutiny [1951]

He lived 1915 to ?.

Marguerite Yourcenar [Yourcenar, Marguerite] or Marguerite de Crayencour [Crayencour, Marguerite de]

writer

Europe

1951

Memoirs of Hadrian [1951]

She lived 1903 to 1987.

Abraham Zaleznik [Zaleznik, Abraham]

economist

USA

1951

Foreman Training in a Growing Enterprise [1951]

He studied leadership and organizational behavioral theory.

George Sidney [Sidney, George]

director

Hungary/USA

1951 to 1953

Show Boat [1951: Howard Keel and Ava Gardner acted and sang]; Scaramouche [1952]; Young Bess [1953: Jean

Simmons acted]; Kiss Me Kate [1953: Howard Keel acted and sang]

He lived 1916 to 2002. His father, George Sidney, lived 1876 to 1945.

Dale Evans [Evans, Dale]

composer

USA

1951 to 1955

Happy Trails [1951: from the TV series The Roy Rogers Show]; Bible Tells Me So [1955]

She lived 1912 to 2001.

Glenn Ford [Ford, Glenn]

actor

Canada/USA

1951 to 1956

Follow the Sun [1951]; Teahouse of the August Moon [1956]

He lived 1916 to 2006.

Rudolph Reti [Reti, Rudolph]

critic

Austria

1951 to 1957

Thematic Process in Music [1951]; Tonality in Modern Music [1957]

He lived 1885 to 1957.

Dean Martin [Martin, Dean]/Jerry Lewis [Lewis, Jerry]

actor

USA

1951 to 1959

Martin lived 1917 to 1995. Lewis lived 1926 to ?. They were in comedies.

Charles Townes [Townes, Charles]/Arthur L. Schawlow [Schawlow, Arthur L.]

physicist/inventor

USA

1951 to 1960

maser [1951 to 1953]; laser [1957 to 1960]

Townes lived 1915 to ?. Schawlow lived 1921 to 1999. Aleksandr M. Prokhorov [1916 to 2002] and Nikolai G. Basov

[1922 to 2001] of Russia discovered maser and laser ideas, as did Joseph Weber [1919 to ?] of USA.

Eric Hoffer [Hoffer, Eric]

sociologist

USA

1951 to 1963

True Believer [1951]; Ordeal of Change [1963]

He lived 1902 to 1983.

Paul Tillich [Tillich, Paul]

theologian

USA

1951 to 1963

Systematic Theology [1951 to 1963: three volumes]

He lived 1886 to 1965 and was Protestant theologian. Expressions of self are attempts to fulfill self-potential

{entelechy, self}.

Alan Jay Lerner [Lerner, Alan Jay]/Burton Lane [Lane, Burton]

composer

USA

1951 to 1965

What Did I Have That I Don't Have Now [1951: from Too Late Now]; On a Clear Day You Can See Forever [1951:

from Too Late Now]; Too Late Now [1951: from Too Late Now]

Lerner lived 1918 to 1986. Lane lived 1912 to 1997.

Sebastian Konstantinovich Shaumyan [Shaumyan, Sebastian Konstantinovich]

linguist

USA

1951 to 1965

Structural Linguistics [1951 to 1965]

He lived 1916 to 2006 and helped develop transformational grammar {applicative-generative grammar}.

Abraham Robinson [Robinson, Abraham]

mathematician

Germany/USA

1951 to 1966

On the Metamathematics of Algebra [1951]; Non-Standard Analysis [1961 to 1966]

He lived 1918 to 1974 and developed the idea of infinitesimals as greater than zero but smaller than all positive

numbers {nonstandard analysis, Robinson}. He described infinitesimal neighborhoods of points infinitely close to a

point {compactness theorem, Robinson}.

B. B. King [King, B. B.]

singer

USA

1951 to 1969

Three O'Clock Blues [1951]; Thrill Is Gone [1969]

He lived 1925 to ?.

Nicolas Tinbergen [Tinbergen, Nicolas]

biologist

Norway

1951 to 1973

Study of Instinct [1951]; Animal in Its World [1973]

He lived 1907 to 1988 and studied ethology.

Gérard Debreu [Debreu, Gérard]

economist

France/USA

1951 to 1975

Theory of Value [1959: Neo-Walrasian theory]

He lived 1921 to ? and studied general equilibrium models {Arrow-Debreu model}, working with Kenneth Arrow

[1954]. He worked on First and Second Welfare theorems [1951 and 1954], utility function for preference ordering

[1954], quasi-equilibrium [1962], unique equilibria [1970], smooth preferences {differential calculus for economics}

[1972], and core convergence rate [1975]. He made core convergence theorem [1962 to 1963], with Herbert Scarf. His

market demand functions [1974] resulted in Debreu-Sonnenschein-Mantel theorem.

Gene Kelly [Kelly, Gene]

director/actor/jazz dancer

USA

1951 to 1976

American in Paris [1951]; Singing in the Rain [1952]; That's Entertainment Part 2 [1976]

He lived 1912 to 1996.

Gower Champion [Champion, Gower]

jazz dancer

USA

1951 to 1980

Showboat [1951: with Marge Champion]; 42nd Street [1980]

He lived 1920 to 1980.

Carl Rogers [Rogers, Carl]

psychologist

USA

1951 to 1980

Client-centered Therapy [1951]; On Becoming a Person [1961]; Way of Being [1980]

He lived 1902 to 1987. Psychotherapy type {non-directive therapy, Rogers} {client-centered therapy, Rogers}

reeducates patient as patient works through his or her own problem. Therapist provides understanding and acceptance,

to modify patient's self-concept and self-esteem, so people can do what they will {self-actualization}.

Nelson Goodman [Goodman, Nelson]

philosopher

USA

1951 to 1983

Structure of Appearance [1951 and 1977]; Languages of Art [1968]; Problems and Projects [1972]; Fact, Fiction and

Forecast [1954 and 1983: first and fourth editions]

He lived 1906 to ? and studied part and whole relations {mereology, Goodman}.

Aesthetics

General theories of symbols can explain art. Art can be allographic or autographic, based on meaning.

Epistemology

Phenomena have basic sensory units, from which experiences are made. Classes with same elements are the same, no

matter their names. Regularities in nature are not necessarily useful for prediction, because predictions can depend on

changes that people know will happen at future times {new riddle of induction}. Regularities up until now confirm the

predictions that there will be no change and that something will change at time in the future {grue}. Only unchanging

predictions can use regularities. Conditional can have false antecedent (counterfactual). False antecedent is typically

false because it is hypothetical.

Stanislaw Lem [Lem, Stanislaw]

novelist/philosopher

Poland

1951 to 1983

Astronauts [1951: science fiction novel]; Magellan Nebula [1955: science fiction novel]; Memoirs of a Space Traveler

[1957: science fiction novel]; Solaris [1961: science fiction novel]; Invincible [1973: science fiction novel]; Cyberiad

[1974: science fiction novel, including The Seventh Sally]; Futurological Congress [1983: science fiction novel]

He lived 1921 to ?.

Georg Henrik von Wright [Wright, Georg Henrik von]

philosopher

Finland

1951 to 1984

Treatise on Induction and Probability [1951]; Logical Studies [1957]; Varieties of Goodness [1963]; Norm and Action

[1963]; Essay in Deontic Logic [1968]; Explanation and Understanding [1971]; Causality and Determinism [1974];

Freedom and Determination [1980]; Practical Reason [1983]; Philosophical Logic [1983]; Truth, Knowledge, and

Modality [1984]

He lived 1916 to ?, followed Wittgenstein's ideas, and studied logic of statements using must and may {deontic logic,

Wright}.

Epistemology

Obligation is like necessity. Permission is like possibility. Prohibition is like impossibility. For example, if something is

not necessary, then opposite something is possible. If something is not an obligation, its opposite can happen. If

something is not possible, then its opposite is necessary. If something is impermissible, its opposite is obligatory. Not-

impossible things are possible, so if something has no prohibition, it can happen. If two things together are necessary,

then each is necessary, so if two things together are obligatory, then each is obligatory. If something is necessary, then

it is possible, so something obligatory has permission.

Ethics

Deontic logic can be ethics logic. Actions are prohibited, permitted, or obligatory. Negatives and combinations can be

true or false.

David Bohm [Bohm, David]

physicist

USA

1951 to 1993

Quantum Theory [1951]; Wholeness and the Implicit Order [1980]; Undivided Universe: An Ontological Interpretation

of Quantum Theory [1993]

He lived 1917 to 1992 and developed the hidden particle theory and pilot wave interpretation [1952], from study of

Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen experiment.

John C. Eccles [Eccles, John C.]

biologist

England

1951 to 1994

Brain and the Unity of Conscious Experience [1965]; Understanding of the Brain [1977]; Human Psyche [1980];

Evolution of the Brain: Creation of the Self [1989]; How the Self Controls Its Brain [1994]

He lived 1903 to 1997 and studied cerebellum [1967]. Connections between sense and motor nerves in spinal-cord gray

matter are responsible for reflexes [1951]. Matter and mind are separate substances, and interact in synapses

{interactionism, Eccles}. Mind has units {psychon, Eccles}.

Leroy Anderson [Anderson, Leroy]

composer

USA

1952

Rakes of Mallow [1952: from The Irish Suite]; Blue Tango [1952]

Anderson lived 1908 to 1975.

Solomon Asch [Asch, Solomon]

psychologist

USA

1952

Social Psychology [1952]

He lived 1907 to 1996 and studied conformity to others' opinions. Conformity happens even in line-length perception.

Walter Baade [Baade, Walter]

astronomer

Germany/USA

1952

He lived 1893 to 1960 and measured interstellar distances and studied Cepheid variable stars [1952].

John Cage [Cage, John]

composer

USA

1952

4'33'' [1952]

He lived 1912 to 1992 and composed electronic music.

Patrick Skene Catling [Catling, Patrick Skene]

writer

USA

1952

Chocolate Touch [1952]

He lived 1925 to ?.

Charlie Chaplin [Chaplin, Charlie]/Claire Bloom [Bloom, Claire]

actor

USA/England

1952

Limelight [1952]

Chaplin lived 1889 to 1977. Bloom lived 1931 to ?.

Merian C. Cooper [Cooper, Merian C.]

producer

USA

1952

King Kong [1933]; Gone with the Wind [1939]; Quiet Man [1951]; This is Cinerama [1952: in Cinerama]

He lived 1893 to 1973.

Helen Deutsch [Deutsch, Helen]/Bronislau Kaper [Kaper, Bronislau]

lyricist/composer

USA

1952

Hi-lili Hi-lo [1952]

Kaper lived 1902 to 1983.

Ervin Drake [Drake, Ervin]/Irvin Graham [Graham, Irvin]/Jimmy Shirl [Shirl, Jimmy]/Al Stillman [Stillman,

Al]

lyricist/composer

USA

1952

I Believe [1952]

Stillman lived 1906 to ?.

Ralph Ellison [Ellison, Ralph]

novelist

USA

1952

Invisible Man [1952]

He lived 1914 to ?.

Ronald Fairbairn [Fairbairn, Ronald]

psychoanalyst

Britain

1952

Psychoanalytical Studies of the Personality [1952]

He lived 1889 to 1964 and developed a systematic interpersonal-relationships theory {object relation}. Depressed

people can have the delusion that they are responsible for their early environment and feel guilty about it {moral

defense}, to be independent and avoid helplessness.

Jimmy Forrest [Forrest, Jimmy]

singer

USA

1952

Night Train [1952]

Arthur Freed [Freed, Arthur]/Nacio Herb Brown [Brown, Nacio Herb]

lyricist/composer

USA

1952

You Were Meant for Me [1929]; Should I [1929]; Singin' in the Rain [1929]; Dream of You [1934]; You Are My

Lucky Star [1935: from the film Broadway Melody of 1936]; Good Morning [1952: from the film Singin' in the Rain];

Make 'Em Laugh [1952: from the film Singin' in the Rain]; Singin' in the Rain [1952: from the film Singin' in the Rain]

Brown lived 1896 to 1964. Freed lived 1894 to 1973.

Michele Galdieri [Galdieri, Michele]/P. G. Redi [Redi, P. G.]/Shelley Dobbins [Dobbins, Shelley]

lyricist/composer/lyricist

Italy/USA

1952

Non Dimenticar or Go Where I Send Thee or T'ho voluto bene [1952: from the movie Anna]

Galdieri lived 1902 to 1965.

Stewart Granger [Granger, Stewart]/Deborah Kerr [Kerr, Deborah]

actor

USA

1952

Prisoner of Zenda [1952]

Granger lived 1913 to ?. Kerr lived 1921 to ?.

Edward Guthrie [Guthrie, Edward]

psychologist

USA

1952

Psychology of Learning [1952]

He lived 1886 to 1959 and was behaviorist. Mind automatically joins objects and events perceived or performed

simultaneously {contiguity theory, Guthrie}. S-R learning can happen in one trial {one-trial learning}.

Morris Halle [Halle, Morris]

linguist

Latvia/USA

1952

Preliminaries to Speech Analysis [1952: with Roman Jakobson and Gunnar Fant]; On accent and juncture in English

[1956: with Noam Chomsky and Fred Lukoff]; Sound Pattern of English [1968: with Chomsky]

He lived 1923 to ?, was member of Prague School, and studied phoneme distinctive features.

Louis Harris [Harris, Louis]

sociologist

USA

1952

He studied polling.

Olivia de Havilland [Havilland, Olivia de]/Richard Burton [Burton, Richard]

actor

USA

1952

My Cousin Rachel [1952]

Havilland lived 1916 to ?. Burton lived 1925 to 1984.

Howard Hawks [Hawks, Howard]

director

USA

1952

Big Sky [1952: Arthur Hunnicutt and Kirk Douglas acted]

He lived 1896 to 1977.

Bob Haymes [Haymes, Bob]/Alan Brandt [Brandt, Alan]

composer

USA

1952

That's All [1952]

Haymes lived 1923 to 1989. Brandt lived 1923 to ?.

Edward Heyman [Heyman, Edward]/Victor Young [Young, Victor]

lyricist/composer

USA

1952

When I Fall in Love [1952: from the movie One Minute to Zero]

Heyman lived 1907 to 1981. Young lived 1899 to 1956.

Roman Jakobson [Jakobson, Roman]

linguist

Russia/USA

1952

Preliminaries to Speech Analysis [1952: with Morris Halle and Gunnar Fant]

He lived 1896 to 1982, was member of Prague School, and studied phoneme distinctive features.

Gene Kelly [Kelly, Gene]/Donald O'Connor [O'Connor, Donald]/Debbie Reynolds [Reynolds, Debbie]

actor

USA

1952

Singin' in the Rain [1952]

Kelly lived 1912 to 1996. O'Connor lived 1925 to 2003. Reynolds lived 1932 to ?.

Teinosuke Kinugasa [Kinugasa, Teinosuke]

director

Japan

1952

Gate of Hell [1952]

He lived 1896 to 1982.

Stephen Cole Kleene [Kleene, Stephen Cole]

mathematician

USA

1952

Introduction to Metamathematics [1952]

He lived 1909 to 1994, studied recursion theory and formal logic, and added subtraction to lambda calculus. At least

one mathematical truth is true intuitionistically but not Platonically [Kleene, 1952].

Fernando Lamas [Lamas, Fernando]/Lana Turner [Turner, Lana]

actor

USA

1952

Merry Widow [1952]

Lamas lived 1915 to 1982. Turner lived 1920 to 1995.

Burt Lancaster [Lancaster, Burt]/Shirley Booth [Booth, Shirley]/Richard Jaeckel [Jaeckel, Richard]

actor

USA

1952

Come Back, Little Sheba [1952]

Lancaster lived 1913 to 1994. Booth lived 1898 to 1992. Jaeckel lived 1926 to 1997.

Johnny Mercer [Mercer, Johnny]/Ralph Burns [Burns, Ralph]/Woody Herman [Herman, Woody]

lyricist/lyricist/composer

USA

1952

Easy Street [1952]

Mercer lived 1909 to 1976. Herman lived 1913 to 1987.

Johnny Mercer [Mercer, Johnny]/Lilla Cayley Robinson [Robinson, Lilla Cayley]/Paul Lincke [Lincke, Paul]

lyricist/lyricist/composer

USA/Germany

1952

Glow Worm [1952]

Mercer lived 1909 to 1976. Linck lived 1866 to 1946.

Mary Norton [Norton, Mary]

writer

USA

1952

Borrowers [1952]

She lived 1903 to 1992.

Norman Vincent Peale [Peale, Norman Vincent]

writer

USA

1952

Power of Positive Thinking [1952]

He lived 1898 to 1993.

Gregory Peck [Peck, Gregory]/Ava Gardner [Gardner, Ava]

actor

USA

1952

Snows of Kilamanjaro [1952]

Peck lived 1916 to 2003. Gardner lived 1922 to 1990.

Stephen Potter [Potter, Stephen]

sociologist

USA

1952

Theory and Practice of Gamesmanship [1947]; Lifemanship [1950]; One-upmanship [1952]

He lived 1900 to 1969.

Otto Rank [Rank, Otto] or Otto Rosenfeld [Rosenfeld, Otto]

psychologist

Austria/USA

1952

Trauma of Birth [1952]

He lived 1884 to 1939, was psychoanalyst, and wrote about ethics.

William Schuman [Schuman, William]

composer

USA

1952

George Washington Bridge [1952]

He lived 1910 to 1992 and composed symphonies.

George Shearing [Shearing, George]

pianist/bandleader/composer

England/USA

1952

Lullaby of Birdland [1952]

He lived 1919 to ? and played Big Band.

Robert Taylor [Taylor, Robert]/Elizabeth Taylor [Taylor, Elizabeth]

actor

USA

1952

Ivanhoe [1952]

Elizabeth Taylor lived 1932 to ?. Robert Taylor lived 1911 to 1969.

Amy Vanderbilt [Vanderbilt, Amy]

essayist

USA

1952

Complete Book of Etiquette [1952]

She lived 1908 to 1974 and wrote about etiquette.

Robert Walker [Walker, Robert]/Helen Hayes [Hayes, Helen]

actor

USA

1952

My Son John [1952]

Hayes lived 1900 to 1993. Hayes lived 1900 to 1993.

Fred Waller [Waller, Fred]

inventor

USA

1952

Cinerama [1937 to 1952: wide-screen movies]; Waller Gunnery Trainer; water skis; 360-degree still camera

He lived 1885 to 1953 {wide-screen movie}.

Ned Washington [Washington, Ned]/Dimitri Tiomkin [Tiomkin, Dimitri]

lyricist/composer

USA

1952

High Noon or Do Not Forsake Me, Oh My Darlin' [1952: from the film High Noon. sung by Tex Ritter]

Washington lived 1901 to 1976. Tiomkin lived 1894 to 1979.

Gerhard Winkler [Winkler, Gerhard]/Fred Rauch [Rauch, Fred]/Carl Sigman [Sigman, Carl]

composer/lyricist

Germany/USA

1952

Answer Me My Love [1952: sung by Nat King Cole]

Winkler lived 1906 to 1977. Sigman lived 1909 to 2000.

Samuel Beckett [Beckett, Samuel]

playwright

France

1952 to 1953

End Game [1952]; Waiting for Godot [1953]

He lived 1906 to 1989 and wrote theater of the absurd.

William De Kooning [De Kooning, William]

painter

USA

1952 to 1954

Woman I [1952]; Woman and Bicycle [1953]; Marilyn Monroe [1954]

He lived 1904 to 1997.

Elwyn B. White [White, Elwyn B.]

novelist

USA

1952 to 1954

Charlotte's Web [1952]; Second Tree from the Corner [1954]; Stuart Little

He lived 1899 to 1985.

Fred Zinnemann [Zinnemann, Fred]

director

Austria/USA

1952 to 1957

High Noon [1952: Gary Cooper and Grace Kelly acted]; Hatful of Rain [1957]

He lived 1907 to 1997.

Han Suyin [Suyin, Han] or Elizabeth Guang-Hu Zhou [Zhou, Elizabeth Guang-Hu]

writer

China

1952 to 1958

Many Splendored Thing [1952]; Mountain is Young [1958]

She lived 1917 to ?.

William Inge [Inge, William]

playwright

USA

1952 to 1958

Come Back, Little Sheba [1952]; Bus Stop [1955]; Picnic [1955]; Dark at the Top of the Stairs [1958]

He lived 1913 to 1973.

Jerry Leiber [Leiber, Jerry]/Mike Stoller [Stoller, Mike]

singer/composer

USA

1952 to 1959

Kansas City [1952: sung by the Wilbert Harrison 1959 and the Beatles 1965]; Loving You [1957]; Jailhouse Rock

[1957: from the film Jailhouse Rock]; Yakety Yak [1958]; Poison Ivy [1959]; Charlie Brown [1959]

Leiber lived 1933 to ?. Stoller lived 1933 to ?.

Lloyd Price [Price, Lloyd]

singer

USA

1952 to 1959

Lawdy Miss Clawdy [1952]; Personality [1959]

He lived 1933 to ?.

Richard Rodgers [Rodgers, Richard]

lyricist/composer

USA

1952 to 1962

Victory at Sea [1952]; No Strings [1962: musical, including The Sweetest Sounds]

He lived 1902 to 1979.

Mary T. McCarthy [McCarthy, Mary T.]

novelist

USA

1952 to 1963

Groves of Academe [1952]; Group [1963]

She lived 1912 to 1989.

Ray Price [Price, Ray]

singer

USA

1952 to 1963

Don't Let the Stars Get in Your Eyes [1952]; Crazy Arms [1956]; I've Got a New Heartache [1956]; My Shoes Keep

Walking Back to You [1957]; City Lights [1958]; Make the World Go Away [1963]

He lived 1926 to ? and played honky tonk, as in the 4/4 country shuffle called the Ray Price beat.

José Delgado [Delgado, José]

psychologist

USA

1952 to 1969

Physical Control of the Mind [1969]

He lived 1915 to ?. Amygdala stimulation by electrodes {stimoceiver} can trigger aggressive behavior [1955].

Hans J. Eysenck [Eysenck, Hans J.]

psychologist

USA

1952 to 1976

Structure of Human Personality [1952]; Biological Basis of Personality [1967]; Psychoticism as a Dimension of

Personality [1976: with S. B. G. Eysenck]

He lived 1916 to 1997. Behavior therapy uses conditioning and learning theory to eliminate conditioned emotional

responses, which are neurotic symptoms.

Barry Commoner [Commoner, Barry]

biologist

USA

1952 to 1980

Closing Circle: Nature, Man and Technology [1971: including his Laws of Ecology]

He lived 1917 to ? and studied ecology and population. He opposed above-ground nuclear testing [1952].

Richard M. Hare [Hare, Richard M.]

philosopher

England

1952 to 1981

Language of Morals [1952]; Freedom and Reason [1963]; Moral Thinking [1981]

He lived 1919 to 2002 and developed phrastic and neustic meanings [Hare, 1963]. Objective judgments about

individuals should apply to all similar instances {universalizability}, but subjective judgments about individuals cannot

so apply.

Ethics

Reasoning about morals can make consistent morals. Morals are commands to do or not do something {prescriptivism,

Hare}. Morals are not truths {descriptivism, Hare} or emotions {emotivism, Hare}. Morals are not relative or based on

situations but are universal. Morals associate with emotions. However, some moral situations involve little emotion or

ambiguous emotions.

Mortimer J. Adler [Adler, Mortimer J.]

philosopher

USA

1952 to 1992

Synopticon [1952: essays on 102 great ideas, with references]; Idea of Freedom [1958]; Great Ideas [1992: essays]

He lived 1902 to 2001. Universe is only one of many possible worlds, which can exist or not exist. God is the efficient

cause that keeps universe in being and keeps it from nothingness. Government can restrict freedom of speech as to

timing, location, and form and by laws against libel, slander, incitement, hate, and harming minors.

Gabriel Garcia Marquez [Marquez, Gabriel Garcia]

novelist

Colombia

1952 to 1992

Leaf Storm [1952]; No One Writes to the Colonel and Other Stories [1961: stories]; One Hundred Years of Solitude

[1967]; Chronicle of a Death Foretold [1981]; Love in the Time of Cholera [1985]; General in His Labyrinth [1989];

Strange Pilgrims [1992]

He lived 1928 to 2000.

Hussein I

king

Jordan

1952 to 1999

He lived 1936 to 1999.

Elizabeth II

queen

England

1952 to 2003

She lived 1926 to ?.

Faye Adams [Adams, Faye]

singer

USA

1953

Shake a Hand [1953]

Robert W. Anderson [Anderson, Robert W.]

playwright

USA

1953

Tea and Sympathy [1953]

He lived 1917 to ?.

Ray Anthony [Anthony, Ray]

singer

USA

1953

Hokey Pokey [1953]

He lived 1922 to ?.

John Benson Brooks [Brooks, John Benson] or Jack Brooks [Brooks, Jack]/Harry Warden [Warden, Harry]

lyricist/composer

USA

1953

That's Amore [1953: from the movie The Caddy]

Leslie Caron [Caron, Leslie]

actor

USA

1953

Lili [1953]

She lived 1931 to ?.

Bruce Catton [Catton, Bruce]

historian

USA

1953

Stillness at Appomattox [1953]

He lived 1899 to 1978 and wrote about USA civil war.

Padraic Colum [Colum, Padraic]

poet

England

1953

Treasury of Irish Folklore [1953: stories]

He lived 1881 to 1972.

William Craig [Craig, William]

mathematician

USA

1953

On Axiomatizability within a System [1953]

For axiomatic theories, subsets can use only some original terms but contain same theorems {Craig's theorem}.

Rosalind Franklin [Franklin, Rosalind]

biologist

England

1953

She lived 1920 to 1958 and performed x-ray crystallography of DNA indicating it was double helix [1953].

Max Freeman [Freeman, Max]/Jimmy DeKnight [DeKnight, Jimmy]

composer

USA

1953

Rock Around the Clock [1953: sung by Bill Haley and the Comets]

Ernest K. Gann [Gann, Ernest K.]

novelist

USA

1953

High and the Mighty [1953]

He lived 1910 to 1991.

José Gironella [Gironella, José]

writer

Spain

1953

Los cipreses creen en Dios or Cypresses Believe in God [1953]

He lived 1917 to 2003.

Arthur Hamilton [Hamilton, Arthur]

composer

USA

1953

Cry Me a River [1953]

Byron Haskin [Haskin, Byron]

director

USA

1953

War of the Worlds [1953]

He lived 1899 to 1984.

Audrey Hepburn [Hepburn, Audrey]/Gregory Peck [Peck, Gregory]

actor

USA

1953

Roman Holiday [1953]

Hepburn lived 1929 to 1993. Peck lived 1916 to 2003.

Stuart K. Hine [Hine, Stuart K.]

lyricist/composer

USA

1953

How Great Thou Art [1953]

He lived 1899 to 1989.

James Hudson [Hudson, James]/Calvin Carter [Carter, Calvin]

composer

USA

1953

Goodnight, Sweetheart or Goodnight, It's Time to Go [1953]

Bronislaw Kaper [Kaper, Bronislaw]/Adolph Deutsch [Deutsch, Adolph]

composer

USA/England

1953

Hi-Lili, Hi-Lo [1953: from the film Lili]

Deutsch lived 1897 to 1980.

Henry Koster [Koster, Henry]

director

USA

1953

Robe [1953: in Cinemascope]

He lived 1905 to 1988.

Joseph Krumgold [Krumgold, Joseph]

writer

USA

1953

And Now Miguel [1953]

He lived 1908 to 1980.

Stephen Kuffler [Kuffler, Stephen]

biochemist

USA

1953

He lived 1913 to 1980. Cat-retina ON-center and OFF-center ganglion cells respond to illumination changes [1953].

Burt Lancaster [Lancaster, Burt]/Deborah Kerr [Kerr, Deborah]/Montgomery Clift [Clift, Montgomery]/Frank

Sinatra [Sinatra, Frank]

actor

USA

1953

From Here to Eternity [1953]

Lancaster lived 1913 to 1994. Kerr lived 1921 to ?. Clift 1920 to 1966. Sinatra lived 1915 to 1998.

Edward Madden [Madden, Edward]/Gus Edwards [Edwards, Gus]

lyricist/composer

USA

1953

By the Light of the Silvery Moon [1953]

Edwards lived 1879 to 1945.

Vyankatesh Madgulkar [Madgulkar, Vyankatesh]

writer

India

1953

Village Had No Walls [1953]

He lived 1927 to ? and wrote in Marathi.

Ethel Merman [Merman, Ethel]

actor

USA

1953

Call Me Madam [1953]

She lived 1908 to 1984.

Kenji Mizoguchi [Mizoguchi, Kenji]

director

Japan

1953

Ugetsu monogatami or Ugetsu or Tales of Ugetsu or Tales of Moonlight and Rain [1953]

He lived 1898 to 1956.

Ashley Montagu [Montagu, Ashley]

sociologist

USA

1953

Natural Superiority of Women [1953]

He lived 1905 to 1999.

Geoffrey Parsons [Parsons, Geoffrey]/Rudi Revil [Revil, Rudi]/John Turner [Turner, John]

lyricist/composer/composer

France/USA

1953

Little Shoemaker [1953]

Parsons lived 1929 to 2005.

Conrad Richter [Richter, Conrad]

novelist

USA

1953

Light in the Forest [1953]

He lived 1890 to 1968.

Theodore Roethke [Roethke, Theodore]

poet

USA

1953

Waking [1953]

He lived 1908 to 1963.

Arthur Schwartz [Schwartz, Arthur]/Howard Dietz [Dietz, Howard]

composer/lyricist

USA

1953

Band Wagon [1953]

Schwartz lived 1900 to 1984. Dietz lived 1896 to 1983.

Carl Sigman [Sigman, Carl]/Robert Maxwell [Maxwell, Robert]

lyricist/composer

USA

1953

Ebb Tide [1953]

Sigman lived 1909 to 2000. Maxwell lived 1921 to ?.

Willie Mae Thornton [Thornton, Willie Mae] or Big Mama Thornton [Thornton, Big Mama]

singer

USA

1953

Hound Dog [1953]

She lived 1926 to 1984.

André De Toth [Toth, André De]

director

USA

1953

House of Wax [1953: in 3-D]; Man on a String [1960]

He lived 1912 to 2002.

Vincent du Vigneaud [Vigneaud, Vincent du]

biologist

France

1953

He lived 1901 to 1978 and discovered vasopressin [1953].

Paul Francis Webster [Webster, Paul Francis]/Sammy Fain [Fain, Sammy]

lyricist/composer

USA

1953

Secret Love [1953: from the film Calamity Jane. sung by Doris Day]; Love Is a Many Splendored Thing [1955]

Webster lived 1907 to 1984. Fain lived 1902 to 1989.

Stanley Miller [Miller, Stanley]

biologist

USA

1953 to 1954

He lived 1930 to ?. Methane, ammonia, and water heated by electric arcs make amino acids [1953 to 1954]. However,

amino acids only polymerize if conditions are hot and dry.

James Olds [Olds, James]

psychologist

USA

1953 to 1954

Positive reinforcement produced by electrical stimulation of septal area [1954: with Peter Milner]

He lived 1922 to 1976.

Enjoyable feelings follow electrically stimulating septal region, lateral hypothalamus, and other limbic-system parts

used for reward and motivation {pleasure center} {self-stimulation} [1953: with Peter Milner]. Sensory neocortex

stimulation never causes such enjoyable feelings. Dopamines affect limbic-system septal region. Hippocampus and

amygdala stimulation can cause unpleasant feelings.

Joe Turner [Turner, Joe]

singer

USA

1953 to 1954

Honey Hush [1953]; Shake, Rattle And Roll [1954]

Gordon MacRae [MacRae, Gordon]/Shirley Jones [Jones, Shirley]

actor

USA

1953 to 1956

Oklahoma [1953]; Carousel [1956]

MacRae lived 1921 to 1986. Jones lived 1934 to ?.

Marilyn Monroe [Monroe, Marilyn]

actor

USA

1953 to 1956

Gentlemen Prefer Blondes [1953]; Seven Year Itch [1954]; Bus Stop [1956]

She lived 1926 to 1962.

Robert Wise [Wise, Robert]

director

USA

1953 to 1958

So Big [1953: Jane Wyman acted]; Somebody Up There Likes Me [1956: Paul Newman acted]; I Want to Live [1958:

Susan Hayward acted]; Run Silent, Run Deep [1958: Clark Gable and Burt Lancaster acted]

He lived 1914 to 2005.

MacFarlane Burnet [Burnet, MacFarlane]

biologist

England

1953 to 1959

Natural History of Infectious Disease [1953]; Clonal selection theory of acquired immunity [1959]

He lived 1899 to 1985 and suggested clonal-selection theory.

William Grey Walter [Grey Walter, William]

physiologist/inventor

Britain/USA

1953 to 1960

Living Brain [1953]; Neurophysiological Aspects of Hallucinations and Illusory Experience [1960]; two-channel

evoked potential averager; helical scanner; 22-channel toposcope

He lived 1910 to 1976 and studied body electrical behavior {toposcopy}, muscle contraction, electroencephalograms,

electroconvulsive therapy, frequency analysis, and evoked potentials. He implanted brain electrodes to study epilepsy

and treat psychiatric illness in conscious humans.

Brain-function electromechanical models, with two control systems and several interacting units, can produce life-like

behavior, including learning, as in electromechanical tortoise called M. speculatrix.

Brain electrical potential has negative shift between associated stimuli just before decision becomes public {contingent

negative variation} (CNV). Motor cortex sends output before people act [Walter, 1953]. Helical scanner measures and

displays frequencies and phases on short time-scales from many brain electrodes.

John Foster Dulles [Dulles, John Foster]

secretary of state

USA

1953 to 1961

He lived 1888 to 1959 and advocated alliances against Communists and supported superior nuclear forces.

Dwight David Eisenhower [Eisenhower, Dwight David]

president

USA

1953 to 1961

He lived 1890 to 1969. 34th president got truce in Korea, set Eisenhower Doctrine for Middle East defense against

Communism, and sent troops to desegregate schools in Little Rock, Arkansas.

Dag Hammerskjöld [Hammerskjöld, Dag]

secretary-general

New York, New York

1953 to 1961

He lived 1905 to 1961 and was United Nations Secretary-General. He tried to make his office stronger through

personal action, especially in Congo, where he died in plane crash.

Sammy Cahn [Cahn, Sammy]/Jimmy Van Heusen [Heusen, Jimmy Van] or James Van Heusen [Heusen, James

Van]

lyricist

USA

1953 to 1962

My Kind of Town [1953]; Love and Marriage [1955]; Tender Trap or (Love Is) The Tender Trap [1955: from the film

The Tender Trap]; All the Way [1957: from the film The Joker Is Wild]; High Hopes [1959: from the film A Hole in

the Head]; (Love is Prettier) The Second Time Around [1960]; Call Me Irresponsible [1962: from the movie Papa's

Delicate Condition]

Cahn lived 1913 to 1993. Van Heusen lived 1913 to 1990.

Brenda Milner [Milner, Brenda]

psychologist

England/Canada

1953 to 1962

Memory troubles accompanying lesions [1962]

She lived 1918 to ?.

William Beecher Scoville [Scoville, William Beecher]

psychologist

Canada

1953 to 1962

Loss of Recent Memory After Bilateral Hippocampal Lesions [1957: with Brenda Milner]

He lived 1906 to 1984. He studied H.M. [1953], who had no bilateral temporal lobes or hippocampus after surgery and

did not make long-term memories, though he learned motor tasks [1962: with Brenda Milner].

Another William Scoville used parts per million of capsicum {SHU scale} to measure hot pepper heat [1912].

James Baldwin [Baldwin, James]

novelist

USA

1953 to 1963

Go Tell It on the Mountain [1953]; Fire Next Time [1963]

He lived 1924 to 1987.

Alwin Nikolais [Nikolais, Alwin]

modern dancer/choreographer

USA

1953 to 1963

Tensile Involvement [1953]; Imago Suite [1963]

He lived 1912 to 1992 and used fancy costumes.

Nikita Khrushchev [Khrushchev, Nikita]

dictator

Russia

1953 to 1964

He lived 1894 to 1971 and was member of Politburo [1939], became first secretary when Stalin died [1953], denounced

Stalin [1956], and became Premier [1958]. His policy was "peaceful coexistence".

Earl Warren [Warren, Earl]

chief justice

USA

1953 to 1969

He lived 1891 to 1974 and was USA Supreme Court Chief Justice [1953 to 1969]. USA Supreme Court ended legal

segregation, forced one man-one vote legislatures, and defended rights of accused people.

Saul Bellow [Bellow, Saul]

novelist

Canada/USA

1953 to 1970

Adventures of Augie March [1953]; Herzog [1964]; Mr. Sammler's Planet [1970]

He lived 1915 to 2005.

James Watson [Watson, James]

biologist

USA

1953 to 1980

Double Helix [1980]

He lived 1928 to ? and calculated that DNA was double helix [1953].

Milton Friedman [Friedman, Milton]

economist

USA

1953 to 1982

Essays in Positive Economics [1953]; Theory of the Consumption Function [1957]; Optimum Quantity of Money and

Other Essays [1969]; Capitalism and Freedom [1982: with Rose Friedman]

He lived 1912 to 2006, studied money supply and free markets, and suggested negative income tax. Capitalism is the

most-efficient economic system. Capitalists manage, supervise, assume risks, and save. Capitalism provides individual

economic and social freedom.

Willard Van Orman Quine [Quine, Willard Van Orman]

philosopher

USA

1953 to 1990

From a Logical Point of View [1953]; Two Dogmas of Empiricism [1953]; Word and Object [1960]; Set Theory and

Its Logic [1963]; Ways of Paradox [1966]; Ontological Relativity and Other Essays [1969: includes Epistemology

Naturalized]; Web of Belief [1970: with J. Ullian]; Philosophy of Logic [1970]; Roots of Reference [1974]; Methods of

Logic [1982]; Quiddities [1987]; Pursuit of Truth [1990]

He lived 1908 to 2000 and was empiricist. He associated with Nelson Goodman, J. L. Austin, and Peter F. Strawson

and later with Richard Rorty and Hilary Putnam.

Epistemology

Meaning is about belief systems, not about beliefs. Belief systems can adjust at many places.

All statements depend on empirical evidence. Analytic and synthetic truths do not differ, because mathematics depends

on belief system and because experience is not about logic or statements.

Language translations have many alternatives {indeterminacy, translation}, because experience is always about part

relations, and translation can use any part. Deciphering unknown languages cannot rely on only spoken or written

evidence but needs to know belief systems. Language interpretation should ascribe only universally true and neutral

beliefs or references to speakers and writers, to minimize errors and falsehoods {charity principle} {principle of

charity}.

Because language has alternatives, new ideas have indeterminate objects and ideas {ontological relativity}.

Belief systems have words that refer to one object in all uses {referential opacity} {referentially opaque}. Belief

systems cannot allow words that do not refer to anything or refer to something else than intended in different contexts.

Quantifiers can say that object exists {objectual} or that sentence form exists and is true.

Metaphysics

Reality is physical only {physicalism, Quine}. Existence requires that things have property quantities. "To be is to be

the value of a variable." Existence requires something identifiable. "No entity without identity."

Francis H. C. Crick [Crick, Francis H. C.]

biologist

England/USA

1953 to 1994

Thinking about the Brain [1979]; Problem of Consciousness [1992: with Christof Koch]; Astonishing Hypothesis: The

Scientific Search for the Soul [1994]

He lived 1916 to 2004 and calculated that DNA was double helix [1953]. Perhaps, consciousness depends on thalamus

and cortex layers 4 and 6 [1994].

Pat Ballard [Ballard, Pat]

composer

USA

1954

Mister Sandman [1954: sung by the Andrews Sisters]

He lived 1899 to 1960.

Howard Barnes [Barnes, Howard]/Harold Cornelius [Cornelius, Harold]/Dominic John [John, Dominic]

composer

USA

1954

Blossom Fell [1954: sung by Nat King Cole]

Charles Calhoun [Calhoun, Charles]

composer

USA

1954

Shake, Rattle and Roll [1954]

Truman Capote [Capote, Truman]/Harold Arlen [Arlen, Harold]

lyricist/composer

USA

1954

Sleepin' Bee [1954: from House of Flowers]; Two Ladies in De Shade of De Banana Tree [1954: from House of

Flowers]

Capote lived 1924 to 1984. Arlen lived 1905 to 1986.

Thomas B. Costain [Costain, Thomas B.]

novelist

Canada

1954

Silver Chalice [1954]

He lived 1885 to 1965.

Bing Crosby [Crosby, Bing]/Danny Kaye [Kaye, Danny]

actor

USA

1954

White Christmas [1954]

Crosby lived 1903 to 1977. Kay lived 1913 to 1987.

Bing Crosby [Crosby, Bing]/Grace Kelly [Kelly, Grace]/William Holden [Holden, William]

actor

USA

1954

Country Girl [1954]

Crosby lived 1903 to 1977. Kelly lived 1929 to 1982. Holden lived 1918 to 1981.

Douglass Cross [Cross, Douglass]/George Cory [Cory, George]

composer

USA

1954

I Left My Heart in San Francisco [1954: sung by Tony Bennett]

Gordon Douglas [Douglas, Gordon]

director

USA

1954

Them [1954]

He lived 1909 to 1993.

Edward Eager [Eager, Edward]/N. M. Bodecker [Bodecker, N. M.]

writer/illustrator

USA

1954

Half Magic [1954]

Eager lived 1911 to 1964.

Melvin Endsley [Endsley, Melvin]

composer

USA

1954

Singing the Blues [1954]

He lived 1934 to 2004.

Pietro Garinei [Garinei, Pietro]/Sandro Giovanninni [Giovanninni, Sandro]/Carl Sigman [Sigman, Carl]/Renato

Rascel [Rascel, Renato]

lyricist/lyricist/lyricist/composer

USA

1954

Arrivederci Roma or Goodbye Rome [1954]

Sigman lived 1909 to 2000.

Erroll Garner [Garner, Erroll]

pianist/composer

USA

1954

Misty [1954]

He lived 1921 to 1977 and played Swing.

John Gassner [Gassner, John]

writer

USA

1954

Masters of the Drama [1954]

He lived 1903 to 1967.

Ira Gershwin [Gershwin, Ira]/Harold Arlen [Arlen, Harold]

lyricist/composer

USA

1954

Man That Got Away [1954: from the film A Star Is Born]

Gershwin lived 1896 to 1983. Arlen lived 1905 to 1986.

William Golding [Golding, William]

writer

England

1954

Lord of the Flies [1954]

He lived 1911 to 1993.

Carl Stuart Hamblen [Hamblen, Carl Stuart] or Stuart Hamblen [Hamblen, Stuart]

composer

USA

1954

This Old House [1954: sung by Rosemary Clooney]

He lived 1908 to 1989.

Leslie P. Hartley [Hartley, Leslie P.]

novelist

USA

1954

Go Between [1954]

He lived 1895 to 1972.

Richard Hofstadter [Hofstadter, Richard]

political scientist

USA

1954

American Political Tradition [1954]

He lived 1916 to 1970.

Arnold Horwitt [Horwitt, Arnold]/Albert Hague [Hague, Albert]

lyricist/composer

USA/Germany

1954

Plain and Fancy [1954: musical]

Hague lived 1920 to 2001.

Bart Howard [Howard, Bart]

composer

USA

1954

Fly Me to the Moon or In Other Words [1954]

He lived 1915 to 2004.

Joan Javits [Javits, Joan]/Phil Springer [Springer, Phil]/Tony Springer [Springer, Tony]

composer

USA

1954

Santa Baby [1954: originally sung by Eartha Kitt]

J. J. Johnson [Johnson, J. J.]

trombonist

USA

1954

He lived 1924 to 2001 and worked with Kai Winding [1954].

Carolyn Leigh [Leigh, Carolyn]/Johnny Richards [Richards, Johnny]

lyricist/composer

USA

1954

Young at Heart [1954: sung by Frank Sinatra]

Leigh lived 1926 to ?.

Abraham H. Maslow [Maslow, Abraham H.]

psychotherapist

USA

1954

Motivation and Personality [1954]

He lived 1908 to 1970. People's needs form hierarchy {need hierarchy}.

Johnny Mercer [Mercer, Johnny]/Gene de Paul [Paul, Gene de]

lyricist/composer

USA

1954

Seven Brides for Seven Brothers [1954]

Mercer lived 1909 to 1976. de Paul lived 1919 to 1988.

Edwin O'Connor [O'Connor, Edwin]

novelist

USA

1954

Last Hurrah [1954]

He lived 1918 to 1968.

Elvis Presley [Presley, Elvis]/Scotty and Bill

singer

USA

1954

That's All Right [1954]

Presley lived 1935 to 1977.

Hyman Rickover [Rickover, Hyman]

admiral

Poland/USA

1954

He lived 1985 to 1987.

Antonia Ridge [Ridge, Antonia]/Friedrich Moller [Moller, Friedrich]

lyricist/composer

USA

1954

Happy Wanderer [1954]

Francoise Sagan [Sagan, Francoise] or Françoise Quoirez [Quoirez, Françoise]

writer

France

1954

Bonjour tristesse or Goodbye Sadness [1954]

He lived 1935 to 2004.

Jonas Salk [Salk, Jonas]

doctor/inventor

USA

1954

polio vaccine [1954]

He lived 1914 to 1995 {polio vaccine}.

Don Siegel [Siegel, Don]

director

USA

1954

Riot in Cellblock 11 [1954]

He lived 1906 to 1990.

James Stewart [Stewart, James]/June Allyson [Allyson, June]

actor

USA

1954

Glenn Miller Story [1954]

Stewart lived 1908 to 1997. Allyson lived 1917 to 2006.

Tulio Trapani [Trapani, Tulio]/Lee Lange [Lange, Lee]

lyricist/composer

USA

1954

Cara Mia or My Dear One [1954]

John Turner [Turner, John]/Geoffrey Parsons [Parsons, Geoffrey]/Charles Chaplin [Chaplin, Charles]

lyricist/lyricist/composer

USA

1954

Smile [1954]

Parsons lived 1929 to 2005.

Getulio Vargas [Vargas, Getulio]

president

Brazil

1954

He lived 1882 to 1954. After ruling [1930 to 1954], power struggle began, he lost, and military took over.

Chen Ning Yang [Yang, Chen Ning]/Robert L. Mills [Mills, Robert L.]

physicist

USA

1954

Conservation of isotopic spin and isotopic gauge invariance [1954]

Yang lived 1922 to ?. Mills lived 1927 to 1999. They studied Yang-Mills field [Yang and Mills, 1954].

Robert Yount [Yount, Robert]/Eddie Miller [Miller, Eddie]/Dub Williams [Williams, Dub]

composer

USA

1954

Release Me [1954]

Jerry Ross [Ross, Jerry]/Richard Adler [Adler, Richard]

lyricist/composer

USA

1954 to 1955

Pajama Game [1954]; Hey There [1954: from the Pajama Game]; Damn Yankees [1955]; Whatever Lola Wants [1955:

from the film Damn Yankees]

Ross lived 1926 to 1955. Adler lived 1921 to ?.

Les Baxter [Baxter, Les]

singer

USA

1954 to 1956

Poor People of Paris or Jean's Song [1954: French lyrics by Rene Rouzaud, music by Marguerite Monnot, lyrics by

Jack Lawrence]; Unchained Melody [1955: music by Alex North and lyrics by Hy Zaret]

He lived 1922 to 1996.

Stanley Donen [Donen, Stanley]

director

USA

1954 to 1957

Seven Brides for Seven Brothers [1954: Howard Keel acted]; Funny Face [1957: Fred Astaire and Audrey Hepburn

acted]

He lived 1924 to ?.

Georg Pólya [Pólya, Georg] or George Pólya [Pólya, George]

mathematician

USA

1954 to 1957

How to solve it [1945]; Mathematics and Plausible Reasoning [1954]

He lived 1887 to 1985 and studied problem solving and problem-solving heuristics and invented counting formula.

Plausibility depends on authority or reliability of information source used to justify proposition, not on probabilities of

alternatives. Reasoning-chain plausibility is least-plausible-proposition plausibility.

Bill Haley [Haley, Bill]/Comets

singer

USA

1954 to 1958

Shake Rattle and Roll [1954]; Rock around the Clock [1954]; See You Later Alligator [1955]; Boney Maroney [1958];

Skinny Minny [1958]

Bill Haley and the Comets. Haley lived 1925 to ?.

Peter De Vries [De Vries, Peter]

novelist

USA

1954 to 1959

Tunnel of Love [1954]; Comfort Me with Apples [1956]; Tents of Wickedness [1959]

He lived 1910 to 1993.

Peter Shaffer [Shaffer, Peter]

playwright/novelist

England

1954 to 1959

Salt Land [1954]; Balance of Terror [1957]; Five Finger Exercise [1959]

He lived 1926 to ?.

Kenneth Pike [Pike, Kenneth]

linguist

USA

1954 to 1960

Language in Relation to a Unified Theory of the Structure of Human Behavior [1954 to 1960: three volumes]

He lived 1912 to 2000. Synonyms in different contexts are different idea instances {tagmeme} {tagmemics}. Behavior

description can be for actor or inside {emic}. Behavior description can be for observer or outside {etic}. He invented a

language {Kalaba-X constructed language}.

Ray Charles [Charles, Ray]

singer/composer

USA

1954 to 1962

I've Got a Woman [1954]; Hallellujah I Love Him So [1956]; I Can't Stop Loving You [1958: by Don Gibson]; Hit the

Road Jack [1959]; What'd I Say [1959]; Georgia on My Mind [1960]; Hit the Road Jack [1961]; I Can't Stop Loving

You [1962]

He lived 1930 to 2004.

Kai Winding [Winding, Kai]

trombonist/composer/bandleader

Denmark/USA

1954 to 1963

More [1963]

He lived 1922 to 1983 and worked with J. J. Johnson [1954].

Mario Pei [Pei, Mario]

linguist

USA

1954 to 1965

Dictionary of Linguistics [1954: with Frank Gaynor]; Story of Language [1965]

He lived 1901 to 1978.

Monroe C. Beardsley [Beardsley, Monroe C.]

philosopher

England/USA

1954 to 1970

Intentional Fallacy [1954: with W. K. Wimsatt, Jr.]; Aesthetics [1958]; Aesthetics from Classical Greece to the Present

[1960]; Possibility of Criticism [1970]

He lived 1915 to 1985.

Aesthetics

People can interpret artworks using creator's intentions, but should not. Works can contain only some aspects of creator

intentions and not contain others {intentional fallacy}. People should study texts using only the words {new criticism},

not author intentions, history, feelings, or beliefs.

Epistemology

Truth is only in the text, because author had no intentions, feelings, or historical knowledge or used only part of them.

Leonard Bernstein [Bernstein, Leonard]

composer

USA

1954 to 1971

On the Waterfront [1954]; West Side Story [1961: including America, Somewhere, and Tonight]; Mass [1971: mass]

He lived 1918 to 1990.

Kamala Markandaya [Markandaya, Kamala]

novelist

India

1954 to 1977

Nectar in a Sieve [1954]; Silence of Desire [1960]; Possession [1963]; Handful of Rice [1966]; Coffer Dams [1969];

Nowhere Man [1972]; Golden Honeycomb [1977]

He lived 1923 to ?.

Herman A. Witkin [Witkin, Herman A.]

psychologist

USA

1954 to 1981

Personality Through Perception [1954]; Cognitive Styles in Personal and Cultural Adaptation [1977]; Field

Dependence and Interpersonal Behavior [1981: with D. R. Goodenough]

He lived 1916 to 1979 and studied field dependence and cognitive styles.

Roy Schafer [Schafer, Roy]

psychologist

USA

1954 to 1983

Psychoanalytic Interpretation in Rorschach Testing [1954]; New Language for Psychoanalysis [1976]; Analytic

Attitude [1983]

He developed a psychoanalysis variant [1954]. Ego is an integrated and inseparable self, with personality, objects, and

identifications. Ego grows by internalizing love relations.

Manfred Eigen [Eigen, Manfred]

biologist

Germany

1954 to 1993

Hypercycle: A principle of natural self-organization [1979: with Peter Schuster]; Steps toward Life [1992: with Ruthild

Winkler-Oswatitsch]; Rules of the Game [1993: with Ruthild Winkler-Oswatitsch]

He lived 1927 to ? and developed relaxation methods, to measure 10^-10 second reaction rates [1954]. High mutation

rates prevent natural selection [1992].

John Bardeen [Bardeen, John]/Walter Brattain [Brattain, Walter]/William Shockley [Shockley, William]

inventor

USA

1955

transistor [1955]

Bardeen lived 1908 to 1991. Brattain lived 1902 to 1987. Shockley lived 1910 to 1989.

Daniel Bell [Bell, Daniel]

sociologist

USA

1955

Reforming of General Education [1955]

He lived 1919 to ? and studied anthropology.

Boyd Bennett [Bennett, Boyd]/Rockets

singer

USA

1955

Seventeen [1955]

Boyd Bennett and the Rockets.

Bonnie Lou

singer

USA

1955

Daddy-o [1955]

Ernest Borgnine [Borgnine, Ernest]

actor

USA

1955

Marty [1955]

He lived 1917 to ?.

André Breton [Breton, André]

writer

France

1955

Les Vases Communicants or Communicating Vessels [1955]

He lived 1896 to 1966.

Irving Burgie [Burgie, Irving] or Lord Burgess/William Attaway [Attaway, William]

composer

USA

1955

Banana Boat Song or Day-o [1955: sung by Harry Belafonte]

Burgie lived 1926 to ?.

Irving Burgie [Burgie, Irving] or Lord Burgess

composer

USA

1955

Jamaica Farewell [1955: sung by Harry Belafonte]

He lived 1926 to ?.

Sonny Burke [Burke, Sonny]/Peggy Lee [Lee, Peggy]

composer

USA

1955

He's a Tramp [1955: from the film Lady and the Tramp]

Burke lived 1914 to 1980. Lee lived 1920 to 2001.

William S. Burroughs [Burroughs, William S.]

novelist

USA

1955

Naked Lunch [1955]

He lived 1914 to 1997.

Maria Callas [Callas, Maria]

soprano

USA/Greece

1955

She lived 1923 to 1977.

Maurice Chevalier [Chevalier, Maurice]

actor

France/USA

1955

Gigi [1955]

He lived 1888 to 1972.

Kamala Das [Das, Kamala]

novelist

India

1955

Walls [1955]

He lived 1934 to ?.

George Duning [Duning, George]

composer

USA

1955

Theme from Picnic or Love Theme from Picnic [1955: from the film Picnic]

He lived 1908 to 2000.

Lawrence Ferlinghetti [Ferlinghetti, Lawrence]

poet

USA

1955

Sometimes During Eternity [1955]; Far Rockaway of the Heart [1955]

He lived 1919 to 2001.

John Ford [Ford, John]/Mervyn LeRoy [LeRoy, Mervyn]

director

USA

1955

Mister Roberts [1955: Henry Fonda acted]

Ford lived 1894 to 1973.

Tennessee Ernie Ford [Ford, Tennessee Ernie]

singer

USA

1955

Sixteen Tons [1955]

He lived 1919 to 1991.

Georgia Gibbs [Gibbs, Georgia]

singer

USA

1955

Dance with Me Henry or Wallflower [1955]

Alan Ginsburg [Ginsburg, Alan]

poet

USA

1955

Howl [1955]

He lived 1926 to 1997.

Donald A. Glaser [Glaser, Donald A.]

physicist/inventor

USA

1955

bubble chamber [1955]

He lived 1926 to ? and invented the bubble chamber [1955].

Gigi Gryce [Gryce, Gigi]

composer

USA

1955

Blue Lights [1955]

She lived 1925 to 1983.

Robert Guidry [Guidry, Robert]

composer

USA

1955

See You Later, Alligator [1955]

Irving Hallowell [Hallowell, Irving]

anthropologist

USA

1955

Culture and Experience [1955]

He lived 1892 to 1974. Social non-sensory symbols of meaning, values, emotions, and motivations affect perception

{behavioral environment}.

Chico Hamilton [Hamilton, Chico]

drummer

USA

1955

He lived 1921 to ?, formed the Chico Hamilton Quintet [1955], and played Modern.

Bill Hayes [Hayes, Bill]

singer

USA

1955

Ballad of Davy Crockett [1955]

Elisha A. Hoffman [Hoffman, Elisha A.]/Anthony J. Showalter [Showalter, Anthony J.]

composer

USA

1955

Leaning on the Everlasting Arms [1955: from the film The Night of the Hunter]

Showalter lived 1858 to 1924.

MacKinlay Kantor [Kantor, MacKinlay]

historian

USA

1955

Andersonville [1955: USA civil war]

He lived 1904 to 1977.

Jack Kerouac [Kerouac, Jack]

novelist

USA

1955

On the Road [1955]

He lived 1922 to ?.

Janet Leigh [Leigh, Janet]

actor

USA

1955

My Sister Eileen [1955]

She lived 1927 to 2004.

Smiley Lewis [Lewis, Smiley]

singer

USA

1955

I Hear You Knockin' [1955]

Anne Lindbergh [Lindbergh, Anne]

novelist

USA

1955

Gift from the Sea [1955]

She lived 1906 to 2001.

Johnny Maddox [Maddox, Johnny]

singer

USA

1955

Crazy Otto [1955]

Anna Magnani [Magnani, Anna]/Burt Lancaster [Lancaster, Burt]

actor

Italy/USA

1955

Rose Tattoo [1955]

Magnani lived 1908 to 1973. Lancaster lived 1913 to 1994.

George Meany [Meany, George]

president

USA

1955

He lived 1894 to 1980 and led AFL-CIO.

Mitch Miller [Miller, Mitch]

singer

USA

1955

Yellow Rose of Texas [1955]

He lived 1911 to ?.

Marilyn Monroe [Monroe, Marilyn]/Laurence Olivier [Olivier, Laurence]

actor

USA

1955

Prince and the Showgirl [1955]

Monroe lived 1926 to 1962. Olivier lived 1907 to 1989.

Audie Murphy [Murphy, Audie]

actor

USA

1955

To Hell and Back [1955]

He lived 1924 to 1971.

Imre Nagy [Nagy, Imre]

premier

Hungary

1955

He lived 1896 to 1958 and liberalized Communism in Hungary. Russia removed him.

Alfred Newman [Newman, Alfred]/Sammy Fain [Fain, Sammy]

composer

USA

1955

Love Is a Many-Splendored Thing [1955: from the film Love Is a Many-Splendored Thing]

Newman lived 1901 to 1970. Fain lived 1902 to 1989.

Herb Newman [Newman, Herb]/Stan Lebowsky [Lebowsky, Stan]

composer

USA

1955

Wayward Wind [1955]

Kim Novak [Novak, Kim]

actor

USA

1955

Man with the Golden Arm [1955]

She lived 1933 to ?.

Flannery O'Connor [O'Connor, Flannery]

novelist

USA

1955

Good Man Is Hard to Find [1955]

She lived 1925 to 1964.

Tyrone Power [Power, Tyrone]/Myrna Loy [Loy, Myrna]

actor

USA

1955

Rains of Ranchipur [1955]

Power lived 1914 to 1958. Loy lived 1905 to 1993.

Buck Ram [Ram, Buck]/Ande Rand [Rand, Ande]

lyricist/composer

USA

1955

Only You [1955]

Ram lived 1907 to 1991.

Walter Reuther [Reuther, Walter]

labor leader

USA

1955

He lived 1907 to 1970 and led AFL/CIO.

Mark Robson [Robson, Mark]

director

USA

1955

Bridges at Toko-Ri [1955]

He lived 1913 to 1978.

Gale Storm [Storm, Gale]

singer

USA

1955

I Hear You Knocking [1955]

She lived 1922 to ?.

Joe Hin Tjio [Tjio, Joe Hin]

biologist

Java/Sweden/USA

1955

human chromosome number

He lived 1919 to ?. Human chromosome number is 46, rather than 44 or 48 [1955].

Richard Todd [Todd, Richard]/Jean Peters [Peters, Jean]

actor

England/USA

1955

Man Called Peter [1955]

Todd lived 1919 to ?. Peters lived 1926 to 2000.

Joan Weber [Weber, Joan]

singer

USA

1955

Let Me Go Lover [1955]

Taro Yashima [Yashima, Taro] or Jun Atsushi Iwamatsu [Iwamatsu, Jun Atsushi]

writer

Japan/USA

1955

Crow Boy [1955]

He lived 1908 to 1994.

Hy Zaret [Zaret, Hy]/Alex North [North, Alex]

lyricist/composer

USA

1955

Unchained Melody [1955]

Zaret lived 1907 to 2007. North lived 1910 to 1991.

Johnny Cash [Cash, Johnny]/Tennessee Two

singer

USA

1955 to 1956

Folsom Prison Blues [1955]; I Walk the Line [1956]

He lived 1932 to 2003.

Bill Flagg [Flagg, Bill]

musician

USA

1955 to 1956

Go Cat Go [1956]

Bill Flagg and His Rockabillies. He lived 1934 to ? and played the first rockabilly.

Gogi Grant [Grant, Gogi]

singer

USA

1955 to 1956

Suddenly There Is a Valley [1955: by Chuck Meyer and Biff Jones]; Wayward Wind [1956]

She lived 1924 to ?.

Frankie Lymon [Lymon, Frankie]/Teenagers

singer

USA

1955 to 1956

Why Do Fools Fall in Love [1955]; I Want You to Be My Girl [1956]

Frankie Lyman and the Teenagers. Lymon lived 1942 to 1968.

Carl Perkins [Perkins, Carl]

singer/composer

USA

1955 to 1956

Blue Suede Shoes [1955]

He lived 1932 to 1998.

Perry Como [Como, Perry]

singer

USA

1955 to 1958

Ko Ko Mo (I Love You So) [1955]; Hot Diggity (Dog Ziggity Boom) [1956]; Round and Round [1957]; Catch a

Falling Star [1958]

He lived 1912 to 2001.

Bo Diddley [Diddley, Bo]

singer

USA

1955 to 1958

Bo Diddley [1955: by Ellas McDaniel]

He lived 1928 to ?.

Arthur Kornberg [Kornberg, Arthur]

biologist

USA

1955 to 1958

He lived 1918 to ? and synthesized DNA molecules using DNA polymerase I [1955 to 1958].

McGuire Sisters

singer

USA

1955 to 1958

Sincerely [1955]; Sugartime [1958]

Christine lived 1926 to ?. Dorothy lived 1930 to ?. Phyllis lived 1931 to ?.

Perez Prado [Prado, Perez]

singer

Cuba/USA

1955 to 1958

Cherry Pink and Apple Blossom White [1955]; Patricia [1958]

He lived 1916 to 1989.

Laverne Baker [Baker, Laverne]

singer

USA

1955 to 1959

Tweedle Dee [1955]; Jim Dandy to the Rescue [1957]; I Cried a Tear [1959]

She lived 1929 to 1997.

Bobby Charles [Charles, Bobby] or Robert Charles Guidry [Guidry, Robert Charles]

composer

USA

1955 to 1959

See You Later Alligator [1955]; Bye Bye Baby [1959: with Dave Bartholomew]

Gore Vidal [Vidal, Gore]

novelist

USA

1955 to 1960

Visit to a Small Planet [1955]; Best Man [1960]

He lived 1925 to ?.

Elie Wiesel [Wiesel, Elie]

essayist/novelist

Romania/France

1955 to 1960

Night [1955]; Dawn [1957]; Accident [1960]

He lived 1928 to ? and wrote the Night trilogy.

Pat Boone [Boone, Pat]

singer

USA

1955 to 1962

Ain't That a Shame [1955]; Two Hearts [1955]; I'll Be Home My Darling [1956: written by Ferdinand Washington and

Stan Lewis]; I Almost Lost My Mind [1956]; Don't Forbid Me [1957]; April Love [1957: from the film April Love];

Love Letters in the Sand [1957]; Moody River [1961]; I'll See You in My Dreams [1962]

He lived 1934 to ?.

