Neweuxs New French Grammar - Forgotten Books
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Transcript of Neweuxs New French Grammar - Forgotten Books
NEWEUX’S
NEW
FRENCH GRAMMAR,
AN A P PEN D IX1
Tom e mmxcn GRAMMARor Mn . nu 1.111“d
m ADDITIOI to run NEW p u n roa a lma n a c rm; nun-ru mor or run vans.All!) ru e a
'runr or war. razuca nu an ce .
Thiswork hasalso th e peculiar advantage of presenting much usefulmatter takenfrom the grammarsof Douville, Du vet, Chamhaud. W auostrocht, HamelCobbett,Ramoniére, Brumeck and Simonin :an advantage that nosingle volumehitherto publiahedp ossesses.
PRICE : 5 r nancs,W ITH THE GENERAL VIEW OF THE FOUR CONJU GATIONS
I
M in 6 nam esnou nn .
PARIS.
PUBLISHED FORTHE AUTHOR,80. nun n un -oxa—n n u -cnm n .
AND BY THE ENGLISH AND OTHER FOREIGN BOOKSELLERSIN THIS Cl".
m annersQWQ‘II‘IB’M
OF TEACHlNG
THE FRENCH LANGUAGE.
I'
r happensvery often that Gentlemen and Ladieswhohonor me with their Patronage frequ ently ask me by
whatsystem I teach the French language whether mymode of instruction isaccording to the m ethod Jaco
tot,or after the Hamiltonian, Marcellian or Bartholiau
system ,etc .
W ith a view ofsatisfying those qu estionswhich are
extremely reasonable in the m idst ofso many conflictingop inionsaboutsystems, Ifeelitmy duty to acquaint the
Public,that there existsonly . one tru e system ; and th is
system independent of any particular namesisbeyondth e influ ence ofthe fashionsof the day, and therefore it:
m ust be followed by allpersonswho are desirousof ac
qu iring a correct knowledge of the French language, or
any other language whatever.
In the first place, it isnecessary to teach the pup ilhowto decline the nine partsofspeech , whenb e becomestolerablywellacquaintedwith their principlesand variousfunctions
,the masteffi'fihould make the pup ilwrite a few
examplesof each , viz . Upon the articles, substantives,
a unvnux’sSYSTEMor nouns
,adjectives, p ronouns, verbs, adverbs
, p repo
sitions, conjunctions, and interjections. And then the
masterwillproceed to ask questionsin English , on the
different inflexionsof the verbs,by introducing now and
th en the oth er partsof the speech which the pup ilwilltranslate into French asfollows.
EXAMPLESon THEsum anvvnnn a vers, TO nave .
J’
ai une grammaire .
A-t-ildesamislln
’
a pasd’
enfansElle a de la patience .
Elle n’
a pasd’
abricots.Nousavonsdesoranges.Nousn’
avonspasd’
orangesVousavez dc honnespommes.Avez-vousdespommesIlsou ellesont de la biére .
Ilsou ellesn ’
ont pasde biére .
Nousavionsde beaux appartemens
quand nousétionsen Italic.
Nouscumeshier nu hon diner.
Qu’
aurons-nousou qu’
est-cc que
niatin P
Auront-ilsdestapis?J’
auraisune montre d’
or.
Ayonsde la fermcté.
Que lesenfansaient du lait.Ayez la bonté dc me preter votre
Que nousayonsune belle maison
(l) The masterwilltellthe pupil, why the French language requiressometimesthe article da , de la . de l
’
, and da , andsometimesde and d’ only.
I have a grammar.
H ash e any friendsPH e hasno ch ildren .
Sh e hasp a tience .
Sh e h asno ap ricots.”
e h ave oranges.W e have no oranges.You h ave good apples.Havey ou any applesPThey have beer.
Th ey have no beer.
IVe had fi ne ap artmentswhenwe were in Italy .
W e h ad a good dinner y esterday .
W h a tshallwe have for break
fast th ismorning ?
W i llth ey have carp etsPIwould h ave a gold wa tch .
Let ushavefirm nessLet th e ch ildren have milk.
Have th e goodnessto lend me
y our p enknife .
Thatwe may have afi ne house .
or reacnmc run rnzxcn LANGUAGE . 3
Que vousayez de hon vin de Tha ty ou may have good Ch am
Champagne . p agne w ine .
Que nouscussionsnu grand jar Th at we m igh t have a
din.
Que vouseussiez nu beau a rrossa Tha ty ou migh t h ave a fine ear
EXAMPLESON THE AUXILIARY vnnn firsts, TO nu .
0 hsont vossmursi‘
Vousétesheureux .
Jeserai toujourstres-aise de vousvoir.
Est-elle aimable P
Ellesera'
tres-jolie .
Sera-t-elle riche
Oh étiez-voushier soir ou hier
eu soir ?J’
etaisch ez moiSerez-vouscheu vousccsoirshuitheu resi’
llserait plush eureux s’
iln'
était
passi ambitieux.
Nesoyez passi pressé.Soyonsm odérés.Qu
’
ilsoit plusreconnaissant.llfaut que jesoisau Palais-vRoyalaneu fheureset demie .
Votre scour est-elle revenu e de lacampagne (a) P
(t) W e also use sometimesthe wordsan logic or d In maison, in the senseofthe English word at home.
(2) The master willinform the pupil'
1n what case we begin thesentence by thesubject or nominative of the v ,erb and not by the verb asin English . He will
also explainwhen it ismore polite inFrench to use the titlesmonsieur, madameand madamoiselle As— Monsieur votrefi ére est-ilrevenu d
’Angleterre5’ Is
yourbrother returned fromEngland ; and not, est votrefrére rewnu , etc .
IVh ere are y oursistersPYou are happy .
Ishallalwaysbe very h appy to
seey ou .
Isshe amia ble P
Sh e w illbe very p retty .
W illsh e be rich P
W h ere were y ou last nightP
I wasat home .
W”
illy ou be a thome thiseveninga t e ight o
’
clockP
He would be happ ier if h e werenotsuch an ambitiousman.
Be qu iet.
Be notso hasty .
Let usbe moderate .
Let h im be more th ankful.
I must be at the Pala is-q alat
p ast nine o’
clock.
Isy ou rsister returned from the
country P
a”
, Nuvnux’savs'rnn
Pasencore .
On m’
a dit que votre pére est alléen Allernagne est-cc vraiP
0 11i ilest maintenant h Munich .
Votre frere est-ilmarié PVosamisserum-Ha p rétsh partirdomain matin asix h eures?
411faut qu e lesdomestiquessoientrevenusavant diner.
llfaudrait que nousfussionsbieningratspour nop asaimer 1m sihon roi.
EXAMPLESON SOME U SEFUL REGU LAR AND IRREGULARVERRS
OF THE FIRST CONJUGATION .
Parlez-vousfrangaisPElle parle m ieux que ensecur.D ense-b elle b ien PAqu elle heu re dines-vans?Ne dinez-vouspash In maisonatq
'
ourd’
h ui POn m
’
a ditque votre fréreaépouséune dame frangaise .
Oh trouverai-je votre grammaire ?
ma chambre '
.
Quand oesdamescommencérent
ellesh apprendre la langue ita
lienne PQu and commenceront-ellesit ap
prendre lo frangais?
llfau t qu e je donne mon huge 21la blanchisseuse .
Avez-vousdonne meschemisesala blanch isseuse P
Vousm’
ap porterez mon habit de
main matin.
Doy ousp eak French PSh esp eaksbetter th an h ersister.
D oessh e dance wellPAtwh at o
’
clockdoy ou dine PD oy ou not'dine at home to-day i
’
:Noty et.
I am told th a t y our fath er is‘
gone to Germa ny , isit true PYes, he isnow a tMunich .
Isy our brother marri ed PW i llyourfriend
'sbe re ady tosetou t to-morrow morning a tsixo’
clockPTh e servantsmust be returned
before dinner.
One must be very u ngratefulnot
to lovesuc h a good king.
I am told th a tyour brother h asmarried a French lady .
W'
hcre shallIfi nd y our grammar P
You willfind it on th e table or
upon th e ta ble in my room .
W hen did those ladiesbegin tolearn th e Italian langu age P
W h en w ill th ey begin to learn
French PI must give my linen to th e
wash erwoman .
D id y ou give my sh irtsorsh iftsto th e wash er-woman P
You w ill bring me my coat to
morrow morning .
or mscurm Tun runner! LANGUAGE“ S
Vouspouvez l’
apporter demain You may bring it to:marrow.
apfésdéjefin er. after breakfast.Donnerai-je votre montre h votre ShallI give you rwatch to y ou r
fi‘él'e -l brother POui vouspouvez la lui donner. Yes, y ou may give it to h im .
Avez-vousenvoyé votre ohoval it H ave .
y ou sent y our horse to
Envoyez-le-lu i 1) h
‘
dix heures.Ja viensd’envoyermon file inFontainehleau .
au relieu r ?
Je leslui enverrai lavsemaino pro~
chaine .
Nousdevonsremercier nosparens
quand-ilsnousfont du .b ien .
Dansez avec votre cousine , parlezlui
, et no lui donnez pasvotre
Je lui ai pretede l'
argent.
Smith etmon ami ou tchante
ensemble .
Elle chanta pendant une h eure .
Nousvenionsde ~ commencer nos.
thémeslorsque vousetesvenucc matin .
Nousallonstressouvent aParis. W e very often go to Pa ris.Allez-vousquelquefois en [ta-x Doy ou sometimesgo to Italy Plie (2 ) PAllez an Palais-Royalz Go to th e Pala is-Roy al.Nous.allfimeslasemaine derniere W ew enttoHyde
-Pa rklastweek.
aHyde-Park.
(1) The teacher willexplain here , in whatw e we place the personalpronounsla, la , les, etc. , after the verh . And likewise when it ismore elegant to usethem after and before the verb in the samesentence :As— Prétcz-lo-moi, on me
la vendez . Lend it me orsellit me , meaning a book for instance.
(2) The master willtellthe pupil, ,when the French language requiresthe proposition en, a, a la, an , aux , and chez , before the nouns.
Send it to h im a tten o’
clock.
I have justsentmy son to Fon
ta in eblea u .
W h en w illy ou sendy ou r‘
bookb
to the book’
binder PI
'
willsend th em to h im next
w eek.
W"
?mustth ankourp a rents'
wh en
they do usgood.
D ance w ith y our cousin , sp eakto h er, and do not give h er
y our dictionary .
I h ave‘
lent h im c ar ' her somemoney .
M issSm ith and my friend‘
h avc
sung together.
Sh esangfor one hou r.W e h ad just begun our ex erc iseswh eny ou came th ismorning .
6 nevnux’ssvs'rsrr
Elle Illa chez voushier soir.
Elle va chez elle .
Ira-t-ii itSaint-Cloud PIlfaut qu
’
ilsou qu’
ellesafllent anPalaisde Saint-James.
Allonsau jardin desTu ileries.Passez chez moi demain s’ilvous
plait.
Voulez-vouspasser chez moiPJ’
ai passé ch ez vouscc matin .
Je viensde dormer mon dictionnaire h votre cousin .
Elle vient de'
parlor h votre frére .
Nousvonionsdc parler h votre
p ére quand nousvousrencontrimesb ier aux Charnps-Elysees.
11dit qu’
il vouspréterait dc l’
ar
gents’
ilen avait.
Nouslespardonnerionss’
ilsétaientplusattentifsinlawdevoir.
N’
oubliez pasde m’
écrire .
Je suissfir qu’
il l’
épouserait sielle était riche .
ll fallait qu e nousach etassionsdeslivrcs.
Ne négligeonspasnosaffaires.
Mangez du poisson.
Nousne commandonspas nous
prions.Ne grondez passi souvent cette
pauvre fille .
Quand vousviendrez vousembu erez votresmu t .
Uson ellesont oublié d’apporterleurslivres.
Lesécoliersstudieux n’
oublient
jamaisd’étudier leurslecons.
Shewenttoyourhouse lastnight.Sh e goesto h er house.
W illh e go to St.-Cloud P
Th ey must go to St-J ames’sPa
lace .
Letasgo to the Tu ileriesgarden.
Call on me to-mormw if you
H esaysh e would lend y ousomemoney if he had any .
W e wouldforgive them if th eywere more attentive to th e ir
duty .
D o notforget towrite tome .
I amsure h e would marry h er if
It wasnecessary for usto buy
Let usnot neglect our own af
E atsomejish .
W e do notcomma nd, we entrant.
D o notscold that p oor g irlso
W h en y ou come y ou w ill bring
y ou r sister.
Th ey h aveforgotten tobring th eirbooks.
Stud iousschola rsneverforget to
I have called ony ou th ismorning.
I have justg iven my dictionarytoy ou r cousin
Sh e h asjustspoken toy our brath er.
W e hadjustspoken to y ou r fath er w h en w e met y ou y esterday in th e Champs-Elysées.
OF TEACHING TEE
Quand nousétionsen France
nousnouspromenionsincheval,dansl’aprés-m idi .
llsou ellesdéjefinaient ii dix heuresda matin .
Quandj’
etaisen Italic je damais.
presqu e tou teslessemaines.Votre frérejouait de lafll
‘
lte ..
En hiver ilspassaient lessoiréesavec leu rsenfeuset leu rsamis..
J'
allaisau jardin (lesTu ileries
quand je vousrencontrai hier
h lazplace Venddme .
Elle allait ch ez vous cc matin
quand elle vousa rencontré .Nousnoushabillions, quand vousetesvenu sujourd
’
bui (x) hf
onze h eu res.Biniez-vous quand je vinshier i
"
Non nousjou'
ionsaux certosa
In winter they used tospend theeveningswith the ir children:
andfriends. .
I wasgoing to th e Tu ileriesga rden wh en Imety ou y esterdaya tpla ce Viendo
’
me “
She wasgoing to y ou r housewhensh emety ou th ismorn ing .
W ewere dressing ou rselveswhen
y ou came at eleven o’
clock
to-day .
W ere y ou dining when I came
y esterday P No, we were
play ing at cards.
Andso on through allthe usefulregular and irregular
verbsof the four conj ugations. W ithou t thispractice,the u tm ost proficiency in conjugating the verbswillscarcely be of any availforspeaking French ; bu t by itsadoption, the pup ilwillbe able tospeak it in a veryshorttime .
The pup ilwillalso writesuch exercisesasmay be re
commended to h im,and when they are corrected he will
read them . to th e master,and verify the correctionsby
(l) The teacher will explain when we must use the past participle venu .
venus, venue , and venues, instead of the preteritdefinite vousvt'ntes, and he will
also tellthestudent why wesay vousétesvenu , you have come, or you came ,
and not vousavez venu .
rn xcn twcm csfi 7
W hen we were in a ce , we
used to ride in the afternoon .
They used to bre akfast at ten
o’
clock in the morning .
W h en I wasin Italy , l an d to
dance almost every week.
You r brother used to play upon
8 NEvs ’ssvs'rsu
reference to the rules. Thismode ofverification isabsolately necessary to prevent a rep etition ofsimilar faults.I need scarcely m ention that the pup ilwillread and
translate to the master, every other day, or every day , if
he hastim e, a fewpagesfrom some classicalbook. The
teacher willalsoselectsome paragraphsfrom Telemach usor Gilhlas, which the student willwrite u nderdictation
nothing contributesmore than that plan for acqu iring
an ease and flu ency in co‘
nversation wh ich isso difficult;moreover it isthe surest m eansof using the ear to the
soundsofthe language, and of engraving on the m ind a
correct orthography. Independently of the W riting a n
der dictation , the teach erwillreadnow and then , to h is
p u pils, some fine passagesofFrench poetry ; thismethod
willbe ofthe greatest advantage tostrangersfor acqu iringa good accent.
The p up ilwillalso employ a part of h istime in translatingFrench intoEnglish , and the frequent recu rring tothe dictionary willfurnish h ism emorywith asufficiencyofwords, sentencesand idioms.
W hen the pupilbeginsto improve 1n French,he m ust
readsomeselected comedies,because th e master willfre
qu entlyhave occasion to explain to h im the mostdifficult
tu rnsoftheFrench language, and th e abreviationswh ichare used in conversation .
I likewise verystrongly recomm end th e pu pilto render
h imselffam iliar, assoon aspossible, with what the grammarianscall th e GRAMMATICAL ANALYSIS
,for
,withou t
phisimportant knowledge, it isimpossible for foreigners,or even the nativesthemselves
,to write or {speak the
French language with any tolerable degree of accuracy .
Let ussuppose, for instance, that the master willtellhis
or rsscnmc rue meson LANGUAGE . 9 .
pupilthat the past participle ofa neu ter verb isindeciinable when it isconjugated in the compoundtenseswiththe auxiliaryverb avoir, to have :As— lesdeua:damesa.
qu i nousavonsp arle'
,and not p arle
'
es,the two ladiesto
whom we have spoken .
The pup il, not knowing how to distingu ish a neuter
verb,it iscerta in that he willnot u nderstand what h is
masterm eans. And also if the teacher, in correcting the
exercises,asksthestudentwhy.
he did not decline the past
participlesofsome active, passive, prononiinaland re
flected verbsAs— aimer,to love ; recevoir
,to receive ;
voir,tosee se rep entir, to repent ; andse p romener, to
walk Examples— Lesdeua:lettresque nousavonsrecues
,the twoletterswhich we have received ; lesdames
que nousavonsvu es, the ladieswhom we have seen ;cctte dame est aime
'
e deson mari, th islady isloved byher husband ; cesdeux m essieu rssesont rep entis, thesetwo gentlemen have repented ; lesdemoisellesse sont
pmmene’
esaux Champs the young ladieshavewalked in the Champs-Elysées; and not recu
fvu , aime'
,
rep enti, and p romene'
.
The student will very likely ask what isan active
verb ? then the teacherwilltellh im that an active verb
expressesan action withou t the h elp ofa preposition and
so on ; and that in French th e past participle alwaysagreeswith itsregimen directwhen that regimen precedesit, asabove exemplified.
The grammariansalso give th e following ruleson the
different partsofspeech .
ON THE ARTICLE .
The article isa little word wh ich signifiesnothing byitself
, andwhich isto be placed before asubstantive and
to uavsux’ssvsrsuagreeswith it in gender and in number : As— le monsieu r, the gentleman ; Ia dame, tbe lady ; lesmessiew
'set lesdam s, the gentlemen and ladies, etc.
ON THE SUBSTANTIVE .
Thesubstantive isawordwhich rep resentsor expressesthe name of a person or a thing, as— Philipp e , Ph ilip ;Gu illa ume , W illiam ; plume
, pen ; canif, penknife, etc .
ON THE m m .
The adjective isa word whose business13 generally toexpressa quality or thestate of personsand th ings. In
French , the adjective alwaysagreesin gender and num
ber with the substantive to which it relates: As— nu
homme prudent, a prudent man unefemme p rudente,
a prudent woman ; deschevaux blancs, white horses
desjumensblanches, white mares; etc .
The pronoun isa word that keepsthe place ofasubstantive or a noun , when it isone of those that we call
‘
personal pronoun As— ilp arle , he sp eaks; elle danse,she dances. It isth e same asif I wassaying Peter
speaks, Lou isa dances, because il, be, and elle,she
,re
presentPeter and Lou isa .
ON THE
See mygrammarwh ere I have explained the valu e andfunctionsof th isword
,the most important of alland
most necessary to be attentivelystudied .
(1) There are differentsortsofarticles. See Levin e’sGrammar.
osremand; rue M en LANGUAGE . 11
ON THE ADVERB.
°
The adverb isan indeclinable wordwh ich modifiesaverb
, etc .
, etc . As- ilp arle m ieua: qu e sonfi-ére
,he
speaksbetter than hisbrother ; andnot ifp urle meilleur
que sonfi ere, because meilleu r isan adjective .
ON THE PREPOSITION.
The preposition isanother indeclinable word, placedbefore th e noun or verb which itgoverns:Asi-n oe qu ise
fait’
dansIa p assion, sefu itsouvent contre la (when, et
nousdonne dansla su ite de grandssujetsdo rep ent
W hat is~ done in passion isoften done against reason,and givesusin time great cause of repentance.
-The
wordsduns,centre
,and de
,are prepositions.
The conjunction isalso indeclinable, and isused in ‘
a
sentence tojoin together the different partsofthespeechAs-Il devait aller a.Londreset 21 D ublin ma isson
pére a change'
d’
avis; he wasto go toLondon and Du
blin,bu t h isfather hasaltered hism ind.
In th issentence a and ma is, are two conjunctionsthatshow the dependence and connection of the wordswhich compose it.
ON THE INTERJECTION.
The interjection islikewise an indeclinable word,
used to expressthe affectionsof the mind, either ofjoy,griefor fear, etc . As— mfls! ah ! he'las! alas! etc .
Asit isalreadystated, in order to become assoon as
possible familiar with what the grammarianscallAna
i n sm ux’ssrs'ren .
{rs-1'
s, the p upilwillonce or twice aweekselectsom e re
markable passagesfrom any classical book, and h e will
analyse them asthe following examples
Une mere entoure'
e de sesenfans, qui lesdiri'
ge
le bien p arsessoins, et lesp re'setve dc tout dang er,
se montre telle qu’
elle doit étre ; c’
est alorsqu’
elle
commando le resp ect, l’
estime ct l’
admiration .
Tre'sor dc l’a‘me
, parREY
Amother encircledby her children, directing them
by her carestowardsevery th ing that isgood, and at
thesame time preserving them from alldanger, shows
herselfwhatshe ought to be ; for it isin fulfilling th isdivine m ission thatshe commandsrespect, esteem and
admiration .
”
GRAMMATICAL . ANALYSIS .
fem . indef. art. (1)
preposition .
poss. pron . 3rd pers. plur. of both genders.masc . subst. com . plur.
relat. pron. of both gendersand numbers.
person. pron . plnr . of both genders.3rd pers. sing. of the pres. ind. of the act. v.
to direct, or to manage ; xst conjug.
masc. def. art. sing.
masc . subst. com . sing .
preposition .
pose. pron . 3rd pets. plur. ofboth genders.
( 0) See the explanation ofthe abreviationsat the endofmy grammar.
or TEACHING,THE ranucn LANGUAGE .
°
13
masc . subst. com . plur.
person pron . plur. of both genders.3rd pers. sing. of the pres. ind. of the presen
oer, to preserve ; 1st. conjng .
preposition .
masc . collect. adj. smg.
masc . subst. com . sing.
montre 3rd pers. sing. of the pres. ind. of the reflect. v. semontrer, toshow one
’sself.
que relat. p ron of both gendersand numbers.
3rd pers.sing. ofthe p res. ind. of the act. v. devorr,
pres. of the inf. of the auxil. v. e‘
tre , to be .
est 3d pets.sing. ofthe pres. ind. ofthe auxil.m etre, to be .