Billy Vaughn [Vaughn, Billy]

singer

USA

1955 to 1962

Melody of Love [1955]; Swinging Safari [1962]

Chuck Berry [Berry, Chuck]

singer/composer

USA

1955 to 1964

Maybelline [1955]; Roll over Beethoven [1956]; Monkey Business [1956]; School Days [1958]; Sweet Little Sixteen

[1958]; Johnny B. Goode [1958]; Rock and Roll Music [1958]; Nadine [1964]; No Particular Place to Go [1964]

He lived 1926 to ?.

Edsger W. Dijkstra [Dijkstra, Edsger W.]

inventor

USA

1955 to 1965

multiprocessing and multiprogramming computer [1955 to 1961]; structured programming [1965]; top-down design

[1965]

He lived 1930 to 2002.

Christian de Duve [Duve, Christian de]

biologist

USA

1955 to 1965

He lived 1917 to ? and discovered lysosomes [1955] and peroxisomes [1965].

Alvar Aalto [Aalto, Alvar]

architect/sculptor

Finland

1955 to 1966

House of Culture [1955 to 1958: at Helsinki, Finland]; Student's Hostel [1962 to 1966: at Otaniemi, Finland]

He lived 1898 to 1976 and designed buildings and furniture.

Elmer Bernstein [Bernstein, Elmer]

composer

USA

1955 to 1966

Man With the Golden Arm [1955]; Magnificent Seven [1960]; To Kill a Mockingbird [1962]; Return of the Seven

[1966]; Thoroughly Modern Millie [1966]

He lived 1922 to 2004.

Roger Williams [Williams, Roger]

player

USA

1955 to 1966

Autumn Leaves [1955]; Born Free [1966]

He lived 1924 to ?.

Richard Brooks [Brooks, Richard]

director

USA

1955 to 1967

Blackboard Jungle [1955: Glenn Ford acted]; Cat on a Hot Tin Roof [1958: Elizabeth Taylor, Paul Newman, and Burl

Ives acted]; Elmer Gantry [1960: Burt Lancaster and Jean Simmons acted]; In Cold Blood [1967]

He lived 1912 to 1992.

Martin Luther King, Jr. [King, Jr., Martin Luther]

civil rights leader

USA

1955 to 1968

He lived 1929 to 1968 and led Southern Christian Leadership Organization and used passive resistance and boycotts to

force desegregation.

Herbert A. Simon [Simon, Herbert A.]

psychologist/mathematician

USA

1955 to 1982

Behavioral Model of Rational Choice [1955]; Rational Choice and the Structure of the Environment [1956]; Logic

Theory Machine [1956: with A. Newell]; Report on a general problem solving program [1959: with A. Newell and J.

C. Shaw]; Administrative Behavior [1970]; Sciences of the Artificial [1981]; Models of Bounded Rationality, Volume

1, Economic Analysis and Public Policy [1982]

He lived 1916 to 2001 and invented administration systems theory {decision theory, Simon}, which examines human

problem-solving difficulties, cognitive limits on rationality, and perceptual limits on decision making. Good chess

players can remember real chess positions better but not random ones better.

Jerry Goldsmith [Goldsmith, Jerry]

composer

USA

1955 to 1985

Gunsmoke [1955]; Perry Mason [1957]; Twilight Zone [1959]; Planet of the Apes [1968]; Patton [1970]; Ben [1972:

from the film Ben]; Chinatown [1974]; Omen [1975]; Islands in the Stream [1977]; Under Fire [1983]; Legend [1985]

He lived 1929 to 2004.

Yevgeny Yevtushenko [Yevtushenko, Yevgeny]

poet/novelist

Russia

1955 to 1993

Third Snow [1955: poems]; Wild Berries [1985: novel]; Kindergarten [film]; Don't Die Before Your Death [1993:

novel]

He lived 1933 to ?.

Harold Adamson [Adamson, Harold]/Victor Young [Young, Victor]

composer

USA

1956

Around the World [1956]

Adamson lived 1906 to 1980. Young lived 1899 to 1956.

Louis Aragon [Aragon, Louis]

writer

France

1956

Red Poster [1956]

He lived 1897 to 1982.

Kenneth Boulding [Boulding, Kenneth]

sociologist

USA

1956

Image: Knowledge in Life and Society [1956]

He lived 1910 to 1993 and studied education.

Alexandre Breffort [Breffort, Alexandre]/Marguerite Monnot [Monnot, Marguerite]

lyricist/composer

France/USA

1956

Irma La Douce [1956: musical, translated to English by Julian More, David Heneker, and Monty Norman]

Paddy Chayefsky [Chayefsky, Paddy]

playwright

USA

1956

Marty [1956]

He lived 1923 to 1981.

Clyde Cowan [Cowan, Clyde]

physicist

England

1956

He lived 1902 to 1974 and discovered neutrinos [1956], with Reines.

Ricky Coyne [Coyne, Ricky]

composer

USA

1956

That's Why I Love You So Much [1956: sung by Ferlin Husky]

Luigi Dallapiccola [Dallapiccola, Luigi]

composer

Italy/Croatia

1956

Concerto per la notte di Natale dell'anno or Concerto for New Year's Eve [1956]

He lived 1904 to 1975 and composed operas and choral music in 12-tone technique.

Vera Matson [Matson, Vera] or Ken Darby [Darby, Ken]/Elvis Presley [Presley, Elvis]

composer

USA

1956

Love Me Tender [1956: from the film Love Me Tender]

Darby lived 1909 to 1992. Presley lived 1935 to 1977.

Bill Doggett [Doggett, Bill]

singer

USA

1956

Honky Tonk (Parts 1 and 2) [1956]

He lived 1916 to 1996.

Lonnie Donegan [Donegan, Lonnie] or King of Skiffle

composer

Scotland/England

1956

Rock Island Line [1956]

He lived 1931 to 2002.

Anne Francis [Francis, Anne]

actor

USA

1956

Forbidden Planet [1956]

She lived 1930 to ?.

Fred Gipson [Gipson, Fred]

writer

USA

1956

Old Yeller [1956]

He lived 1908 to 1973.

Ernst Gombrich [Gombrich, Ernst]

philosopher

Germany

1956

Art and Illusion [1956]

He lived 1909 to 2001. Repetitions and symmetries are appealing, because they allow prediction, control, and survival.

Gerald Green [Green, Gerald]

novelist

USA

1956

Last Angry Man [1956]

He lived 1922 to ?.

Judy Holliday [Holliday, Judy]

actor

USA

1956

Solid Gold Cadillac [1956]

She lived 1921 to 1965.

Vernon M. Ingram [Ingram, Vernon M.]

biologist

Germany/Sweden/England

1956

sickle cell anemia protein defect

He lived 1924 to 2006. One amino-acid change in hemoglobin causes sickle cell anemia [1956].

Sonny James [James, Sonny]

singer

USA

1956

Young Love [1956: by Carole Joyner and Ric Cartey]; My Love Is Warmer than the Warmest Sunshine

He lived 1929 to ? and was the "country gentleman".

Grace Kelly [Kelly, Grace]

actor

USA

1956

Swan [1956]

She lived 1929 to 1982.

Deborah Kerr [Kerr, Deborah]/Yul Brynner [Brynner, Yul]

actor

USA

1956

King and I [1956]

Kerr lived 1921 to ?. Brynner lived 1920 to 1985.

Gloria Lasso [Lasso, Gloria] or Rosa Maria Coscolin [Coscolin, Rosa Maria]

singer

Spain/France

1956

Padre or Father [1956]; Extraños en el Paraiso or Strangers in Paradise [1956]

She lived 1922 to 2005.

Jim Lowe [Lowe, Jim]

singer

USA

1956

Green Door [1956]

Maurice Mysels [Mysels, Maurice]/Ira Kosloff [Kosloff, Ira]

composer

USA

1956

I Want You, I Need You, I Love You [1956]

David Niven [Niven, David]/Cantinflas

actor

England/France/USA

1956

Around the World in 80 Days [1956]

Niven lived 1910 to 1983. Cantinflas lived 1911 to 1993.

Fred Parris [Parris, Fred]

composer

USA

1956

In the Still of the Night [1956]

Gregory Peck [Peck, Gregory]/Fredric March [March, Fredric]/Jennifer Jones [Jones, Jennifer]

actor

USA

1956

Man in the Gray Flannel Suit [1956]

Peck lived 1916 to 2003. March lived 1897 to 1975. Jones lived 1919 to ?.

François Poulenc [Poulenc, François]

composer

France

1956

Flute Sonata [1956]

He lived 1899 to 1963 and composed symphonies.

Buck Ram [Ram, Buck]

composer

USA

1956

Magic Touch [1956]

He lived 1907 to 1991.

Frederick Reines [Reines, Frederick]

physicist

England

1956

He lived 1918 to 1998 and discovered neutrinos [1956], with Cowan.

Nelson Riddle [Riddle, Nelson]

orchestra leader

USA

1956

Lisbon Antigua [1956]

He lived 1921 to ?.

Joao Guimarães Rosa [Rosa, Joao Guimarães]

writer

Brazil

1956

Grande Sertão: Veredas or Devil to Pay in the Backlands [1956]

He lived 1908 to 1967.

Dorothy Sayers [Sayers, Dorothy]

novelist

England

1956

Lord Peter Wimsey [1956: mysteries]

She lived 1893 to 1967.

Robert M. Solow [Solow, Robert M.]

economist

USA

1956

Balanced Growth under Constant Returns to Scale [1953: with Paul A. Samuelson]; Complete Capital Model Involving

Heterogeneous Capital Goods [1956: with Paul A. Samuelson]; Contribution to the Theory of Economic Growth

[1956]; Linear Programming and Economic Analysis [1958: with Robert Dorfman and Paul A. Samuelson]; Analytical

Aspects of Anti-Inflation Policy [1960: with Paul A. Samuelson, about Phillips Curve]; Growth Theory: An exposition

[1970]

He lived 1924 to ? and studied growth [1956 to 1970]. He helped make constant elasticity-of-substitution production

function [1961]. He studied long-run multiplier [1973].

Kay Starr [Starr, Kay]

singer

USA

1956

Rock and Roll Waltz [1956]

Morris Stoloff [Stoloff, Morris]

composer

USA

1956

Moonglow and Theme from "Picnic" [1956]

He lived 1898 to 1980.

Margo Sylvia [Sylvia, Margo]/Gilbert Lopez [Lopez, Gilbert]

composer

USA

1956

Happy, Happy Birthday Baby [1956]

Gene Vincent [Vincent, Gene]/Bluecaps

singer

USA

1956

Be-Bop-A-Lula [1956]

William H. Whyte [Whyte, William H.]

sociologist

USA

1956

Organization Man [1956]

He lived 1917 to 1999.

Richard Wilbur [Wilbur, Richard]/John LaTouche [LaTouche, John]/Stephen Sondheim [Sondheim,

Stephen]/Leonard Bernstein [Bernstein, Leonard]

lyricist/composer

USA

1956

Candide [1956: musical]

Wilbur lived 1921 to ?. LaTouche lived 1914 to 1956. Bernstein lived 1918 to 1990.

Little Richard

singer

USA

1956 to 1957

Miss Ann [1956]; Slippin' and Slidin' [1956]; Tutti-Fruiti [1956]; Keep a Knockin' or I Hear You Knockin', But You

Can't Come In [1956]; Long Tall Sally [1956]; Rip It Up [1957]; Good Golly, Miss Molly [1957]; Lucille [1957]

He lived 1932 to ?.

Guy Mitchell [Mitchell, Guy]

singer

USA

1956 to 1959

Singing the Blues [1956]; Heartaches by the Number [1959]

Allen Newell [Newell, Allen]

psychologist/mathematician

USA

1956 to 1959

Logic Theory Machine [1956: with H. A. Simon]; Report on a general problem solving program [1959: with H. A.

Simon and J. C. Shaw]

He lived 1927 to 1992.

Stanley Schachter [Schachter, Stanley]

psychologist

USA

1956 to 1959

When Prophecy Fails [1956: with L. Festinger and H. Riecken]; Psychology of Affiliation [1959]

He lived 1922 to 1997. People with high or low adrenaline have same moods and so chemical levels do not cause

emotions, with Jerome Singer. Moods depend on social-situation cognition. Arousal accompanies fear, sex, anger, and

elation.

Differing expected and actual perception or cognition, or interrupting perception or cognition, produces

undifferentiated autonomic nervous system arousal, especially in viscera. Arousal directs more attention to

environment. General visceral arousal causes the feeling of emotion.

Thought, past-experience, and environmental-signal differences cause emotion differences, not visceral-arousal

differences.

Pete Seeger [Seeger, Pete]/Joe Hickerson [Hickerson, Joe]

composer

USA

1956 to 1960

Where Have All the Flowers Gone? [1956 to 1960]

Seeger lived 1919 to ?. Hickerson lived 1935 to ?.

Paul Francis Webster [Webster, Paul Francis]/Dimitri Tiomkin [Tiomkin, Dimitri]

lyricist/composer

USA

1956 to 1960

Friendly Persuasion (Thee I Love) [1956: from the film Friendly Persuasion]; Green Leaves of Summer [1960]

Webster lived 1907 to 1984. Tiomkin lived 1894 to 1979.

Wayne H. Holtzman [Holtzman, Wayne H.]

psychologist

USA

1956 to 1961

Inkblot Perception and Personality: Holtzman Inkblot Technique [1961]

He lived 1923 to ?, studied cognitive styles, and developed inkblot tests {Holtzman Inkblot Technique} [1956].

Friedrich Durrenmatt [Durrenmatt, Friedrich]

playwright

Switzerland

1956 to 1962

Der Besuch der alten Dame or Old Woman's Visit [1956]; Physicists [1962]

He lived 1921 to 1990.

George Miller [Miller, George]

psychologist

USA

1956 to 1962

Magical Number Seven, Plus or Minus Two: Some Limits on Our Capacity for Processing Information [1956];

Psychology: The Science of Mental Life [1962]

He lived 1920 to ?. Concepts or perceptions can be chunks of previous concepts or perceptions [1956]. Number of

chunks that people can keep in immediate memory is seven, plus or minus two. Perhaps, chunking synchronizes

information subsets into units.

Frederico Fellini [Fellini, Frederico]

director

Italy

1956 to 1963

La Strada or The Street [1956: Anthony Quinn acted]; La Dolce Vita or The Sweet Life [1961: Marcello Mastroianni

acted]; 8 1/2 [1963]

He lived 1920 to 1993.

Benjamin S. Bloom [Bloom, Benjamin S.]

educator

USA

1956 to 1964

Taxonony of Educational Objectives: The Classification of Educational Goals. Handbook I: Cognitive Domain [1956:

with David R. Krathwohl]; Taxonony of Educational Objectives: The Classification of Educational Goals. Handbook

II: Affective Domain [1964: with David R. Krathwohl and Bertram B. Masia]

He lived 1913 to 1999 and studied educational objectives [Bloom and Krathwohl, 1956].

Dean Martin [Martin, Dean]

singer

USA

1956 to 1964

Memories Are Made of This [1956]; Everybody Loves Somebody [1964]

He lived 1917 to 1995.

James Brown [Brown, James]/Famous Flames

singer

USA

1956 to 1965

Please, Please, Please [1956]; I Got You (I Feel Good) [1965]

James Brown and the Famous Flames. He lived 1933 to 2007.

Marija Gimbutas [Gimbutas, Marija]

linguist

Lithuania/USA

1956 to 1965

Bronze Age Cultures of Central and Eastern Europe [1965]

She lived 1921 to 1994. She invented Kurgan hypothesis [1956].

Kon Ichikawa [Ichikawa, Kon]

director

Japan

1956 to 1965

Burmese Harp or Harp of Burma [1956]; Fires on the Plane [1959]; Tokyo Olympiad [1965]

He lived 1948 to 1983.

Odetta Holmes

singer

USA

1956 to 1965

Take This Hammer

She lived 1930 to ?.

Fielder Cook [Cook, Fielder]

director

USA

1956 to 1966

Patterns [1956]; Big Hand for the Little Lady [1966: Henry Fonda, Joanne Woodward, and Jason Robards acted]

He lived 1923 to 2003.

Erving Goffman [Goffman, Erving]

sociologist

Canada/USA

1956 to 1967

Presentation of Self in Everyday Life [1956]; Interaction Ritual [1967]

He lived 1922 to 1982.

Joshua Logan [Logan, Joshua]

director

USA

1956 to 1967

Picnic [1956: William Holden, Rosalind Russell, and Kim Novak acted]; Camelot [1967]

He lived 1908 to 1988.

Johnny Cash [Cash, Johnny] or John R. Cash [Cash, John R.]

singer/composer

USA

1956 to 1969

I Walk the Line [1956]; Ring of Fire [1962: by Merle Kilgore and June Carter]; Boy Named Sue [1969]

He lived 1932 to 2003.

Gamal Abdel Nasser [Nasser, Gamal Abdel]

president

Egypt

1956 to 1969

He lived 1918 to 1970 and started coup that deposed King Farouk I. He nationalized Suez Canal and started land

reform. France, Britain, and Israel tried to take Suez Canal [1956] but failed.

Elvis Presley [Presley, Elvis]

singer

USA

1956 to 1974

Blue Suede Shoes [1955: by Carl Perkins]; Hound Dog [1956: by Jerry Leiber and Mike Stoller]; Don't Be Cruel

[1956: by Otis Blackwell and Elvis Presley]; Heartbreak Hotel [1956: by Mae Boren Axton, Tommy Durden, and Elvis

Presley]; Love Me Tender [1956: by Vera Matson and Elvis Presley]; All Shook Up [1957: by Otis Blackwell and

Elvis Presley]; Teddy Bear [1957: by Kal Mann and Bernie Lowe]; Jailhouse Rock [1957: by Jerry Leiber and Mike

Stoller]; Stuck on You [1960: by Aaron Schroeder and J. Leslie McFarland]; Surrender [1960: music by E. De Curtis,

with Italian words by G. B. De Curtis and English by Doc Pomus and Mort Shuman]; It's Now or Never [1960: by

Aaron Schroder and Wally Gold]; Can't Help Falling in Love [1961: by George Weiss, Hugo Peretti, and Luigi

Creatore]; Little Sister [1961: by Doc Pomus and Mort Shuman]; Be My Good Luck Charm [1962]; Return to Sender

[1962: by Otis Blackwell and Winfield Scott]; She's Not You [1962]; Suspicious Minds [1969]; In the Ghetto [1969];

Burning Love [1972]; Are You Lonesome Tonight [1926: by Roy Turk and Lou Handman]; Blue Hawaii [1936: by

Leo Robin and Ralph Rainger]; Crying in the Chapel [1953: by Artie Glenn]; Now and Then There's a Fool Such As I

[1952: by Bill Trader]

He lived 1935 to 1977.

Hans Selye [Selye, Hans]

psychologist

Canada

1956 to 1974

Stress of Life [1956]; Stress without Distress [1974]

He lived 1907 to 1982 and studied stress syndrome. Pituitary and adrenal glands activate body against stress {stress

syndrome}.

Romain Gary [Gary, Romain]

novelist

France

1956 to 1975

Les racines du ciel or Roots of Heaven [1956]; La vie devant soi or Life Before Him [1975]

He lived 1914 to 1980.

Charles Eames [Eames, Charles]

architect/sculptor

USA

1956 to 1977

Relax Lounge Chair and Ottoman [1956]; Powers of Ten [1977: slides, with Ray Eames]

He lived 1907 to 1978 and molded plywood chairs.

Jerome S. Bruner [Bruner, Jerome S.]

psychologist

USA

1956 to 1996

Study of Thinking [1956: with Jacqueline J. Goodnow and George A. Austin]; Process of Education [1960]; Man: A

Course of Study [1966]; Towards a Theory of Instruction [1966]; Relevance of Education [1971]; Going Beyond the

Information Given [1973]; Acts of Meaning [1990]; Culture of Education [1996]

He lived 1915 to ? and studied thinking strategies, child development, and cultural psychology.

Play has rules, and people distinguish it from reality. Creativity requires playing. For solving problems, playing with

needed materials is as effective as seeing complete solution.

Memories can have no records but just be changes in whole organism skills and rules. Memories can be records about

people, places, times, and events.

Edward Fredkin [Fredkin, Edward]

mathematician

USA

1956 to 2005

He lived 1934 to ? and invented reversible-computing gates {Fredkin gate} {Conservative Logic Gate}. Mathematical

models can reversibly transform into computational models {Fredkin transforms}. Universe computes using discrete

and finite quantities {digital mechanics}. The more two alternatives are similar, the harder it is to choose and the less

the choice matters {Fredkin paradox, Fredkin}.

John Bardeen [Bardeen, John]/Leon Cooper [Cooper, Leon]/John Schrieffer [Schrieffer, John]

physicist

USA

1957

Bardeen lived 1908 to 1991. Cooper lived 1930 to ?. Schrieffer lived 1931 to ?. They invented BCS superconductivity

theory, in which electrons distort positive-ion lattices to make phonons, which interact with second electrons, causing

slight attraction and so pairing electrons [1957]. In superconductors, magnetic flux has quanta. Electric field has no

quanta, but quantizing the field mathematically allows easier calculations. Critical temperature is higher if more

electrons can be in superconductive state, if lattice-vibration frequencies are higher, and if electrons and lattice interact

more strongly.

Warren Bennis [Bennis, Warren]

economist

USA

1957

Changing Organizations [1957]

He lived 1925 to ? and studied leadership.

John Braine [Braine, John]

writer

England

1957

Room at the Top [1957]

He lived 1922 to 1986.

Margaret Burbridge [Burbridge, Margaret]

astronomer

USA

1957

She lived 1919 to ? and demonstrated how red giant stars can make carbon, oxygen, and iron [1957: with Geoffrey

Burbridge, William Fowler, and Fred Hoyle].

John Cheever [Cheever, John]

novelist

USA

1957

Wapshot Chronicle [1957]

He lived 1912 to 1982.

Walter V. Clark [Clark, Walter V.]

novelist

USA

1957

Ox-Bow Incident [1957]

He lived 1909 to 1971.

James Gould Cozzens [Cozzens, James Gould]

novelist

USA

1957

By Love Possessed [1957]

He lived 1903 to 1978.

Doris Day [Day, Doris] or Doris Mary Ann von Kappelhoff [Kappelhoff, Doris Mary Ann von]

actor

USA

1957

Pajama Game [1957]

She lived 1924 to ?.

Del Vikings

singer

USA

1957

Whispering Bells [1957]; Come Go with Me [1957]

Hugh Everett [Everett, Hugh]

physicist

USA

1957

'Relative State' Formulation of Quantum Mechanics [1957]

He lived 1930 to 1982 and modified generalized Lagrange multiplier method {Everett algorithm}, which finds

optimum paths. Quantum systems, including measuring devices and observers, have probabilities of possible states.

Reality includes all possible states, including separate realities for observer and observation states {relative state

interpretation} {many-worlds interpretation} [1957].

Ian Fleming [Fleming, Ian]

novelist

England

1957

James Bond series [1952 and 1964]

He lived 1908 to 1964 and wrote about James Bond.

Max Frisch [Frisch, Max]

writer

Germany

1957

Homo faber or Working man [1957]

He lived 1911 to 1991.

Jerry Gilkyson [Gilkyson, Jerry]/Easy Riders

singer

USA

1957

Marianne

Jerry Gilkyson and the Easy Riders.

Charlie Gracie [Gracie, Charlie]

singer

USA

1957

Butterfly [1957]

Jester Hairston [Hairston, Jester]

composer

USA

1957

Amen [1957: from the movie Lilies of the Field]

He lived 1901 to 2000.

Thurston Harris [Harris, Thurston]

singer

USA

1957

Little Bitty Pretty One [1957]

Dale Hawkins [Hawkins, Dale]/Stan Lewis [Lewis, Stan]/Eleanor Broadwater [Broadwater, Eleanor]

composer

USA

1957

Susie-Q [1957]

Harry Hess [Hess, Harry]

geologist

USA

1957

He lived 1906 to 1969. Mantle convection caused continental drift and sea-floor spreading [1957].

Jean Hoerni [Hoerni, Jean]

inventor

USA

1957

semiconductor planar technology [1957]

He lived 1924 to ? and used masking {photomask} to add and etch layers for silicon wafers {planar technology}.

Buddy Holly [Holly, Buddy]/Crickets

singer

USA

1957

Peggy Sue [1957]; That'll Be the Day [1957]; Everyday [1957]

Buddy Holly and the Crickets. Holly lived 1936 to 1959.

Tab Hunter [Hunter, Tab]

singer

USA

1957

Young Love [1957]

He lived 1931 to ?.

Edwin T. Jaynes [Jaynes, Edwin T.]

physicist

USA

1957

He lived 1922 to 1998 and studied information theory, thermodynamics, and neoclassical radiation theory [1957].

Jennifer Jones [Jones, Jennifer]/John Gielgud [Gielgud, John]

actor

USA

1957

Barretts of Wimpole Street [1957]

Jones lived 1919 to ?. Gielgud lived 1904 to 2000.

Burt Lancaster [Lancaster, Burt]/Tony Curtis [Curtis, Tony]

actor

USA

1957

Sweet Smell of Success [1957]

Lancaster lived 1913 to 1994. Curtis lived 1925 to ?.

Jerry Lee Lewis [Lewis, Jerry Lee]

singer

USA

1957

Great Balls of Fire [1957: by Otis Blackwell and Jack Hammer]; Whole Lot of Shakin' Goin' On [1957]

He lived 1935 to ?.

Bernard Lovell [Lovell, Bernard]

astronomer

England

1957

He lived 1913 to ? and used radio astronomy at Jodrell Bank [1957].

Alistair Maclean [Maclean, Alistair]

novelist

USA

1957

Guns of Navarone [1957]

He lived 1922 to 1987.

Maguire Sisters

singer

USA

1957

Sugar in the Morning [1957: by Charles Phillips and Odis Echols]

Christine lived 1926 to ?. Dorothy lived 1930 to ?. Phyllis lived 1931 to ?.

Karl Malden [Malden, Karl]

director

USA

1957

Time Limit [1957]

He lived 1912 to ?.

Johnny Mathis [Mathis, Johnny]

singer

USA

1957

Chances Are [1957]; Wonderful Wonderful [1957]

He lived 1935 to ?.

Patricia McBride [McBride, Patricia]

ballerina

USA

1957

She lived 1942 to ?.

Hal Miller [Miller, Hal]/Rays

singer

USA

1957

Silhouettes on the Shade [1957: by Frank Slay, Jr., and Bob Crewe]

Hal Miller and the Rays.

Danny di Minno [Minno, Danny di]/Carmen Lombardo [Lombardo, Carmen]

composer

USA

1957

Return to Me [1957]

Lombardo lived 1903 to 1971.

Wright Morris [Morris, Wright]

novelist

USA

1957

Love among the Cannibals [1957]

He lived 1910 to 1998 and was photographer.

Clyde Otis [Otis, Clyde]/Nancy Lee [Lee, Nancy]

composer

USA

1957

Stroll [1957]

Boris Pasternak [Pasternak, Boris]

novelist

Russia

1957

Doctor Zhivago [1957]

He lived 1890 to 1960.

Ben Raleigh [Raleigh, Ben]/Sherman Edwards [Edwards, Sherman]

lyricist/composer

USA

1957

It's Wonderful [1957: sung by Johnny Mathis]

Raleigh lived 1913 to 1997. Edwards lived 1919 to 1981.

Debbie Reynolds [Reynolds, Debbie]

singer

USA

1957

Tammy [1957]

She lived 1932 to ?.

Nevil Shute [Shute, Nevil]

novelist

England

1957

On the Beach [1957]

He lived 1899 to 1960.

Huey Smith [Smith, Huey] or Piano Smith [Smith, Piano]/Clowns

singer

USA

1957

Rocking Pneumonia and the Boogie Woogie Flu [1957]

Stephen Sondheim [Sondheim, Stephen]/Leonard Bernstein [Bernstein, Leonard]

lyricist/composer

USA

1957

West Side Story [1957: musical, lyrics by Stephen Sondheim, including America, Somewhere, and Tonight]

Sondheim lived 1930 to ?.

David White [White, David]

composer

USA

1957

Rock and Roll Is Here to Stay [1957]

Larry Williams [Williams, Larry]

singer

USA

1957

Bony Maronie or Bony Moronie [1957]

Chuck Willis [Willis, Chuck]

singer

USA

1957

C C Ryder [1957]

Meredith Willson [Willson, Meredith]

lyricist/composer

USA

1957

Music Man [1957: musical, including Seventy-Six Trombones]

He lived 1902 to 1984.

Joanne Woodward [Woodward, Joanne]

actor

USA

1957

Three Faces of Eve [1957]

She lived 1930 to ?.

Jimmie F. Rodgers [Rodgers, Jimmie F.]

singer

USA

1957 to 1958

Honeycomb [1957]; Oh, Oh, I'm Falling in Love Again [1958]; Secretly [1958]; Kisses Sweeter than Wine [1951]

He lived 1933 to ?.

Leon Festinger [Festinger, Leon]

psychologist

USA

1957 to 1959

Theory of Cognitive Dissonance [1957]; Cognitive consequences of forced compliance [1959: with J. M. Carlsmith]

He lived 1919 to 1989. Inconsistencies in themselves or environment {cognitive dissonance, Festinger} can cause

tension. People try to reduce cognitive dissonance.

Lawrence Durrell [Durrell, Lawrence]

novelist

England

1957 to 1960

Alexandria Quartet [novels]; Justine [1957: first novel in The Alexandria Quartet]; Balthazar [1958: second novel in

The Alexandria Quartet]; Mountolive [1959: third novel in The Alexandria Quartet]; Clea [1960: fourth novel in The

Alexandria Quartet]

He lived 1912 to 1990.

Buddy Knox [Knox, Buddy]

composer/singer

USA

1957 to 1961

Party Doll [1957]; Lovey Dovey [1960]

He lived 1933 to ?.

Alain Robbe-Grillet [Robbe-Grillet, Alain]

novelist

France

1957 to 1962

Jealousy [1957]; Last Year at Marienbad [1962]

He lived 1922 to ?.

Marlon Brando [Brando, Marlon]

actor

USA

1957 to 1963

Sayonara [1957]; Ugly American [1963]

He lived 1924 to 2004.

Stanley Kubrick [Kubrick, Stanley]

director

USA

1957 to 1964

Paths of Glory [1957: Kirk Douglas and Adolphe Menjou acted]; Spartacus [1960: Kirk Douglas acted]; Dr.

Strangelove [1964: Peter Sellers, George C. Scott, and Sterling Hayden acted]

He lived 1928 to 1999.

Sidney Lumet [Lumet, Sidney]

director

USA

1957 to 1964

Twelve Angry Men [1957: Henry Fonda acted]; Fugitive Kind [1960: Marlon Brando and Anna Magnani acted]; Long

Day's Journey into Night [1962: Katherine Hepburn, Ralph Richardson, and Dean Stockwell acted]; Fail-Safe [1964]

He lived 1924 to ?.

Andy Williams [Williams, Andy]

singer

USA

1957 to 1964

Butterfly [1957]; Bilbao Song or Greatest Nights of Them All [1961]; Can't Get Used To Losing You [1963: by Doc

Pomus and Mort Shuman, 1962]; Dear Heart [1964]

He lived 1927 to ?.

Sam Cooke [Cooke, Sam]

singer/composer

USA

1957 to 1965

You Send Me [1957: by Charles "LC" Cooke]; Wonderful World [1960]; Chain Gang [1960]; Cupid [1961]; Twisting

the Night Away [1962]; Bring It on Home to Me [1962]; Saturday Night and I Ain't Got Nobody [1963]; Change Is

Gonna Come [1965]

He lived 1931 to 1964.

Marilyn Horne [Horne, Marilyn]

soprano

USA

1957 to 1965

She lived 1934 to ?.

Tom Jones [Jones, Tom]/Harvey Schmidt [Schmidt, Harvey]

lyricist/composer

USA

1957 to 1966

Fantasticks [1957: musical, including Try to Remember]; I Do! I Do! [1966: musical, including My Cup Runneth

Over]

Schmidt lived 1920 to 2001.

Kwame Nkrumah [Nkrumah, Kwame]

philosopher/statesman

Ghana

1957 to 1966

Africa Must Unite [1963]; NeoColonialism [1965]

He lived 1909 to 1972, led independence [1957], and became prime minister and president [1957 to 1966]. He

advocated socialism and Pan African Union.

Boudleaux Bryant [Bryant, Boudleaux]/Felice Bryant [Bryant, Felice]

composer

USA

1957 to 1967

Wake up Little Susie [1957: with Felice Bryant]; Bird Dog [1958]; Devoted to You [1958]; All I Have to Do Is Dream

[1958]; Rocky Top [1967]

Boudleaux Bryant lived 1920 to 1987. Felice Bryant lived 1925 to 2003.

Jackie Wilson [Wilson, Jackie]

singer

USA

1957 to 1967

Lonely Teardrops [1957: by Berry Gordy, Gwen Gordy Fuqua, and Tyran Carlo]; Night [1960]; Baby Workout [1963];

Higher and Higher [1967]

He lived 1934 to 1984.

Hal David [David, Hal]/Burt Bacharach [Bacharach, Burt]

lyricist/composer

USA

1957 to 1969

Story of My Life [1957: sung by Marty Robbins]; Magic Moments [1957: sung by Perry Como]; Liberty Valence

[1962: sung by Gene Pitney]; Make It Easy on Yourself [1962: sung by Jerry Butler]; Only Love Can Break a Heart

[1962: sung by Gene Pitney]; Don't Make Me Over [1962: sung by Dionne Warwick]; Blue on Blue [1963: sung by

Bobby Vinton]; Reach Out for Me [1963: sung by Lou Johnson]; Anyone Who Had a Heart [1963: sung by Dionne

Warwick]; Wishin' and Hopin' [1964: sung by Dusty Springfield]; There's Always Something There to Remind Me

[1964: sung by Lou Johnson and by Sandie Shaw]; Walk on By [1964: sung by Dionne Warwick]; Baby Elephant

Walk [1964: from the movie Hatari!]; Don't Go Breaking My Heart [1965]; What the World Needs Now Is Love

[1965: sung by Jackie DeShannon]; What's New Pussycat? [1965: sung by Tom Jones, from the film What's New

Pussycat?]; Alfie [1966: sung by Cilla Black, from the film Alfie]; I Say a Little Prayer [1967: sung by Dionne

Warwick]; Do You Know the Way to San Jose [1968: sung by Dionne Warwick]; This Guy's in Love with You [1968:

sung by Herb Alpert]; Promises, Promises [1968: sung by Dionne Warwick]; Raindrops Keep Fallin' on My Head

[1969: sung by B. J. Thomas, from the film Butch Cassidy and the Sundance Kid]; I'll Never Fall in Love Again [1969:

sung by Dionne Warwick]; They Long to Be Close to You [1970: sung by the Carpenters]; One Less Bell to Answer

[1970: sung by the Fifth Dimension]

David lived 1921 to ?. Bacharach lived 1928 to ?.

Roland Barthes [Barthes, Roland]

philosopher

France

1957 to 1970

Mythologies [1957]; Elements of Semiology [1964]; S/Z [1970]

He lived 1915 to 1980, was neo-Kantian, and developed the idea of improvisation. Text is symbol relations, from

which meaning comes without knowledge about author {death-of-the-author}.

C. Northcote Parkinson [Parkinson, C. Northcote]

political scientist/historian

England

1957 to 1970

Parkinson's Law [1957]; Evolution of Political Thought [1958]; Law and the Profits [1960]; In-Laws and Outlaws

[1962]; Left Luggage [1967]; Mrs. Parkinson's Law [1968]; Law of Delay [1970]

He lived 1909 to 1993 and invented Parkinson's laws. People rise to level at which they are incompetent and then stay

there {Parkinson's law}.

Rick Nelson [Nelson, Rick]

singer

USA

1957 to 1972

I'm Walkin' [1957]; You're My One and Only Love [1957]; Be Bop Baby [1957]; Never Be Anyone Else but You

[1958]; Have I Told You Lately That I Love You [1958]; Poor Little Fool [1958: by Sharon Sheeley]; Lonesome Town

[1958]; Waitin' in School [1958]; Stood Up [1958]; It's Late [1959]; You Are My Sunshine [1960]; Young Emotions

[1960]; Traveling Man [1960: by Jerry Fuller]; Hello, Mary Lou, Goodbye Heart [1961]; Wonder like You [1961];

Teenage Idol [1962]; She Belongs to Me [1969]; Garden Party [1972]

He lived 1940 to 1985.

Paul Anka [Anka, Paul]

singer

USA

1957 to 1974

Diana [1957]; Lonely Boy [1959]; Put Your Head on My Shoulder [1959]; Puppy Love [1959]; My Home Town

[1960]; Papa [1974]

He lived 1941 to ?.

Herbert Paul Grice [Grice, Herbert Paul] or Paul Grice [Grice, Paul]

linguist

England

1957 to 1975

Meaning [1957]; Causal Theory of Perception [1961]; Utterer's Meaning, Sentence Meaning, and Word-Meaning

[1968]; Logic and Conversation [1975]

He lived 1913 to 1988. Speaker meaning is what speaker intended to make happen to audience using words

{conversation implicature}. Intention is to modify audience beliefs or behavior, and audience knows intention

{reflexive intention}. Meaning is about speaker and hearer mental state. Speaker meaning is first and determining,

above word or sentence meaning. Speaker meaning, linguistic meaning, or semantics follows from thoughts. Actual

usage does not necessarily reflect thought. Speaker meaning and word meaning can differ.

Ingmar Bergman [Bergman, Ingmar]

director

Sweden

1957 to 1983

Wild Strawberries [1957]; Seventh Seal [1957]; Virgin Spring [1959]; Through a Glass, Darkly [1962]; Winter Light

[1962]; Silence [1963]; Persona [1966]; Cries and Whispers [1972]; Fanny and Alexander [1983]

He lived 1918 to ?.

Werner E. Reichardt [Reichardt, Werner E.]

biologist

Germany

1957 to 1986

He lived 1924 to 1992 and developed neuron motion-detector models, to explain how flies detect motion.

Octavio Paz [Paz, Octavio]

writer

Mexico

1957 to 1988

Collected Poems of Octavio Paz, 1957-1987 [1988]; Selected Poems [1988]

He lived 1914 to 1998.

Noam Chomsky [Chomsky, Noam]

linguist

USA

1957 to 2000

Syntactic Structures [1957]; Review of B. F. Skinner's Verbal Behavior [1959]; Aspects of a Theory of Syntax [1965];

Language and Mind [1972]; Reflections on Language [1975]; Rules and Representations [1980]; Knowledge of

Language [1986]; Language and the Problems of Knowledge [1988]; New Horizons in the Study of Language and

Mind [2000]

He lived 1928 to ?, studied unconscious and innate language structures, and developed transformational grammar to

explain how brain makes language structures. Newborn brain has innate linguistic rules {universal grammar,

Chomsky}. Learning a particular language, which has words, sets limited-range linguistic parameters. Expressed

language {E-language} depends on internal language {I-language}. Grammars assign structures {logical form} to

sentences. Grammars can generate just language sentences {observationally adequate grammar}, give some structure to

all sentences {descriptively adequate grammar}, or give structure used by speakers to all sentences {explanatorily

adequate grammar}.

Roy Acuff [Acuff, Roy]

singer

USA

1958

Great Speckled Bird [1958]

He lived 1903 to 1992.

Robert Allen [Allen, Robert]/Richard Adler [Adler, Richard]

lyricist/composer

USA

1958

Everybody Loves a Lover [1958: sung by Doris Day]

Adler lived 1921 to ?.

Jay Althouse [Althouse, Jay]

composer

USA

1958

Summertime Summertime [1958: sung by the Jamies]

Anthony Asquith [Asquith, Anthony]

director

England

1958

Doctor's Dilemma [1958]

He lived 1902 to 1968.

John Paul Richardson [Richardson, John Paul] or Big Bopper

composer

USA

1958

Chantilly Lace [1958: by J. P. Richardson]

He lived 1930 to 1959.

Michael Bond [Bond, Michael]

writer

England

1958

Bear Called Paddington [1958]

He lived 1926 to ?.

Shirley Booth [Booth, Shirley]

actor

USA

1958

Matchmaker [1958]

She lived 1898 to 1992.

Sylvester Bradford [Bradford, Sylvester]/Al Lewis [Lewis, Al]

composer

USA

1958

Tears on My Pillow [1958]

Jerry Butler [Butler, Jerry]/Impressions

singer

USA

1958

For Your Precious Love [1958]

Butler lived 1940 to ?.

Taylor Caldwell [Caldwell, Taylor]

novelist

USA

1958

Dear and Glorious Physician [1958]

She lived 1900 to 1985.

Eddie Cochran [Cochran, Eddie]

singer

USA

1958

Summertime Blues [1958]

Cozy Cole [Cole, Cozy]

pianist

USA

1958

Topsy [1958]

He lived 1910 to 1981 and played Swing.

Bobby Darin [Darin, Bobby]/Jean Murray [Murray, Jean]

composer

USA

1958

Splish Splash [1958]

Darin lived 1936 to 1973.

Katherine K. Davis [Davis, Katherine K.]/Henry Onorati [Onorati, Henry]/Harry Simeone [Simeone, Harry]

composer

USA

1958

Little Drummer Boy [1958]

Davis lived 1892 to 1980. Simeone lived 1911 to 2005.

Bobby Day [Day, Bobby]

singer

USA

1958

Rockin' Robin [1958: by Jimmie Thomas or Leon Rene]; Over and Over [1958: by Bobby Day]

He lived 1928 to 1990.

Milovan Djilas [Djilas, Milovan]

novelist

Yugoslavia

1958

New Class [1955]; Land Without Justice [1958]

He lived 1911 to 1995.

Duane Eddy [Eddy, Duane]/Lee Hazlewood [Hazlewood, Lee]

player/composer

USA

1958

Rebel 'Rouser [1958]

Eddy lived 1938 to ?. Hazlewood lived 1929 to ?.

Tommy Edwards [Edwards, Tommy]

singer

USA

1958

It's All in the Game [1958]

Eliot Feld [Feld, Eliot]

modern dancer

USA

1958

He lived 1942 to ?.

Zino Francescati [Francescati, Zino]

violinist

USA

1958

Andy Griffith [Griffith, Andy]

actor

USA

1958

No Time for Sergeants [1958]

He lived 1926 to ?.

Bruce C. Heezen [Heezen, Bruce C.]

geologist

USA

1958

He lived 1924 to 1977 and mapped ocean floor [1958].

Richard Held [Held, Richard]

psychologist

USA

1958

Adaptation of disarranged hand-eye coordination contingent on reafferent stimulation [1958: with Hein]

He studied eye-hand coordination. Visual depth perception requires coordinated self-movement, with Alan Hein. Self-

produced movements result in sensory stimulation {reafference}. Visual motor skills require reafference, but reflexes

do not. Sensory stimulation is independent of self-produced movements {exafference}.

Jean-Paul Le Chanois [Le Chanois, Jean-Paul] or Jean-Paul Dreyfus [Dreyfus, Jean-Paul]

director

France

1958

Les Misérables [1958]

He lived 1909 to 1985.

Daniel Lerner [Lerner, Daniel]

sociologist

USA

1958

Passing of Traditional Society [1958: with Lucille W. Pevsner]

He lived 1917 to 1980.

Seymour Lipset [Lipset, Seymour]

sociologist

USA

1958

Political Man [1958]

He lived 1922 to ?.

Laurie London [London, Laurie]

singer

USA

1958

He's Got the Whole World (in His Hands) [1958]

Robin Luke [Luke, Robin]

singer

USA

1958

Susie Darling [1958]

James G. March [March, James G.]

economist

USA

1958

Organizations [1958: with H. Guetzkow and Herbert Simon]

He studied systems theory or decision theory.

Ed Marshall [Marshall, Ed]

composer

USA

1958

Venus [1958: sung by Frankie Avalon]

He lived 1940 to ?.

John Mills [Mills, John]

actor

England

1958

Dunkirk [1958]

He lived 1908 to 2005.

Domenico Modugno [Modugno, Domenico]

singer

USA

1958

Nel Blu Dipinto Di Blu or Volare or In the Blue Painted Blue or To Fly [1958]

He lived 1928 to 1994.

Kenneth More [More, Kenneth]

actor

England

1958

Night to Remember [1958]

He lived 1914 to 1982.

Jerome Moross [Moross, Jerome]

composer

USA

1958

Big Country [1958]

He lived 1913 to 1983.

Kurt Neumann [Neumann, Kurt]

director

Germany/USA

1958

Fly [1958]

He lived 1898 to 1958.

Bill Parsons [Parsons, Bill]

singer

USA

1958

All-American Boy [1958]

Lee Pockriss [Pockriss, Lee]/Paul Vance [Vance, Paul]

lyricist/composer

USA

1958

Catch a Falling Star [1958]

Leontyne Price [Price, Leontyne]

soprano

USA

1958

She lived 1927 to ?.

Jody Reynolds [Reynolds, Jody]

singer

USA

1958

Endless Sleep [1958]

Keith Robertson [Robertson, Keith]

writer

USA

1958

Henry Reed Inc. [1958]

He lived 1941 to 1991.

Rosalind Russell [Russell, Rosalind]

actor

USA

1958

Auntie Mame [1958]

She lived 1907 to 1976.

Robert Ryan [Ryan, Robert]

actor

USA

1958

God's Little Acre [1958]

He lived 1909 to 1973.

Mikio Sato [Sato, Mikio]

mathematician

Japan

1958

He lived 1928 to ? and studied hyperfunctions [1958].

David Seville [Seville, David]

singer

USA

1958

Witch Doctor [1958]

Wayne Shanklin [Shanklin, Wayne]/George Callender [Callender, George]

composer

USA

1958

Primrose Lane [1958]

Wayne Shanklin [Shanklin, Wayne]

composer

USA

1958

Chanson d'Amour or Song of Love or Ra-Da-Da-Da-Da Song [1958]

Irwin Shaw [Shaw, Irwin]

novelist

USA

1958

Young Lions [1958]

He lived 1913 to 1984.

Sharon Sheeley [Sheeley, Sharon]

composer

USA

1958

Poor Little Fool [1958: sung by Rick Nelson]

Elizabeth George Speare [Speare, Elizabeth George]

writer

USA

1958

Sign of the Beaver; Witch of Blackbird Pond [1958]; Bronze Bow

She lived 1922 to ?.

Kim Stanley [Stanley, Kim]

actor

USA

1958

Goddess [1958: Paddy Chayefsky wrote]

She lived 1925 to 2001.

Billy Strayhorn [Strayhorn, Billy]/Johnny Mercer [Mercer, Johnny]/Duke Ellington [Ellington, Duke]

lyricist/lyricist/composer

USA

1958

Satin Doll [1958]

Mercer lived 1909 to 1976. Ellington lived 1899 to 1974.

Ed Townsend [Townsend, Ed]

singer

USA

1958

For Your Love [1958]

Conway Twitty [Twitty, Conway]

singer/composer

USA

1958

It's Only Make Believe [1958: with Jack Nance]

He lived 1933 to ?.

Ritchie Valens [Valens, Ritchie]

singer

USA

1958

La Bamba [1958]; Oh Donna or Donna [1958]

He lived 1941 to 1959.

James Van Allen [Van Allen, James]

geologist

USA

1958

He lived 1914 to 2006 and found radiation belts around Earth [1958].

Gwen Verdon [Verdon, Gwen]

actor

USA

1958

Damn Yankees [1958]

She lived 1925 to 2000.

Jerry Wallace [Wallace, Jerry]

singer

USA

1958

How the Time Flies [1958: by Tommy Jarrett]

Terence White [White, Terence]

novelist

England

1958

Once and Future King [1958]

He lived 1906 to 1964.

Sheb Wolley [Wolley, Sheb]

composer/guitarist

USA

1958

Purple People Eater [1958]

He lived 1921 to 2003.

Jack Kilby [Kilby, Jack]/Robert Noyce [Noyce, Robert]

inventor

USA

1958 to 1959

integrated circuit [1958 to 1959]

Kilby lived 1923 to 2005. Noyce lived 1927 to 1990.

Francois Truffaut [Truffaut, Francois]

director

France

1958 to 1959

Jules et Jim [1958: Oscar Werner acted]; 400 Blows [1959]; Shoot the Piano Player

He lived 1932 to 1984.

Dion/Belmonts

singer

USA

1958 to 1960

I Wonder Why [1958]; Teenager in Love [1959]; Where or When [1960]; Lonely Teenager [1960]

Dion and the Belmonts. Dion lived 1939 to 1996.

Duane Eddy [Eddy, Duane]

singer

USA

1958 to 1960

Rebel Rouser [1958]; Because They're Young [1960]; Peter Gunn [1960]

He lived 1938 to ?.

Bobby Darin [Darin, Bobby]

singer/composer

USA

1958 to 1961

Early in the Morning [1958]; Queen of the Hop [1958]; Splish Splash [1958]; Mack the Knife [1959]; Dream Lover

[1959]; Beyond the Sea or La Mer [1959]; Things [1961]; Lazy River [1961]

He lived 1936 to 1973.

Eugene Burdick [Burdick, Eugene]

novelist

USA

1958 to 1962

Ugly American [1958: with William Lederer]; Fail-Safe [1962]

He lived 1918 to 1965.

Ross Bagdasarian/Chipmunks

singer

USA

1958 to 1962

Chipmunk Song [1958]; Christmas Don't Be Late [1962]

Bagdasarian lived 1919 to 1972.

Connie Francis [Francis, Connie]

singer

USA

1958 to 1962

Jingle Bell Rock [1958]; Who's Sorry Now [1958]; Frankie [1959]; Many Tears Ago [1960]; My Heart Has a Mind of

Its Own [1960]; Where the Boys Are [1961]; Don't Break the Heart That Loves You [1962]

She lived 1938 to ?.

William Lederer [Lederer, William]

novelist

USA

1958 to 1962

Ugly American [1958: with Eugene Burdick]

He lived 1912 to ?.

Trini Lopez [Lopez, Trini]

singer

USA

1958 to 1962

If I Had a Hammer [1958: by Lee Hays and Pete Seeger]; La Bamba [1958]

He lived 1937 to ?.

Clyde McPhatter [McPhatter, Clyde]

singer

USA

1958 to 1962

Lover's Question [1958]; Lover Please [1962]

He lived 1932 to 1972.

Alvin Ailey [Ailey, Alvin]

modern dancer/choreographer

USA

1958 to 1963

He lived 1931 to 1989 and started Alvin Ailey American Dance Theater [1958].

John XXIII

pope

Rome, Italy

1958 to 1963

He lived 1881 to 1963. As pope, he modernized Catholic Church. Church became more ecumenical at second Vatican

Council.

Link Wray [Wray, Link]

composer/guitarist

USA

1958 to 1963

Rumble [1958]; Rawhide [1959]; Jack the Ripper [1963]

He lived 1929 to 2005 and invented electric guitar chord {power chord} that featured distortion.

Bobby Freeman [Freeman, Bobby]

singer

USA

1958 to 1964

Do You Want to Dance [1958]; C'mon and Swim [1964]

Martin Ritt [Ritt, Martin]

director

USA

1958 to 1964

Long Hot Summer [1958: Paul Newman, Orson Welles, and Joanne Woodward acted]; Hud [1963: Paul Newman and

Patricia Neal acted]; Outrage [1964: Paul Newman, Claire Bloom, and Laurence Harvey acted]

He lived 1914 to 1990.

Truman Capote [Capote, Truman]

novelist

USA

1958 to 1965

Breakfast at Tiffany's [1958]; In Cold Blood [1965]

He lived 1924 to 1984.

Chinua Achebe [Achebe, Chinua]

novelist

Nigeria

1958 to 1966

Things Fall Apart [1958]; No Longer at Ease [1960]; Arrow of God [1964]; Man of the People [1966]

He lived 1930 to ?.

Jerry Butler [Butler, Jerry]

composer/singer

USA

1958 to 1967

For Your Precious Love [1958]; He Will Break Your Heart or He Don't Love You (Like I Love You) [1960]; Moon

River [1961]; Make It Easy on Yourself [1962]; Hey, Western Union Man [1967]; Only the Strong Survive [1967]

He lived 1940 to ?.

John Kenneth Galbraith [Galbraith, John Kenneth]

economist

USA

1958 to 1967

Affluent Society [1958]; New Industrial State [1967]

He lived 1908 to ? and studied government social policy.

Peggy Lee [Lee, Peggy]

singer

USA

1958 to 1969

Fever [1958]; Is That All There Is? [1969: by Leiber and Stoller]

She lived 1920 to ?.

Joseph Wolpe [Wolpe, Joseph]

therapist

USA

1958 to 1969

Psychotherapy by Reciprocal Inhibition [1958]; Behavior Therapy Technique [1966: with Arnold Lazarus]; Practice of

Behavior Therapy [1969]

He lived 1915 to 1997 and developed behavior therapy {systematic desensitization} [1958].

Allen Toussaint [Toussaint, Allen]

composer

USA

1958 to 1970

Java Jones [1958]; Working in a Coal Mine [1970]

Donald E. Broadbent [Broadbent, Donald E.]

psychologist

England

1958 to 1971

Perception and Communication [1958]; Decision and Stress [1971]

He lived 1926 to 1993 and studied Broadbent filtering effect, cocktail party effect, filter theory, memory position

effects, primacy effect, and recency effect [Broadbent, 1958].

Jacques Lipchitz [Lipchitz, Jacques] or Chaim Jacob Lipchitz [Lipchitz, Chaim Jacob]

sculptor

France

1958 to 1971

Between Heaven and Earth [1958: bronze]; Beautiful One [1962: bronze]; L'Amazone [1971: bronze]

He lived 1891 to 1973 and built transparent sculptures.

Roger W. Brown [Brown, Roger W.]

psychologist

USA

1958 to 1972

Words and Things [1958]; Wolf Children and the Problem of Human Nature [1972]

He lived 1925 to 1997 and studied biofeedback and children raised by animals.

Hannah Arendt [Arendt, Hannah]

sociologist

USA

1958 to 1978

Human Condition [1958]; Life of the Mind [1975 to 1978]

She lived 1906 to 1975 and studied under Jaspers and Heidegger. Human activity is labor to stay alive, work to make

things for society, and action to create new things and work with others. Action is more important than thought.

Philippa Foot [Foot, Philippa]

philosopher

England

1958 to 1978

Moral arguments [1958]; Moral beliefs [1958]; Virtues and Vices and Other Essays in Moral Philosophy [1978]

She lived 1920 to ? and wrote against prescriptivism. Morals are about thoughts and acts that objectively cause good or

harm.

Henry Mancini [Mancini, Henry] or Enrico Nicola Mancini [Mancini, Enrico Nicola]

composer

England

1958 to 1982

Peter Gunn [1958: including Peter Gunn Theme, with lyrics by Ray Evans and Jay Livingston]; Mr. Lucky [1959];

Moon River [1961: lyrics by Johnny Mercer]; Breakfast at Tiffany's [1961: including Moon River, with lyrics by

Johnny Mercer]; Hatari! [1962: including Baby Elephant Walk, with lyrics by Hal David]; Days of Wine and Roses

[1962: including Days of Wine and Roses]; Man's Favorite Sport [1963: lyrics by Johnny Mercer]; I Love You and

Don't You Forget It [1963: lyrics by Al Stillman]; Richard Boone Show [1963: including How Soon, with lyrics by Al

Stillman]; Charade [1963]; Pink Panther Theme [1964]; Pink Panther [1964: including Pink Panther Theme and It Had

Better Be Tonight, with lyrics by Johnny Mercer]; Dear Heart [1964: including Dear Heart]; Shot in the Dark [1964:

including Moment to Moment, with lyrics by Johnny Mercer]; What Did You Do in the War, Daddy? [1966: including

In the Arms of Love, with lyrics by Jay Livingston and Ray Evans]; Party [1968: including Nothing to Lose, sung by

Claudine Longet]; Darling Lili [1969: including I'll Give You Three Guesses and Darling Lili, with lyrics by Johnny

Mercer]; Love Theme from Romeo and Juliet [1969]; Sunflower [1970: including Loss of Love, with lyrics by Bob

Merrill]; Newhart [1982]

He lived 1924 to 1994.

Sekou Toure [Toure, Sekou]

philosopher/statesman

Guinea

1958 to 1984

He lived 1922 to 1984, advocated socialism, and was President of Guinea [1958 to 1984].

Edward Villella [Villella, Edward]

ballet dancer

USA

1958 to 1986

He lived 1936 to ?.

Syd Hoff [Hoff, Syd]

writer

USA

1958 to 1988

Danny and the Dinosaur [1958]; Horse in Harry's Room [1970]; Mrs. Brice's Mice [1988]

He lived 1912 to 2004.

Joachim Lambek [Lambek, Joachim]

linguist

USA

1958 to 1988

Mathematics of Sentence Structure [1958]; Categorial and categorical grammars [1988]

He lived 1922 to ? and helped develop immediate constituent grammar.

Alasdair C. MacIntyre [MacIntyre, Alasdair C.]

philosopher

USA

1958 to 1990

Unconscious: A Conceptual Analysis [1958]; Short History of Ethics [1966]; After Virtue [1981]; Whose Justice?

Which Rationality? [1988]; Three Rival Versions of Moral Enquiry [1990]

He lived 1929 to ?. Morality is about human fulfillment. People make choices based on social developments. Society is

now losing its foundations, so people are changing choices.

Pierre Boulez [Boulez, Pierre]

composer

France/USA

1958 to 1991

He lived 1925 to ?.

Van Cliburn [Cliburn, Van]

pianist

USA

1958 to 1999

He lived 1934 to 1999.

Frankie Avalon [Avalon, Frankie]

singer

USA

1959

Why [1959]

He lived 1939 to ?.

Marshall Barer [Barer, Marshall]/Mary Rodgers [Rodgers, Mary]

lyricist/composer

USA

1959

Once upon a Mattress [1959: musical]

Barer lived 1923 to 1998.

Heinrich Böll [Böll, Heinrich]

novelist

Germany

1959

Billiards at Half Past Nine [1959]

He lived 1917 to 1985.

Russell Brain [Brain, Russell]

biologist

England

1959

Nature of Experience [1959]

He lived 1895 to 1966 and studied brain.

Fidel Castro [Castro, Fidel]

premier

Cuba

1959

He lived 1926 to ?. The 26th of July revolutionary movement overthrew Juan Bautista, and Cuba became Communist.

Herman Chernoff [Chernoff, Herman]/Lincoln E. Moses [Moses, Lincoln E.]

mathematician

USA

1959

Elementary Decision Theory [1959]

Chernoff lived 1923 to ?. Mises lived 1921 to ?.

James Costigan [Costigan, James]

novelist

USA

1959

Little Moon of Alban [1959]

He lived 1928 to ?.

Doris Day [Day, Doris]/Rock Hudson [Hudson, Rock]/Tony Randall [Randall, Tony]

actor

USA

1959

Pillow Talk [1959]

Day lived 1924 to ?. Hudson lived 1925 to 1985. Randall lived 1920 to 2004.

Shelagh Delaney [Delaney, Shelagh]

novelist

England

1959

Taste of Honey [1959]

She lived 1939 to ?.

Carl Dobkins, Jr. [Dobkins, Jr., Carl]

singer

USA

1959

My Heart Is an Open Book [1959]

Toni Fisher [Fisher, Toni]

singer

USA

1959

Big Hurt [1959]

Frankie Ford [Ford, Frankie]

singer

USA

1959

Sea Cruise [1959]

Edgar Friedenberg [Friedenberg, Edgar]

sociologist

USA

1959

Vanishing Adolescent [1959]

He lived 1912 to 2001.

Jean Genet [Genet, Jean]

playwright

France

1959

Our Lady of the Flowers [1959]; Blacks

He lived 1910 to 1986.

Harry Giosasi [Giosasi, Harry]/Artie Zwirn [Zwirn, Artie]

composer

USA

1959

I Ran All the Way Home [1959: sung by Impalas]

Earl Grant [Grant, Earl]

singer

USA

1959

End or At the End of the Rainbow [1959]

Che Guevara [Guevara, Che]

general

Cuba

1959

He lived 1928 to 1967.

Lorraine Hansberry [Hansberry, Lorraine]

playwright

USA

1959

Raisin in the Sun [1959]

She lived 1930 to 1965.

Sheldon Harnick [Harnick, Sheldon]/Jerry Bock [Bock, Jerry]

lyricist/composer

USA

1959

Fiorello [1959: musical]

Harnick lived 1924 to ?. Bock lived 1928 to ?

Wilbert Harrison [Harrison, Wilbert]

singer

USA

1959

Kansas City [1959: by Mike Stoller and Jerry Leiber]

Laurence Harvey [Harvey, Laurence]/Simone Signoret [Signoret, Simone]

actor

England/Germany/France

1959

Room at the Top [1959]

Harvey lived 1928 to 1973. Signoret lived 1921 to 1985.

Ben Hecht [Hecht, Ben]

playwright

USA

1959

Ten Commandments [1959]

He lived 1894 to 1964.

Fred Hoyle [Hoyle, Fred]

astronomer

England

1959

Black Cloud [1959: Organic molecules in cloud can have metabolism]

He lived 1915 to 2001, propounded universe steady-state theory, and demonstrated how red-giant stars can make

carbon, oxygen, and iron [1957: with Geoffrey Burbridge, William Fowler, and Margaret Burbridge].

John Knowles [Knowles, John]

novelist

USA

1959

Separate Peace [1959]

He lived 1926 to 2001.

Howard Koch [Koch, Howard]

director

USA

1959

Last Mile [1959: Mickey Rooney acted]

He lived 1902 to 1995.

Lev D. Landau [Landau, Lev D.]

physicist

Russia

1959

Course of Theoretical Physics [1959: with Evgenii M. Lifshitz]

He lived 1908 to 1968. He proposed neutron stars [1932], and J. Robert Oppenheimer and G. M. Volkov found mass

limit {Landau-Oppenheimer-Volkov limit, Landau} for making black holes instead of neutron stars, 2.5 times Sun

mass.

Turbulence begins when new frequencies appear in fluid at overlapping velocities and masses. Turbulent motions

include oscillatory, skewed varicose, cross-roll, knot, and zigzag. Turbulence is like white noise, with all frequencies.

Jerry Leiber [Leiber, Jerry]/Mike Stoller [Stoller, Mike]/Ben E. Nelson [Nelson, Ben E.]/Lover Patterson

[Patterson, Lover]/George Treadwell [Treadwell, George]

composer

USA

1959

There Goes My Baby [1959]

Leiber lived 1933 to ?. Stoller lived 1933 to ?.

Jerome Y. Lettvin [Lettvin, Jerome Y.]

biologist

USA

1959

What the Frog's Eye Tells the Frog's Brain [1959: with Maturana, McCulloch, and Pitts]

He lived 1920 to ?. Axons from frog retinal ganglion cells have four groups that respond differently to different stimuli

and that end in four distinct optic-tectum layers, all with same topographic map. Frog is normally motionless, so

detectors detect environment changes.

Sustained contrast detectors make immediate and prolonged signals when object edge, either lighter or darker than

background, moves into receptive field and stops.

Net convexity detectors make immediate and temporary signals when large dark-object small or convex edges pass

through visual field. Smooth movement has less effect than jerky movement.

Moving-edge detectors respond to edges moving through receptive field. Net dimming detectors make immediate and

prolonged signals with sudden illumination reduction. Frogs can recognize prey and enemy categories.

Antonio Maria [Maria, Antonio]/Luiz Bonfa [Bonfa, Luiz]

lyricist/composer

Brazil

1959

Samba de Orfeu [1959]

Bonfa lived 1922 to 2001.

Newton Mendonca [Mendonca, Newton]/Antonio Carlos Jobim [Jobim, Antonio Carlos]/Jon Hendricks

[Hendricks, Jon]/Jessie Cavanaugh [Cavanaugh, Jessie]

lyricist/composer/lyricist/lyricist

Brazil/USA

1959

Slightly Out of Tune or Desafinado [1959]

Jobim lived 1927 to ?.

Alfred Newman [Newman, Alfred]

composer

USA

1959

Diary of Anne Frank [1959]

He lived 1901 to 1970.

Ray Peterson [Peterson, Ray]

singer

USA

1959

Wonder of You [1959]; Corinna, Corinna [1960]; Tell Laura I Love Her [1960]

He lived 1939 to ?.

Sidney Poitier [Poitier, Sidney]/Sammy Davis, Jr. [Davis, Jr., Sammy]

actor

USA

1959

Porgy and Bess [1959]

Poitier lived 1924 to ?. Davis lived 1925 to 1990.

Albert Sabin [Sabin, Albert]

doctor/inventor

Poland/USA

1959

oral polio vaccine [1959]

He lived 1906 to 1993 {oral polio vaccine}.

André Schwarz-Bart [Schwarz-Bart, André]

novelist

France

1959

Last of the Just [1959]

He lived 1928 to ?.

Oliver Selfridge [Selfridge, Oliver]

psychologist

USA

1959

He invented letter-recognition models {Pandemonium model}. Lowest level recognized letter features, such as straight

and curved line segments at different orientations. Middle level suggested letters based on feature combinations.

Highest level chose letter based on weights from middle-level letters.

Frank Sibley [Sibley, Frank]

philosopher

USA

1959

Aesthetic Concepts [1959]

He lived 1923 to 1996. No criteria or assumption should apply to aesthetics.

Alan Sillitoe [Sillitoe, Alan]

novelist

England

1959

Loneliness of the Long Distance Runner [1959]

He lived 1928 to ?.

William D. Snodgrass [Snodgrass, William D.]

poet

USA

1959

Examination [1959]

He lived 1926 to ?.

Stephen Sondheim [Sondheim, Stephen]/Jule Styne [Styne, Jule]

lyricist/composer

USA

1959

Gypsy [1959: musical, with Jerome Robbins, choreographer, and Ethel Merman, singer, Arthur Laurents, book,

including Everything's Coming up Roses, Let Me Entertain You, Small World, Together Wherever We Go]

Styne lived 1904 to 1994.

Barrett Strong [Strong, Barrett]

singer

USA

1959

Money [1959]

Jean Surrey [Surrey, Jean]

composer

USA

1959

Teen Angel [1959]

Mikis Theodorakis [Theodorakis, Mikis]

composer

Greece/USA

1959

Never on Sunday [1959]

He lived 1925 to ?.

J. Lloyd Trump [Trump, J. Lloyd]

sociologist

USA

1959

Images of the Future [1959]

Louis Untermeyer [Untermeyer, Louis]

editor

USA

1959

Golden Treasury of Poetry [1959]

He lived 1885 to 1977.

Dinah Washington [Washington, Dinah]

singer

USA

1959

What a Diff'rence a Day Makes [1959]

She lived 1924 to 1963.

Bobby Weinstein [Weinstein, Bobby]/Teddy Randazzo [Randazzo, Teddy]

composer

USA

1959

Pretty Blue Eyes [1959]

Randazzo lived 1935 to 2003.

Betty Comden [Comden, Betty]/Adolph Green [Green, Adolph]/Jule Styne [Styne, Jule]

lyricist/composer

USA

1959 to 1960

Bells Are Ringing [1959: musical, including The Party's Over, Just in Time]; Do Re Mi [1960: musical, including

Make Someone Happy]

Comden lived 1919 to ?. Green lived 1914 to 2002. Styne lived 1905 to 1994.

Johnny Horton [Horton, Johnny]

singer

USA

1959 to 1960

Battle of New Orleans [1959]; North to Alaska [1960]; Sink the Bismarck [1960]

Marty Robbins [Robbins, Marty]

singer

USA

1959 to 1960

El Paso [1959]

He lived 1925 to 1982.

Arnold Brecht [Brecht, Arnold]

political scientist

Germany/USA

1959 to 1961

Foundations of 20th Century Political Thought [1959]; Political Theory [1961]

He lived 1884 to 1977. Universal human ethical thinking and feeling preferences determine political values.

Dee Clark [Clark, Dee]

composer

USA

1959 to 1961

Hey Little Girl [1959]; Raindrops [1961]

James Purdy [Purdy, James]

novelist

USA

1959 to 1961

Malcolm [1959]; Nephew [1961]

He lived 1923 to ?.

Bennett Cerf [Cerf, Bennett]

writer/essayist/humorist

USA

1959 to 1962

Book of Laughs [1959: humor]; Book of Riddles [1960: humor]; More Riddles [1961: humor]; Book of Animal

Riddles [1962: humor]

He lived 1898 to 1971.

Patsy Cline [Cline, Patsy] or Patsy Hensley [Hensley, Patsy]

singer

USA

1959 to 1962

Walkin' After Midnight [1959]; Crazy Dreams [1960]; I Fall to Pieces [1961]; Crazy [1961: by Willie Nelson]

She lived 1932 to 1963.

Dave Cortez [Cortez, Dave] or Baby Cortez [Cortez, Baby] or David Cortez Clowney [Clowney, David Cortez]

organist

USA

1959 to 1962

Happy Organ [1959]; Rinky Dink [1962: based on the song Love Is Strange]

He lived 1938 to ?.

Otto Preminger [Preminger, Otto]

director

Austria/USA

1959 to 1962

Anatomy of a Murder [1959: James Stewart acted]; Advise and Consent [1962]

He lived 1906 to 1986.

Alain Resnais [Resnais, Alain]

director

France

1959 to 1962

Hiroshima, Mon Amour [1959]; Last Year at Marienbad [1962]

He lived 1922 to ?.

Neil Sedaka [Sedaka, Neil]

singer/composer

USA

1959 to 1962

Oh Carol [1959]; Calendar Girl [1961: by Howard Greenfield and Neil Sedaka]; Happy Birthday Sweet Sixteen [1961:

by Howard Greenfield and Neil Sedaka]; Breaking up Is Hard to Do [1962: by Howard Greenfield and Neil Sedaka];

Living Right Next Door to an Angel [1962]

He lived 1939 to ?.

Peter Ustinov [Ustinov, Peter]

playwright/director

England

1959 to 1962

Romanov and Juliet [1959: play and movie]; Billy Budd [1962]

He lived 1921 to 2004.

Steve Lawrence [Lawrence, Steve]

singer

USA

1959 to 1963

Pretty Blue Eyes [1959]; Footsteps [1960]; More [1962: in the movie Mondo Cane]; Go Away Little Girl [1963]

He lived 1935 to ?.

Othmar Ammann [Ammann, Othmar]

architect

Switzerland/New York, New York

1959 to 1964

Verrazano Narrows Bridge [1959 to 1964: iron and concrete bridge goes from Brooklyn to Staten Island, has 1400-

meter span, has 70-story towers, and is 70 meters above water]

He lived 1879 to 1965.

Doc Pomus [Pomus, Doc]/Mort Shuman [Shuman, Mort]

composer

USA

1959 to 1964

Teenager in Love [1959]; This Magic Moment [1959: sung by the Drifters]; Save the Last Dance for Me [1960]; Viva

Las Vegas [1964: from the film Viva Las Vegas]

Pomus lived 1925 to 1991. Shuman lived 1936 to 1991.

Bobby Rydell [Rydell, Bobby] or Robert Ridarelli [Ridarelli, Robert]

singer

USA

1959 to 1964

We Got Love [1959]; Wild One [1960]; Little Bitty Girl [1960]; Swinging School [1960]; Volare [1960]; Ding-a-ling

[1960]; Sway [1961: 1954]; Good Time Baby [1961]; I've Got Bonnie [1962]; Cha Cha Cha [1962]; Forget Him

[1963]; World Without Love [1964]

He lived 1942 to ?.

Gunter Grass [Grass, Gunter]

novelist

Germany

1959 to 1965

Tin Drum [1959]; Dog Years [1965]

He lived 1927 to ?.

Peter Sellers [Sellers, Peter]

actor

England

1959 to 1966

Mouse that Roared [1959]; Waltz of the Toreadors [1962]; Pink Panther [1964]; Wrong Box [1966]

He lived 1925 to ?.

Audrey Hepburn [Hepburn, Audrey]

actor

Belgium/USA

1959 to 1967

Nun's Story [1959]; Wait Until Dark [1967]

She lived 1929 to 1993.

Jean Luc Godard [Godard, Jean Luc]

actor

France

1959 to 1968

Breathless [1959]; Weekend [1968]

He lived 1930 to ?.

Tony Richardson [Richardson, Tony]

director

England

1959 to 1968

Look Back in Anger [1959: Richard Burton and Claire Bloom acted]; Entertainer [1960: Laurence Olivier acted]; Taste

of Honey [1962: Rita Tushingham acted]; Tom Jones [1963: Alfred Finney and Susannah York acted]; Charge of the

Light Brigade [1968: Trevor Howard and John Gielgud acted]

He lived 1928 to 1991.

Philip Roth [Roth, Philip]

novelist

USA

1959 to 1969

Goodbye, Columbus [1959]; Portnoy's Complaint [1969]

He lived 1933 to ?.

Nathalie Sarraute [Sarraute, Nathalie] or Nathalie Ilyanova Tcherniak [Tcherniak, Nathalie Ilyanova]

writer

Russia/France

1959 to 1972

Planetarium [1959]; Do You Hear Them? [1972]

She lived 1900 to 1999.

Edwin H. Land [Land, Edwin H.]

inventor

USA

1959 to 1977

Experiments in Color Vision [1959]; Retinex Theory of Color Vision [1977]

He lived 1909 to 1991 and invented Polaroid photography {instant photography} and polaroid filters.

Epistemology

Color perception depends on relative reflectances. People see colors based on red, green, and blue intensity ratios from

neighboring and separated regions {retinex theory, Land}. Two-color mixtures can produce full color range.

Herbert Lionel Adolphus Hart [Hart, Herbert Lionel Adolphus]

philosopher

England

1959 to 1983

Causation in the Law [1959 and 1985: with Tony Honoré]; Concept of Law [1961]; Law, Liberty, and Morality [1963];

Punishment and Responsibility [1968]; Essays on Bentham [1982]; Essays in Jurisprudence and Philosophy [1983]

He lived 1907 to 1992. Responsibility requires behavior control and understanding of actions and rules. People relate

laws to morals and values. Laws are reasons for actions, without content. Society roles cause parents, police, and

soldiers to have duties and responsibilities {role responsibility}.

Hao Wang [Wang, Hao]

mathematician

China

1959 to 1986

Beyond Analytic Philosophy [1986]

He lived 1921 to ?, invented computer programs to prove first-order theorems [1959], and invented infinite series of

types. Mathematics is intuitive.

Joseph Campbell [Campbell, Joseph]

anthropologist

USA

1959 to 1987

Masks of God [1959 to 1968: four volumes]; Hero With a Thousand Faces [1948]; Myths to Live by [1972]; Power of

Myth [1987: with Bill Moyers]

He lived 1904 to 1987.

Humberto R. Maturana [Maturana, Humberto R.]

biologist

USA

1959 to 1992

What the Frog's Eye Tells the Frog's Brain [1959: with Lettvin, McCulloch, and Pitts]; Tree of Knowledge [1992: with

Francisco Varela]

He lived 1928 to ?. Living cells rebuild themselves {autopoiesis, Maturana}.

Joe Allison [Allison, Joe]/Audrey Allison [Allison, Audrey]

composer

USA

1960

He'll Have to Go [1960: sung by Jim Reeves]

Joe Allison lived 1924 to 2002.

Cleveland Amory [Amory, Cleveland]

novelist

USA

1960

Who Killed Society? [1960]

He lived 1917 to 1998.

John Langshaw Austin [Austin, John Langshaw]

philosopher

England

1960

How to Do Things with Words [1960]; Sense and Sensibilia [1960]

He lived 1911 to 1960 and studied ordinary language {linguistic philosophy}.

Epistemology

Language analysis can clarify philosophical and metaphysical problems, which are typically confusing.

Language developed by evolution.

Speech {linguistic act} can state things {constative} or do something {performative}. Stating is actually performing.

All speech is an action {speech-act theory}, such as to warn, remind, and communicate information. Actions can be

actual sound making {locution, Austin}, acts resulting from or secondary to uttering {illocution}, and uttering effects

{perlocution}.

Case or term can describe situation. Then prove that other cases or terms do not apply to situation. Show that other

situations require different cases or terms. If these apply, original situation implies term is valid {paradigm case

argument}. However, situation, case, or term typically has ambiguous meaning.

Context can distinguish appearance from reality.

Hank Ballard [Ballard, Hank]/Midnighters

singer

USA

1960

Finger Poppin' Time [1960]; Let's Go, Let's Go, Let's Go [1960]

Ballard lived 1927 to ?. Hank Ballard and the Midnighters.

Lionel Bart [Bart, Lionel]

composer

USA

1960

Oliver! [1960: musical, including As Long As He Heeds Me, Consider Yourself at Home]

He lived 1930 to 1999.

Stan Berenstain [Berenstain, Stan]

writer

USA

1960

Berenstain Bears [1960 on: books]

He lived 1923 to 2005.

Jeanne Black [Black, Jeanne]

singer

USA

1960

He'll Have to Stay [1960]

Billy Bland [Bland, Billy]

singer

USA

1960

Let the Little Girl Dance [1960]

Johnny Bond [Bond, Johnny]

singer

USA

1960

Hot Rod Lincoln [1960]

Sydney Brenner [Brenner, Sydney]/Matthew Meselson [Meselson, Matthew]/François Jacob [Jacob, François]

biologist

USA

1960

mRNA discovered [1960]

Brenner lived 1927 to ?. Meselson lived 1930 to ?. Jacob lived 1920 to ?.

Dave Brubeck [Brubeck, Dave]

pianist

USA

1960

Take Five [1960]

He lived 1920 to ? and played Progressive.

Ray Bryant [Bryant, Ray]

composer

USA

1960

Little Susie [1960]

He lived 1931 to ?.

Jimmy Charles [Charles, Jimmy]/Revelettes

composer

USA

1960

Million to One [1960]

James B. Clark [Clark, James B.]

director

USA

1960

Dog of Flanders [1960]

He lived 1908 to 2000.

Floyd Cramer [Cramer, Floyd]

piano player/composer

USA

1960

Last Date [1960]

He lived 1933 to 1997.

Barry Darvell [Darvell, Barry]

singer

USA

1960

How Will It End [1960]

Mark Dinning [Dinning, Mark]

singer

USA

1960

Teen Angel [1960: by Jean Surrey and Red Surrey]

He lived 1933 to 1986.

Mack Discant [Discant, Mack]/Max Steiner [Steiner, Max]

lyricist/composer

USA

1960

Theme from A Summer Place [1960: played by Percy Faith]

Steiner lived 1888 to 1971.

Harold Dorman [Dorman, Harold]

singer/composer

USA

1960

Mountain of Love [1960: also sung by Johnny Rivers, 1964]

Clifton Fadiman [Fadiman, Clifton]

essayist/humorist

USA

1960

Lifetime Reading Plan [1960]

He lived 1902 to 1999.

Percy Faith [Faith, Percy]

orchestra leader

USA

1960

Theme from a Summer Place [1960]

Percy Faith and His Orchestra. He lived 1908 to 1976.

Dallas Frazier [Frazier, Dallas]

composer

USA

1960

Alley-oop [1960: sung by Hollywood Argyles]

Martin Gardner [Gardner, Martin]

writer

USA

1960

Ambidextrous Universe [1960]

He lived 1914 to ?.

Paul Goodman [Goodman, Paul]

sociologist

USA

1960

Growing Up Absurd [1960]

He lived 1911 to 1972.

Howard Greenfield [Greenfield, Howard]/Neil Sedaka [Sedaka, Neil]

composer

USA

1960

Where the Boys Are [1960: from the movie Where the Boys Are. sung by Connie Francis]

Greenfield lived 1952 to ?. Sedaka lived 1939 to ?.

Alec Guinness [Guinness, Alec]/John Mills [Mills, John]

actor

England

1960

Tunes of Glory [1960]

Guinness lived 1914 to 2000. Mills lived 1908 to 2005.

Shirley Hall [Hall, Shirley]/Leslie Temple [Temple, Leslie]/James Johnson [Johnson, James]

composer

USA

1960

Watusi [1960]

Bobby Hendricks [Hendricks, Bobby]

singer

USA

1960

Psycho [1960]

He was in the Drifters.

Dorothy Crowfoot Hodgkin [Hodgkin, Dorothy Crowfoot]

biologist

England

1960

She lived 1910 to 1994 and determined insulin structure.

James Hoffa [Hoffa, James]

labor leader

USA

1960

He lived 1913 to 1975 and led Teamster's Union.

Zilphia Horton [Horton, Zilphia]/Frank Hamilton [Hamilton, Frank]/Guy Carawan [Carawan, Guy]/Pete

Seeger [Seeger, Pete]

composer

USA

1960

We Shall Overcome [1960]

traditional. Horton lived 1905 to 1991. Seeger lived 1919 to ?.

Trevor Howard [Howard, Trevor]/Wendy Hiller [Hiller, Wendy]/Dean Stockwell [Stockwell, Dean]

actor

England/USA

1960

Sons and Lovers [1960]

Howard lived 1913 to 1988. Hiller lived 1912 to 2003. Stockwell lived 1936 to ?.

Wanda Jackson [Jackson, Wanda]

singer

USA

1960

Let's Have a Party [1960]

Marv Johnson [Johnson, Marv]

singer

USA

1960

You Got What It Takes [1960]

Jimmy Jones [Jones, Jimmy]

singer

USA

1960

Good Timing [1960]; Handy Man [1960: composed by Otis Blackwell and Jimmy Jones]

Joe Jones [Jones, Joe]

singer

USA

1960

You Talk Too Much [1960]

Paul Kaufman [Kaufman, Paul]/Mike Anthony [Anthony, Mike]

composer

USA

1960

Poetry in Motion [1960]

Arthur L. Kopit [Kopit, Arthur L.]

playwright

USA

1960

Phantom [1960]; Oh Dad, Poor Dad, Mamma's Hung You in the Closet and I'm Feelin' So Sad [1967]

He lived 1937 to ?.

Harper Lee [Lee, Harper]

novelist

USA

1960

To Kill a Mockingbird [1960]

She lived 1926 to ?.

Carolyn Leigh [Leigh, Carolyn]/Cy Coleman [Coleman, Cy]

composer

USA

1960

Hey, Look Me Over [1960: from the musical Wildcat]

Leigh lived 1926 to ?. Coleman lived 1929 to 2004.

Hank Locklin [Locklin, Hank]

singer

USA

1960

Please Help Me, I'm Falling [1960]

Jerry Lordan [Lordan, Jerry]

composer

USA

1960

Apache [1960: played by Jorg Ingemann and the Ventures]

Douglas McGregor [McGregor, Douglas]

economist

USA

1960

Human Side of Enterprise [1960]

He studied organizational behavioral theory.

Richard Neustadt [Neustadt, Richard]

political scientist

USA

1960

Presidential Power [1960]

He lived 1919 to 2003.

Alex North [North, Alex]

composer

USA

1960

Spartacus [1960]

He lived 1910 to 1991.

Webb Pierce [Pierce, Webb]

singer

USA

1960

Rose And A Thorn [1960]

He lived 1921 to ?.

Johnny Preston [Preston, Johnny]

singer

USA

1960

Running Bear [1960]; Cradle of Love [1960]

He lived 1939 to ?.

Jim Reeves [Reeves, Jim]

singer

USA

1960

He'll Have to Go [1960]

He lived 1923 to 1964.

Wolf Rilla [Rilla, Wolf]

director

USA

1960

Village of the Damned [1960]

He lived 1920 to 2005.

William Robinson [Robinson, William] or Smokey Robinson [Robinson, Smokey]/Berry Gordy [Gordy, Berry]

composer

USA

1960

Shop Around [1960: sung by Smokey Robinson and the Miracles]

Robinson lived 1940 to ?. Gordy lived 1929 to ?

Neil Sedaka [Sedaka, Neil]/Stella Unger [Unger, Stella]

composer

USA

1960

Where the Boys Are [1960: from the film Where the Boys Are]

Sedaka lived 1939 to ?.

George Selden [Selden, George]

writer

USA

1960

Cricket in Times Square [1960]

He lived 1929 to 1989.

Connie Stevens [Stevens, Connie]

singer

USA

1960

Sixteen Reasons Why I Love You [1960]

She lived 1938 to ?.

W. S. Stevenson [Stevenson, W. S.]/Charley Ryan [Ryan, Charley]

composer

USA

1960

Hot Rod Lincoln [1960]

David Storey [Storey, David]

novelist

England

1960

This Sporting Life [1960]

He lived 1933 to ?.

Larry Verne [Verne, Larry]

singer

USA

1960

Mr. Custer [1960]

Dinah Washington [Washington, Dinah]/Brook Benton [Benton, Brook]

singer

USA

1960

Baby (You've Got What It Takes) [1960: by Clyde Otis and Murray Stein]

Washington lived 1924 to 1963.

Ben Weisman [Weisman, Ben]/Kay Twomey [Twomey, Kay]/Fred Wise [Wise, Fred]/Berthold Kaempfert

[Kaempfert, Berthold]

composer

USA

1960

Wooden Heart [1960]

Joseph Weizenbaum [Weizenbaum, Joseph]

mathematician

USA

1960

Computer Power and Human Reason [1960]

He lived 1923 to ? and wrote ELIZA program to imitate psychologist querying patient.

Kathy Young [Young, Kathy]

singer

USA

1960

Thousand Stars [1960]

Robert Youngson [Youngson, Robert]

director

USA

1960

When Comedy was King [1960]

He lived 1917 to 1974.

Johnny Burnette [Burnette, Johnny]

composer

USA

1960 to 1961

You're Sixteen [1960]; Dreamin' [1960]

He lived 1934 to 1964.

Al Caiola [Caiola, Al]

orchestra leader

USA

1960 to 1961

Magnificent Seven [1960]; Bonanza [1961]

Georges Delerue [Delerue, Georges]

composer

France

1960 to 1961

Shoot the Piano Player [1960]; Jules et Jim [1961]

He lived 1925 to 1992.

Philip D. Eastman [Eastman, Philip D.]

writer

USA

1960 to 1961

Are You My Mother? [1960]; Go Dog Go [1961]

He lived 1909 to 1986.

Johnny Tillotson [Tillotson, Johnny]

singer

USA

1960 to 1961

It Keeps Right on Hurtin' [1962]; Why Do I Love You So [1960]; Poetry in Motion [1960: by Paul Kaufman and Mike

Anthony]

He lived 1939 to ?.

Lawrence Welk [Welk, Lawrence]

orchestra leader

USA

1960 to 1961

Calcutta [1960]

He lived 1903 to 1992.

Gary U. S. Bonds [Bonds, Gary U. S.]

singer

USA

1960 to 1962

Take Me Back to New Orleans or New Orleans [1960]; Quarter to Three [1961]; School Is Out [1962]

Freddy Cannon [Cannon, Freddy] or Boom Boom Cannon [Cannon, Boom Boom]

composer

USA

1960 to 1962

Way Down Yonder in New Orleans [1960]; Palisades Park [1962]

Cannon lived 1939 to ?.

Jimmy Clanton [Clanton, Jimmy]

composer

USA

1960 to 1962

Go, Jimmy, Go [1960]; Venus in Blue Jeans [1962]

Brian Hyland [Hyland, Brian]

singer

USA

1960 to 1962

Itsy Bitsy Teeny Weeny Yellow Polka Dot Bikini [1960]; Sealed with a Kiss [1962]

Chubby Checker [Checker, Chubby]

composer/singer

USA

1960 to 1963

Twist [1960]; Pony Time [1961]; Limbo Rock [1962]; Let's Twist Again [1963]; Lazy Elsie Molly [1964]

He lived 1941 to ?.

Roy Clark [Clark, Roy]

singer/composer/guitarist

USA

1960 to 1963

Down Home [1960]; Talk about a Party [1962]; Tips of My Fingers [1963]

He lived 1933 to ?.

Brenda Lee [Lee, Brenda]

singer

USA

1960 to 1963

So Sorry or I'm Sorry [1960]; I Want to Be Wanted [1960]; Sweet Nothin's [1960]; That's All You Gotta Do [1960];

Fool #1 [1961]; Break It to Me Gently [1962]; All Alone Am I [1962]; Losing You [1963]

She lived 1944 to ?.

Sylvia Plath [Plath, Sylvia]

poet

USA

1960 to 1963

Colossus [1960]; Ariel [1963]

She lived 1932 to 1963.

Richard M. Sherman [Sherman, Richard M.]/Robert B. Sherman [Sherman, Robert B.]

composer

USA

1960 to 1963

Mary Poppins [1960: musical]; Chim Chim Cher-ee [1960: from the film Mary Poppins, 1963];

Supercalifragilisticexpialidocious [1960: from the film Mary Poppins, 1963]

Richard lived 1928 to ?. Robert lived 1925 to ?.

Lee Adams [Adams, Lee]/Charles Strouse [Strouse, Charles]

lyricist/composer

USA

1960 to 1964

Bye Bye Birdie [1960: musical, including Put on a Happy Face]; Once Upon a Time [1962]; Fiddler on the Roof [1964:

musical, including If I Were a Rich Man and Sunrise, Sunset. choreography by Jerome Robbins]

Adams lived 1924 to ?. Strouse lived 1928 to ?. Robbins lived 1918 to 1998.

John Barth [Barth, John]

novelist

USA

1960 to 1964

Sot-Weed Factor [1960]; Giles Goat Boy [1964]

He lived 1930 to ?.

Jules Dassin [Dassin, Jules]

director

USA

1960 to 1964

Never on Sunday [1960: Melina Mercouri acted]; Topkapi [1964: Peter Ustinov and Melina Mercouri acted]

He lived 1911 to ?.

Roy Orbison [Orbison, Roy]

singer

USA

1960 to 1964

Only the Lonely [1960: with Joe Melson]; Cryin' [1961: with Joe Melson]; Blue Bayou [1961: with Joe Melson]; Blue

Angel [1962]; Dream Baby [1962]; In Dreams [1963]; Pretty Woman [1964: with Bill Dees]

He lived 1936 to 1988.

Mary Wells [Wells, Mary]

singer

USA

1960 to 1964

Bye Bye, Baby [1960]; One Who Really Loves You [1962]; You Beat Me to the Punch [1962]; Two Lovers [1963];

My Guy [1964]

Miracles/Smokey Robinson [Robinson, Smokey]

singer

USA

1960 to 1966

Shop Around [1960]; I Need a Change [1960]; Way Over There [1962]; You've Really Got a Hold on Me [1962];

Mickey's Monkey [1963]; Tracks of My Tears [1965]; Bad Girl [1966]

Robinson lived 1940 to ?.

Maurice Williams [Williams, Maurice]/Zodiacs

singer

USA

1960 to 1966

Stay [1960]; May I [1966]

Maurice Williams and the Zodiacs. Williams lived 1939 to ?.

Ronald David Laing [Laing, Ronald David]

psychiatrist

Britain

1960 to 1967

Divided Self [1960]

He lived 1927 to 1989. Inability to form good personal relationships with others causes schizophrenia. Counseling

emphasizes experiences in social interactions and imparts sympathy and understanding to help people form social

relations. Psychiatric, diagnostic, and scientific methods do not address human relations.

Hans-Lukas Teuber [Teuber, Hans-Lukas]

psychologist

Germany

1960 to 1967

Somatosensory Changes after Penetrating Brain Wounds in Man [1960]; Visual Field Defects after Penetrating Missile

Wounds of the Brain [1960: with W. S. Battersby and Morris B. Bender]

He lived 1916 to 1977 and studied wartime brain-wound psychological effects. He investigated social networks [1967]

and found how many links {six degrees of separation} can connect all population members.

Bobby Vee [Vee, Bobby]

singer

USA

1960 to 1967

Devil or Angel [1960]; Take Good Care of My Baby [1961]; Rubber Ball [1962]; Night has a Thousand Eyes [1963: by

Benjamin Weisman, Dorothy Wayne, and Marilynn Garrett]; Come Back When You Grow Up [1967]

He lived 1943 to ?.

Leo Lionni [Lionni, Leo]

writer

Netherlands/USA

1960 to 1969

Inch by Inch [1960]; Swimmy [1963]; Frederick [1967]; Alexander and the Wind-Up Mouse [1969]

He lived 1910 to 1999.

Ornette Coleman [Coleman, Ornette]

saxophonist

USA

1960 to 1970

He lived 1930 to ? and played New Wave.

Pete Fountain [Fountain, Pete]

clarinetist

USA

1960 to 1970

He lived 1930 to ? and played Modern.

Ghobind Khorana [Khorana, Ghobind]

biologist

India/USA

1960 to 1970

He lived 1922 to ? and synthesized yeast gene [1960].

Chia-Chiao Lin [Lin, Chia-Chiao]/Frank Shu [Shu, Frank]

astronomer

USA

1960 to 1970

Galaxy bars and spirals are compressions in star galactic waves.

Archie Shepp [Shepp, Archie]

saxophonist

USA

1960 to 1970

He lived 1939 to ? and played New Wave.

Cootie Williams [Williams, Cootie] or Charles Melvin Williams [Williams, Charles Melvin]

trumpeter

USA

1960 to 1970

He lived 1910 to 1985 and played Modern.

Theodore White [White, Theodore]

historian

USA

1960 to 1972

Making of the President [1960 and 1968 and 1972]

He lived 1915 to 1986.

Russell Hoban [Hoban, Russell]

writer

USA

1960 to 1974

Bedtime for Frances [1960]; Bread and Jam for Frances [1964]; How Tom Beat Captain Najork and His Hired

Sportsmen [1974]

He lived 1925 to ?.

Scott O'Dell [O'Dell, Scott]

writer

USA

1960 to 1980

Island of the Blue Dolphins [1960]; Sing Down the Moon [1971]; Sarah Bishop [1980]

He lived 1898 to 1989.

Leopold Sedar Senghor [Senghor, Leopold Sedar]

philosopher/poet/statesman

Senegal

1960 to 1980

Songs of The Shadow [1945: including Prayer to the Masks]; Prayer to the Masks [1945: poem]

He lived 1906 to 2001, advocated African-culture glorification {Negritude}, and was Senegal president [1960 to 1980].

Carl Hilding Severinsen [Severinsen, Carl Hilding] or Doc Severinsen [Severinsen, Doc]

trumpeter

USA

1960 to 1980

He lived 1927 to 1989 and played Modern.

Hans-Georg Gadamer [Gadamer, Hans-Georg]

philosopher

Heidelberg, Germany

1960 to 1986

Truth and Method [1960]; Idea of the Good in Platonic-Aristotelian Philosophy [1978]; Relevance of the Beautiful and

Other Essays [1986]

He lived 1900 to 2002 and studied under Heidegger.

Epistemology

Understanding differs from explanation and depends on culture. People should be aware of culture and how it affects

their understanding of world and themselves. Understanding is in the present.

Realizing factors involved in understanding allows understanding to be as correct as possible {authentic}.

In studying and understanding, it is important to know writing style, intended audience, problem, and social and

historical context {hermeneutics, Gadamer}.

Mind

The life-world is social.

Clifford Geertz [Geertz, Clifford]

anthropologist

USA

1960 to 1988

Religion of Java [1960]; Agricultural Involution [1963]; Peddlers and Princes [1963]; Social History of an Indonesian

Town [1965]; Islam Observed [1968]; Interpretation of Cultures [1973]; Meaning and Order in Moroccan Society

[1980: with Hildred Geertz and Lawrence Rosen]; Local Knowledge: Further Essays in Interpretive Anthropology

[1983]; Works and Lives [1988]

He lived 1926 to 2006 and studied Java and Bali peoples. He advocated trying to interpret culture, rather than just

explaining behaviors.

People live in systems of meaning {culture, Geertz}, in which actions have intention and significance, and people have

knowledge and attitudes. Action meaning is public and observable.

Ideas, attitudes, and purposes lead to religion. Religion is cultural system, societal symbol system about the way world

is and should be {world-view}, which builds feelings, values, and goals {ethos, sociology}. It explains evil, suffering,

death, and universe. Rituals blend world-view and ethos. Participating puts people in touch with highest reality.

John Updike [Updike, John]

novelist

USA

1960 to 1990

Rabbit, Run [1960]; Rabbit Redux [1971]; Rabbit is Rich [1981]; Rabbit at Rest [1990]

He lived 1932 to ?.

Karl H. Pribram [Pribram, Karl H.]

psychologist

USA

1960 to 1991

Plans and the Structure of Behavior [1960: with George Miller and Eugene Galanter]; Languages of the Brain [1971];

Central Processing of Sensory Input [1974]; Brain and Perception [1991]

He lived 1919 to ?. Algorithms can first test, then operate, then test, and then exit {test-operate-test-exit} {TOTE unit}

[1960: with Miller and Galanter]. Units are in networks. He discussed dissipative structures in neurons and holonomic

theory. Cortical dendrites hold wave interference patterns, which activate by partial input [Pribram, 1991].

Wole Soyinka [Soyinka, Wole]

poet/playwright

Nigeria

1960 to 2000

Invention [1959: poem]; Dance of the Forests [1960: poem]; Play of Giants [1984: poem]; Interpreters [1965: novel];

Ake: Years of Childhood [1981: memoir]

He lived 1934 to ?.

Joseph Albers [Albers, Joseph]

painter

Germany/USA

1961

Homage to the Square [1961]

He lived 1888 to 1976 and used color squares to study color relations.

Fred Astaire [Astaire, Fred]/Debbie Reynolds [Reynolds, Debbie]

actor

USA

1961

Pleasure of His Company [1961]

Astaire lived 1899 to 1987. Reynolds lived 1932 to ?.

Fred Attneave [Attneave, Fred]

psychologist

USA

1961

In Defense of Homunculi [1961]

He lived 1919 to ?. Reticular formation can be conscious. Homunculus can be new substance. It can need previous

homunculi to know later ones.

Jacques Barzun [Barzun, Jacques]

historian

USA

1961

Classic, Romantic, and Modern [1961]

He lived 1907 to ?.

Boris Bassiak [Bassiak, Boris]

composer

France

1961

Le tourbillon or Canoe [1961: from the film Jules et Jim]

He lived 1928 to ?.

Bobby Bland [Bland, Bobby]

singer

USA

1961

Turn on Your Love Light [1961]

Pat Boone [Boone, Pat]/Ernest Gold [Gold, Ernest]

lyricist/composer

USA

1961

Exodus [1961: from the movie Exodus]

Boone lived 1934 to ?. Gold lived 1921 to 1999.

Maxine Brown [Brown, Maxine]

singer

USA

1961

All in My Mind [1961]

George Burton [Burton, George]/Paul Hampton [Hampton, Paul]

composer

USA

1961

You Don't Know What You've Got [1961: sung by Ral Donner]

Claudia Cardinale [Cardinale, Claudia]

actor

USA

1961

Girl with a Suitcase [1961]

She lived 1938 to ?.

Gene Chandler [Chandler, Gene]

singer

USA

1961

Duke of Earl [1961: by Earl Edwards, Eugene Dixon, and Bernice Williams]

He lived 1937 to ?.

Corsairs

singer

USA

1961

Smoky Places [1961]

Tony Curtis [Curtis, Tony]

actor

USA

1961

Great Imposter [1961]

He lived 1925 to ?.

James Darren [Darren, James]

singer

USA

1961

Goodbye Cruel World [1961]

Mack David [David, Mack]/Burt Bacharach [Bacharach, Burt]/Barney Williams [Williams, Barney]

composer

USA

1961

Baby, It's You [1961]

David lived 1912 to 1993. Bacharach lived 1928 to ?.

Mack David [David, Mack]/Elmer Bernstein [Bernstein, Elmer]

lyricist/composer

USA

1961

Walk on the Wild Side [1961]

David lived 1912 to 1993. Bernstein lived 1922 to 2004.

Jimmy Dean [Dean, Jimmy]

singer/composer

USA

1961

Big Bad John [1961]

He lived 1928 to ?.

Pierre DeLanoë [DeLanoe, Pierre]/Gilbert Becaud [Becaud, Gilbert]/Carl Sigman [Sigman, Carl]

lyricist/composer/lyricist

France/USA

1961

What Now My Love or Et maintenant [1961]

DeLanoë lived 1918 to 2006. Becaud lived 1927 to 2001. Sigman lived 1909 to 2000.

Lonnie Donegan [Donegan, Lonnie]/Skiffle Group

singer

USA

1961

Does Your Chewing Gum Lose Its Flavor [1961]

Lonnie Donegan and His Skiffle Group.

Kirk Douglas [Douglas, Kirk]

actor

USA

1961

Town without Pity [1961]

He lived 1926 to ?.

Ervin M. Drake [Drake, Ervin M.]

composer

USA

1961

It Was a Very Good Year [1961: sung by Frank Sinatra]

He lived 1919 to ?.

Yuri Gagarin [Gagarin, Yuri]

pilot

Russia

1961

He lived 1934 to 1968 and was first person to orbit Earth, once, in spacecraft and return.

Barbara George [George, Barbara]

singer

USA

1961

I Know [1961]

Henry Glover [Glover, Henry]/Carl Spencer [Spencer, Carl]

composer

USA

1961

Let the Little Girl Dance [1961: sung by Steve Lawrence]

Jean Gottman [Gottman, Jean]

sociologist

USA

1961

Megalopolis [1961]

He lived 1915 to 1994.

Clarence Henry [Henry, Clarence] or Frogman Henry [Henry, Frogman]

singer

USA

1961

But I Do or (I Don't Know Why I Love You) But I Do [1961]

He lived 1937 to ?.

Jorgen Ingmann [Ingmann, Jorgen]

singer

USA

1961

Apache [1961: by Jerry Lordan]

Etta James [James, Etta]

singer

USA

1961

At Last [1961]

She lived 1938 to ?.

Cathy Jean [Jean, Cathy]/Roommates

singer

USA

1961

Please Love Me Forever [1961]

Cathy Jean and the Roommates.

Joey Dee/Starliters

singer

USA

1961

Peppermint Twist [1961: by J. Deem and H. Glover]

Virgil Johnson [Johnson, Virgil]/Velvets

singer

USA

1961

Tonight Could Be the Night [1961]

Virgil Johnson and the Velvets.

Norton Juster [Juster, Norton]

writer

USA

1961

Phantom Tollbooth [1961]

He lived 1929 to ?.

Bert Kaempfert [Kaempfert, Bert]

orchestra leader

USA

1961

Wonderland By Night [1961]

Chris Kenner [Kenner, Chris]

singer

USA

1961

I Like It Like That [1961]

Freddy King [King, Freddy]

singer

USA

1961

Hide Away [1961]

Ben E. King [King, Ben E.]/Jerry Leiber [Leiber, Jerry]/Mike Stoller [Stoller, Mike]

composer

USA

1961

Stand by Me [1961]; Spanish Harlem [1961]

King lived 1938 to ?. Leiber lived 1933 to ?. Stoller lived 1933 to ?.

Curtis Lee [Lee, Curtis]/Tommy Boyce [Boyce, Tommy]

composer

USA

1961

Angel Eyes [1961: sung by Curtis Lee and the Halos]

Curtis Lee and the Halos.

Bobby Lewis [Lewis, Bobby]

singer

USA

1961

Tossin' And Turnin' [1961]

Oscar Lewis [Lewis, Oscar]

sociologist

USA

1961

Children of Sanchez [1961]

He lived 1914 to 1970.

John Loudermilk [Loudermilk, John]

composer

USA

1961

Sad Movies Make Me Cry [1961]

He lived 1934 to ?.

Eugene Lourie [Lourie, Eugene]

director

Russia/France

1961

Gorgo [1961]

He lived 1903 to 1991.

Frank Low [Low, Frank]

astronomer

USA

1961

He used infrared astronomy using his germanium bolometer [1961].

Arthur Lyman [Lyman, Arthur]

singer

USA

1961

Yellow Bird [1956]

Arthur Lyman Group.

Barry Mann [Mann, Barry]

composer

USA

1961

Who Put the Bomp [1961]

David McClelland [McClelland, David]

sociologist

USA

1961

Achieving Society [1961]

He lived 1917 to ? and studied achievement.

Carlos Montoya [Montoya, Carlos]

guitarist

Spain

1961

He lived 1903 to 1993. Flamenco.

Farley Mowat [Mowat, Farley]

writer

USA

1961

Owls in the Family [1961]

He lived 1921 to ?.

Don Murray [Murray, Don]

actor

USA

1961

Hoodlum Priest [1961]

He lived 1929 to 2006.

Vidiadhar Naipaul [Naipaul, Vidiadhar]

writer

England

1961

House for Mr. Biswas [1961]

He lived 1932 to ?.

Rasipuram Krishnaswami Narayan [Narayan, Rasipuram Krishnaswami]

writer

India

1961

Guide [1961]

He lived 1906 to 2001.

Alexander Sutherland Neill [Neill, Alexander Sutherland]

educator

Britain

1961

Summerhill: a Radical Approach to Education [1961]

He lived 1883 to 1973. Children need love and freedom and need boundaries and controls. Children have rights.

Parents and teachers are not too indulgent or harsh.

Tom Paxton [Paxton, Tom]

composer

USA

1961

Marvelous Toy [1961]

He lived 1937 to ?.

Gregory Peck [Peck, Gregory]/David Niven [Niven, David]/Anthony Quinn [Quinn, Anthony]

actor

USA

1961

Guns of Navarone [1961]

Peck lived 1916 to 2003. Niven lived 1910 to 1983. Quinn lived 1915 to 2001.

Harold Pinter [Pinter, Harold]

playwright

England

1961

Birthday Party [1961]

He lived 1930 to ?.

Sidney Poitier [Poitier, Sidney]/Ruby Dee [Dee, Ruby]

actor

USA

1961

Raisin in the Sun [1961]

Poitier lived 1924 to ?. Dee lived 1924 to ?.

Wilson Rawls [Rawls, Wilson]

writer

USA

1961

Where the Red Fern Grows [1961]

He lived 1913 to 1984.

Carlos Rigual [Rigual, Carlos]/Carlos Martinoli [Martinoli, Carlos]/Sunny Skylar [Skylar, Sunny]

composer/lyricist

USA

1961

Love Me with All Your Heart [1961]

Leo Robin [Robin, Leo]/Al Hoffman [Hoffman, Al]

lyricist/composer

USA/Russia

1961

Blue Hawaii [1961: from the film Blue Hawaii]

Robin lived 1895 to 1984. Hoffman lived 1902 to 1960.

Linda Scott [Scott, Linda]

singer

USA

1961

I Told Every Little Star [1961]

Del Shannon [Shannon, Del]/Max Crook [Crook, Max]

composer

USA

1961

Runaway [1961: sung by Del Shannon]

Shannon lived 1934 to 1990.

Alan Shepard [Shepard, Alan]

pilot

USA

1961

He lived 1923 to 1998 and was first American in space.

Vassili Soloviev-Sedoy [Soloviev-Sedoy, Vassili]/Mikhail Matusovsky [Matusovsky, Mikhail]/Kenny Ball [Ball,

Kenny]

composer

Russia/USA

1961

Midnight in Moscow [1961]

Ball lived 1930 to ?.

Muriel Spark [Spark, Muriel]

essayist

USA

1961

Prime of Miss Jean Brodie [1961]

She lived 1918 to ?.

Irving Stone [Stone, Irving]

novelist

USA

1961

Agony and the Ecstasy [1961]

He lived 1903 to 1989.

Sue Thompson [Thompson, Sue]

singer

USA

1961

Norman [1961]

Colin M. Turnbull [Turnbull, Colin M.]

anthropologist

England

1961

Forest People [1961]

He lived 1924 to 1994 and studied African pygmy peoples.

Erico Verissimo [Verissimo, Erico]

writer

Brazil

1961

O Tempo e o Vento or Time and the Wind [1961]

He lived 1905 to 1975.

Luchino Visconti [Visconti, Luchino]

director

Italy

1961

Rocco and His Brothers [1961]

He lived 1906 to 1976.

Karel Zeman [Zeman, Karel]

director

Bohemia

1961

Fabulous World of Jules Verne [1961]

He lived 1910 to 1989.

Ben E. King [King, Ben E.]

singer

USA

1961 to 1962

Stand by Me [1961]; There Is a Rose in Spanish Harlem [1961]; Don't Play That Song (You Lied) [1962]

He lived 1938 to ?. Drifters.

Gene McDaniels [McDaniels, Gene]

singer

USA

1961 to 1962

One Hundred Pounds of Clay [1961]; Tower of Strength [1962: by Burt Bacharach and Bob Hilliard]

He lived 1935 to ?.

Vittorio de Sica [Sica, Vittorio de]

director

Italy

1961 to 1962

Two Women [1961: Sophia Loren acted]; Easy Life [1962]

He lived 1902 to 1974.

John F. Kennedy [Kennedy, John F.]

president

USA

1961 to 1963

Profiles in Courage

He lived 1917 to 1963. 35th president tried to start New Frontier and Peace Corps, supported Bay of Pigs invasion of

Cuba by insurgents, won Cuban missile crisis, got nuclear test ban treaty, and Oswald assassinated him.

Del Shannon [Shannon, Del]

singer

USA

1961 to 1963

Runaway [1961]; Little Town Flirt [1962]; Hats Off to Larry [1963]; Keep Searchin' (We'll Follow the Sun) [1964]

He lived 1934 to 1990.

Timi Yuro [Yuro, Timi]

singer

USA

1961 to 1963

Hurt [1961]; Make the World Go Away [1963]

She lived 1941 to 2004.

Johnny Mercer [Mercer, Johnny]/Henry Mancini [Mancini, Henry]

lyricist/composer

USA

1961 to 1964

Moon River [1961: in the film Breakfast at Tiffany's]; Charade [1964: from the film Charade]

Mercer lived 1909 to 1976. Mancini lived 1924 to 1994.

Matt Monro [Monro, Matt]

singer

England

1961 to 1964

My Kind of Girl [1961]; Walk Away [1964]

He lived 1930 to 1985.

Blake Edwards [Edwards, Blake]

director

USA

1961 to 1965

Breakfast at Tiffany's [1961: Audrey Hepburn acted]; Days of Wine and Roses [1962: Jack Lemmon and Lee Remick

acted]; Experiment in Terror [1962]; Shot in the Dark [1964: Peter Sellers and Elke Sommer acted]; Great Race [1965:

Jack Lemmon acted]

He lived 1922 to ?.

Geoffrey Chew [Chew, Geoffrey]

physicist

USA

1961 to 1966

He studied S-matrix theory [1961] and bootstrap hypothesis [1966].

Rudolph Nureyev [Nureyev, Rudolph]

ballet dancer

Russia/England

1961 to 1966

Romeo and Juliet [1966: with Fonteyn and Nureyev]

He lived 1938 to 1993.

Carla Thomas [Thomas, Carla]

singer

USA

1961 to 1966

Gee Whiz [1961]; BABY [1966: by Isaac Hayes and David Porter]

She lived 1942 to ?.

James B. Conant [Conant, James B.]

sociologist

USA

1961 to 1967

Slums and Suburbs [1961]; Comprehensive High School [1967]

He lived 1893 to 1978 and studied comprehensive high schools.

Herman Kahn [Kahn, Herman]

physicist

USA

1961 to 1967

On Thermonuclear War [1961]; Year 2000 [1967]

He lived 1922 to 1983.

Mark Van Doren [Van Doren, Mark]

poet

USA

1961 to 1967

Happy Critic [1961]; 100 Poems [1967]

He lived 1894 to 1972.

Dion DiMucci

singer

USA

1961 to 1968

Runaround Sue [1961]; Lovers Who Wonder [1962]; Wanderer [1962]; Donna the Prima Donna [1964]; Abraham,

Martin, and John [1968: by Richard Holler]

He lived 1939 to 1996.

U Thant [Thant, U]

secretary-general

United Nations

1961 to 1969

He lived 1909 to 1974 and was United Nations Secretary-General. He dealt with Netherlands New Guinea

independence, trouble over Cuba, and Congo reunification.

Robert Ardrey [Ardrey, Robert]

psychologist

England

1961 to 1970

African Genesis [1961]; Territorial Imperative [1966]; Social Contract [1970]

He lived 1908 to 1980 and studied territoriality and aggression.

René Couteaux [Couteaux, René]

biologist

France

1961 to 1970

He lived 1909 to 1999. Synaptic vesicles release transmitter packets only at active synapse zones {active zone}, where

calcium ion channels are [1961].

Leslie Bricusse [Bricusse, Leslie]/Anthony Newley [Newley, Anthony]

lyricist/composer

England

1961 to 1971

Stop the World, I Want to Get Off [1961: musical, including What Kind of Fool Am I?]; Roar of the Greasepaint, The

Smell of the Crowd [1964: musical]; Talk to the Animals [1967: from the film Doctor Dolittle]; Candy Man [1971:

from the film Willy Wonka & the Chocolate Factory]

Bricusse lived 1931 to ?. Newley lived 1931 to 1999.

Jacques Monod [Monod, Jacques]

biologist

France

1961 to 1971

Chance and Necessity: An Essay on the Natural Philosophy of Modern Biology [1971]

He lived 1910 to 1976 and studied DNA repression and expression in Lac operon [1961].

Gladys Knight [Knight, Gladys]/Pips

singer

USA

1961 to 1973

Every Beat of My Heart [1961]; I Heard It through the Grapevine [1967]; Midnight Train to Georgia [1973]

Gladys Knight and the Pips. Knight lived 1944 to ?.

Joseph Heller [Heller, Joseph]

novelist

USA

1961 to 1974

Catch 22 [1961]; Something Happened [1974]

He lived 1923 to 1999.

Michel Foucault [Foucault, Michel]

philosopher

Paris, France

1961 to 1976

Madness and Civilization [1961]; Birth of the Clinic [1963]; Order of Things [1966]; Archaeology of Knowledge

[1969]; Maids of Honor [1970]; Discipline and Punish [1975]; Will to Knowledge [1976]

He lived 1926 to 1984. History has interpretation changes.

Brook Benton [Benton, Brook]

singer

USA

1961 to 1978

Boll Weevil Song [1961]; Frankie and Johnny [1961]; Rainy Night in Georgia [1978]

He lived 1931 to 1988.

Julius Nyerere [Nyerere, Julius]

philosopher/statesman

Tanzania

1961 to 1979

Arusha Declaration [1967]

He lived 1922 to 1999, was Tanzania president [1961 to 1979], and advocated collectivism {Familyhood} {Ujama

socialism}. Collective community farms {ujama} failed.

Edward Albee [Albee, Edward]

playwright

USA

1961 to 1980

American Dream [1961]; Who's Afraid of Virginia Woolf [1962]; Zoo Story [1980]

He lived 1928 to ?.

Roald Dahl [Dahl, Roald]

writer

England

1961 to 1982

James and the Giant Peach [1961]; Charlie and the Chocolate Factory [1964]; Magic Finger [1966]; Danny the

Champion of the World [1975]; Enormous Crocodile [1976]; Wonderful Story of Henry Sugar [1977]; BFG [1982]

He lived 1916 to 1990.

John Shine [Shine, John]

inventor

Wales

1961 to 1982

human insulin from cloned cells [1982]

He found Shine-Dalgarno sequence [1961].

Isaac Bashevis Singer [Singer, Isaac Bashevis]

writer

Poland/USA

1961 to 1986

Spinoza of Market Street [1961]; Magician of Lublin [1961]; In My Father's Court [1966]; Tale of Three Wishes [1975:

story]; Power of Light [1980: story]; Stories for Children [1986: stories]

He lived 1904 to 1991.

Luciano Pavarotti [Pavarotti, Luciano]

tenor

Italy

1961 to 1992

He lived 1935 to ?.

Ruth C. Barcan [Barcan, Ruth C.] or Ruth C. Barcan Marcus [Barcan Marcus, Ruth C.]

philosopher

England

1961 to 1993

Modalities and Intentional Languages [1961]; Modalities: Philosophical Essays [1993]

She lived 1921 to ? and studied modal logic. The possibility that something has an attribute implies that something

exists that possibly has the attribute {Barcan formula}, assuming that possible worlds overlap.

Joan Aiken [Aiken, Joan]

writer

USA

1962

Wolves of Willoughby Chase [1962]

She lived 1924 to 2004.

Arthur Altman [Altman, Arthur]/Jean Ioannidis [Ioannidis, Jean]/M. Hadjidakis [Hadjidakis, M.]

lyricist/lyricist/composer

Greece/USA

1962

All Alone Am I [1962]

Altman lived 1911 to 1994.

Kenny Ball [Ball, Kenny]

player

USA

1962

Midnight in Moscow [1962]

Kenny Ball and His Jazzmen.

Tony Bennett [Bennett, Tony]

singer

USA

1962

I Left My Heart in San Francisco [1962]

He lived 1926 to ?.

Mr. Acker Bilk [Bilk, Mr. Acker]

singer

England

1962

Stranger on the Shore [1962]

He lived 1929 to ?.

Marcie Blane [Blane, Marcie]

singer

USA

1962

Bobby's Girl [1962]

Robert Bolt [Bolt, Robert]

playwright

England

1962

Man for All Seasons [1962]

He lived 1924 to 1995.

Fritz W. Bopp [Bopp, Fritz W.]

physicist

USA

1962

He invented path integral quantum-mechanics theory [1962].

Marlon Brando [Brando, Marlon]/Trevor Howard [Howard, Trevor]/Richard Harris [Harris, Richard]

actor

USA

1962

Mutiny on the Bounty [1962]

Brando lived 1924 to 2004. Howard lived 1913 to 1988. Harris lived 1930 to 2002.

Leslie Bricusse [Bricusse, Leslie]/Anthony Newley [Newley, Anthony]

composer

USA

1962

What Kind of Fool Am I [1962]

Bricusse lived 1931 to ?. Newley lived 1931 to 1999.

Anthony Burgess [Burgess, Anthony]

novelist

England

1962

Clockwork Orange [1962]

He lived 1917 to ?.

Bruce Chanel [Chanel, Bruce]

singer

USA

1962

Hey Baby [1962]

Chubby Checker [Checker, Chubby]/Dee Dee Sharp [Sharp, Dee Dee]

composer/singer

USA

1962

Slow Twistin' [1962]

Checker lived 1941 to ?.

Claudine Clark [Clark, Claudine]

singer

USA

1962

Party Lights [1962]

Johnny Crawford [Crawford, Johnny]

singer

USA

1962

Cindy's Birthday [1962]

Shelley Fabares [Fabares, Shelley]

singer

USA

1962

Johnny Angel [1962]

She lived 1944 to ?.

Pierre-Dominique Gaisseau [Gaisseau, Pierre-Dominique]

director

USA

1962

Sky Above, Mud Below [1962]

He lived 1923 to 1997.

William Gibson [Gibson, William]

playwright

USA

1962

Miracle Worker [1962]

He lived 1948 to ?.

Val Guest [Guest, Val]

director

United Kingdom

1962

Day the Earth Caught Fire [1962]

He lived 1911 to 2006.

Robert Heilbroner [Heilbroner, Robert]

economist

USA

1962

Making of Economic Society [1962]

He lived 1919 to 2005.

Jaakko Hintikka [Hintikka, Jaakko]

philosopher

Finland

1962

Knowledge and Belief [1962]

He lived 1929 to ?. Qualifier type should be for objects. Another qualifier type should be for intentions. Using these

two different ideas, set theory for beliefs can confirm laws and opinions.

William Holden [Holden, William]/Lilli Palmer [Palmer, Lilli]

actor

USA/Germany

1962

Counterfeit Traitor [1962]

Holden lived 1918 to 1981. Palmer lived 1914 to 1986.

Rock Hudson [Hudson, Rock]/Doris Day [Day, Doris]/Tony Randall [Randall, Tony]

actor

USA

1962

Lover Come Back [1962]

Day lived 1924 to ?. Hudson lived 1925 to 1985. Randall lived 1920 to 2004.

Frank Ifield [Ifield, Frank]

singer

USA

1962

I Remember You [1962: lyrics by Johnny Mercer and music by Victor Schertzinger, from The Fleet's In of 1942]

He lived 1937 to ?.

Bill Justis [Justis, Bill]

singer

USA

1962

Alley Cat [1962: by Jack Harlen and Frank Bjorn]

Nishitani Keiji [Keiji, Nishitani]

philosopher

Japan

1962

Religion and Nothingness [1962]

He lived 1900 to 1990. Inner self is creative void {ku} and nothingness {mu, nothingness}.

Henry Kempe [Kempe, Henry]

psychologist

USA

1962

Battered Child Syndrome [1962: with Frederic N. Silverman, Brandt F. Steele, William Droegemueller, and Henry K.

Silver]

He lived 1922 to 1984. Parents can abuse child, if they are under sufficient stress, child is frustrating them, and they

allow themselves uncontrolled anger. Most chronically abusive parents expect children to always be obedient and to

know parent needs. Parents abused them. They mimic young children's emotions. Parents more often abuse youngest

child, children under two years old, prematurely born children, and children with congenital deformities. One child in

family typically receives the most abuse.

Ken Kesey [Kesey, Ken]

novelist

USA

1962

One Flew over the Cuckoo's Nest [1962]

He lived 1935 to 2001.

Burt Lancaster [Lancaster, Burt]

actor

USA

1962

Birdman of Alcatraz [1962]

He lived 1913 to 1994.

Dickie Lee [Lee, Dickie]

singer

USA

1962

Patches [1962]

Robert C. Lee [Lee, Robert C.]

writer

USA

1962

It's a Mile from Here to Glory [1962]

Madeleine L'Engle [L'Engle, Madeleine]

writer

USA

1962

Wrinkle in Time [1962]

She lived 1918 to ?.

Barbara Lynn [Lynn, Barbara]

singer

USA

1962

You'll Lose a Good Thing [1962]

Kal Mann [Mann, Kal]/Dave Appell [Appell, Dave]

composer

USA

1962

Wah Watusi [1962]

Rick Marlow [Marlow, Rick]/Bobby Scott [Scott, Bobby]

composer

USA

1962

Taste of Honey [1962]

Bobbi Martin [Martin, Bobbi]

singer

USA

1962

For the Love of Him [1962]

Joe Meek [Meek, Joe]

composer

USA

1962

Telstar [1962: played by Tornados]

Marshall Nirenberg [Nirenberg, Marshall]

biologist

USA

1962

He lived 1927 to ? and found DNA and RNA triplet code [1962].

Monty Norman [Norman, Monty]

composer

England

1962

James Bond Theme [1962: in the film Dr. No]

He lived 1928 to ?.

Gregory Peck [Peck, Gregory]/Robert Mitchum [Mitchum, Robert]

actor

USA

1962

Cape Fear [1962]

Peck lived 1916 to 2003. Mitchum lived 1917 to 1997.

Sam Peckinpah [Peckinpah, Sam]

director

USA

1962

Ride the High Country [1962: Randolph Scott and Joel McCrea acted]

He lived 1925 to 1984.

Emilio Pericoli [Pericoli, Emilio]

composer/singer

Italy

1962

Al Di La or Far, Far Away or Beyond the Beyond [1962]

Ervin M. Drake translated into English.

Frank Perry [Perry, Frank]

director

USA

1962

David and Lisa [1962]

He lived 1930 to 1995.

Bobby Pickett [Pickett, Bobby] or Boris Pickett [Pickett, Boris]

singer

USA

1962

Monster Mash [1962]

Robert Preston [Preston, Robert]/Shirley Jones [Jones, Shirley]

actor

USA

1962

Music Man [1962]

Preston lived 1918 to 1987. Jones lived 1934 to ?.

Anthony Quinn [Quinn, Anthony]/Jackie Gleason [Gleason, Jackie]

actor

USA

1962

Requiem for a Heavyweight [1962]

Quinn lived 1915 to 2001. Gleason lived 1916 to 1987.

Tullio Regge [Regge, Tullio]

physicist

France

1962

He lived 1907 to 1996 and invented Regge calculus [1962], addition to S-matrix theory.

Noel Regney [Regney, Noel]/Gloria Shayne [Shayne, Gloria]

lyricist/composer

USA

1962

Do you hear what I hear? [1962]

Regney lived 1922 to 2002.

David Rose [Rose, David]

singer

USA

1962

Stripper [1962]

Hal Shaper [Shaper, Hal]/Antonio DeVita [DeVita, Antonio]/Giorgio Calabrese [Calabrese, Giorgio]

composer

USA

1962

Softly, As I Leave You [1962: sung by Matt Monro and by Frank Sinatra]

Shaper lived 1931 to 2004.

Dee Dee Sharp [Sharp, Dee Dee]

singer

USA

1962

Mashed Potato Time [1962]

Shel Silverstein [Silverstein, Shel]

composer

USA

1962

Unicorn [1962]

He lived 1930 to 1999.

Joanie Sommers [Sommers, Joanie]

singer

USA

1962

Johnny Get Angry [1962]

Terry Stafford [Stafford, Terry]

singer

USA

1962

Suspicion [1962: by Doc Pomus and Mort Shuman]

Barbara Tuchman [Tuchman, Barbara]

historian

USA

1962

Guns of August [1962]

She lived 1912 to 1989.

Peter Udell [Udell, Peter]/Gary Geld [Geld, Gary]

lyricist/composer

USA

1962

Sealed with a Kiss [1962]

Teddy Vann [Vann, Teddy]

composer

USA

1962

Loop de Loop [1962: sung by Johnny Thunder]

William Lloyd Warner [Warner, William Lloyd]

sociologist

USA

1962

American Life: Dream and Reality [1962]

He lived 1898 to 1970.

John Wayne [Wayne, John]/Robert Mitchum [Mitchum, Robert]

actor

USA

1962

Longest Day [1962]

Wayne lived 1907 to 1979. Mitchum lived 1917 to 1997.

H. Wynn [Wynn, H.]/Jeff Hooven [Hooven, Jeff]

composer

USA

1962

Cindy's Birthday Party [1962: sung by Johnny Crawford]

Skeeter Davis [Davis, Skeeter]

singer

USA

1962 to 1963

End of the World [1962]; I Forgot More Than You'll Ever Know [1963: sung by the Davis Sisters]; I Can't Stay Mad at

You [1963]

He lived 1931 to 2004.

Stan Getz [Getz, Stan]

saxophonist

USA

1962 to 1963

Desafinado or Slightly Out of Tune [1962: by Stan Getz and Charlie Byrd]; Girl from Ipanema [1963]

He lived 1927 to 1991 and played Bossa Nova.

Pete Seeger [Seeger, Pete]

singer/composer

USA

1962 to 1963

Turn! Turn! Turn! or To Everything There Is a Season [1962: words from the Book of Ecclesiastes, sung by the Byrds];

We Shall Overcome [1963]

Seeger lived 1919 to ?.

Brendan Behan [Behan, Brendan]

playwright/novelist

Ireland

1962 to 1964

Island [1962]; New York [1964]

He lived 1923 to 1964.

Robert Dahl [Dahl, Robert]

political scientist

USA

1962 to 1964

Modern Political Analysis [1962]; Who Governs [1964]

He lived 1915 to ?.

Marcello Mastroianni [Mastroianni, Marcello]

actor

Italy

1962 to 1964

Divorce Italian Style [1962]; Organizer [1964]

He lived 1924 to 1996.

Gene Pitney [Pitney, Gene]

singer

USA

1962 to 1964

Man Who Shot Liberty Valence or Liberty Valence [1962]; Only Love Can Break a Heart [1962: lyrics by Hal David

and music by Burt Bacharach]; It Hurts to Be in Love [1964]

He lived 1940 to 2006.

Lou Christie [Christie, Lou]

singer

USA

1962 to 1965

Gypsy Cried [1962]; Two Faces Have I [1963]; Lightning Strikes [1965]

He lived 1943 to ?.

Wayne Newton [Newton, Wayne]

singer

USA

1962 to 1965

Danke Schoen or Thank You [1962: by Bert Kaempfert]; Red Roses for a Blue Lady [1965]

He lived 1942 to ?.

Andy Warhol [Warhol, Andy] or Andrew Warhola [Warhola, Andrew]

painter

USA

1962 to 1965

Campbell's Soup Can [1962 to 1965: painting series]

He lived 1928 to 1987.