(l) Some authorswould give more detailsaboutthe pronounsil, he ils, theye lle, she ; and d ies, they ; for fear that the pupilshould confound them with lo.
h im ; la , her; les, them lui , to him, or to her ; law , to them. etc. , etc. ; which
are likewise personal pronouns. Those authorswould say for instance : Elle ,
Immortalp ronounfemin ine singular:
nominative or subject (f the active verb
devoir, to owe, asthey also do sometimeswhen they make the analysisofsubstantiveswhich are governor or regimen ofverbs; but thisplan would he too
prolix and tedious, and besidesof no more advantage to thestudent than thesimple grammaticalanalysisthat Ihave given. Isay ofno more advantage to thestudent, asIhave neverseen any English pupilconfounding the personalpronounsil, with la or lu i, nor elle, with la , etc. , because hisown language tellshim a
good dealbetter than any grammaticalanalysis. where there areso many frivolousdetailson every partofthespeech .
(2 ) The strangerssometimesmistake thisimpersonalpronoun 06, with the de
monstrative cc; they write cessent, instead of assent, these or those are. The
demonstrative pronoun ce alwaystakesthe form of the pluralwhen it isfollowed
by anysubstantive plural:As Gaslium , these or those books; and cestables,these tables. But the impersonal pronoun cc never takes8 for the plural; wethereforesay, cc sent dc bonslivm , these are good books.
s4 un m x’ssrs'rnn
com mie 3rd pers.sing. at the pres. ind. of the act. v. COM ?
mander, to command ; 1st conjngmasc . def. art. sing.
masc. subst. com. sing.
fem . def. art. sing.
fem . subst. com. sing.
Dansl’e'du cation, lsnaturelest la sol, Ietcu r est le labou te u r, lesraisonnemenset lesavissontlessemences.”
Tre'sor do l’t‘ime, p arREY .
In education, the understanding isthesoil, the preceptor isthe labourer, logic and instruction are the
seeds.”
GRAMMATICAL ANALYSIS
Ia fem . def. art. sing.
education fem . subst. com . sing.
masc . def. art.sing.
masc .subst. com . sing.
3rd pers. sing. ofthe pres. ind. of the v. are,
to be .
n ew. def. art.sing.
masc. subst. com . sing.
subst. com . sing.
3rd. pers. sing. of the pres. ind. of the auxil. v.
to be .
masc. def. art. sing.
18 or rm:“w as. ‘
Ano n unsor veers.
la denomination d’
d’
me da discours do motpar excel
fence . Rien done n’
est plusunpm'tanb qu e de sefamiIiariser avec cc qu
’
on app elle la conjugaison . Comme
la langu e écrite n’
est qu e Ie signsrepre'sentatgf de la
langue p arle'
e on doit commencer it ex ercer lesenfansit la conjugaison orale meme avant qu
’
ilssachentdis
“lsparlent, 0 316 SW . Ce quit; ont
a insi plustaut ilsle liront , p lusfard ilsl’
e'
cnl
rent, atsuns
Of the Nature and Kindsof Verbs.
Verbschange their formsto agree with their nom i
natives; therefore particular attention must be paid,when. a verb isto be used, to ascertain the n umber and
pemon . .of its‘nom inative,that the verb may be made
to agree with it.
Ve rbsare of five kinds; active, passive, neuter,re
flected and inlpersonal.Active verbs? expressan actionwh ich an agent, cal
led the.
nominative or subject, performson an objector regimen, W ithou t the help of a preposition, asP ierre aime Soph ie , Peter lovesSoph ia.
Passive verbsare those ofwh ich the subject or nom inative isaffected in some particular manner
,by an
agent, as-,Louise est aime
'
e de Paul Lou isa isloved
Neu ter verbsare of two kinds. 10 . Those thesubjectofwhich performsan action that either isor can be di
rected towardsan object or term with the help of a
preposition as -Il unit 2: ma rep utation he injmy rep u tation . 2 0 . Those which expressan action per
formed by theirsubject, but which cannot be directed
or runnersAND reasonsor vanes. 19
towardsany object, asit isconcentrated within themselves; or in other words— those which expressthestate
,situation, manner of being, or existence of the
subject, as-fi fedorsIsleep ; j’
ex iste Iexist.Reflected verbsexpressan action that fallson theirsubject, which isthen represented in itsfunction asobject, by one of the governed personal pronounsme te ,se , nous, vous; as— Ia mefl ntte , I flattermyself; tu te fl attes thou flatterest thyself, etc . Theseverbsare conjugated with two pronounsof the same
person , thus— je me,tu te
,il,or elle se nousnous
vousvous, ilsor ellesse in thesense ofmyself, thyself,h imself, hemelf, ourselves, you rselves, themselves, i n
Impersonalverbsare only used in'
the third personsingular oftheir different tenses, as— fl y a there is,there
'
are ; ilfaut it isn ecessary ; il imports, it isofimportance .
Of Numbersand P ersonsof Verbs.
There are two numbersin verbs, asin nouns, thesingular and the plural; thesingular, when asingle person or a thing performsthe action expressed by the
verb , as— Ising, je chants thou walkest, mmarchesor in te p romenes the plural, when two orseveralpersonsconcur in thesame action, aswesing, nouschantons; theysleep , ilsor ellesdormant.
In each number there are three persons, the first,the second, and the th ird ; the first isthe person whosp eaks; thesecond, the person spoken to5and the th ird,th e p ersonspoken of.There are three pronounsto represent the th ree
a
$0 110 0 133.
wh om,I, je ; thou, tu ; he or she, il or elle ; for the
singular ; we, nous; ye or you , vous; they, ilsor ellesfor the plural.
Allsubstantives, either common or proper, are of
the th ird person .
Observe .
°
— Aword isalwaysascertained to be a verb
when one of the above pronounscan be prefixed to itlire is
, therefore, a verb, becausewe cansay -islistu Iis ilorelle tit etc.
Moodsignifiesmanner . W e callmoodsthe differentmannersof using a verb , in order to expressthe different affectionsof ou r m ind
,or the variouswaysin
wh ich an action isp erformed orsuffered. A verb may
be used in five differentmanners, namely The infini
tive,the indicative
,the conditional
,the imperative, and
thesubjunctive .
The infinitive isso termed,because it expressesa
th ing or action in an indefinite manner, withou t any
reference to number or person, as-l-chanter , to sing ;
p unir , to punish devoir ; toowe .
The indicative affirmsin a positive and absolutemanner, as-je connaiscesdames, Iknow these ladies;it isso called because it denotesaffirmation in a sim
ple and direct way, withou t depending on any other
word,whatever may be the time to which the affirma
tion relates.The conditional denotesthat a thing or action eith er
would take or would have taken place, depending on
a condition, as— je vousrendraisservice , si je Ie p ouvais; Iwould render you aservice
,if I could ilsera it
OF THE TENSES OR TIMES.
m u , s’
ilavailfait beau temsor tempshe would have
come if it had been fine weather.
The imperative isused for commanding, exhorting,
e’
ntreating or permitting, as venez ici , qu e iswon:
parle come here, that I mayspeak toyou .
The subjunctive representsa thing u nder a condi
tion , motive, wish , orsupposition , and isdependent ona conjunction, as- quoiqu
’
il pleura , though it rains;
je veux an’
ilsviennent I wish them to come.
Of the Tenses.
or Times.
Tense being the distinction of thus, we calltensesortimes, the different formswhich a verb assumes to
exprw the present, past, or futu reTensesmay be divided intosimple and compound .
Th e simple are, those which consist of a single fi
verh
as c’
orire,towrite ; j
’
e'
cris I write . The compound
consist of two or more, being formed with the differenttensesofeither the verb avoir
,to have, or e
’
tre to be ,
and the past participle ofanother verb, as— j’
ai parle'
a
M. Ihave spoken toMr.
Th ere are four tensesin the infinitive mood the pre
sent, the preterit, the present participle, and the past
participle .
The indicative haseigh t, the present, the imperfect,
the preteritdefinite, the preterit indefinite, the pluper
feet,the preterit anterior, the future absolute, and the
future anterior.
The conditionalhastwo, the present, and the past.
The imperative hasonly one .
Tbesubjunctive hasfour; the present, the imperfect,the preterit, and the pluperfect.
2 2 FORMATION 0 ! TI ! TENS“ OF VERBS.
Formation of the Tensesof Verbs.
The present of the infinitive, the present participle,the past participle, the present, and preterit, of theindicative are called the primitive tenses, because allothersare formed from them according to tbe following rules.Rule I. From the present of the infinitive are formed,
1 . The future by adding ai to the final of those whichend with a consonant, as dormer , dormir, infinitive
isdonnerai isdormirai , future and by changing the
finale into ai in those wh ich end with a vowel, aslire , vendne infinitive ; je Iirai , je wendrai, future .
a . The conditional, by adding air to the finalof thosewh ich endwith a consonant, as— chantcr
, p unir, infi
nitive je chanteraisje punira is, conditional; and bychanging e mute into a isin those which end with a
vowel, as plairc répondre infinitive ; isplaim is, isrépon
‘
drais, conditional.Rule II. From the present participle are \formed,
1 The three personsplural of the present ofthe indicative by changing ant, into ons ez , ent as parlant,agissant, present participle, nouspat-Ions, vousp arlez ,
a . The imperfect of the indicative by changing ant into
ais, as venant connaissant present participle , jevenais, isconnatissatis. 3. The present of the subjunctive, by changing ant into e
,as“ re
'
dw'
sant e'
crivant
present participle, queje re'
du ise quej’
écrive .
Rule III . From the past participle are formed, in all
verbsregular or irregular, allthe compound tenses, bymeansof the auxiliary verbsavoir, or é
'
tre,as aime
'
,
jini ouvert venu repenti , past participle, j’
ai a ime'
,
24 roruu n on or m e m uses
diective, by changingsinto neat, no, nos, asand bent,for the verbsin enir ; and intovent ve , veswe vent,
for theverbsineboir, as— je viens ilsviennent qu e
je vienne , que mm’
ennes, qu’ilrm
'
enne, qu
’ilsviennent
‘
ia ragot'
s ilsregat'
vent queje regoive qu e tu rece ives
qu’
ilregaive qu’ilsmeoivent.
The verbswhose present participle e ndsin ayant
cyan: uj ant changej into i before an e mute, as
p uj au t, nettOJ'
ant,appuy ant ilspaient qu e isnet
toie qu e j’appais
To give thestudenta better idea of the foregoing rules,I subjoin a table ofthe primitive tensesofth e four regular conjugationssubdivided into eleven branches.
INFINITIVE PABTICIPLES INDICATW E
GOI J U O o n u s
INDICATIVE PRESENT .
The first person endseither in e,s,or at. W hen it
endsin e, the second addsans,and the third islike
the first, as-je p arle , ticparles ilp arle .
W hen it endsinsor x,the second islike the first,
and the third changesthe finalsor a:into t, as-je listu It
'
s illit jefveux
,tu new ,
itvent.
However , sisleft out in the th ird person of verbs‘which end in cs
,ds
,or ts
,in the first as— isw ines
AND reasonsor was. 25
tu vaincs,ilrvairw; je p e
‘
rds tu pe‘
rds, t'
lp et-d
,
°
jemets,ta mets ilmet.
The three‘
personspluralend in ons,ez
,cut; as
parlant present participle , nousparlons, vousp arlezitsor ellesp arlent pluralof the present of the
'
indi
c’
ative.
The ex cep tionsare .
1 The verb alter, which make'sje vet
'
stu vasil7m,nousallbnsvousallez ilsor ellesvent.
2 . The verb avoirwhich makesj’
aj tu as£1a nousavonsvousarea, ilsor ellesont.3. Etre which makesjesuis, tu es, ilest noussom
mesvousé'tes ilsor. ellessent.
4. D ire and redire which make vousdites, and vans
5. Fa irsand itscompoundswhich make vousfaites,ilsor ellesfont.The personsofother tensesare formed from the first,
either in regular or irregularverbs, by changing the finalasfollows.
m u n “ OF T“ M IM TW E .
ions,
PBETBPJ T DEFINITE .
amen,
lines,l'
nmesam“,
FUTURE ABSOLUTE .
e n o, e re ; a ram , e rez, e ront.
CONDITIONAL PnESENT
e rait ; e rions, e raieu t.
SU B-FUNCTIVE PRESENTe nous,
26 or cosmon au ts.m a rt en OF Tl ! swimmers".
i t; main .
i t ilsira,int lassiez,fit
,m ics,
The only exceptionsare the verb é'
tre, which makes.
in the present of thesubjunctive, que je sois, que tu
sois qu’
z’
lsoft, que noussaf aris, qu e voussaf es, qu
’
ilsor qu
’
ellessoient, and the verb aeoir , which makesqu e
j’
aie , que tu ates, qu
’
zlnit, que nousay ons, one w as
arez ou'
ilsor qu’
ellesaim
The act ofrepeating or writing all the moods, tenses,and personsof a verb
,according to their regularcomb i
nation or arrangement, iscalled conjugating that verb .
The verbswh ich undergo the same variationsin all
their tensesand personsaresaid to belong to the same
conjugation, that is, to be conjugated alike .
Every verb in the French language ends, in the pre
sent ofthe infinitive mood, in er,ir
,air
,or re ; as
parlor, tospeak; punir, to punish ; recevoir, to receive
and vendre, tosell; which constitute four generalcon
jugationssubdivided into eleven branches,asalready
explained.
Ifallthe verbsofthe French language could be con
j ugated each like one of these four conjugations, th is
part of Speech wouldp rwent but few difficulties, asbylearning these four e verbsand their branchesthe student would become acquainted with them all; b u t
there are forty irregular verbswh ich must be separatelycomm itted to memory.
The verbs having their variationscxaclly simi
or THE sun m n vnsn avom,TO nsvs. 37
lar in alltheir tensesand personsto those of the verb
which isgiven asa model for itsconjugation are called
regular, while those that differ in their variationsfromthe given modelare irregular. The verbsavoir, tohave ;and étre
, to be , are ofthat nature, that isthey are ir
regular, and if they are exemplified the first, it isonaccount of being so much used in the formation ofthe
compound tensesofother verbs.
Of the Aux iliary Verb Avoir, to Have .
Avoir isauxiliary when used in forming the com
pound tensesof other verbs, as— j’
ai joae'
, I haveplayed in other casesit isan active verb
,as ii a de
I’argent he hasmoney.
The verb Avoir servesnot only asan auxiliary to
conjugate itsown compound tenses, but likewise thecompound tensesof the verb Etre , and those of the
active, the impersonal, and almost allthe neuterverbs.
I verystrongly recommend the pupilto write down
the verbsavoir, to have, and étre , to beh in all their
forms, and to read them over to the mastermany times.
Remark.
Many au thorswrite avers, tn avois iI avail ilsavoient
,and use oi instead of ai for the imperfect and
conditionalof all verbs; bu t asai isthe orthographynow employed by the FRENCH ACADEMY, in their new
dictionary, Ihave adopted thesame orthography in th iswork.
28 or m auxxmn r
i
CONJUGATION OF THE AUXILMRY VEBB. AVOIR.TO HAVE“
.
INEINI‘
BVJ‘L noon.
AVOIB.
ru t .
ayant. having .. eu , « gene, ones. had.
INDICATIVE PRESENT .
nousavons( n) . we
vouseven. you
ils, or ellesout (a) . they
“ EFFECT .
j’avsis
In arais. than had“. vousaviez .
ii avait he had . ill an ions.PERM IT DEFINITE.
few I had. none efimestn eus. thou hadst vouseutes.
°
ileu t. he had. ilseu rent.
FUTURE ABSOLU TE .
Ishall, or will nousau rons.thou shalt, orwill vbusaurez.
heshall, orwill ilsau ront.
CONDITIONAL PRESENT .
Ishould, orwould nouscurious.thdu .shouldst or wouldst} vousau riez .
he should or would ilsauraient.IMPEBATW E .
N o erst erson . a one.fhgve ( thou ) . azez .
let h im have . q u’ilsaient.
SUBJUNCT IVE PRESENT .
qu e j’aie that Imay qu e nousayons.
qu e tu aies. that thou marst que vousayez .
‘
qu’ilsit. that he may
e
q u’ilssient.
IMPERFEGT OF THE SUBJU NCTIVE .
que j’ousse . tha t qu e n ouscussions.
q ue tn cussel wt }2 qu e vouscou lez .
Wq u’ilent that qu
’ila cusseu t.
( 4 See I, page l55. 11. page l58 . page i 58 . page 14 0 .
V, page l4o. VI. page ”! VII. pageMl VIII, page 4 4 1.
‘
vmn avom,10 um ;
THE VERB AVOIR, TO HAVE.
CON J U GATED IN ITS COKPOUND TENSES .
h ormonal) OF THE INFINITIVE. W OU ND OF THE PARTICIPLE PRESENT .
“air“ . to have had. sp ot on . having had.
mnxrrmn , on cosmonaut or run unseat .
Plural.
I have nousavonsthou hast 1; voussvez
'
he has 4? ils, or ellesou tshe has
PLUPERFECT , OR CON FOU ND OF THE M ERm CT
I had none"ions we
} eu . thou hadst . vousaviez } eu . y ou
he had ilsavaient°
they
”mean m emo/
a, on cou romvn or m ran
-ru m .
I had nousch ines we
}en . thou hadst vouseli tes } eu . y ouh e had ilseu rent. ther
FUTURE ANTERIOR, OR COMPOU ND OF THE FU TURE .
Ishall, orwill,3 nousanrons we
}eu . thou , shaltorwilt E vousau rez }¢u. youhe shall, or will 3 ilscu tou t they
n or, on cou romvn or run counrrroru n.
Ishould, orwould 13.
none aurionsthou
'
shouldst, or a? vous-curiae: you
wouldst 2ii anrait heshou ld, orwould i ilsau raient Ilia]
M E RIT , OR COMPOUND ‘
OF THE‘
SU BSU‘
NCTW E‘
PRESENT .
tha t I mhr 3 q u e nousayons tha twe‘
3
} eu . that thou may“ que vousaye: } eu . tha ty ou
that he may 3 qu’ilsaieut that they 3
rtm nrnc'
r, or. COMPOU ND or
"run m pnnrscr or m s'unmrsc '
rtvz .
que j’eusse that Im ight q ue nousens thatwe
Stone
que tu cusseseu . that thou mightst qu e vousens en . that yous'ez
qu’ilout th at he might qu
’ilseussent thatthey
(0 See IX , peg. 14 1. (2 ) X , page 142 . (3) XI, page 142 .
30 or rat. mm w u
ma vans4 7 0m,TO HAVE.
CONJU GATED
mom ma am en .
ai—ic n’ai-io p as
have I have I not
as.w P n'at-tu pat
hast thou P h ast thou nbt
a-t~ il a n’a-t-il as?
M AS) ha: h e not ?
avons-irons n’av
'
om -twmhave we 3 have we not
w et-vous n’avez-vouspas
have you have you not ?
oat-ils? n’om-ilspat
have they ? have they notP
(4 ) See XII,me 142. page“5.
n await-fie pu ie n’avaisp “.
had I not? I had not.
n’
avais-tu past ? to n’avaia pas.
hadft thou not thou hadst not.u’
nvail-ilpas iln'an it pas.
had he not? he had not.
fi ct ion -nouspas nousn’avionl pat .
had we not? We had not.
n'aviez-vous
gas? vousn’aviez pat .
h ad you not . y ou had not.
n'u aient-ilspan? 3! n
’avaiem pas.
had they not ? they had not.
p u m a-r uni-mm
3a or m e anxxmm r vma wont,TO HAVE.
ayons. n’ayona pas.
let ushave . let usnot W e.
ayez . n'
ayca pas.have ( ye ory oa have not ( ye or you ).
q u’llshient. qu
’ila n
’siem as.let them have. let them not w e.
SUBIU NCTIVE PRESENT .
qu e j’aie .
that I may have .
qu e tu aies.that thou may“he
l lt.
que nousayons.1h“1” "CQY
'
M s
qu e vousayez .
thaty ou may have.
qn’ilsaient.
that they may ham
” PERFECT OF SU BJ'
UNCTIVE .
qu e j’eusse . qu e ie n
’cusse pas.
that I might have . that I migh t not have.
qu e to 0 11838 8 . qu e tu n‘
eussespas.thatthoy mightsth ave. that thou m egh tst not have.
qn’slem. q u
’ilc hempas.tha t he might have. thathe m ight not have .
e nousm issions. na nousn’enssionspas.iii.
“we mighth ave. an t we might not have.
que v0 usem ail-z . na vousn’eussiez pas.that you might hays. 3m y ou might nothave .
qu’ilscussent. vqn
‘
ilsn‘onssent pas.that they might ha ve. that they migh t not have .
Rem . I have'
written the four different mannersinwhich a verb can be used, byj
’
ai, Ihave a i-je ? have IE
’
n’
ai-je p asPhave Inot?ja rl
’ai p asIhave not.
Many authorswrite, j’
a i , ia n’
a i pas, ai-ja? n’
ai-je
p as? But thisbeing merelya matter ofarrangement, it
dependsentirely on the taste ofthe writer.
qu e ie n’
aie pas.tha t Imay noth ave .
no la n’aiespas.
t thou mayst not have .
u’ait pas
at he may not have.
que nousn’ayons s.thatwe may not e.
que vousn’ayca pas.
that you may not It
qu’ilsn’aient pas.
that they may not have .
rm; vnnn Eran ,TO BE. 33
comm un ion or TEE AUXILIARY vansEmu , TO BE.
mrlm '
nvsnoon,
ETRE TO BE .
h u mmu s.
étant. élé (a) .
INDICATIYR‘
rn sas'r.Plural
noussommes.vousetes.ils, or ellessont.
j’
etais Iwas.tu étais. thou inu
'
st.ilét‘ait hep as.
0
rug-nu sssoxp n .
is Ishaman will.) c ‘t ..nousserous.tose thpushalt, or wilt 3
’
voussere’
z.
hpshall, orp ilt s iIsseront.0 0 1111011t ru smi'r.
jeset-sis. Ishould, or would nousse '
ons.fu
'serais. thoushouldst, orwouldst} £ n ousse‘ez.
11u n it. 0 heshould, or would ilsserai ent.mrn n rva.
No rstperson. soyonsasois.
fibe (thou) . soyez.
qu’
ilsoit. let him be. qu’
llssoient.
tusinucu vn PRESENT.
que sois. thatImay 0 que noussoyons.que sois. thht thou mayst que voussoyez.qu
’
il‘soit. n that he th y qu
’
ilasoient.su rnamesor m e ssu vnc'
nvz.
que je fuise. iha! Imigat 3 none fussiousque tu Msesi that thou m ightst
‘
e vousfussiez.
lffit. that he might qu’
ila fussent.
(n) See xi'. p age x44. (a) m , page nu . (3) xvu , page 144.
(4) XVIII page 145.
IHPERI’ECT.
nousétions.vousétie‘
z.
ilsétaient.
entrant'satrium .
nousmm“.
vqnsfates.
or m e w xnu m r vsnn first , TO BIZ .
THE vmn ETRE , TO BE.
CONJ UGATI D IN ITS COI POBND TIRRIS.
COMPOUND 0 1’ THE INFINITIVE.
’COI POUND 0 ? THE PARTICIPLE PRESENT .
avoir été. to have been. ayant été . having been.
PRB'
I'
BBIT INDEPIRITR OR COI POI’ID 0 7 THE PRESENT.
S ingular. Pltqzal.
Ih avethou hasthe hasshe has
rm nsrncr on com mon or rm: ma n ner.