John Frankenheimer [Frankenheimer, John]

director

USA

1962 to 1966

Manchurian Candidate [1962: Frank Sinatra, Lawrence Harvey, and Janet Leigh acted]; Seven Days in May [1964];

Seconds [1966]

He lived 1930 to 2002.

Chris Montez [Montez, Chris]

singer

USA

1962 to 1966

Let's Dance [1962]; More I See You [1966]; There Will Never Be Another You [1966]; Call Me [1966]

He lived 1943 to ?.

Walter P. Moore [Moore, Walter P.]/John G. Turney [Turney, John G.]

architect

Houston, Texas

1962 to 1966

Astrodome [1966: First domed stadium had dome 70 meters high and 230 meters diameter]

Moore lived 1937 to 1998.

Mary Renault [Renault, Mary] or Mary Challens [Challens, Mary]

novelist

England

1962 to 1966

Bull from the Sea [1962]; Mask of Apollo [1966]

She lived 1905 to 1983.

Nevitt Sanford [Sanford, Nevitt]

sociologist

USA

1962 to 1967

American College [1962]; Where Colleges Fail [1967]

He lived 1909 to 1995.

Herb Alpert [Alpert, Herb]/Tijuana Brass

orchestra leader

England

1962 to 1968

Lonely Bull [1962]; Taste of Honey [1965]; This Guy's in Love with You [1968]

Herb Alpert and the Tijuana Brass. Alpert lived 1935 to ?.

Otis Redding [Redding, Otis]

singer

USA

1962 to 1968

These Arms of Mine [1962]; (Sitting on the) Dock of the Bay [1968]

He lived 1941 to 1967.

Bobby Vinton [Vinton, Bobby]

singer

USA

1962 to 1968

Roses Are Red [1962]; Blue Velvet [1963]; Blue on Blue [1963]; Mr. Lonely [1964]; There I've Said It Again [1964];

Please Love Me Forever [1967]; I Love How You Love Me [1968]

He lived 1935 to ?.

Torsten Nils Wiesel [Wiesel, Torsten Nils]

physiologist/biologist

Sweden/USA

1962 to 1968

Receptive Fields, Binocular Interaction and Functional Architecture in the Cat's Visual Cortex [1962 with Hubel];

Receptive Fields and Functional Architecture of Monkey Striate Cortex [1968: with Hubel]

He lived 1924 to ? and studied visual-cortex organization, with David Hubel. Not using eye during critical or sensitive

period to detect stimulus feature makes visual cortex unable to detect stimulus feature {sensory deprivation, Wiesel}.

Tommy Roe [Roe, Tommy]

singer

USA

1962 to 1969

Sheila [1962]; Everybody [1963]; Dizzy [1969]

He lived 1942 to ?.

Thomas Kuhn [Kuhn, Thomas]

philosopher

USA

1962 to 1970

Structure of Scientific Revolutions [1962 and 1970]

He lived 1922 to 1996.

Epistemology

Scientists unconsciously use assumption, theory, and concept paradigms for developed sciences. Before development,

science {preparadigmatic stage} has no paradigm. When competing paradigms become incompatible

{incommensurability}, the paradigm alters. Two paradigms can exist at same time, because current observations cannot

decide between them. Then a science revolution happens.

History has two aspects, one factual and the other myth {double truth, Kuhn}, which situation winner determines.

History and personality affect truths and objects {dirty hands}. Earlier-time scientist independence can amalgamate

with current-time big science {syncretism}.

Bela Julesz [Julesz, Bela]

psychologist

USA

1962 to 1971

Towards the automation of binocular depth perception [1962: with J. E. Miller]; Foundations of Cyclopean Perception

[1971]

He lived 1928 to 2003. Picture with random, identical, featureless dots {random-dot stereogram} {random dot

stereogram} (RDS) [1971] can make perceivers see object surface lying in front of background surface or see three-

dimensional object {stereopsis, Julesz}. RDS has no monocular depth cues, so only cyclopean stimuli signal depth.

Object and background have same hue and brightness. Stereoscopic fusion and depth do not need recognizable objects

or line features.

If dots fall randomly on surfaces with different-color regions, dots fall on colors with specific frequencies {first-order

statistic} [1962]. Randomly thrown needles fall on color combinations with specific frequencies {second-order

statistic}. Randomly thrown triangles have specific frequencies with which the three vertices fall on color combinations

{third-order statistic}. Texture discrimination processes, which happen before attention processes, use first-order and

second-order statistics but not third-order statistics. Similar textures have identical second-order and first-order

statistics. Second-order texture classes are many.

Beatles/John Lennon [Lennon, John]/Paul McCartney [McCartney, Paul]

singer/composer/composer

England

1962 to 1973

Hard Day's Night [1964]; All My Loving [1963]; All I've Got to Do [1963]; All You Need Is Love [1967]; And I Love

Her [1964]; Any Time at All [1964]; Back in the USSR [1968]; Bad to Me [1963]; Can't Buy Me Love [1964]; Come

Together [1969]; Day in the Life [1967]; Day Tripper [1965]; Do You Want to Know a Secret [1963]; Eight Days a

Week [1964]; Eleanor Rigby [1966]; Every Little Thing [1964]; From Me to You [1963]; Get Back [1969]; Golden

Slumbers Medley [1969]; Good Day Sunshine [1966]; Hard Day's Night [1964]; Hello, Goodbye [1967]; Help! [1965];

Here, There and Everywhere [1966]; Here Comes the Sun [1969]; Hey Jude [1968]; Hold Me Tight [1963]; I Don't

Want to See You Again [1964]; I Feel Fine [1964]; I Need You [1965]; I Saw Her Standing There [1963]; I Should

Have Known Better [1964]; I Want to Hold Your Hand [1964]; If I Fell [1964]; I'll Be Back [1964]; I'll Cry Instead

[1964]; I'll Follow the Sun [1964]; I'll Get You [1963]; I'm Happy Just to Dance with You [1964]; I Am the Walrus

[1967]; In My Life [1965]; It Won't Be Long [1963]; Let It Be [1970]; Long & Winding Road [1970]; Love Me Do

[1962]; Lucy in the Sky with Diamonds [1967]; Magical Mystery Tour [1967]; Michelle [1965]; Night Before [1965];

No Reply [1964]; Not a Second Time [1963]; Nowhere Man [1965]; P.S. I Love You [1962]; Paperback Writer [1966];

Penny Lane [1967]; Please, Please Me [1962]; Revolution [1968]; Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band [1967]; She's

a Woman [1964]; She Loves You [1963]; Something [1969]; Strawberry Fields Forever [1967]; Tell Me Why [1964];

Thank You Girl [1963]; There's a Devil in Her Heart [1962]; There's a Place [1963]; Things We Said Today [1964];

This Boy [1963]; Ticket to Ride [1965]; We Can Work It Out [1965]; What You're Doing [1964]; When I Get Home

[1964]; While My Guitar Gently Weeps [1968]; With a Little Help from My Friends [1967]; World without Love

[1964]; Yesterday [1965]; Yes It Is [1965]; You Can't Do That [1964]; You're Going to Lose That Girl [1965]; You

Won't See Me [1965]; You've Got to Hide Your Love Away [1965]; You've Really Got a Hold on Me [1962: by

William Robinson]; Mr. Moonlight [1962: by Roy Lee Johnson]; Twist and Shout [1960: by Bert Russell and Phil

Medley]; Words of Love [1957: by Buddy Holley]; Kansas City [1952: by Mike Stoller and Jerry Leiber]; Baby, It's

You [1961: by Mack David, Burt Bacharach, and Barney Williams]

Lennon lived 1940 to 1979.

Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn [Solzhenitsyn, Aleksandr]

novelist

Russia

1962 to 1973

One Day in the Life of Ivan Denisovich [1962]; First Circle [1968]; Cancer Ward [1968]; Gulag Archipelago [1973:

essay]

He lived 1918 to ?.

Ray Stevens [Stevens, Ray]

singer

USA

1962 to 1974

Ahab the Arab [1962]; Everything Is Beautiful [1970]; Streak [1974]

Elman Service [Service, Elman]

anthropologist

USA

1962 to 1975

Primitive Social Organization [1962]; Origins of the State and Civilization [1975]

He lived 1915 to 1996. Societies are bands, tribes, chiefdoms, and states.

Jacob Getzels [Getzels, Jacob]

psychologist

USA

1962 to 1976

Creativity and Intelligence [1962]; Creative Vision [1976: with M. Csikszentmihalyi]

He lived 1912 to 2001 and studied creativity and intelligence.

Robert M. Gagné [Gagné, Robert M.]

psychologist

France

1962 to 1977

Conditions of Learning and Theory of Instruction [1977]

He lived 1916 to 2002 and studied cumulative learning theory [Gagné, 1977].

Arthur Penn [Penn, Arthur]

director

USA

1962 to 1977

Miracle Worker [1962: Patty Duke and Anne Bancroft acted]; Bonnie and Clyde [1977: Warren Beatty and Faye

Dunaway acted]

He lived 1922 to ?.

Maurice Sendak [Sendak, Maurice]

writer

USA

1962 to 1981

Chicken Soup with Rice [1962]; Where the Wild Things Are [1963]; In the Night Kitchen [1970]; Outside Over There

[1981]

He lived 1928 to ?.

Dionne Warwick [Warwick, Dionne]

singer

USA

1962 to 1986

Don't Make Me Over [1962: by Hal David and Burt Bacharach]; Walk on By [1964: by Hal David and Burt

Bacharach]; What the World Needs Now Is Love [1966: by Hal David and Burt Bacharach]; I Say a Little Prayer for

You [1967: by Hal David and Burt Bacharach]; Valley of the Dolls [1968]; Do You Know the Way to San Jose [1968:

by Hal David and Burt Bacharach]; That's What Friends Are For [1986: by Carole Sager and Burt Bacharach]

She lived 1941 to ?.

John Barry [Barry, John] or John Barry Prendergast [Prendergast, John Barry]

composer

England

1962 to 1987

Dr. No [1962]; Stalking [1963: from the film From Russia with Love]; From Russia with Love [1963]; Goldfinger

[1964]; Thunderball [1965]; Born Free [1966]; You Only Live Twice [1967]; On Her Majesty's Secret Service [1969];

Diamonds Are Forever [1971]; Man with the Golden Gun [1974]; Moonraker [1979]; Somewhere in Time [1980];

Octopussy [1983]; Out of Africa [1985]; View to a Kill [1985]; Living Daylights [1987]

He lived 1933 to ?.

John Ciardi [Ciardi, John]

poet

USA

1962 to 1987

You Read to Me, I Read to You [1962: poems]; I Met a Man [1973]; Doodle Soup [1985: poems]; You Read to Me, I

Read to You [1987: poems]

He lived 1916 to 1986.

Ezra Jack Keats [Keats, Ezra Jack]

writer

USA

1962 to 1987

Snowy Day [1962]; Whistle for Willie [1964]; Regards to the Man in the Moon [1981]; Trip [1987]

He lived 1916 to 1983.

David H. Hubel [Hubel, David H.]

biologist

USA

1962 to 1988

Receptive Fields, Binocular Interaction and Functional Architecture in the Cat's Visual Cortex [1962: with Wiesel];

Receptive Fields and Functional Architecture of Monkey Striate Cortex [1968: with Wiesel]; Eye, Brain, and Vision

[1988]

He lived 1926 to ? and studied visual-cortex organization, with Torsten Wiesel. Not using eye during critical or

sensitive period to detect stimulus features makes visual cortex unable to detect stimulus features.

Brain detects color in round vertical columns, located 0.5 mm apart in regular arrays between primary-visual-cortex

orientation columns, using double-opponent neurons, with both ON-center and OFF-center circular fields, to compare

colors. He found blobs by staining primary visual cortex with cytochrome oxidase (CO), with Margaret Livingstone.

Interblob regions detect orientation.

Stephen Sondheim [Sondheim, Stephen]

lyricist/composer

USA

1962 to 1990

Funny Thing Happened on the Way to the Forum [1962: musical, including Comedy Tonight]; Company [1970:

musical]; Send in the Clowns [1973]; Sooner or Later (I Always Get My Man) [1990: from the film Dick Tracy]; I'm

Still Here [1990: from the film Postcards from the Edge]

Sondheim lived 1830 to ?.

Thomas Gold [Gold, Thomas]

astronomer

USA

1962 to 1999

Deep Hot Biosphere [1999]

He lived 1920 to 2004 and propounded universe steady-state theory {time-symmetric universe}. He suggested that oil

came to early Earth from space.

Bob Dylan [Dylan, Bob]

composer/singer

USA

1962 to 2000

Blowin' in the Wind [1962]; Times They Are a-Changin' [1963]; Don't Think Twice, It's All Right [1963]; It Ain't Me

Babe [1965]; It's All Over Now, Baby Blue [1965]; Like a Rolling Stone [1965]; Mr. Tambourine Man [1965];

Positively 4th Street [1965]; Subterranean Homesick Blues [1965]; Lay Lady Lay [1969]; Knockin' on Heaven's Door

[1973]; Tangled up in Blue [1975]; Things Have Changed [2000: from the film Wonder Boys]

He lived 1941 to ?.

Bobby Bare [Bare, Bobby]

singer

USA

1963

Five Hundred Miles [1963]

Leslie Bricusse [Bricusse, Leslie]/Cyril Ornadel [Ornadel, Cyril]

lyricist/composer

USA

1963

Pickwick [1963: musical]

Bricusse lived 1931 to ?. Ornadel lived 1924 to ?.

Peter Brook [Brook, Peter]

director

England

1963

Lord of the Flies [1963]

He lived 1925 to ?.

Richard M. Cyert [Cyert, Richard M.]

economist

USA

1963

Behavioral Theory of the Firm [1963: with R. G. March]

He studied systems theory or decision theory.

Jacques Demy [Demy, Jacques]

director

France

1963

Seven Capital Sins [1963]

He lived 1931 to 1990.

James Patrick Donleavy [Donleavy, James Patrick]

novelist

USA

1963

Ginger Man [1963]

He lived 1926 to ?.

John Dos Passos [Dos Passos, John]

novelist

USA

1963

USA [1963]

He lived 1896 to 1970.

Betty Everett [Everett, Betty]

singer

USA

1963

Shoop Shoop Song or It's in His Kiss [1963: by Rudy Clark]

Brian Forbes [Forbes, Brian]

director

USA

1963

L-shaped Room [1963: Leslie Caron acted]

He lived 1926 to ?.

Gale Garnett [Garnett, Gale]

singer/composer

New Zealand/USA

1963

We'll Sing in the Sunshine [1963]

She lived 1942 to ?.

Jimmy Gilper [Gilper, Jimmy]/Fireballs

singer

USA

1963

Sugar Shack [1963]

Jimmy Gilper and the Fireballs.

Mack David [David, Mack]/Ernest Gold [Gold, Ernest]

lyricist/composer

USA/Austria

1963

It's a Mad, Mad, Mad, Mad World [1963: from the film It's a Mad, Mad, Mad, Mad World]

Gold lived 1921 to 1999. David lived 1912 to 1993.

Leslie Gore [Gore, Leslie]

singer

USA

1963

It's My Party [1963]; You Don't Own Me [1963: by Dusty Springfield]; Judy's Turn to Cry [1963]; She's a Fool [1963]

She lived 1946 to ?.

Cary Grant [Grant, Cary]/Audrey Hepburn [Hepburn, Audrey]

actor

USA

1963

Charade [1963]

Grant lived 1904 to 1986. Hepburn lived 1929 to 1993.

Frank Harris [Harris, Frank]

novelist

England

1963

My Life and Loves [1963: autobiography published]

He lived 1856 to 1931.

Richard Harris [Harris, Richard]

actor

England

1963

This Sporting Life [1963]

He lived 1930 to 2002.

Rolf Harris [Harris, Rolf]

singer

USA

1963

Tie Me Kangaroo Down Sport [1963]

Bob Hilliard [Hilliard, Bob]/Mort Garson [Garson, Mort]

lyricist/composer

USA

1963

Our Day Will Come [1963: sung by Ruby and the Romantics]

Edith Fisher Hunter [Hunter, Edith Fisher]

writer

USA

1963

Child of the Silent Night [1963]

Laura Bridgman lived 1829 to 1889 and was first deaf and blind child taught.

Jerrold J. Katz [Katz, Jerrold J.]

linguist

USA

1963

Structure of a Semantic Theory [1963: with Fodor]; Semantic Theory [1971]; Integrated Theory of Linguistic

Descriptions [1978: with Paul Postal]; Metaphysics of Meaning [1990]

He lived 1932 to 2002 and developed projection rules to try to formalize semantics.

Doris Lessing [Lessing, Doris]

novelist

England

1963

Golden Notebook [1963]

She lived 1919 to ?.

Edward Lorenz [Lorenz, Edward]

meteorologist/computer scientist

USA

1963

Deterministic Nonperiodic Flow [1963]

He lived 1917 to ? and studied complex systems. He invented non-periodic weather-system computer models that were

sensitive to initial conditions {butterfly effect, Lorenz}.

He studied fluid convections with circular motions {Rayleigh-Bénard convection, Lorenz}. Equations are dx / dt = 10 *

(y - x), dy / dt = x * z + 28 * x - y, and dz / dt = x * y - (8/3) * z.

Paths through phase space never cross. Attractor can move to another surface when it moves to another phase-space

region, so surfaces do not intersect.

Complex non-linear systems can have different final states that are not interchangeable {intransitive system}. Systems

can be almost intransitive and can flip spontaneously from one state to another.

Little Peggy March [March, Little Peggy]

singer

USA

1963

I Will Follow Him [1963]

Al Martino [Martino, Al]

composer

USA

1963

I Love You Because [1963]

Bob Merrill [Merrill, Bob]/Jule Styne [Styne, Jule]

lyricist/composer

USA

1963

Funny Girl [1963: musical, including People, My Man, and Don't Rain on My Parade]

Merrill lived 1921 to 1998. Styne lived 1905 to 1994.

Garnet Mimms [Mimms, Garnet]/Enchanters

singer

USA

1963

Cry Baby [1963]

Joan Miro [Miro, Joan]

painter

Spain

1963

Composition II [1963]

He lived 1934 to 1976, was Surrealist, and used only curved outlines {biomorphic abstraction, Miro}.

Lou Monte [Monte, Lou]

player

USA

1963

Pepino the Italian Mouse [1963]

Sidney Poitier [Poitier, Sidney]

actor

USA

1963

Lilies of the Field [1963]

He lived 1927 to ?.

Joey Powers [Powers, Joey]

singer

USA

1963

Midnight Mary or Meet Me at Midnight, Mary [1963: by Artie Wayne and Ben Raleigh]

John Rechy [Rechy, John]

novelist

USA

1963

City of Night [1963]

He lived 1934 to ?.

Kyu Sakamoto [Sakamoto, Kyu]

singer

Japan

1963

Sukiyaki [1963]

He lived 1941 to 1985.

William Sansom [Sansom, William]

novelist

England

1963

Stories of William Sansom [1963]

He lived 1912 to 1976.

Mongo Santamaria [Santamaria, Mongo] or Ramon Santamaria [Santamaria, Ramon]

singer/drummer

USA

1963

Watermelon Man [1963]

Wilfred F. Sellars [Sellars, Wilfred F.]

philosopher

USA

1963

Science, Perception and Reality [1963]

He lived 1912 to 1989 and was functionalist.

Ramon Sender [Sender, Ramon] or Ramon Sender Barayón [Sender Barayón, Ramon]

writer

Spain

1963

Death in Zamora [1963]

He lived 1902 to 1982.

Vonda Shepard [Shepard, Vonda]

singer

USA

1963

Tell Him [1963: by Bert Russell Berns. also sung by the Exciters]

Allan Sherman [Sherman, Allan]

singer

USA

1963

Hello Muddah, Hello Fadduh! or Letter from Camp [1963]

He lived 1924 to 1973.

April Stevens [Stevens, April]/Nino Tempo [Tempo, Nino]

singer

USA

1963

Deep Purple Dream [1963]

Charles Tobias [Tobias, Charles]/Hans Carste [Carste, Hans]

lyricist/composer

USA

1963

Those Lazy-Hazy-Crazy Days of Summer [1963]

Tobias lived 1898 to 1970.

Doris Troy [Troy, Doris]

singer

USA

1963

Just One Look [1963]

Peter van de Camp [van de Camp, Peter]

astronomer

USA

1963

He lived 1901 to 1995 and found planet around Bernard's star [1963].

Frederick Vine [Vine, Frederick]/Drummond Matthews [Matthews, Drummond]

geologist

England

1963

Vine lived 1939 to ?. Matthews lived 1931 to 1997. They studied magnetic pole flipping compared to seafloor

spreading [1963].

Hans Wallach [Wallach, Hans]

psychologist

USA

1963

Perception of Neutral Colors [1963]

He lived 1905 to 1998 and studied color vision.

Peter Yarrow [Yarrow, Peter]/Leonard Lipton [Lipton, Leonard]

composer/lyricist

USA

1963

Puff (the Magic Dragon) [1963]

Yarrow lived 1938 to ?. Lipton live 1941 to ?.

Joe Young [Young, Joe]/Fred Ahlert [Ahlert, Fred]

lyricist/composer

USA

1963

I'm Gonna Sit Right Down and Write Myself a Letter [1963]

Ahlert lived 1892 to 1953. Young lived 1889 to 1939.

Vince Guaraldi [Guaraldi, Vince]

player

USA

1963 to 1965

Cast Your Fate to the Wind [1963]; Peanuts Theme [1965]

Vince Guaraldi Trio.

Barbara Lewis [Lewis, Barbara]

composer/singer

USA

1963 to 1965

Hello Stranger [1963]; Baby, I'm Yours [1965: also sung by Shirelles]

Lennie Welch [Welch, Lennie]

singer

USA

1963 to 1965

Since I Fell for You [1963]; Ebb Tide [1964]; Darling Take Me Back [1965]

Paul J. Cohen [Cohen, Paul J.]

mathematician

USA

1963 to 1966

Set Theory and the Continuum Hypothesis [1966]

He lived 1934 to ? and proved that continuum hypothesis was indeterminable under set theory [1963].

Jerry Herman [Herman, Jerry]

lyricist/composer

USA

1963 to 1966

Hello, Dolly [1963: musical, including Hello, Dolly]; Mame [1966: musical, including Mame]

He lived 1933 to ?.

Richard Lester [Lester, Richard]

director

England

1963 to 1966

Mouse on the Moon [1963]; Hard Day's Night [1964: The Beatles acted and sang]; Knack [1965]; Funny Thing

Happened on the Way to the Forum [1966: Zero Mostel, Phil Silvers, and Jack Gilford acted]

He lived 1932 to ?.

Buck Owens [Owens, Buck] or Alvis Edgar Owens [Owens, Alvis Edgar] or Baron of Bakersfield/Buckaroos

singer

USA

1963 to 1967

Act Naturally [1963]; My Heart Skips a Beat [1963]; Together Again [1963]; Love's Gonna Live Here [1965];

Buckaroo [1965]

He lived 1929 to 2006.

Steve McQueen [McQueen, Steve]

actor

USA

1963 to 1968

Great Escape [1963]; Bullitt [1968]

He lived 1930 to 1980.

Dean E. Woolridge [Woolridge, Dean E.]

psychologist

USA

1963 to 1968

Machinery of the Brain [1963]; Mechanical Man: The Physical Basis of Intelligent Life [1968]

He studied behavior and cognition.

Lyndon B. Johnson [Johnson, Lyndon B.]

president

USA

1963 to 1969

He lived 1908 to 1973. 36th president led nation into Vietnam War and Great Society.

Leslie Orgel [Orgel, Leslie]

biologist

USA

1963 to 1970

Maintenance of the accuracy of protein synthesis and its relevance to ageing [1963]; Origins of Life: Molecules and

Natural Selection [1970]

Freezing can concentrate and align organic molecules to make nucleic acids, such as adenine [1970]. Mutations

degrade good working genetic code to make it more varied {error catastrophe, Orgel}, and this process adds to genetic

variability [1963].

Sean Connery [Connery, Sean]/Roger Moore [Moore, Roger]

actor

England

1963 to 1973

Dr. No [1963: James Bond]; From Russia with Love [1963: James Bond]; Goldfinger [1965: James Bond]; Thunderball

[James Bond]; You Only Live Twice [James Bond]; Diamonds Are Forever [1974: James Bond]

Connery lived 1930 to ?. Moore lived 1927 to ?.

Marvin Gaye [Gaye, Marvin]

singer

USA

1963 to 1973

Stubborn Kind of Fella [1963]; How Sweet It Is to Be Loved by You [1965]; I'll Be Doggone [1965]; I Heard It

Through the Grapevine [1968]; What's Going On [1971]; Let's Get It On [1973]

He lived 1939 to ?.

Golda Meir [Meir, Golda]

premier

Israel

1963 to 1973

She lived 1898 to 1978.

Thomas Pynchon [Pynchon, Thomas]

novelist

USA

1963 to 1973

V [1963]; Gravity's Rainbow [1973]

He lived 1937 to ?.

John Jameison Carswell Smart [Smart, John Jameison Carswell]

philosopher

Australia

1963 to 1973

Philosophy and Scientific Realism [1963]; Utilitarianism [1973: with B. A. O. Williams]

He lived 1920 to ? and was Australian materialist and realist. Expressions {topic-neutral expression} can give no

information about subject, object, or idea. Topic-neutral expressions can have no evidence they are either physical or

mental.

Imre Lakatos [Lakatos, Imre]

mathematician

Hungary/England

1963 to 1976

Proofs and Refutations [1963]

He lived 1922 to 1974. He founded empirical mathematics philosophy, in which people can know truth by

Methodology of Scientific Research Programmes. He opposed the philosopher of science Paul Feyerabend.

Paul VI

pope

Rome, Italy

1963 to 1978

He lived 1897 to 1978.

Stevie Wonder [Wonder, Stevie]

singer/composer

USA

1963 to 1984

Fingertips (Part II) [1963: Little Stevie Wonder]; For Once in My Life [1965: lyrics by Ronald Miller, music by

Orlando Murden. sung 1968]; Uptight [1965: by Stevie Wonder, Sylvia Moy, and Henry Cosby]; Place in the Sun

[1966: by Bryan Wells and Miller]; You Are the Sunshine of My Life [1972]; Superstition [1972]; Living for the City

[1973]; I Just Called to Say I Love You [1984]

He lived 1950 to ?.

Maurice Jarre [Jarre, Maurice]

composer

USA

1963 to 1985

Lawrence of Arabia [1963]; Lara's Theme [1965: from the film Doctor Zhivago]; We Don't Need Another Hero or

Thunderdome [1985: from the film Mad Max Beyond Thunderdome]

He lived 1924 to ?.

Joseph Greenberg [Greenberg, Joseph]

linguist

USA

1963 to 1987

Studies in African Linguistic Classification [1955]; Universals of Language [1963: editor]; Languages of Africa

[1963]; Language in the Americas [1987]

He lived 1916 to 2001 and classified world languages [1963] into four families: Niger-Kordofanian, Nilo-Saharan,

Afro-Asiatic, and Khoisan. People came to Americas from Asia in three separate waves with different languages

{Greenberg Theory}: Amerind, Eskimo-Aleut, and Na-Dene.

John W. Gardner [Gardner, John W.]

sociologist

USA

1963 to 1993

Self Renewal: The Individual and the Innovative Society [1963]; On Leadership [1993]

He lived 1912 to 2002 and founded Common Cause [1970].

William Hamilton [Hamilton, William]

biologist

England

1963 to 1996

He lived 1936 to 2000. Sexual reproduction results from competition between parasite and host [1963].

Roman Polanski [Polanski, Roman]

director

France/Poland/USA

1963 to 2003

Knife in the Water [1963]; Pianist [2003]

He lived 1933 to ?.

Richard Attenborough [Attenborough, Richard]

actor

USA

1964

Seance on a Wet Afternoon [1964]

He lived 1923 to 1983.

Chuck Berry [Berry, Chuck]/Jerome Patrick Holan [Holan, Jerome Patrick]

composer

USA

1964

You Never Can Tell [1964]

Berry lived 1926 to ?.

Jerry Butler [Butler, Jerry]/Betty Everett [Everett, Betty]

singer

USA

1964

Let It Be Me [1964]

Butler lived 1940 to ?.

Ray Charles Singers

singer

USA

1964

Love Me with All Your Heart or Cuando Calienta El Sol [1964]

Eldridge Cleaver [Cleaver, Eldridge]

essayist

USA

1964

Soul on Ice [1964: nonfiction]

He lived 1935 to 1998.

John Coltrane [Coltrane, John]

saxophonist

USA

1964

A Love Supreme [1964]; My Favorite Things [1964]

He lived 1926 to 1967 and played New Wave.

Clyde H. Coombs [Coombs, Clyde H.]

philosopher

USA

1964

Theory of Data [1964]

He lived 1912 to 1988.

Jacques Cousteau [Cousteau, Jacques]

director

USA

1964

World without Sun [1964]

He lived 1910 to 1997.

Ray Davies [Davies, Ray]

composer

USA

1964

You Really Got Me [1964]

Robert H. Dicke [Dicke, Robert H.]

physicist

USA

1964

He lived 1916 to 1997, found background microwave radiation, and studied gravitational theory [1964].

Martin Duberman [Duberman, Martin]

playwright

USA

1964

In White America [1964]

He lived 1930 to ?.

Marianne Faithfull [Faithfull, Marianne]

singer

England

1964

As Tears Go By or It is the Evening of the Day [1964: by Keith Richard]

Louise Fitzhugh [Fitzhugh, Louise]

writer

USA

1964

Harriet the Spy [1964]

She lived 1928 to 1974.

Pietro Germi [Germi, Pietro]

director

Italy

1964

Seduced and Abandoned [1964]

He lived 1914 to 1974.

Barry Goldwater [Goldwater, Barry]

candidate

USA

1964

He lived 1909 to 1998 and was conservative Republican presidential candidate.

Audrey Hepburn [Hepburn, Audrey]/Rex Harrison [Harrison, Rex]

actor

Belgium/USA/England

1964

My Fair Lady [1964]

Hepburn lived 1929 to 1993. Harrison lived 1908 to 1990.

Arthur Hiller [Hiller, Arthur]

director

USA

1964

Americanization of Emily [1964: James Garner and Julie Andrews acted and Paddy Chayevsky wrote]

He lived 1922 to ?.

Al Hirt [Hirt, Al]

trumpeter

USA

1964

Cotton Candy [1964]; Java [1964]

He lived 1922 to 1999 and played Modern.

Rolf Hochhuth [Hochhuth, Rolf]

playwright

Germany

1964

Deputy [1964]

He lived 1931 to ?.

John Holt [Holt, John]

sociologist

USA

1964

How Children Fail [1964]

He lived 1923 to ?.

Antonio Carlos Jobim [Jobim, Antonio Carlos]/Norman Gimbel [Gimbel, Norman]/Vinicius DeMoraes

[DeMoraes, Vinicius]

composer

Brazil/USA

1964

Girl from Ipanema [1964: played by Stan Getz]

Jobim lived 1927 to ?. Gimnel lived 1927 to ?. DeMoraes lived 1913 to 1980.

Leroi Jones [Jones, Leroi] or Amiri Baraka [Baraka, Amiri]

playwright/poet

USA

1964

Preface to a Twenty Volume Suicide Note [1961: poems]

He lived 1934 to ?.

Bel Kaufman [Kaufman, Bel]

novelist

Germany/USA

1964

Up the Down Staircase [1964]

She lived 1911 to ?.

Dean Kay [Kay, Dean]/Kelly Gordon [Gordon, Kelly]

composer

USA

1964

That's Life [1964: sung by Frank Sinatra]

John G. Kemeny [Kemeny, John G.]

mathematician/inventor

Hungary/USA

1964

BASIC [1964]

He lived 1926 to 1992 and developed a FORTRAN-like programming language {BASIC programming language}.

Aleksei Kosygin [Kosygin, Aleksei]

premier

Russia

1964

He lived 1904 to 1980 and led USSR.

Jerry Kramer [Kramer, Jerry]/Dakotas

singer

USA

1964

Little Children [1964]

Jerry Kramer and the Dakotas.

Jay Livingston [Livingston, Jay]/Henry Mancini [Mancini, Henry]

lyricist/composer

USA

1964

Dear Heart [1964]

Livingston lived 1915 to 2001. Mancini lived 1924 to 1994.

Robert Lowell [Lowell, Robert]

poet

USA

1964

For the Union Dead [1964]

He lived 1917 to 1977.

Marshall McLuhan [McLuhan, Marshall]

sociologist

Canada

1964

Understanding Media: The Extensions of Man [1964]

He lived 1911 to 1980 and studied mass communications.

Jean Merrill [Merrill, Jean]

writer

USA

1964

Pushcart War [1964]

Paul Newman [Newman, Paul]/Elke Sommer [Sommer, Elke]

actor

USA/Germany

1964

Prize [1964]

Newman lived 1925 to ?. Sommer lived 1940 to ?.

Riz Ortolani [Ortolani, Riz]/Norman Newell [Newell, Norman]/Nino Oliviero [Oliviero, Nino]

composer

USA

1964

More [1964: sung by Steve Lawrence]

Ortolani lived 1931 to ?. Newell lived 1919 to 2004.

John Osborne [Osborne, John]

playwright

England

1964

Look Back in Anger [1956]; Luther [1964]

He lived 1929 to 1994.

Anthony Quinn [Quinn, Anthony]

actor

Mexico/USA

1964

Zorba the Greek [1964]

He lived 1915 to 2001.

Diane Renay [Renay, Diane]

singer

USA

1964

Navy Blue [1964]

Alexander N. Sarkovskii [Sarkovskii, Alexander N.]

mathematician

Russia

1964

Coexistence of Cycles of a Continuous Map of a Line into Itself [1964]

One-dimensional objects with cycle of period three have all periods.

Hubert Selby [Selby, Hubert]

novelist

USA

1964

Last Exit to Brooklyn [1964]

He lived 1928 to 2004.

Alfred P. Sloan [Sloan, Alfred P.]

economist

USA

1964

My Years with General Motors [1964]

He lived 1875 to 1966 and led General Motors.

Millie Small [Small, Millie]

singer

USA

1964

My Boy Lollipop [1964]

Joe Tex [Tex, Joe]

singer

USA

1964

Hold What You Got [1964]

Cindy Walker [Walker, Cindy]

lyricist/composer

USA

1964

In the Misty Moonlight [1964]

She lived 1918 to 2006.

Danny Williams [Williams, Danny]

singer

USA

1964

White on White, Lace on Satin [1964]

J. Frank Wilson [Wilson, J. Frank]/Cavaliers

singer

USA

1964

Last Kiss [1964: composed by Wayne Cochran]

J. Frank Wilson and the Cavaliers.

George Zweig [Zweig, George]

physicist

USA

1964

He lived 1937 to ? and suggested quarks [1964], with Murray Gell-Mann.

Sidney Cohen [Cohen, Sidney]

psychologist

USA

1964 to 1965

Beyond Within [1964]; Drugs of Hallucination [1965]

He lived 1910 to ? and studied mind drugs.

Shirley Ellis [Ellis, Shirley]

singer

USA

1964 to 1965

Nitty-Gritty [1964]; Name Game [1965]

Joseph Losey [Losey, Joseph]

director

England

1964 to 1965

Servant [1964: Dirk Bogarde and Sarah Miles acted]; These Are the Damned [1965]

He lived 1909 to 1984.

Roger Miller [Miller, Roger]

singer/composer

USA

1964 to 1965

Chug-a-lug [1964]; Dang Me [1964]; King of the Road [1964]; England Swings [1965]

He lived 1936 to ?.

Sal Valentino [Valentino, Sal]/Beau Brummels

singer

USA

1964 to 1965

Laugh Laugh [1964]; Just a Little [1965]

Sal Valentino and the Beau Brummels.

Peter W. Higgs [Higgs, Peter W.]

physicist

England

1964 to 1966

He invented the idea of Higgs field and Higgs boson [1964 to 1966].

Dusty Springfield [Springfield, Dusty]

singer

USA

1964 to 1966

I Only Want to Be with You [1964]; Wishin' and Hopin' [1964]; You Don't Have to Say You Love Me [1966]

Donald Davies [Davies, Donald]/Paul Baran [Baran, Paul]/Leonard Kleinrock [Kleinrock, Leonard]

inventor

England/USA

1964 to 1967

packet switching [1964 to 1967]

Davies lived 1924 to 2000.

Mel Brooks [Brooks, Mel]

director/composer

USA

1964 to 1968

Young Frankenstein [1964]; Producers [1968: Zero Mostel and Gene Wilder acted. includes the song Springtime for

Hitler, with Burt Bacharach]

He lived 1926 to ?.

Manfred Mann [Mann, Manfred]

singer

USA

1964 to 1968

Do Wah Diddy Diddy [1964]; Mighty Quinn [1968]

Johnny Rivers [Rivers, Johnny]

singer

USA

1964 to 1968

Memphis [1964]; On the Poor Side of Town [1966]; Secret Agent [1965: by P. F. Sloan and Steve Barri, from the TV

series]; Summer Rain [1968]

He lived 1942 to ?.

Diana Ross [Ross, Diana]/Supremes

singer

USA

1964 to 1968

I've Got Him Back in My Arms Again [1964]; Where Did Our Love Go? [1964]; Baby Love [1964]; Come See about

Me [1964]; Stop! in the Name of Love [1965]; You Keep Me Hanging On [1966]; Love Child [1968]

Diana Ross and the Supremes.

Franklin J. Schaffner [Schaffner, Franklin J.]

director

USA

1964 to 1968

Best Man [1964: Henry Fonda and Cliff Robertson acted]; Planet of the Apes [1968]

He lived 1920 to 1989.

Lloyd Alexander [Alexander, Lloyd]

writer

USA

1964 to 1969

Prydain Chronicles [1964 to 1969: five books, including Westmark trilogy and Book of Three]

He lived 1924 to ?.

John E. Amoore [Amoore, John E.]

psychologist

USA

1964 to 1970

Stereochemical Theory of Odor [1964: with L. W. Johnston, Jr., and M. Rubin]; Molecular Basis of Odor [1970]

He developed stereochemical theory of smell.

Barbra Streisand [Streisand, Barbra]

singer

USA

1964 to 1974

People [1964]; Funny Girl [1964]; Way We Were [1974]

She lived 1942 to ?.

Feisal

king

Saudi Arabia

1964 to 1975

He lived 1905 to 1975 and ended slavery and strong monarchy.

Bob Marley [Marley, Bob] or Robert Nesta Marley [Marley, Robert Nesta]/Wailers

composer/singer

Jamaica

1964 to 1977

Simmer Down [1964]; Get Up, Stand Up [1973]; I Shot the Sheriff [1974: sung by Eric Clapton]; No Woman, No Cry

[1974]; One Love [1977: based on Curtis Mayfield's People Get Ready]; Punk Reggae Party [1977]

He lived 1945 to 1981. He popularized Jamaican slower dance music {reggae}, which came after ska and rocksteady.

In reggae, guitarist plays regular chops on backbeat {skank}, and drummer plays rhumba box on measure third beat

{one drop}. Ska fast calypso can derive from mento, calypso, jazz, and rhythm and blues. Calypso {rocksteady} can be

slower [1966 to 1968].

Jamaican folk music {mento} uses acoustic guitar, banjo, hand drums, and large-box mbira {rhumba box}.

Trinidad and Tobago calypso has African and Spanish influences. East Africa and West Indies use wood boards

{thumb piano} {mbira huru} {mbira njari} {mbira nyunga nyunga} {marimba} {karimba} {kalimba}, with staggered

metal keys and resonators.

Arthur C. Danto [Danto, Arthur C.]

philosopher

USA

1964 to 1981

Artworld [1964]; Transfiguration of the Commonplace [1981]

He lived 1924 to ?. Art uses different numerical identification than used in factual statements. Art has complex

properties that are not expressible in scientific terms.

Leonid Brezhnev [Brezhnev, Leonid]

dictator

Russia

1964 to 1982

He lived 1906 to 1982 and led USSR. He became Communist Party first secretary after he took power from Krushchev.

Shel Silverstein [Silverstein, Shel] or Uncle Shelby

writer

USA

1964 to 1984

Giving Tree [1964]; Where the Sidewalk Ends [1974]; Lafcadio, the Lion Who Shot Back [1978]; Light in the Attic

[1984]; Falling Up

He lived 1930 to 1999.

John S. Bell [Bell, John S.]

physicist

Ireland

1964 to 1987

Speakable and Unspeakable in Quantum Mechanics [1987]

He lived 1928 to 1990. Instruments can measure coupled-particle spins to see if spins are separable. Positive-spin

number along first-particle x-axis and second-particle y-axis is less than or equal to positive-spin number along first-

particle x-axis and second-particle z-axis plus positive-spin number along first-particle y-axis and second-particle z-

axis {Bell inequality} {Bell's inequalities}. In quantum mechanics, Bell inequality is not true. Two particles are not

separable. No local hidden variables exist [1964] {Bell's theorem, Bell}.

Kenneth Kaunda [Kaunda, Kenneth]

philosopher/statesman

Zambia

1964 to 1991

He lived 1924 to 1997, was Zambia president [1964 to 1991], and advocated Zambian humanism.

Murray Gell-Mann [Gell-Mann, Murray]

physicist

USA

1964 to 1994

He lived 1929 to ?, suggested quarks [1964], with George Zweig, and invented decoherence theory [1994].

Ad-libs

singer

USA

1965

Boy from New York City [1965]

Jewel Akens [Akens, Jewel]

singer

USA

1965

Birds and the Bees [1965]

Lee Andrews [Andrews, Lee]/Bernice Davis [Davis, Bernice]/Mimi Uniman [Uniman, Mimi]/Douglas Henderson

[Henderson, Douglas]

composer

USA

1965

Long Long and Lonely Nights [1965: sung by Bobby Vinton]

Chet Atkins [Atkins, Chet]

singer

USA

1965

Yakety Axe [1965]

He lived 1924 to 2001.

Charles Aznavour [Aznavour, Charles]/Herbert Kretzmer [Kretzmer, Herbert]

composer/lyricist

France/USA

1965

Yesterday, When I Was Young or Hier encore [1965]

Aznavour lived 1924 to ?. Kretzmer lived 1925 to ?.

Len Barry [Barry, Len]

singer

USA

1965

1-2-3 [1965]

Fontella Bass [Bass, Fontella]

singer

USA

1965

Rescue Me [1965]

Shirley Bassey [Bassey, Shirley]

singer

Wales

1965

Goldfinger [1965]

She lived 1937 to ?.

Jim Bishop [Bishop, Jim]

novelist

USA

1965

Day Lincoln Was Shot [1965]

He lived 1907 to 1987.

Leslie Bricusse [Bricusse, Leslie]/Anthony Newley [Newley, Anthony]/John Barry [Barry, John]

lyricist/lyricist/composer

England

1965

Goldfinger [1965: sung by Shirley Bassey]

Bricusse lived 1931 to ?. Newley lived 1931 to 1999. Barry lived 1933 to ?.

Richard Burton [Burton, Richard]/Claire Bloom [Bloom, Claire]/Oskar Werner [Werner, Oskar]

actor

USA/England/Austria

1965

Spy Who Came in from the Cold [1965]

Burton lived 1925 to 1984. Bloom lived 1931 to ?. Werner lived 1922 to 1984.

Mel Carter [Carter, Mel]

singer

USA

1965

Hold Me, Thrill Me, Kiss Me [1965]

Grahame Clark [Clark, Grahame]

archaeologist

England

1965

Prehistoric Societies [1965: with Stuart Piggott]

He lived 1907 to 1995.

Joe Darion [Darion, Joe]/Mitch Leigh [Leigh, Mitch]

lyricist/composer

USA

1965

Man of La Mancha [1965: musical, including Impossible Dream or Quest]

Darion lived 1911 to 2001. Leigh lived 1928 to ?.

Patty Duke [Duke, Patty]

singer

USA

1965

Don't Just Stand There [1965]

She lived 1946 to ?.

Edward Feigenbaum [Feigenbaum, Edward]/Robert K. Lindsay [Lindsay, Robert K.]

inventor

Stanford, California

1965

DENDRAL expert system [1965: for molecules]

Feigenbaum lived 1936 to ?.

Jane Fonda [Fonda, Jane]/Lee Marvin [Marvin, Lee]

actor

USA

1965

Cat Ballou [1965]

Fonda lived 1937 to ?. Marvin lived 1924 to 1987.

Wayne Fontana [Fontana, Wayne]/Mindbenders

singer

USA

1965

Game of Love [1965]

Wayne Fontana and the Mindbenders.

Bobby Fuller [Fuller, Bobby]

singer

USA

1965

I Fought the Law and the Law Won [1965]

Frank D. Gilroy [Gilroy, Frank D.]

playwright

USA

1965

Subject Was Roses [1965]

He lived 1925 to ?.

Gerry Goffin [Goffin, Gerry]/Carole King [King, Carole]

composer

USA

1965

I'm Into Something Good [1965: sung by Herman's Hermits]

Goffin lived 1939 to ?. King lived 1942 to ?.

Harvey Hart [Hart, Harvey]

director

Canada/USA

1965

Bus Riley's Back in Town [1965]

He lived 1928 to 1989.

Lee Hazlewood [Hazlewood, Lee]

composer

USA

1965

These Boots Are Made for Walkin' [1965: sung by Nancy Sinatra]

Hazlewood lived 1929 to ?.

Guy Hemric [Hemric, Guy]/Les Baxter [Baxter, Les]

lyricist/composer

USA

1965

Beach Blanket Bingo [1965: from the film Beach Blanket Bingo]

Baxter lived 1922 to 1996.

Richard Hughes [Hughes, Richard]

novelist

England

1965

High Wind in Jamaica [1965]

He lived 1900 to 1976.

Horst Jankowski [Jankowski, Horst]

orchestra leader

Germany/USA

1965

Walk in the Black Forest [1965]

Horst Jankowski and His Orchestra. Jankowski lived 1936 to 1998.

Jonathan King [King, Jonathan]

singer

England

1965

Everyone's Gone to the Moon [1965]

Al Kooper [Kooper, Al]/Irwin Levine [Levine, Irwin]/Bob Brass [Brass, Bob]

composer

USA

1965

This Diamond Ring [1965]

Timothy Leary [Leary, Timothy]

psychologist

USA

1965

Psychedelic Experience: A Manual Based on the Tibetan Book of the Dead [1964: with Ralph Metzner, Richard Alpert,

Karma-Glin-Pa Bar Do Thos Grol]; Politics of Ecstasy [1965]

He lived 1920 to 1996 and used drugs for freedom.

Alexei Leonov [Leonov, Alexei]

pilot

Russia

1965

He lived 1934 to ? and first walked in space.

Gary Lewis [Lewis, Gary]/Playboys

singer

USA

1965

This Diamond Ring [1965]; Count Me In [1965]; Everybody Loves a Clown [1965]; Green Grass [1966]

Gary Lewis and the Playboys.

Shirley Lewis [Lewis, Shirley]

singer

USA

1965

Clapping Song or Clap Pat Clap Slap [1965]

Barry McGuire [McGuire, Barry]

singer

USA

1965

Eve of Destruction [1965]

Johnny Mercer [Mercer, Johnny]/Hans Bradtke [Bradtke, Hans]

composer/lyricist

USA

1965

Summer Wind [1965: sung by Frank Sinatra]

Mercer lived 1909 to 1976.

Walt Morey [Morey, Walt]

writer

USA

1965

Gentle Ben [1965]

He lived 1907 to 1992.

Eric Partridge [Partridge, Eric]

linguist

New Zealand/England

1965

Usage and Abusage [1965]

He lived 1894 to 1979.

Arno Penzias [Penzias, Arno]/Robert Woodrow Wilson [Wilson, Robert Woodrow]

astronomer

USA

1965

Penzias lived 1933 to ?. Wilson lived 1936 to ?. They discovered cosmic background radiation as uniform space black-

body microwave noise, with temperature 3 K [1965].

Stuart Piggott [Piggott, Stuart]

archaeologist

Scotland

1965

Ancient Europe [1965]; Prehistoric Societies [1965: with Grahame Clark]

He lived 1910 to 1996.

Dag Prawitz [Prawitz, Dag]

logician

Stockholm, Sweden

1965

Natural Deduction [1965]

He lived 1936 to ?. Removing sections in which introduction rule precedes elimination rule can simplify natural

deductions {normalization, logic}, because addition followed by subtraction leads to no net result.

Teddy Randazzo [Randazzo, Teddy]/Bobby Weinstein [Weinstein, Bobby]/Bobby Hart [Hart, Bobby]

composer

USA

1965

Hurt So Bad [1965]

Randazzo lived 1935 to 2003.

Pauline Reage [Reage, Pauline] or Anne Desclos [Desclos, Anne]

novelist

France

1965

Story of O [1965]

She lived 1907 to 1998.

Jason Robards [Robards, Jason]

actor

USA

1965

Thousand Clowns [1965]

He lived 1922 to 2000.

Billy Joe Royal [Royal, Billy Joe]

singer

USA

1965

Down in the Boondocks [1965]; I Knew You When [1965]

Eero Saarinen [Saarinen, Eero]

architect

Finland/USA

1965

Gateway Arch [1965: steel arch 200 meters tall and 200 meters wide in St. Louis, Missouri]

He lived 1910 to 1961.

Moacir Santos [Santos, Moacir]

composer/musician

Brazil

1965

Coisa No. 5 or Nana [1965: in the album Coisas. Later lyrics by Mario Telles]

He lived 1926 to 2006.

John Schlesinger [Schlesinger, John]

director

USA

1965

Darling [1965: Julie Christie acted]

He lived 1926 to 2003.

Dennis Sciama [Sciama, Dennis]

physicist

USA

1965

He lived 1926 to 1999. Quasar density increases with redshift [1965], with Martin Rees.

Robert R. Sears [Sears, Robert R.]

psychologist

USA

1965

Identification and Child Rearing [1965: with Lucy Rau and Richard Alpert]

He lived 1908 to ?.

John Sebastian [Sebastian, John]/Steve Boone [Boone, Steve]

composer

USA

1965

You Didn't Have to Be So Nice [1965]

Stephen Sondheim [Sondheim, Stephen]/Richard Rodgers [Rodgers, Richard]

lyricist/composer

USA

1965

Do I Hear a Waltz? [1965: musical]

Rodgers lived 1902 to 1979.

Rod Steiger [Steiger, Rod]

actor

USA

1965

Pawnbroker [1965]

He lived 1925 to 2002.

Thomas Szasz [Szasz, Thomas]

psychologist

USA

1965

Myth of Mental Illness [1965]

He lived 1920 to ? and questioned whether mental illness really exists.

Terry-Thomas or Thomas Terry Hoar Stevens [Stevens, Thomas Terry Hoar]

actor

England

1965

Those Magnificent Men in their Flying Machines [1965]

He lived 1911 to 1990.

Them/Van Morrison [Morrison, Van]

singer

USA

1965

Gloria [1965]; Here Comes the Night [1965]

Morrison lived 1942 to ?.

Lionel Trilling [Trilling, Lionel]

essayist/critic

USA

1965

Beyond Culture: Essays on Literature and Learning [1965]

He lived 1905 to 1975.

Paul F. Webster [Webster, Paul F.]/Maurice Jarre [Jarre, Maurice]

lyricist/composer

USA

1965

Somewhere My Love or Lara's Theme [1965: from the film Dr. Zhivago]

Webster lived 1907 to 1984. Jarre lived 1924 to ?.

Paul Francis Webster [Webster, Paul Francis]/John Alfred Mandel [Mandel, John Alfred] or Johnny Mandel

[Mandel, Johnny]

lyricist/composer

USA

1965

Shadow of Your Smile [1965: from the film The Sandpiper]

Webster lived 1907 to 1984. Mandel lived 1925 to ?.

Glenn Yarbrough [Yarbrough, Glenn]

singer

USA

1965

Baby, The Rain Must Fall [1965]

He lived 1930 to ?.

Laurence Yep [Yep, Laurence]

writer

USA

1965

Child of the Owl [1965]

He lived 1948 to ?.

Lofti Zadeh [Zadeh, Lofti]

mathematician

Azerbaijan/USA

1965

fuzzy logic [1965]

He lived 1921 to ? and invented fuzzy-set theory or fuzzy logic.

Michael Caine [Caine, Michael]

actor

England

1965 to 1966

Ipcress File [1965]; Alfie [1966]

He lived 1933 to ?.

Carl Hempel [Hempel, Carl]

philosopher

USA

1965 to 1966

Aspects of Scientific Explanation [1965]; Philosophy of Natural Science [1966]

He lived 1905 to ? and was logical empiricist.

Description is result of physical laws.

Explanation and prediction differ only in time, because facts are deducible from other facts and at least one law

{covering-law model} {deductive-nomological model}.

Sentence meaning is the publicly accessible outcome of publicly accessible procedures. Group beliefs establish

outcomes and procedures, even in science. Cognitive and scientific meaning requires that sentence be expressible in

logical language.

Psychology can treat internal states of people like black boxes, only checking stimuli and responses {methodological

behaviorism}.

Induction can lead to statements but can also lead to statement contrapositives. Contrapositive statements are general,

while statements are specific. Evidence for contrapositive statement cannot support statement. For example, "All ravens

are black" is logically the same as its contrapositive, "All not black things are not ravens", and both have support from

each raven observation {paradox of the ravens, Hempel} {ravens paradox, Hempel}.

Physical and material world concepts always change as people acquire new knowledge, so physicalism and

functionalism are not static concepts {Hempel's dilemma}.

Tom Jones [Jones, Tom]

singer

England/Wales

1965 to 1966

It's Not Unusual [1965]; Green Green Grass of Home [1966]

He lived 1928 to ?.

Wilson Pickett [Pickett, Wilson]

singer

USA

1965 to 1966

In the Midnite Hour [1965]; Mustang Sally [1966]

Petula Clark [Clark, Petula]

singer

England

1965 to 1967

Downtown [1965]; I Know a Place [1965]; My Love [1965]; This Is My Song [1967]

She lived 1932 to ?.

Norman Jewison [Jewison, Norman]

director

USA

1965 to 1967

Cincinnati Kid [1965: Steve McQueen and Edward G. Robinson acted]; In the Heat of the Night [1967: Rod Steiger

and Sidney Poitier acted]

He lived 1926 to ?.

Carl Woese [Woese, Carl]

biologist

USA

1965 to 1967

Genetic Code [1967]

He lived 1928 to ?. Small subunit ribosomal RNA can classify organisms [1965].

Lloyd Homme [Homme, Lloyd]

psychologist

England

1965 to 1968

What Behavioral Engineering Is [1968]

Covert, unobservable behaviors, such as thoughts, images, and other mental events, are similar to overt or operant

behavior {coverant behavior} [1965].

Merle Haggard [Haggard, Merle]

singer

USA

1965 to 1969

Mama Tried [1965]; Bottle Let Me Down [1965]; If We Make It Through December [1965]; Okie from Muskogee

[1969]

He lived 1937 to ? and played Western swing.

Tommy James [James, Tommy]/Shondells

singer

USA

1965 to 1969

Hanky Panky [1965]; I Think We're Alone Now [1967]; Mony Mony [1968]; Crystal Blue Persuasion [1969]; Crimson

and Clover [1969]

Tommy James and the Shondells.

James Brown [Brown, James]

singer

USA

1965 to 1970

Papa's Got a Brand New Bag [1965]; Get Up (I Feel Like Being A) Sex Machine [1970]

He lived 1933 to 2007.

Jerzy Kosinski [Kosinski, Jerzy]

novelist

Poland

1965 to 1970

Painted Bird [1965]; Steps [1968]; Being There [1970]

He lived 1933 to 1991.

William H. Masters [Masters, William H.]/Virginia E. Johnson [Johnson, Virginia E.]

physician

USA

1965 to 1970

Human Sexual Response [1965]; Human Sexual Inadequacy [1970]

Masters lived 1915 to 2001. Johnson lived 1925 to ?. They studied sexuality.

Van Morrison [Morrison, Van]

singer/composer

Ireland

1965 to 1970

Gloria [1965]; Brown-eyed Girl [1967]; Astral Weeks [1968]; Moondance [1970]

He lived 1942 to ?.

Cher

singer

USA

1965 to 1971

All I Really Want to Do [1965]; Bang Bang [1966]; Gypsies, Tramps and Thieves [1971]

She lived 1946 to ?.

Loretta Lynn [Lynn, Loretta]

composer

USA

1965 to 1971

You Ain't Woman Enough [1965]; Don't Come Home a-Drinkin' [1967]; Fist City [1968]; Woman of the World

[1969]; Coal Miner's Daughter [1970]; One's on the Way [1971: by Shel Silverstein]

She lived 1935 to ?.

Paul Revere [Revere, Paul]/Raiders

singer

USA

1965 to 1971

Kicks [1965]; Indian Reservation [1971]

Paul Revere and the Raiders.

Donovan Leitch [Leitch, Donovan] or Donovan

singer/composer

England

1965 to 1972

Catch the Wind or Try and Catch the Wind [1965]; Sunshine Superman [1966]; Mellow Yellow [1966]; Hurdy Gurdy

Man [1968]; Yellow Is the Color [1972]

He lived 1946 to ?.

Dobie Gray [Gray, Dobie]

singer

USA

1965 to 1973

In Crowd [1965]; Drift Away [1973]

Charlie Rich [Rich, Charlie]

singer

USA

1965 to 1973

Mohair Sam [1965]; Behind Closed Doors [1973]; Most Beautiful Girl [1973]

He lived 1932 to 1995.

Jeffrey S. Gruber [Gruber, Jeffrey S.]

psychologist

USA

1965 to 1976

Studies in Lexical Relations [1965]; Lexical Structures in Syntax and Semantics [1976]

Processes and concepts used for spatial location and motion can extend to represent other ideas, objects, and relations,

such as possession {thematic relations hypothesis}.

Alex Haley [Haley, Alex]

novelist

USA

1965 to 1976

Autobiography of Malcolm X [1965: ghostwriter biography]; Roots [1976: novel]

He lived 1921 to 1992.

Herbert Kohl [Kohl, Herbert]

sociologist

USA

1965 to 1976

Open Classroom [1965]; 36 Children [1967]; On Teaching [1976]

He lived 1935 to ?.

Twyla Tharp [Tharp, Twyla]

modern dancer/choreographer

USA

1965 to 1976

Push Comes to Shove [1976: modern dance]

She lived 1941 to ?.

John L. Mackie [Mackie, John L.]

philosopher

Australia

1965 to 1982

Causes and Conditions [1965]; Truth, Probability, and Paradox [1973]; Cement of the Universe [1974]; Ethics:

Inventing Right and Wrong [1977]; Evil and Omnipotence; Hume's Moral Theory [1980]; Miracle of Theism [1982]

He lived 1917 to 1981.

Ethics

Moral truths pretend to objectivity, but there are no objective moral truths {error theory of value} {error theory of

moral values}. Morals are subjective and should serve subjective purposes.

That evil exists, God is only good, and God is omnipotent are logically inconsistent.

Epistemology

Causes are effect conditions. Causes are always event combinations, and no single event can necessitate effect. Cause is

a necessary but insufficient part of an unnecessary but sufficient condition {INUS condition}.

Sid Fleischman [Fleischman, Sid]

writer

USA

1965 to 1986

Ghost in the Noonday Sun [1965]; Humbug Mountain [1978]; Whipping Boy [1986]; McBroom Tells the Truth; By the

Great Horn Spoon

He lived 1920 to ?.

Abioseh Nicol [Nicol, Abioseh]

storyteller

Sierra Leone

1965 to 1990

Truly Married Woman and Other Stories [1965: stories]

He lived 1924 to ?.

Henry Stapp [Stapp, Henry]

physicist

USA

1965 to 1993

S-matrix interpretation of quantum-theory [1971]; Mind, Matter, and Quantum Mechanics [1993]

Quantum waves collapse only when they interact with consciousness and observation. Brain can plan better from fewer

possibilities. Consciousness is brain parts and activities that collapse wave functions. Brains do not affect probabilities

but only initiate collapses.

Ronald Melzack [Melzack, Ronald]

psychologist

USA

1965 to 1996

Puzzle of Pain [1973]; Challenge of Pain [1996]

He developed the gate control theory of pain [1965], with Patrick Wall. He said people have body image {phylomatrix}

{body-schema}.

Richard Wollheim [Wollheim, Richard]

philosopher

USA

1965 to 1999

Art and Its Objects [1980]

He lived 1923 to 2003. Painting and sculpture have different aesthetics than literature and music, because they have

different compositional principles and structural forms.

Margaret Drabble [Drabble, Margaret]

novelist

England

1965 to 2004

Millstone [1965]; Red Queen [2004]

She lived 1939 to ?.

Hannes Alfvén [Alfvén, Hannes]

physicist

Sweden

1966

Worlds-Antiworlds [1966]

He lived 1908 to 1995 and studied plasma physics.

Jorge Amado [Amado, Jorge]

writer

Brazil

1966

Dona Flor and her Two Husbands [1966]

He lived 1912 to 2001.

Michelangelo Antonioni [Antonioni, Michelangelo]

director

Italy

1966

Blow Up [1966]

He lived 1912 to ?.

Raymond Aron [Aron, Raymond]

sociologist

France

1966

Peace and War: A Theory of International Relations [1966]

He lived 1905 to 1983.

Pierre Barouh [Barouh, Pierre]/Francis Lai [Lai, Francis]/Jerry Keller [Keller, Jerry]

lyricist/composer/lyricist

France/USA

1966

Man and a Woman [1966: from the movie A Man and a Woman]

Lai lived 1932 to ?. Keller lived 1937 to ?.

Ronald Blackwell [Blackwell, Ronald]

composer

USA

1966

Lil' Red Riding Hood [1966: sung by Sam the Sham and the Pharaohs]

Paul Butterfield Blues Band [Butterfield Blues Band, Paul]

singer

USA

1966

East-West [1966]

Pierre Coeur [Coeur, Pierre]/Bryan Blackburn [Blackburn, Bryan]/Andre Popp [Popp, Andre]

lyricist/lyricist/composer

USA

1966

Love Is Blue [1966: played by Paul Mauriat]

Mauriat lived 1925 to 2006.

Jim Dale [Dale, Jim]/Tom Springfield [Springfield, Tom]

lyricist/composer

USA

1966

Georgie Girl [1966: from the movie Georgy Girl]

Spencer Davis [Davis, Spencer]

singer

USA

1966

Gimme Some Lovin' [1966]

Spencer Davis Group.

Basil Dearden [Dearden, Basil]

director

England

1966

Khartoum [1966]

He lived 1911 to 1971.

Dorothy Fields [Fields, Dorothy]/Cy Coleman [Coleman, Cy]/Bob Fosse [Fosse, Bob]

lyricist/composer/choreographer

USA

1966

Sweet Charity [1966: musical, including Big Spender and If My Friends Could See Me Now]

Fields lived 1905 to 1974. Coleman lived 1929 to 2004. Fosse lived 1927 to 1987.

Michael Flynn [Flynn, Michael]

inventor

USA

1966

parallel processing [1966]

Algorithm instruction and data-input stream can be simultaneous. SISD is Single Instruction stream, Single Data

stream. SIMD is Single Instruction, Multiple Data. MIMD is Multiple Instruction, Multiple Data. SPMD is Single

Program, Multiple Data.

Indira Gandhi [Gandhi, Indira]

prime minister

India

1966

She lived 1917 to 1984.

Bobby Hebb [Hebb, Bobby]

singer

USA

1966

Sunny [1966]

James Hill [Hill, James]

director

England

1966

Born Free [1966]

He lived 1838 to 1994.

Irene Hunt [Hunt, Irene]

writer

USA

1966

Up a Road Slowly [1966]

She lived 1907 to 2001.

Walter Kerr [Kerr, Walter]

essayist/critic

USA

1966

He lived 1913 to 1996.

Claude Lelouch [Lelouch, Claude]

director

France

1966

Man and a Woman [1966]

He lived 1937 to ?.