1avais Ihad nousavions we
in avais } eté . thou hadst vousavies } éte. you
ilavait ( i ) he had . ilsavaient they
rnnnsrr AN’
I'El lOl on cou romm osrun su m ".
Ihad nouseumes we
} été. thou hadst vouscutes } été. youM had 0 fl“em nt I’lby
rusonsmanaxoahoscom m or me wom an.
Is, orwill‘
nou’sa'nrons we
} été. thoushalt, orwilt} voussures } ete. you
heshall, pr will°ils
‘_auront they
Pass, on cou rovnn or run com h ousu n
Ishould!orwould nousaurions we
thou shouldst, or w asantics été you'
wouldstilaurait heshould, orwould ilsauraient i they
6
rsnrsan , on cou pons]: or mssuswucfl vsan ew .
qu e j’
aie that Imay qu e nousayons thatwe
qu e tu aies } été. that thoumayst g i qu e vousayes} été. thatyou
qu’
ilnit thathe may qu"lsaieut thatthey
rm rn rccr, on conrooun or runman n er qr m 1;soamsc'u vn'
.
qu e i’
eusse thatImight que nousslou‘s
que tu cussesété:thatthou mightst que vousthis» été thatyou
siezqu
’
ilbut that he might qn’
ilseussent thatthey
( 1) See XIX , page 145.
or THE REGULAR vanes. 35
FIRST CONJUGATION.
IN ER.
It hasbeen already observed that th ere are fou r generalconjugations, distingu ish ed from each other bytheir term ination in th e infinitive mood ; the first endsin er
,like p arlor, tospeak; th esecond in ir, like p u nir,
to punish ;sentir , to feel, or‘
tosmell; ouvrir , to open;tow
'
r, to hold; th e th ird in air , like recevoir to receive;
and the fourth in re , like vendre , to sell p la ire to
please ; connaltre , to know ; tm du ire , to translate ; andcraindre to fear.
Asallth e verbsoftheFrench language cannotbe conju gated like th ese fou r regular conjugations, or eleven
b rancbes; there being irregular verbs, that'
IS , verbsth evariationsofwh ich are not exactly similar 1n allth eir
tensesandpersonsto those of the eleven given models.Every verb ending in
’er, in th e present of the infini
tive mood; isregular and conjugated precisely after
thesame manner asp arlor ; that 15 , u ndergoesexactlythesame variationsin allitslensesand persons, exceptaller
,to go , envoy er to send ; p u er , tostink ; and tis
ser , to weave , wh ich are' irregular and have conjugationsp eculiar to themselves. W hen , therefore , an Eu
glish verb , being translated into French'
, isa regular
one of the first.
conjugation thesame changesmust bmade in that verb asthose wh ich occur in p arlor ; thatis, th e termination or of th e present of th e infinitivem ust be changed into the different term inationsof thetense wanted , asinp drler.
Remarh . In allverbsto1sthe markof the present of the infinitive , was, withth e escu l p articiple , re presen tsthe im perfect of the indicative , and also
use an infinitive which isnotpreceded by to ;shallor will, denotes
the future ; would orshould ; the con itional let , the im p erative ; m ay, the
present of thesubjunctive ; abd might , the imperfect of thesu bjunctive .
3.
0 ! THE REGULAR “ESQ.
11m xm va noon
PARLER. TO SPEAK.
PAIH OIPLIO.
parlant.‘
parlé parlée.
INDICATIVB PRESENT .
Plural.
isparle . Ispeak. nousp arlonstn par
-les. thouspcahast vouspas-les.ilparle (1 hespeaks. ilsp arlent.
i n u rse-r.nousparlionsvousparlies.ilsparlaient.
ram m na m .
nouspnrltmes.vousparfhtes.ilsp arliament.
“TUBE
l° p arlerai. Imay, orwill ngusp arleronstn p arleras thoushalt, orwilt vousp arleres.ilparlera. heshall, ” will ilsparleront.
G
C ORN TIOM L PIESBIT
je parlersis. Ishould, orwould'
nousp arlerians.tu p erlerais. thoushouldst, orwonl t} vousparleriez. eilparlerait. heshould, orwaulll ilsparleraient.
nursnugvs.p arlons.parlez.
qu’
ilsparlent.
SUBJ UECTIVB PRESENT.
que je parle . that Imay que nousp‘nrlionstfi tqu e tu parles. that thou mayst que vousarfiez. thabyou
qu’
ilparle. that he may qu'
ilsp ar cut. that they
IMPBBPBCT 0 ! TI ! SIRIUNCTI‘VB.
Que je p ar that Imight que nous'patlss thatwelasse . s' s.
qnl
e tu par thatthou mightst g quefi nsparlan thatyou
asses. siez.qu
’
ilp arlht. that he might l qu’ilapsrh u ent. that they
(1) See XX page 145.
0 ! TH E REGUM R “RM .
TH E VERB PARLER TO SPEAK.
nonsen se, 111 111 couscousrsssss.
GOH POURD,OI‘THE lM RITW B. GO! ?QUNQ0 ? TH! PARIICIPLI; PRESENT.
tohavespoken ayant parle.
rnsrasrr mnsnm'rs, oscpxronm or run rnsssnr.
Plural.
d Ihave tnousavons 4 , we
thou hast, } ~i vousaves you“
a. he has ilsout a. they
t en ors» or run nursnrscr.
4 ; Iliad 5 nousavions wethou hadst, vousevict . you
9 hohed 5“ ils"aient , a. they
PEST-Bl ? ! 1111111930 0 ! .OP m ; PBBTBBIT.
Ihad a nouseumes29:we
}"f1 thou hadst vouseli tes 8 you
n. he had ilseurent a. they
FUTURE INTERIOR, OB COI POUND OF THE FUTURE .
g Ishall, orwill 4 noussurons
3“
5 thoushalt, orwilt}3g vous,sures
a. heshall, orwill 3 ilsauront
PAST, OR COU POURD 0 ! THE CONDITIONAL.
IshouIt], orwould nousaurionsisthou shouldst, or g: voussixties5 would“
ilaurait“hashould, orwould g ilsauraient .
PRETERIT , Oh COMPOUND OF THE SUBJ UNCTIVE PRESENT .
qu e aie thatImay
qu e tu aies that thou mayst 5 que vousayes“
5 thatyou
qu’
ilsaientqu’
ilsit a. that he may 9 . thatthey
QLUPRRH CT , OB COMPOUND OP THE [W EBFBCT OF THE SUBJ UNCTIYE.
spoken.
que nousayons
}thatwe
qu e j’
eusse thatImight 8. that we
que tu eusses that thoumightst Ei“
Bi thatyouIt
qu’
ileut thathemight that they
(1) See XI I page
OF THE REGULAR VERBS .
THE VERB PARLER, TO SPEAK.
CON J U GATED .
Afim atively. Intm ogativeiy. Iuterr . and”got Negatively .
INDICATIVE PRESENT.
IMPERFEC‘
I‘.
PRETERI'I‘ DEFINITE.
parlai-je t ne parlai
-je pastdid Ispeak? did Inotspeak.
p arlas-tu r na parlas-tu pas!didst thouspeak? didst than notsp eak?‘
p arla-t-th ne parla
-t-ilp astdid hespeak did he notspeak7
(1) See XXII, page; 45 (a) XXIII, page 145.
ne arlé-is asdofnotspeak?ne parles-tu pas?dost thou notspeakno parle
-t-ilpastdoeshe notspeak
ne parlons-nouspastdo we notspeak?ne parlez
-vousastdoyou notspasparlent-ilspastdo they notW ?
ne parlais-je as1did Inotspne p arlais-tu pastdidst thou notspeak?ne p arlait-ilpas1did he notspeak?
ne p arlions-nouspastdid we notspeak?na arliez-vouspastif you notspeak?ne parlaient
-ilsas?did they notspea
je no p arle p as.I‘ donotspaull.tu ne arlesp as.thou stnotsp eak.
ilne p arle 1133.
he doesnotspeak.
nousna parlonspas.we donotspeak.
vousne parlez pss.you donotspeak.
ilsne pas-lent p as.they do notspeak.
je ne parlaispas.Idid notspeak.
tn ne arlaispas.thou idst notsp eak.
ilne parlait pas.he did notspeak.
nousno p arlionspas.we did notspeak.
vousna parliez pas.you did notspeak.
0 parlaicnt
pas.
did notspea
40 or ru n REGULAR wsans.IMPEBAT! 73.
no pan-loospas.
let usnotspeak.
na parlez as.speaknot ye or you) .
qu’
ila u e parlent pas.let them notspeak.
SUDJURCTIVB PRESENT.
que tu parles.that thou maystspeak.
qu’ilparlo.
i that he mayspeak.
asnousparlions.t at we mayspeak.
que vousparliez .
that you mayspeak.
’
ilsp arlent.t at they maysp eak.
“( PERFECT OP
noje parlasse . que je ne arlasse pas.t t Imightspeak. that Imig notspeak.
ac to parlasses. que to no perlassespas.
2 t t thou mightstsp eak that thou mightstspeak.
qu’
ilpat .
iu’
ilne pal-Mt pas.
that he mightspeak. t at hemight notspeak.
1
px
:nouspaglassiom . que nousno parlassionspas.
.5t t we m ightspeak. thatwe m ight notspeak.
3 no vousp arlassiez . que vousno parlassiez pas.g t atyou mightspeak. thatyou m ight notspeak.
qu’
ilsparlassent. qu’
ila no parlassent pas.that they mightspeak. that they mightnotspeak.
Remark. O r do notspeak do not let h im speak, donot let usspeak, do not speak, and do not let themspeak.
no je ne parle pas.t at Imay notspeak.
tu no p arlespas.t thou may
'stnotspeak.
ilne parle pas.athe may notspeak.
(
ape nousno parlionspas.
t atwe may notspeak.(
pile yousnoparliez pas.
t tyou may notspeak.
quf
ilsno patient pas.that they may notspeak.
8233
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(1) See XXIV, page 146.
OF TH E REGULAR VERBS .
"lVI fl
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IVHIH ‘
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OI COIPOUHD, “B GUIJIJNC'I'IVB P3833":
axe par“.
5t Imay have
3 que tu aiesparle.
3 that that: may“havespC O
3 att parlé.t he may havespoken.
que nousayonsparle.thatwe may havespohevn
g que vousaye: parle.
5 thatyou may havespohen.
qu’
ilsaient'
p arlé.
that theymay have epohen.
rmrn n c-r on couromm or r m u u cr or a nsesam e-nu .
qu e j’
euu e parle. e isn'eusee pasparle.
thatImight havespoken . glintImight not have ( petal.e tn ensuesparle. e tn n
’euu espasparle.
It]: then mightst have spoken . t thou mightst not havespoken .
353 out parle.
’
iln’
eut asp arle.t he might havespoken. t t he mi t not have spohen.
«
fie nouseussionsparle. ue nousn’eussionspasp arle.
t twe might havespoken. t twe might not havespohen.
que vouseussiez parlé. que vousn’enssiez pasparle.
3 thatyou might, have epohen. thatyou mightnot havespoken..
u’
ilscan ent parle. gill n
’eussent pasputs.
t they might havespoken. t theymight not havespoha l.
The two following additional tenses which
may he called p astjust elapsed and p astelapsed before another thing or action tool:
place require p articular attention .
I. The past,just elapsed ,isused to denote a th ing or
action wh ich hasjust been done ; it isEnglished by thepresent of the indicative of th e verb to have , with the
adverb just, and the past participle ofanother verb as
- Ihave justspoken ;sh e hasjustspoken etc.
II. The past elapsed before another thing or action
mia nlaie pasparle.
Imay not hone epohen .
e n’
arlé.mm havespoken.
t? n
’
p it pal parlé.
t he may not havespehen.
e none n’ayonspu parle.
t twe may nat~
ha ospoken.
vousn’ayezp ee parle.
you may not have‘spohen.
qu’ilsn’lietft pal arlé.
that they may not vespoken
on m e“
anem i a vanes. 45
tookplace denotesthat a thjng'
oractionb ad just beendone when andther
‘
toeit place; it. ismaé i n English bythe imperfect ofthe verb to h ave with the adverb just,and,
‘
asabove ,
‘
the past participle bf.another verb , asI hadjustspoken , thou
'h adstajustéspoken etc.
Have with just isexpressed in French by the pre
sent of the indicative of the ‘
verb venir , and had justby the imperfectof‘thésame; de isput immediately afi
ter the tense ofthe verb ven ir, and thé past participlefollowing is
'
placed'
in th e p resent ofthe infinitive as0
11. P137 ,Eu rssnBaronsmorass1 ns‘E A! D.I PAS 3 E“ 9”
m ine on t ermsroomu ses.0
1e viensde parler.Ihavejustspoken , or
'beenspeaking .
Tu .viensde parler.Thou hastjustspohen, orbeenspeaking .
llvient de parler.
He hasjustspohen or beenspeaking .
Elle vient de'
parler.
S he hasjustspoken of beenspeaking.
Nousvenousde arler.
W e havejustspo n or beenspeaking .
Vousvenez ~de parler.
You havejustspoken , or beenspeaking .
lls, ar-ellesviennent de arler.
They haveJ ustspohen, or sensp eahing .
Particular observationson the Verbswh ich term ina tein the p resent of the infi nitive in ayer, eyer, oyer,
uyer, oer, eer, ger, ier, eler, eter and ner.
Rule I. The verbsin ay er p ay er , orer and uj er , as—
p ay er , to pay;grassef er , to lisp ; nettoy er,‘
to clean;
essuy er , towipe eté.
The y of th e infinitive in these verbsischanged into‘
i in“the tensesin wh ich y would come before the ter
minations6, es, and cutmute thistakesplace ; 1
Jel
‘
venaisde .parlcr.Ihadjustsp oken or beenspeaking.
Tu venaisde parlor.
Thou hadstjustspohen, or beenspeahing .
llvenait de parlor.He hadjustspohen, or beensp a/ling .
Elle venait' de arler.She hadjusts on, or beenspeahing .
Nousvenionsde parler.
W e hadjustspoken, or beenspeahing .
Vongveniez dc arlerYou hadjustsp on, or been speahing .
lb , or ellesvenaient de parler.
They had'
justspoken, or been speah ing .
48 0 1! m e nze uu n van s.
are notdoubled before any other termination; thuswewrite nousapp elons, vousapp elez , and nousjetons,vousjetez etc.
The followingverbs bourrejer, to torment, to rack;
congeler, to congeal déceler, to detect;dégeler, to thaw ;
geler, to freeze ; hameler, to tease . to torment p aler,
to peal; réceler, to secrete regeler, to freeze again
acheter, to buy colle ter, to collar ; cogueter, to co
qu et; décolleter, to make bare, to uncover the breast;étiqueter, to ucket;sumcheter, to overbuy tromp eter,
to trumpet;must, however, be excepted from the aboverule , asinstead of doubling the lor t in the tensesin wh ich these letterscome before e , esor eatmute ,
a grave accent isused over th e e wh ich pretedesthem ,
as ii géle“, it freezes; ilgélerag it ‘will freeze ; il
de'
géle ,it thaws ii dégélera it willthaw j
’
achete
I buy ; tu achétes, thou buyest ; if or elle achete ,
h e orsh e buys; ilsor ellesachetent , they buy , etc.
and not ii gelle ii dégelle jHachett‘e
'
, tu achettes, etc .
In verbsending in ecer , emer, ener,
’
ever, evrer, asdép ecer , to carve ;se
’
mer , tosow inener , to take to
lead ; acheve‘
r , to finish ;‘sevrer to wean ; a grave
accent islikewise used over the e wh ich precedesc , m ,
n or before e , es, and eatmu te , instead of
doubling those consonants, as-j 8
.
méne, tu menes, ilméne ,
ilsor ellesménent jeménerai , tu méneras, =ete .
je ménerais, tu ménerazs, etc. and notje mem e , ta
m ennes, etc.
Verbsending in ,ébrer , .as cele’
brar , to celebrate ;
ecer as rap ie'
cer to piece ; fisher as lécher to
lick; eeler, as— p osséder, to possess; egler, as régler,
to regulate ; égner as régner, to reign ; égner, 88
OF TH E REGU LAR VERBS.
um xtrnvsnoon
PUNIR
( at contacts-10 3 . 1"su n s. )W AITICIPLBS.
PAST.
punissant. pnni pnnio.
llDlCLm l PRESS".
S ingular. Plural.
Ip unish . nouspunissons.thou p unishest. vouspunissez.he p unishes ilspunissent.
II PBBPBO'I‘.
3 vouspunissiez.« g 2 itspunisn ient.
rn m n 113m m .
nouspunissions.
Ipunished. nouspnnlmes.thou p unished“. vouspunites.
ilspnnirent.
“TU“ ABSOLUTE.
Ishall, or will nousp unironsthoushalt, orwilt vouspuniroz.
heshall, orwill ilspuniront.
CONDITIONAL DIESEM .
heshould, or
punissons.punish ( thou) . p unissez.
let h'
punish. qn’
ilspunissent.
SUBJUROTIVB PRESENT.
queje punisse. that Imay que nouspunissions. thatweque tu p unisses. that thou mayst que vouspunissiez. thatyou
qu’
ilp unisse. thathe may qu’
ile pumssont. that they
lI PEBfl CT 0 ! TB! SUBJUNCTIVB.
que jopunino. thatImight 4 que nouspunissions. thatwequ e tu punisses. that thou mightst jg que vouspunissiez. thatyou
qn’
ilpunit. that he might qn’
ilspnmssent. that they
( i )see XXV.m e 145.
OF TH E REGULAR VERBS.
mnm m tnoon ,
TO FEEL.
( ai common
-10 1! (hi su llen. )
rn rtcn u s.218 8831. PAST.
sentant. senti sontie.
“u ncu t" n ose“.
Plural
noussentons.voussentez .
ilssentent.
n eu rons.5, noussentions.
3‘
3: 7 0 0 8sontiosM : ilssentaient.
111mm“.
noussontimos.voussentites.ilssontirent.
FUTURE ABSOLUTE.
thou shalt, orwilt voussentirez.
heshall, orwill
COIDI‘
H OBAL PRESENT:
Ishall, or will noussentirons.
ilssentiront.
Ishould, orwould donssentirions.thou shouldst, or voussentiries.
ilsentirait. heshould, or would ilssentiraiont.
IMPIBATIVB.
sentons.” ntezs
let him feel. qu’
ile content.
SUBJUNCTW B PRESENT.
que jesento. that Imay que noussentions.que tu sentos. that thou mayst que voussontiez.
qu’
ilsome . that hemay qn’ilssentent.
man n er or m e smiwncu vn.que isconfin e. thatImight que noussontissions. thatweq ue tu sentisses. that thou mightst que voussentissiez.qu
’
ilsentit. thathe might qu’
ilesentiss'ent.
or run REGU LAR vases.
nirmru vx noon ,
TO OPEN.
nam es. )
PAITICIPLESa
OUVRIR.
( a‘cosmesn oa. )
PEESENT.
ouvrant. Opening .
PAST.
ouvort ouverto.
museu msPRESENT
PIETEEIT OEPINITE.
nousouvrimes.vousou vrites.ilsonvrlrent.
PUTUEE ABSOLUTE.
Ishall, or willthou shalt, or willheshall, or will }
sQ
nousouvrirons.vousouvrirez .
ilsouvriront.
CONDITIONAL PRESENT.
Ishould, or wouldthou shouMet, er
open
nousouvririons.vousouvririez .
ii ouvrirait. heshould, orwould ilsouvrirsiont
SMPM ATW E.
170 firstperson . onvrons.Open ( thou) . ouvrez. open (ye or you ) .
q u’
iloum . let him open. qn’
ilsouvrent. letthem open.
SUEJUNCTIVE PRESENT.
que 1onvro. thatImay qu e nousouvrions. thatwe
que tu ouvres. that thou mayst que vousouvriez. thatyou
qufil‘ouvre. that hemay qu
’
ile ouvrent. that, they
IIPEEEEOT OF THE SUBJUNCTIYE .
qu e j’o
'
uvrisse. that Imight
que tnouvrisses. that thou mightstqu
’
ilouvrit. that hemight
quenousouvrissions. thatwequ e vousouvrissiez. that youqu
’
ilt onvrisscnt. that they
Plural.
nousouvrons.vousouvrez.
ilsouvrent.
IMPERFRCT.
21.none ouvrions.
g"3
53? one ouvn ez.
8“ ouvraient.
OF TH E REG U LAR VERBS .
Piss, Eu rssn Baronsm orassJP‘s" U"Eu m n
rnmc onseason 10 0 1 ru es.
Vousvenez d’
ouvrir. Vousveuiesd’
ouvrir.
You havejustopened. You hadjust op ened.
He, or ellesviennent d’
ouvrir. lls, or ellesvenaient d’
ouvrir.
They havejust opened. They hadjustopened.
Of the Verb Ten ir, to Hold.
Jo viensde tenir.Ihavejust hold.
Tu viensde teuir.Thou hastjust hold.
llvient de tenir.
He hasjusthold.
Elle vient de tenir.
She hasjust held.
Nousvenousde tenlr.W e havejust held.
Vousvenez de tenir.
You havejusthold.
lls, or ellesviennent de tenir. tenir.
They havejust held.
THIBD ~ CONJUGATION.
IN OER.
Th isconjugation containsonlyseven regular verbswh ich are p ercevoir, to receive to gather taxes) ;ap ercevoir, to perceive ; coneeuoir, to conceive ; dece
voir, to deceive ; devoz’
r, to owe to be indebted; rede
voir, to owe again ; and recevoir, to receive wh ich serveasa model.A cedilla (J isplaced under the c in verbsending
in ceuoz’
r,in allthe personsin wh ich 0 isfollowed by
0 or u ,in oder to preserve itssoft pronunciation ofs,
as— je ragot‘s,tu recoisilor elle reeoz
'
t;je regastu
regas, 51or elle regal, etc.
Je venaisde tech .
1hadjust held.
Tu venaisde tenir .
Thou hadstjust held.
11venaitde teu ir.
H e had1ust held.
Elle venait de tenir.She hadjust held.
Nousvenionsde tenir.
W e hadjust held.Vousveniez de tenir.You hadjust held.
lls, or ellesvenaient doThey hadjust held.
GRAINDRE.
OF TH E REGU LAR VERBS
mm m vz noon ,
( zilk conwcu ron. )
c raign ant.
PARTlClPLES.
PAST
craint, crainte.
INDICATIVE PRESENT.
TO FEAR.
( Slh snm cn. )
Plural
nouscraignons.vouscraignez .
ilscraignent.
IMPERPECT.
nouscraignions.vouscraigniez .thou didstnlscraignaient.
fear,
or
was
fearing.
PRETERIT DEFINITE.
nouscraign‘
imes.vouscraign
‘
ites.11scraiguirent.
FUTURE ABSOLUTE.
Ishall, or will nouscraindrons.E vouscraindrez.thou shalt, or wiltilscraindront.heshall, or will
CONDITIONAL PRESENT
ilscraindraient.
ll PERATlVE.
craignons.cra
'
uez.
qu’
i craignent.