Bob Lind [Lind, Bob]

composer/singer

USA

1966

Elusive Butterfly [1966]

He lived 1942 to ?.

Bernard Malamud [Malamud, Bernard]

novelist

USA

1966

Fixer [1966]

He lived 1914 to 1986.

Jose Marti [Marti, Jose]/Bernard Gasso [Gasso, Bernard]

composer

Cuba

1966

Guantanamera or Lady of Guantanamo [1966]

Marti lived 1853 to 1895.

Fred Neil [Neil, Fred]

composer

USA

1966

Everybody's Talkin' [1966: in the film Midnight Cowboy, 1969. sung by Nilsson]

Paul Newman [Newman, Paul]/Lauren Bacall [Bacall, Lauren]

actor

USA

1966

Harper [1966]

Newman lived 1925 to ?. Bacall lived 1924 to ?.

Eugene Ormandy [Ormandy, Eugene]

conductor

Hungary/USA

1966

He lived 1899 to 1985.

Gregory Peck [Peck, Gregory]/Sophia Loren [Loren, Sophia]

actor

USA

1966

Arabesque [1966]

Peck lived 1916 to 2003. Loren lived 1934 to ?.

Leon Pober [Pober, Leon]

composer

USA

1966

Tiny Bubbles or Hua Li'i [1966: sung by Don Ho]

Ho lived 1930 to 2007.

James and Bobby Purify [Purify, James and Bobby]

singer

USA

1966

I'm Your Puppet [1966: by Lindon Oldham and Dan Pennington]

Lynn Redgrave [Redgrave, Lynn]

actor

USA

1966

Georgy Girl [1966]

She lived 1943 to ?.

Karel Reisz [Reisz, Karel]

director

Czech/England

1966

Morgan! [1966]

He lived 1926 to 2002.

Jimmy Ruffin [Ruffin, Jimmy]

singer

USA

1966

What Becomes of the Broken Hearted [1966]

Mitch Ryder [Ryder, Mitch]/Detroit Wheels

singer

USA

1966

Jenny Take a Ride [1965]; Devil with the Blue Dress On and Good Golly Miss Molly [1966]

Mitch Ryder and the Detroit Wheels.

Barry Sadler [Sadler, Barry]

singer

USA

1966

Ballad of the Green Berets [1966]

Paul Scofield [Scofield, Paul]/Robert Shaw [Shaw, Robert]

actor

USA

1966

Man for All Seasons [1966]

Scofield lived 1922 to ?. Shaw lived 1927 to ?.

Anne Sexton [Sexton, Anne]

novelist

USA

1966

Live or Die [1966]

She lived 1928 to ?.

Carl Sigman [Sigman, Carl]/Luis Bonfa [Bonfa, Luis]

lyricist/composer

Germany/USA

1966

Day in the Life of a Fool or Manha de Carnaval [1966: from the movie Black Orpheus]

Sigman lived 1909 to 2000. Bonfa lived 1922 to 2001.

Charles Silberman [Silberman, Charles]

sociologist

USA

1966

Myths of Automation [1966]

He lived 1925 to ?.

Nancy Sinatra [Sinatra, Nancy]

singer

USA

1966

Sugar Town [1966]; These Boots Are Made for Walking [1966]

She lived 1940 to ?.

Charles Singleton [Singleton, Charles]/Eddie Snyder [Snyder, Eddie]/Bert Kaempfert [Kaempfert, Bert]

lyricist/lyricist/composer

USA

1966

Strangers in the Night [1966: sung by Frank Sinatra]

Kaempfert lived 1923 to 1980.

Percy Sledge [Sledge, Percy]

singer

USA

1966

When a Man Loves a Woman [1966: by Calvin Lewis and Andrew Wright]

He lived 1941 to ?.

Geoff Stephens [Stephens, Geoff]

composer

USA

1966

Winchester Cathedral [1966]

Ike Turner [Turner, Ike]/Tina Turner [Turner, Tina]

singer

USA

1966

River Deep, Mountain High [1966]

Ike and Tina Turner. Tina lived 1939 to ?.

Mary Weik [Weik, Mary]

writer

USA

1966

Jazz Man [1966]

She lived 1922 to 1978.

Raquel Welch [Welch, Raquel]

actor

USA

1966

Fantastic Voyage [1966]

She lived 1940 to ?.

Mike Nichols [Nichols, Mike]

director

USA

1966 to 1967

Who's Afraid of Virginia Woolf [1966: Elizabeth Taylor and Richard Burton acted]; Graduate [1967: Dustin Hoffman

and Anne Bancroft acted]

He lived 1931 to ?.

Lalo Schifrin [Schifrin, Lalo]

composer

USA

1966 to 1967

Mission: Impossible Theme [1966: from the TV series]; Mannix [1967: from the TV series]

He lived 1932 to ?.

Alan Arkin [Arkin, Alan]

actor

USA

1966 to 1968

Russians Are Coming, Russians Are Coming [1966]; Heart Is a Lonely Hunter [1968]

He lived 1934 to ?.

Alton Ellis [Ellis, Alton]

composer/singer

Jamaica

1966 to 1968

Rock Steady [1966]

Rocksteady is slower [1966 to 1968].

Paul Simon [Simon, Paul]/Art Garfunkel [Garfunkel, Art]

singer

USA

1966 to 1970

Homeward Bound [1966]; I am a Rock [1966]; Sounds of Silence [1966]; Hazy Shade of Winter [1966]; Mrs.

Robinson [1967: from the film The Graduate]; Boxer [1969]; Bridge over Troubled Waters [1970]

Simon lived 1941 to ?. Garfunkel lived 1941 to ?.

Ennio Morricone [Morricone, Ennio]

composer

USA

1966 to 1971

Good, the Bad, and the Ugly [1966]; Chi Mai or Who Me [1971: from the film Maddalena]

He lived 1928 to ?.

Liam Hudson [Hudson, Liam]

psychologist

USA

1966 to 1973

Contrary Imaginations [1966]; Psychological Study of the English Schoolboy [1966]; Originality [1973]

He lived 1934 to 2005.

Clifford N. Matthews [Matthews, Clifford N.]

biologist

USA

1966 to 1975

Serine and threonine-containing heteropolypeptides [1966: with R. E. Moser]; Heteropolypeptides from poly-alpha-

cyanoglycine and hydrogen cyanide. Model for origin of proteins [1975]

Heteropolypeptides can come from hydrogen cyanide [1966]. Dry heating HCN makes heteropolyamidines. Water

converts them to polypeptides.

Fred Ebb [Ebb, Fred]/John Kander [Kander, John]

lyricist/composer

USA

1966 to 1977

Cabaret [1966: musical, including Cabaret, Willkommen, and Tomorrow Belongs to Me]; Chicago [1975: musical,

including All That Jazz and Razzle Dazzle]; New York, New York or Theme from New York, New York [1977: from

the film New York, New York]

Ebb lived 1932 to 2004. Kander lived 1927 to ?.

Minoru Yamasaki [Yamasaki, Minoru]

architect

New York, New York

1966 to 1977

World Trade Center [1966 to 1977: Two iron and concrete skyscrapers were each 450 meters tall.]

He lived 1912 to 1986. Towers burned down in 2001.

Jean Rhys [Rhys, Jean]

writer

USA/England

1966 to 1979

Wide Sargasso Sea [1966]

She lived 1894 to 1979.

Roderick M. Chisholm [Chisholm, Roderick M.]

philosopher

USA

1966 to 1981

Theory of Knowledge [1966 and 1977]; First Person [1981]

He lived 1916 to 1999 and invented Chisholm paradox. Propositions can be rational beliefs {epistemic proposition}.

Lois Duncan [Duncan, Lois]

writer

USA

1966 to 1985

Five Were Missing [1966]; Killing Mr. Griffin [1978]; Locked in Time [1985]

She lived 1934 to ?.

Janet Frame [Frame, Janet]

writer

New Zealand

1966 to 1985

State of Siege [1966]; Angel at My Table [1984]; To the Is-Land [1982]; Envoy from Mirror City [1985]

She lived 1924 to ?.

Richard I. Gregory [Gregory, Richard I.]

psychologist

England

1966 to 1987

Eye and Brain [1966]; Mind in Science [1981]; Odd Perceptions [1986]; Oxford Companion to the Mind [1987 and

2004]

He lived 1923 to ?. Perceptions are good guesses about what physical world is like.

Placido Domingo [Domingo, Placido]

tenor

Mexico

1966 to 1992

He lived 1941 to ?.

George C. Williams [Williams, George C.]

biologist

USA

1966 to 1992

Adaptation and Natural Selection [1966]; Sex and Evolution [1975]; Natural Selection: Domains, Levels, and

Challenges [1992]

Genes are natural-selection units, and organisms passively contain them. Evolution changes gene frequency and can

make new genes.

Benjamin Libet [Libet, Benjamin]

physician

USA

1966 to 1993

Brain stimulation and the threshold of conscious experience [1966]; Electrical stimulation of cortex in human subjects

and conscious sensory aspects [1973]; Neurophysiology of Consciousness [1993]; Volitional Brain [1999: with

Anthony Freeman and Keith Sutherland]

He studied backward referral in time, Libet's delay, neuronal adequacy, readiness potential, and time-on theory [Libet,

1993]. Neural events can make experiences have unity {conscious mental field} (CMF). CMF can affect neurons and

allows subjective experience.

Seamus Heaney [Heaney, Seamus]

poet

Ireland

1966 to 1995

Death of a Naturalist [1966: poems]

He lived 1919 to ?.

F. Károlyházy [Károlyházy, F.]

physicist

Hungary

1966 to 2000

Gravity causes wavefunction reduction.

Bernard W. Agranoff [Agranoff, Bernard W.]

psychologist

USA

1967

Memory and protein synthesis [1967]

He lived 1926 to ?. Long-term memory needs protein synthesis.

Jocelyn Bell [Bell, Jocelyn]/Anthony Hewish [Hewish, Anthony]

physicist

England

1967

Bell lived 1943 to ?. Hewish lived 1924 to ?. They discovered neutron-star pulsars, which look to Earth observers like

microwave-beam lighthouses, spinning dozens of times each second [1967].

Jocelyn Bell [Bell, Jocelyn]

astronomer

England

1967

She lived 1943 to ? and discovered pulsars [1967].

Seymour Benzer [Benzer, Seymour]

biologist

USA

1967

Behavioral mutants of Drosophila isolated by counter current distribution [1967]

He lived 1921 to ?, studied fruit flies, and mutated single genes to affect courtship rituals, vision, circadian rhythms,

memory, and learning. He found proteins used in non-declarative memory.

Don Black [Black, Don]/Mark London [London, Mark]

lyricist/composer

England

1967

To Sir With Love [1967: from the film To Sir With Love]

Black lived 1938 to ?.

Ray Bradbury [Bradbury, Ray]

novelist

USA

1967

Fahrenheit 451 [1967: science fiction]

He lived 1920 to ?.

John Christopher [Christopher, John] or Samuel Youd [Youd, Samuel]

writer

USA

1967

White Mountains [1967: first novel of Tripods trilogy]

He lived 1922 to ?.

Judy Collins [Collins, Judy]

singer

USA

1967

Both Sides Now [1967: by Joni Mitchell]; Send in the Clowns [1977]

She lived 1939 to ?.

Arthur Conley [Conley, Arthur]

singer

USA

1967

Sweet Soul Music [1967]

Sandy Denis [Denis, Sandy]

actor

USA

1967

Up the Down Staircase [1967]

She lived 1937 to 1992.

James Dickey [Dickey, James]

novelist/poet

USA

1967

Deliverance [1967]

He lived 1923 to 1997.

Francis P. Dineen [Dineen, Francis P.]

linguist

USA

1967

Introduction to General Linguistics [1967]

He lived 1887 to 1891.

Steve Duboff [Duboff, Steve]/Artie Kornfeld [Kornfeld, Artie]

composer

USA

1967

Rain, the Park and Other Things [1967: sung by The Cowsills]

Bobbie Gentry [Gentry, Bobbie]

singer

USA

1967

Ode to Billie Joe [1967]

Terry Gilkyson [Gilkyson, Terry]/Phil Harris [Harris, Phil]

composer

USA

1967

Bare Necessities [1967: from the film The Jungle Book]; I Want to Be like You [1967: from the film The Jungle Book]

Gilkyson lived 1916 to 1999. Harris lived 1904 to 1995.

Knut Hamsun [Hamsun, Knut]

novelist

Norway

1967

Hunger [1967: translated to English]

He lived 1859 to 1952.

John Hartford [Hartford, John]

composer

USA

1967

Gentle on My Mind [1967: sung by Glen Campbell]

He lived 1937 to 2001.

Lee Hazlewood [Hazlewood, Lee]/Nancy Sinatra [Sinatra, Nancy]

composer/singer

USA

1967

Summer Wine [1967]

Hazlewood lived 1929 to ?.

Susan E. Hinton [Hinton, Susan E.]

writer

USA

1967

Outsiders [1967]

She lived 1950 to ?.

Idries Shah

historian

Afghanistan/England

1967

Tales of the Dervishes [1967]

He lived 1924 to 1996 and wrote about Sufism.

Quincy Jones [Jones, Quincy]

composer

USA

1967

In the Heat of the Night [1967: from the film In the Heat of the Night]

He lived 1933 to ?.

Albert King [King, Albert]

singer

USA

1967

Born under a Bad Sign [1967]

Elaine Konigsburg [Konigsburg, Elaine] or E. L. Konigsburg [Konigsburg, E. L.]

writer

USA

1967

From the Mixed-Up Files of Mrs. Basil E. Frankweiler [1967]; View from Saturday

She lived 1930 to ?.

Jonathan Kozol [Kozol, Jonathan]

sociologist

USA

1967

Death at an Early Age [1967]

He lived 1936 to ? and studied education.

Phyllis LaFarge [LaFarge, Phyllis]

writer

USA

1967

Gumdrop Necklace [1967]

Rensis Likert [Likert, Rensis]

economist

USA

1967

Human Organization [1967]

He studied organizational behavioral theory.

Jay Livingston [Livingston, Jay]/Ray Evans [Evans, Ray]/Victor Young [Young, Victor]

lyricist/composer

USA

1967

Golden Earrings [1967]

Livingston lived 1915 to 2001. Evans lived 1915 to 2007. Young lived 1899 to 1956.

Lulu or Marie McDonald McLaughlin Lawrie [Lawrie, Marie McDonald McLaughlin]

singer

Scotland

1967

To Sir, with Love [1967]

She lived 1948 to ?.

Galt MacDermot [MacDermot, Galt]/James Rado [Rado, James]

lyricist/composer

USA

1967

Hair [1967: musical, including Aquarius, Let the Sunshine In, and Hair]

MacDermot lived 1928 to ?.

Scott McKenzie [McKenzie, Scott]

composer/singer

USA

1967

San Francisco [1967]

He lived 1939 to ?.

Peter Medawar [Medawar, Peter]

biologist

England

1967

Art of the Soluble [1967]

He lived 1915 to 1987 and studied immunology.

Robert Morse [Morse, Robert]/Michele Lee [Lee, Michele]/Rudy Vallee [Vallee, Rudy]

actor

USA

1967

How to Succeed in Business Without Really Trying [1967]

Morse lived 1931 to ?. Lee lived 1942 to ?. Vallee lived 1901 to 1986.

Paul Newman [Newman, Paul]/George Kennedy [Kennedy, George]

actor

USA

1967

Cool Hand Luke [1967]

Newman lived 1925 to ?. Kennedy lived 1925 to ?.

C. Carson Parks [Parks, C. Carson]

composer

USA

1967

Something Stupid [1967]

He lived 1936 to 2005.

John Peterson [Peterson, John]

writer

USA

1967

Littles [1967 on: books]

He lived 1924 to 2002.

Andre Previn [Previn, Andre]/Elmer Bernstein [Bernstein, Elmer]

composer

USA

1967

Thoroughly Modern Millie [1967: from the film Thoroughly Modern Millie]

Previn lived 1929 to ?.

Keith Reid [Reid, Keith]/Gary Brooker [Brooker, Gary]

composer

USA

1967

Whiter Shade of Pale [1967]

Ben Shawn [Shawn, Ben]

painter

USA

1967

Passion of Sacco and Vanzetti [1967]

He lived 1898 to 1969.

Nancy Sinatra [Sinatra, Nancy]/Frank Sinatra [Sinatra, Frank]

singer

USA

1967

Somethin' Stupid [1967]

Frank lived 1915 to 1998.

Stephen Smale [Smale, Stephen]

mathematician

USA

1967

Differentiable Dynamic Systems [1967]

He lived 1930 to ? and studied non-linear oscillators that had stable, non-repeating, periodic patterns. He studied

topology in five or higher dimensions and Poincaré conjecture. He invented topological phase-space transformations

{Smale's horseshoe}, in which space stretches, shrinks, and folds multiple times in any dimension. Transformations are

sensitive to initial conditions.

Tom Stoppard [Stoppard, Tom]

playwright

England

1967

Rosencranz and Guildenstern are Dead [1967]

He lived 1937 to ?.

Eli Wallach [Wallach, Eli]/Anne Jackson [Jackson, Anne]

actor

USA

1967

Tiger Makes Out [1967]

Wallach lived 1915 to ?. Jackson lived 1926 to ?.

George David Weiss [Weiss, George David]/Bob Thiele [Thiele, Bob]/Louis Armstrong [Armstrong, Louis]

lyricist/composer/singer

USA

1967

What a Wonderful World [1967: sung by Louis Armstrong]

Weiss lived 1921 to ?. Thiele lived 1922 to 1996. Armstrong lived 1901 to 1971.

Marvin Gaye [Gaye, Marvin]/Tammi Terrell [Terrell, Tammi]

singer

USA

1967 to 1968

Ain't No Mountain High Enough [1967]; Ain't Nothing Like the Real Thing [1967]; You're All I Need to Get By

[1967]; You Can Have My Private Number [1968: by Judy Clay and William Bell]

Jimi Hendrix [Hendrix, Jimi]

singer

USA

1967 to 1968

Purple Haze [1967]; Hey Joe [1967]; Foxey Lady [1967]; Fire [1967]; All along the Watchtower [1968]; Voodoo

Chile/Slight Return [1968]

He lived 1942 to 1970.

Franco Zefferelli [Zefferelli, Franco]

director

USA

1967 to 1968

Taming of the Shrew [1967: Richard Burton and Elizabeth Taylor acted]; Romeo and Juliet [1968]

He lived 1923 to ?.

Rod McKuen [McKuen, Rod]

poet

USA

1967 to 1969

If You Go Away [1967: translated from Jacques Brel]; Lonesome Cities [1967]; Jean [1969]

He lived 1933 to ?.

Harry Nilsson [Nilsson, Harry]

singer

USA

1967 to 1969

Everybody's Talking at Ya or Everybody's Talking at Me or Echoes or Theme from Midnight Cowboy [1967: from the

film Midnight Cowboy]

He lived 1941 to 1994.

K. M. Peyton [Peyton, K. M.]/Kathleen Peyton [Peyton, Kathleen]/Michael Peyton [Peyton, Michael]

writer

England

1967 to 1969

Flambards [1967: trilogy]; Edge of the Cloud [1969: book 2 of Flambards]; Flambards in Summer [1969: book 3 of

Flambards]

Kathleen Peyton lived 1929 to ?. Michael Peyton lived 1933 to ?.

Hans Kirst [Kirst, Hans]

writer

Germany

1967 to 1970

Night of the Generals [1967]; Officer Factory [1970]

He lived 1914 to 1989.

Neil Diamond [Diamond, Neil]

singer

USA

1967 to 1972

For What It's Worth (Stop, Hey, What's That Sound) [1967]; Girl, You'll Be a Woman Soon [1967]; Cracklin' Rosie

[1970]; Song Sung Blue [1972]; Sweet Caroline [1972]

He lived 1941 to ?.

Eleanor Clymer [Clymer, Eleanor]

writer

USA

1967 to 1973

My Brother Stevie [1967]; Luke Was There [1973]

She lived 1906 to 2001.

Janis Ian [Ian, Janis]

singer/composer

USA

1967 to 1974

Society's Child [1967]; At Seventeen [1974]

Susan Cooper [Cooper, Susan]

writer

USA

1967 to 1975

Dark Is Rising [1967 to 1975: books]

She lived 1935 to ?.

Yakov B. Zel'dovich [Zel'dovich, Yakov B.]

physicist

Russia

1967 to 1976

He lived 1914 to 1987. Gravity can cause baryons to decay, over 10^31 years [1976]. He described the Cosmological

Constant problem [1967]: cosmological constant is 120 order of magnitude too great.

Robert Lipsyte [Lipsyte, Robert]

writer

USA

1967 to 1977

Contender [1967]; One Fat Summer [1977]

Bee Gees/Barry Gibb [Gibb, Barry]/Maurice Gibb [Gibb, Maurice]/Robin Gibb [Gibb, Robin]

singer

England

1967 to 1978

1941 New York Mining Disaster [1967]; Massachusetts or Lights Went Out [1967]; I Started a Joke [1968]; I've Gotta

Get a Message to You [1968]; How Can You Mend a Broken Heart [1971]; Stayin' Alive [1978: in the film Saturday

Night Fever]; How Deep Is Your Love [1977: in the movie Saturday Night Fever]; More Than a Woman [1977: in the

film Saturday Night Fever]; Stayin' Alive [1977: in the film Saturday Night Fever]

Barry Gibb lived 1946 to ?.

William Styron [Styron, William]

novelist

USA

1967 to 1979

Confessions of Nat Turner [1967]; Sophie's Choice [1979]

He lived 1935 to ?.

Jacques Derrida [Derrida, Jacques]

philosopher

Algeria/Paris, France

1967 to 1982

Of Grammatology [1967]; Speech and Phenomena and Other Essays on Husserl's Theory of Signs [1967]; Margins of

Philosophy [1972]; Glas [1974]; Post Card [1980]

He lived 1930 to 2004 and studied language relative to philosophy. He analyzed and criticized texts based on ideas

about language relativity {deconstruction, Derrida}. His criticism contrasted with that of Roland Barthes.

Epistemology

Spoken and written symbols are physical and arbitrary. Spoken and written symbols are always in context. Because

meanings differ in context, meaning can be unobtainable {undecidability, meaning}. As speech or writing progresses,

sign meaning changes slightly {différence}, as context changes. Thus, signs cannot know consciousness or truth.

Speech expresses mental thoughts {logocentric}, and writing is secondary.

Philosophy depends on opposite-concept pairs, such as soul-body, which are not useful or real but are only about

language use.

Mind

The Other must contrast with the Self. This idea was against the idea of Emmanuel Levinas that the Other is absolute.

Ulrich Neisser [Neisser, Ulrich]

psychologist

USA

1967 to 1982

Cognitive Psychology [1967]; Memory Observed: Remembering in Natural Contexts [1982]

He lived 1928 to ?. Memory is like reconstructing dinosaur from bones alone.

Paula Fox [Fox, Paula]

writer

USA

1967 to 1991

How Many Miles to Babylon [1967]; Slave Dancer [1973]; One-Eyed Cat [1984]; Lily and the Lost Boy [1987];

Village by the Sea [1988]; Moonlight Man [1991]

Hilary Putnam [Putnam, Hilary]

philosopher

USA

1967 to 1992

Psychological Predicates [1967]; Mind, Language, and Reality [1975]; Meaning and the Moral Sciences [1978];

Reason, Truth and History [1981]; Philosophy of Mathematics [1983: with Paul Benacerraf]; Realism and Reason

[1983]; Many Faces of Realism [1987]; Representation and Reality [1988]; Realism with a Human Face [1990];

Renewing Philosophy [1992]

He lived 1926 to ?, was first logical positivist, and was Carnap's student. Quine, Wittgenstein, and Nelson Goodman

influenced him.

Epistemology

People should not judge beliefs individually, but only as whole system {holism, Putnam}. Senses and facts cannot be

the basis of knowledge. Knowledge requires brains that communicate.

Brain {brain in a vat} can know, by electrochemical input alone, everything people know, so it is impossible to prove

existence of external world.

People react to natural occurrences to establish conscious linguistic responses {causal theory of reference, Putnam}.

Mental states, representing ideas, cause linguistic responses. Linguistic responses report mental state using signs.

Response pattern depends on similarity or relation represented by mental state, which people do not necessarily

consciously know. Because mental states vary widely, natural occurrence can have incompatible explanations.

Skepticism refutes itself, because its thoughts have different meaning than ordinary thoughts.

Relativity requires that past, present, and future have no real distinction among them.

People think and speak based on how experts use words {externalism, Putnam}.

Mind

Mental states are computations {functionalism, Putnam}, and mind is relations between beliefs, desires, memories, and

all mental states. This was his early thinking, which he criticized later. Minds know objects using mental tools {internal

realism}.

Aretha Franklin [Franklin, Aretha] or Queen of Soul

singer

USA

1967 to 1998

(You Make Me Feel Like) A Natural Woman [1967]; Respect [1967: by Otis Redding]; Chain of Fools [1968]; Think

[1968]; Day Dreaming [1972]; I Knew You Were Waiting for Me [1987]; A Rose Is Still a Rose [1998]

She lived 1942 to ?.

Werner Arber [Arber, Werner]

biologist

Switzerland

1968

restriction enzymes discovered [1968]

He lived 1929 to ?.

Richard C. Atkinson [Atkinson, Richard C.]/Richard M. Shiffrin [Shiffrin, Richard M.]

psychologist

USA

1968

Human Memory: a proposed system and its control processes [1968]

They studied memory.

Louis Auchincloss [Auchincloss, Louis]

novelist

USA

1968

Rector of Justin [1968]

He lived 1917 to ?.

Burt Bacharach [Bacharach, Burt]/John Barry [Barry, John]

composer

USA

1968

Windmills of Your Mind [1968: from the film The Thomas Crown Affair]

Bacharach lived 1928 to ?. Barry lived 1933 to ?.

Alan Bates [Bates, Alan]

actor

England

1968

Fixer [1968]

He lived 1934 to 2003.

Jacques Brel [Brel, Jacques]

lyricist/composer

USA

1968

Jacques Brel Is Alive and Well and Living in Paris [1968: musical, with English translation by Mort Shuman and Eric

Blau]

Brel lived 1929 to 1978.

Mel Brooks [Brooks, Mel]/Burt Bacharach [Bacharach, Burt]

director/composer

USA

1968

Producers [1968: Zero Mostel and Gene Wilder acted. includes the song Springtime for Hitler]

He lived 1926 to ?. Bacharach lived 1928 to ?.

Glen Campbell [Campbell, Glen]

singer

USA

1968

Wichita Lineman [1968]

He lived 1936 to ?.

Clarence Carter [Carter, Clarence]

singer

USA

1968

Slip Away [1968]

Felix Cavaliere [Cavaliere, Felix]/Edward Brigati, Jr. [Brigati, Jr., Edward]/Rascals

composer/singer

USA

1968

It's a Beautiful Morning [1968]

Judy Clay [Clay, Judy]/William Bell [Bell, William]

singer

USA

1968

You Can Have My Private Number [1968]

Henry de Montherlant [Montherlant, Henry de]

writer

France

1968

La Rose de sable or Black Rose [1968]

He lived 1896 to 1972.

René Dubos [Dubos, René]

biologist

France

1968

So Human an Animal [1968]

He lived 1901 to 1982 and studied evolution.

Mel Ellis [Ellis, Mel]

writer

USA

1968

Ironhead [1968]

Mia Farrow [Farrow, Mia]

actor

USA

1968

Rosemary's Baby [1968]

She lived 1945 to ?.

William Friedkin [Friedkin, William]

director

USA

1968

Night They Raided Minsky's [1968]

He lived 1935 to ?.

Bobby Goldsboro [Goldsboro, Bobby]

singer

USA

1968

Honey [1968]

Richard Harris [Harris, Richard]

singer

USA

1968

MacArthur Park [1968]

Mary Hopkins [Hopkins, Mary]

singer

England

1968

Those Were the Days [1962: by Gene Raskin]

John Kay [Kay, John]/Rushton Moreve [Moreve, Rushton]

composer

USA

1968

Magic Carpet Ride [1968: sung by Steppenwolf]

Kris Kristofferson [Kristofferson, Kris]

singer

USA

1968

For the Good Times [1968]

He lived 1936 to ?.

Louis L'Amour [L'Amour, Louis]

writer

USA

1968

Down the Long Hills [1968]

He lived 1908 to 1988.

George Leonard [Leonard, George]

sociologist

USA

1968

Education and Ecstasy [1968]

Mama Cass or Cass Elliot [Elliot, Cass]

singer

USA

1968

Dream a Little Dream of Me [1930: by Gus Kahn, Wilber Schwandt, and Fabian Andre]

She lived 1941 to 1974.

Armando Manzanero [Manzanero, Armando]/Sid Wayne [Wayne, Sid]

composer/lyricist

Mexico/USA

1968

It's Impossible or Somos novios [1968]

Manzanero lived 1935 to ?.

Hugh Masekela [Masekela, Hugh]

singer

USA

1968

Grazing in the Grass [1968]

Paul Mauriat [Mauriat, Paul]

orchestra leader

France

1968

Love Is Blue [1968: by André Popp]

He lived 1925 to ?.

Sergio Mendes [Mendes, Sergio]/Brasil 66

player

Brazil

1968

Look of Love [1968]

Hugo Montenegro [Montenegro, Hugo]

orchestra leader

USA

1968

Good, the Bad and the Ugly [1968]

He lived 1925 to ?.

Arlene Mosel [Mosel, Arlene]

writer

USA

1968

Tikki Tikki Tembo [1968: Chinese folktale]

Charles Muscatine [Muscatine, Charles]

sociologist

USA

1968

Future of the University as an Idea [1968]

Paul Newman [Newman, Paul]

director

USA

1968

Rachel, Rachel [1968: Joanne Woodward acted]

He lived 1925 to ?.

Charley Pride [Pride, Charley]

singer

USA

1968

Kiss an Angel Good Morning [1968]; (Is Anybody Going To) San Antone [1968]; Crystal Chandeliers [1968]

He lived 1938 to ?.

Arthur Resnick [Resnick, Arthur]/Joe Levine [Levine, Joe]

composer

USA

1968

Yummy Yummy Yummy [1968]

Jacques Revaux [Revaux, Jacques]/Claude François [François, Claude]/Gilles Thibault [Thibault, Gilles]/Paul

Anka [Anka, Paul]

composer

USA

1968

My Way [1968: sung by Frank Sinatra]

Revaux lived 1940 to ?. François lived 1939 to ?. Anka lived 1941 to ?.

Jeannie C. Riley [Riley, Jeannie C.]

singer

USA

1968

Harper Valley P.T.A. [1968]

Linda Ronstadt [Ronstadt, Linda]/Stone Poneys

singer

USA

1968

Different Drum [1968]

Melanie Rush [Rush, Melanie]

singer

USA

1968

Angel of the Morning [1968]

Bobby Russell [Russell, Bobby]

composer

USA

1968

Little Green Apples [1968]

He lived 1913 to 2002.

Gene Saks [Saks, Gene]

director

USA

1968

Odd Couple [1968]

He lived 1921 to ?.

O. C. Smith [Smith, O. C.]

singer

USA

1968

Little Green Apples [1968]

Lynn Sykes [Sykes, Lynn]

geologist

USA

1968

He studied sea floor spreading and earthquakes, with Jack Oliver and Bryan L. Isacks, and said that plates float [1968].

Max O. Urbahn [Urbahn, Max O.]

architect

Cape Canaveral, Florida

1968

Vehicle Assembly Building [1968: has the most space inside one room, 180 meters tall and 230 meters square, and has

150-meter tall doors]

He lived 1912 to 1995.

Gabriele Veneziano [Veneziano, Gabriele]

physicist

Italy

1968

He found that Euler beta-function describes properties of particles affected by strong force [1968].

Kurt Vonnegut, Jr. [Vonnegut, Kurt]

novelist

USA

1968

Slaughterhouse Five [1968]

He lived 1922 to ?.

Jimmy Webb [Webb, Jimmy]

composer

USA

1968

Wichita Lineman [1968]

Mason Williams [Williams, Mason]

guitarist

USA

1968

Classical Gas [1968]

Tammy Wynette [Wynette, Tammy] or Virginia Wynette Pugh [Wynette Pugh, Virginia] or First Lady of

Country Music

singer

USA

1968

Take Me to Your World [1968]; DIVORCE [1968]; Stand by Your Man [1968]

She lived 1942 to 1998.

Archie Bell [Bell, Archie]/Drells

singer

USA

1968 to 1969

Tighten Up [1968]; Goin' to be a Showdown [1969]

Archie Bell and the Drells.

Desmond Dekker [Dekker, Desmond]

singer

Jamaica

1968 to 1969

Israelites [1968]

He lived 1943 to 2006 and popularized dance music of Jamaica {ska}, which preceded the slower reggae.

Oliver

composer

USA

1968 to 1969

Jean [1968: from the film The Prime of Miss Jean Brodie]; Good Morning, Starshine [1969]

He lived 1945 to ?.

George Harrison [Harrison, George]

composer

England

1968 to 1970

My Sweet Lord [1968]

He lived 1943 to 2001.

Janis Joplin [Joplin, Janis]

singer

USA

1968 to 1971

Piece of My Heart [1968]; Me and Bobby McGee [1971]

She lived 1943 to 1970.

Johnny Nash [Nash, Johnny]

composer/singer

USA

1968 to 1972

Hold Me Tight [1968]; I Can See Clearly Now [1972]

He lived 1940 to ?.

René Thom [Thom, René]

mathematician

France

1968 to 1972

Dynamic theory of morphogenesis [1968]; Structural Stability and Morphogenesis [1972]

He lived 1923 to 2002 and studied catastrophe theory.

Paul Zindel [Zindel, Paul]

writer

USA

1968 to 1976

Pigman [1968]; My Darling, My Hamburger [1969]; Pardon Me, You're Stepping on My Eyeball [1976]

He lived 1936 to 2003.

Barbara Brown [Brown, Barbara]

biologist

USA

1968 to 1978

New Mind, New body [1974]; Critique of biofeedback concepts and methodologies [1978]

People can sense unconscious body behavior by signal biofeedback [1968]. After training, people can control one

neuron or can change blood pressure or heartbeat.

Oscar Ichazo [Ichazo, Oscar]

psychologist/philosopher

Chile/USA

1968 to 1982

Between Metaphysics and Protoanalysis [1982]

He lived 1931 to ?, invented nine-point personality typing {Enneagram}, and followed Gurdjieff. Psychotherapy can

raise awareness of altered states, to reduce ego {ego destruction}. He founded Arica School {arica training} [1968].

Niles Eldridge [Eldridge, Niles]

biologist

USA

1968 to 1985

Pattern of Evolution [1968]; Time Frames [1985]

New speciation is at range fringes in isolated places. Species change little at other times.

Marvin Minsky [Minsky, Marvin]

psychologist

USA

1968 to 1985

Semantic Information Processing [1968: editor]; Society of Mind [1985]

He lived 1927 to ?. Systems have interacting subsystems {agent} that perform actions for whole system. Agents take

input and produce output. Systems perform actions for makers. Agents can restore other agents to previous states {K-

line}. Brain agents {polyneme} can initiate processes in other agencies, which use learning and memory to act on

signals. Agents can trigger other agents with unknown learned behaviors to respond, like triggering memory. Agents

can cause agents with known fixed behaviors to act in coordinated ways {isonome}. They activate short-term memory

in other agencies and coordinate activities. Similar temporary agents {pronome} hold and move mental-state active

fragments. Agents can act directly on outside world. Knowledge-agent {microneme} combinations activate word

agents. Agents can be forms {frame}. Form nodes can hold lower agent types. Nodes have default agents.

People can mistake failure of imagination for insight into necessity {philosophers' syndrome}.

Roger W. Sperry [Sperry, Roger W.]

psychologist

USA

1968 to 1985

Hemisphere Deconnection and Unity in Conscious Awareness [1968]; Lateral specialization in the surgically separated

hemispheres [1974]; Science and Moral Priority [1985]

He lived 1913 to ? and studied split brain. Brains are neural-network collections. They regulate each other.

Consciousness emerges from activities in neural networks, and consciousness regulates networks.

Barbara Wersba [Wersba, Barbara]

writer

USA

1968 to 1987

Dream Watcher [1968]; Fat, a Love Story [1987]

Betsy Byars [Byars, Betsy]

writer

USA

1968 to 1988

Midnight Fox [1968]; Trouble River [1969]; Pinballs [1977]; 18th Emergency [1981]; Golly Sisters Go West [1984];

Not-Just-Anybody Family [1986]; Burning Questions of Bingo Brown [1988]; Summer of the Swans

She lived 1928 to ?.

David M. Armstrong [Armstrong, David M.]

philosopher

Australia

1968 to 1989

Bodily Sensations [1962]; Materialist Theory of Mind [1968]; Universals and Scientific Realism, Volume I:

Nominalism and Realism [1978]; Nature of Mind and Other Essays [1980]; What Is a Law of Nature [1983];

Consciousness and Causality [1984: with Norman Malcolm]; Universals [1989]; Combinatorial Theory of Possibility

[1989]

He lived 1926 to ? and was Australian materialist and functionalist.

Mind

Mental processes are brain states and interact causally with body {central-state materialism, Armstrong}.

Jürgen Habermas [Habermas, Jürgen]

philosopher

Germany

1968 to 1989

Knowledge and Human Interests [1968]; Theory of Communicative Action [1984 and 1989]; Philosophical Discourse

of Modernity [1987]

He lived 1929 to ?, was of Frankfurt School, and was Adorno's pupil.

Epistemology

People can study texts by considering social, historical, and textual contexts. People can reach true consensus about

text. Free public debate can achieve such consensus.

Ideologies depend on power structures and slow social change. Ideologies have weak foundations {ideological

critique}.

Mind

The life-world is social.

Virginia Hamilton [Hamilton, Virginia]

writer

USA

1968 to 1989

House of Dies Drear [1968]; Time-Ago Tales of Jahdu [1969]; Planet of Junior Brown [1971]; M. C. Higgins the Great

[1974]; Little Love [1975]; Sweet Whispers, Brother Rush [1982]; Magical Adventures of Pretty Pearl [1983]; People

Could Fly [1985]; In the Beginning [1989]

She lived 1936 to 2002.

Carlos Castaneda [Castaneda, Carlos]

psychologist

USA

1968 to 1993

Teachings of Don Juan [1968]; Separate Reality [1971]; Journey to Ixtlan [1973]; Power of Silence [1987]

He lived 1925 to 1998 and talked about peyote and consciousness.

John Maynard Smith [Smith, John Maynard]

biologist

USA

1968 to 1995

Mathematical Ideas in Biology [1968]; Major Transitions in Evolution [1995: with E. Szathmáry]

He lived 1920 to 2004 and studied population-biology relations {logistic difference equation, Smith}.

Elizabeth Warrington [Warrington, Elizabeth]

psychologist

England

1968 to 1995

Study of learning and retention in amnesic patients [1968: with Lawrence Weiskrantz]; Single and multiple component

central dyslexic syndromes [1980: with Tim R. Shallice]; Selective impairment in manipulating arabic numerals [1995:

with Lisa Cipolotti and Brian Butterworth]

Small cerebral-cortex lesions can reduce object-category knowledge {category-specific knowledge}: frontal and

parietal {manipulation category} or temporal {vision category}. Word categories can be lost.

Ursula K. Le Guin [Le Guin, Ursula K.] or Ursula K. LeGuin [LeGuin, Ursula K.]

writer

USA

1968 to 1999

Catwings; Wizard of Earthsea [1968]; Tombs of Atuan [1971]; Farthest Shore [1972]; Tehanu: The Last Book of

Earthsea [1990]; Other Wind [2001]; Catwings [1988]; Catwings Return [1989]; Wonderful Alexander and the

Catwings [1994]; Jane on Her Own [1999]

She lived 1929 to ?.

Neil Armstrong [Armstrong, Neil]

explorer

USA/Moon

1969

He lived 1930 to ? and was first person to step on Moon.

William Armstrong [Armstrong, William]

writer

USA

1969

Sounder [1969]

He lived 1914 to 1999.

Robert Blake [Blake, Robert]

actor

USA

1969

Tell Them Willie Boy Is Here [1969]

He lived 1933 to ?.

Lincoln Pierson Brower [Brower, Lincoln Pierson]

physicist

USA

1969

Ecological Chemistry [1969]

He lived 1931 to ?.

Kenneth B. Clark [Clark, Kenneth B.]

historian

England

1969

Civilisation [1969: Harper and Row, New York, about art]

He lived 1903 to 1983.

Vera Cleaver [Cleaver, Vera]/Bill Cleaver [Cleaver, Bill]

writer

USA

1969

Where the Lilies Bloom [1969]

Vera Cleaver lived 1919 to 1992. Bill Cleaver lived ? to 1981.

Jackie DeShannon [DeShannon, Jackie]

singer

USA

1969

Put a Little Love in Your Heart [1969]

Antonia Fraser [Fraser, Antonia]

historian

England

1969

Mary Queen of Scots [1969]

She lived 1932 to ?.

R. B. Greaves [Greaves, R. B.]

singer

USA

1969

Take a Letter Maria [1969]

Norman Greenbaum [Greenbaum, Norman]

singer

USA

1969

Spirit in the Sky [1969]

Constance Greene [Greene, Constance]

writer

USA

1969

Girl Called Al [1969]

She lived 1897 to 1975.

Edwin Hawkins [Hawkins, Edwin]/Edwin Hawkins Singers

singer

USA

1969

O Happy Day [1969]

Edwin Hawkins Singers.

Joe Jeffries Group

singer

USA

1969

My Pledge of Love [1969]

Andy Kim [Kim, Andy]

composer

USA

1969

Baby, I Love You [1969]

Elizabeth Kubler-Ross [Kubler-Ross, Elizabeth]

psychologist

USA

1969

On Death and Dying [1969]

She lived 1926 to 2004 and studied dying.

Peggy Lee [Lee, Peggy]/Mundell Lowe [Lowe, Mundell]/Mike Melvoin [Melvoin, Mike]

composer

USA

1969

Lean on Me [1969]

Lee lived 1920 to ?.

Rollo May [May, Rollo]

psychologist

USA

1969

Love and Will [1969]

He lived 1909 to 1994.

Rod McKuen [McKuen, Rod]

composer

USA

1969

Love's Been Good to Me [1969: sung by Frank Sinatra]

He lived 1933 to ?.

Yoichiro Nambu [Nambu, Yoichiro]

physicist

USA

1969

He found that Euler beta-function describes particle properties affected by strong force, if particles are Planck-length,

one-dimensional vibrating strings [1969].

Holger Nielsen [Nielsen, Holger]

physicist

Denmark

1969

He found that Euler beta-function describes particle properties affected by strong force, if particles are Planck-length,

one-dimensional vibrating strings [1969].

Neil Postman [Postman, Neil]

sociologist

USA

1969

Teaching as a Subversive Activity [1969: with Weingartner]

He lived 1931 to 2003 and studied education.

Dory Previn [Previn, Dory]/Fred Karlin [Karlin, Fred]

lyricist/composer

USA

1969

Come Saturday Morning [1969: from the film The Sterile Cuckoo]

Karlin lived 1936 to 2004.

Vanessa Redgrave [Redgrave, Vanessa]

actor

USA

1969

Loves of Isadora [1969]

She lived 1937 to ?.

Allan Sandage [Sandage, Allan]

astronomer

USA

1969

He lived 1926 to ?. Hubble constant is decreasing [1969].

Bobby Scott [Scott, Bobby]/Bobby Russell [Russell, Bobby]

composer

USA

1969

He's Not Heavy, He's My Brother [1969: sung by the Hollies]

Scott lived 1937 to ?. Russell lived 1941 to ?. The Hollies also sang The Air That I Breath [1974].

Bobby Sherman [Sherman, Bobby]

singer

USA

1969

Little Woman [1969]

Joe South [South, Joe]

singer

USA

1969

Games People Play [1969]

George Spencer-Brown [Spencer-Brown, George]

logician

England

1969

Laws of Form [1969]

He lived 1923 to ? and developed laws of form {calculus of indications, Spencer-Brown}, based on differences.

Autopoietic theory references his work.

Jean Stafford [Stafford, Jean]

novelist

USA

1969

Collected Stories [1969]

She lived 1915 to 1979.

Mary Q. Steele [Steele, Mary Q.]

writer

USA

1969

Journey Outside [1969]

She lived 1922 to 1992.

Theodore Taylor [Taylor, Theodore]

writer

USA

1969

Cay [1969]

He lived 1925 to 2004.

Jane Wagner [Wagner, Jane]

writer

USA

1969

J. T. [1969]

She lived 1935 to ?.

Joseph Weber [Weber, Joseph]

astronomer

USA

1969

He lived 1919 to 2000 and found gravity waves [1969].

Charles Weingartner [Weingartner, Charles]

sociologist

USA

1969

Teaching as a Subversive Activity [1969: with Postman]

He studied education.

Earl Reiback [Reiback, Earl]

sculptor

USA

1969 to 1970

Three Experiments within the TV Tube [1969: light sculpture]; Electron Beam [1969]; Suspension and Thrust [1970];

Luminage Projectors [1970]; Lumia Aurore [1970: 3d-lumia]

He lived 1936 to ? and was Thomas Wilfred's student. Laszlo Moholy-Nagy built Light-Space Modulator [1922 to

1930], with light bulbs, reflectors, and filters. Wilfred built Lumia, such as his Clavilux [1922 to 1925], with lenses,

color filters, mirrors, prisms, and projectors.

B. J. Thomas [Thomas, B. J.]

singer

USA

1969 to 1970

Hooked on a Feeling [1969]; Raindrops Keep Falling on My Head [1970]

He lived 1942 to ?.

Neil Young [Young, Neil]

singer

USA

1969 to 1972

Cinnamon Girl [1969]; Ohio [1970]; Southern Man [1970]; Heart of Gold [1972]

He lived 1945 to ?.

Ralph Brinster [Brinster, Ralph]

biologist

USA

1969 to 1974

He lived 1932 to ?, cloned foreign genes, and expressed repressed genes in mice [1974].

Richard M. Nixon [Nixon, Richard M.]

president

USA

1969 to 1974

He lived 1913 to 1994. 37th president opened China [1972], ended Vietnam War [1973], and fought inflation.

Watergate scandal forced him to resign [1974].

Kenneth Wilson [Wilson, Kenneth]

physicist

USA

1969 to 1974

He lived 1936 to ? and used renormalization group theory to remove infinities from masses and distances in phase

transitions and to preserve fractal dimension [1969 to 1974].

Natalie Babbitt [Babbitt, Natalie]

writer

USA

1969 to 1975

Search for Delicious [1969]; Tuck Everlasting [1975]

She lived 1932 to ?.

Joe Cocker [Cocker, Joe]

singer

USA

1969 to 1975

With a Little Help from My Friends [1969: by the Beatles]; Letter [1970]; You Are So Beautiful [1975]

Kurt Waldheim [Waldheim, Kurt]

secretary-general

New York, New York

1969 to 1977

He lived 1918 to ? and was United Nations Secretary-General. He was from Austria.

John Denver [Denver, John]

singer/composer

USA

1969 to 1981

Follow Me [1969]; Take Me Home Country Roads [1971: with Bill Danoff and Taffy Nivert]; Sunshine on My

Shoulders [1971: lyrics by John Denver, music by John Denver, Mike Taylor, and Dick Kniss]; Rocky Mountain High

[1972: music with Mike Taylor]; Annie's Song [1974]; Perhaps Love [1981]

He lived 1943 to 1997.

David Crosby [Crosby, David]/Stephen Stills [Stills, Stephen]/Graham Nash [Nash, Graham]

singer

USA

1969 to 1982

Marrakesh Express [1969]; Wooden Ships [1969]; Suite: Judy Blue Eyes [1969]; Southern Cross [1982]

John Lennon [Lennon, John]/Plastic Ono Band

composer/singer

USA

1969 to 1982

Instant Karma [1969]; Imagine [1971]; Watching the Wheels [1980]; Jealous Guy [1982]

He lived 1940 to 1979.

Henri Tajfel [Tajfel, Henri]

sociologist

Poland/USA

1969 to 1982

Cognitive Aspects of Prejudice [1969]; Human Groups and Social Categories [1981]; Theory of Social Categorization

[1982]

He lived 1919 to 1982.

David Bowie [Bowie, David]

singer

England

1969 to 1983

Space Oddity [1969]; Changes [1971]; Suffragette City [1972]; Ziggy Stardust [1972]; Fame [1975]; Heroes [1977];

Ashes to Ashes [1983]; Modern Love [1983]; China Girl [1983]; Let's Dance [1983]

He lived 1947 to ?.

William Steig [Steig, William]

writer

USA

1969 to 1983

Sylvester and the Magic Pebble [1969]; Amos and Boris [1971]; Real Thief [1973]; Amazing Bone [1983]; Abel's

Island

He lived 1907 to 2003.

Leon J. Kamin [Kamin, Leon J.]

psychologist

USA

1969 to 1984

Predictability, surprise, attention, and conditioning [1969]; Not in Our Genes: Biology, Ideology and Human Nature

[1984: with Steven Rose and R. C. Lewontin]

He lived 1927 to ?. If conditional stimulus pairs with reinforcer and then second stimulus pairs with first stimulus and

reinforcer, animals do not respond to only second stimulus {blocking effect, Kamin} [1969]. Animals seem to assume

minimum sufficient causation.

Warren Burger [Burger, Warren]

chief justice

USA

1969 to 1986

He lived 1907 to 1995 and was USA Supreme Court Chief Justice [1969 to 1986].

Victor Turner [Turner, Victor]

anthropologist

USA

1969 to 1986

Ritual Process [1969]; From Ritual to Theater [1982]; Anthropology of Experience [1986: with E. M. Bruner]

He lived 1920 to 1983 and studied rituals. Rituals have symbols are conventions, refer to many things, cause actions.

They are about morals and norms. Human physiology provides another source of symbols, emotions, and motivations.

Both interlink to make person. People must find structural system from experience units {Erlebnis} and event sequence

{Erleben} through the basic perception, memories, emotions, meanings, values, and knowing.

R. Allen Gardner [Gardner, R. Allen]/Beatrix T. Gardner [Gardner, Beatrix T.]

primatologist

USA

1969 to 1989

Teaching sign language to an ape [1969]; Comparative psychology and language acquisition [1980]; Vocabulary Test

for Chimpanzees (pan troglodytes) [1984]; Teaching Sign Language to Chimpanzees [1989: with T. E. Van Cantfort]

Beatrix lived 1933 to 1995. After four years of training, the chimpanzee Washoe acquired over 100 signs of American

Sign Language. It heard no other language. Some signs were for general classes, rather than specific objects and events.

Some signs changed or extended. Washoe used sign order and substituted signs with similar meanings or shapes.

However, no primates developed signing themselves. Humans had to teach them. Humans cued chimpanzees to make

signs, and chimpanzees signed to get rewards. Chimpanzees signed to each other socially but not for rewards.

Isaiah Berlin [Berlin, Isaiah]

historian/philosopher

Latvia/England

1969 to 1992

Four Essays on Liberty [1969]; Vico and Herder [1976]; Russian Thinkers [1978]; Against the Current [1980];

Crooked Timber of Humanity [1992]; The Hedgehog and the Fox

He lived 1909 to ?, contributed to ordinary-language philosophy at Oxford, and wrote about counterfactual

conditionals. History aids understanding, because phenomena always have personal and unique aspects {historicism,

Berlin}. Hedgehogs have one reaction. Foxes have many possible reactions. Life's purposes have no unity. People can

have positive liberty or negative liberty.

Leonard Susskind [Susskind, Leonard]

physicist

USA

1969 to 1995

He found that Euler beta-function describes particle properties affected by strong force, if particles are Planck-length,

one-dimensional vibrating strings [1969]. He studied holographic principle and how it applies to string theory [1995].

Kees S. Immink [Immink, Kees S.]

inventor

Netherlands

1969 to 1996

reflective laserdisc [1969]; compact disc [1983: with Toshitada Doi]; DVD [1996]

He lived 1946 to ? {compact disc}.

John R. Searle [Searle, John R.]

philosopher

USA

1969 to 1997

Speech Acts [1969]; Minds, Brains, and Programs [1980]; Intentionality [1983]; Minds, Brains, and Science [1984];

Rediscovery of the Mind [1992]; Mystery of Consciousness [1997]; Mind: A Brief Introduction [2004]

He lived 1932 to ?.

Epistemology

People's minds have intentions, which make meaning and language. Speech acts are rule-governed behavior, with roles

and laws. There is strong AI and weak AI. After receiving grammatical string of Chinese characters as input, people

who do not know Chinese language can use algorithm or lookup table to send grammatical and meaningful string of

Chinese characters as output {Chinese Room example}. System of man and lookup table can pass Turing test but does

not have real understanding of Chinese. Symbols and grammar must relate to representation to have meaning {symbol

grounding problem}.

However, people must be able to perform such complex algorithms, using many underlying brain skills, including

learning and memory. People must recognize Chinese characters in strings, put such characters in series, and follow

many-ruled algorithm. To use algorithm, people must know language. Recognizing patterns is an algorithm part and

means one knows symbols and representation. Perhaps, whole system understands because it must be complex and

integrate many subprocesses, so understanding emerges. Perhaps, it needs causal relations to outside world. Perhaps, it

needs brain-simulation program.

Mind

Neurological activity causes all mental phenomena {biological naturalism}. Mental phenomena and conscious states

emerge from neurons and their processes. Minds have subjective essence. Sense qualities are elements of a field {total

conscious field} that unifies conscious experience.

Daniel C. Dennett [Dennett, Daniel C.]

philosopher

USA

1969 to 2003

Content and Consciousness [1969]; Brainstorms [1981]; Intentional Stance [1987]; Consciousness Explained [1991];

Darwin's Dangerous Idea [1995]; Kinds of Minds [1996]; Brainchildren [1998]; Freedom Evolves [2003]

He lived 1942 to ?.

Epistemology

People can explain system if they assume that system is rational and has beliefs and goals {intentional stance}. They

can look at physical, chemical, and biological processes {physical stance}. They can look at system structure, design,

or algorithm {design stance}. Factual statements can substitute equivalent phrases for each other. Intentional statements

are not true under substitution, because belief, knowledge, expectation, want, recognition, understanding, imagining are

about specific ideas, not semantic meanings.

Brains {Darwin Machine} can recognize patterns, activate available behavior patterns, and select patterns through

competition. Patterns are in neuron populations and can change.

Patterns that require extensive processing receive attention and so become conscious. Experiences report brain-activity

results or output. In given situations, researchers can ask people to report their experiences, observe their behavior, or

analyze their brains. Researcher can build story about their experiences {heterophenomenology, Dennett}.

Mind

Brain is network with many pathways that make many reactions to input {Multiple Drafts}, one of which is for

consciousness. Human brains create histories, which revolve around same brain {center of narrative gravity}. Brains

and memes have co-evolved, so brain parallel architecture {Joycean machine} simulates serial processing used by

memes. This simulation is self.

Dreams are saved-narratives rerun during sleep {cassette theory}.

People naturally feel that they can imagine philosophical zombies {zombic hunch}, because they think experiences are

separate from matter.

Michael Brewer [Brewer, Michael]/Thomas Shipley [Shipley, Thomas]

composer

USA

1970

One Toke Over the Line [1970]

Ivar Brunn [Brunn, Ivar]

painter

Norway

1970

He used thick oil.

Eric Clapton [Clapton, Eric]/Jim Gordon [Gordon, Jim]

composer

USA

1970

Layla [1970]

Clapton lived 1945 to ?.

E. F. Codd [Codd, E. F.] or Ted Codd [Codd, Ted]

inventor

USA

1970

relational database [1970]

He lived 1923 to 2003.

John Horton Conway [Conway, John Horton]

mathematician

USA

1970

He lived 1937 to ? and invented an axiomatic number system, constructing counting numbers, and so all numbers,

using rules for right and left. He invented Game of Life [1970], based on cellular automata.

Barbara Corcoran [Corcoran, Barbara]

writer

USA

1970

Long Journey [1970]

Tom Cornsweet [Cornsweet, Tom]

psychologist

USA

1970

Visual Perception [1970]

He invented Cornsweet-Craik illusion.

Julia Cunningham [Cunningham, Julia]

writer

USA

1970

Burnish Me Bright [1970]

Mary Parker Follett [Follett, Mary Parker]

economist

USA

1970

Dynamic Administration [1970]

She lived 1868 to 1933 and invented administration law of the situation.

Bruce Hart [Hart, Bruce]/Jon Stone [Stone, Jon]/Joe Raposo [Raposo, Joe]

lyricist/lyricist/composer

USA

1970

Sesame Street Theme [1970]

Hart lived 1938 to 2006. Stone lived 1931 to 1997. Raposo lived 1937 to 1989.

Uwe Johnson [Johnson, Uwe]

writer

Germany

1970

Jahrestage or Anniversary [1970]

He lived 1934 to 1984.

Fred Karlin [Karlin, Fred]/Robb Royer [Royer, Robb]/James Griffin [Griffin, James]

composer/lyricist/lyricist

USA

1970

For All We Know [1970: from the film Lovers and Other Strangers]

John R. Lucas [Lucas, John R.]

philosopher

England

1970

Freedom of the Will [1970]

He lived 1929 to ?, favored mentalism, and tried to show that Gödel's proof shows that mind is not an algorithm.

John Alfred Mandel [Mandel, John Alfred] or Johnny Mandel [Mandel, Johnny]

composer

USA

1970

Suicide Is Painless [1970: from the film M*A*S*H]

He lived 1925 to ?.

Yuri Matiyasevich [Matiyasevich, Yuri]

mathematician

Russia

1970

He lived 1947 to ? and proved that no general algorithm can decide if Diophantine-equation systems have integer

solutions, based on work by Julia Robertson, Martin Davis, and Hilary Putnam.

Walter Nims [Nims, Walter]

composer

USA

1970

Precious and Few [1970]

Gerald O'Neill [O'Neill, Gerald]

physicist

USA

1970

2001, the High Frontier [1970]

He lived 1927 to 1992.

Freda Payne [Payne, Freda]

singer

USA

1970

Band of Gold [1970]

Carl Sigman [Sigman, Carl]/Francis Lai [Lai, Francis]

lyricist/composer

USA

1970

Where Do I Begin [1970: from the film Love Story]

Sigman lived 1909 to 2000.

Edwin Starr [Starr, Edwin]

singer

USA

1970

War [1970]

James Taylor [Taylor, James]

singer

USA

1970 to 1971

Fire and Rain [1970]; Sweet Baby James [1970]; You've Got a Friend [1971]

He lived 1948 to ?.

Diana Ross [Ross, Diana]

singer

USA

1970 to 1973

Ain't No Mountain High Enough [1970]; Touch Me in the Morning [1973]

She lived 1944 to ?.

Ruth Jhabvala [Jhabvala, Ruth]

playwright

Germany

1970 to 1974

Bombay Talkie [1970]; Heat and Dust [1974]

She lived 1931 to ?.

Fred Gwynne [Gwynne, Fred]

writer

USA

1970 to 1976

King Who Rained [1970]; Chocolate Moose for Dinner [1976]

He lived 1926 to 1993.

Anne Murray [Murray, Anne]

singer

USA

1970 to 1980

Snowbird [1970]; You Needed Me [1978]; Could I Have this Dance [1980]

Lynn Margulis [Margulis, Lynn]

biologist

USA

1970 to 1981

Origins of Eukaryotic Cells [1970]; Symbiosis in Cell Evolution [1981]

Early bacteria incorporated into eukaryotes to make mitochondria and chloroplasts {endosymbiont hypothesis,

Margulis} [1970].

David Crosby [Crosby, David]/Stephen Stills [Stills, Stephen]/Graham Nash [Nash, Graham]/Neil Young

[Young, Neil]

singer

USA

1970 to 1982

Teach Your Children [1970]; Woodstock [1970]; Our House [1970]; Carry On [1970]; Southern Cross [1982]

Donald Davidson [Davidson, Donald]

philosopher

USA

1970 to 1984

Mental Events [1970]; Essays on Actions and Events [1980]; Inquiries into Truth and Interpretation [1984]

He lived 1917 to ? and developed a meaning theory.

Epistemology

For first-order languages, sentence truth is provable from semantic sentence-part relations. All languages can transform

into first-order language, for sentence-truth clarity. This allows speakers to have truth-theory. First-order language

meaning depends on truth-conditions.

Language interpretation or translation should use universally true and neutral beliefs and references, to minimize errors

and falsehoods.

Intention, such as belief, is a mental state in which contrast forms. Speakers speak intentionally.

Causality is only physical, with no mental component, and follows physical law.

People can describe and imagine objects. People can understand and report events. Objects and events are independent.

Mind

Mental processes are physical processes, because they have relation laws, which can only be about physical events.

However, mental states are not physical states and physical states cannot describe them {anomalous monism,

Davidson}.

Thomas Nagel [Nagel, Thomas]

philosopher

USA

1970 to 1991

Possibility of Altruism [1970]; What Is It Like To Be a Bat? [1974]; Mortal Questions [1979]; View from Nowhere

[1986]; What Does It All Mean? [1987]; Equality and Partiality [1991]

He lived 1937 to ?. Consciousness is subjective experience. Organisms are conscious if and only if there are mental

phenomena {something it is like} to be that organism. Subjective experience has one viewpoint, unlike objective

physical theory.

Michael S. Gazzaniga [Gazzaniga, Michael S.]

psychologist

USA

1970 to 1992

Bisected Brain [1970]; Integrated Mind [1978: with Joseph LeDoux]; Social Brain [1980]; Nature's Mind [1992]

He lived 1939 to ? and developed interpreter theory.

Toni Morrison [Morrison, Toni]

novelist

USA

1970 to 1992

Bluest Eye [1970]; Sula [1973]; Song of Solomon [1977]; Tar Baby [1982]; Beloved [1988]; Jazz [1992]

She lived 1931 to ?.

Rom Harré [Harré, Rom] or Horace Romano Harré [Harré, Horace Romano]

sociologist

France/England/Sweden

1970 to 1993

Principles of Scientific Thinking [1970]; Personal Being [1983]; Physical Being: A Theory for a Corporal Psychology

[1991]; Social Being: A Theory for a Social Psychology [1993]

He lived 1927 to ?.

Iris Murdoch [Murdoch, Iris]

novelist

England

1970 to 1993

Sovereignty of Good [1970]; Fire and the Sun [1977]; Metaphysics as a Guide to Morals [1993: essay]

She lived 1919 to 1999 and was Platonist. Moral beliefs and judgments are true or false. Moral properties and values

exist {moral realism}.

Hans Kung [Kung, Hans]

philosopher

Freiberg, Germany

1970 to 1995

Infallible? An Inquiry [1970]; On Being a Christian [1977]; Declaration of the Religions for a Global Ethic [1993];

Christianity: Essence, History and Future [1995]

He lived 1928 to ? and was Catholic. Unjust world causes questions about morality and then about religion. Absolute

should be divine.

Oliver Sacks [Sacks, Oliver]

psychologist

USA

1970 to 1995

Migraine [1970]; Awakenings [1973]; Leg to Stand On [1984]; Man Who Mistook His Wife for a Hat [1985]; Seeing

Voices [1988]; Anthropologist on Mars [1995]

He studied deaf people.

Judy Blume [Blume, Judy]

writer

USA

1970 to 1996

Are You There God? It's Me, Margaret [1970]; Tales of a Fourth Grade Nothing [1976]; Freckle Juice [1978];

Superfudge [1980]; Tiger Eyes [1981]; Forever [1996]

She lived 1938 to ?.

Gordon G. Gallup [Gallup, Gordon G.]

psychologist

USA

1970 to 1998

Chimpanzees: self-recognition [1970]; Animal Self-awareness: A Debate. Can Animals Empathize? Yes [1998]

Chimpanzees, orangutans, bonobos, and humans over two years old can use their reflections in mirrors to perceive their

bodies and direct actions. They can recognize themselves and have sense of self. Gorillas, monkeys, and children under

two do not.

Baba Ram Dass [Dass, Baba Ram] or Richard Alpert [Alpert, Richard]

philosopher

USA

1971

Be Here Now [1971]

He lived 1931 to ? and tried psilocybin, then LSD, with Timothy Leary and Ralph Metzner in 1960's.

Robert Altman [Altman, Robert]

director

USA

1971

M*A*S*H [1971]

He lived 1925 to 2006.

Jacob Bekenstein [Bekenstein, Jacob]

physicist

Poland/Israel

1971

He found the Bekenstein-Hawking formula [1971] for black hole entropy, which shows that entropy depends on

surface area and so mass squared.

Don Black [Black, Don]/John Barry [Barry, John]

lyricist/composer

USA

1971

Diamonds are Forever [1971: sung by Shirley Bassey]

Black lived 1938 to ?. Barry lived 1933 to ?.

Alfred D. Chandler, Jr. [Chandler, Jr., Alfred D.]

economist

USA

1971

Business History as Institutional History [1971]

He lived 1918 to ? and studied actual business policy.

Norman F. Dixon [Dixon, Norman F.]

psychologist

England

1971

Subliminal Perception: The Nature of a Controversy [1971]

Perception can happen without consciousness.

Allan W. Eckert [Eckert, Allan W.]

writer

USA

1971

Incident at Hawk's Hill [1971]

Scott English [English, Scott]/Richard Kerr [Kerr, Richard]

composer

USA

1971

Mandy [1971]

Isaac Hayes [Hayes, Isaac]

composer

USA

1971

Shaft or Theme from Shaft [1971: from the film Shaft]

He lived 1942 to ?.

Lennart Heimer [Heimer, Lennart]

biologist

Sweden/USA

1971

Pathways in the Brain [1971]

Heimer lived 1930 to 2007.

Clifford Hicks [Hicks, Clifford]

writer

USA

1971

Peter Potts [1971]

Jethro Tull [Tull, Jethro]

singer

USA

1971

Aqualung [1971]; Locomotive Breath [1971]

Elton John [John, Elton] or Reginald Dwight [Dwight, Reginald]/Bernie Taupin [Taupin, Bernie]

singer/composer

England

1971

Tiny Dancer [1970: lyricist was Bernie Taupin]; Levon [1970: lyricist was Bernie Taupin]; Your Song [1970: lyricist

was Bernie Taupin]; Rocket Man [1972: lyricist was Bernie Taupin]; Honky Cat [1972: lyricist was Bernie Taupin];

Saturday Night's Alright for Fighting [1973]; Crocodile Rock [1973: lyricist was Bernie Taupin]; Daniel [1973: lyricist

was Bernie Taupin]; Bennie and the Jets [1973: lyricist was Bernie Taupin]; Funeral for a Friend/Love Lies Bleeding

[1973]; Goodbye Yellow Brick Road [1973: lyricist was Bernie Taupin]; Candle in the Wind [1973]; Bitch Is Back

[1974: lyricist was Bernie Taupin]; Don't Let the Sun Go Down on Me [1974: lyricist was Bernie Taupin]; Philadelphia

Freedom [1975: lyricist was Bernie Taupin]; Island Girl [1975: lyricist was Bernie Taupin]; Sad Songs (Say So Much)

[1984]; Nikita [1986]; Candle in the Wind [1987]; I Don't Want to Go on with You like That [1988]; Sacrifice [1990]

He lived 1947 to ?.

Janis Joplin [Joplin, Janis]/Michael McClure [McClure, Michael]/Bob Neuwirth [Neuwirth, Bob]

composer

USA

1971

Mercedes Benz [1971]

Joplin lived 1943 to 1970.

Carole King [King, Carole]

singer

USA

1971

It's Too Late [1971]; You've Got a Friend [1971]

She lived 1942 to ?.

Don McLean [McLean, Don]

singer/composer

USA

1971

American Pie [1971]; Vincent or Starry, Starry Night [1971]

He lived 1945 to ?.

Miska Miles [Miles, Miska]

writer

USA

1971

Annie and the Old One [1971]

She lived 1899 to 1986.

Osmond Molarsky [Molarsky, Osmond]

writer

USA

1971

Take It or Leave It [1971]

David Ruelle [Ruelle, David]

mathematician

Belgium

1971

On the Nature of Turbulence [1971: with Floris Takens]

He used three independent motions to describe turbulence. However, this was wrong. Phase-space centers can be not

equilibria or periodic loops but infinitely long lines in confined space {strange attractor, Ruelle}. Strange attractors are

stable, can have few dimensions, and are periodic but not exactly periodic.

Roger Sessions [Sessions, Roger]

composer

USA

1971

Concerto for Violin, Violoncello, and Orchestra [1971]; When Lilacs Last in the Dooryard Bloom'd [1971: cantata]

He lived 1896 to 1985 and composed symphonies.

Beatrice Sparks [Sparks, Beatrice]

writer

USA

1971

Go Ask Alice [1971]

She lived 1918 to ?.

Steven Stills [Stills, Steven]

singer/composer

USA

1971

Love the One You're With [1971]

He lived 1945 to ?.

Yoshiko Uchida [Uchida, Yoshiko]

writer

USA

1971

Journey to Topaz [1971]

She lived 1921 to ?.

Jim Weatherly [Weatherly, Jim]

composer

USA

1971

Midnight Train to Georgia [1971: sung by Gladys Knight and the Pips]

Al Green [Green, Al]

singer

USA

1971 to 1972

Let's Stay Together [1971]

Cat Stevens [Stevens, Cat] or Yusuf Islam

singer

England

1971 to 1972

Wild World [1971]; Moon Shadow [1971]; If You Want to Sing Out, Sing Out [1971: from the film Harold and

Maude]; Morning Has Broken [1972: from hymn by Eleanor Farjeon]

He lived 1948 to ?.

Bill Withers [Withers, Bill]

singer

USA

1971 to 1972

Ain't No Sunshine [1971]; Lean on Me [1972]

Tony Orlando [Orlando, Tony]/Dawn

singer

USA

1971 to 1973

Knock Three Times [1971]; Tie a Yellow Ribbon 'round the Old Oak Tree [1973]

Tony Orlando and Dawn.

Daniel E. Berlyne [Berlyne, Daniel E.]

philosopher

Germany

1971 to 1974

Aesthetics and Psychobiology [1971]; Studies in the new experimental aesthetics [1974: editor]

He lived 1924 to 1976. Aesthetic behavior relates to exploratory behavior.

Joni Mitchell [Mitchell, Joni]

singer

USA

1971 to 1974

Blue [1971]; Help Me [1974]

She lived 1943 to ?.

Samuel Eliot Morison [Morison, Samuel Eliot]

historian

USA

1971 to 1974

European Discovery of America: The Northern Voyages [1971]; European Discovery of America: The Southern

Voyages [1974]

He lived 1887 to 1976.

Robert C. O'Brien [O'Brien, Robert C.]

writer

USA

1971 to 1974

Mrs. Frisby and the Rats of NIMH [1971]; Z for Zachariah [1974]

He lived 1918 to 1973.

Paul McCartney [McCartney, Paul]

singer

USA

1971 to 1977

Uncle Albert/Admiral Halsey [1971: with Linda McCartney]; My Love [1973: with Wings]; Maybe I'm Amazed

[1977]

He lived 1942 to ?.

Rod Stewart [Stewart, Rod]

singer

England

1971 to 1978

Maggie May [1971]; Tonight's the Night [1976]; Your in My Heart [1978]

He lived 1945 to ?.

Judith Viorst [Viorst, Judith]

writer

USA

1971 to 1979

Tenth Good Thing about Barney [1971]; Alexander and the Terrible, Horrible, No Good, Very Bad Day [1979]

She lived 1931 to ?.

José Carreras [Carreras, José]

tenor

Spain

1971 to 1987

He lived 1946 to ?.

Claus Oldenburg [Oldenburg, Claus]

sculptor

USA

1971 to 1991

Giant 3-Way Plug (Cube Tap) [1971]; Spoonbridge and Cherry [1985 to 1988]; Giant Binoculars [1985 to 1991]

He lived 1928 to ? and built gigantic works.

John Rawls [Rawls, John]

philosopher

USA

1971 to 1993

Theory of Justice [1971]; Political Liberalism [1993]

He lived 1921 to ?.

Epistemology

Intuitive judgments about cases build up principles, to compare to judgments, to converge on principles {reflective

equilibrium}.

Ethics

If people do not know about life, culture, or themselves, they have equal concern for all.

Politics

Justice depends on fairness and equality in all social and economic areas. People should have equal liberty and

maximum liberty. People should have equal opportunity. However, society should allow inequalities in jobs and power

if poor become richer than when everyone is equal {difference principle}. Rights are more important than goods.

Paul R. Ehrlich [Ehrlich, Paul R.]

sociologist

USA

1971 to 2000

Population Bomb [1971]; Human Natures [2000]

He lived 1932 to ?.

Walter Becker [Becker, Walter]/Donald Fagen [Fagen, Donald]

composer

USA

1972

Reeling in the Years [1972]

John Bellairs [Bellairs, John]

writer

USA

1972

House with a Clock in Its Walls [1972]

He lived 1938 to 1991.

Alice Cooper [Cooper, Alice]

singer

USA

1972

School's Out [1972]

Carmine Coppola [Coppola, Carmine]/Nino Rota [Rota, Nino]

lyricist/composer

USA

1972

Godfather Waltz [1972]

Coppola lived 1910 to 1991. Rota lived 1911 to 1979.

Sammy Davis, Jr. [Davis, Jr., Sammy]

singer

USA

1972

Candy Man [1972]

He lived 1925 to 1990.

William C. Dement [Dement, William C.]

psychologist

USA

1972

Some Must Watch while Some Must Sleep [1972]

He lived 1928 to ? and studied sleep and dreams.

Sherman Edwards [Edwards, Sherman]

composer

USA

1972

1776 [1972]

He lived 1920 to 1981.

Aretha Franklin [Franklin, Aretha]/James Cleveland [Cleveland, James]/Southern California Community

Choir

singer

USA

1972

Amazing Grace [1972]

Jean George [George, Jean]

writer

USA

1972

Julie of the Wolves [1972]; My Side of the Mountain

She lived 1919 to ?.

Isabelle Holland [Holland, Isabelle]

writer

USA

1972

Man without a Face [1972]

She lived 1920 to ?.

M. E. Kerr [Kerr, M. E.] or Mary James [James, Mary] or Marijane Agnes Meaker [Meaker, Marijane Agnes]

writer

USA

1972

Dinky Hocker Shoots Smack [1972]

She lived 1932 to ?.

Larry Kusik [Kusik, Larry]/Nino Rota [Rota, Nino]

lyricist/composer

USA

1972

Speak Softly Love [1972: from the film The Godfather]

Rota lived 1911 to 1979.

Harold Melvin [Melvin, Harold]/Blue Notes

singer

USA

1972

If You Don't Know Me by Now [1972]

Jean Joseph Mouret [Mouret, Jean Joseph]/Paul Parnes [Parnes, Paul]

composer

England

1972

Masterpiece [1972: from the TV series Masterpiece Theater, based on the Rondeau from First Symphonic Suite by

Mouret]

Mouret lived 1682 to 1738.

Gilbert O'Sullivan [O'Sullivan, Gilbert]

singer

England

1972

Alone Again (Naturally) [1972]

Billy Paul [Paul, Billy]

singer

USA

1972

Me and Mrs. Jones [1972]

Barbara Robinson [Robinson, Barbara]

writer

USA

1972

Best Christmas Pageant Ever [1972]

She lived 1927 to ?.

Mary Rodgers [Rodgers, Mary]

writer

USA

1972

Freaky Friday [1972]

She lived 1931 to ?.

Jeffrey Schrank [Schrank, Jeffrey]

sociologist

USA

1972

Teaching Human Beings [1972]

Eric Weissberg [Weissberg, Eric]

composer

USA

1972

Dueling Banjos [1972: with guitarist Steve Mandell. Originally Duelin' Banjo, 1963, by Rodney Dillard, Douglas

Dillard, Mitchell F. Jayne, and Dean Webb]

Jay Williams [Williams, Jay]

writer

USA

1972

Hero from Otherwhere [1972]

Roberta Flack [Flack, Roberta]

singer

USA

1972 to 1973

First Time Ever I Saw Your Face [1972]; Killing Me Softly (With His Song) [1973]

She lived 1939 to ?.

Helen Reddy [Reddy, Helen]

singer

USA

1972 to 1973

I Am Woman [1972]; Delta Dawn [1973]

Lou Reed [Reed, Lou]

singer

USA

1972 to 1973

Walk on the Wild Side [1972]

Joel Hirschhorn [Hirschhorn, Joel]/Al Kasha [Kasha, Al]

composer

USA

1972 to 1974

Morning After [1972: from the film The Poseidon Adventure]; We May Never Love Like This Again [1974: from the

film The Towering Inferno]

Peggy Parish [Parish, Peggy]

writer

USA

1972 to 1974

Amelia Bedelia [1972: books]; Dinosaur Time [1974: with Arnold Lobel]

She lived 1927 to 1988.

Charlotte Zolotow [Zolotow, Charlotte]

writer

USA

1972 to 1974

William's Doll [1972]; My Grandson Lew [1974]

She lived 1915 to ?.

Myron Levoy [Levoy, Myron]

writer

USA

1972 to 1977

Witch of Fourth Street [1972]; Alan and Naomi [1977]

Gerry Rafferty [Rafferty, Gerry]

composer

USA

1972 to 1978

Stuck in the Middle With You [1972: sung by Stealers Wheel]; Star [1973]; Baker Street [1978]; Right Down the Line

[1978]

He lived 1947 to ?.

Gregory Bateson [Bateson, Gregory]

psychologist

England

1972 to 1979

Steps to an Ecology of Mind [1972]; Mind and Nature, A Necessary Unity [1979]

He lived 1904 to 1980 and studied mind in environment.

Marjorie Sharmat [Sharmat, Marjorie]

writer

USA

1972 to 1980

Nate the Great [1972 on: books]; Gila Monsters Meet You at the Airport [1980]

She lived 1928 to ?.

Saul Kripke [Kripke, Saul]

linguist

USA

1972 to 1982

Naming and Necessity [1972 and 1980]; Wittgenstein on Rules and Private Language [1982]

He lived 1940 to ?.

Statements can be true and cannot be false {necessary truth, Kripke}, like arithmetical equalities. Statements can be

true, though possible to be false {contingent truth}, like historical facts. Some necessary truths are not a priori, because

people can learn identities later.

Terms, such as person names or natural substances {natural kind, Kripke}, can always mean same thing in physical and

all other worlds {rigid designator, Kripke}. Terms {non-rigid designator}, such as variables or descriptions, can allow

different possible values in physical and/or all other worlds. People can use rigid designators to refer to same things to

which previous persons referred {causal theory of reference, Kripke}.

However, time can change references.

Necessary identities involve two rigid designators, and contingent identities involve at least one non-rigid designator.

Identity theories of mental state and physical state are either necessary identities or one term is non-rigid. They cannot

be necessary, because people can imagine mental state, like pain, without physical state. They do not have non-rigid

terms, because mental-state instance is essence, not property, and physical state specifies atom positions and motions.

Proper names are always about same object. Proper names can be about people about whom people know nothing more

and so have no sense, only reference. Proper names of people about whom people know something else have sense and

reference.

People can conceive of matter and consciousness as separate being, so they are both possible, and so must be different,

not just different names for same thing or different levels in hierarchy of knowledge or being, because one is objective

and one subjective. Mental states, representing ideas, cause linguistic responses, which report mental state using signs.

Response pattern depends on similarity or relation, represented by mental state, which people do not necessarily

consciously know. Because mental states vary widely, natural occurrences have incompatible expressions.

People think and speak based on social word usage {anti-individualism}. Meaning is normative, as language

communities make rules, and relates to individual dispositions. Perception is also necessary for communication about

objects.

People can have a priori knowledge of contingent things {mind, Kripke} and empirical knowledge of necessary truths

{essence, Kripke}.

Barbara Cohen [Cohen, Barbara]

writer

USA

1972 to 1983

Carp in the Bathtub [1972]; Thank You, Jackie Robinson [1974]; Molly's Pilgrim [1983: My Name is Rosie]

She lived 1932 to 1992.

Endel Tulving [Tulving, Endel]

psychologist

Canada

1972 to 1983

Organization of Memory [1972: editor with W. Donaldson]; Elements of Episodic Memory [1983]

He lived 1927 to ? and studied autonoetic consciousness and noetic consciousness [Tulving, 1983].

Jane Goodall [Goodall, Jane]

biologist

England

1972 to 1986

Chimpanzees of Gombe [1986]

She lived 1934 to ? and studied chimpanzee behavior. Chimps grunt, pant, bark, roar, scream, squeak, whimper, laugh,

click teeth, and smack lips, in 30 different ways with different meanings [1972].

Norman Geschwind [Geschwind, Norman]

psychologist

USA

1972 to 1987

Language and the Brain [1972: with Walter Levitsky]; Cerebral Lateralization [1987: with A. M. Galaburda]

He lived 1926 to 1984 and traced perceptual deficits to specific brain lesions. Wernicke's areas on right and left sides

differ.

Robert Lucas, Jr. [Lucas, Jr., Robert]

economist

USA

1972 to 1987

Expectations and the Neutrality of Money [1972]; Econometric Policy Evaluation: A Critique [1976: Lucas critique];

Models of Business Cycles [1987]

He reintroduced representative agents. Government-policy, culture, or expectation changes can change relationships

between economic variables, so some predictions using historical data are inaccurate {Lucas Critique}. He invented

theory of Real Business Cycles, with Finn E. Kydland and Edward C. Prescott, based on John Muth's rational

expectations hypothesis [1961].

Philip N. Johnson-Laird [Johnson-Laird, Philip N.]

psychologist

USA

1972 to 1988

Psychology of Reasoning [1972]; Mental Models [1983]; Computer and the Mind [1988]

Consciousness is like computer operating system.

Carly Simon [Simon, Carly]

composer/singer

USA

1972 to 1988

You're So Vain [1972]; Haven't Got Time for the Pain [1972]; Nobody Does It Better [1977: from the film The Spy

Who Loved Me]; Let the River Run [1988: from the film Working Girl]

She lived 1945 to ?.

Mikhail Baryshnikov [Baryshnikov, Mikhail]

ballet dancer

Russia/USA

1972 to 1992

He lived 1948 to ?.

Hubert L. Dreyfus [Dreyfus, Hubert L.]

philosopher

USA

1972 to 1992

What Computers Can't Do: A Critique of Artificial Reason [1972]; What Computers Still Can't Do [1992]

He lived 1929 to ? and said computers can never have feeling or understanding.

Horace B. Barlow [Barlow, Horace B.]

biologist

USA

1972 to 1995

Single units and sensations [1972]; Neuron Doctrine in Perception [1995]

He studied frog-retina bug-detector ganglion cells. Thousands of cardinal cells code percepts [Barlow, 1972] [Barlow,

1995]. Qualia are not basic phenomena but brain-developed sensations that depend on memory and processing.

Consciousness comes from social communication.

Robert Coles [Coles, Robert]

sociologist

USA

1972 to 1997

Children of Crisis [1972 to 1978]; Moral Intelligence of Children [1997]

He studied education.

Edward Bear [Bear, Edward]

singer

USA

1973

Last Song [1973]

Alan Bergman [Bergman, Alan]/Marvin Hamlisch [Hamlisch, Marvin]

lyricist/composer

USA

1973

Way We Were [1973: from the film The Way We Were]

Hamlisch lived 1944 to ?.

Perry Botkin, Jr. [Botkin, Jr., Perry]/Barry DeVorzon [DeVorzon, Barry]

composer

USA

1973

Nadia's Theme or Young and the Restless [1973]

Stanley Cohen [Cohen, Stanley]/Herbert Boyer [Boyer, Herbert]

biologist/inventor

USA

1973

recombinant DNA technology [1973]

Cohen lived 1922 to ?. Boyer lived 1936 to ?.

Earl W. Count [Count, Earl W.]

anthropologist

USA

1973

Being and Becoming Human [1973]

Species have adaptations {biogram} of ancestors {anlage}.

Jim Croce [Croce, Jim]

singer

USA

1973

Time in a Bottle [1973]; Bad, Bad Leroy Brown [1973]

He lived 1943 to 1973.

Mitchell Feigenbaum [Feigenbaum, Mitchell]

physicist

USA

1973

He studied feedback systems and devised how to calculate order in one-dimensional-system chaos [1973], using

quantum-field-theory renormalization group, stochastic processes, and fractals to remove infinities. Using y = r * (x -

x^2) and x(t) = r * sin(pi * x(t - 1)), doubling oscillation period converges geometrically and so scales with constant

ratio = 4.6692016090, to predict all doubling values. Functions are recursive {self-referential} and so introduce higher

frequencies that indicate turbulence.

Bruce Graham [Graham, Bruce]

architect

Chicago, Illinois

1973

Sears Tower [1973: iron and concrete skyscraper is 480 meters tall]

He lived 1925 to ?.

Bette Greene [Greene, Bette]

writer

USA

1973

Summer of My German Soldier [1973]

She lived 1934 to ?.

Lee Harding [Harding, Lee]

writer

USA

1973

Fallen Spaceman [1973]

Constantine Karamanlis [Karamanlis, Constantine]

ruler

Greece

1973

He lived 1907 to 1998 and led after military-junta failed.

Vicki Lawrence [Lawrence, Vicki]

singer

USA

1973

Night the Lights Went Out in Georgia [1973]

Penelope Lively [Lively, Penelope]

writer

Egypt/England

1973

Ghost of Thomas Kempe [1973]

She lived 1933 to ?.

Kenny Loggins [Loggins, Kenny]/Jim Messina [Messina, Jim]

singer

USA

1973

Your Mama Don't Dance [1973]

Geoffrey V. T. Matthews [Matthews, Geoffrey V. T.]

biologist

USA

1973

Orientation and Position-finding by Birds [1973]

Paul McCartney [McCartney, Paul]/Linda McCartney [McCartney, Linda]

composer

USA

1973

Live and Let Die [1973: from the film Live and Let Die]

Paul lived 1942 to ?.

Juan Peron [Peron, Juan]

leader

Argentina

1973

He lived 1895 to 1974 and led after military junta failed.

Vera Cooper Rubin [Rubin, Vera Cooper]

astronomer

USA

1973

She lived 1928 to ?. Milky-Way-Galaxy star (and gas) rotation rate is faster than expected if all mass is visible matter,

implying invisible matter [1973].

Alfred Slote [Slote, Alfred]

writer

USA

1973

Hang Tough Paul Mather [1973]

Doris B. Smith [Smith, Doris B.]/Mike Wimmer [Wimmer, Mike]

writer/illustrator

USA

1973

Taste of Blackberries [1973]

Ivan Southall [Southall, Ivan]

writer

USA

1973

Josh [1973]

Harry Swinney [Swinney, Harry]

physicist

USA

1973

He studied conductivity [1973], with Jerry Gollub. He studied phase transitions. Rotating one cylinder inside another

causes intervening liquid to flow {Couette-Taylor flow, Swinney}. First, flow streamlines. At faster speed, fluid

cylinder separates into layers along cylinder axis, so fluid goes up and down cylinder. At higher frequency, flow is

chaotic, with no defined frequencies. Vapor at critical point gives off white glow {opalescence, vapor}.

Kip S. Thorne [Thorne, Kip S.]/Charles Misner [Misner, Charles]/John Archibald Wheeler [Wheeler, John

Archibald]

physicist

USA

1973

Gravitation [1973]

Thorne lived 1941 to ?. Misner lived 1932 to ?. Wheeler lived 1911 to ?.

Andrew Lloyd Webber [Webber, Andrew Lloyd]

composer

USA

1973

I Don't Know How to Love Him [1973: from the film Jesus Christ Superstar]

He lived 1948 to ?.

Julius Wess [Wess, Julius]/Bruno Zumino [Zumino, Bruno]

physicist

Europe

1973

They invented supersymmetric quantum field theory [1973].

Edgar Winter [Winter, Edgar]

singer

USA

1973

Frankenstein [1973]

George Woods [Woods, George]

writer

USA

1973

Catch a Killer [1973]

Peter Frampton [Frampton, Peter]

singer

England

1973 to 1974

Do You Feel Like We Do [1973]; Show Me the Way [1974]

He lived 1950 to ?.

Robert Newton Peck [Peck, Robert Newton]

writer

USA

1973 to 1974

Day No Pigs Would Die [1973]; Soup [1974]

Clyde Robert Bulla [Bulla, Clyde Robert]

writer

USA

1973 to 1977

Dexter [1973]; Shoeshine Girl [1975]; Wish at the Top [1977]; Lion to Guard Us

He lived 1914 to ?.

Billy Joel [Joel, Billy]

singer

USA

1973 to 1978

Piano Man [1973]; Captain Jack [1973]; Entertainer [1974]; New York State of Mind [1976]; Just the Way You Are

[1977]; Only the Good Die Young [1977]; Scenes from an Italian Restaurant [1977]; She's Always a Woman [1977];

Big Shot [1978]

He lived 1949 to ?.

Bob Seger [Seger, Bob]

singer/composer

USA

1973 to 1978

Turn the Page [1973]; Night Moves [1976]; Rock 'N' Roll Never Forgets [1976]; Old Time Rock and Roll [1978: in the

film Risky Business, 1983]; Hollywood Nights [1978]

He lived 1945 to ?.

Joe Walsh [Walsh, Joe]

singer

USA

1973 to 1978

Rocky Mountain Way [1973]; Life's Been Good [1978]

Rosemary Wells [Wells, Rosemary]

writer

USA

1973 to 1979

Benjamin and Tulip [1973]; Morris's Disappearing Bag [1975]; Max [1979: and later books]

She lived 1943 to ?.

Lejaren Hiller [Hiller, Lejaren]

composer

USA

1973 to 1984

Computer Cantata [1963: used digital effects]; Seven Artifacts [1973 and 1984]

He lived 1924 to 1994 and composed electronic music.

Augusto Pinochet [Pinochet, Augusto]

dictator

Chile

1973 to 1990

He lived 1915 to 2006 and used army to take rule from elected socialist president Salvador Allende and had many

people killed.

Bruce Springsteen [Springsteen, Bruce]

composer/singer

USA

1973 to 1993

Rosalita (Come out Tonight) [1973]; She's the One [1975]; Born to Run [1975]; Jungleland [1975]; Thunder Road

[1975]; Tenth Avenue Freeze-Out [1975]; Badlands [1978]; River [1980]; Hungry Heart [1980]; Glory Days [1984];

Born in the USA [1984]; Dancing in the Dark [1984]; Jersey Girl [1986]; Tunnel of Love [1987]; Brilliant Disguise

[1987]; One Step Up [1987]; Streets of Philadelphia [1993: from the film Philadelphia]; Dead Man Walking [1995:

from the film Dead Man Walking]; Secret Garden [1996: from the film Jerry Maguire]

He lived 1949 to ?.

Howard H. Pattee [Pattee, Howard H.]

biologist

USA

1973 to 1995

Hierarchy Theory [1973]; Evolving Self-reference: Matter, symbols, and semantic closure [1995]

He lived 1926 to ?. Computation uses separate initial conditions and motion equations, but these are not separate in

nature. Organisms have measurement methods and can interact with environment, allowing them to attach meaning to

stimuli {semantic closure}.

Elliott Arnold [Arnold, Elliott]

writer

USA

1974

Brave Jimmy Stone [1974]

He lived 1912 to 1980.

Jacob Bronowski [Bronowski, Jacob]

physicist

England

1974

Ascent of Man [1974]

He lived 1908 to 1974.

Harry Chapin [Chapin, Harry]

singer

USA

1974

Cat's in the Cradle [1974]

Sheila R. Cole [Cole, Sheila R.]

writer

USA

1974

Meaning Well [1974]

James Collier [Collier, James]/Christopher Collier [Collier, Christopher]

writer

USA

1974

My Brother Sam Is Dead [1974]

James Collier lived 1928 to ?. Christopher Collier lived 1930 to ?.

Paula Danziger [Danziger, Paula]

writer

USA

1974

Cat Ate My Gymsuit [1974]

She lived 1945 to 2004.

George Dickie [Dickie, George]

philosopher

USA

1974

Art and the Aesthetic [1974]

He lived 1895 to 1985. History and culture affect arts {institutional theory of art, Dickie}.

Carl Douglas [Douglas, Carl]

singer

USA

1974

Kung Fu Fighting [1974]

Bruno de Finetti [Finetti, Bruno de]

mathematician

Italy

1974

Theory of Probability [1974]

He lived 1906 to 1985. Probability is graded belief or judgments. If judgments are coherent and consistent, judgments

converge to consensus with more data, and probability is relative frequencies observed in nature.

Thomas Fundora [Fundora, Thomas]/Morris Albert [Albert, Morris]/Louis Gaste [Gaste, Louis]

lyricist/composer

Brazil/USA/France

1974

Feelings or Dime? [1974]

Albert lived 1951 to ?. Gaste lived 1908 to 2006.

Norman Gimbel [Gimbel, Norman]/Charles Fox [Fox, Charles]

composer

USA

1974

Happy Days [1974: from the TV series Happy Days]

Sheldon Glashow [Glashow, Sheldon]/Howard Georgi [Georgi, Howard]

physicist

USA

1974

Glashow lived 1932 to ?. They invented grand unification of strong, weak, and electromagnetic forces [1974], with

Steven Weinberg and Helen Quinn.

Jack Haley, Jr. [Haley, Jr., Jack]

director

USA

1974

That's Entertainment [1974]

He lived 1933 to 2001.

Terry Jacks [Jacks, Terry]

singer

USA

1974

Seasons in the Sun [1974]

Gordon Lightfoot [Lightfoot, Gordon]

singer

USA

1974

Sundown [1974]

Barry Manilow [Manilow, Barry]

composer/singer

USA

1974

Mandy [1974]; I Write the Songs [1975]; Can't Smile Without You [1978]; Copacabana [1978]; Looks Like We Made

It [1979]

He lived 1946 to ?.

George McCrae [McCrae, George]

singer

USA

1974

Rock Your Baby [1974]

John Morris [Morris, John]/Mel Brooks [Brooks, Mel]

composer

USA

1974

I'm Tired [1974: from the film Blazing Saddles]

Herbert Ohta [Ohta, Herbert]

ukelele player

USA

1974

Song for Anna [1974: by André Popp]

Manfred B. Porkert [Porkert, Manfred B.]

philosopher

Czech Republic

1974

Theoretical Foundations of Chinese Medicine [1974]

He lived 1933 to ?. Inductivity is the link between two space positions at same time. Causality is the link between two

times at same position.

Vernon Rowland [Rowland, Vernon]/Robert Blumenthal [Blumenthal, Robert]

biologist

USA

1974

Dynamic Patterns of Brain Cell Assemblies [1974]

Joel Scherk [Scherk, Joel]/John Schwarz [Schwarz, John]

physicist

USA

1974

They invented string theory including gravity and strong force [1974].

Gene Smith [Smith, Gene]

writer

USA

1974

Hayburners [1974]

John Martin Sommers [Sommers, John Martin]

composer

USA

1974

Thank God I'm a Country Boy [1974]

Joseph Taylor [Taylor, Joseph]/Russell Hulse [Hulse, Russell]

physicist

USA

1974

They measured binary-pulsar rotation period, which increased by gravity radiation exactly as predicted by general

relativity [1974].

Colin Thiele [Thiele, Colin]

writer

USA

1974

Storm Boy [1974]

He lived 1920 to 2006.

Gerald Ford [Ford, Gerald]

president

USA

1974 to 1977

He lived 1913 to 2006. 38th president pardoned Richard Nixon.

Robert Cormier [Cormier, Robert]

writer

USA

1974 to 1979

Chocolate War [1974]; After the First Death [1979]

He lived 1925 to 2000.

Lewis Thomas [Thomas, Lewis]

biologist

USA

1974 to 1979

Lives of a Cell: Notes of a Biology Watcher [1974]; Medusa and the Snail [1979]

He lived 1913 to 1993.

Stanley Milgram [Milgram, Stanley]

psychologist

USA

1974 to 1983

Obedience to Authority [1974]; Obedience to Authority: An Experimental View [1983]

He lived 1933 to 1984 and studied obedience to authority. People sent commands to shock people when directed to do

by authority.

Paul Simon [Simon, Paul]

singer

USA

1974 to 1986

Me and Julio Down by the Schoolyard [1974]; Graceland [1986]

He lived 1941 to ?.

Paul Ricœur [Ricœur, Paul]

philosopher

Paris, France

1974 to 1987

Symbolism of Evil [1960]; Conflict of Interpretations [1974]; Hermeneutics and the Human Sciences [1981]; Time and

Narrative [1987]

He lived 1913 to 2005 and studied hermeneutics and interpretation methods.

Gerhard Werner [Werner, Gerhard]

psychologist

USA

1974 to 1990

Feature Extraction by Neurons and Behavior [1974: editor]; Performance evaluation with stochastic graphs of parallel

programming in multiprocessors with study method [1990: with Franz Sötz]

He studied pattern recognition.

Robert Nozick [Nozick, Robert]

philosopher

USA

1974 to 1993

Anarchy, State and Utopia [1974]; Philosophical Explanations [1981]; Examined Life [1989]; Nature of Rationality

[1993]

He lived 1938 to ?.

Epistemology

Beliefs are knowledge if true and if non-belief does not somehow require original belief. However, people cannot judge

either truth or what required non-belief is. People often choose something now, rather than wait for something equal or

better in future {time preference}, because they discount future benefits as less probable.

Ethics

Morality is about mental processes and current actions, not about action results, reasons, or purposes.

Politics

People have rights, free exercise of rights leads to the most-productive society, and governments should be minimal to

preserve liberties {libertarianism, Nozick}. If society has ideal income pattern and if good basketball player plays to

gain the most, exercise his rights and freedom, and reach his ideal, income pattern will alter away from ideal {Wilt

Chamberlain argument}. Therefore, liberty and equality can conflict. All ideals are possibly in conflict.

Richard Leakey [Leakey, Richard]

biologist

England

1974 to 1994

Origin of Humankind [1994]

He discovered genus Homo fossils [1974].

Eric R. Kandel [Kandel, Eric R.]

biologist

USA

1974 to 2000

Small Systems of Neurons [1974]; Cellular Basis of Behavior [1976]; Behavioral Biology of Aplysia [1979];

Biological Basis of Learning and Individuality [1992: with Robert Hawkins]; Memory from Mind to Molecules [2000:

with Larry Squire]

He studied learning and memory in marine snails.

Morris Albert [Albert, Morris]

singer

USA

1975

Feelings [1975]

James S. Albus [Albus, James S.]

biologist

USA

1975

He developed Cerebellar Model Articulation Controller [1975].

Akito Arima [Arima, Akito]/Francesco Iachello [Iachello, Francesco]

physicist

Japan/Italy

1975

Collective States as Representations of a SU(6) Group [1975]

They invented atomic-nucleus interacting boson model.

Gavin de Beer [Beer, Gavin de]

biologist

USA

1975

Evolution of Flying and Flightless Birds [1975]

He lived 1899 to 1972.

Michael Caine [Caine, Michael]/Sean Connery [Connery, Sean]

actor

England

1975

Man Who Would Be King [1975]

Caine lived 1933 to ?. Connery lived 1930 to ?.

Keith Carradine [Carradine, Keith]

composer

USA

1975

I'm Easy [1975: from the film Nashville]

He lived 1949 to ?.

Elizabeth Coatsworth [Coatsworth, Elizabeth]

writer

USA

1975

Werefox or Pure Magic [1975]; Cat Who Went to Heaven

She lived 1893 to 1986.

Ellen Conford [Conford, Ellen]

writer

USA

1975

Luck of Pokey Bloom [1975]

Irene Hass [Hass, Irene]

writer

USA

1975

Maggie B. [1975]

Richard Kennedy [Kennedy, Richard]

writer

USA

1975

Contests at Cowlick [1975]

Kiss

singer

USA

1975

Rock and Roll all Night [1975]

Edward Kleben [Kleben, Edward]/Marvin Hamlisch [Hamlisch, Marvin]/Michael Bennett [Bennett, Michael]

lyricist/composer/choreographer

USA

1975

Chorus Line [1975: musical]; One [1975]

Hamlisch lived 1944 to ?.

Michael Masser [Masser, Michael]/Gerry Coffin [Coffin, Gerry]

composer

USA

1975

Mahogany or Theme from Mahogany or Do You Know Where You're Going To [1975: from the film Mahogany]

Van McCoy [McCoy, Van]

singer

USA

1975

Hustle [1975]

Georges Köhler [Köhler, Georges]/César Milstein [Milstein, César]

inventor

Germany

1975

monoclonal antibodies developed [1975]

They started gene engineering {genetic engineering}.

Ralph A. Moody [Moody, Ralph A.]

psychologist

USA

1975

Life after Life [1975]

He studied near-death experiences.

Richard O'Brien [O'Brien, Richard]

composer

USA

1975

Time Warp [1975: from the film The Rocky Horror Picture Show]

He lived 1942 to ?.

Daniel Manus Pinkwater [Pinkwater, Daniel Manus]

writer

USA

1975

Wingman [1975]

Mordecai Richler [Richler, Mordecai]

writer

USA

1975

Jacob Two-Two Meets the Hooded Fang [1975]

He lived 1931 to 2001.

Linda Ronstadt [Ronstadt, Linda]

singer

USA

1975

When Will I Be Loved [1975]

She lived 1946 to ?.

William Sleator [Sleator, William]

writer

USA

1975

Among the Dolls [1975]; Duplicate

Charlie Smalls [Smalls, Charlie]

composer

USA

1975

Wiz [1978]; Ease on Down the Road [1975: from the Wiz]

John Szentágothai [Szentágothai, John]/Michael A. Arbib [Arbib, Michael A.]

biologist/psychologist

USA

1975

Conceptual Models of Neural Organization [1975]

They studied brain and neural networks.

Robert Westall [Westall, Robert]

writer

England

1975

Machine Gunners [1975]

James Yorke [Yorke, James]

mathematician

USA

1975

Period Three Implies Chaos [1975: with Tien-Yien Li]

He analyzed work of Robert May. In one-dimensional systems, regular cycle of period three implies regular cycles of

other periods, as well as chaotic behavior.

Jimmy Buffett [Buffett, Jimmy]

composer/singer

USA

1975 to 1977

Margaritaville [1975]

Coral Reefer Band.

Carol Carrick [Carrick, Carol]/Donald Carrick [Carrick, Donald]

writer

USA

1975 to 1982

Old Mother Witch [1975]; Sleep Out [1982]

Howard Gardner [Gardner, Howard]

psychologist

USA

1975 to 1983

Shattered Mind [1975]; Frames of Mind [1983]

He lived 1943 to ?. Intelligence is problem-solving ability.

Richard Peck [Peck, Richard]

writer

USA

1975 to 1986

Ghost Belonged to Me [1975]; Remembering the Good Times [1986]

Margaret Mahy [Mahy, Margaret]

writer

USA

1975 to 1987

Boy Who Was Followed Home [1975]; Haunting [1982]; Changeover: A Supernatural Romance [1984]; Memory

[1987]

Russell L. DeValois [DeValois, Russell L.]

biologist

USA

1975 to 1988

Spatial Vision [1988: with Karen K. DeValois]

He showed that visual cortical neurons respond to frequency rather than edges or lines {direct spatial information}

[1975]. They detect fundamental frequency and higher frequencies, together with orientation. He used gratings,

checkerboards, and plaid patterns. Results matched results expected from analysis by Fourier transforms.

Donna Summer [Summer, Donna] or LaDonna Adrian Gaines [Gaines, LaDonna Adrian] or Queen of Disco

composer/singer

USA

1975 to 1989

Love to Love You Baby [1975]; Try Me, I Know We Can Make It/Could It Be Magic [1976]; I Feel Love [1977]; Now

I Need You [1978]; Working the Midnight Shift [1978]; Last Dance [1978: from the film Thank God It's Friday];

MacArthur Park [1978]; Our Love [1979]; Lucky [1979]; Hot Stuff [1979]; Bad Girls [1979]; Dim All the Lights

[1979]; No More Tears (Enough is Enough) [1979: with Barbra Streisand]; Wanderer [1980]; This Time I Know It's for

Real [1989]; I Don't Wanna Get Hurt [1989]

She lived 1948 to ?.

Peter Singer [Singer, Peter]

philosopher

USA

1975 to 1990

Animal Liberation [1975 and 1990]; Animal Rights and Human Obligations [1989: with Tom Regan]

He lived 1946 to ? and wrote about animal welfare.

Alan Ross Anderson [Anderson, Alan Ross]/Nuel D. Belnap, Jr. [Belnap, Jr., Nuel D.]

philosopher

USA

1975 to 1992

Entailment: The Logic of Relevance and Necessity [1975 and 1992]

They helped develop relevance logic, modal logic, deontic logic, and logical connectives.

Michael A. Arbib [Arbib, Michael A.]

psychologist

England/USA

1975 to 1995

Metaphorical Brain [1972]; Handbook of Brain Theory and Neural Networks [1995]

He lived 1940 to ?.

Edward Wilson [Wilson, Edward]

biologist

USA

1975 to 1998

Insect Societies; Sociobiology [1975]; On Human Nature [1978]; Consilience [1998]

He invented sociobiology.

Jerry A. Fodor [Fodor, Jerry A.]

linguist

USA

1975 to 2000

Language of Thought [1975]; RePresentations [1981]; Modularity of Mind [1983]; Psychosemantics [1987]; Theory of

Content and Other Essays [1990]; Holism: A Shopper's Guide [1992: with Ernest Lepore]; ELM and the Expert:

Mentalese and its Semantics [1994]; Concepts [1998]; In Critical Condition [2000]; Mind Doesn't Work That Way

[2000]

He lived 1935 to ?. Putnam and Chomsky influenced him. He developed projection rules to try to formalize semantics

and model semantic relations by syntax {proof theory, Fodor}. Brains think using symbol system with syntax and

semantics {language of thought, Fodor} {mentalese, Fodor}.

However, mental language must also have meaning and syntax. If mental language is meaningful, then regular

language is meaningful, so why have mental language.

Juan Carlos I

king

Spain

1975 to 2007

He lived 1938 to ? and ruled after Franco died.

George Benson [Benson, George]

singer

USA

1976

This Masquerade [1976]

He lived 1943 to ?.

T. Ernesto Bethancourt [Bethancourt, T. Ernesto]

writer

USA

1976

Dog Days of Arthur Cane [1976]

Rose Blue [Blue, Rose]

writer

USA

1976

Grandma Didn't Wave Back [1976]

Esther Wood Brady [Brady, Esther Wood]

writer

USA

1976

Toliver's Secret [1976]

She lived 1905 to ?.

Martin Charnin [Charnin, Martin]/Charles Strouse [Strouse, Charles]

lyricist/composer

USA

1976

Tomorrow [1976]

Strouse lived 1928 to ?.

Carol Connors [Connors, Carol]/Ayn Robbins [Robbins, Ayn]/Bill Conti [Conti, Bill]

lyricist/lyricist/composer

USA

1976

Gonna Fly Now or Theme From Rocky [1976: from the film Rocky]

Conti lived 1943 to ?.

Scott Corbett [Corbett, Scott]

writer

USA

1976

Hockey Girls [1976]

John C. Eccles [Eccles, John C.]/Masao Ito [Ito, Masao]/John Szentagothai [Szentagothai, John]

biologist

England

1976

Cerebellum as a Neuronal Machine [1976]

Szentagothai lived 1912 to 1994.

England Dan/John Ford Coley [Coley, John Ford]

composer

USA

1976

I'd Really Love to See You Tonight [1976]

Julian Jaynes [Jaynes, Julian]

psychologist

USA

1976

Origin of Consciousness in the Breakdown of the Bicameral Mind [1976]

He lived 1920 to 1997. Consciousness arose when brain hemispheres acquired different specialized functions and

unified them. Even at Homer's time, mind was not aware of itself. People seem not to have will or mind. They acted

based on thoughts or impulses seemingly from separate places, which they attributed to gods. Left and right

hemispheres were separate. As left hemisphere specialized for language, it allowed introspection, control, and

integration.

Elton John [John, Elton] or Reginald Dwight [Dwight, Reginald]/Kiki Dee [Dee, Kiki]

singer

England

1976

Don't Go Breaking My Heart [1976]

H. H. Kornhuber [Kornhuber, H. H.]

psychologist

Germany

1976

He studied EEG when people randomly chose to flex finger, with L. Deecke and B. Grötzinger. EEGs show change one

second before they flex. If people reacted to light signal, EEG change was 0.2 second afterward.

Robert May [May, Robert]

biologist

USA

1976

Simple Mathematical Models with Very Complicated Dynamics [1976]

Assign initial number to logistic difference equation. Low rate values make number go to zero. Medium values make

number go higher steady-state numbers. After high initial value, system oscillates between two values. After even

higher initial value, system oscillates among four values. After even higher initial values, system oscillates among 8,

16, 32, and so on, values, with smaller differences between rates, until chaos starts {point of accumulation}

{accumulation point, complexity}. After that point, oscillations are among all values. However, at higher points,

oscillations are among 3 or 7 values, then oscillations are among 6, 9, 12, 14, 21, 28, and so on, values, then chaos

returns again.

Bruce S. McEwen [McEwen, Bruce S.]

biologist

USA

1976

Interactions between Hormones and Nerve Tissue [1976]

Milton Meltzer [Meltzer, Milton]

writer

USA

1976

Never to Forget: The Jews of the Holocaust [1976]

Laura Nyro [Nyro, Laura]

composer

USA

1976

Smile [1976: from the film Smile]

She lived 1947 to 1997.

Tim Rice [Rice, Tim]/Andrew Lloyd Webber [Webber, Andrew Lloyd]

lyricist/composer

USA

1976

Evita [1976]; Don't Cry for Me, Argentina [1996: from Evita]

Rice lived 1938 to ?. Webber lived 1948 to ?.

Barbra Streisand [Streisand, Barbra]/Paul Williams [Williams, Paul]

composer

USA

1976

Evergreen or Love Theme from A Star Is Born [1976: from the film A Star Is Born. sung by Barbra Streisand]

Streisand lived 1942 to ?. Williams lived 1940 to ?.

Mark Taylor [Taylor, Mark]

writer

USA

1976

Henry the Explorer [1976]

Susan Terris [Terris, Susan]

writer

USA

1976

No Boys Allowed [1976]

Stanislaus M. Ulam [Ulam, Stanislaus M.]

mathematician

Poland/USA

1976

Adventures of a Mathematician [1976]

He lived 1909 to 1984 and studied chaos in vibrating strings {Fermi-Pasta-Ulam theorem}.

John R. Napier [Napier, John R.]

biologist

USA

1976 to 1977

Primate Locomotion [1976]; Primates and Their Adaptations [1977]

He lived 1917 to 1987.

Chris Argyris [Argyris, Chris]

economist

USA

1976 to 1978

Increasing Leadership Effectiveness [1976]; Organizational Learning [1978]

He lived 1923 to ? and studied organizational behavioral theory {double loop learning theory} [1976].

John Z. Young [Young, John Z.]

biologist

England/USA

1976 to 1978

Evolution of Memory [1976]; Programs in the Brain [1978]

He described selectionist theory of memory.

Frank Mills [Mills, Frank]

pianist/composer

England

1976 to 1979

Music Box Dancer [1976: instrumental]

He lived 1942 to ?.

Mildred Taylor [Taylor, Mildred]

writer

USA

1976 to 1981

Roll of Thunder Hear My Cry [1976]; Let the Circle Be Unbroken [1981]; Land

She lived 1943 to ?.

Gordon Bower [Bower, Gordon]

psychologist

USA

1976 to 1983

Emotion and Social Judgments [1978]; Mood and Memory [1981]; Reminding and mood-congruent memory [1983:

with S. G. Gilligan]

Mood induces memories with similar mood.

David Premack [Premack, David]

psychologist

USA

1976 to 1986

Intelligence in Ape and Man [1976]; Gavagai! or Rabbit! [1986]

He lived 1925 to ? and studied ape intelligence and natural language.

Norma Klein [Klein, Norma]

writer

USA

1976 to 1988

Mom, the Wolfman, and Me [1976]; My Life as a Body [1988]

Tom Petty [Petty, Tom]/Heartbreakers

singer

USA

1976 to 1989

Breakdown [1976]; Refugee [1979]; Free Fallin' [1989]; Runnin' Down a Dream [1989]

Tom Petty and the Heartbreakers.

Deng Xiaoping [Xiaoping, Deng]

premier

China

1976 to 1989

He lived 1904 to 1997. After Mao died, China increased economic growth under Deng Xiaoping.

Nicholas Humphrey [Humphrey, Nicholas]

philosopher

England

1976 to 1992

Social Function of Intellect [1976]; Consciousness Regained [1983]; Inner Eye [1986]; History of the Mind [1992];

Mind Made Flesh [2002]

He studied brain development from social interactions. People {natural psychologist} talk to themselves to think what

to do in different social situations and so understand, predict, and control what other people do. People then evolved

systems {inner eye} to image brain processes and states. Such imaging is consciousness. Consciousness emerged

abruptly as existing features combined. Sensations are actions and their thoughts.

Richard Dawkins [Dawkins, Richard]

biologist

USA

1976 to 1995

Selfish Gene [1976]; Blind Watchmaker [1986]; River out of Eden [1995]

Ideas or concepts {meme} {mimeme} can exist in brain, replicate, and have selection. Thoughts and ideas in memory

or culture replicate themselves in other minds by imitation and transmission. Memes compete for entry into minds.

Selective forces act directly on meme physical substrates, because memes restructure brains to make better habitats for

themselves and to modify input and output. Perceptions, skills, feelings, and memories have no copies.

Meme sets {memeplex, Wilson} {co-adapted meme complex} can affect survival and reproduction [Dawkins, 1976].

He wrote about Universal Darwinism and replicators [Dawkins, 1995].

Meme copies behavior from another same-species animal {imitation, Dawkins}, but copying varies more than for

genes. Memory ties abstractions and agreements together, so imitation is only small part. However, copy does not have

same meaning, because brain does not just imitate but processes information. It involves selection and non-selective

processes.

Culture also involves sharing knowledge {schema, Dawkins}, not by imitation but by abstraction. Culture also involves

sharing beliefs and values {social construction}, not by imitation but by agreement. Culture depends on having a theory

of mind and knowing that other people have beliefs, intentions, and desires. Genes {selfish gene} use bodies to

reproduce themselves.

Serge Moscovici [Moscovici, Serge]

sociologist

USA

1976 to 2000

Social Influence and Social Change [1976]; Conflict and Consensus: A General Theory of Collective Decisions [1994:

with Willem Doise]; Social Representations: Explorations in Social Constructionism [2000]

He lived 1925 to ?.

Michel Hénon [Hénon, Michel]

astronomer

France

1976 to 2002

He studied stretching, compressing, and folding phase space to get self-similarity {Hénon attractor} [1976]: x(t) = y(t -

1) + 1 - 1.4 * (x(t - 1))^2 and y(t) = 0.3 * x(t - 1). He predicted that globular clusters have center that experienced

gravitational collapse {gravothermal collapse} [2002].

Benjamin Appel [Appel, Benjamin]

writer

USA

1977

Heart of Ice [1977: from the French by Anne Claude de Tubieres, Comte de Caylus, 1692 to 1765]

He lived 1907 to 1977.

Debby Boone [Boone, Debby]

singer

USA

1977

You Light up My Life [1977]

Joseph Brooks [Brooks, Joseph]

composer

USA

1977

You Light up My Life [1977: from the film You Light up My Life. sung by Debby Boone]

Theodore H. Bullock [Bullock, Theodore H.]/Richard Orkand [Orkand, Richard]/Alan Grinnell [Grinnell, Alan]

biologist

USA

1977

Introduction to Nervous Systems [1977]

Eleanor Coerr [Coerr, Eleanor]

writer

USA

1977

Sadako and the Thousand Paper Cranes [1977]

Elvis Costello [Costello, Elvis]

singer

USA

1977

Alison [1977]; Watching the Detectives [1977]

E. George Gray [Gray, E. George]

biologist

England

1977

Synapse [1977]

Phyllis Green [Green, Phyllis]

writer

USA

1977

Grandmother Orphan; Ice River; Wild Violets [1977]

Sheila Greenwald [Greenwald, Sheila]

writer

USA

1977

Secret in Miranda's Closet [1977]

Jon Hassler [Hassler, Jon]

writer

USA

1977

Four Miles to Pinecone [1977]

Nigel Hinton [Hinton, Nigel]

writer

USA

1977

Collision Course [1977]

Norman Maclean [Maclean, Norman]

novelist

USA

1977

River Runs Through It [1977: biography]

He lived 1902 to 1990.

Benoit Mandelbrot [Mandelbrot, Benoit]

mathematician

Poland/France/USA

1977

Fractals: Form, Chance and Dimension; Fractal Geometry of Nature [1977]

He lived 1924 to ? and ascribed fluctuations to discontinuous effects and to trends. He studied fractals, self-symmetry,

1/f noise, and 1/f squared noise. Fractal curves have non-integral dimensions. 1/f noise is like Cantor sets. In

continuous intervals, continually removing inner third of each remaining continuous interval still leaves infinitely many

points, and total empty distance is interval length {Cantor set, Mandelbrot}. Cantor sets are the same at all scales.

Manfred Mann [Mann, Manfred] or Manfred Mann's Earth Band

singer

USA

1977

Blinded by the Light [1977]

Allan M. Maxam [Maxam, Allan M.]/Walter Gilbert [Gilbert, Walter]

biologist/inventor

USA

1977

DNA sequencing [1977]

They developed method to sequence DNA [1977].

Olivia Newton-John [Newton-John, Olivia]/John Travolta [Travolta, John]

singer

USA

1977

You're the One that I Want [1978]

Don Schlitz [Schlitz, Don]

composer

USA

1977

Gambler [1977: sung by Kenny Rogers]

Lawrence Sklar [Sklar, Lawrence]

physicist

USA

1977

Space, Time and Spacetime [1977]

He studied relativity.

John Williams [Williams, John]

composer

USA

1977

Close Encounters of the Third Kind [1977]; Star Wars [1977]

He lived 1932 to ?.

David Zippel [Zippel, David]/Marvin Hamlisch [Hamlisch, Marvin]

lyricist/composer

USA

1977

Goodbye Girl [1977: from the film The Goodbye Girl]

Hamlisch lived 1944 to ?.

James E. Carter [Carter, James E.]

president

USA

1977 to 1981

He lived 1924 to ?. 39th president fought inflation and slow growth. Iran took Americans hostage in Tehran until day

after he left office.

Katherine Paterson [Paterson, Katherine]

writer

USA

1977 to 1985

Bridge to Terabithia [1977]; Great Gilly Hopkins [1978]; Jacob Have I Loved [1980]; Rebels of the Heavenly

Kingdom [1983]; Come Sing Jimmy Jo [1985]

He lived 1932 to ?.

Peter Gabriel [Gabriel, Peter]

singer

USA

1977 to 1986

Solsbury Hill [1977]; Sledgehammer [1986]; In Your Eyes [1986]

He lived 1950 to ?.

Jackson Browne [Browne, Jackson]

singer

USA

1977 to 1987

Load Out/Stay [1977]; Running on Empty [1987]

Anita Desai [Desai, Anita]

novelist

India

1977 to 1987

Fire on the Mountain [1977]; Games at Twilight and Other Stories [1978: stories]; Clear Light of Day [1980];

Baumgartner's Bombay [1987]

She lived 1937 to ?.

Gary Paulsen [Paulsen, Gary]

writer

USA

1977 to 1987

Foxman [1977]; Dogsong; Hatchet [1987]; Voyage of the Frog

He lived 1939 to ?.

James Marshall [Marshall, James]

illustrator

USA

1977 to 1988

Miss Nelson Is Missing [1977]; Stupids Step Out [1978]; Three By the Sea [1981]; Miss Nelson Is Back [1982]; Fox

and His Friends [1982]; George and Martha Back in Town [1984: books]; Three Up a Tree [1986]; Fox on the Job

[1988]

He lived 1942 to ?.

Avi

writer

USA

1977 to 1990

Captain Grey [1977]; Emily Upham's Revenge [1978]; Wolf Rider [1986]; True Confessions of Charlotte Doyle [1990]

He lived 1937 to ?.

Pierre Bourdieu [Bourdieu, Pierre]

anthropologist

France

1977 to 1990

Outline of a theory of practice [1977]; Logic of practice [1990]

He lived 1930 to 2002 and studied how culture and society affect behavior, perception, emotion, and motivation

{theory of practice}.

Michael Dummett [Dummett, Michael]

philosopher

England

1977 to 1991

Elements of Intuitionism [1977]; Truth and Other Enigmas [1978]; Frege: Philosophy of Language [1981: 2nd edition];

Logical Basis of Metaphysics [1991]

He lived 1925 to ? and used Frege's philosophy to make a theory of meaning based on evidence.

Epistemology

Events can have poor evidence, such as the past, other people's minds, and mathematics, and so statements about them

are neither true nor false {antirealism}. For those situations, people use intuitions {intuitionism, Dummett}. Studying

language can analyze thought. To prove that something mathematical exists is to show how to make it {constructivism,

Dummett}.

Lewis Wolpert [Wolpert, Lewis]

biologist

USA

1977 to 1991

Development of Pattern and Form in Animals [1977]; Triumph of the Embryo [1991]

He lived 1929 to ?.

Carl Sagan [Sagan, Carl]

astronomer

USA

1977 to 1992

Dragons of Eden [1977]; Cosmos [1980: with Ann Druyan]; Shadows of Forgotten Ancestors [1992: with Ann Druyan]

He lived 1934 to 1996.

Ronald Dworkin [Dworkin, Ronald]

philosopher

England

1977 to 1993

Taking Rights Seriously [1977]; Matter of Principle [1985]; Law's Empire [1986]; Life's Dominion [1993]

He lived 1931 to ?. Law is about rights and principles, not policies or goals.

Steven Weinberg [Weinberg, Steven]

physicist

USA

1977 to 1993

Gravitation and Cosmology [1972]; First Three Minutes [1977 and 1993]; Dreams of a Final Theory [1992]

He lived 1933 to ? and studied universe origin. He worked with Abdus Salam on electroweak theory. Why does our

universe have the cosmological constant that allows life to form {coincidence problem}. Perhaps, there are many

universes, and some have that cosmological constant.

Elizabeth Loftus [Loftus, Elizabeth]

psychologist

USA

1977 to 1995

Shifting human color memory [1977]; Eyewitness testimony [1979]; Myth of Repressed Memory [1994: with K.

Ketcham]; Formation of False Memories [1995: with J. E. Pickrell]

She studied co-existence hypothesis, erasure hypothesis, and inhibition hypothesis [Loftus and Ketcham, 1994].

Robert E. Ornstein [Ornstein, Robert E.]

psychologist

USA

1977 to 1997

Psychology of Consciousness [1977 and 1986]; Evolution of Consciousness [1991]; Right Mind [1997]

Brain has many modules that act together.

Roger Schank [Schank, Roger]

psychologist

USA

1977 to 1997

Scripts, Plans, Goals and Understanding [1977: with Robert P. Abelson]; Dynamic Memory [1981]; Dynamic Memory

Revisited [1997]

From repeated experience, people build knowledge structures that provide background information and default settings

for processes {script, Schank}. Structures coordinate event sequence. People have many scripts and need to realize

which script to use. As rule sets {rules of script}, scripts can predict. Scripts include all scenes and events related to

process. Scenes and events share some features but not others, and scripts note differences.

People can plan events {plan application}, to reach goals that brain monitors for progress {goal tracking}. Memory

{dynamic memory, brain} must be able to change, learn, include new information, and relate information to previous

information.

People also remember scenes. People have general and abstract memory structures and processes, as well as scripts,

which guide scene attention and selection.

People notice what deviates from general structures and incorporate the information into general knowledge if it

repeats. Stimuli remind of previous scenes, scripts, and general knowledge structures {processing-based reminding}.

Organizing memories causes more reminding. Mental processing includes reminding, which uses same structures as

storing memories and processing input. Process repeats same structures for similar thing and has reminding.

Understanding is remembering similar situation. Reminding becomes less as object or event integrates more and

becomes unconscious.

Unexpected events add pointers and indexes to script to note differences and exceptions. People do not expect new

things only if they see them in context in which they expected something else, so there must be conscious attention,

thwarted goal, or difference from previous thing, not just something entirely new or meaningless.

Memories, reminding, and processing are simultaneous in script application, plan application, and goal tracking. Story

always involves goal, why. In trying to reach goal, people can fail to perform obvious subgoals {goal subsumption

failure}, face obstacles, move toward new goal, or have more than one goal.

People can search memory intentionally. Scenes connect by higher order knowledge structures {memory organization

packet, scene} (MOP). Abstract concepts connect by higher order knowledge structures {thematic organization packet,

Schank} (TOP).

Consciousness is just observing unconscious mental processing. It is for learning explanations, applying rules, and

questioning, but it interferes with well-learned activities.

Christopher Alexander [Alexander, Christopher]

architect

USA

1977 to 1999

Pattern Language [1977: with Sara Ishikawa and Murray Silverstein]; Timeless Way of Building [1999]; Oregon

Experiment [1977 to 1999]

Towns and buildings built in natural, intuitive, organic, and evolving way are best. People in society can share ideas

{pattern language}. Pattern-language patterns solve problems of living in environments, from large regions down to

room parts. Patterns depend on each other.

Larger patterns are about town or community. They have independent regions. They have town distributions, city-

country fingers, agricultural valleys, country streets, country towns, and countryside. They have subcultures, scattered

work, and local transport areas. They have community of 7000, subculture boundary, identifiable neighborhood, and

neighborhood boundary. They have public transportation webs, ring roads, learning networks, shopping webs, and

minibuses. They have four-story limit, nine-percent parking, parallel roads, sacred sites, access to water, life cycle

accommodation, and men and women. They have eccentric nuclei, density rings, activity nodes, promenades, shopping

streets, nightlife, and interchanges. They have household mix, public and private mix, house clusters, row houses,

housing hills, and old people everywhere. They have work communities, industrial ribbons, marketplace universities,

local town halls, community-project loops, large markets, health centers, and housing between. They have looped local

roads, T-junctions, green streets, path and road networks, main gateways, road crossings, raised walks, bike paths and

racks, and children. They have carnivals, quiet back areas, accessible greens, small public squares, high places, street

dancing, pools and streams, birthplaces, and holy ground. They have common land, connected play, public outdoor

rooms, grave sites, still water, local sports, adventure playgrounds, and animals. They have families and different-size

houses. They have self-governing workshops and offices, small services without red tape, office connections, masters

and apprentices, teenage society, shop-front schools, and homes. They have individually owned shops, street cafes,

corner groceries, beer halls, traveler's inns, bus stops, and food stands.

Smaller patterns are for buildings. They have building complexes, several stories, shielded parking, circulation realms,

main buildings, pedestrian paths, building thoroughfares, family entrances, and small parking lots. They have site

repair, south-facing outdoor areas, outdoor spaces, light wings, connected buildings, and long thin houses. They have

main entrances, half-hidden gardens, entrance transitions, car connections, open-space hierarchies, living courtyards,

cascading roofs, sheltering roofs, and roof gardens. They have arcades, paths and goals, path shapes, building fronts,

pedestrians not too crowded, activity pockets, and stair seats. They have intimacy gradient, indoor sunlight, common

areas at heart, entrance rooms, flows through rooms, short passages, staircase stages, zen-style views, and light and

dark tapestries. They have couple realms, children realms, sleeping to east, farmhouse kitchens, private terraces, own

rooms, sitting spaces, bed clusters, bathing rooms, and bulk storage. They have flexible office space, communal eating,

small work groups, reception areas, places to wait, small meeting rooms, and half-private offices. They have rooms to

rent, teenager cottages, old-age cottages, settled workplaces, home workshops, and open stairs. They have light on two

room sides, building edges, sunny places, north facing areas, outdoor rooms, street-level windows, openings to street,

galleries, six-foot balconies, and connections to earth. They have terraced slopes, fruit trees, tree places, wild gardens,

garden walls, trellised walks, greenhouses, garden seats, vegetable gardens, and compost. They have alcoves, window

places, fireplaces, eating spots, workspace enclosures, cooking layouts, sitting circles, communal sleeping, marriage

beds, bed alcoves, and dressing rooms. They have ceiling-height variety, indoor space shapes, large windows, half-

open walls, interior windows, good staircase volume, and corner doors. They have thick walls, closets between rooms,

sunny counters, open shelves, waist-high shelves, built-in seats, child caves, and secret places.