SURW RCTIYE PRESENT .
fear (thou) .[at him four.
that Imay que nous ions.that thou mayst qu e vouscraxgniez.
thathe may qu’
ile craignent.
IMPERPEOT OP THE SURJUNCTIVE.
thatweque je craignisse . thatImight
qu e tu c'raig
'
uisses. that thou mightst
qt! tlcraignlt. that he might
614 0 1? THE REGULAR vanes.
Past , Bu ssen Baronsw om en"5"Eu rsnn.
m u monscu ou roox ru es.
Jo'
viensde vendre.
IhaveJ ustsold.
Tu viensde vendre .
Thou hastjustsold.
11vient de vendre .
He hasjustsold.
Elle vient de vendre.
She hasjustsold.
Nousvenonsde vendre.
W e havejustsold .
Vousvenez de vendre .
You havejustsold.
Ils, or ellesviennentde vendre .
They havejustsold
Conjugate in the samemanner, the additionaltensesof th e verbsof the other four branchesof the fou rthconjugation .
Of the Reflected Verbs.
Reflected verbshave not a conjugation peculiar tothemselves; they are conjugated preciselyafter thesam e
manner asthe verbsto whose conjugation they b elong,and have th esamevariationsasthose verbsin allth eir
tensesand persons.Two pronounsof the same person are used in th e
conjugation of reflected verbs, thus— je me,tu te
,il
or ellese , nousnous, vousvous, ilsor ellesse ; in thesense of myself, thyself, h imself, h erself, ourselves
you rselves, themselves; either expressed or u nderstoodin English , as— je meflatte , I flatter myself; nousnousp romenons, we walk, etc. Th e present of the infinitive the present participle , and th eir compound
tensesmust be excepted , asthey admit only one pro
noun th us se p romener, to walk; p romenant ,
Je venaisde vendu .
Ihadjustsold.
Tu venaisde vendre .
Thou hadstjustsold.
11venaitde vendre.
H e hadjustsold.
Elle venait dc vendre .
She hadjustsold.
Nousvenionsde vendre.
W e hadjustsold.Vousveniez de vendrc.
You hadjustsold.
11s, or ellesvenaient de vendre .
They hadJ ustsold.
66 or TH E Run ners» vanes.
of the infinitive in French , in the sense of one’sself
in English ; but there are a great many wh ich , though
not admitting thischaracteristic in English ,are
,n e
verthelessreflected in French .
The verbswh ich are followed in English b y the pronounsmyself, thyself, h imself, etc.
, answer exactly to
th e French reflected.
The following have no pronounsin English , and, asth ey cannot be easily distingu ish ed, m ust be learnt byh eart.
VerbsReflected in French .
to compound.
toabstain .
toagree .
to lean upon.
toperceive .
tosit down.
tostick.to bathe.
tost00p .
to canton.
togo to bed.
tostruggle.
toflmv.
toretract.todistrust.toresign .
tomake haste.
todesist.to leap upon.
toseize upon .
to be eager.
togoaway.
tofallasleepto run away.
to grow bold.
to take root.
to catch cold.
to grow rich .
todiscourse with .
tofly away.to blow.
tostealaway .
towonder.
tofaint away.
s’évaporer, to evaporate.s’évertner, tostrive.se farder, to paint.
so fier, to trust.se figu rer, to
se flétrir, to
so foudre to
se formaliser, tofindfault.se lisser, to creep in .
sester, tomahe haste.
sima iner, to a
s’ingégrcr, tofigmeddle.
s’insinuer, tostealin.
se lever,se liquélier, to liquefy.
se m arier, tomarry.
se méfier, todistrust.so méprendre , tom istake .
tosummer, to laugh at.
se mu tiuer, to m utiny.
se p iqner, topretend to.
se plaindre to complain.
se prom ener, towalh.
ile rejonir, to rejoice.se renelre (1) tosurrender ,jse repentir, torepent.
se reposer, to rest.se ressonvenir, to remember.
se révolter, to rebel.
se saisir, toseize upon.
sosoumettre tosubm it.sesouvenir, to remember.
se vanter, to boast.se vendre tosell.
( 1) Se rendre meansalso, to repair, togo to, tolead to.
of THE nsrm c'
rm) vnnns.c
’
onsuou ton or run unsu cu n vnnns, nxxn ru n xn .
IN SE PROMENER, TO W ALK.
xsrmrrwsnoon
SE PROMENER.
PARTICIPLES.
PRESENT.
e prom enant.
TO W ALK.
PAST.
promené ée esées. walhed.
INDICATIVE PRESENT.
Plural.
nousnouspromenons.vousvousprom enez .
ilsse prombnent.
II PERPEOT.
PRETERIT DEPIEITE.
no nousnousprom enions.vousvousprom eniez.
ilsse promenaient.
nousnouspromentmes.vousvouspromenhtes.ilsse promenérent.
FUTURE ABSOLUTE.
1shall, a} willthoushalt, arwilt} iheshall, or will
nousnouspromenerons.vousvousproménerez .
ilsse promeneront.
CONDITIOEAL PRESENT.
Ishould, orwouldthoushouldst, orwouldst
heshould, orwould
waih thou .
let him walk.
pmmeno-toi.
qu’
ilse proméne .
thatImaythat thou maystthathe may
i
nousnouspromenerions.vousvouspromeneriez.
ilsse promeneraient.
IMPERATIYE.
promenons-nons.p romenez-vons.qn
’
ilsse promenent.
SUBJUNCTIVE PRESENT.
hqu e nousnouspromenions.que vousvouspromeniez .
qn’
ilsse promenent.
II PERPECT OF THE SUBJUNCTIVE.
Quejeme promenasse . thatImight
que tu topromenasses. thatthou mightstqu
’
ilse promentt. thathemight
l5e’
3
que nousnouspromenassions. thatwe
que vousvouspromenassist .
qu’
ilese promenm ent.
or ru e REFLECTBD vents.A “su nt an n u , consuon xn u rxnnoosn vn r , “su n ta n?
IN SB PROMENER, TO W ALK.
IEDICATlVE PIESEET.
Singular.
mo promené-je t doI nouspron onons-noust dowe
topron once-tu t dost thou } 5 vouspromenez-voust doyou
so promeno-t-il( i ) r dpeshe 3 so promonou t-ilst do they
ma nn a-r.
nouspromenions-noust didwe 2,i vousprom eniez-voust didyou g
533 so promenaient-ilst didthey 3 3b
alls»;
7
PRETERIT DEFINITE.
nonspromonh nos—nous3 did we ‘
didst thou vanspro-“M u m? didyou
so promoneront-ilst did they
mo promonorsi-je t sltallI nousproménorons-noustshallweto proméneras-tu t wilt thou vouspromeneroz-voust willyou
so promonors-t-ilt willhe'
se promonoront-ilst willthey
mo promonorais-jot should I nousproménorions-noustshouldweto promonorsis-tu t wouldst than 3 vousproménorioz-voust wouldyouso promenorsit-ii t would he a sopromenon iont-ilst would they
( 1) Se proméne-t-elle , doesshe walk ; so promenent-elles, do they walk;
and so on in the other tenses, whatever may be the manner in which the
FUTURE ABSOLUTE.
CONDITIONAL PRESENT.
72 or TH E na ncn -zo vanes.
A E I PLECT ED VEEB CON J UGATED IN I” COI POU ND TENS“ , EXEI PLIPIEQ
IN SE PROMENER, TO W ALK.
Assuch conjugationsare difficult to the Englishlearner, Iwillconjugate se p romener, in itscompou ndtenses, at full length in fou r variousways, asI havedone the same verb in itssimple tenses.com mon or run ntrutm vs. cou roosn or run rn rlctrtsPu san .
s’étro promené tohave walhed. o’
etau t promené . having walhed.
PRE‘I'ERIT INDEI'INITE , OR COHPOUND OP TEE INDICATIVE.
ie mosu ispromoné or co. Ihave
to t’
espromené or to. thou hastils’ost promené . he hasollos’ost promenée. she has
nousnoussommesp romenésor éos. we havevousvousétosp romenésor (see (a) . you haveilssosont promenés, or 1ollossosont promenées. 5
they ha“
PLUPEBPRC‘
I'
, on oonrouun or runma nn er.
je nl’étaisp romené or ée. I had
to t’
otaisp romené or éo. thou hadstils’était p romené . he had
elles’otait promenée . she had
nousnousétionspromonésor (sea. we had
vousvousétioz promenésor ées. you had
ilss’étaiont promenésorthey hadelless’étaiont promenées. l
ANTERIOR, oncou rounn or run rasmsrr.
ie mo fnspromono or ee .
tn to h ispromené or be .
ilso fut promené .elle so fut promonéo.8
1
NGULA].
nousnousfumespromonésor éos.vousvousintospromenésor ées.ilsso furont promonésor
, walked.
ellesso furent p romenéos.PLUEAL.
(1) The participle isp ut according tothogender and number ofthosubject,e ither in the masculine or feminine in the singular or plural.(a) W hensp eaking to one persononly, tho~ psrtioiple isto be put in the
singulls.
74 or m e nnrm c'rsn vanes.
PRETERIT INDEPINITE OR COMPOUND OP TEE INDICATIVEa.
noussommes-nonsp romonosor cos2vousétos-vouspromenésor éostsosont-ilsp rom enésor
so cont-ellesp romonéest l
n nrsnrscr , on conronnn o'
srnsanmnrscr.
m’
étais-jo promono or ée t
t’étais-tu p romené or éot
s’était-il romonot
s’était-o o promonéo i
nousétions-nonsprom enés, or éostvonsétiez-vousp romenés, or éests’etaiont-ilsp romonésor
s’otaiont-cllosp romonéest l
ran-roan ANTBBIOR on cou pon» or wasn u n “.
mof
fus-jo promené or ée t
to no-tu promoné or oe r,
so fut-llpromoner, “ M ?
so fut-elle p romonée t
nousfumes-nous‘
promenés, or éostv
vousfates-vousp romenésor éosPso invent-ilspromenésor
, walhed ?
so intent-ellespromonéosr
PUTURE ANTERIOE OR COMPOUND OP THE FUTURE.
mosorai-jo p rom ené or ée t
tosoras-tu promené or éo t
sosora-t-ilp romoné t
sosora—t-ello p rom enéenousserous-nousp romenésor éostvoussorez-vonsp romenésor éosrsosoront-ilsp rumonést or t
sosoront-ellosp romonoest l
PAST , ORCOMPOUND OP TEE CONDITIONAL.
mosorais-je p romoné or éo t
toserais-tu p romené or eelsosorait-ii romenérsosorait-olo promenée tnousserious-nousp romonésoroestvousserioz-v0uspromonésor éostsoseraiont-ilspromonéstorsoseraient-ollospromonéost l
PM
SINOULAI.
SINCULAR.
OF THE EEFLECTED VERES.
INTEBROGATIVELY , AND NEGATIVELY.
PRETERIT INDEFINITE OR COMPOU ND OP THE INDICATIVE.
nomesnis-je paspromené or hot
no t’
es-tu pasprom ené or oot
nos’est-ilpaspromener
nos’ost—ollo paspromonéot
no noussommos-nouspaspromonosor éosnovousetos-vouspasp romenés, or608 tnososont-ilspaspromon és? ornososent-ellespaspromonéost
PLU PERFECT , ORCOMPOUND OF THE II PERPECT .
nom’étais-jo pasp romené or to t
no t’étais-tu p asp romené or oo t
nos’était-ilp aspromener
s’était-ollop aspromonéot
no nousétions-nonsp aspromonéstor hostno vousetioz-vousp asp romenésoroosl'nos’otaiont-ilsp aspromonéstornos’étaiont-ollospaspromenéost l
PRETERIT ANTERIOR, OR COMPOUND OF THE PRETERIT.
nome fus-je p asprom ené oroe r
no to fus-tu pasp romené or éot
noso fu t-il asp romoné tnoso fut-oi e paspromenéot
no nousfum es-donspaspromonés, or éestnovousfates-vouspaspromenés, or costnosoIntent-ilspaspromenéstor 1
nosofuront-ollospaspromonéest l
FUTURE ANTERIOR, OR COMPOUND OF THE FUTURE.
nomesorai-jop asp rornoné or éo t
no tosoras~tu pasp romené orGo
nososora-t-il asp rom ener
nososera-t-ole p aspromonéot
nonousserous-nouspaspromenésor éostno vousserez-vousp aspromcnésor .oestnososoront-ilsp asp romenésor
inososoront-ollospasp romenéest
“so, on conronnn or run com m on“ .
nom eserais-jo p aspromoné , or éotno tosorais-tn pasp romené or éol'
nososerait-ilpaspromenernososorait-ollopaspromonoot
74 or run REFLECTED vanes.
PRETERIT INDEFINITE OR COMPOUND OF THE
noussommes-nonsp romonésor «testvousetos-vousp rumonésor host
walked ?"sosont-1lsprom enés or
lsosent-ellesp romonéest“AL.
rtnraaracr , on consonnn o'
srnsann arscr.
m’
étais-jo promené or éo t
t’étais-tn p romené or éo t
s’était-il romenet
s’était-o o promenée i'
nousétions-nonsp romenésor testvonsétiez-vonsp rom enés, or éosta’
ctaient-ilsp romonésor
s’otaiontoollespromonéost l
PRETERIT ANTEEIOR OR' COM-POUND OF THE PRETERIT.
mo fus-je promené or éot
to fus-tu promoné , or oe r. walked ?so l'
ut-ilprom ené rso fu t-elle p romonéot
nousfumes-nouspromenés, or oestv
vousfutes-vousp romenésor éoswalhed ?so inte nt-ilspromonésor
so furonb ollospromenéesr
FUTURE ANTERIOR OR COMPOUND OF THE FUTURE.
mosorsi-je p romeno or éor
tosoras-tn prom ené or éor
sosora-t-ilp rom oné rsosera-t-ollo p romenée tnousserous-nousp rom enésor éostvoussoroz-vonsp rom enésor oostsosoront-ilspromonost or 0
sosoront-ellospromonoost l
h er , on common or an connm om z.
mosorais-jopromené or ée P
tosorais-tu promené or eel
sosorait-il romonér
soserait-olo promonéot
nousserious-nousp romonésor hostvoussorioz-VOuspromenésor éostsosoraiont-ilspromonéstorsoseraient-ollospromonoost
RING
PLURALo
PIN‘ULAI.
or run Borneo-ran vaaas.
INTERROGATIVELY , AND NEGATIVELY.
PRETERIT INDEFINITE OI COMPOU ND .OP THE INDICATIVE.
nom esu is-je p aspromoné or éot have I
no t’
os-tu paspromené or hot hast thounos’ost-ilpaspromener hashenos’est-ollo paspromonéot hasshe
no noussommos-nouspaspromonésor best haveweno vousetes-vouspaspromenés, or éost have you
nososoot-ilspaspromenéstorinososent-ellespaspromonéost
have they
resou rces, on consomm or run ru rm scr.
no m’étais-jo paspromené or éor
no t’étais-tu p aspromené or tot
no s’était-ilp asp romoné i‘
nos’était-ellopaspromenée tno nousetions-nonsp aspromenéstoroostno vousétioz-vousp asp romonésor éos‘
1'
nos’étaiont-ilspasp romonos? ornos’étaiout-ollos‘ paspromonoost l
PRETERIT ANTERIOR, OR COMPOUND OF THE PRETERIT.
nomo fus-jop aspromené or ée t
no to ins-tu pasp rom ené or ée l'
noso fut-ii aspromenernoso fut-o o pasp romenéot
nonousfumes-lionspaspromonés, or éestnovousfates-vouspaspromenés, or lesstnoso furont-ilspaspromenostor 1
noso invent-ellespaspromenéost l
FUTURE ANTERIOR, OR COMPOUND OF THE FUTURE.
nom esorai-jop aspromené or éo t
no tosoras-tu paspromené or tot
nososora-t-il aspromoné l’
nososora-t-olop asprom enée 1'
nonousserous-nouspasp romenésor éostno voussoroz-vousp aspromcnésorsitestnososoront-ilsp aspromonésor
inososoront-ollospasprom enéost
n or , on cou pons» or run comm on s.
nomoserais-jo p aspromené or éot
no tosorais-tn p aspromené or éot
nososerait-ii paspromenernososorait-ollopaspromonoot
76 or 7 5s: REFLEC TED vunss.
PAO'I'
, OI COHPOUND 0 ! I'l l COIDM OILL.
Jno nousserious-nouspaspromenésoroosl. shouldwe
Enovousseries-vouspaspmmonésor (test would you
nososeraient-ilspaspromonosrorInososoraiont-ellospaspromonoosr would they
NEGATIVELY.
courouxm or runmsmm u . cou rounn oran au t ism : ransom .
nos’étro paspnomonh. as! to have “ list nos'étant paspayment. nothaving not“.
PlETBRIT IRDBPIRITE , OB CO.POUND OF THB INDICATIVE.
ionomosu ispaspromené or éo. Ihave
tu no t’ospasprom ené or éo. thou hast
ilnos’ost pasp romou é. he hasollo nos’ost paspromenée . she has.
nousnonoussommespasprognonés, or ées. we have
vousnovousétosp asp romenés, or éos. you have
ilsnososont p asprom enés, orollosnososont pasprom enées. 3 they have
PLUPEBFEC‘I‘
, OI COI POU ID OF THE IMPEIPBCT.
jo nom’
otaispaspromené, or éo. Ihadtu no t
’étaispasp romoné, or éo. thou hadstilno's’étaitpaspromené . he had
ollo nos’étant paspromouoo. she had
nousnonousétionsp asprom enés, or éos. we hadvousno vousétioz paspromonés, or écs. you hadilsnos’étaiont paspromenés, or 1 they had
not been
ellesnos’étaient p asp romenées. l
PBB’I‘
EBIT ARTEIIOB , OI COMPOUND OF THE PBBTBII'P.
io no me fusp aspromené , or éo. Ihadto no to fuspaspromené , or éo. thou hadstilnoso fut p asp romené. he hadelle noso fu tp aspromenée. she hadnousno nousfum espaspmmonés, or éos. we hadvousno vousfatesp asp romenés, or éos. yOu hadilsnosofurent paspmmonés, or they hadollosnoso fu ront paspromonéos.
moronssummon , on consomm or wasrom an.
yo nomesorai p aspromené, or 60 . Ishell, or willtu
’
no tosorasp aspromenée , or éo. thoushalt, orwill not haveilnososora p asp romené. heshall. or will walked.
ollonososora pasp romenée. sheshall, or will
nousno nousserouspasp rom enés, or éos. weshall, or willvousno voussoroa pasp romenés, or éos. you shall, or will not haveilsnososoront paspromenésor
fwalked.
ellesnososoront pal promenéeg , theyshall, W w‘”
SINGULAle
FLU-AL.
or Th isREFLECTED m m;
ass, on common»or run common s
yonomesoraispaspromené , or éo. Ishould, orwouldtu notoseraisp asp rom ené, or éo. thoushouldst, orwou ldst 3.
serait p aspromené . heshould, orwould 3‘
gollo nososorait paspmmonéo. sheshould, or would
nousno nousseriouspasp romenés, or. éos. weshould, orwould 3v
lousno voussorioz paspromenés, or (zoo. youshould, orwould 2 3isnososon iont paspromenésor N
ellesnososol-aient paspromonéos. l theyshould, orwould 3g
OI COHPOUND OF THE SUBJUNCTIVE PRESENT .
que jono mesoispaspromené, oroo.
que tu notosoispaspromené, or éo.
qu’
ilnososoit p aspromené.qu
’
ollo nososoit paspro-onéo.
que nousnonoussoyonspaspromenés, oréos.que vousno voussoyez paspromenés, or (loss nothavo
qu’ila nososoient paspromonés, or
qu’
ellesnososoient p aspromonées.
ampu tees, osdonsousn or m a man n er or runsum mon“.
MNGULAI.
PLUIAL.
que ie nom e fusse paspromené, or éo. thatImight
que tu no tofussospaspromené , or éo. that thou m ightstqu
’ilnosofat p aspromené. that he might
qn’
ollonoso fat pasp romenée . thatshemight
que nousnonousfussionspaspromenés, or éos. thatwemightquelionsno
i
yousfussioz pasp romonos, oroos. thatyou might not have
qu’i noso assent pasprom enésor l
qu’
ellesnoso fussou t paspromouzéos. lthatthey W e“
Additional Tensesof the Verb so Promener, to W all.
us'r, sus'r u n sun
Jovionsdo me promonor.Tu vionsdo topmmonorllvientdo
'so p romononElle viont dosopromener.Nousvononsdo nousp romener.Vousvenoz do vouspromener.lls, or ellesviennent doso promener.
PAST , ELAPSED BEFORE ARO’I‘EEI
Jovodaisdome promenor.Tu venaisdo to prom ener.
llvouait doso psomonor.Ellevenait doso promonor.Nousvouionsdo nouspromener.Voasvonioz do vouspromener.“9 , or ellesvenaiont doso promenor.
Ihavejust been walking.
Thou hastjust been walking .
He hasjust been walkingShe hasjust been walh ing .
W e havejust been walking .
You havejust beenwalking .
havejust been walking .
smite onseason roomn acs;
Ihadjust been walking .
Thou hadstjust been walkingHe hadjust been walking .
She hadjust been walking .
W e hadjust been walking .
You hadjust been walking .
They had just been walking
78 or m mu cou s
Of the Irregular and Defective Verbs.
Irregular verbsare those wh ich differ inthe varia3
tionsof some of their tensesand personsfrom th e
verbswh ich serve asmodelsto th e fou r regular conjugations, and eleven branches.Defective verbsare those in wh ich some tensesand
p ersons, not admitted by use , are wanting.
The only irregular verbsof th e first conj ugation are ,
aller, to go ;s’
en aller, to go away ; envoy er, to send ;renvoy er, tosend back , andp uer, to stink.
The defective impersonals bru z'
ner, to drizzo; nei
ger, to snow ; gréler, to hail; écla irer, to lighten ; tonner
,to thunder ; geler, to freeze ; dégeler, to thaw; and
re’su ller, to result.The fou r irregular verbsof the first conjugation will
be exemplified hereafter ; bu t th e.
defective impersonalswillb e reserved for th e article of impersonalverbs.Th e defective impersonalverbsof th e first conjugationprecisely admit , in the th ird person singular of their
different tenses,the same variationsasp arler.
S’
en aller, to go away (Reflected Verb).
S’
en aller, being the verb aller itself reflectively
used with the particle en,isconjugated after th e same
manner asaller.
Th e particle en comesimmediately before the verb inth e simple tenses, and b efore the auxiliary in the com
pound oneswhether th esentence be affirmative , inter
rogativoor negative ;as-je m’
en vats, I am going away;s’en va-t-il? ishe going away? ne s
’
en va-t-ilp as? ishenot going away? t
‘
lnos’en va p as, be isnot going away.
bk TH E museumsu m .
mrmm vsnoon
ALLER. TO GO.
i nan . oun ceA
'
s-nos.
ranriotru s.PIESENT.
allant. allé, alléo.
INDICATIVE ransom .
nousallons.vousalloz.
ilsrout.
ru ranrsc'i'.
a,nousallions.vousallies.ilsallaient.