Building details have patterns. Buildings have structure that follows social spaces, efficient structure, good materials,

and gradual stiffening. They have roof layouts, floor-and-ceiling layouts, outer wall thickenings, corner columns, and

column distributions. They have root foundations, ground floor slab, box columns, perimeter beams, wall membranes,

floor-ceiling vaults, and roof vaults. They have natural doors and windows, low sill, deep reveals, low doorway, and

frames as thickened edges. They have column places, column connections, stair vaults, duct spaces, radiant heat,

dormer windows, and roof caps. They have floor surfaces, lapped outside walls, soft inside walls, windows that open

wide, solid doors with glass, filtered light, small panes, and half-inch trim. They have seat spots, front-door benches,

sitting walls, canvas roofs, flower baskets, climbing plants, stone paving, tile, and brick. They have ornaments, warm

colors, different chairs, light pools, and things from life.

Combining patterns gives deeper meaning.

Stephen Jay Gould [Gould, Stephen Jay]

biologist

USA

1977 to 2002

Ever Since Darwin [1977]; Ontogeny and Phylogeny [1977]; Spandrels of San Marco and the Panglossian Paradigm

[1978: with Richard Lewontin]; Urchin in the Storm [1987]; Wonderful Life: The Burgess Shale and the Nature of

History [1989]; Structure of Evolutionary Theory [2002]

Evolution repeats and modifies animal forms {bauplan, Gould}. Evolutionary changes can be in bursts {punctuated

equilibrium, Gould}, even after 20,000 years with no change. Most traits are side effects. Timing changes during

development cause evolutionary changes.

Organisms produce more offspring than survive to reproduce {superfecundity, Gould}. Darwin defended this idea

against people that thought God is more benevolent. Offspring vary in traits. All accept this idea. Offspring pass their

traits to offspring. All accept this idea. Therefore, offspring with traits more favorable for survival to reproductive age

will produce more offspring with same traits {natural selection, Gould}.

Darwin's evolutionary theory has three main principles to explain natural-selection mechanisms. Natural selection

applies to organisms, not classes, genuses, species, tissues, organs, or genes.

Darwin suggested that altruism in humans was trait outside this idea. Perhaps, altruism can explain hybridization and

worker-insect sterility. Modern theory suggests genes, cell lines, organisms, demes, species, and clades evolve using

selection and drift to change frequencies and parts. They can work synergistically, in opposition, or independently of

nearby levels. Other possibilities can be entropy effect or complex system spontaneous ordering.

Natural selection removes unfit and designs fit, because variations from typical or average are small, random, and

numerous and not always negative. Small and large variations accumulate over many generations. Variations can have

different kinds and sizes {microevolution, Gould}. Modern theory adds structural, historic, and developmental factors.

Natural selection gradually makes more-complex organisms and can make new higher-level organism species.

However, modern theory adds mass extinctions, species sorting by punctuated equilibrium to alter clades, and other

processes taking different times. Other possibilities can be inorganic and organic comparisons or new species-

formation ideas.

Because organisms overproduce, nature has competing organisms and species, so new ones must replace or wedge

aside existing ones, leading to better-adapted species. This requires that environment changes slowly compared to

evolution and observed species changes.

Interactors, rather than replicators, can define selection. Emergent fitness, rather than emergent traits, causes higher-

level selection. Species selection is main macroevolution method.

Evolutionary theory involves same framework as other scientific explanations. It involves causation vs. association.

Event sequences relate or do not relate. Related events are consequences or not. Structures and functions exist. Logical

conclusions come from premises. People can find causation direction. Determinism comes from fundamental-unit laws

versus independent-level interactions. Changes are gradual, spurt, maintain stasis, are exponential, or rise and fall. It

involves fundamental units, structure hierarchies, change rates, space scales, and time scales.

Darwin felt that nature had progressed, because organism and ecosystem design was good (Paley) and complexity was

increasing. Besides, nature ordered itself in the most-efficient way by survival of fittest (Adam Smith).

Increased speciation leads to increased extinction.

Clade selection, species habitat tracking, and grouping in populations can cause stasis.

Organisms tend to evolve to larger size, from individual size advantages and structural factors {Cope's rule, Gould}.

Slow variation and slow environmental change helped ancient organisms alive today survive. Their clades had low

speciation.

Clades have various speciation rates, which can change over time and mimic seemingly progressive linear species

changes, as in horses and humans.

Humans are stable genetically if punctuated equilibrium is true.

Drift can go into available niches, but bacteria dominate life.

Geometric patterns and physical laws, such as surface-to-volume ratios and coordinate transformations, constrain

structures and allow few alternatives. Historical development can impose homologies and regulations. Adaptation

consequences {exaptation, Gould} can have later advantages.

Homology is internal structure similarity {homogeny, Gould}. Homology can result from fundamental internal

structure {parallelism, Gould} or same external pressures {convergence, Gould}. Organisms can also perform similar

functions with different structures {homoplasy, Gould}.

Darwin held that small structure shifts were adaptive, but cumulative-shift adaptations can be different {functional

shift, Gould} {cooptation, Gould}. Initial stages have unpredictable uses, constrain future adaptation, and form

sequence. Non-adaptive structures {spandrel, Gould} arise in association with adaptive structures, and these structures

can later be for adaptation, at all hierarchy levels. Adaptive structures tend to limit further evolution through

specialization, but adaptive structures make many more non-adaptive structures with which evolution can work.

David A. Adler [Adler, David A.]

writer

USA

1977 to 2004

Cam Jansen [1977 to 2004: books]

He lived 1947 to ?.

Blondie or Deborah Harry [Harry, Deborah]

singer

USA

1978

Heart of Glass [1978]

Leslie Bricusse [Bricusse, Leslie]/John Williams [Williams, John]

lyricist/composer

USA

1978

Can You Read My Mind [1978: from the film Superman]

Bricusse lived 1931 to ?. Williams lived 1932 to ?.

Jim Casey [Casey, Jim]/Warren Jacobs [Jacobs, Warren]

composer

USA

1978

Summer Nights [1978: from the film Grease]

Eric Clapton [Clapton, Eric]

singer

USA

1978

After Midnight [1970]; I Shot the Sheriff [1974]; Cocaine [1977]; Wonderful Tonight [1977]; Lay Down Sally [1978];

I Can't Stand It [1980]; Tears in Heaven [1992]; Layla Unplugged [1992]; Change the World [1996]

Clapton lived 1945 to ?.

Otis Day [Day, Otis]/Knights

singer

USA

1978

Shout [1978]

Otis Day and the Knights.

Thomas J. Dygard [Dygard, Thomas J.]

writer

USA

1978

Winning Kicker [1978]

He lived 1931 to 1996.

John Farrar [Farrar, John]

composer

USA

1978

Hopelessly Devoted to You [1978: from the film Grease]; You're the One That I Want [1978: from the film Grease]

Dino Ferakis [Ferakis, Dino]/Freddie Perren [Perren, Freddie]

composer

USA

1978

I Will Survive [1978]

Andy Gibb [Gibb, Andy]

composer

USA

1978

Shadow Dancing [1978]

He lived 1958 to 1988.

Randolf Menzel [Menzel, Randolf]

psychologist

USA

1978

Learning and Memory in Bees [1978: with Jochen Erber]

Michael I. Posner [Posner, Michael I.]

psychologist

USA

1978

Chronometric Explorations of the Mind [1978]

He studied brain timing.

Ellen Raskin [Raskin, Ellen]

writer

USA

1978

Westing Game [1978]

She lived 1928 to 1984.

Brenda Sivers [Sivers, Brenda]

writer

USA

1978

Snailman [1978]

Robert K. Smith [Smith, Robert K.]

writer

USA

1978

Chocolate Fever [1978]

Bonnie Tylor [Tylor, Bonnie]

singer

USA

1978

It's a Heartache [1978]

R. Wall [Wall, R.]/Philip Leder [Leder, Philip]

biologist

USA

1978

Genes rearrange themselves in early infancy [1978]. Antibody genes can join joining gene by deleting DNA between

them. Joining genes join to trunk genes, which determine mobility level. Joined genes determine antigen.

Robert A. Weale [Weale, Robert A.]

biologist

USA

1978

Vertebrate Eye [1978]

He studied vertebrate eye.

Myron Winick [Winick, Myron]

biologist

USA

1978

Early Nutrition and Brain Development [1978]

Alexander Woodcock [Woodcock, Alexander]/Monte Davis [Davis, Monte]

mathematician

USA

1978

Catastrophe Theory [1978]

They studied catastrophe theory.

Warren Zevon [Zevon, Warren]/Robert Wachtel [Wachtel, Robert]/Leroy Marinel [Marinel, Leroy]

composer

England

1978

Werewolves of London [1978]

Zevon lived 1947 to 2003.

Gloria Gaynor [Gaynor, Gloria]

singer

USA

1978 to 1979

I Will Survive [1978]

Don Freeman [Freeman, Don]

writer

USA

1978 to 1981

Corduroy [1978]; Norman the Doorman [1981]

He lived 1908 to 1978.

Beverly Cleary [Cleary, Beverly]

writer

USA

1978 to 1984

Beezus and Ramona [1978]; Ellen Tibbits [1979]; Henry Huggins [1979]; Ramona and Her Father [1979]; Ramona and

Her Mother [1980]; Ramona the Pest [1981]; Ramona Quimby Age 8 [1982]; Ramona the Brave [1984]; Mouse and

the Motorcycle; Dear Mr. Henshaw

She lived 1916 to ?.

Van Halen

singer

USA

1978 to 1984

You Really Got Me [1978]; Dance the Night Away [1979]; Jump [1984]

Francine G. Patterson [Patterson, Francine G.]

primatologist

USA

1978 to 1987

Linguistic capabilities of young lowland gorilla [1978]; Koko's Story [1987]

She lived 1947 to ?. The gorilla Koko acquired over 250 signs of American Sign Language and learned spoken English

comprehension.

Dolly Parton [Parton, Dolly]

composer/singer

USA

1978 to 1992

Here You Come Again [1978]; 9 to 5 [1980: from the film 9 to 5]; I Will Always Love You [1992: from the film The

Bodyguard. sung by Whitney Houston]

She lived 1946 to ?.

Louis Sachar [Sachar, Louis]

writer

USA

1978 to 1998

Sideways Stories from Wayside School [1978]; There's a Boy in the Girls' Bathroom [1990]; Holes [1998]

He lived 1954 to ?.

John Paul II

pope

Poland

1978 to 2003

He lived 1920 to 2005.

Gerald M. Edelman [Edelman, Gerald M.]

psychologist

USA

1978 to 2004

Mindful Brain: Cortical Organization and the Group-Selective Theory of Higher Brain Function [1978: with Vernon B.

Mountcastle]; Neural Darwinism: The Theory of Neuronal Group Selection [1987]; Topobiology: an Introduction to

Molecular Embryology [1988]; Remembered Present: A Biological Theory of Consciousness [1989]; Bright Air,

Brilliant Fire: On the Matter of the Mind [1992]; Universe of Consciousness: How Matter Becomes Imagination [2000:

with Guilio Tononi]; Wider than the Sky [2004]

He studied developmental selection, dynamic core, experiential selection, neural Darwinism, and neuronal-group

selection [Edelman, 2003].

William Rehnquist [Rehnquist, William]

judge

USA

1978 to 2005

He lived 1924 to 2005 and was USA Supreme Court Justice [1972 to 1986] and Chief Justice [1986 to 2005].

Richard Alexander [Alexander, Richard]

biologist

USA

1979

Darwinism and Human Affairs [1979]

He studied brain development from social interactions.

Kenny Ascher [Ascher, Kenny]/Paul Williams [Williams, Paul]

composer

USA

1979

Rainbow Connection [1979: from the film The Muppet Movie]

Don Black [Black, Don]/Andrew Lloyd Webber [Webber, Andrew Lloyd]

lyricist/composer

England

1979

Song and Dance [1979: musical]

Black lived 1938 to ?. Webber lived 1948 to ?.

Joan W. Blos [Blos, Joan W.]

writer

USA

1979

Gathering of Days [1979]

She lived 1928 to ?.

Quentin Bone [Bone, Quentin]

biologist

USA

1979

Origin of Chordates [1979]

Eth Clifford [Clifford, Eth]

writer

USA

1979

Help! I'm a Prisoner in the Library [1979]

Thomas E. Copeland [Copeland, Thomas E.]

economist

USA

1979

Financial Theory and Corporate Policy [1979: with J. Fred Weston and Kuldeep Shastri]

He studied actual business-policy stages: understanding problem or situation, deciding on solution, organizing

resources, instructing participants, timing actions, and following results.

Carmine Coppola [Coppola, Carmine]

composer

USA

1979

End [1979: from the film Apocalypse Now]

She lived 1910 to 1991.

Bruce Coville [Coville, Bruce]/Katherine Coville [Coville, Katherine]

writer

USA

1979

Sarah's Unicorn [1979]

Scott E. Fahlman [Fahlman, Scott E.]

mathematician

USA

1979

NETL, A System for Representing and Using Real World Knowledge [1979]

He studied neural networks.

Imrich Friedmann [Friedmann, Imrich]

biologist

USA

1979

Human Ear [1979]

Charlotte Graeber [Graeber, Charlotte]

writer

USA

1979

Grey Cloud [1979]

Robert Hazard [Hazard, Robert]

composer

USA

1979

Girls Just Want to Have Fun [1979: sung by Cyndi Lauper]

Barbara Holland [Holland, Barbara]

writer

USA

1979

Prisoners at the Kitchen Table [1979]

Rupert Holmes [Holmes, Rupert]

singer

USA

1979

Escape or Pina Colada Song [1979]

James Howe [Howe, James]

writer

USA

1979

Bunnicula [1979]

David Lane [Lane, David]

biologist

Scotland

1979

TP53 gene kills cell if cell has broken DNA or has low oxygen, by making p53 protein [1979].

Lois Lowry [Lowry, Lois]

writer

USA

1979

Anastasia Krupnik [1979]; All about Sam; Number the Stars; Giver

She lived 1937 to ?.

Jean-François Lyotard [Lyotard, Jean-François]

philosopher

Paris, France

1979

Postmodern Condition [1979]

He lived 1924 to ? and developed postmodernism.

Amanda McBroom [McBroom, Amanda]

composer

USA

1979

Rose [1979: from the film The Rose]

She lived 1946 to ?.

Bernard Miles [Miles, Bernard]

writer

England

1979

Robin Hood: His Life and Legend [1979]

Joey Ramone [Ramone, Joey]

composer

USA

1979

Rock 'N' Roll High School [1979: from the film Rock 'N' Roll High School. sung by the Ramones]

He lived 1951 to 2001.

Carole Bayer Sager [Sager, Carole Bayer]/Marvin Hamlisch [Hamlisch, Marvin]

lyricist/composer

USA

1979

Through the Eyes of Love [1979: from the film Ice Castles. sung by Melissa Manchester]

Sager lived 1946 to ?. Hamlisch lived 1944 to ?.

David Shire [Shire, David]

composer

USA

1979

It Goes Like It Goes [1979: from the film Norma Rae. sung by Jennifer Warnes]

Herbert Terrace [Terrace, Herbert]

primatologist

USA

1979

Nim [1979]

The chimpanzee Nim Chimsky acquired over 125 simplified American-Sign-Language signs.

Geoffrey Underwood [Underwood, Geoffrey]

psychologist

USA

1979

Aspects of Consciousness [1979: editor with Robin Stevens]

He studied forgetting and learning transfer.

Robb White [White, Robb]

writer

USA

1979

Fire Storm [1979]

Patrick Henry Winston [Winston, Patrick Henry]

psychologist

USA

1979

Artificial Intelligence, an MIT Perspective [1979: editor with Richard Henry Brown]

He studied AI.

G. Clifton Wisler [Wisler, G. Clifton]

writer

USA

1979

My Brother the Wind [1979]

AC/DC

singer

USA

1979 to 1980

Highway to Hell [1979]; You Shook Me All Night Long [1980]

Richard Rorty [Rorty, Richard]

philosopher

USA

1979 to 1982

Philosophy and the Mirror of Nature [1979]; Consequences of Pragmatism [1982]

He lived 1931 to 2007. Wilfred Sellars and Quine influenced him. Truths, and objective or transcendental judgments,

do not exist. Only beliefs exist, and they can be close to truth. Such truth depends on social context {neo-pragmatism,

Rorty}. Intentions and mental states do not correspond to physical brain states {eliminative materialism, Rorty}. Folk

psychology is not the way brain works.

John P. Frisby [Frisby, John P.]

psychologist

USA

1979 to 1991

Seeing: Illusion, Brain and Mind [1979]

Paul M. Churchland [Churchland, Paul M.]

philosopher

USA

1979 to 1995

Scientific Realism and the Plasticity of Mind [1979]; Matter and Consciousness [1984]; Neurocomputational

Perspective [1989]; Engine of Reason, The Seat of the Soul [1995: Fusion Net]

He lived 1942 to ?.

Epistemology

People use terms such as desires, intentions, and reasons {folk psychology}, but scientific terms must replace these

terms {eliminativism}.

Mind

Consciousness uses short-term memory, does not need sensory input, changes attention, interprets input, disappears in

deep sleep, reappears in dreaming, and unifies senses. Conscious states involve changing attention, representing inputs,

using concepts, combining attention and perception in short-term memory, and processing over time {dynamical profile

approach}. Consciousness can be conscious of all representations, not just self-representations or high-level

representations. Brain uses recurrent neural networks for attention and memory.

Michael Jackson [Jackson, Michael] or King of Pop

singer

USA

1979 to 1995

Don't Stop 'Til You Get Enough [1979]; Thriller [1982]; Billie Jean [1982]; Beat It [1982]; We Are the World [1985:

with Quincy Jones]; Man in the Mirror [1987]; I Just Can't Stop Loving You [1987]; Bad [1987]; Way You Make Me

Feel [1987]; Dirty Diana [1987]; Black or White [1991]; You Are Not Alone [1995]

He lived 1958 to 2009 and invented a dance step in which one appears to walk forward but goes backward {moonwalk}

[1983].

Alan H. Guth [Guth, Alan H.]

physicist

USA

1979 to 1997

Inflationary Universe [1997]

In universes with general relativity, antigravity starting 10^-34 second after universe origin can cause exponential

inflation [1979]. Universe goes from smaller than proton to softball size.

Joseph Raz [Raz, Joseph]

philosopher

England

1979 to 2000

Authority of Law [1979]; Concept of a Legal System [1980]; Morality of Freedom [1986]; Engaging Reason [2000]

Douglas Hofstadter [Hofstadter, Douglas]

computer scientist

USA

1979 to 2007

Godel, Escher, Bach: an Eternal Golden Braid [1979]; Mind's I [1982: with Daniel Dennett, editors]; I Am a Strange

Loop [2007]

Mental events are recursive self-representational loops {strange loop}. The physical basis of loops is the molecular-

behavioral loop. Consciousness is higher-order thoughts or reports accompanying unconscious mental states, so brain

can monitor itself {higher-order thought, Hofstadter}. This control system allows recursion through self-

representations. Mental states have different levels.

Brain has complex patterns, some of which are self-referentional. Lower animals, mammals, primates, children, adults,

brain-damaged adults, and senescent people have no, some, half, medium, or high self-reference. Also, self-reference

can have one, some, many, or infinite numbers of levels. People can nest things to infinite self-reference. Brain

complex patterns are entirely physical at microscopic levels but have descriptions, and causes and effects, that use

intentions at higher levels. Self-reference threatens paradox, runaway feedback, inconsistency, and incompleteness.

Strange loops feed back, cross levels, and go back to previous loop stages.

By the theory of types, a set cannot contain itself and a proposition cannot refer to itself.

A true proposition has a proof, which makes it true. A false proposition has no proof, showing it is false. False

propositions lead to contradictions.

A different integer can represent each symbol. The sequence of primes can represent each position in a string. The

prime raised to the integer represents the symbol at the position. For example, if symbol = is at position 1 and integer 5

represents symbol =, 2^5 = 32 represents the string "=". For more than one position, multiply the primes raised to

powers. For example, if integer 2 represents symbol 4, the string "= 4" can be 2^5 * 3^2 = 288. In reverse, knowing the

number 288 (Gödel number) and factoring into primes gives the symbol string. Formulas and Gödel numbers have one-

to-one mapping and so are analogous. Their meanings are the same, but the concepts differ. Natural numbers can

represent any pattern, have unlimited expressivity, and are like universal language.

Formal systems cannot prove that a Gödel number is the number of a true formula.

Symbol strings can represent propositions and inference rules, or not. Proofs derive propositions from previous

propositions using rules of inference, and arithmetic calculations on proposition and rule Gödel numbers are equivalent

to proofs. Proofs have Gödel numbers.

Some proposition Gödel numbers are in a system, as valid formulas, and the rest are out. Valid formulas come

recursively from earlier valid formulas and must get larger. Some proposition Gödel numbers are valid formulas and

provable. Provable formulas come recursively from earlier valid formulas and can be smaller or larger.

By describing Gödel numbers using their computation methods, formulas can contain their Gödel numbers. Proposition

subjects and verb phrases have smaller Gödel numbers than whole propositions. Propositions can have verb phrases as

subjects. Propositions about themselves are not provable.

In formal systems, proofs always find true propositions (consistency). If propositions about themselves were provable,

formal systems find that the statement "propositions about themselves are not provable" is false. This is inconsistent.

Formal systems can prove all true propositions (completeness). If propositions about themselves are not provable,

formal systems cannot find the true statement "propositions about themselves are not provable". This is incomplete.

I is a symbol that perception sometimes triggers in brains. I becomes larger over development, with more perceptions,

results of actions, memories, beliefs, goals, feelings, and imaginings. Brain has structures larger than molecules and

neurons and even neuron assemblies and brain regions. Such structures correspond with objects and events in the

physical world and so are analogies.

Brains have many symbols and can make symbol patterns. Some brains can make symbol patterns that refer to symbol

patterns. Symbol patterns can communicate.

Universal Turing machines can read and write descriptions of themselves (and so any machine).

Richard H. Adrian [Adrian, Richard H.]

biologist

England

1980

Nerve Impulse [1980]

He lived 1927 to ?.

Lynne Reid Banks [Banks, Lynne Reid]

writer

USA

1980

Indian in the Cupboard [1980]

She lived 1929 to ?.

Pat Benatar [Benatar, Pat]

singer

USA

1980

Hit Me with Your Best Shot [1980]

She lived 1953 to ?.

David Botstein [Botstein, David]/Ron Davis [Davis, Ron]/Ray White [White, Ray]/Mark Skolnick [Skolnick,

Mark]

biologist

USA

1980

genetic markers for genome mapping [1980]

James Burke [Burke, James]

historian

England

1980

Connections [1980]

He lived 1936 to ?.

Jorg-Peter Ewert [Ewert, Jorg-Peter]

psychologist

USA

1980

Neuroethology [1980]

He studied mind in environment.

John R. Gardiner [Gardiner, John R.]

writer

USA

1980

Stone Fox [1980]

He lived 1945 to 2006.

Michael Gore [Gore, Michael]/Paul McCrane [McCrane, Paul]

composer

USA

1980

Fame [1980: from the film Fame]

Deborah Harry [Harry, Deborah] or Blondie

composer

USA

1980

Call Me [1980: from the film American Gigolo]

David E. Johnson [Johnson, David E.]

linguist

USA

1980

Arc Pair Grammar [1980: with Paul M. Postal]

He lived 1946 to ? and studied grammar.

Horace F. Judson [Judson, Horace F.]

psychologist

USA

1980

Search for Solutions [1980]

He studied problem-solving.

Ruth Park [Park, Ruth]

writer

USA

1980

Playing Beatie Bow [1980]

Paul M. Postal [Postal, Paul M.]

linguist

USA

1980

Arc Pair Grammar [1980: with David E. Johnson]

He developed projection rules to try to formalize semantics.

Thomas Rockwell [Rockwell, Thomas]

writer

USA

1980

How to Eat Fried Worms [1980: plays]

Sarah Sargent [Sargent, Sarah]

writer

USA

1980

Weird Henry Berg [1980]

Carol Beach York [York, Carol Beach]

writer

USA

1980

Remember Me When I Am Dead [1980]

Lech Walesa [Walesa, Lech]

union leader

Gdansk, Poland

1980 to 1980.12

He lived 1943 to ?. Shipyard workers strike led to Solidarity trade union, with repression in December.

Christopher Cross [Cross, Christopher]

singer

USA

1980 to 1981

Sailing [1980]; Arthur's Theme or Best That You Can Do [1981: by Burt Bacharach, Carole Sager, Christopher Cross,

and Peter Allen]

Willie Nelson [Nelson, Willie]

singer/composer

USA

1980 to 1982

On the Road Again [1980: from the film Honeysuckle Rose]; Mammas Don't Let Your Babies Grow up to Be Cowboys

[1981: by Ned Sublette]; Always on My Mind [1982]

He lived 1933 to ?.

Kenny Loggins [Loggins, Kenny]

composer/singer

USA

1980 to 1984

I'm Alright [1980: from the film Caddyshack. sung by Kenny Loggins]; Footloose [1984]

He lived 1948 to ?.

Ilya Prigogine [Prigogine, Ilya]

physicist

USA

1980 to 1989

From Being to Becoming [1980]; Order out of Chaos [1984: with Stengers]; Exploring Complexity [1989: with

Gregoire Nicolis]

He lived 1917 to 2003. Dissipative-structure subsystems can reduce entropy, if energy is available and subsystems use

only their own processes.

Franklyn Mayer [Mayer, Franklyn]

writer

USA

1980 to 1990

Me and Caleb

Stephen Michael Kosslyn [Kosslyn, Stephen Michael]

psychologist

USA

1980 to 1994

Image and Mind [1980]; Image and Brain [1994]

He studied imagery.

Joseph Margolis [Margolis, Joseph]

philosopher

USA

1980 to 1994

Art and Philosophy [1980]; Culture and Cultural Entities [1984]; Interpretation Radical but not Unruly: The New

Puzzle of the Arts and History [1994]

He lived 1924 to ?. Art is about physical and material individual objects. Material object expresses {embodiment}

emergent properties about interpretations and intentions. Intentions can be numerous and conflict.

Anne Treisman [Treisman, Anne]

psychologist

USA

1980 to 1996

Feature integration theory of attention [1980: with G. Gelade]; Perception of features and objects [1993]; Binding

problem [1996]

She invented an attention theory {feature integration theory, Treisman}. Mind first processes basic visual features

preattentively and automatically and then uses attention to associate features with objects and find higher-level

properties.

Wolfram Schultz [Schultz, Wolfram]

biologist

England

1980 to 1998

Dopamine prediction neurons fire before rewards.

Ted Honderich [Honderich, Ted]

philosopher

England

1980 to 1999

Violence for Equality [1980]; Theory of Determinism [1988]; Mind and Brain [1988]; Punishment [1989];

Conservatism [1990]; Oxford Companion to Philosophy [1999: editor]

He lived 1933 to ?. Brain-mind mental and physical states function together, pair one to one-or-many, cause brain and

body behavior, and affect mind {union theory}.

Austen Clark [Clark, Austen]

philosopher

England

1980 to 2000

Psychological Models and Neural Mechanisms [1980]; Sensory Qualities [1993]; Theory of Sentience [2000]

Daniel Wegner [Wegner, Daniel]

psychologist

USA

1980 to 2002

Self in Prosocial Action [1980]; White Bears and Other Unwanted Thoughts [1989]; You can't always think what you

want [1992]; Apparent mental causation: Sources of the experience [1999: with Thalia P. Wheatley]; Illusion of

Conscious Will [2002]

He lived 1948 to ? and invented the priority principle [Wegner, 2002].

David Caplan [Caplan, David]

biologist

USA

1980 to 2003

Biological Studies of Mental Processes [1980: editor]

Peter Allen [Allen, Peter]/Burt Bacharach [Bacharach, Burt]

lyricist/composer

USA

1981

Arthur's Theme (Best That You Can Do) [1981: from the film Arthur]

Bacharach lived 1928 to ?.

Avron Barr [Barr, Avron]/Edward A. Feigenbaum [Feigenbaum, Edward A.]

mathematician

USA

1981

Handbook of Artificial Intelligence [1981]

They studied AI.

Sue Ellen Bridgers [Bridgers, Sue Ellen]

writer

USA

1981

Notes for Another Life [1981]

Kim Carnes [Carnes, Kim]

singer

USA

1981

Bette Davis Eyes [1981]

John Donovan [Donovan, John]

writer

USA

1981

Wild in the World [1981]

Sheena Easton [Easton, Sheena]

singer

England

1981

For Your Eyes Only [1981]

Moshe Gitterman [Gitterman, Moshe]/Vivian Haim Halpern [Halpern, Vivian Haim]

physicist

USA

1981

Qualitative Analysis of Physical Problems [1981]

Leo M. Hurvich [Hurvich, Leo M.]

psychologist

USA

1981

Color Vision [1981]

He studied color vision.

Rick James [James, Rick] or King of Funk

singer

USA

1981

Superfreak or Super Freak [1981]

He lived 1948 to 2004.

Robert Jastrow [Jastrow, Robert]

psychologist

USA

1981

Enchanted Loom [1981]

He studied brain anatomy.

Michael Leeson [Leeson, Michael]/Bill Conti [Conti, Bill]

composer

USA

1981

For Your Eyes Only [1981: from the film For Your Eyes Only. sung by Sheena Easton]

Conti lived 1943 to ?.

Trevor Nunn [Nunn, Trevor]/Andrew Lloyd Webber [Webber, Andrew Lloyd]

lyricist/composer

England

1981

Cats [1981: musical, based on T. S. Eliot poem, including the song Memory]

Webber lived 1948 to ?.

Werner E. Reichardt [Reichardt, Werner E.]/Tomaso Poggio [Poggio, Tomaso]

biologist

USA

1981

Theoretical Approaches in Neurobiology [1981: editors]

Diana Ross [Ross, Diana]/Lionel Richie [Richie, Lionel]

singer

USA

1981

Endless Love [1981]

Ross lived 1944 to ?. Richie lived 1949 to ?.

Rick Springfield [Springfield, Rick]

singer

USA

1981

Jessie's Girl [1981]; I've Done Everything for You [1981]

He lived 1949 to ?.

Lionel Richie [Richie, Lionel]

composer

USA

1981 to 1985

Endless Love [1981: from the film Endless Love. sung with Diana Ross]; Truly [1982]; All Night Long [1983]; Hello

[1984]; Say You, Say Me [1986: from the film White Knights]; Dancing on the Ceiling [1986]; Se La or Sela [1986]

He lived 1949 to ?.

Ann Cameron [Cameron, Ann]

writer

USA

1981 to 1987

Stories Julian Tells [1981]; Julian's Glorious Summer [1987]

Paul Feyerabend [Feyerabend, Paul]

philosopher

Austria/England

1981 to 1988

Philosophical Papers [1981]; Against Method [1988]

He lived 1924 to 1994 and was eliminative materialist. Philosophy of science and its claim to knowledge are

impossible. All knowledge is relative.

Jack Prelutsky [Prelutsky, Jack]

writer

USA

1981 to 1988

It's Christmas [1981]; New Kid on the Block [1984]; Read-Aloud Rhymes for the Very Young [1986]; Tyrannosaurus

was a Beast [1988]

He lived 1940 to ?.

Ronald Reagan [Reagan, Ronald]

president

USA

1981 to 1989

He lived 1911 to 2004. 40th president enacted large tax cuts, caused government debt, and built up military.

Gregory E. Hinton [Hinton, Gregory E.]

mathematician

USA

1981 to 1992

Parallel Models of Associative Memory [1981: editor with John A. Anderson]; How Neural Networks Learn from

Experience [1992]

He invented backpropagation learning algorithms.

Isabel Allende [Allende, Isabel]

novelist

Chile

1981 to 1995

House of the Spirits [1981]; Of Love and Shadows [1984]; Stories of Eva Luna [1986]; Paula [1995]

She lived 1942 to ?.

Derek Bickerton [Bickerton, Derek]

linguist

USA

1981 to 1995

Roots of Language [1981]; Language and Species [1990]; Language and Human Behavior [1995]

Animal calls and signs are structural wholes and have no component parts. Hawaiian immigrants spoke pidgin, and

their children spoke creole. Creoles all over world are mostly similar to each other, possibly indicating universal

grammar, which has same default settings for creole and young children.

Roy D'Andrade [D'Andrade, Roy]

anthropologist

USA

1981 to 1995

Development of Cognitive Anthropology [1995]

He studied how children develop ideas from implicit learning by observation, participation, modeling, and trial and

error. He also noted that human physiology constrains culture.

Fred I. Dretske [Dretske, Fred I.]

philosopher

USA

1981 to 1995

Knowledge and the Flow of Information [1981]; Explaining Behavior: Reasons in a World of Causes [1988];

Naturalizing the Mind [1995]

He lived 1932 to ?.

Epistemology

Beliefs are information about relations. People know relations by differences and similarities among related scenarios

{relevant alternative}.

Mental states represent beliefs about external events.

Learning acts are the basis of representations. Learning links external events and internal natural indicators {natural

sign, Dretske}. Natural signs are mental phenomena, personal experiences, and actions, not abstract or arbitrary

symbols. In learning, representational system gathers information from environmental events to make new algorithms.

Learning is not just sensitizing, habituating, or setting algorithm parameters.

Mental-state pattern or structure {belief, Dretske} influences neural events and provides reasons to perform behaviors

{structuring cause} and so causes action {triggering event} that leads directly to behavior {structural-cause theory}.

Phil Collins [Collins, Phil]

composer/singer

England

1981 to 1999

In the Air Tonight [1981]; Against All Odds (Take a Look At Me Now) [1984: from the film Against All Odds]; One

More Night [1985]; Another Day in Paradise [1990]; You'll Be in My Heart [1999: from the film Tarzan]

He lived 1951 to ?.

Donald R. Griffin [Griffin, Donald R.]

psychologist

USA

1981 to 2001

Question of Animal Awareness [1981]; Animal Thinking [1984]; Animal Minds [2001]

He studied animals.

Alan Bergman [Bergman, Alan]/Dave Grusin [Grusin, Dave]

lyricist/composer

USA

1982

It Might Be You or Theme from Tootsie [1982: from the film Tootsie]

Thomas Cech [Cech, Thomas]/Sidney Altman [Altman, Sidney]

biologist

USA

1982

They found ribozyme RNA that can act as enzymes to cut other RNA [1982]. RNA was first molecule able to replicate,

because RNA can be catalyst. DNA bases and sugars came from RNA bases and sugars. For example, thymine can

come from uracil. RNA works with ribosomal proteins, amino acids, and many enzymes.

Joe Cocker [Cocker, Joe]/Jennifer Warnes [Warnes, Jennifer]

singer

USA

1982

Up Where We Belong [1982]

Nancy Garden [Garden, Nancy]

writer

USA

1982

Annie on My Mind [1982]

Joan Jett [Jett, Joan]/Blackhearts

singer

USA

1982

I Love Rock and Roll [1982]

Joan Jett and the Blackhearts.

Michel Legrand [Legrand, Michel]

composer

USA

1982

How Do You Keep the Music Playing? [1982: from the film Best Friends]

He lived 1932 to 1987.

John Macnamara [Macnamara, John]

linguist

USA

1982

Names for Things [1982]

He studied naming.

David Courtenay Marr [Marr, David Courtenay]

psychologist

Britain

1982

Vision [1982]

He lived 1945 to 1980 and modeled cerebellum function. He emphasized need to study brain's task, from requirements,

to functions, to implementation. He developed theory of how visual system recognizes lines and edges, using

neurophysiology and psychology. Objects have different representations at different stages, to facilitate recognition

[Marr, 1982].

Barry J. Marshall [Marshall, Barry J.]/J. Robin Warren [Warren, J. Robin]

biologist

USA

1982

Helicobacter pylori bacteria cause ulcers [1982].

Jack Nitzsche [Nitzsche, Jack]/Will Jennings [Jennings, Will]/Buffy Sainte-Marie [Sainte-Marie, Buffy]

composer

USA

1982

Up Where We Belong [1982: from the film An Officer and a Gentleman. sung by Joe Cocker and Jennifer Warnes]

Gunther Palm [Palm, Gunther]

biologist

Germany

1982

Neural Assemblies [1982]

Yoh-Han Pao [Pao, Yoh-Han]

psychologist

USA

1982

Context-Directed Pattern Recognition and Machine Intelligence Techniques for Information Processing [1982: with

George W. Ernst]

He studied pattern recognition.

Andras Pellionisz [Pellionisz, Andras]

psychologist

USA

1982

Brain modeling by tensor network theory and computer simulation [1982: with R. Llinas]

He studied mental models.

Meredith Pierce [Pierce, Meredith]

writer

USA

1982

Darkangel [1982]

Stanley B. Prusiner [Prusiner, Stanley B.]

biologist

USA

1982

Misshapen prion proteins cause scrapie [1982].

Kenny Rogers [Rogers, Kenny]

singer

USA

1982

Through the Years [1982]

He lived 1938 to ?.

Roger N. Shepard [Shepard, Roger N.]

psychologist

USA

1982

Mental Images and Their Transformations [1982: with Lynn A. Cooper]

He studied imagery.

Frankie Sullivan [Sullivan, Frankie]/Jim Peterik [Peterik, Jim]

composer

USA

1982

Eye of the Tiger [1982: from the film Rocky III. sung by Survivor]

George Thorogood [Thorogood, George]/Destroyers

singer

USA

1982

Bad to the Bone [1982]

George Thorogood and the Destroyers.

Margot Zemach [Zemach, Margot]

writer

USA

1982

Jake and Honeybunch Go to Heaven [1982]

John Mellencamp [Mellencamp, John]

composer/singer

USA

1982 to 1985

Jack and Diane [1982]; Pink Houses [1983]; Small Town [1985]

He lived 1951 to ?.

Cynthia Voigt [Voigt, Cynthia]

writer

USA

1982 to 1985

Dicey's Song [1982]; Runner [1985]; Homecoming; When She Hollers

She lived 1942 to ?.

Prince or Prince Rogers Nelson [Nelson, Prince Rogers]

singer

USA

1982 to 1986

1999 [1982]; When Doves Cry [1984]; Purple Rain [1984: from the film Purple Rain]; Let's Go Crazy [1984: from the

film Purple Rain]; Let's Go Crazy [1984: from the film Purple Rain]; Kiss [1986]

He lived 1958 to ?.

Jerome A. Feldman [Feldman, Jerome A.]

psychologist

USA

1982 to 1988

Connectionist Models and their properties [1982: with D. Ballard]; Connectionist Models and Their Implications

[1988: with David Waltz, editors]

Paul Horwich [Horwich, Paul]

philosopher

England

1982 to 1990

Probability and Evidence [1982]; Asymmetries in Time [1987]; Truth [1990]

He lived 1947 to ?, used Bayesian confirmation theory in science, and studied time direction.

Amartya K. Sen [Sen, Amartya K.]

economist

India

1982 to 1992

Choice, Welfare and Measurement [1982]; Inequality Reexamined [1992]

He lived 1933 to ?. Value does not depend only on individual preferences {welfarism}. Goodness depends on people's

average well-being {outcome utilitarianism}.

Alan Baddeley [Baddeley, Alan]

psychologist

England

1982 to 1996

Your Memory: A User's Guide [1982 and 1996]; Working Memory [1986]; Human Memory: Theory and Practice

[1990]

He studied articulatory loop. He invented working-memory models, with visuospatial sketchpads, phonological loops,

and episodic buffers [Baddeley, 1990]. Working memory connects to executive and long-term memory.

Colin McGinn [McGinn, Colin]

psychologist

England

1982 to 1999

Character of Mind [1982]; Subjective View [1983]; Mental Content [1989]; Problem of Consciousness: Essays Toward

a Resolution [1991]; Mysterious Flame [1999]

Consciousness contents are either sensory or propositional. Sensory content is mental image or actual object.

Propositional content is statement. Content is what people are aware of, rather than conscious state itself.

Perhaps, minds cannot understand or explain consciousness {mysterianism, McGinn}. People cannot perceive or

conceive how brain can make consciousness. Thinking is always spatial but consciousness is non-spatial. People can

only understand something if it has simpler parts, parts have relations and combine in specific ways, and combinations

let properties emerge {Combinatorial Atomism with Lawlike Mappings} (CALM). Introspection is knowledge by

acquaintance and needs no concepts or thinking. Introspection shows that consciousness is not spatial.

Perhaps, before universe origin, everything had no matter, mass, size, or shape. Perhaps, consciousness is about non-

spatial-property worlds. Complex brains somehow enable recreating that reality.

Philosophical problems have four answer types: deflationary reductionism, irreducibility, magical, eliminativism

(DIME).

Jon Barwise [Barwise, Jon]

psychologist

USA

1983

Situations and Attitudes [1983: with John Perry]

Language is about situations and about relations among communicators {situation semantics, Barwise}.

Alan Bergman [Bergman, Alan]/Marilyn Bergman [Bergman, Marilyn]/Michel Legrand [Legrand, Michel]

composer

USA

1983

Papa, Can You Hear Me? [1983: from the film Yentl]

Billy Idol

singer

USA

1983

White Wedding [1983]

Sidney Brenner [Brenner, Sidney]

biochemist

USA

1983

He lived 1927 to ? and helped determine worm and human genetic codes [1982].

Rita Coolidge [Coolidge, Rita]

singer

USA

1983

All Time High [1983]

Simon K. Donaldson [Donaldson, Simon K.]

mathematician

England

1983

He applied Yang-Mills gauge theory to four-dimensional manifolds [1983].

Keith Forsey [Forsey, Keith]/Irene Cara [Cara, Irene]/Giorgio Moroder [Moroder, Giorgio]

lyricist/singer/composer

USA

1983

What a Feeling [1983: in the movie Flashdance]

Stoyan O. Kableshkov [Kableshkov, Stoyan O.]

psychologist

Russia

1983

Anthropocentric Approach to Computing and Reactive Machines [1983]

He studied mental models.

Motoo Kimura [Kimura, Motoo]

biologist

England

1983

Neutral Theory of Molecular Evolution [1983]

Gene DNA evolves at constant rate in all species over all history. Molecular changes that have less control by natural

selection evolve more rapidly, because they have no effects, while harmful ones die out and good ones are rare

{Kimura's rule}.

William McGinnis [McGinnis, William]

biologist

USA

1983

Hox regulatory genes govern fruitfly development [1983].

Peter E. Morris [Morris, Peter E.]

psychologist

England

1983

Imagery and Consciousness [1983: with Peter J. Hampson]

He studied imagery.

Kary B. Mullis [Mullis, Kary B.]

biologist/inventor

USA

1983

polymerase chain reaction [1982]

Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) developed to make multiple copies of DNA.

Suzanne Newton [Newton, Suzanne]

writer

USA

1983

I Will Call It Georgie's Blues [1983]

David A. Stewart [Stewart, David A.]/Annie Lennox [Lennox, Annie]

composer

England

1983

Sweet Dreams are Made of This [1983: sung by the Eurythmics]

Lennox lived 1954 to ?.

Norman Whitfield [Whitfield, Norman]

composer

USA

1983

Ain't Too Proud to Beg [1983: from the film The Big Chill]

Cyndi Lauper [Lauper, Cyndi]

singer

USA

1983 to 1986

Girls Just Want to Have Fun [1983]; Time After Time [1983]; True Colors [1986]

She lived 1953 to ?.

David K. Lewis [Lewis, David K.]

philosopher/linguist

USA

1983 to 1986

Philosophical Papers [1983 and 1986]; General Semantics; On the Plurality of Worlds [1986]

He lived 1941 to ?.

Language and other social conventions developed unconsciously, not by agreement, to coordinate behavior. First,

unstructured unrelated signals expressed intention. Later, signals gained structure. Then simple intentions used

conventional form. Finally, sentences used these elements. Complex-expression meanings are functions of component

meanings.

Epistemology

Roles in causing organism physical behaviors define mental concepts, states, events, and processes {causal theory of

mental concepts}.

Effects depend on their causes, so if there are no such causes, there are no such effects {counterfactual dependence}.

Propositions are about possible worlds and cannot be about impossible worlds.

Properties are about possible subjects of propositions, which can be individual or category sets.

Metaphysics

Reality is local physics, which makes everything else. Quantum mechanically possible worlds are actually real {modal

realism, Lewis} and are separate in time and space.

Daniel L. Alkon [Alkon, Daniel L.]

biologist

USA

1983 to 1987

Learning in a Marine Snail [1983]; Memory Traces in the Brain [1987]

Joanna Cole [Cole, Joanna]

writer

USA

1983 to 1988

Best Loved Folktales of the World [1983]; Magic School Bus [1988]

She lived 1944 to ?.

Sting or Gordon Matthew Thomas Sumner [Sumner, Gordon Matthew Thomas]

singer/composer

England

1983 to 1993

Every Breath You Take [1983: sung by the Police]; Fields of Gold [1993]

He lived 1951 to ?.

Igor Aleksander [Aleksander, Igor]

psychologist

USA

1983 to 1995

Artificial Vision for Robots [1983: editor]; Artificial Neuroconsciousness: An Update; Impossible Minds [1995]

He studied methods for vision in robots. He proposed axioms for consciousness and tests for consciousness, with Barry

Dunmall.

John R. Anderson [Anderson, John R.]

psychologist

USA

1983 to 1995

Architecture of Cognition [1983]; Learning and Memory: An Integrated Approach [1995]

He studied learning, memory, and cognition.

Irvin Rock [Rock, Irvin]

psychologist

USA

1983 to 1998

Logic of Perception [1983]; Indirect Perception [1997]; Inattentional Blindness [1998: with A. Mack]

He studied perception.

Ray Jackendoff [Jackendoff, Ray]

psychologist

USA

1983 to 2002

Semantics and Cognition [1983]; Consciousness and the Computational Mind [1987]; Semantic Structures [1990];

Languages of the Mind [1992]; Patterns in the Mind [1993]; Foundations of Language [2002]

He studied information structure and intermediate-level theory of consciousness [Jackendoff, 2002].

Alexandr D. Alexandrov [Alexandrov, Alexandr D.]/Andrei N. Kolmogorov [Kolmogorov, Andrei N.]/Mikhail

A. Lavrent'ev [Lavrent'ev, Mikhail A.]

mathematician

Russia

1984

Mathematics: its content, methods, and meaning [1984: translated by S. H. Gould and T. Bartha]

Kolmogorov lived 1903 to 1987 and developed measure theory [1965].

Valentin Braitenberg [Braitenberg, Valentin]

mathematician

USA

1984

Vehicles [1984]

He invented robots.

Laura Branigan [Branigan, Laura]

singer

USA

1984

Self Control [1984]

Bruce Brooks [Brooks, Bruce]

writer

USA

1984

Moves Make the Man [1984]

Gloria Estefan [Estefan, Gloria] or Queen of Latin Pop/Miami Sound Machine

singer

USA

1984

Dr. Beat [1984]; Conga [1986]; Anything for You [1988]; 1,2,3 [1988]; Rhythm Is Gonna Get You [1988]; Can't Stay

Away from You [1988]; Don't Wanna Lose You [1989]; Cuts Both Ways [1989]; Reach [1996]

Gloria Estefan and the Miami Sound Machine.

Miles Goodman [Goodman, Miles]/Dean Pitchford [Pitchford, Dean]

composer

USA

1984

Footloose [1984: from the film Footloose]

Michael Green [Green, Michael]/John Schwarz [Schwarz, John]

physicist

USA

1984

They invented first string theory describing all four forces and matter, with supersymmetry, bosons, and fermions

[1984]. Previously, bosonic string theory had no supersymmetry or fermions.

Christopher Guest [Guest, Christopher]/Michael McKean [McKean, Michael]/Harry Shearer [Shearer,

Harry]/Rob Reiner [Reiner, Rob]

composer

USA

1984

Big Bottom [1984: from the film This Is Spinal Tap]

Alec Jeffreys [Jeffreys, Alec]

inventor

USA

1984

DNA fingerprinting [1984]

He studied human identification {DNA fingerprinting, Jeffreys}.

Chaka Khan [Khan, Chaka]

composer

USA

1984

I Feel for You [1984]

Derek Parfit [Parfit, Derek]

philosopher

England

1984

Reasons and Persons [1984]

He lived 1942 to ?. Self does not exist. Personal identity is just grouped personal characteristics {bundle theory, Parfit}.

Theories {ego theory} can posit souls or selves. Personal choices can affect particular people {person-affecting

principle}, possibly making those people worse off. Ethical choices are about particular people affected by particular

action, as well as general considerations. Self-interest does not exist.

Ray Parker, Jr. [Parker, Jr., Ray]

composer

USA

1984

Ghostbusters [1984: from the film Ghostbusters]

Zenon W. Pylyshyn [Pylyshyn, Zenon W.]

psychologist

USA

1984

Computation and Cognition [1984]

He lived 1937 to ?.

Patricia K. Roche [Roche, Patricia K.]

writer

USA

1984

Jump All the Morning: A Child's Day in Verse [1984: editor]

Sade or Helen Folasade Adu [Adu, Helen Folasade]

singer

Nigeria/England

1984

Smooth Operator [1984]

She lived 1959 to ?.

Dany Schectman [Schectman, Dany]

physicist

USA

1984

He invented aluminum-manganese alloy with fivefold symmetry and symmetry three dimensions {quasicrystal}

[1984]. Later, others invented aluminum-lithium-copper alloy.

Richard H. Scheller [Scheller, Richard H.]/Richard Axel [Axel, Richard]

biologist

USA

1984

How Genes Control an Innate Behavior [1984]

Alvin Schwartz [Schwartz, Alvin]

writer

USA

1984

In a Dark Dark Room and Other Scary Stories [1984]

Susan Shreve [Shreve, Susan]

writer

USA

1984

Flunking of Joshua T. Bates [1984]

Derek Walcott [Walcott, Derek]

poet

Santa Lucia

1984

Collected Poems [1984]

He lived 1930 to ?.

Matthew Wilder [Wilder, Matthew]

singer

USA

1984

Break My Stride [1984]

Gheorghe Zamfir [Zamfir, Gheorghe]

panpipe player

Romania

1984

Lonely Shepherd [1984]

He lived 1941 to ?.

Paul Goble [Goble, Paul]

writer

USA

1984 to 1986

Buffalo Woman [1984]; Death of the Iron Horse [1986]

He lived 1866 to 1946.

Don Henley [Henley, Don]

singer

USA

1984 to 1990

Boys of Summer [1984]; End of the Innocence [1989]; Heart of the Matter [1990]

Madonna or Madonna Louise Veronica Ciccone [Ciccone, Madonna Louise Veronica]

singer/composer

USA

1984 to 1990

Like a Virgin [1984]; Into the Groove [1985: from the film Desperately Seeking Susan, sung by Madonna]; Papa Don't

Preach [1986: by Brian Elliot and Madonna]; True Blue [1986]; Open Your Heart [1986]; Like a Prayer [1989]; Vogue

[1990]

She lived 1958 to ?.

L. Luca Cavalli-Sforza [Cavalli-Sforza, L. Luca]

biologist

Italy

1984 to 1995

Neolithic Transition and the Genetics of Populations in Europe [1984: with Albert Ammerman]; History and

Geography of Human Genes [1994: with Paolo Menozzi and Alberto Piazza]; Great Human Diasporas [1995: with

Francisco Cavalli-Sforza]

He studied human gene frequencies, race, and population migrations.

William G. Lycan [Lycan, William G.]

philosopher

England

1984 to 1996

Logical Form and Natural Language [1984]; Consciousness [1987]; Judgment and Justification [1988]; Consciousness

and Experience [1996]

He invented semantics based on truth conditions. Explanation is justifiable if it increases beliefs or makes simpler,

more powerful, more fruitful, or more complete and consistent explanations, inferences, or hypotheses for the whole or

a larger data set {explanationism}.

David Baltimore [Baltimore, David]

biologist

USA

1985

He studied RNA viruses [1985].

John Fogerty [Fogerty, John]

singer

USA

1985

Centerfield [1985]

Robert Gallo [Gallo, Robert]/Luc Montagnier [Montagnier, Luc]

biologist

England

1985

DNA sequence of HIV published [1985].

Henry Harris [Harris, Henry]

biologist

England

1985

MYC, BCL-2, APC, and RAS genes check cell division [1985].

Charlotte Herman [Herman, Charlotte]

writer

USA

1985

Millie Cooper, 3B [1985]

W. Daniel Hillis [Hillis, W. Daniel]

mathematician

USA

1985

Connection Machine [1985]

He studied neural networks.

Franz Huber [Huber, Franz]/John Thorson [Thorson, John]

biologist

USA

1985

Cricket Auditory Communication [1985]

Thacher Hurd [Hurd, Thacher]

writer

USA

1985

Mama Don't Allow [1985]

Michael Jackson [Jackson, Michael]/Friends

singer

USA

1985

We Are the World (USA for Africa) [1985]

Quincy Jones [Jones, Quincy]/Rod Temperton [Temperton, Rod]/Lionel Richie [Richie, Lionel]

composer

USA

1985

Miss Celie's Blues or Sister [1985: from the film The Color Purple]

Curtis Mayfield [Mayfield, Curtis]

composer

USA

1985

It's Alright [1985: sung by JJ Jackson and Huey Lewis and the News]

Barbara Park [Park, Barbara]

writer

USA

1985

Buddies [1985]

Philip Pullman [Pullman, Philip]

writer

USA

1985

Ruby in the Smoke [1985]

Curtis G. Smith [Smith, Curtis G.]

psychologist

USA

1985

Ancestral Voices [1985]

He studied language origins.

Tricia Tusa [Tusa, Tricia]

writer

USA

1985

Miranda [1985]

Steve Winwood [Winwood, Steve]

singer

USA

1985

Higher Love [1985]

Juan Goytisolo [Goytisolo, Juan]

writer

Spain

1985 to 1986

Forbidden Territory or Memoirs of Juan Goytisolo 1931-1956 [1985]; Realms of Strife or Memoirs of Juan Goytisolo

1957-1982 [1986]

He lived 1931 to ?.

Stephen LaBerge [LaBerge, Stephen]

psychologist

USA

1985 to 1990

Lucid Dreaming [1985]; Exploring the World of Lucid Dreaming [1990]

He lived 1947 to ?. People can be aware that they are dreaming when they have lucid dreaming, in phasic REM sleep.

They can perform voluntary acts, such as moving eyeballs and changing breathing rate, but REM inhibits other

muscles.

Mikhail Gorbachev [Gorbachev, Mikhail]

general secretary

Russia

1985 to 1991

He lived 1931 to ? and stressed glasnost (openness) and perestroika (reorganization).

David Deutsch [Deutsch, David]

mathematician

England

1985 to 1993

He studied quantum computation [1985].

Elizabeth S. Spelke [Spelke, Elizabeth S.]

psychologist

USA

1985 to 1995

Object permanence in five-month-old infants [1985: with R. Baillargeon and S. Wasserman]; Preferential looking

methods as tools for the study of cognition in infancy [1985]; Does man reason better than animals? [1995: with Linda

Hermer]

Objects have spatiotemporal continuity, on which perception always relies to define objects.

John Archambault [Archambault, John]/Bill Martin [Martin, Bill]

writer

USA

1985 to 1999

Ghost Eye Tree [1985]; Chicka Chicka Boom Boom [1999]

Steven Pinker [Pinker, Steven]

psychologist

USA

1985 to 2002

Visual Cognition [1985]; Learnability and Cognition [1989]; Language Instinct [1994]; How the Mind Works [1997];

Blank Slate [2002]

He studied language and cognition relative to genetics and environment.

Marvin H. Caruthers [Caruthers, Marvin H.]

inventor

USA

1986

solid phase phosphoramidite chemistry [1986]

He invented method to synthesize DNA {solid phase phosphoramidite chemistry}, using DNA on polystyrene beads

exposed to acid. Overlapping matching-end oligos can allow longer sequences. Process can make oligos up to 100

bases.

Alice Dalgleish [Dalgleish, Alice]

writer

USA

1986

Courage of Sarah Noble [1986]

Niki Daly [Daly, Niki]

writer

USA

1986

Not So Fast Songololo [1986]

Max Delbruck [Delbruck, Max]

psychologist

Germany/USA

1986

Mind from Matter? [1986]

He studied mind in animals.

Charles Hart [Hart, Charles]/Richard Stilgoe [Stilgoe, Richard]/Andrew Lloyd Webber [Webber, Andrew

Lloyd]

lyricist/lyricist/composer

England

1986

Phantom of the Opera [1986: musical, including The Music of the Night]

Hart lived 1962 to ?. Webber lived 1948 to ?.

Patricia Hermes [Hermes, Patricia]

writer

USA

1986

Kevin Corbett Eats Flies [1986]

Ernest R. Hilgard [Hilgard, Ernest R.]

psychologist

USA

1986

Divided Consciousness: Multiple Controls in Human Thought and Action [1986]

He invented neo-dissociation theory.

John J. Hopfield [Hopfield, John J.]

psychologist

USA

1986

Computing with Neural Circuits, A Model [1986: with David W. Tank]

Computation has input data, data transformations, and output {solution, Hopfield}. Brain uses algorithms to transform

sense input and brain memories into motor output. Connected, non-linear, graded-response units can model brain

representations, transformations, and outputs. Models use continuous analog dynamic functions, which can optimize.

James Horner [Horner, James]/Barry Mann [Mann, Barry]

lyricist/composer

USA

1986

Somewhere Out There [1986: from the film An American Tail]

Bruce Hornsby [Hornsby, Bruce]

singer

USA

1986

Way It Is [1986]

Ray E. Jennings [Jennings, Ray E.]

mathematician

USA

1986

Punctuational Sources of the Truth-Functional "Or" [1986]

Granting permission for two things can sound like permitting first or second, and so like exclusive OR, but is actually

conjunction {confectionary fallacy, Jennings}. It is a deduction fallacy.

George Johnson [Johnson, George]

writer

USA

1986

Machinery of the Mind [1986]

He writes popular science.

X. J. Kennedy [Kennedy, X. J.] or Joseph Charles Kennedy [Kennedy, Joseph Charles]

writer

USA

1986

Brats [1986]

Huey Lewis [Lewis, Huey]/News

singer

USA

1986

Hip to Be Square [1986]

Huey Lewis and the Playboys.

Andrei Linde [Linde, Andrei]

astronomer

USA

1986

He lived 1948 to ?. Inflation never stops, because quantum fluctuations can randomly continue or stop (chaotic

inflation) [1986], making many separate universes with different physical laws.

Patricia MacLachlan [MacLachlan, Patricia]

writer

USA

1986

Sarah Plain and Tall [1986]

Christobel Mattingley [Mattingley, Christobel]

writer

USA

1986

Angel with a Mouth Organ [1986]

Giorgio Moroder [Moroder, Giorgio]/Tom Whitlock [Whitlock, Tom]

composer

USA

1986

Take My Breath Away [1986: sung by Berlin. from the film Top Gun]

David Rumelhart [Rumelhart, David]/James McClelland [McClelland, James]

mathematician

USA

1986

Parallel Distributed Processing [1986]

They studied neural networks, with Gregory E. Hinton and R. J. Williams.

E. Sue Savage-Rumbaugh [Savage-Rumbaugh, E. Sue]

psychologist

USA

1986

Ape Language from Conditioned Response to Symbol [1986]

She studied ape intelligence and natural language. The bonobo Kanzi used and understood 150 words, typically to

express desires or refer to present objects. Learning is instrumental association but is not necessarily referential, with

no grammar.

Robert A. Weinberg [Weinberg, Robert A.]

biologist

USA

1986

He found first tumor suppressor gene, RB gene [1986].

Terry Winograd [Winograd, Terry]

psychologist

USA

1986

Understanding Computers and Cognition [1986: with Fernando Flores]

He lived 1946 to ?.

Richard Scarry [Scarry, Richard]

writer

USA

1986 to 1987

My First Word Book [1986]; Best Music Book Ever [1987]; Things That Go [1987]; Things To Love [1987]; Busy

Workers [1987]

He lived 1919 to 1994.

Howard Ashman [Ashman, Howard]/Alan Menken [Menken, Alan]

lyricist/composer

USA

1986 to 1992

Somewhere That's Green [1986: from the film Little Shop of Horrors]; Under the Sea [1989: from the film The Little

Mermaid]; Beauty and the Beast [1991: from the film Beauty and the Beast]; Be Our Guest [1991: from the film

Beauty and the Beast]; Friend Like Me [1992: from the film Aladdin]; Whole New World [1992: from the film

Aladdin]

Whitney Houston [Houston, Whitney]

singer

USA

1986 to 1993

How Will I Know [1986]; Saving All My Love for You [1986]; Hold Me [1986: with Teddy Pendergrass]; Greatest

Love of All [1987]; I Wanna Dance with Somebody (Who Loves Me) [1987]; One Moment in Time [1988]; I Will

Always Love You [1992: from the film the Bodyguard]; I'm Every Woman [1993]

She lived 1963 to ?.

Guy Claxton [Claxton, Guy]

psychologist

England

1986 to 1997

Beyond Therapy [1986: editor]; Noises from the Darkroom [1994]; Hare Brain Tortoise Mind [1997]

When brain evolved to respond quickly to emergency by having high alertness, consciousness began as just

concomitant. As people came to have continuing little emergencies, consciousness persisted.

Lawrence Weiskrantz [Weiskrantz, Lawrence]

psychologist

England

1986 to 1997

Blindsight [1986]; Consciousness Lost and Found [1997]

Amnesiacs can respond to cues {priming, Weiskrantz} and so improve ability to recognize [1968: with Elizabeth

Warrington]. He asked subjects to press key and give commentary about whether they perceived stimulus

{commentary-key paradigm}.

Patricia S. Churchland [Churchland, Patricia S.]

philosopher

USA

1986 to 2002

Neurophilosophy [1986]; Brain-Wise: Studies in Neurophilosophy [2002]

She lived 1943 to ? and is eliminative materialist.

Irving Biederman [Biederman, Irving]

psychologist

USA

1987

Recognition-by-components: Theory of human image understanding [1987]

He said perceptions have geon units and invented a model {recognition-by-components, Biederman}.

Colin Blakemore [Blakemore, Colin]

psychologist

England

1987

Mind Matters or Mindwaves [1987: editor with Susan Greenfield]

He studied disparity detectors [Blakemore and Greenfield, 1987].

Susan Carey [Carey, Susan]

psychologist

USA

1987

Conceptual Change in Childhood [1987]

She studied development.

Rebecca Caudill [Caudill, Rebecca]

writer

USA

1987

Certain Small Shepherd [1987]

Marian Stamp Dawkins [Dawkins, Marian Stamp]

psychologist

England

1987

Through Our Eyes Only? The Search for Animal Consciousness [1987]

Animals can suffer. Measuring suffering level observes effort that animal exerts to avoid or escape from cause.

Animals with more complex behaviors probably can have more suffering. Animals with more complex physiology

probably can have more suffering. Animals use signals, such as skin color. They also can recognize species individuals

and other species.

Chris DeBurgh [DeBurgh, Chris]

singer

USA

1987

Lady in Red [1987]

Jean Fritz [Fritz, Jean]

writer

USA

1987

Cabin Faced West [1987]

Mark Geller [Geller, Mark]

writer

USA

1987

What I Heard [1987]

James Gleick [Gleick, James]

writer

USA

1987

Chaos [1987]

He wrote popular science.