PBETEBIT DEFINITEo
nousalIAmos.vousallMes.ilsalléront.
roman sasonurs.Ishall, or will nousirons.thoushalt, or will} a vousiroa.
heshall, or will ilsiront.
CONDITIONAL
orwould nousirions.thou shouldst, or vousiriez.
heshould, orwould ilsiraiont.
II PEIA'H VE.
allons. letusgo.
alloz.
qu’
ila aillout.
SUBJUNCTIVE ‘
PEESENT.
that Imay a que nousallions.that thou mayst qu e vousallies.that he may qu
’
ilsaillent.
II PEBI'EC'I‘
OP THE SUBJUNC‘I'
IVE.
thatImight que nousallassions.that thou mightst a, que vousallassiez .
thathemight qu’
ilsallassent.’
OF THE IRREGULAR VERBS.
THE VEBB’
ALLER, TO GO .
CONJUGATED IN ITS COI POUND TINSES.
COMPOUND 0 ! THE lNPlNI‘l‘IYE. COI POUND OF THE PARTICIPLE PRESENT.
étroallé , orallée. tohave, ortobe gone. étantallé , orall“. hauling, orW gone.
PRETERIT INDEFINITE , OR COMPOUND OF THE PRESENT.
S ingular. Plural.
Ihave, or am noussomm es we
thou host, or art vousetes you
he has, or is ilssont "5 they
PLUPERPBO’B, on cou rouuo or run ru n n er.
Ihad, nousétions we
thou hadst, vousétiez you
he had, ilsétaiont"5 they
PRETEIIT AFTER!“ OR COMPOUND OF an PRETERHI.
Ihad nousfumes we
thou hadst, vousfutos you
he had, ilsflu ent 7 theya
T UTURE “733ml , OR COU POUND OF THE PUTURE.
Ishall, or will noussoronsthoushalt, or voussorozheshall, or will ilssoiont
a ss, on com e» or n o count-nou n.
we
ai ma they
gone.
Ishould orwould nousserious we
thou shouldst, or g‘ vousseries you
wouldstilserait heshould, orwould ilssoraiont they
PRETim , OR COMPOUND OF THE SUBJUNCTIVE PRESENT.
que iosois that Imay que noussoyons that wea
que tu sois that thou mayst que voussoyez 19 thatyoulgaqu’
ilsoit that he"gay qu’
ilssoient a that they
PLUPERPEC'I , OR CO” OUND OP-“E IMPERFEC! OP TEE BUN UNCTlVE.
que jofusso thatImight que nousfus that we
z sionsque tu fusses 23that that:n ight” is gau
ge?“ f! !
S 8
qu’
ilfut thathemight qu’
ilsfussom
(1) See XXVI page 146.
Ba or run ( ante nnasvases.
tartan-n o noon
S’EN ALLER. TO GO AW AY.
n an . con cession.
PARTICIPLES.
PRESENT. PAST.
s’en allant. going away. allb , alléo.
INDICATIVE PRESENT.
S ingular. Plural.
iam’on vais. Igo, or am n
housnouson allons. we
tn t’
on vas. thou goest, overt} .sg vousvouson allot. you
ils’on va. he goes, or isa, ilss’en vout. they
II PERPECT.
h anousnouson allions.
g;3~5
E vousvouson allioz .
g g, ilss’on allaient.
PRETERIT DEFINITE.
neusu ouson alllmos
Evousvouson allhtos.ilss’on alléront.
FUTURE ABSOLUTE.
thoushalt, or will 2 vousvouson iroz.
heshall, or will‘
a ilss'on iront.
CONDITIONAL PRESENT.
jo m’
en irais. Ishould, or would i .nonsuouson irions.
tn t’
en irais. thoushouldst, or Evousvouson irioa.
l"
Ishall, orwill fi nousnone co irons.
ils’ou irait. ld ilss’on iraient.
II PERATW E.
allons-nous-on.
va-t-on. goa way ( thou ) . alloz-vous-on.
qu’
ils’on aillo. lethim go away. qu’
ilss’on aillent. away.
SURJ UNCTIVE PRESENT.
rpm isui’
onaillo.that Imay 5. quenousnouson allions. thatweque tu t
’on aillos.that thou mayst a que vousvouson allies. thatyou
qu’
ils’on aillo. that he may a, qn’
ilss’on aillent. thatthey
surnamesor run SUBJUNCTIVE.
que io m’
on that Imight que nousnouson thatwe
allasse. allassions.que tu t
’
on thatthou mightst que vousvouson that you
allassos. allassiez .
qn’
ils’en allat. thathemig ht q‘
u’
ilss’en allossont. that they
or TH E muse umsvanes.
THE VERB S’EN ALLER, TO GO AW AY.
CONJUGATED IN ITS COMPOUND TRKSEE.
COMPOU ND ON THE INFINITIVE. COMPOU ND ON THE PARTICIPLE PRESENT.
s’enetroallé , or allée . tohave gone away . s’on étantallé,‘oralléo. having gone away.
PRETERIT INDEPINITE , OR COI POUND OP THE PRESENT.
Singular. Plural.
Ihave nousnousonsom rnosa. we
thou hast vousvouson étes yo uhe has ilss’onsont 75 they
PLU PERFECT OR COMPOU ND OP THE IllPERPECT .
Ihad nousnouson étibnsa;we
thou hadst vousvo usonsides } 3 you
he had ilss’on étaient they
rasrsnrr Alt-mates. on courousn or run rasroarrIhad nousnouson fumesthou hadst gag vousvouson fateshe had ilss’on furont
FUTURE ANTERIOR OR COMPOUND OP THE FUTURE
Ishall or will18a h
nousnousonserous0 thoushatl, orwilt 1° 3 vousvousonsores“ heshall, or will i ; ilss’onsoront
PAST OR COMPOUND OP THE CONDITIONAL.
i‘;Ishould orwould nousnousonserious we
thoushouldst, vousvousonseries 3 you
i: orwouldst
ils’enserait heshou ld,drwould ilss’onseraient they
ran-roan on common or r sussuuc'
nvn rinse“,
quejem’
enso thatImay que nousnouson thatwe
soyons 3que tu t
’
ou sois that thou mayst que vousvousonsoyoz a;
thatyou
qu’
ils’ensoit thathe may qu’
ils3’ensoient that they
PLU PERFECT OE COHPOUND OF THE IMPERFECT OF THE SUBJU NCTIVEque jom
’
on thatImight que nousnouson thatwefusse 5 fussionsquetu t
’
on g thatthou mightst é qu e vousvousonfussos a fussiezqu
’
ils’on flit thathemight 5 qu’
ilss’on tussont
( I) See XXVI! page 146.
34 or TH E muse umsvanes.
lNI HOOD ,
ENVOYERlI) . TO SEND .
n asr. com et:sn os.
-PARTICIPI.ES.
PRESENT. PAST
envoyant. onvoyé envoyée .
INDICATIVE PRESENT
S ingular.
Isend. nousenvoyons.thousendest. vousenvoye z .
ilsenvoient.
IMPIRPECT.
ii) nousenvoyions.35 vousenvoyiez.
8 u 8
2 118 envoyaient.
rnmxnt'rsum yrs.nousonvoyhmes.vousenvoyAtos.ilsenvoyerent.
m u nsowu .
Ishall, or will nousenvorrons.thoushalt, or wilt}3 vousenvorros.heshall, or will ilsenverront.
CONDITIONAD PRISRN‘L
j’onvorrais. Ishoeld, or would nousadvert-ions.tn envom is. thou shouldst, or a vent envorrioa.
wouldstilenvorroit. heshould,"would ilsonvoraaient.
l-PERLTIVI.
envoyons.send thou ) . envoyez.
let himsend. qu’
ila envoient.
SURJ UNCTIVE PRESENT.
qnoj’
envoio. thatImay que nousonvoyions.qu e tu envoies. that thou mayst que vousonvoyioz.
qu’
ilenvoie . that he may qu’ilsenvoient.
lllPERPECT OP TEE SUBJUNCTIVE.
quoj’
onvoyasse . thatImight que nousonvoyassious. that we 3quotu onvoyassos.thatthou mightst} qu e vousonvoyassioz . that you
qu’
ilenvoyAt. thathe might qu’
ila onvoyassout. that they
(1) XXVIdl, page 147.
or TH E lunsoum n vases. 85
terms-tn noon ,
scootersRECOND.
TO 4 0 0was
PARTlClPl-ES.
ac quérant. acqu isacquise.
INN CATIVE PRESENT.
Plural.
nousacquoroas.
nousacquorions.ho
.g O
3.o
; vousacquénoa.
s3g ilsaoquéraiont.
nousacquil us.vousacqu ittal.ilsacquire-t.
” TU” ARSOLUIE .
Ishall, orwillthou shalt, orwilheshall, orwill
nousaoquorrons.vousaoquerrel.
’
ilsacquoraont.
m axim um PRESENT.
j’
ae quorrais.tn acquorra
'
w.
nousacquorrions.vousacquorrioz.
ilacquorrait. heshould, or ilsaequom iout.
IM Afl 7 E.
Nofirst person. acquérons. let“ acquire.
acquire ( thou) . acqu ércz. acqu ire (yea yes)qu
’ila acqu iésont. letthem aconine.
“I IUNCTIWS PM T.
qu e acquiére. that Imay
que tu acquiéres.that the.maystqu
’
ilacquiore. that homey lg quonoukaaqsénions. thatweg, q ue vousacqu érioz . that you3qu
’
ile acquiorcnt. that they
IM TICT 0 9 THE SUSIUNCTITE.
que acqu isso. thatIn ight
que tu acquiasesdhaat than mightstqn
’
ilacqu it. that.“might
(a) See XXIX , page 147.
g q ue nousaowia ionsdhatweque vousacquissioz. that you
qu’
ilawqu issont. that they
OP THE IRREGU LAR VERRS .
sm arts“ loos,
ASSAILLIR(s) . TO ASSAULT .
SECOND .CONJ UGATIII .
ru sscsru s.PRESINT .
PAST.
INDICATIVE PRESENT.
vousassailloa.
ilsassaillont.
II PRRPECT.
335" vousassaillioa.3 ilsassaillaiont.
PRETERIT DEPINITI .
vousassaillltos.ilsassaillironl'.
PUTURR ABSOLUTE.
Ishall, or will nousassaillirons.thou
’shalt, orwilt} 3 vousassailliroa.
h.shall, orwill 5» ilsassailliront.
CONDITIONAL PRESENT.
j’
assaillirais. Ishould, arwould nousassaillirions.thoushouldst, 3 7 0119 assaillirioz .
orwou ldstIIassaillirait. heshould,orwould ilsassailliraiont.
IIPERATIYE.
.Nofirst person . assaillons.assaille. assault ( thou ) . assailloz .
qu’ilassaille. let him assault. qu
’
ilsassaillont.
0SUN UNCTIVE PRESENT.
que j’
assaillo. that Imay que nousassaillions. thatwe
quotu assaillos. that thou mayst qu e vousasstillios. thatyou
qu’
ilassaille . that he may qu’
ilsassaillent. that they
II PERPECT OP TEE SURJUNCTIVE.
que j’
assaillisso. that Imight que nousassaillissions. thatwell.
que tu assaillissot at thou mightst que vousassailliasioz. that you
qu’
ilassaillit. thathe might qu’
ilaassaillissont. that theyassa
might
assault
( 1) See XXX , page 148.
88 or n u : IRREGU LAR vinns.
“mu n"110 011
comm TO RUN.
COR) 06
a n ten n a.
rn sn r.
courant. com-u couruc run .
P
ilscoumreut,
PUTBRB
Ishall, orwillthoushalt, or wiltheshall, orwill 1
nouscou rrone.
vouscoum z.
ilscom-rout.
CONDITIONAL P38 81".
ilcourrait. heshould, or 1110
nouscourrions.vouscourriez.
ilseourraient.
lm EBATW E.
cou rono.
cone Q
qu’
ila content.
80 31UICTIVE PRESENT.
que je coure. that Imayque tu cow . that thou maystqu
'ilconre . that hemay
que nouscautions. thatwe
5 qu e vouscouriez. thatyou
qn’
ilscourent.
lurn m 'r or m e sun uucn irn.
que je com-um . that Imight
que tu couruesesthat thou mightstqu
’ilcou rilt. that he might
( I) See XXX" p age 148 .
qu enouscom ions. thatweque vouscouruesiez. thatyou
0°
qu 118 couru etent. that they
Plural.
nouscourone.vouscourse.1111courent.
[IPBIB C‘L
6 0 0 0 300 3110 0 0“
a vow com-lea.i1
53z ilscom-aient.
u m 11m m.
110 11: courhmee.
on THE IRREGU LAR VEBBS. 89
nurxm'nva noon
CUEILLm TO GATHER.
COH OGARON
PM “
PIBSBM .
cueilli , cueillie. gathered.
113mm “ri nse".
none cu eillons.vouscueillez.
ilscueillent.
“PERFECT.
-
2nouscu eillions.
é vouscu eilliez.a. 2, ilscueillaient.
” W IT "m m .
nouscueillimes.vouscueillitee.
he gathered. ilscueillirent.
797 33 ! ABSOLUTE
Ishall, or will nouscue iilerons.thou shalt, orwilt vouscu eille rez.
heshall, orwill M ilscueilleront.
OONMTTOBAL PRESS".
Ishould, orwould nousoueillerions.thou tha w , er vouscueilleriez.
wouldstheshould, orwould ilscu eilleraient.
Tu PEBATTVB.
cueillons.gather ( thou ) . cueillez.
let him gather. qu’
ile cueillent.
SUBJUNCTIVE PRESENT.
that Imay que nouscueillions. thatwethat thou mayst que vouscueilliez. thatyou
that he"
may3.qu
’
ila cueillent. that they
IMPEBPECT OF THE SUBJU NCTIVB.
que je cueillin e . that! might G que nonecuefllissions. thatwe g
que tu cueillieees. that thou m ightst que vouscueillissiez. thatyou
qu’ilcue illit. that he might
3.qu
’
ilacueilliesent. thatthey
(1) See XXXIII, page 149.
go or ru n IRREGU LAR vssns.
11mm “: 1 0 0 11
sum TO FLY, TO RUN AW AY, TO SH UN .
BICOID.60 38DC 1110
PAITIOIPLIS.
PRISM . PAST.
fled, orfln n.
IRDICATIVB PIBSBNT.
nousIuyons.vousfuyez.ilsfuient.
II PIIM .
6nous
,fuyious.
433.svoust'uyiez.3 ilsfuyaient.
PIITBBIT DEFINITB.
nousfutmee.voustuttos.ilsIu irent.
FUTURE 1350 LUTB.
Ishall, orwill nousfu irone.thou shalt, orwilt }é vousfuirez.heshall, orwill ilsfuiront.
CONDITIONAL
Ishould, or would nousfoil-ions.thoushouldst, orwouldst} é vousfu iriez.heshould, or would ilsfuiraient.
IKPB‘LTIVE.
fuyons. let usfly.fuyez. fly ( e or ou) .
qu’
ilfuie. qu’
ile fuient. let t m
SUDJUNCTIVE PRESENT.
qu e je fu ie . thatImay qu e nousfuyions. thatwe
que tu fuies. that thou mayst } é que vousfuyiez. thatyou
qu’
ilfuie . that he may qu’
ilsfu ient. that they
IMPERF'
BCT OF THE SBBJ CNCTIVI .
qu e je fu isse . that Imight quenousfu issions. thatwe 45que tu fuissee. that thou mightst }é que vousfuissiez. thatyou
qu’
ilfu it. that he m ight qu'
ila fuissent. that they‘2
(1) See XXXIV page 149.
OF TH E IRREGU LAR VERBS . 9 I
mmmn vsnoon
HAIR
seconn. cosmos-n on.
PLETICIPLES.
hamsant. ha’
i bane.
INDICATIVE PRESENT.
S ingular; Plural.
Ihate. noushamsons.thou hatest. vousha'
issez.
he hates. ilsbaissent.
II PEEFECT.
a
vousbai’ssiez.gg
, nousba’
issions.a
ilsbai‘ssaient.
PRETERIT DEFINITE.
noushaimtze.
voushaites.ilshaircut.
FUTURE ABSOLUTE.
Ishall, or will noushair-one.thoushalt, or will voushairez .
heshall, or will ilshaircut.
0 0 11111710 11“ 111111513161.
Ishould, orwould nousbait-ions.thou shou ldst, or voushai'riez.
wouldstheshould, or would ilsbu taient.
IMPEBATIVE.
hsissons.baissez.
qu’
ilsbai'ssent.
SUBJUNCTIVE PRESENT.
que je balese . that Imay qu e noushamsions. thatwe
que.tu bai
’sses. that thou mayst que vousbai’ssiez. thatyou
qu 11hai’sse . tha t he may qu
’
ilshai‘ssent. that they
IMPERPECT' OP TEE SUBJUNCTIVE.
qu e je hom e thatImight que nousba‘
issions. thatwe
quetu ba’
isses that thou m ightst que vousbaissiez. thatyou
qu’
1lhai’
t. that he might I qu’
ilsbai’ssent. that they
(1) See XXXV, page 149.
94 or TH E IRREG U LAR v as.
1111110 11" 110 0 11,
9 113530 l (I) . TO SIT DOW N.
"n o. cossoeu tos.
PARTICIPLES.
PAST.
s’asseyant. oasis, sssise . sat, orsitten.
INDICATIVE PRESENT.
S ingular. Plural.
ie m’
assieds. Isit.tu t
’assieds. thou sittest.
ils’assied. hesits.
Of
”a.
nousnousasseyonsvousvousnsseyez .
ilss’asscyent.
II PRRPECT.
g. nousnousasseyions. we
33 vousvousasseyiez . you‘
3 ilss’asseyaient. theylsPRETERIT DEPINITI .
nousnousau tmee.
vousvoussu ites.ilss’assirent.
FUTURE ABSOLUTE.
Ishall, or willthou shalt, or wilthe shall, or will
nousnousassiérousif vousvousassiérez.
ilss’assieront.
CONDITIONAL PRESRNT.
ie m’
assiérsis. Ishould, orwouldtu t
’assién is. thoushouldst, or
ii e’ssaierait. heshoald, orwould
No first person.
assieds-toi. sit thou
qu’
ils’asseye . let himsit.
nousnousassiérione.vousvousassiériez. you
ilss’nsién ient. they
IU PERATIVR.
ssseyonsnous.asse ez-vous. .
qu” ss’asseyent.
SUBJUNCTIVE PRESENT.
que nousnousasseyions. thatwetine je m’asseye. that Imay
qu e tu t’
asscyes. that thou maystqu
’
ils’an eye . thathe may
15: qu e vousvousasseyiez .
qu’
ilss’asseyeut.
“( PERFECT OP TIIE SURJUNCTIVE.
que nousnousassiu ions. thatweque )e m useless. that Im ight
que tu t’
assisses. that thou m ightstqu
’
ils’assit. that. he might
(1) See XXXVIH , page 150 .
a; que vousvousassissiez.qu
’
iles’assissent.
thatyou
thatthey 1
thatyou
thatthey
96 or m e lRREGU LAR VERus.
nm um vsuoon
POURVOIR. TO PROVIDE .
smsu. cosmos-n os.
PARTICIPLES.
PRESENT PAST.
pou rvoyant pourvu pou rvue. provided.
INDICATIYE PRESENT.
nouspourvoyons.vouspourvoyez .
ilspou rvoient.
g a nouspourvoyions.8 vouspourvoyiez .
E ilspou rvoyaxent.
PRETERIT DEPINlTE.
nouspou rvumes.vouspom-votes.ifspourvuren t.
J 'UTURE ARSOLUTE.
Ishall, orwill 3 none pourvoirons.thou shalt, or wdt vouspourvoirez .
heshall, orwill 2 ilspou rvoirou t.
CONDITIONAL PRESENT.
je poun oirais. nouspou rvoirions.tn pourvoirais. vouspou rvoiriez.
heshould, orwo ilspou rvoiraient.
ll PERATIVE.
pourvoyons.provide ( thou ) . poarvayu .
qu’
ilpourvoie. let. him provide. qu’
ile pou rvoient.
snowmen"un seat .
qu e ie pou rvoie . that Imay a que nouspou rvoyions. thatwequ e tu pourvoies. that thou mayst Eque vouspourvoyiez . that you
qu’
ilpourvoie. that he may0qu
’
ilspom oient. that they
IMPERPECT OF THE SUBJUNCTIVE.
que tu pourvussesdhat thou mightst que vouspourvussiez. thatyou
qu’
ilpourvut. that he might a. qu’
ilapourvussent. thattheyIOU
que ie pourvusse . that Imight g que nouspourvussions. thatwe
98 or wasmu c ou svnnns.
mn nm vn noon ,
ssvomo) . TO KNOW .
n un .consuoAfl Ol.
“i n cu b us.Pm . PAST.
“chant. eu sue.
INDICATIVB PIESIRT
Singular.
Ihm . nousa vons.thou hm est. voussaves.he knows. ilssavent.
ll PllPlC'l‘.
f. nouson ions.3
o EgVO0 3 88 118 1.
Illssvment.
PIITIIIT DIPINITB.
noussumes.voussutos.ilssm ut.
y um“ u som n .
Ishall, or will nousssurons.thoushalt, or wilt} 3 voussaurez.heshall, u will ilssauront.
CONDITIONAL PllSBRT.
Ishould, or wm ld noussaurions.thou shouldst, or g
’
voussauriez.
iln urait heshould, orwould5 ilsa uraient.
la ATlYI.
sachons.hnow ( thou ) . sachet .
h t him lwow. qu’ilssscbent.
SUBJURGTIVB PRESENT.
that Im y que noussachions.that thou mayst que voussachiel .
thathe may qu’
ilssachent.
II PIIPECT OP Tl ! SUBJUNCTIVE.
that Imight que noussussions.that thoumightst g que vousm odes.thathe might qu
’
ilssussent.
(1) X L! page 152 .
OF THE IRREGULAR VERBS.
wnm'nvn noon ,
VALOIR(1) . TO BE W ORTH .
UGATTOI
PAITICIPLIS
PIBSIRT. PAST.
n lant.
je vaudrais.
i] vaudn it.
valn . been worth.
mmem v1: mu m .
Plural.
nousvalons.vousvalez .
ilsvalent.
la lllCl'.
nousvalions.vousvaliez .
ilsvalaient.
pu m a DW I“.
nousvolumes.vousvalutee.ilsvalurent.
“TU“ ABSOLUTI .
Ishall, orwill 4 nousva'
udrons.thou
‘shalt, orwilt g vousvaudrez.heshall, orwill 3 ilsvaudront.
COM O!“ PIISIKT.
heshould, or
mn n m
Nofirst person. valons.vau x.
qu’
ilvaille .
que je vaille .
que tu vailles. that thou mayst
be worth ( thou) . valez .
let him be worth qu’
ilsvaillent.
S'W OTW B PIBSBNT.
thatImay que nousw hom .
} i que vousvaliez.qu
’
ilvaille. that he may 3 gu’ilsvaillent.
lfl Pn n Cl' Ol'THE 817330 110117 3 .
qu e ie valusse. thatImight asque nousvalussions.que tu valnsses. that thou mightst que vousvalnssiez.
qu’
ilvalut. thathe might 3 qu’ile vslnsseut.
(s) See XLII, page 152 .
10 4‘
0 5 Tu e IRREGULAR m ans.
1119111111" loo»
TO CONCLUDE .
sou s-l . cosmos-non.
ra u co u s.PAST.
eoueluant. conclu ; concluo.
“m am E ‘l o
asingular. Plural.
Iconclude. nousconcluons.thou-conclub d ; vousconch .
ilsconclueut.
nousoonclu1ons.vousilsconcluaient.c
onclude,
sag.
or
Q“
PEER EII' DEPT“ .
nousconclumos.vousconclutoa.ilsconclu rent.
W W II “SOLUTE.
Ishall, orwill
pg nousconclarons.
8 .
8 d
thoushalt, orwilt vouscond oms.h eshall, orwill ilsconcluront.
m eant .
ie conclurais. nousconclurions.tn conclurais. vousconclude“
i! conclurait. heshould, orwoa ilsconch rd ent.
li PEI'A‘HVE.
Nofirst p erson . concluons. letusconclude.
conclus. conclude (thou) . conclu ez . conclude(yeoryou)qu
’
ilconclue . lethim conclude. qu’
ila conclu ent. let them conclude.
SUEW RCTIVE tu sm .
q ue je conclne . that Imay g qu e nousconclni'
ons. thatwe
que tu conclues. that thou mayst que vousconcln i'
ez. that you
qu’ilconclue . that he may 5 qu
’
ilocouch ent. thatthey
IIPEEPECT OP m1; N BSUEC‘I'IVB.
queje couclosse . thatImigh t quenousconclu sions. thatweque tu conclusses. thatthou migh tst}? que vouseonch osiet . that”a
qu’
ilconclut. thathe might qu’
ila conclueaent. thatthey
( 1) See X LVII page
OF THE IRREG ULAR VERBS .
noon
CONVAINCRE.
I’OUETE.
TO CONVINCE .
CONJUGATIOL
PAETIOIPLES.
PRESEET.
convainquant. convincing.
PAST.
convaincu convaincue. convinced.
‘
INDICATIVE PIESEET.
S ingular.
Iconvince .
thou convincest.
Plural
nouscouvainquanevousconvainquea.ilscouvainquent.
II PEREECT.
je convainquais. Ididto convainquais.thou didstilconvainquai t. he did
he convinces.
nousconvainquions. wevousconvainqu iez. you
ilsconvainquaient. they
21131111111 Barnum .
je convainqu is. I convinced.
tu convainqu is. thou convincedst.ilconvainquit. he convinced.
nousconvainqu imes. we
vouscouvainqu ites. you
ilsconvainquxrent. they
FU TURE ABSOLUTE.
je convaincrai . Ishall, or willtn convaincras. thou shalt, or wiltitconvaincra. heshall, orwill C
OROHICO.
nousconvaiucrons.vousconvaincrez.
ilsconvaincront.CONDITIONAL PRESENT.
je convaincrais. Ishould, or wto convaincrais. thou shouldst,
wouldst
nouscOnvaincrionsvousconvaincriez.
ilconvaincrait. heshould, arw ilsconvaincraient.
Il PERATIVE.
Nofirstp erson convainquons let usconvince.
convaincs. convince ( thou ) . couvainqu es. convince (yearyou )qu
’
ilconvainqu e. let h im convince . qu’
ila convainquent. let them convince.
SUB] URCTIVE PRESENT.
qu eje convainque . thatImayqu e tu couvainques.thatthou maystqu
’
ilconvainque . thathemay
IMPERFECT OF THE
queje couvain that Imight
qmsse.
que tu couvain that thou mightstqu 1sses.
qu’
ilconvainquit.thathemight
(1) See X LIX , page 155.
qu e nousconvainqu ious.thatwequ e vousconvainquiez . that you
COIIUCIN'
O
qu’
ilacouvainquent. thatthey
SUBJUNCTIVE.
que nouscouvain thatwe
qu issions.que vousoonvain thatyou
a u issiez .
qu ilsconvainqu issent. that they
10 8 or TH E IRREGU LAR veers.
mm tmvsnoon
0 110 1111; (1 TO BELIEVE
room .
PW .
PAST.
croyant. believing . cru cm e . believed.
IEDICATIVE m m
S ingular. Plural.
thou believe-st.he believes.
g g} nouscroyions.thou didst. vouscroyiez.
3 3 ilscroyaient.
PRETERIT DEW “.
nouscrux-ea.vonscrates.ilscrurent.
FUTURE ABSOLUTE.
Ishall, orwill nousmotto-nthou shalt, orwiltheshall, orwill ilscmiront.
CONDITIONALmu m
Ishould, or would none croutons.thoushouldst, or wouldst}é vousemit-ionheshould, or would 3 ilsomniscient.
IMPEBATW B.
Nofirst person. crayons.believe ( thou) . croye
z.
let him believe. qu’
1lsard ent.
SUBJUNCTIVE PRESENT.
que iscroie . thatImay squ e nouscroyions.que to croies. that thou mayst que vouscroyiez.qu
’
ilcroie . that he may3qu
’ilscroient.
IMPERPECT OF THE SUBJUNCTIVE.
q ue je crusse . that Imight que nouscrussions. thatweque tu crosses. that thou mightst que vouscmsn
’
ez. thatyou
qu’
ilcrut. that he might 3qn
’ils(sm u t. that they
0
believe.
(1) See Ll page 155.
I IO O F THE IRREGULAR VERBS.
110 111117 1“ 110 0 0 ,
scams TO W RITE
roves-11.
PARTICIPLES.
PAST .
écrivant. écrit écrite .
INDICATIVE PRESENT.
Singular.
Iwrite. nousécrivons.thou writest. vousecrivez.
he writes. ilsécrivent.II PERPEOT.
6 none écrivions.551-5 vousécriviez.g 3 ilsécrivaient.
PRETERIT DEFINITE.
nousconvin ce.
vousecrij tes.ilsécrivirent.
FUTURE ABSOLUTE.
Ishall, or will nousécrisons.thoushalt, orwilt} vousécrirez .
heshall, orwill ilsécriront.
CONDITIOEAL PRESENT.
nousécririons.vousecrirsez .
5ilécrirait. ilsecriraient.
II PERATIVE.
Nofirst p erson. écrivons.write ( thou ) . écrivez.
let him write. qu’
ilsécrivent.
que j’
ecrivisse.
Qu e tn écrivisses. that thou m ightstqu
’
ilécrivit.
SUBJUNCTIVE PRESENT.
that Imay que nousécrivions.that thou mayst B qu e vousécriviez .
that he may qu’
ile écrivent.“PERFECT OF THE SUBJUNCTIVE.
that Imight que nousécrivissions.qu e vousécrivissiez .
that he might qn’ilsécrivissent.
( 1) See LII] , page 156.
POURTII.
lisant.
illimit.
OF TH E IRREGU EAR VERES .
mu m's": noon ,
Singular.
TO READ .
GOEJW A‘
H OI .
PARTIUIPRES.
reading . In lue.
INDIGATIVE PRESENT
Iread. nonslisons.thou readest. vouslisez.
he reads. ilslisent.
II PERPRGI'.
3 35.
vouslisies.C. nouslisions.
t ilslisaient.
PRETERIT DEPINI‘I'E.
nouslumes.vouslotes.ilsIntent.
FUTURE ABSOLUTE.
Ishall, orwill nouslirons.thou shalt, or wilt } 3 vouslirez.
he emu, or willi11.liront.
com m on s. p lasma.
1should, or would nonslirions.thou shouldst, or 3 vousIiriez.
wouldst 1heshould, Orwould ilsliraient.
II PERATIYE.
lisons.read ( thou) .let him read. qu
’
ile lisent.
SUBJUNCTIVE PRESENT .
que nouslisions.thatImay ithat thou mayst 3 que vouslisiez.
that he may qu’
ile lisent.
II PERPECT OF THE SUBJUNCTIVE .
that Imight que nouslussions.that thou mightst E que vouslussiez.
that he might qu’
ile lussent.
(1) See LV, page 156.
let usread.
read (yeoryou ) .
OF THE IRREGULAR VEBas.
“IN T“! nl'
oon
assonons TO RESOLVE
PM .
résolu nt. résolu résolusor résous. ”solved:
ru sm .
Plural.
nousrésolvons.vousrésolvez.
ilsrésolvent.
u nm et.
nousrésolvions.b vousrésolviez.
3 ilsrésolvaient.
H IM ? m um .
Iresolved.
‘
nouso
résolulnes.vousrésolutes.ilsrésolu reut.
or
000
thoushalt, orwilt vousrésoudrez.
heshall, or will ilsrésoudront.
CONDITIONAL ‘PIESBRT.
Ishould, ”would nous-résond'rions.
Ishall, orwill8° nousresoullrons.
thoushouldst, or g vousrésoudrie z.wouldst g
heshould, orwould ilsrésoudraient.inrznu xvs.
résolvons.resolve \ (thou) . resolvez.
let him resolve . qu’
ilsrésolvent.SUBW RC
'I‘
IVB BBBSERT.
qu e'
ie résolve. asthatImay que nousresolvions. thatwe
qu e tu résolv'
es. that thou mayst que vousrésolviez .
‘
qu’
ilrésolvg. that hemay qu’
ilsresolvent.
IMPBRPICT OF THE SUBJ UNCl 'B.
que in résolusse'. thatImig ht que nousrésolussions. thatwe yqu e tu résolussgs. that thou mightst} 3 qu e vousrésolussiez. thatyou
qu’
ilresolut. that hemight 3 qu’ila résolussent. thatthey l
( 1) See LX , page 158.
118
anus(n) . so LAUGH .
P‘GT.
laughing .
IIDIGL‘I'IVI 9m m .
Singula r. Plural.
nousrionsvousties.ilstient.
m an or.
be nounriions.thou didst. vousriies.
ilsriaient.
n u ns! “m m .
nousrtn‘ses.
vousfl tes.ilsrirent.
FUTURE ABSOLUTE.
Ishall, or will nousrirons.thou shalt, orwilt vous
'
rites.heshall, onwill ilsriront.
com m a“. FIBER".
Ishould, orwould nousririons.thoushou ldst, ormoulds-t}: vousfi riez.heshould, or would 3 ilsrin ient.
mn u fl vn.
Nofirstparson. riOns.laugh ( thou) . riez .
lethim laugh . qu’
ilsdent
svsm ucn vn T B‘
BSENT.
qu e je rie . thatImay qu e nousru ons.que tu ties. that thou mayst que vousriiez .
qn’
iltie. that he may qu’
ilsrient.
IMPERFECT OF THE SUBJENC’N VE.
qu e je rissc .
qu e tu risses. that thou m ightstqu
’
ilrit.
THE IRREGULAR 7 2335;
xm imvsnoon,
que vousrissiez.
that Im ight que nousrissions.
i qu‘ila fissent.that he m ight
(1) See LXI page 158.
COHIU‘"103 .
thatwe
thatthey
or THE IRREGULAR ‘
vnnns.
m u n-xv: noon,
TRAIRE (1 TO MILK (defective) .
1 0 0 113 . 0 0 10 06ATIOR.
rn fl cu mss.u s'r
trayant. trait traite .
INDICATIV! PRESENT
IMPIIYBCT.
or
.
mtlte
voustrayiez .
g .nonstréyions.
§°
g ilstra’yaxent.milhin
Thisherb hasnoPreterit Definite. )
a im.AisowmIshall, or willthou shalt, or willheshall, ormtll
'
CONDITIONAL PM SERT.
Ishould, onwould noustrait'ions.thou shouldst, er voustrairiet.wouldst
iltrau '
ait. heshould, onwould ils' trairaient.
mesnu wg .
trayons.tra as.qu ilstraient.
50 1131111011VB ‘PBBSBNT.
thatImay que noustrayions. thatwe
that thou mayst qu e voustrsyiom thatyou
that he may qu.
’
ilstraient. that they
There it no Imperfect ofthe Subfi metive.
(1) See LXIV , page 159.
or ru n IRREGULAR m as.1m m "! noon
VIVRE TO LIVE.
IOUI‘
Il .con u lrwls
N una vu t.
sau nas. n et.
vivsnt. we“ lamin ae)
INDICATI“ n u n s.
he lives.
thou didst
he lived. ilsvécurent.FUTURE ABSOLUTE.
Ishall, orwill nousvivrons.thoushalt, ormill vousvin es.heshell, orwill ilsvivront.
"M INI.
nousvh rions.vmswin ks.
ilvivrait. ilsvim .
No pm . vivons.vis.
Mlived (thou ) . vivez .
qn’ilyin . let him live. qu
’
ill vivent.
SUBJ UUC'I‘IVB PBBSUR‘I.
that Imay qu e nousvivions.that thou mayst que vousvision.thathemay q u
’
ilsvivent.
man n er or run su tures-us.que je vécusse . thatIslight que nousJ éoussions.que tu vécusses. that thou mightst que vousvécussiez .
gu’
ilvécut. thathe migh t qu’
ilsween-sent.
(1) See LIV, page 159.
nousviVons.vousvivez.
ilsvivent.
tnrn n cr.
nousvivions.t I; vousVivien.t a ilsvivaient.
tu mour 11311111311 .
nousvacuums.
12 4 or ru n [MPERSONAL m ans“
cern ; résulter, to result; arriver, to happen ;°
sembler,
to seem ; or any other verb of the first conjugationwh en used in an impersonalway, are also conjugatedafter th e same manner.
Arriver takesé‘tre in itscompound tenses.0 s
In .Pass. Y avoir. there to be . Ps'
sr,osCou r. or runIn . y avoir-eu. there tohave bm
Pn r.Fuss. y ayant. there being: Pin . Pssr. cu there been.
Cou r. or m e Pu r . Puss. y ayant en. there having been.
Ian.Pass. ily a. y a-t n’
y a-t-ilpas? iln’
y a p as.there is, esthere isthere not there isnot,or there are . or are there ? or are there not? or there are not.
ii y "slit. y avait-ilt n
’
y await-ii p ant itu
’
y‘
avai t pas.there was, wasthere , wasthere not there wasnot ,or there were . orwere there or were there not? or there were,
not.
Pn '
r. Dsr. ity cu t. y ent-ll? n’
y eu t-ii p ast iln
’
y e ntpas.there was, wasthere ,
wasthere not there wasnotor there were. orwere there ? orwere there not? or there were not.
For.Ass. 11y aura. y au ra-tailt n’
y aura-t-ii past iln
'
y au ra p as.‘there willbe. willthere be ? W t”there not be there willnot be.
Conn. Puss. ily aurait. y au rait-ilt n
’
y aurait-ilpast iln
’
y aurait p us.there would he. wou ld there be would there not be there would not be.
(No Imperative. )Sun. Pn s. qu
f
iln’
y nit p as.that thsrc gnay not be.
In . Sun. u’
iln’
yc txt pas.t there might not be.
The compound tensesof th isverb are formed by th e
addition of itspast participle on , to th e end of itssimple tenses, as it] a on , th ere hasbeen j a-t-il
ea ? hasth ere b een ? n ’
y a-t-z’
lp asea ? hasth ere .not
been? t’
lnir ap esea ,there hasnotbeen , etc .
In . Puss. Falloir. to be necessary, ormust.Pass, on Cou r. or m e In . avoir folks. tohave been necessary .
(NoPart.Pres. ) Pi e-r. Pssr. fallu (nofeminine) . been necessary.Cour. or run Pu t . Pans. ayant fallu . having been necessary.
In .Puss. iltaut. fau t-ilt ne faut-ilpast ilne faut pas.it isnecessary. isitneeessary ? isit not necessary ? it isnetneeessary.
ilfallait. fallait-ilt ne fallait-ilpas? ilne fallait p as.itwasnecessary. wasit necessary ? wasit notnecessary? itwasnotnecessary .
Pan .Du . ilfallu t. fallutqilt na fallu t-ilpast ilne fallutpas.itwasnecessary. wasitnecessary ? wasitnotnecessary ? itwasnotnecessary.
or‘rnsm rsssoiv‘
u . vssss. 12 5
P1'. Ass. 3 fa ith-a
“
tundra-Ml! osfahdra-t-ilpast ilne faudra pas., it ,willhenecps willitg
e news will it not be neces it willnot be necessary
nun. Pm . ii faudrait. faudrait-ilt ne faudrait-ilpast.‘
itnofeuds-sit pas.itwould be no would it be ne would itnot be no itwould not be w
cessary(NoM en tion.)
1.Pass. gu’
ilfaille . u’
ilne faille pas.thatitmay be necessary. itmay not be neiessary.
r.Son. qu’
ilfallnt. qu’
ilno fallot pas.that itmight be necessary. that itmightnot he
The compound tensesofth isverb are formed by theaddition of itspast participlefallu , to the th ird pers
‘
o'
nssmgu lar of the simple tensesofavoir, as ii a fallu ,
it hasb een necessary a-t-tlfallu r’ hasit been necessary ? n
“a-t-tlp asfallu ? has
’
it not been necessary ? lln
’
a p asfallu , it hasnot been necessary ; andso on for
th e oth er tenses.Remark. The English verb must, not being impersonalmay take any noun or pronoun for itssubject ,or nom inative ; whereasth e French verbfalloz
’
r, being
alwaysimpersonal, a change of constru ction in th e
translation becomesnecessary, and th ismay be donein two different ways. 1.
Th e most. common m ethod isby pu tting th e con
junction que after t ,lfau t zlfallait, etc. then transpor
ting th e subject of the English verb must tothe second verb ; wh ich isto he pu t in thesubjunctive 1n
French ; thus I mustsellmy house , ilfau t que jevende ma ma ison .
Th e other way isby allowing the second verb to re
main in th e infinitive , asin English , and substitutingin th e place of the personal pronoun , wh ich isthesubject of the verb must, itscorresponding objective(h e , te Z lu i , nous; vous, tour, wh ich -
are to be placed
126 or use lu rsnsonan vanes:between il andfau t, falla it, etc. as I must b eginthat work to-day itmefaut comrttencer ect ou rmge
s.Observe . That all
”
expressionsimplying necessityobligation , or want, may be rendered by falloir , asI want a new grammar, ilmefau t tine nonvelle
lsr.Pass. Pleuvoir. to rain. Pass, onCou r. erm i ne . avoir plu . to h asmindPaar. Pals. plenu m; raining . Pm .Rm .
Cou r. 6. run Psu . Bu s. ayant plu . ha ting rained.
In . Puss. ilpleut. lenti l ne p lant-i! past
itrain? deemitnot rain ?
ilpleuvait. pleuvait-ilt ne leuvaitvil, past
itdid rain , did it rain , d‘
itnot rain ,
on itwasrail ings Orwasitrainingl, orwasitnotrainingPu t . Dsr. ilplat. ne plut
-ii pastdid ttnotsatin?
For. h as. ilpleuvra. plsnm -t-iltr
nu pleuvrmt-ilpast ilne pleum pas. lit willrain. willit rain willit not rain 7 itwillnotmin
Conn.Plus. llpleuvrait. pl'
emu it-ilt ne plenm it-llpasl"itne pleuvrait pas.
itwou ld ru in. would it rain ? would itnotrain 21 itwould not ram.
Ne, Imperative.)Sos. Pass. (1111! pleura. qu
’
ilno pleuve pas.that it may rain. that itmay not rain.
1119 . Sea. qu’
ilplat. qu’ilne plot pas.
that itmtght M it ms‘htM I-ain.
The compound tensesofp leu uoir are formed by,the
addition of itspast participle p ly . to the third personssingular of th e simple lensesof aeoir, as ila p lu ,
it hasrained; a-t-ilp lu i’ hasit rained? n ’
a-t-ilp asp ly ?hasit not rained? iln ’
a p as.p lu ,it hasnot rained.
lnr. Pass. Seoir. toi n, to become (Defective Verb}Paar. Pass. sayant. fitting. Pas-r. Pas-r . sissise situated.
Inn. Pass. ilsied. sied-ilr nasied-ilpast ilnasied pas.itfits. doesitfit?’ doesitnetjili it tb esnet fit.
(1) The participle pastsis, star , isonlyuse nowasan adjective in the sense ofsitsituée , as une maisonsise a. a housesituated at.
ia'
8 or rm: nnrwc'mn
The following example ofreflected impersonalverbsisof the fou rth conjugtttion . W ith itsassistance , the
p upilwilleasily understand the manner of using otherreflected impersonalyerb , whatevermay be itsConju
gation asth e p ronounsand negativesalwayscome inth e same order, th e verb only following the variationsof itsconjugation .
COI J U GATIOK OF THE REPLBM D IMPBBBONAL VBBB
SE VENDRE ,c TO
lnrfillass. Se vendre. tosell.Psnr .Pass. se vendant. selling.
Paar. Pss'r.
Inn.Pass. sé vend-ill nese vend-ii pas‘l ilne se vend pas.
doesitsell? doesit notsell? itdoesnotsell.10 vendaiti lt =neso ivendait-ilphat ii nose vendait paswasitselling ? wasitnotselling ? itwasnotse lling.
Pu r. Du se vendit-ilr nese vendit-ii past 11ne se vendit pas.did ithell? did it notsell? it did notsell.
For.Ass. se,
vendra-t-ilt nese endra-t-ilpas? ilne se vendra pas.willitsell? willi notsellll itwillnotselL
Conn.Pass. so veadraiti lt nese vendraitailpast‘
ilnese readm itpas;would itsell? would it notsell itwould notsell.
(No Inlperhtiw .
Sun.Pass. qn’llse n ude. n
’
ilnese ve'
n
'
de m
that itmaysell. t itmay notsoIn . Sun. u
’
ilSe vandal. u’ilnese vendlt pas.
at itmightsell. t itmightnotsell.
cou p om m m sasor run ann nc'
rnn rmrnnsonu . vans
SE “ENDRE , TO SELL?
conronnn or1m mrmm vn. conronnb or runrsn'
ricnr'
m sanssar .
s’étte vendu'
. tb'
havesold. s’étantvendn. hailingsold.
Pas-r . lam ,
{iis’est vendu . sest-i! vend
tt'
t ne
ars-till?“ II p as
ithassold.
"hesitiold? hasitnotsold?
‘it 1m m sold.
Pwm r on
{lls’étsit vendn. s’etsit-ilvendn r nas’étsit-iilpas nes’
gtait pas
ven u ven u .
0 ”“F" it hadsold.s wassold ? and it no
‘
taold? had not 80 14
ndn.
Cou r.or runParr.
"30 d" ve
wrrn Ta it Pnonouns 133
J ai envie d’
en acheter Here a refino ap p lesand p ears,Ihave amind to buy some .Donnez-m
’
en, Givemesame ,no 111
’
en donnez pas, Donot giva mo any . Donnez-lu i
en, Give h im or hersome
, Ne lui en donnez pas, Donot give h im , or her any . Parlez-lui-eu , Sp eak of it toh im , or to her , Ne lu i en
o
parlez pas, Do notsp eakofi
,t to h im , or toher. Je viensde chez M. votre oncle,
j’
en appor-te' nu panier do raisins; I come from you r
u ncle’sunti l-bring a hamp er of grap es. ( En is. an
adverb andstandsfor de chez lu i . )Pensez-vousa.m oi ? ou i, j
’
y pense ( Doy ou th ink
of me Pyes, Ida.