Ruth Gordon [Gordon, Ruth]

editor

USA

1987

Under All Silences: Shades of Love [1987]

Leslie F. Greengard [Greengard, Leslie F.]

physicist

USA

1987

Rapid Evaluation of Potential Fields in Particle Systems [1987]

Johanna Hurwitz [Hurwitz, Johanna]

writer

USA

1987

Class Clown [1987]

Brian Jacques [Jacques, Brian]

writer

USA

1987

Redwall [1987]

Mavis Jukes [Jukes, Mavis]

writer

USA

1987

Like Jake and Me [1987]

George Lakoff [Lakoff, George]

psychologist

USA

1987

Women, Fire and Dangerous Things [1987]

He studied cognition.

Marianna Mayer [Mayer, Marianna]

writer

USA

1987

Beauty and the Beast [1987]

Bill Medley [Medley, Bill]/Jennifer Warnes [Warnes, Jennifer]

composer

USA

1987

Time of My Life or (I've Had) The Time of My Life [1987: from the film Dirty Dancing]

David Papineau [Papineau, David]

philosopher

England

1987

Reality and Representation [1987]; Introducing Consciousness [2000: illustrated by Howard Selina]

He studied mental representations [Papineau, 2006].

Carol Purdy [Purdy, Carol]

writer

USA

1987

Least of All [1987]

Johanna Reiss [Reiss, Johanna]

writer

USA

1987

Upstairs Room [1987]

David Smith [Smith, David]

economist

USA

1987

Rise and Fall of Monetarism [1987]

He studied actual business policy.

Steven Tyler [Tyler, Steven]/Joe Perry [Perry, Joe]/Desmond Child [Child, Desmond]

composer

USA

1987

Dude (Looks Like a Lady) [1987: sung by Aerosmith]

Hilma Wolitzer [Wolitzer, Hilma]

writer

USA

1987

Introducing Shirley Braverman [1987]

George Michael [Michael, George]

singer

USA

1987 to 1993

Faith [1987]; Different Corner [1993]

He lived 1963 to ?.

Chiye Aoki [Aoki, Chiye]/Philip Siekevitz [Siekevitz, Philip]

biologist

USA

1988

Plasticity in Brain Development [1988]

Lyll Becerra de Jenkins [Becerra de Jenkins, Lyll]

writer

USA

1988

Honorable Prison [1988]

Don Black [Black, Don]/Charles Hart [Hart, Charles]/Andrew Lloyd Webber [Webber, Andrew Lloyd]

lyricist/lyricist/composer

England

1988

Aspects of Love [1988: musical]

Black lived 1938 to ?. Webber lived 1948 to ?.

Ivars Ekeland [Ekeland, Ivars]

mathematician

USA

1988

Mathematics and the Unexpected [1988]

He studied computer memory.

James L. Gould [Gould, James L.]

biologist

USA

1988

Honey Bee [1988]

Mary D. Hahn [Hahn, Mary D.]

writer

USA

1988

Following the Mystery Man [1988]

Florence Parry Heide [Heide, Florence Parry]

writer

USA

1988

Shrinking of Treehorn [1988]

Larry Henley [Henley, Larry]/Jeff Silbar [Silbar, Jeff]

composer

USA

1988

Wind Beneath My Wings [1988: from the film Beaches]

Hazel Hutchins [Hutchins, Hazel]

writer

USA

1988

Three and Many Wishes of Jason Reed [1988]

Pentti Kanerva [Kanerva, Pentti]

mathematician

USA

1988

Sparse Distributed Memory [1988]

He studied computer memory.

Bobby McFerren [McFerren, Bobby]

singer

USA

1988

Don't Worry, Be Happy [1988]

Walter Dean Myers [Myers, Walter Dean]

writer

USA

1988

Fallen Angels [1988]; Monster

He lived 1937 to ?.

Peter Novick [Novick, Peter]

historian

USA

1988

That Noble Dream [1988]

Heinz Pagels [Pagels, Heinz]

physicist

USA

1988

Dreams of Reason [1988]

He lived 1939 to 1988 and studied complexity.

Robert Palmer [Palmer, Robert]

singer

USA

1988

Simply Irresistible [1988]

Hazel Rochman [Rochman, Hazel]

editor

USA

1988

Somehow Tenderness Survives: Stories of Southern Africa [1988]

Pamela Service [Service, Pamela]

writer

USA

1988

Stinker from Space [1988]

Tim Shallice [Shallice, Tim]

psychologist

USA

1988

From Neuropsychology to Mental Structure [1988]

He studied supervisory attentional system. He invented model with functional models, contention scheduler,

supervisory system, language system, and episodic memory [Shallice, 1988].

Dianne Snyder [Snyder, Dianne]/Allen Say [Say, Allen]

writer/illustrator

USA

1988

Boy of the Three-Year Nap [1988]

Gunter Wachtershauser [Wachtershauser, Gunter]

lawyer

Germany

1988

He studied life's origin [1988]. Hydrothermal-vent iron, nickel, and sulfur ions act as catalysts, templates, and energy

sources to form biological molecules. Pyrite surfaces hold molecules.

Clint Black [Black, Clint]

singer

USA

1988 to 1992

Better Man [1988]; We Tell Ourselves [1992]

He lived 1962 to ?.

Tracy Chapman [Chapman, Tracy]

singer

USA

1988 to 1996

Fast Car [1988]; Give Me One Reason [1996]

Bernard J. Baars [Baars, Bernard J.]

psychologist

England

1988 to 1997

Cognitive Theory of Consciousness [1988]; In the Theater of Consciousness [1997]

He lived 1946 to ? and studied contrastive analysis, deep context, global workspace, self-concept, and self-systems.

Global workplace is an extended reticular thalamocortical activating system (ERTAS) [Baars, 2002].

Mardi J. Horowitz [Horowitz, Mardi J.]

psychologist

USA

1988 to 1998

Psychodynamics and Cognition [1988]

Unconscious interactions {psychodynamics} among motives, to achieve wishes, avoid potential threats, and use control

processes, provide basis for personality and personality disorders. Control processes include defenses to prevent

threats.

Francisco Varela [Varela, Francisco]

biologist

USA

1988 to 1999

Embodied Mind [1991]; View from Within [1999]

He lived 1946 to 2001 and studied neurophenomenology. Living cells rebuild themselves {autopoiesis, Varela} [1988],

with Maturana.

Vilayanur S. Ramachandran [Ramachandran, Vilayanur S.]

psychologist

India

1988 to 2001

Perception of shape from shading [1988]; Phantoms in the Brain [1998: with Sandra Blakeslee]; Synaesthesia: a

window into perception, thought and language [2001: with Edward M. Hubbard]; Hearing Colors, Tasting Shapes

[2003: with Edward M. Hubbard]; Brief Tour of Human Consciousness [2004]

He lived 1951 to ?. He invented the bumps and hollows illusion and studied filling-in. He developed Utilitarian Theory

of Perception. Perhaps, people produce art to play or to gain pleasure, to stimulate perceptions and exercise art laws.

Perhaps, people produce art to show hand-eye coordination and attract mates. Perhaps, people want art to show wealth

and attract mates, so they order art. Perhaps, people rehearse abstracting future activity. Perhaps, art has ten universal

laws. Art shows and possibly amplifies individual differences from average {peak shift}. Art discovers abstract triggers

of perception used by brain to recognize objects and possibly amplifies them. Perception groups surfaces that share

feature to make one object {grouping}, so art uses shared features. Mind has to solve problems to perceive {perceptual

problem solving}, so art encourages camouflage and ambiguity. Art uses as few features as possible in the outline

{understatement, art} {isolation, art}. Art uses composition with balanced opposites {contrast, art}. Art uses

composition with various symmetry forms {symmetry, art}. Art depicts universals, not chance or random coincidences.

Art uses composition, including rhythm and repeats {repetition, art}, and arrangements of geometry and intensity

{balance, art}. Art combines unrelated objects to emphasize feature {metaphor, art}.

Stephen Hawking [Hawking, Stephen]

physicist

England

1988 to 2002

Brief History of Time [1988]; Black Holes and Baby Universes and Other Essays [1993]; Nature of Space and Time

[1996: with Roger Penrose]; Universe in a Nutshell [2001]; Future of Spacetime [2002: with Kip Thorne, Igor

Novikov, Timothy Ferris, and Alan Lightman]

He lived 1942 to ? and studied singularities and black holes. He predicted that black holes can radiate random thermal

radiation and so have temperature [1974]. Black-hole surfaces create virtual-particle pairs, and one particle can leave

black hole, resulting in mass loss and thermal radiation (Hawking radiation).

Daniel M. Greenberger [Greenberger, Daniel M.]/Michel A. Horne [Horne, Michel A.]/Anton Zeilinger

[Zeilinger, Anton]

physicist

USA

1989

They invented a thought experiment {GHZ experiment} [1989]. If three spin 1/2 particles have singlet state, two

detectors oriented at different angles, perpendicular to moving particle path, can measure one particle's spin.

Eric A. Kimmel [Kimmel, Eric A.]

writer

USA

1989

Hershel and the Hanukkah Goblins [1989]

Bette Midler [Midler, Bette]

singer

USA

1989

Wind Beneath My Wings [1989]

She lived 1945 to ?.

Roy Orbison [Orbison, Roy]/Jeff Lynne [Lynne, Jeff]/Tom Petty [Petty, Tom]

composer

USA

1989

You Got It [1989]

Orbison lived 1936 to 1988. Lynne lived 1947 to ?. Petty lived 1952 to ?

Tom Petty [Petty, Tom]/Jeff Lynne [Lynne, Jeff]/Heartbreakers

composer

USA

1989

Free Fallin' [1989: sung by Tom Petty and the Heartbreakers]

Petty lived 1952 to ?. Lynne lived 1947 to ?.

Carlton Ridenhour [Ridenhour, Carlton]/Hank Shocklee [Shocklee, Hank]

composer

USA

1989

Fight the Power [1989: from the film Do the Right Thing. sung by Public Enemy]

Lech Walesa [Walesa, Lech]

union leader

Gdansk, Poland

1989

He lived 1943 to ?. Elections became open to all parties, including Solidarity union. Solidarity won election and formed

coalition.

Tim Berners-Lee [Berners-Lee, Tim]

inventor

Switzerland

1989 to 1990

World Wide Web [1989]; Hypertext Markup Language or HTML [1990]

He lived 1955 to ?.

Garth Brooks [Brooks, Garth]

composer/singer

USA

1989 to 1990

If Tomorrow Never Comes [1989]; Not Counting You [1990]; Dance [1990]

He lived 1962 to ?.

George H. W. Bush [Bush, George H. W.]

president

USA

1989 to 1993

He lived 1924 to ?. 41st president fought war with Iraq over Kuwait occupation [1991]. Economy was bad.

Paul C. W. Davies [Davies, Paul C. W.]

chemist

USA

1989 to 1998

New Physics [1989: editor]; About Time: Einstein's Unfinished Revolution [1995]; Fifth Miracle: The Search for the

Origin of Life [1998]

He studied relativity and life's origin.

Vaclav Havel [Havel, Vaclav]

president

Czech Republic/Slovakia

1989 to 2000

He lived 1936 to ? and became president of independent Czechoslovakia [1989].

Ian Stewart [Stewart, Ian]

mathematician

England

1989 to 2001

Does God Play Dice? [1989]; Flatterland [2001]

He lived 1945 to ?.

J. Allan Hobson [Hobson, J. Allan]

biologist

USA

1989 to 2002

Sleep [1989]; Chemistry of Conscious States [1994]; Dreaming as Delirium [1999]; Consciousness [1999]; Dreaming

[2002]

He studied sleep and developed AIM model [Hobson, 2002].

Dan Lloyd [Lloyd, Dan]

psychologist

USA

1989 to 2003

Simple Minds [1989]; Radiant Cool [2003]

Representational systems can focus attention on environment or self regions or intervals. They can extract information

from environment, represent information accurately to useful detail, and use information for function. These

representational abilities can evolve from simpler state. Representation does not indicate anything about

representational system and cannot represent itself.

Minimum representational system has more than one information channel, whose inputs converge, and has way to use

or store converged output.

However, one channel can contain as much information as two channels, if it has enough capacity. Serial-processing

algorithm can be equivalent to parallel-processing algorithm. Input can be equivalent to converged inputs. Relying only

on representational-system physical characteristics cannot explain representation, because representation is

informational, rather than physical.

Roger Penrose [Penrose, Roger]

physicist

England

1989 to 2004

Emperor's New Mind [1989]; Shadows of the Mind: A Search for the Missing Science of Consciousness [1994]; Nature

of Space and Time [1996: with Stephen Hawking]; Road to Reality [2004]

He lived 1931 to ? and developed quantum-mechanics objective reduction [Penrose, 1994].

Diane Ackerman [Ackerman, Diane]

writer

USA

1990

Natural History of the Senses [1990]

She lived 1956 to ?.

Leslie Bricusse [Bricusse, Leslie]/Frank Wildhorn [Wildhorn, Frank]

lyricist/composer

England

1990

Jekyll and Hyde [1990: musical]

Bricusse lived 1931 to ?.

Mario Capecchi [Capecchi, Mario]/Oliver Smythies [Smythies, Oliver]

biologist

USA/Canada

1990

They invented gene knockouts in mice [1990].

Jeffrey Elman [Elman, Jeffrey]

computer scientist

USA

1990

Finding Structure in Time [1990]

To hidden layer, he added units {context layer, Elman} that received a hidden-layer copy and then added back to

hidden layer {simple recurrent network, Elman}.

William French [French, William]

inventor

USA

1990

gene therapy [1990]

Successful therapy {gene therapy, French} treated adenosine deaminase deficiency {adenosine deaminase deficiency}

(ADA).

Marcia Griffiths [Griffiths, Marcia]

singer

USA

1990

Electric Boogie [1990]

Donald Hall [Hall, Donald]

editor

USA

1990

Oxford Book of Children's Verse in America [1990]

MC Hammer [Hammer, MC]

composer/singer

USA

1990

U Can't Touch This [1990]

Sinead O'Connor [O'Connor, Sinead]

singer

USA

1990

Nothing Compares 2 U [1990]

Luther Vandross [Vandross, Luther]

composer

USA

1990

Here and Now [1990]

Bryan Adams [Adams, Bryan]

singer

USA

1990 to 1991

Summer of '69 [1990]; Everything I Do [1991]

Mariah Carey [Carey, Mariah]

composer/singer

USA

1990 to 1991

Vision of Love [1990]; Love Takes Time [1990]; Someday [1990]; I Don't Wanna Cry [1990]; Emotions [1991]; Can't

Let Go [1991]

She lived 1970 to ?.

Robert M. Seyfarth [Seyfarth, Robert M.]/Dorothy L. Cheney [Cheney, Dorothy L.]

biologist

USA

1990 to 1992

How Monkeys See the World, Inside the Mind of Another Species [1990]; Meaning and Mind in Monkeys [1992]

Monkeys make alarm calls even when they can perceive that other monkeys are not near or that other monkeys are

calling already. Monkeys do not have theory of mind. Vervet monkeys make different alarm calls for eagles, leopards,

and snakes and use grunts in social interactions.

Jerry Spinelli [Spinelli, Jerry]

writer

USA

1990 to 2000

Maniac Magee [1990]; Stargirl [2000]

He lived 1941 to ?.

Ira B. Black [Black, Ira B.]

biologist

USA

1991

Information in the Brain: A Molecular Perspective [1991]

Eric Clapton [Clapton, Eric]/Will Jennings [Jennings, Will]

composer

USA

1991

Tears in Heaven [1991: from the film Rush]

Clapton lived 1945 to ?.

Billy Ray Cyrus [Cyrus, Billy Ray]

composer/singer

USA

1991

Achy Breaky Heart [1991]

He lived 1961 to ?.

Merlin Donald [Donald, Merlin]

psychologist

England

1991

Origins of the Modern Mind [1991]

Brain and culture allow cognition.

Rosa Guy [Guy, Rosa]

writer

USA

1991

Disappearance [1991]

George Kampis [Kampis, George]

biologist

USA

1991

Self-Modifying systems in biology and cognitive science [1991]

Algorithms cannot provide new information.

Phyllis Reynolds Naylor [Naylor, Phyllis Reynolds]

writer

USA

1991

Shiloh [1991]

Roger Nicoll [Nicoll, Roger]

biologist

USA

1991

Special neuron stimulation can cause excitation over hours, involving protein-kinase phosphorylation after calcium-ion

influx [1991].

Seymour Papert [Papert, Seymour]

mathematician

South Africa/USA

1991

Constructionism: research reports and essays 1985-1990 [1991: with I. Harel]

He lived 1928 to ?, studied learning theories {constructionism}, and invented the Logo computer language.

Alan Peters [Peters, Alan]/Sanford Palay [Palay, Sanford]/Henry Webster [Webster, Henry]

physician

USA

1991

Fine Structure of the Nervous System [1991]

Bonnie Raitt [Raitt, Bonnie]

singer

USA

1991

Something to Talk About [1991]

David M. Raup [Raup, David M.]

biologist

USA

1991

Extinction: Bad Genes or Bad Luck [1991]

Catastrophe has happened at mass-extinction level, and clades, species, demes, organisms, cell lines, and genes can

have extinctions {field of bullets model}.

Robert Rosen [Rosen, Robert]

biologist

USA

1991

Life Itself: A comprehensive Inquiry into the nature, origin, and fabrication of life [1991]

Nature does not use computations or simulations.

David Rosenthal [Rosenthal, David]

psychologist

USA

1991

Nature of Mind [1991]

Consciousness is higher-order thoughts about representations {higher-order thought theory, Rosenthal} {meta-

representation, Rosenthal}.

Stephanie Spinner [Spinner, Stephanie]/Jonathan Etra [Etra, Jonathan]

writer

USA

1991

Aliens for Breakfast [1991]

Stephen Stich [Stich, Stephen]

psychologist

USA

1991

From Folk Psychology to Cognitive Sciences [1991A]

He developed a materialist psychology, with no mind {eliminative materialism, Stich}.

Celine Dion [Dion, Celine]

singer

Canada/USA

1991 to 1999

Beauty and the Beast [1991: with Peabo Bryson]; When I Fall in Love [1994: with Clive Griffin]; Because You Loved

Me [1996]; It's All Coming Back to Me Now [1996]; Power of the Dream [1996]; My Heart Will Go On [1999: by

James Horner]; I'm Your Angel [1999: with R. Kelly]

Rodney Brooks [Brooks, Rodney]

computer scientist

USA

1991 to 2002

Intelligence without representation [1991]; Flesh and Machines: How Robots Will Change Us [2002]

Robots can have rules that are in separate modules that compete by inhibiting each other {subsumption architecture}.

The outside world is the only model needed. The robot Cog goes directly from multisensory perception to action,

without memory or language. The robot Genghis detects heat and moves toward or away.

Owen Flanagan [Flanagan, Owen]

psychologist

USA

1991 to 2002

Science of the Mind [1991]; Consciousness Reconsidered [1992]; Dreaming Souls [2000]; Problem of the Soul [2002]

He studied mind and dreaming.

Petra Stoerig [Stoerig, Petra]

psychologist

Germany

1991 to 2002

She lived 1957 to ? and studies blindsight.

Napoleon Chagnon [Chagnon, Napoleon]

anthropologist

USA

1992

Yanomamö: The Fierce People [1992: about Amazon tribe]

He lived 1938 to ?.

Leda Cosmides [Cosmides, Leda]

psychologist

USA

1992

Adapted Mind [1992: editor with John Tooby and John Barkow]

People can easily detect rule breaking in social interactions.

G. William Farthing [Farthing, G. William]

psychologist

USA

1992

Psychology of Consciousness [1992]

He studied amnesia.

Brock Fenton [Fenton, Brock]

biologist

USA

1992

Bats [1992: Facts on File]

Gerald Fischbach [Fischbach, Gerald]

psychologist

USA

1992

Mind and Brain [1992]

He studied brain anatomy.

Elliott Gershan [Gershan, Elliott]/Ronald Rieder [Rieder, Ronald]

biologist

USA

1992

Major Disorders of Mind and Brain [1992]

Patricia Goldman-Rakic [Goldman-Rakic, Patricia]

psychologist

USA

1992

Working Memory and the Mind [1992]

Frontal lobe region is for working memory.

Kenny G or Kenneth Gorelick [Gorelick, Kenneth]

singer

USA

1992

Forever in Love [1992]

He lived 1956 to ?.

Doreen Kimura [Kimura, Doreen]

psychologist

USA

1992

Sex Differences in the Brain [1992]

She studied gender brain differences.

A. David Milner [Milner, A. David]

psychologist

USA

1992

Neuropsychology of Consciousness [1992: with M. D. Rugg]

A. R. Rahman [Rahman, A. R.] or Duleep Kumar [Kumar, Duleep]

composer

India

1992

Roja or Rose [1992: including Yeh Haseen Vadiyan and Roja Jaaneman]

He lived 1967 to ?.

Terrence J. Sejnowski [Sejnowski, Terrence J.]

mathematician

USA

1992

He studied shape from shading in neural networks [1992], with Sidney Lehky.

Dennis Selkoe [Selkoe, Dennis]

biologist

USA

1992

Aging Brain, Aging Mind [1992]

Carla Shatz [Shatz, Carla]

biologist

USA

1992

Developing Brain [1992]

Larry R. Squire [Squire, Larry R.]

psychologist

USA

1992

Encyclopedia of Learning and Memory [1992]

He studied learning and memory.

R. L. Stine [Stine, R. L.] or Robert Lawrence Stine [Stine, Robert Lawrence]

writer

USA

1992

Goosebumps [1992: and later books]

He lived 1943 to ?.

Maya Angelou [Angelou, Maya]

poet

USA

1992 to 1993

Still I Rise [1992: poem]; I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings [1993: autobiography]

She lived 1928 to ?.

Semir Zeki [Zeki, Semir]

psychologist

USA

1992 to 1993

Visual Image in Mind and Brain [1992]; Vision of the Brain [1993]

He studied microconsciousness [Zeki, 1998] and essential nodes [Zeki, 2001]. In area V5, cells detect spot or line

motion direction. In V4, cells detect color difference. Cells can respond to relative intensities at different wavelengths

or to actual perceived color, which depends on surroundings. Adjacent to primary visual cortex, cells can detect line

orientation, receptive fields are larger, and mapping varies.

Jared Diamond [Diamond, Jared]

sociologist

USA

1992 to 1997

Third Chimpanzee: the Evolution and Future of the Human Animal [1992]; Guns, Germs, and Steel [1997]

Kevin O'Regan [O'Regan, Kevin]

psychologist

England

1992 to 2001

He lived 1948 to ? and studied enactive perception. Perception depends on sense and motor actions. It is not about

representation but about capacity to do something.

Antonio Damasio [Damasio, Antonio]

psychologist

USA

1992 to 2003

Brain and Language [1992: with Hanna Damasio]; Descartes' Error: Emotion, Reason, and the Human Brain [1994];

Feeling of What Happens [1999]; Looking for Spinoza [2003]

He studied extended consciousness, autobiographical self, core-self, proto-self, somatic marker, akinetic mutism, and

epileptic automatism.

Consciousness involves special brain regions, which attend to brain regions that regulate body. Wakefulness, attention,

and consciousness are separate. Consciousness involves perceptions and emotion mental parts, because emotions

precede consciousness. Consciousness is response but is not overt.

Emotion is an innate pattern of chemical and neural responses to stimulus patterns. Emotions involve brainstem,

hypothalamus, and basal forebrain, which regulate body. Reticular formation, cranial nerve nuclei, amygdala, anterior

cingulate, and ventromedial prefrontal cortex send axons to periaqueductal gray (PAG), which coordinates emotions.

Damage to ventromedial prefrontal cortex reduces social behaviors and emotions {prefrontal lobe syndrome}. Different

emotions involve different brain regions. Emotions are automatic but learning and consciousness can affect them.

Emotions lead to feelings, which involve cortex.

Images become explicit, consciously or unconsciously, in mental space {image space}. Memory, recall, movement,

attention, and image processing are in implicit unconscious mental space {dispositional space}.

Symbols are mental image: spatial and temporal, concrete or abstract, conscious or unconscious, or mental patterns

representing objects and concepts. Images depend on neural patterns of chemical and electrical activity. Mental uses

symbols directly.

Cerebral association cortex recognizes stimulus, which sends signals to amygdala to trigger emotional reaction, which

sends to basal forebrain, hypothalamus, and brainstem to perform reaction. Brain senses body changes and conveys

information to trigeminal nucleus, parabrachial nucleus, nucleus tractus solitarius, ventral medial thalamus, insula,

anterior cingulate, and ventromedial frontal lobes to make emotional state. Mental states arising from brain sensory

events are feelings, which are ideas about body state, having both thoughts and processing methods [Damasio, 1999].

Susan Blackmore [Blackmore, Susan]

psychologist

England

1992 to 2004

Beyond the Body [1992]; Dying to Live [1993]; In Search of the Light [1996]; Meme Machine [1999]; Consciousness:

An Introduction [2004]; Conversations on Consciousness [2006]

She invented dying brain hypothesis. People copy and recombine memes {memetics}. Imitation development

associates with big brains and language. Imitation also allowed sense of self and other [Blackmore, 2006].

Don Black [Black, Don]/Christopher Hampton [Hampton, Christopher]/Andrew Lloyd Webber [Webber,

Andrew Lloyd]

lyricist/lyricist/composer

England

1993

Sunset Boulevard [1993: musical]

Black lived 1938 to ?. Webber lived 1948 to ?.

Kenneth Branagh [Branagh, Kenneth]/Emma Thompson [Thompson, Emma]

director/actor

England

1993

Much Ado about Nothing [1993]

Branagh lived 1960 to ?. Thompson lived 1959 to ?.

Richard E. Cytowic [Cytowic, Richard E.]

psychologist

USA

1993

Man Who Tasted Shapes [1993]

He studied synesthesia, which relates to limbic system.

Graham Lyle [Lyle, Graham]/Terry Britten [Britten, Terry]

composer

USA

1993

What's Love Got to Do With It [1993: from the film What's Love Got to Do With It]

Frances McCullough [McCullough, Frances]

editor

USA

1993

Love Is Like a Lion's Tooth [1993]

Marc Shaiman [Shaiman, Marc]

composer

USA

1993

Wink and a Smile [1993: from the film Sleepless in Seattle]

Barry E. Stein [Stein, Barry E.]

psychologist

USA

1993

Merging of the Senses [1993: with M. A. Meredith]

He studied synesthesia.

Gerard t' Hooft [t' Hooft, Gerard]

physicist

USA/Netherlands

1993

He lived 1946 to ? and studied the holographic principle [1993] and how it applies to black holes.

Tina Turner [Turner, Tina]

singer

USA

1993

What's Love Got to Do with It [1993]

She lived 1939 to ?.

Stuart Kauffman [Kauffman, Stuart]

mathematician

USA

1993 to 1995

Origins of Order [1993]; At Home in the Universe [1995]

He studied random graphs and Boolean networks to try to find complex-system, chaos, and self-organization laws.

Most algorithms are their shortest descriptions {incompressibility}. Element physical interactions can order systems

{self-organization, Kauffman} [Kauffman, 1995].

Laura Esquivel [Esquivel, Laura]

writer

Mexico

1993 to 2000

Like Water for Chocolate [1993]; Law of Love [2000]

She lived 1950 to ?.

Paul W. Ewald [Ewald, Paul W.]

biologist

USA

1993 to 2000

Evolution of Infectious Disease [1994]; Plague Time [2000]

Infections that use intermediate hosts, such as cholera and malaria, evolve to be stronger [1993]. Infections that infect

directly evolve to be weak enough to maintain the host. Infections cause most genetic and chronic diseases.

William Clinton [Clinton, William] or Bill Clinton [Clinton, Bill]

president

USA

1993 to 2001

He lived 1946 to ?. 42nd president got balanced budget agreement. He escaped impeachment for sexual affair coverup

[1998]. He passed NAFTA trade agreement for Mexico and USA. He got Palestine and Israel to agree on peace and

Palestinian state. He presided over prosperity.

Scott Morris/Big Bad Voodoo Daddy

composer

USA

1994

Go Daddy-O [1994: in the film Swingers, 1996]; You and Me and the Bottle Makes Three [1994]; Jump Jive and Wail

[1994]

John Campbell [Campbell, John]

psychologist

USA

1994

Past, Space, and Self [1994]

He studied about self.

Mariah Carey [Carey, Mariah]/Boys II Men

singer

USA

1994

One Sweet Day [1994]

Alain Connes [Connes, Alain]

physicist

France

1994

Phase spaces can show results of non-commutative operations {non-commutative geometry, Connes} and so represent

non-commutative algebras. For example, space rotations are non-commutative. Phase spaces representing quantum

effects are non-commutative. Geometry can be non-commutative if axes are different, rather than equivalent. Cross

products are non-commutative. His non-commutative phase space can represent all elementary particle symmetry

groups. This space has two continuous spaces, which have bosons, linked by discrete non-commutative space, which

has Higgs particles, predicted to have mass of 160 GeV. Using this space defines what renormalization is

mathematically, rather than it looking ad hoc, with Dirk Kreimer. Perhaps, space has fractional dimensions related to

gravitation. Gravity has non-commutation of quanta and operations, and this can give rise to time, just as atomic

motions give rise to temperature, with Carlo Rovelli.

Sharon Creech [Creech, Sharon]

writer

USA

1994

Walk Two Moons [1994]

Sheryl Crow [Crow, Sheryl]

singer

USA

1994

All I Wanna Do [1994]

Brian Goodwin [Goodwin, Brian]

mathematician

USA

1994

How the Leopard Changed Its Spots: The Evolution of Complexity [1994]

Self-organizing systems follow physical laws and describe living-system energy flows.

James B. Hartle [Hartle, James B.]

physicist

USA

1994

He invented decoherence theory, with Gell-Mann [1994]. With Robert Geroch, he studied quantum gravity as

superpositions of all possible four-dimensional space-time curvatures weighted by complex numbers [1986], but it is

impossible to prove that two different four-dimensional space-time topologies are the same, so they can be unique or

degenerate.

Tim Rice [Rice, Tim]/Elton John [John, Elton]

lyricist/composer

USA

1994

Can You Feel the Love Tonight [1994: from the film The Lion King]; Circle of Life [1994: from the film The Lion

King]; Hakuna Matata or No Worries [1994: from the film The Lion King. Swahili]

Rice lived 1944 to ?. John lived 1947 to ?.

George Soros [Soros, George]

economist

USA

1994

Theory of Reflexivity [1994]

He lived 1930 to ? and invented a theory {theory of reflexivity} {reflexivity theory}.

Elizabeth Winthrop [Winthrop, Elizabeth]

writer

USA

1994

Castle in the Attic [1994]

Karen Cushman [Cushman, Karen]

writer

USA

1994 to 1996

Catherine, Called Birdy [1994]; Midwife's Apprentice [1996]

John M. Roberts [Roberts, John M.]

historian

England

1994 to 1997

History of the World [1994]; Concise History of the World [1997]

He lived 1928 to 2003.

Stephen J. Ceci [Ceci, Stephen J.]

psychologist

USA

1994 to 2000

Memory Work: The royal road to false memories? [1994: with E. Loftus]; Jeopardy in the Courtroom [1995: with

Maggie Bruck]; Psychological Science in the Public Interest [2000: with R. A. Bjork]

Preschool children are easily suggestible about past events.

Stephen Wolfram [Wolfram, Stephen]

mathematician

USA

1994 to 2002

Cellular Automata and Complexity: Collected Papers [1994]; New Kind of Science [2002]

He invented Mathematica software.

Science does not need laws expressed as mathematical equations. Simple non-linear rules operating on simple units can

generate all pattern types and describe all phenomena. Because they can be equivalent to any algorithm, cellular

automata can describe all complex processes. Physical systems satisfying differential equations can be cellular

automatons, by substituting finite differences and discrete variables for differential equations. His Rule 30 seems to

create unpredictable pattern, rather than expected recursiveness.

www.stephenwolfram.com/publications/articles/date.html.

Christof Koch [Koch, Christof]

biologist

USA

1994 to 2004

Large-Scale Neuronal Theories of the Brain [1994: with Joel L. Davis]; Biophysics of Computation [1999]; Quest for

Consciousness [2004]

He lived 1956 to ?. Neural activity differs in dreaming, awake, or brain-damaged {activity principle, Koch}. Different

animal types can have different neural-activity patterns. Perhaps, some neuron set has same ion channels, shape,

receptors, axons, or biochemistry {neuronal correlates of consciousness, Koch}.

Chris J. S. Clarke [Clarke, Chris J. S.]

mathematician

England

1995

Nonlocality of Mind [1995]

Mind is non-local.

Dave Matthews [Matthews, Dave] or Dave Matthews Band

singer

USA

1995

Ants Marching [1995]; What Would You Say [1995]

Melissa Etheridge [Etheridge, Melissa]

singer

USA

1995

Like the Way I Do [1995]

Susan Greenfield [Greenfield, Susan]

psychologist

England

1995

Journey to the Centers of the Mind [1995]; Private Life of the Brain [2000]; Brain Story [2000]; Tomorrow's People

[2003]

She lived 1950 to ?. Consciousness level depends on brain size and complexity.

Johnny Hartman [Hartman, Johnny]

composer

USA

1995

I See Your Face Before Me [1995: from the film Bridges of Madison County]

Jewel Kilcher [Kilcher, Jewel]/Steve Poltz [Poltz, Steve]

composer

USA

1995

You Were Meant for Me [1995]

Alanis Morissette [Morissette, Alanis]

singer

USA

1995

You Oughta Know [1995]; Ironic [1995]

Antti Revonsuo [Revonsuo, Antti]

philosopher/psychologist

Finland

1995

On the Nature of Consciousness: Theoretical and Empirical Problems [1995]; Consciousness, dreams, and virtual

realities [1995]; Can Functional Brain Imaging Discover Consciousness in the Brain? [2001]

Imagine a planet {Black Planet} that one cannot see or know until one puts on a spacesuit with correct sensors that

transduce physical energies into what one can sense. Black Planet is Earth, and transducer and human senses.

Stephen Schwartz [Schwartz, Stephen]/Alan Menken [Menken, Alan]

composer

USA

1995

Colors of the Wind [1995: from the film Pocahontas]

Schwartz lived 1949 to ?. Menken lived 1949 to ?.

Michael Tye [Tye, Michael]

philosopher

USA

1995

Ten Problems of Consciousness [1995]

Consciousness is representational. Mental representations that are poised, are abstract, are non-conceptual, and have

intentional content are conscious {PANIC theory}. Poise means that it can affect beliefs and thoughts. Abstract means

that it is a code or symbol, not just a physical thing. Non-conceptual means that it is specific and continuous, not a

concept or category. Intentional content means that it represents external or internal object or event.

Edward Witten [Witten, Edward]

physicist

USA

1995

He lived 1951 to ? and used duality to solve string theory problems [1995]. In one string-theory version, strong

coupling is equivalent to weak coupling, for calculation.

Stevie Wonder [Wonder, Stevie]/Artis Ivey [Ivey, Artis]/Doug Rasheed [Rasheed, Doug]/Lawrence Sanders

[Sanders, Lawrence]

composer

USA

1995

Gangsta's Paradise [1995: from the film Dangerous Minds. sung by Coolio]

Wonder lived 1950 to ?.

Betty Ren Wright [Wright, Betty Ren]

writer

USA

1995

Dollhouse Murders [1995]

Randy Newman [Newman, Randy]

composer

USA

1995 to 2001

You've Got a Friend in Me [1995: from the film Toy Story]; When She Loved Me [1999: from the film Toy Story 2]; If

I Didn't Have You [2001: from the film Monsters, Inc.]

Craig Venter [Venter, Craig]

biologist

USA

1995 to 2001

He organized scientists to sequence a free-living organism [1995] and the human genome [2001]. Haemophilus

influenzae bacterium has 1000 genes with 1,800,000 bp.

Paul Bach-y-Rita [Bach-y-Rita, Paul]

psychologist

USA

1995 to 2002

Nonsynaptic Diffusion Neurotransmission and Late Brain Reorganization [1995]

He studied sense substitution. Tongue arrays can replace vestibular system. He invented Tactile Vision Substitution

System [Bach-y-Rita and González, 2002].

Ned Block [Block, Ned]

philosopher

USA

1995 to 2003

On a confusion about a function of consciousness [1995]; What is Functionalism? [1996]; Nature of Consciousness:

Philosophical Debates [1997: with Owen Flanagan and Güven Güzeldere, editors]

He lived 1942 to ?.

Mind

What happens if individuals in China physically perform same algorithm used by conscious people {Chinese nation

example} {China brain example}. Does chess machine that uses lookup table to know all best moves in all positions

have intelligence? Does robot with all human behaviors have intelligence? Can qualia be missing or interchanged?

Sense qualities and experiences are a consciousness type {phenomenal consciousness, Block} (p-consciousness).

Mental representations, used for rational thoughts and actions, are a consciousness type {access consciousness, Block}

(a-consciousness). Access consciousness is under conscious control and includes self-consciousness, creativity,

discrimination, generalization, and behavior flexibility.

Thomas Metzinger [Metzinger, Thomas]

psychologist

USA

1995 to 2003

Conscious Experience [1995: editor]; Neural Correlates of Consciousness [2000: editor]; Being No One: The Self-

Model Theory of Subjectivity [2003]

He lived 1958 to ?. Experience is unity {Holon}. Experience involves model of self {self-model theory}.

Enya or Eithne Ní Bhraonáin [Bhraonáin, Eithne Ní]

composer/singer

Wales

1995 to 2005

Memory of Trees [1995]; Paint the Sky with Stars [1997]; Only Time [2001]; Amarantine [2005]

She lived 1961 to ?.

Alwyn Scott [Scott, Alwyn]

mathematician

USA

1995 to 2005

Stairway to the Mind [1995]; Neuroscience: A Mathematical Primer [2002]; Nonlinear Science: Emergence and

Dynamics of Coherent Structures [2003: 2nd edition]; Encyclopedia of Nonlinear Science [2005: editor]

Brain has hierarchical structure and new properties can arise at highest levels.

Bryan Adams [Adams, Bryan]/Marvin Hamlisch [Hamlisch, Marvin]

lyricist/composer

USA

1996

I Finally Found Someone [1996: from the film The Mirror Has Two Faces]

William H. Calvin [Calvin, William H.]

biologist

USA

1996

How Brains Think [1996]; Cerebral Code [1996]

Brain works by selection. 0.5-mm-diameter cortical hexagonal columns and their lateral connections represent symbols.

Columns vary, compete, and replicate. Symbols integrate and coordinate to make scenes and help each other compete

and copy. Consciousness is image or scene that is most populous {scenario spinning}.

Ry Cooder [Cooder, Ry]

guitarist

USA

1996

Buena Vista Social Club [1996]; El Cuarto de Tula or Tula's Room [1996: composed by Luis Maquetti]

He lived 1947 to ?.

Robin Dunbar [Dunbar, Robin]

psychologist

England

1996

Grooming, Gossip, and the Evolution of Language [1996]

Language replaced grooming in larger social groups.

Joseph E. LeDoux [LeDoux, Joseph E.]

psychologist

USA

1996

Emotional Brain [1996]

Amygdala quickly receives input from thalamus and gives emotional responses. Amygdala more slowly receives from

cortex, which analyzes stimulus.

Albert Libchaber [Libchaber, Albert]

physicist

France

1996

He used a liquid-helium box to study turbulence onset and found that it had period doubling, as in other complex non-

linear systems [1996]. First, system reaches steady state as cylinders roll, then convection rolls become toruses, then

those bifurcate, making 1, 2, 4, 8, 16, and so on, rolls as convection coil goes faster, and turbulence increases.

Steven Mithen [Mithen, Steven]

psychologist

England

1996

Prehistory of Mind [1996]

Consciousness starts from social interaction but then needs to expand to link brain modules. Mammals gained general

ability to make primates, then specialized language and culture to make early hominins, and then general ability to

make modern humans.

Daniel L. Pals [Pals, Daniel L.]

philosopher

England

1996

Seven Theories of Religion [1996]

Huw Price [Price, Huw]

philosopher

Australia

1996

Times's Arrow and Archimedes' Point [1996]

He studied time.

Howard Shore [Shore, Howard]

composer

USA

1996

That Thing You Do! [1996: from the film That Thing You Do!]

Jim Steinman [Steinman, Jim]

composer

USA

1996

It's All Coming Back to Me Now [1996]

Stuart R. Hameroff [Hameroff, Stuart R.]

anesthesiologist

USA

1996 to 1998

Toward a Science of Consciousness: The First Tucson Discussions and Debates [1996: with Alfred W. Kaszniak and

Anne C. Scott, editors]; Toward a Science of Consciousness II: The Second Tucson Discussions and Debates [1998:

with Alfred W. Kaszniak and Anne C. Scott, editors]

He lived 1947 to ?. Anesthetics can interact with brain-cell microtubules.

Celia M. Heyes [Heyes, Celia M.]

psychologist

USA

1996 to 1998

Social Learning in Animals: The Roots of Culture [1996: editor with B. G. Galef]; Theory of mind in non-human

primates [1998]

Chimpanzees have no sense of self and no awareness of mental states, though they can inspect their bodies using

mirrors.

Benjamin W. Schumacher [Schumacher, Benjamin W.]

mathematician

USA

1996 to 1998

Quantum data processing and error correction [1996]

Information is only in physical media, which store bits or qubits {information science, Schumacher}. Physical medium

can transform and/or transfer information to process information. Output from processing must be verifiable or

complete task.

Diane Warren [Warren, Diane]

composer

USA

1996 to 1998

Because You Loved Me [1996: from the film Up Close and Personal]; I Don't Want to Miss a Thing [1998: from the

film Armageddon. sung by Aerosmith]

Robert M. Hazen [Hazen, Robert M.]

chemist

USA

1996 to 2000

Comparative Crystal Chemistry [1982: with L. W. Finger]; High-Temperature and High-Pressure Crystal Chemistry

[2000]

Minerals have crevices in which molecules can hide from ultraviolet light and become concentrated [1996]. Clay and

mineral surfaces can be chemical-reaction substrates, catalysts, and templates. Minerals, such as calcite, can have

chirality and select for L or R organic molecules. Biological-molecule metal ions can act as catalysts or energy sources.

Magnetite can catalyze ammonia formation from nitrogen and hydrogen. Iron, nickel, and sulfur ions are in

hydrothermal vents.

Daniel L. Schacter [Schacter, Daniel L.]

psychologist

USA

1996 to 2001

Searching for Memory: The Brain, the Mind, and the Past [1996]; Seven Sins of Memory [2001]

Memory allows efficient coding, search, retrieval, generalization, discrimination, adaptation, and survival. Brain has

sensory Specialized Knowledge Modules, which can activate reflexes and awareness, and reasoning and acting

Executive System, which can inform consciousness of plans, activate habits, control senses, and respond voluntarily.

Intermediate system {conscious awareness system} integrates information from modules for use by executive system

and exchanges information with episodic memory. Executive only uses conscious information. He studied memory

transience. He invented Dissociable Interactions and Conscious Experience (DICE) model, with consciousness-

awareness system connected to executive, memory, response system, and lexical, conceptual, spatial, facial, and self-

modules [Schacter, 2001].

David J. Chalmers [Chalmers, David J.]

philosopher

USA

1996 to 2002

Conscious Mind: In Search of a Fundamental Theory [1996]

He lived 1966 to ?. Information is physical and phenomenal, and physical properties cause phenomenal properties, so

same physical situation can cause different phenomena {double-aspect theory, information} {naturalistic dualism},

which is non-reductive.

Judgments about experience have functional or physical explanations, but experience is not part of the explanation,

even when the judgment is that experience is not physical or functional {paradox of phenomenal judgment}.

If artificial parts replace neurons with same functions, do qualia fade {fading qualia}?

If artificial parts switch back and forth with neurons with same functions, do qualia flip {dancing qualia}?

How do brain processes cause sensations {hard problem, consciousness}? How do brain processes cause mental

functions like perceiving, attending, waking, sleeping, moving voluntarily, and categorizing {easy problem,

consciousness}?

Consciousness supervenes on the physical but is a different reality type. Phenomena, conscious states, emerge from

physical structures and functions according to laws. Before 1800, people thought electromagnetism was reducible to

mechanics, but instead it became a new irreducible force. Phenomena are irreducible properties, not substances, of

nature, requiring non-reductive theory. Experience properties, relations, and structures reflect nervous-system anatomy

and physiology, as well as physical stimuli. Brain process can generate consciousness [Chalmers, 2000] [Chalmers,

2002].

Matt Ridley [Ridley, Matt]

journalist

USA/England

1996 to 2003

Origins of Virtue [1996]; Genome [1999]; Nature Via Nurture [2003]

Bob Carlisle [Carlisle, Bob]/Randy Thomas [Thomas, Randy]

composer

USA

1997

Butterfly Kisses [1997]

Clayton M. Christensen [Christensen, Clayton M.]

economist

USA

1997

Innovator's Dilemma [1997]

He lived 1952 to ? and studied actual business policy.

Margaret Davidson [Davidson, Margaret]

writer

USA

1997

Helen Keller [1997]

Terrence Deacon [Deacon, Terrence]

psychologist

England

1997

Symbolic Species [1997]

Brain and language allow symbolic communication {symbolic species}.

Danny Elfman [Elfman, Danny]

composer

USA

1997

Men in Black [1997: from the film Men in Black]

Stephen Flaherty [Flaherty, Stephen]/David Newman [Newman, David]

lyricist/composer

USA

1997

Journey to the Past [1997: from the film Anastasia]

Reuben Hersh [Hersh, Reuben]

mathematician

USA

1997

What Is Mathematics Really? [1997]

He wrote popular science.

Karen Hesse [Hesse, Karen]

writer

USA

1997

Out of the Dust [1997]

James Horner [Horner, James]/Will Jennings [Jennings, Will]

lyricist/composer

USA

1997

My Heart Will Go On [1997: from the film Titanic]

Richard Morris [Morris, Richard]

biologist

Scotland

1997

Only active synapses can take up protein to permanently alter synapse [1997], with Uwe Frey.

Walter Schneider [Schneider, Walter]

psychologist

USA

1997

He invented, with Mark Pimm-Smith, a message-aware control mechanism, with inner loop for specific messages from

sense modules, connected to controller with goals and attention.

Jonathan Shear [Shear, Jonathan]

psychologist

USA

1997

Explaining Consciousness: The Hard Problem [1997: editor]

Elliott Smith [Smith, Elliott]

composer

USA

1997

Miss Misery [1997: from the film Good Will Hunting]

Ian Wilmut [Wilmut, Ian]

inventor

England

1997

mammal cloned [1997]

He cloned Dolly the sheep from adult sheep cells {mammal cloning}.

Ian Tattersall [Tattersall, Ian]

anthropologist

England

1997 to 1998

Becoming Human [1998]

He studied human origins from hominins [1997].

Martin Rees [Rees, Martin]

astronomer

England

1997 to 2001

Before the Beginning [1997]; Just Six Numbers [1999]; Our Cosmic Habitat [2001]

He lived 1942 to ? and studied pre-big-bang theories.

Lee Smolin [Smolin, Lee]

physicist

USA

1997 to 2001

Life of the Cosmos [1997]; Three Roads to Quantum Gravity [2001]

He studied quantum loop theory.

JK Rowling [Rowling, JK] or Joanne Rowling [Rowling, Joanne]

writer

England

1997 to 2005

Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone or Harry Potter and the Sorcerer's Stone [1997]; Harry Potter and the Chamber

of Secrets [1998]; Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban [1999]; Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire [2000]; Harry

Potter and the Order of the Phoenix [2003]; Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince [2005]

She lived 1965 to ?.

John Morgan Allman [Allman, John Morgan]

biologist

USA

1998

Evolving Brains [1998]

He studied brain evolution. Brains allow animals to account for environment variations in space and time and make

appropriate responses. More advanced brains allow wider spaces and longer times. Brains require much energy and are

in animals that can find more and/or better food at higher rate. Complex brains require longer time to develop. Family

and group structures were necessary for humans to have advanced brains.

Brains can sense water, food, sexual partners, shelter, and safe locations, as well as predators and dangerous locations.

Brains can assign priorities to input. Brains can perform activities to get food or water, reproduce, gain shelter and safe

locations, and avoid predators and dangerous locations. Brains can remember input and output.

Brains are more complex if environmental niche is more variable. Animals use larger energy amounts, because warm-

blooded. Water, food, sexual partners, shelter, and safe locations are scarcer and predators and dangerous locations are

more numerous. Maximize age is higher.

Nima Arkani-Hamed [Arkani-Hamed, Nima]/Georgi Dvali [Dvali, Georgi]/Savas Dimopoulos [Dimopoulos,

Savas]

physicist

USA

1998

ADD suggested that perceived space-time is inside universe with two more large dimensions [1998].

Denise Dellarosa Cummins [Cummins, Denise Dellarosa]

psychologist

USA

1998

Evolution of Mind [1998: editor with Colin Allen]

She studied brain evolution.

Susan Hurley [Hurley, Susan]

philosopher

England

1998

Consciousness in Action [1998]

Consciousness does not lie between perception and behavior {classical sandwich} but actively binds perception,

behavior, body, and environment {dynamical singularity}.

Vernon B. Mountcastle [Mountcastle, Vernon B.]

psychologist

USA

1998

Perceptual Neuroscience [1998]

He found macrocolumns, with Lorente de No.

Saul Perlmutter [Perlmutter, Saul]

astronomer

USA

1998

He showed that universe is expanding faster, not slowing, and hypothesized different energy type (dark energy) as

cause [1998].

Daniel J. Povinelli [Povinelli, Daniel J.]

psychologist

England

1998

Animal Self-awareness: A Debate. Can Animals Empathize? Maybe Not [1998]

Chimpanzees have a sense of self from their behavior, but no awareness of mental states. Chimpanzees look to where

another is looking. Chimpanzees do not realize that others are not looking, though three-year old children do realize it

in same situation.

Carole Bayer Sager [Sager, Carole Bayer]/David Foster [Foster, David]

lyricist/composer

USA

1998

Prayer [1998: from the film Quest for Camelot]

Brian Schmidt [Schmidt, Brian]

astronomer

Australia

1998

Universe expansion is accelerating [1998].

Brian Schmidt [Schmidt, Brian]

astronomer

Australia

1998

He showed that universe is expanding faster, not slowing, and hypothesized different energy type (dark energy) as

cause [1998].

Stephen Schwartz [Schwartz, Stephen]/Hans Zimmer [Zimmer, Hans]

composer

USA

1998

Prince of Egypt or When You Believe [1998: from the film The Prince of Egypt]

Schwartz lived 1949 to ?.

Charles P. Siewert [Siewert, Charles P.]

psychologist

USA

1998

Significance of Consciousness [1998]

Thoughts {non-iconic thought} can have no images.

Leslie Stevenson [Stevenson, Leslie]/David L. Haberman [Haberman, David L.]

philosopher

England

1998

Ten Theories of Human Nature [1998]

James Thomson [Thomson, James]

biologist

USA

1998

He discovered embryonic stem cells [1998].

Robert Waterston [Waterston, Robert]/John Sulston [Sulston, John]

biologist

USA/England

1998

C. elegans genome

They organized scientists to sequence C. elegans animal genome [1998].

Virginia Euwer Wolff [Wolff, Virginia Euwer]

writer

USA

1998

Probably Still Nick Swanson [1998]; Make Lemonade; True Believer

She lived 1937 to ?.

Rodney M. J. Cotterill [Cotterill, Rodney M. J.]

biologist

USA

1998 to 2003

Enchanted Looms: Conscious Networks in Brains and Computers [1998]

Perhaps, consciousness is in anterior cingulate. Consciousness unifies body actions. Perhaps, ability to make new

reflexes is consciousness purpose. He developed computer simulations (CyberChild) to find neural correlates of

consciousness. It uses mammalian nervous system circuits grouped into binary composite units. It has two senses,

hearing and touch. It controls vocalization, feeding, and bladder-control muscles. It has pain receptors for low stomach-

milk level, low blood-sugar level, full bladder, and dirty diaper. Emergent behavior, such as ability to make new

reflexes, indicates consciousness.

Stanislas Dehaene [Dehaene, Stanislas]

psychologist

USA

1998 to 2003

He invented global neuronal workspace theory, in which neurons have permanent and temporary modules connected

over long and short distances, for perception, memory, attention, emotion, evaluation, and action.

Stan Franklin [Franklin, Stan]

computer scientist

USA

1998 to 2004

IDA: A Cognitive Agent Architecture [1998: with Arpad Kelemen and Lee McCauley]; Learning in "Conscious"

Software Agents [2000]; "Conscious" software: a computational view of mind [2001]

He developed the Intelligent Distribution Agent (IDA) application. IDA performs Global-Workspace-Theory top-level

functions and has multiple-threaded independent agents {codelet}. IDA knows skills of Navy personnel and what they

like to do after current tour ends. It also knows Navy policies and what jobs Navy needs to fill [Franklin, 1998].

Lou Bega [Bega, Lou]

singer

USA

1999

Mambo No. 5 [1999]

Simon Blackburn [Blackburn, Simon]

philosopher

England

1999

Think [1999]

He lived 1944 to ?.

Rita Carter [Carter, Rita]

journalist

England

1999

Mapping the Mind [1999]

Brain scans associate brain regions with psychological functions.

Freeman Dyson [Dyson, Freeman]

chemist

England/USA

1999

Origins of Life [1999]

He lived 1923 to ?.

Ian Glynn [Glynn, Ian]

psychologist

England

1999

Anatomy of Thought [1999]

He studied brain anatomy.

Chris Isaak [Isaak, Chris]

composer

USA

1999

Baby Did a Bad Bad Thing [1999: from the film Eyes Wide Shut]

Leo Kadanoff [Kadanoff, Leo]

physicist

USA

1999

Phase transitions and critical points can be hierarchies of phase regions that affect neighbors {phase scaling} [1999].

Euan M. Macphail [Macphail, Euan M.]

psychologist

England

1999

Evolution of Consciousness [1999]

Only humans are self-consciousness and feelings, because only they have language.

Aimee Mann [Mann, Aimee]

composer

USA

1999

Save Me [1999: from the film Magnolia]

Ricky Martin [Martin, Ricky]

singer

USA

1999

Livin' La Vida Loca or Living the Crazy Life [1999]

Trey Parker [Parker, Trey]/Marc Shaiman [Shaiman, Marc]

lyricist/composer

USA

1999

Blame Canada [1999: from the film South Park: Bigger, Longer & Uncut]

William E. Seager [Seager, William E.]

philosopher

England

1999

Theories of Consciousness: An Introduction and Assessment [1999]

He reviewed representational, identity, intentional, external, and informational theories.

Raman Sundrum [Sundrum, Raman]

physicist

USA

1999

RS-1 [1999]; RS-2 [1999]

He suggested that universe is inside a universe with one more dimension, where most gravity stays, making perceived

gravity weak [1999: with Randall]. Space-time is anti-de-Sitter space.

Michael Tomasello [Tomasello, Michael]

psychologist

USA

1999

Cultural Origins of Human Cognition [1999]

Chimpanzees do not imitate but learn cultural traits by being in same situation.

Jamie Zawinski [Zawinski, Jamie]

mathematician

Russia

1999

He thought that wave/particle duality is contradiction but is still true [1999].

Brian Greene [Greene, Brian]

physicist

USA

1999 to 2003

Elegant Universe [1999]; Fabric of the Cosmos [2003]

He studied string theory.

Lisa Randall [Randall, Lisa]

physicist

USA

1999 to 2005

RS-1 [1999]; RS-2 [1999]; Warped Passages [2005]

She suggested that universe is inside a universe with one more dimension, where most gravity stays, making perceived

gravity weak [1999: with Sundrum]. Space-time is anti-de-Sitter space.

Philip D. Zelazo [Zelazo, Philip D.]

psychologist

USA

1999 to 2007

Developing theories of intention: Social understanding and self-control [1999: with Astington and Olson]

He invented a consciousness model with conscious-content recursion levels (Levels of Consciousness model), from

perception, to self-perception, to other minds, and to social competence.

Amir D. Aczel [Aczel, Amir D.]

mathematician

USA

2000

Mystery of the Aleph [2000]

Aleph is symbol for infinity levels.

Margaret Atwood [Atwood, Margaret]

writer

Canada

2000

Blind Assassin [2000]

She lived 1939 to ?.

Talis Bachmann [Bachmann, Talis]

psychologist

USA

2000

Microgenetic Approach to the Conscious Mind [2000]

Perception uses temporal steps {microgenesis, Bachmann} [Bachmann, 2000].

Paul Bloom [Bloom, Paul]

psychologist

USA

2000

How Children Learn the Meanings of Words [2000]

He studied language.

Hans Flohr [Flohr, Hans]

neuroscientist

Germany

2000

Inhibition or blocking of NMDA receptor complexes, as done by ketamine and nitrous oxide, causes unconsciousness

[2000]. Consciousness is a high-level representation that brain has representations, using NMDA-receptor-linked cell

assemblies firing synchronously [Flohr, 2000]. However, NMDA receptors are just as involved in non-conscious

processes [Hardcastle, 2000]. Many anesthetics, such as etomidate, act on other sites [Franks and Lieb, 2000].

Marc D. Hauser [Hauser, Marc D.]

psychologist

USA

2000

Wild Minds: What Animals Really Think [2000]

Tamarin monkeys are curious about their bodies and movements that they see in mirrors, unlike cats and dogs.

Monkeys can have sense of self.

Andrei Voznesensky [Voznesensky, Andrei]

writer

Russia

2000

Parabolic Ballad [2000]

He lived 1933 to ?.

Stephen G. Waxman [Waxman, Stephen G.]

physician

USA

2000

Correlative Neuroanatomy [2000]

Max Velmans [Velmans, Max]

psychologist

England

2000 to 2007

Understanding Consciousness [2000]; Investigating Phenomenal Consciousness [2000]; How Could Conscious

Experiences Affect Brains? [2003]; Blackwell Companion to Consciousness [2007: with Susan Schneider]

He lived 1942 to ? and is Critical Realist. Brain and mind are one, because physical world and experience have same

place and time with similar intensities {reflexive monism}. He invented reflexive model of consciousness.

Lawrence Krauss [Krauss, Lawrence]

physicist

USA

2000 to 2012

Quintessence [2000]; A Universe from Nothing [2012]

He studied dark energy.

David Baerwald [Baerwald, David]

composer

USA

2001

Come What May [2001: from the film Moulin Rouge!]

Cynthia I. Breazeal [Breazeal, Cynthia I.]

computer scientist

USA

2001

Designing Sociable Robots [2001]

Kismet is robot head whose parts can move like human head parts. If it is too close to see, it cranes back, and if it is too

far, it cranes forward. It checks for movement, skin color, and saturated colors and looks in weighted direction. State

depends on happiness, stimulation, and willingness for new stimuli. State affects where it looks. It checks pitch for

patterns of approving, disapproving, drawing attention, and soothing, but it has no language ability. It can make sounds

in pitch patterns. It can move eyebrows, lips, and ears to reflect happiness, stimulation, and willingness for new stimuli.

Jim Collins [Collins, Jim]

sociologist

USA

2001

Good-to-Great: Why Some Companies Make the Leap... and Others Don't [2001]

Level 1 is Highly Capable Individual. Level 2 is Contributing Team Member. Level 3 is Competent Manager. Level 4

is Effective Leader. Level 5 {Level 5 Leadership} is Executive. Good executives are humble or quiet, are strong-

willed, require self-discipline, sacrifice self for company, take responsibility, listen to and credit others, work for long-

term company gain, and have high standards. They are not outsiders or flamboyant persons. They do not have

charisma. They do not impose discipline.

Determine what company can do best, choose best method for cash flow and profits, choose main indicator, and have

passion inside {Hedgehog Concept}.

Scott Kirkpatrick [Kirkpatrick, Scott]

mathematician

USA

2001

traveling-salesman problem [2001]

Salesmen want to travel shortest distance among cities, with no path duplication. What is the shortest path {traveling-

salesman problem, Kirkpatrick} [2001]? Traveling-salesman problems are NP-complete. Number of possible paths is

factorial of number of cities, divided by two, because trips can be in either direction. Tours are vertexes of N-

dimensional polygons. Tours that differ by one city are near each other in N-dimensional space. Simulated annealing

can find shorter paths but allow longer paths, to avoid local minima. Techniques can find good paths but not

necessarily the best.

Gary Marcus [Marcus, Gary]

psychologist

USA

2001 to 2004

Algebraic Mind [2001]; Birth of the Mind [2004]

He studied mind and brain.

George W. Bush [Bush, George W.]

president

USA

2001 to 2009

He lived 1946 to ?. 43rd president attacked Afghanistan [2001] and Iraq [2003] and tried to end worldwide terrorism by

force and monetary measures. He lowered taxes and increased debt. Economy was bad.

Fred C. Adams [Adams, Fred C.]

astronomer

England

2002

Our Living Multiverse [2002]

Our universe is one of many universes (multiverse), with different physical parameters.

Bono

composer

USA

2002

Hands That Built America [2002: from the film Gangs of New York. sung by U2]

Eminem

composer

USA

2002

Lose Yourself [2002: from the film 8 Mile]

George Mandler [Mandler, George]

psychologist

USA

2002

Consciousness Recovered [2002]

Richard Gibbs [Gibbs, Richard]/Eric Green [Green, Eric]/Eric Lander [Lander, Eric]/Richard McCombie

[McCombie, Richard]/Douglas Smith [Smith, Douglas]/Bruce Roe [Roe, Bruce]/Elbert Branscomb [Branscomb,

Elbert]/Ian Jackson [Jackson, Ian]/Steve Brown [Brown, Steve]/Peter Little [Little, Peter]/Jane Rogers [Rogers,

Jane]/Duncan Campbell [Campbell, Duncan]

biologist

USA

2002

They organized scientists to sequence mouse genome.

Axel Cleeremans [Cleeremans, Axel]

biologist

USA

2003

Unity of Consciousness: Binding, Integration and Dissociation [2003: editor]

Consciousness unifies by integrative processes among brain parts.

Pentti Haikonen [Haikonen, Pentti]

computer scientist

Finland

2003

Cognitive Approach to Conscious Machines [2003]

He developed bottom-up system to try to build perception, imagery, inner speech, pain and pleasure, and emotions

from artificial neurons, using no algorithms, but only distributed signals, cross-links, analysis, and reports. Process

becomes conscious when it is sufficiently complex {emergence, Haikonen}. System uses no numbers, only meanings.

Owen Holland [Holland, Owen]

computer scientist

England

2003

Machine Consciousness [2003: ed.]

He developed robots with internal models and control systems, with Rod Goodman. Perhaps, sufficiently complex and

intelligent control systems can have consciousness emerge {emergence, Holland}.

Aaron Sloman [Sloman, Aaron]/Ron Chrisley [Chrisley, Ron]

computer scientist

England

2003

Virtual machines can model consciousness-like information processing. Models can define consciousness and mind as

architectures. Information processing shows that qualia-concepts depend on architecture. Architecture structures qualia

themselves.

Luc Steels [Steels, Luc]

computer scientist

Belgium

2003

People speak to themselves voice {inner voice} to express their thoughts, and this information processing structure is

useful.

Walter Freeman [Freeman, Walter]

psychologist

USA

2003 to 2004

He studied mind as neural dynamical system, in which waves have synchronous phase by phase locking and then

transition to new phase. Brains are self-organizing systems in critical states that transition to global patterns.

Nigel J. T. Thomas [Thomas, Nigel J. T.]

philosopher

USA

2003 to 2005

Mental Imagery [2005]

Opening refrigerators turns light on and it always comes on, so you think that it is always on, but it really goes off

when door closes {refrigerator light illusion}.

Jeremy M. Wolfe [Wolfe, Jeremy M.]/Keith R. Kluender [Kluender, Keith R.]/Dennis M. Levi [Levi, Dennis M.]

psychologist

USA

2006

Sensation and Perception [2006]

They studied psychology and perception biology.

Barack Obama [Obama, Barack]

president

USA

2009

He lived 1961 to ?. 44th president tried to stimulate economy and bailout big businesses.