Pensez-vouaé nous? ‘
ou i , nousy pensonsD o you
think of us9yes. we do.
Le croyez-vous? oui , je le crois. Doy ou believe h im ,
it? y esI dosLesavez-vousvus? 0 11i , ia lesai vus. Have y ou .seen
them 9y es, Ihave .
Serez-vousch ez vous? ou i, j’
ysera1 W illyou be athome Py esI will.Irez-vousP0 11i j ’irai. W illy ou goPy es, Iwill;11s’y appliqu e ; H e app liesh imself to. it. 11s’y con
nait ; H e h as-skill in it.Nousdem eu rons
'
aVersaillesmaisnousne nousyplaisonspas; W e live at Versailles but we are not
p leased there . S’
y plait-il?Ish e p leased there 9 Je m
’
y
plais; I am p leased there . Nousnousy sommesvus;W e haveseen one another there or each other. Me
( 1) Any question m ay also be answered by ou i , or non , monsieur, or messieurs, madame , or mesdames, mademoiselle , or ma demoiselles, according
aswe speak to one orseveralp ersons; orsimply by oui , or non , ifspeakingto our infei 'iorsfriendsor equals.
134 comm un ion or some U SEFUL vanes”
nez-y-moi ; Take me there . Attendez-uousy ; W aitfor
usthere . Vousy trouverai-je ? ShallImeety ou there ?
Ne vousy rendez pas; Do not be or do notgo there .
Ne m’
y menez pas; Do not carry me , or do not take me
there . Je vouslesy apporterai ; Ishall bring them to
y ou there . Adressez-nous-y nospaquets D irect our
p arcelsto usthere Ne nousy écrivez plus, Do notwrite tu usthere any more. Ne m
’
y avez-vouspas
adressé votre lettre ? Have y ou notdirectedy our letter
to me there ? 11nousl’a envoyée , or nouslesa en
voyées; He hassent it, or them tu us. Elle m’
en a pro
mis; She hasp rom ised me some . Vousm’
avez rendu
service je vousen remercie ; You have done me a
service I thanky ou for it. Est-cc lavotre montre ? Istha ty ou r watch 9 Sont-cc u vosjardins? Are these
y our gardensPAqu i est cc livre? W hose book isthis9
Qu i est lb? or qu i est-cc qu i est IA? W ho isthere ?Qu ia fait cela ? or qu i est-cc qu i a fait cela ? W ho h asdonethat? Qu i appelez-vous? W horn do y ou call? A qu i
parlez-vous? W hom do y ou sp eak to? Qu e dit-il? or
qu’
est-ce qu’
ildit? W hatdoeshesay ? Que faites-vousla or qu
’
est-cc qu e vousfaitesla? W hatarey ou doingthere ?Qu
’
est-cc qu e cela ? W hatisthat?Qu’
avez—vous?or qu
’
est-ce qu e vousavez ? W hat isthe matter withy ou ? Que dites-vous? or qu
’
est-cc qu e vousdites?W hat doy ou say ? or W ha tare y ou say ing 9
W hensentenceslike these , though grammatically right, p resentsom e
thing harsh ; the best isto give up the p article y, and use the adverb it supplies; for instance ; umcane-les-nousdanscet endmit-ld.
136 U SEFUL onsnnvu wus.
and ever willbe th e admiration of the learned ) beforeh e speaksof the effect wh ich certain nasalterminationshave in repeating verses, remarks, art. 5,p arag . 5.
Jo commence par dire qu e cette observation no re
regarde point ceux qu i écrivent en prose , car la prosesou ffre lesh iatus(By h iatusismeant a
'brokensound
pou rvu qu’
ilsnesoient ni trop rudesu i trop fréquens.Ilscontribuent méme adonner au discou rsun certain
air naturel et nousvoyonsen effet que la conversation desh’
onnétesgensest pleine d’
h iatusvolontaires
qu i sont tellement autoriséspar l’
usage que si l’
on
parlait au trement celaseraitd’un pédant, ou d’
un pro
vincial. Par exemple lorsqu’
un acteu r récite cesversde la prem ierescéne d’
Athalie Je fvienscélébrer avec
vousla fameuse journée etc. Pensez-vousetre saint?ilprononce comme s
’
ily avait célébré-r-avec vous.Pensez-vou z-etre . Maisdansla simple conversationl’
usage veu t qu’
on prononce comme s’ily avait :célé
b ré avec vous. Pensez-vou etre etc . And art. a he
saysm On 16 croira si l’on veut; au moinsest-ilcertain qu
’
au theatre cc n’
estpaschose rare qu’
un acteu r ,
etsurtout u ne actrice , dont lestaleussont adm ires,fasse adopter nu mauvaisaccent , une prononcmtionirréguliére , d
’
ou naissent insensiblementdestraditionslocalesqu i se perpétu ent , si personne n
’
est attentif itlescombattre . These are the wordsofaman forwhoseOp inionsth e French ‘Academy h ad the greatest deforence ; a man who , at th eir request, had made th issubject one of h isparticular studies, and who had
Qnsulted u pon it, ashe h imselfdeclares, allthe men
oftaste andlearningwith whom he wasacquainted; andthey never were contradicted ,
but by persons, who
USEFU L onsnavu mns. 137'
being fond of appearingsingular affect in conversation the emphatic tone of th e stage , without considering wh ether th ey arespeaking prose or verse (mostof the French playsare in verse ) or by those wholooking u pon singularity asan accomplishment mimictheir ridiculousafl
'
ectation.
Dansune nation qu i est une par rapport eu gouvernem ent , ilne peut y avoir danssa maniére de parler
qu’
un usage légitime , celu i de la cou r,et desgensde
lettres, a qui elle doit desencouragemens; tou t autreusage qu i s
’
en écarte dansla prononciation danslesterminaisons, ou de quelqu
’
autre facon que cc pu isseetre no fait u i une langu e , ou u n idiome
'
é part , u i nu
dialecte de la langue nationale ; c’
est un patoisabandonné ala populace desprovinces, et chaqu e provincealesien . ( Gmann sy nan. frane ; art. Langu e
'
,Lan
guage etc .
The best informed persons, maintain that the final
consonant ofa wordshould be sounded on the initial
vowelof the next only wh en the two wordsareso connected that th e second word isnecessary to complete
thesense ;su ch as n enfant, a ch ild; cet h iver , th iswinter ; a
‘ son age , agsage ; lesartifices, the artifices;deshommesofmen ; bon ouvrage , good work; grand
esp ace greatspace ;p etit homme , little man ; grosoiseau
, large b ird ; beaux habits fine clothes; ilest,he is; est-ii ishe ; sont-elles? are th ey? nousavons,we have ; vousen avez , you have some ; lesou t-ils?have th ey got them ?sansamiswithou t friends; avecelle
, with her ; en allant, in going ; chez cum, to th eir
house ; ap résavoir , after having ; bien honnete , veryhonest ; p lushabile , more clever ; [res-aimable , very
138 USEFU L onsnavu ions.lovely;fort utile , very useful trop ignorant , too igno
a
rant.
Mr. Brevet censeu r desétudesda College RoyaldeHenri IV, et cdnservateur ?a la b ibliotheque de SainteGenevieve saysin hisgrammar intitled or called
( l’
art de parler et d’
écrire correctementla langue fran
caise , ou grammaire ph ilosoph iqu e et littéraire de cette
langue al’
usage desFranqaiset desEtrangersqu i desirent en connaitreAfond lesprincipeslesbeau tésetlo génie). Dansla conversation, on ne fait passonner lalettre ldanslespronomspersonnels, ii et ils.Howeve r ,
saysaga in . Mr. Brevet en prononcant la lettre ldansilet ilson évitera deséqu ivoques.
W hen the Imp erfect“
of the Indicative isused.
III.
The imperfectof th e indicative as j’
avaisj ’etaisje parlaisje recevais, etc. isused in French .
1. To expressa present with respect to someth ingpast , and th en it exactly answersth e English exp ressionsIwasdoing ExampleszrIwaswritingyou a let
terwh en Ireceived you rs; Je vousécrivaisune lettre
quandje recusla vo’
tre . W e were diningwhen we learnt
thatsad news; nousdin ionsquand nousapp rimescette
fdcheuse nouvelle .
2 . To expresssometh ing past bu t habitual, duringa time notspecified and th en it answersth e Englishexpressions, I used to do . Examples:Th e Romanscultivated the arts, encouragedsciences, and rewarded
m erit. Les{toma inscultivaien tlesarts, encou ragea ient
USEFUL onsznvan ofls. 1113
hasshe n0 t? elle n’
a p as, she hasnot , and ellesou t,th ey have ; ant
-elles? have they ? n’
ont-ellesp as? haveth ey not? ellesn ’
oni p as, they have not ; andso on in
th e th ird personssingular of other tensesthat are usedinterrogatively.
Xlll.
W hen a verb isused interrogatively, and endswitha vowelin the th ird person singular of any of itstenses, a t ispu t b etween th e verb and th e p ronou nsil,e lle
, and on ,with a hyph en on each side ofit , to avoid
the harsh soundwh ich would result from th e meeting
of the two vowels; Examples‘A—t-il? hashe ? Doeshe
speak? Parle-t-il? Doesshe dance well? Danse-t-elleb ien ? W ill they come ? Viendra-t~ on ? etc} , and not
a -il? p arle clause-elle 9 vienclra-ou PAn acu te accent isrequ isite over the last 8 ofthe
fi rst person singular'
of th e present of th e indicative inverbswh ich ,
term inating with an e m i ne in that per
son are used interrogatively, because th e 8 takestheman acu te sound; ExamplesDo Ispeak? Parléi e ? DoIsu ffer?soufi ré-ja ? and notp arle-ye? souffre-jg 9An acute accent isalso requ isite over th e final
‘
6” of
th e first person singular of th e present and imperfect
of thesubju nctive in a few verbswh ich ; having theirnominative placed afterthem
'to expressakind ofwishor acclamation , are terminated »with an e mute
'
in‘
th e
fi rst person of th ese tenses; Examples:May I, Pu isséje ? W ere I? D ussé-je ? etc.
W h en'
th e first person‘
Sin‘
gular Of the"present of
th e indicative of'
a verb‘
hasbut one syllable‘
the ex
pression es'
t-cc que issome timesused before theverb ,
146 userU L onsnava '
rmNS.
p assh e doesnotspeak and ellesparlent , theyspeak;p arlent elles do th ey speak. ne p arlen t ellesp as?do th ey not speak? ellesne p arlent p as, they do not
Speak. Conjugate in th e same manner the third p ersonssingular and pluralof other tensesthatare usedinterrogatively, and negatively.
XXIV.
E lle a p arlé sh e hasspoken ; a-‘
t-ellep arlé ? hasshespoken ? n
’
a'-t-elle p asp arlé ? hasshe notspoken ? elle
n’
a p asp arle, she hasnotspoken ; and ellesontp arlé ,they have spoken ; ant-ellesp arle
'
? have theyspokenn
’
ont-ellespasparle? h ave they notspoken ? ellesn’
ont
p asp arlé they have not spoken ; andso on in the
th ird personssingu lar and plu ral ofother tensesthatare used in the ab ove forms.
XXV.
The verb p unir, punish ; and those wh ichsu cceed areallwritten in th e affirmative , bu tasalready observed inremarkXV, the pu pilmust practise them after the fou r
differentmannersin wh ich a verb can be used.
XXVI.Elle est allée , sh e has, or isgone ; ellessont allées,
they have or are gone .
XXVIIElles’en estallée she hasgone away ; elless
ienson t
allées,‘
they have gone away , andso on in the th ird
personssingular and pluralofother tenses.
U SEFUL om nvu tofls
XXVIII.Conjugate like en pay er, the
'
verb renvoy er, to sendback.
For th e defective verbspeer, tostink; and a’sser, to
weave . SeeLévizac’sgrammar, andpage 1Go ofth isap
pendix for the latter.
Asthe cqmpound tensesofallverbsregular and irregular are noth ing else thanthe conjugation of the
verb avoir or etre , and the past participle of the verbconjugated ; the student knowingwellthe auxiliariesknowshow to conjugate the compound tensesof allverbs; Ihave, therefore, though t itqu ite unnecessary to
give any more modelsofverbsconju gated in the com
pound tenses.XXIX.
Conjugate after thesame manner asacquén'
r, to ac
quire ; the verbsconquérir, to conquer ; remnquén’
r,
to conquer again ; requém’
r, to requ ire ;s
’
enqu érir, to
inqu ire ; and guérir, to fetch .
Conquer-ir isonly used in the present of the infini
tive , and in th e preterit definite , in the imperfect of
th e subjunctive and in the compound tenses.Reconguérir isch iefly used in the past participle .
S’
enqaérir isvery little used , except in th e p resentof th e infinitive and in the compound tenses.
Quérir, to fetch ; isonly used in th e present of theinfinitive with the verbsaller
,ven ir, and envoy er ; as
.dllez me guérirM . an tel, go and fetch me Mr. suchan one ; je l
’
ai envoy é gu érir , Ihave sent for h im ; ilm
’
est venu quérir , h e came to fetch me etc. Th isverb must notbe used in ‘
an elevatedstyle
148 usrrUL onsnavs'rwivs.
XXX .
Conjugate in thesame mannerasassaillir, to assault;the verb tressaillir, tostart; bu t in the futu re you m ay
say fe tressaillira i, tu tressailliras, etc .- or isth e:
saillerai tu tressailleras, etc . and in the conditional
— je tressa illira is, tu tressaillirais, etc. orje tressailleraistu tressailleraisetc.
W ailly isof op inou ; th'
atj’
assaillerai , tu assailleras etc. may also be used in the futu re ; andj
’
assa illerais tu assaillcra isetc. in the conditional.
For the verbsaillir, to project. See the grammar.
XXXI.
W e do not use th e verb bou illir , asthe English do ;we use itonly in the th ird person ; as— ilbou t; it boils.W e do not say I boilthe cabbage ; bu tjefa isbou illirle Chou that is, Imake th e cabbage boil.
Ebou illir, to boilaway ; and rebou illir toboilagain ;
are conjugated in the same manner. The first iscommouly used only in the compound tenses, and in the
infinitive mood; as— cette sauce est trop ébouillie , th issauce hasboiled away too much .
For the verb bénir, to bless. See the grammar.
Conjugate after th e same manner ascourir, to ru n ;
th e verbsaccourir, to run to ; concourir, to concu r ;discourir, to discourse ; encourir, to incu r ; p arcourir , torun over, to peruse ; recourir, to have recourse to ; andsecourir, to assist, to succou r.
Accourir to run to takesavoir and e’tre in itscom
1So,
U SEFUL onsxnvx'
rtous,
XXXVI.Mou rir to die. The two r
’softhe future and condi
tionalofth isverb , are both pronounced. Itscompoundtensesare formed with the simple tensesof the verb
etre . W hen mourir takesthe form of the reflected verb,
it signifiesetre sur le point de mou rir, to be at th e
pointofdeath in th issense it isveryseldom used ex
cept in the present and imperfect of the indicative,
and it hasno compound tenses.For the verb ou i
’
r, to hear. See the grammar.
XXXVII.
Conjugate in the same manner asreveu'
r, to invest ;
the verbsse vétir, to dress; déve‘
tir, tostrip, to divest ;
which isprincipally used asa reflected verb , and in
some formsonly.
Ve‘
tir andse vétir are very little used.
Revétir takesavoir in itscompound tenses.
XXXVIII.
S’
asseoir to sit down ; je m’
asscy erai tu t’assej e
ms etc. and je m’
assey erais tu t’
assey erais etc .
may also be used in the fu tu re and conditional. Th e
compound verb rasseoir meaning either tosit again
to calm , or to sit down again isconjugated in
th esame manner. Asseoir, toset, followsalSo the sam e
conjugation ; bu t , being an active verb , and not a
reflected one , it only takesth e personal pronouns,je , tu ,
il,elle , neus, vous, ils, elles; itscompou nd
tensesare formedwith avoir ;as— j’
a i assisl’ergfantsu rla cha ise ; Iset the ch ild upon the chair.
Rasseoir, tosettle in speaking of liqu idswh ich pu
nsa L onsnnvamons. ‘
15r
rify by remainingstill, isonly used in th e present ofthe infinitive , andsom etimesin itscompou nd tenseswh ich are formed with etre as h issez msseoir
,le
café , let the coffeesettle ; ilestrassis, it isquite settled.
Se rasseoir , to sit down again isconjugated likesasseoir.
For the verbssurseoir , tosupersede ; ch air, to‘
fall;
déchoir,to decay ; échoir , to fall to ; wh ich are all
m ore or lessdefective. See. the grammar.
Mouvoir, to move ; isused-only in the presentof th einfinitive as Je nesaisp ascomment ila p a mouvoir
cetlep ierre , Ido notknowhow he couldmove thatstone .
The object .in exemplifying allitstenses, hasbeen to
give a modelfor the verbswh ich are conjugated after
thesame manner.
Th e verb that isgenerally made use ofwh en th e Eu
glish make use of move ,isthe regular verb remu cr .
Conjugate in the same manner asmouvoir , the verbsémouvoir , tostiru p tomove p romouvoir to promote ;
and démouvoir, to make one desist. They are alldefec
tive more or less.Emou voir, wh ether employed in an actualor figu ra.
tive sense , ismuch used.
Promouvoir , isonly used in the presentof the infinitive , and in itscompound tenseswh ich are formed
with avoir , as. On w u tle p romouvoir , they W ish to
p romote him ; on l’
ap romu ,he hasbeen promoted.
Démouvoir , isa law-term ,isnow only used m th e
present ofth e infinitive .
152 1151513111. onsnavs'n ons.
XI
Pouvoir, to be able ; conversation and poetry, adm it
the expression je p eux , b ut in interrogationsfe p u isalone isused. Say p u isy
'
e and notp eux-je.
Thesecond r only isp ronou nced in allth e personsofthe future andconditional, of th isverb the first beingmu te ; b ut the foregoingsyllable b ecomeslong ; th us
je p ourrai , tu p ourras, etc. are pronou nced— jep oil
rai , tu p ofi-ras,etc. andjc p ourrais, tu pourra is, etc .
je p oll-rat's, tu p ou-ra is, etc.
Ravoir, to have , or to get again ; th isverb 1sonlyused in th e present ofthe infinitive, as. Ilp laidep ou r
ravoirson bien h e pleadsto get h isproprety again .
XLI.
Savoir, mustnot be confoundedwith conna itre, wh ich
isalso Englished by to know. Connaitre ismostly usedin the sense of to b e acquainted with , and savoir inother circumstances.
XLII.
Conjugate after the same manner asvaloir, to b eworth ; the verbsp révaloir , ti t /prevail; éguwaloir , to
b e equ ivalent ; and revaloir,to repay.
Th e present of thesubjunctive ofp révaloir, isguejep révale que tu p revalcsgu
’
ilp re'
vale qu e nousp révalions, qu e vousprévaliez qu
’
ilsp révalent. Prévaloir
generally governsthe preposition sur ; as— Ilnefau t
p asque la raisonp révalcsur l’
usage reason must not
p revail‘
over custom . W hen it istaken iti a reflected
sense , it requ iresthe preposition dc ; as— l’
homme ne
doitp asscp révaloir beaucoup dcsa raison qu i lc tromp e
154 mu m. om nu u ons.
plural. It meanshave the intention , the goodness, th eresolution.
XLV.
Conjugate in th esame manner as battre , to beat;
abaltre , to pulldown ; combattre , to figh t débattre
to debeat;se débattre ,tostruggle ;s
’
e'
battre ,to rejoice
( an old word allmost out of use ) rabattre ,to pull
down again , to abate ; rebattre , to beat again ,to re
peat tediously.
XLVI.
Conjugate in the same manner asboil-e , to drink ;tebaine , to drink again .
For the verbsemboz‘
re to imbibe tosoak in; clorreto close ; déclorre , to u ndose ; enclorre ,
to enclose
forclori'
e , to debar ; and éclo’
re to be hatched , to blow
like a flower, See the grammar.
Note,somewrite clorre and enclorre with one : onlythus clore , enclore .
XLVII.
Exclu re , to exclude ; isconjugated likeexcept that the past participle isex clu , or exclus.
C irconcire ,‘
to circumcise ; and sufl‘ire , to suffice
are conjugated like confl re , except in the past participle , where they make circoncisandsu/Ii .For the verbsbru ire ,
to roar Za ire and relm‘
re , to
sh ine, to glitter ; and also nu z
’
re,to h urt. See th e gram
mar.
O
vsnrm . onsnnvn ions. 155
XLIX .
Vaz’
ncre , to conquer, or to vanquish ; isconjugatedin the same manner, asconvaz
’
ncre, bu t it islittle used.
In verbsending in aincre , th e c ischanged in gu inthe tensesin wh ich itcomesb efore the vowelsa e , l
l?
and o asmay be seen in th e conjugation page 106.
L .
Découdre , to u nsew ; andrecoudre , tosew again ; are
conjugated like coudre tosew.
The derivative of the
isaccroire , isonly uswith th e verbfat
’
re ;
gm’
n’
estp as to indu ce
Conju gate redire tosay again ; in thesame manner
asdire . Also the other compoundsofth esame verb,viz
dédire to unsay ; contredz’
re to contradict; z’
nterdz’
re
to forb id; me'
dire to slander andp rédz’
re to fortel;
except that the second person pluralof the present ofth e indicative andofthe imperative isregular;vousdede
‘
l
sez,contredz
’sez , interdisez ,médisez ,p rédzlsez . Maudire,
to cu rse variesby taking two 3 in the following forms;nousmaudz
'ssonsvousmaudissez ilsmaudz'ssent;je
maudz'ssais; qu
’
ilmaudz’sse maudissonsmaudz’ssez
qu’
z‘
lsmaudrissent; queiemaudisse, que tu maudis
'ses, etc.
mg udissant.
LI.
verb croire , to believe ;wh ich
e presentof the infinitiven it signifiesfa ir
-e
,croire cc
a beliefofwhat isnot.
USEFU L onsnavu ions;
LIII.
Conjugate in the same manner asécrz'
re, to write
the verbscirconsc rire, to circumscribe ; décrire , todesoribe ; z
‘
nscrz’re to inscribe ; p rescrz’
re to p rescribe ;p roscn
'
re to proscribe; récrire , towrite again;souscrire ,tosubscribe ; transcrire to transcribe etc.
LIV.
In the same manner asfaire , to do ; are conjugatedeontrefazfre , to counterfeit,to mimic ; defaire to undo ;refaz
’
re to do again ; m ag/h ire to satisfy;su lfa z'
re to
exact,to ask too mu ch ; and redefac
'
re , to u ndo again .
Th ese four verbsfbrfar’
re,to trespass; malfa ire , to
do ill; méfa z'
re to m isdo ; and”
p ar/a im , to perfect ;
are only used in th isform and the past participlefor/h it malfa it, méfaz
’
t andp drfaz'
t.
Fa ire ,issometimesto make ; the English have two
verbsh ere to th e one French verb ; and , asth eir twoverbsare wordsof great use so isth isFrench verb
fa ire . The refore , th estudentmust take particular pains.
in learning to conjugate it.
LV.
5 Conjugate in thesame manneraslire , to read ; relz‘
re ,
to readagain ; and élire , to elect.
LVI.
Mettre, to put; isa verb ofgreat use. Conju gate after
the same manner every compound of mettre su chas admettre to admit; commettre té comm it ; com
p romettre , to comprom ise ; démettre to turn ou t , to
r58 ustzru r. onshnvrrlons.
LX .
The Verb r'ésoudre toresolve ; hastwo past partici
ples. First résolu , résolue, in thesense of to resolve ,to determ ine , to decide; as cejeune homme a nésolu ‘
de changerde condm te, th isyoungman hasdeterminedto change hisconduct; and résous, without fem ininemeaning dissolving ; as le solez’la resort: le brou illard en p lu ie , the sun hasdissolved the fog into rain .
For.the verbsabsoudre , to absolve ; and dissoudre
to dissolve. See the grammar.
Conjugate after the same manner asrife , to laugh ;the verbsou rire , tosm ile .
For the defective verbfu'
re, to fry. See the grammar.
The verbscorromp re , to corrupt; and interromp re ,
to interrupt ; are conjugated in the same manner asromp re to break.
Conjugate in th e same manner assuture , to follow;the verbsp oursuz
‘
vre , to pursue , to prosecu te.
S’
cusm'
are , to follow, to result; isconju gated in th esame manner, bu t it isonly used in the th ird personssigular and pluralof itsdifferent tenses, eithersimpleor compound; and in the present of th e infinitive ; as
un grand bien s’
ensu z'vit, much good resulted fromit; touslesmam : qu i S
’
ensuz‘vent, allthe evilswh ichresult from it.
USEFUL OBSERVATIONS.
Thisverb , isalso frequently used, in an impersonalmanner, in the th ird person singular of itsdifferenttenses, with th e pronoun il, in thesense of resulting ;as z
'
ls’ensu it de Id qu e hence it followsthat.de cette p rop osition t
’
ls’ensuz'
t from that pro
position it follows Itscompound tensesareformed with e
‘
tre .
LXIV.
Conjugate after th esame manner as(w ire , to milk;the verbsattraire , to allu re abstraire , to abstract,usedonly in th isform , the past participle ,
th e present,and the future of the indicative , and the present ofthe conditional; dz
'straire , to divert from ; ex traire , toextract ; rentraz
'
re , to fine-draw ; retraz'
re , to redeem ;
soustraz'
re , tosubstract, to take from .
Allth ese verbsare principally used in the compoundtenses, though some of them may be used in th esimpletenseswh ich th ey have .
For the defective verb braz’
re , to bray. See the gram
mar.
Conjugate after thesame manner th e verbsderivedfrom vivre , as revz
’
vre , to revive ; and su rvz'
vre ,to
survive . Vivre governsthe preposition de , as z'
lm’
t
de p a in , h e livesu pon bread.
The th ird personsingular of th e present ofthesubjunctive r ipe , and the th ird person pluralof the sametense vivent, are frequ ently used without any antecedent
,by way ofacclamation orshou t ofjoy, before th e
namesof personsto whom we wish a long and happylife ; as Viv
’
e le Roi ! long live the King ! m’
vent les
160 USEFU L OBSERVATIONS.
gensd’
esprit! long live men of genius! So also beforethe name of any th ing that we h ighly esteem and
praise , as Five la Vie ! Live for Ever ! Vive la
Champ agne , p our lesb‘
om vim ! Champagne for ever !
Tistre , to weave ; thisverb isonly used in itscom
pound tenses, wh ich are formed with itspast participle tissu woven and the different tensesOf eith e r
avoir or etre , according aswe wish to expressan ac
tion or the state of the thing mentioned.
Tisser, isitssubstitu te in th e other tenses; thuswe
say Tisser ch: [in de la laine da coton to weave
flax , wool, cotton.
Tissu isused, both in a naturaland figrirative sense ,asa substantive and a participle ; thus— un
tissu,cloth wellwoven ; an firm (for
, d’
argent, de che
veux , gold silver, h air lace ; un long tissu de bellesactions, a longseriesof noble actions.
1Ga
Conj-gallon .
aboyer.
1abréger.
‘
abreuvet'.
abroger.
abrutir.
absoudre
s’absenter.
absorber.
a“ s’ahstenir.4 abstraire (irr. )
4
2d accueillir
accumuler.
abuser.
accabler.
accaparer.
acceder.
accélérer.
accentuer.
accepter,ccommoder.
s’accommodcr.
accompagner.
accom plir.
accorder.
s’accorder.
accoster.
accoucher
s’socouder.
accou pler.
accourcir.
accou rir
accoutumer.
s'accoutumer.accréditer.
accrocher.
accroitre .
s’accroitre .
accuser.
acérer.
achalander.
1" acharner.
s’acharner.
s’achem iner.
acheter.
achever.
FRENCH VERBS .
to.
to tilts, to agree.»
toaccomplish .
to1grant.
taraccostto be delivered to deliver a woman .
to lean upon.
to couple , or tojoin.
to
to
towater.
to abrogate .
tostupify .
toabsent one’sto absorb.
to absolve.
toforbear.
to abstract.to abuse.
to overwhelm.
tomonopolize.
to run to.
to accustom.
to use one’sself.
tohang upon a hook.
to increase.
to increase to grow.
towelcome.
to accuse.
tosteel.toget or drawcustomers.to provoke to ea
'
asperate.
tobe eager after.
toset forward.
to buy .
tofinish.
FRENCH VERBS:
Conjugation . Page.
2"
acquérir 85 1 to acquire.
acqu iescer. to acqu iesce , to comply .
acdu itter. 1'
b . toacqu it, to clear.
1" s
‘acqu itter. 67
adapter. 56 toadapt.
additionner. ib . tomake an addition .
adhérer. to adhere to.
adjoindre . 63 to associate.
1“
adjuger. 56 to adjudge.
a‘h
admettre 156administrer. 56 "toadminista '
.
admirer. ib. toadmire.
s’ .adonner 67 to apply one’sselfto.
adopter. 56 toadopt.
adorer. ih. to adore.
adosser. toset the back against.s'adosser. 67 to lean one’sback.
adoucir. 51
s’adoucir. 67 tosweeten , to growm ild.
adresser. 56 todirect.
s’adresser. 67sh‘adir. 51 torender insipid.
2‘
afi'
aiblir, ou alfoiblir. ih. toweaken.
s’afl’
aiblir. 67 to lose one’sstrength .
afl’
aisser. 56 to press, weigh down.
s’afi'aisser. 67 tosink, (”with too much weight} .
afl‘
amer. S6 Tostarve.
sh'ooter. ih.
’ toafi'
ect to appropriate.s’afl'
ecter. 67 to be afi cted.
afl'
ectionner. 56 to love.
sh'ermer. tolet.
a‘
afi'
ermir. 51 tostrengthen .
afiicher. 36 topost up .
afiiler. ih. to
afiilier. ib.
'
to
afiirmer. ib. to assert.ailliger. toafliict.atlluer. ib. toabound
2 , Sadranchir. 51 tosetfreeslafl'
ranch ir. 67 tofree, or to rid one’sself.
afl'
ronter. 56 toencountér.
afl'
ubler. to muflle up .
1" s’afi'uhler. 67 to be wrapped up .
agacer. 56 to provoke.
s’agenou iller. 67 to kneeldown .
166Conjugation .
1"
appréhender .
app rendre
appréter.
s’appreler.
apprivoiser.
s’apprivoiser.
approcher.
s’approcher.approfondir:
approprier.
s’appmprier.approvisionner.
approuverappuyer.
s’appuyer.
srborer.argentet.
argumenter.armer.
s’arwer.
arpenter.
arracher.
arranger
arréter
s’urréter.
arriérer.
arriver
sarroger.arrondir.
arroser.
articuler.
aspergel.asplrer.
assaillirassaxsonner.
assassiner.
assembler.s’assembler.
asseoirs’asseoirasservir.
assiéger.assugner.assim iler.
assister.
FRENCH VIBES .
tofear.
to learn.
toprepare.
toprepareone’sself.
to tame.
toexamine into.toapprqrriate.
tousurp.
tosupply with provisions.toapprove.
to lean.upon .
to lean or rest.toset up .
tosilver over.
to infer, to argue.to arm tofurnishwith arms.to arm one
’sself.tosurvey land.
to pullout.
toset in order.
tostop , to determine.
tostay .
to throwbehind hand.
to come, to happen.
to claim to one’sself.
tomake round.
towater.
to articulate.
to besprinlcle.
to aim at.
to assault.toseason.
to assassinate.
to bring together .
to assemble, to meet.toset.tositdown.
tosubject, to enslave.
ERENOH VBRBS.
( Zoningd ioni.
associer. to associate.assommer. to knockdown.
assortir.
assoupir.
s’assoup irassourdir.
assouvir.assujettirs’assujetnr.
assurer.
s’assurer.
4th
flatmindreo
s’astre indre.
s’attabler.attacker.
s’ottacher.
attaqner.
s’attaquer.atteindre.
1'
atleler.
atlendre .
s’attendre .
attendrir.
s’attendrir.
attenter.
atténuer.
atterrer.
attester. ih.
2"
attiédir. 51
attirer. 561" s’nttirer. 69 todraw upon ene
’sself.attiser.
[ph attraire 159 to~alture.
'
attraper. 36attribuer. to ascribe.attrister. to grieve , to makesad.
s’attrisvr. to besorrowful.attrouper.
1" s’attrouper.
augmenter.
augurer.
auner.
autoriser.
avaler.
a‘vaneer.
tofallasleep .
to glu t.
tosubdue.
to captivate to confine.
to affirm.
to assure one’sself:tosubject.totie up tosubject.tosit down at table.
to bind to tie.
tostick.
to attack.
tostand up against.
topu t horsesto a eoach.‘
to expect.
to hope for.tosoften:tobe ni0ved.
to attempt.
to troop .
to incretzse .
to augurate.
tomeasure by the ell.
toswallow.
toadvance.
Conmgauons.’calmer.
se calmer.
calomnier.
camper.
canoniser.
canonner.
se cantonner.caparagom er.
cap ituler.
cap tiver.
caqueter.
caracoler.
caractériser.
carder.
caresser.
carreler.
carter.
se carrer.
caserner.
caser (an trictrac) .casser.
cathéch iser.
causer.
cautionner.
céder.
‘
ceindre .
célébrer.
céler.
censurer.
cerner.
certifier.
cesser.
chagriner.
se chagriner.
se chamailler.
chanceler.changer.
chansonner.chanter.
chap itrer.
charger.
se charger.
charmer.
chasser.
chfitier.
FRENCH VERBS.
Page.
566756lb.
to grow calm.
toslander.
to encamp.
to canonize,’
orsaint.tostorm,
to cannonade.
to canton.
to caparison.
to cap itulate.
to captivate.
to chat.
towheelabout.
tocharacterise.
to caress.to pave with square tiles.tosquare.
tostrut.to be lodged in barracks.to take apoint.
to break.
to instruct.toprattle.
to bail.
to yield.
tofretone’sself:
to tilt.
to'
stagger.
to change.
tosing songsagainst.tosing .
toreprimand, to read a lecture.
to charge to load.
t0 . take a char e o a thin
to charm.
g f g
to expel.
to chastise.
172Coningations.
chalou iller.
chaufl’
er.
se chaufl'
er.
chausser.se chausser.cheminer.
chercher.
a“
chérir.
ch icaner.
1"chifi
'
onner.
chifl'
rer.
n"
choisir.choquer.
chuchoter.
cicatriser.cimenter.
circoncire (irrcirconscrirecirconstancier.
- circonvenir.
circular.
cirer.
ciseler.
citer.
civiliser.
clabauder.
claquer.
clarifier.
classer.clignoter.
clocher.
cloitrer.
4‘h
clorre
clou er.
coaguler.
coasser.
cofi'
rer.
cogner.
cohabiter.
coifl'
er.
sc coifl'
er.
coincider.
collationner.
coller.
colleter.
l
FRENCH VERBS.
to chase, or choose.
to whisper in one’sear.
to cement.
to circumcise.
to circumscribe.
to describeto circumvent.
to circulate.
tocompare.
to glue.
to take by the neck.
to tickle.
towarm.
towarm one’sself:
topu tonshoes.to puton one
’sshoesorstockings.
to lookfor.
to cherish, to love.
to chicane, to perplea'
.
torumple.
tosummon.
to civilize.
to open to, bark.
toslap .
to class.towink, and twinkle often.
tohalt, to limp , go lame.
toshut in a cloister.
to nail.
to coagulate.
to croaklike a frog.
to put in jail.toknockor drive in.
to cohabit.
todressthe head.
to dressone’shead.
Coniugu ious.
se conduire .
conférer.
confesser.
se confesser.
confier.
se confier.confiner.
[pb confire
confirmer.
lconfisquer.
confondre .
conformer.
se conformer.
conforter.
confronter
congédier.
conjecturer .
tph conjoindre.
‘conlugu er.
conyu rer.
conniver.
41h connaitre .
34 conquérir
consacrer.se consacrer.
conseiller.consentir.
conserver.
considérer.
consigner.
consister.consoler.
ee consoler. 67 toconsole.consolider. 56 ‘
to consolidate,consommer. to consummate.
conspirer. tocomplot.
constater. toprove , to verify.
consterner.
constituer.constru ireconsuller.
consumer.contempler.
d
{contenin
'
se contemr.
ls!
gam ma vanas.Page .
67 to carry to behave one’sself.
56 toconfer.
ib,
67 to confessone’ssins.
56 totrust.67 to repose one
’strust.56 to confine.
10 5 top ickle, topreserve.56 toconfirm.
ih. to confiscate.59
°
to confound.
56 to conform .
56 to conjugate.ih . to intreat.
61 to know.
11
31
5to conquer.
67 todevote one’sself.
52 to consent.
56 to preserve.
ih. to consider.
to consign.
to consist.
to appoint, to constitute:to build.
to.consult.toconsume.{
to contemplate.
to comprehend.
to fbrbear or to refrain one’sself:
Conju gation .
contenter.
se contenter.conter.
contesler.
continu er.
contractor.
1h.. contraindre.
contrarier.
contraster.
contra-balancer.
contredire .
contrefaire (irr. )contre-mander.
contre-m iner.
contre-peser.
contre-signer.2 controvenir.
1"1contribuer.
leontroler.
convaincre
2‘
convenir
1“
converser.
2d convertir.
se convertir.
convoiter.
convoquer.
coopérer.
copner.
corder.
corner.
correspondre .
corriger.
se corr1ger.
corroborer.
corrompre
coter.
se cotiser.
11! COtoyer.
coucher.
se couch er.
coudoyer .
coudre
couler.
couper.
courber.
I“
FRENCH VERBS. 175
to be wellpleased.
torelate .
to contest.to goon.
to contract.
to compel.
to contradict.
to contrast.tocounterpoise.
to contradict.
to counterfeit, to mimic.
to countermand.
to countermine.
to counterpoise.
to countersign.
to infringe.
to contribu te.
to control.
to convince.
to agree.to converse.
to convert.
to turn , to change , to be converted.
to covet.
to assemble.
to cc-operate.
totranscribe.
to twist.to blow a horn.
to correct.
to reclaim one’sself
tostrengthen.
to corrupt.
tosetmarks.to rate.
to coast a long .
to pu t in bed.
to go to bed.
to elbow, tothurstwith theelbow.
tosew.
toflow.
to cu t.
to bend.
78 can on vaans.
to unload.
to discharge, to empty .
to pulloff the flesh .
to pullthestockingsof.
to pullof one’sshoesorstockings.
déchifi'
rer.
déchiqueter.
déchirer. to tear off.déchoir
décider.
se décider.
décimer.
déclamer contredisfi arer. todeclare.
se ’
déclarer. to tell, or open one’smind.
décliner.
déclouer .
décocher .
décoifi'
or.
décoller.
décolorer.
décomposer.
décompter.
déconcerter.
se déconcerter.
décontenancer.
décorder.
décorer.
découcher.
40 ' découdre
découler.
découper.
1" découpler.
décourager.
se décourager. 67découvrir 55so découvrir. 67 to uncover one
’sself.décrasser. 56 tomake clean.
décréditer . todiscredit.décréter.
décrier. ih.décrire 156 todescribe.
1" décrocher. 56 to unhook.
4“ décroitre . 61 todecrease.
1 décrotter.
‘
36
toshoot, let fly .
to pu t of the head dressto unglue.
to discolour.
todissolve.to discount.to put out.
to cut, to carve.
to uncouple .
FRENCH VEBBS.
‘niup liom .
1"ldédaigner. todespise.ldédier. todedicate.
dédire to unsay .
so dédire (irr to recant, to retract.
1“ dédommager. to indemnity.
11“ dédu ire . tosicbtract, ordeduct.
2‘ défaillir
4g déffl il‘e
so défaire tosell, torid or case one’sselfof.i défalquer to abate.
415
idéfendre.
se dét'endre.
déférer. toyield.
déferrer. to unshoe a horse.
I“ défier.
se dbfior.
défigurer
défiler.dbfinir. todefine.
défleurir. to letfallitsblossoms.défoncer. tostave a cask.
déformer. toput out ofform.
défrayer
1“ défricher.
défriser. to uncurl.
dégager.
dégainer. to unsheath asword.dégarnir.
dégeler
dégénérer
dégourdir.
dégouter.
se dégobtcr.
dégoutter.
dégrader.
so dégradergraisser.
gringoler.
2‘ dégrossir.dégniser.se dégu iser.
1" déifier .
so déjeter.
déieoner.
4“ déioindre.
to take away the fat.to run down.
to clear up .
todissemble.
to disguise one’sself.
todeifi .
délaisser.délasser.
se délasser.délayer.
déléguer
délibérer
délier
délivrer.
déloger.
démancher.
demander.
démanger
démanteler
démarier.
démarquer.
démasquerse démasquer.démater.
démeler.démembrer.
déménager.se démener .
démentir.
se démm tir
démettre
se démettre
démeubler.
demeurer .
2“ démolir.
démonter .
démontrer.
démordre .
2d démunir.
dénaturaliser.
dénaturer.
déniaiser.
se déniaiser.
dénicher.
démer.
dénommer.
dénoncer.
dénoter.
dénouer.
PRENC H VERBS.
to tatter, to tear .
tounlacc.
offthe handle.
toremove.
to be in action, tostir or
to name .
to untie.
todelegate.
todeliberate.
to untie;
to rescu e, to deliver.
to remove.
asunhaft, or to take
to contradict one’sself.
to putout.
to resign .
to live; tostayto detnolish’
.
to dM ount,
to demonstrate.
to letgo one’shold.
to disnaturalize.
to pervert.
to teach wit.togrowcunning .
to pat e nt ofthe nest.
182 m uncu va ne.
56 to unwrinkle , or to take away the
dérivcr. ih.
dérober.
se dérober.déroger. to day-agate.
dérou iller. to get out the rust.dérouler. to unroll.
dérouter. toput out ofthe road .
désabuser. to undeceive, todisabuse.
so. désabuser.
désaccoutumer.
désaltérer.se désaltérer.
4t désapprendredésapprunver.désarconuer.
désargeuter.désarmer.
d’
ésavouer.4“ descendre1" désemballer.disemplir.
désenuuyer.
se désennuyer.
déseurayer.déseurhumer.
déeensorcele'
r.
déserter.désespérer.
désespérer. to bemod, to be ready tomake awaywith one
’sself.déshab iller.
se déshabiller.déshabituer.se déshabitner.déshériter.déshouorer.se déshonorer.
designerdésirer.se désister.
( 1) Dcsiendre , isconjugatedwith avoir when it hasa direct regimen.
to breakof from a custom.
to quench the thirst.to quench one
’sthirst.to unlearn.
todisapprove.
toscrape offthesilver.
todisarm .
to refresh one’sself.
toget a cold away.
to unbewitch.
todesert.
toundressone’sself.todisaccustom.
tobreakof)"one
’scustom.
Q to disiMerit.
todishonor.
tobring disgrace upon one’s
toappoint.
to long for.
togive over.
Cuttingstions.
2“ désobéir.désobliger.
désoler.so désoler.
désorganiser.
désorienter.
désosser.
2‘ ;déssaisir.
lse déssatsir.dessaler.
dessécher.desseller.
desserrer.
2“ desservir.
dessiller.
dessiner.
dessouder.destiner.
so destiner.
destituer.
2“ désunir.
détacher.
so détacher.
détailler.
détaller.
déteindre .
so déteindre.
détendre .
2‘ détenir.
détériorer.
determ iner.
1" sodeterminer.
déterrer.
détester.
détonner.
4“ détordre .
détou iller.
détourner.
so détourner.
1“ détremper.
détromper.
détromper.
détroner.
It“‘détru ire
so détrutre .
FRENGH 17111135.
todisobey .
to displease, todisoblige.
todesolate.to vewone'sselfto break the organization.
toputone out.
to unbone.
to let a thing go.
todispossessone’sself.to unsalt.todry up .
to unsaddle.
to loosen.
to clear up , to take away .
to unseal, toopen the eyes.tosketch .
to unsolder.
to design .
to design one’sself.
to turn out ofa place.
todisunite.
to untie.
to grow loose.
tosellby retail.
toshut up one’sshop .
to discolour.
to fade.
to unbend.
tokeep , to detain.
towaste, tospoil.
to resolve upon.
to dig out ofthe ground.
to abhor, todetest.to go ou t oftime .
to untwist.to untwist.to diverti
to turn aside.
to dilute.
to undeceive.
to undeceive one’sself.todethrone.
to destroy .
tofall, to rain, to decay .
184 Poznan vanes.Conjugation .
dévaliser.
devancor.
dévaster.
développer.
devenir
so dévétirdévider.
1" deviner.
doviser.
dévoiler.
5" devoir.
dévorer.
dévoues.so dévouer.
dicter.
difi'
amer.
digérer; ih. todigest.dflater. to dilate .
diminuer.
diner. to dine”
dirlger. to direct.discerrnr.
discipliner.
discontinnor. tocease.2.
ldieconveu ir
discourirdisculper.
so disculper. 67 to clear one’sself?
1" discuter.
disgracier. toturnout offavourdisloquer. to pu t out ofjoint.
4“ disparaitre . tovanish away .
dispenser.
so dispenser:disperser.
disposer.
disséquer.
dissimuler.
dissiper.
tostrip .
to out-run, to come befine.
topulloffthe clothes, tostrip .
towind into askain .
toguessitodiscourse, together.
to devote, to consecrate.todictate.
to forbear .
toscatter.
toset in order.
{0 prepare one’s
toquarrel.towrangle.
todissect.todissemble.
todissipate.
186 FRENCH vanes.Page .
écailler. 56 toscale.
écaler. toshell.écarteler. to quarter.
écarter.
s’écarter. to go out ofone’saway .
échancrer. to hollow.
échanger.
échapper.
s’écha per. to escape, to go away.
échau er. toscald.
échaufi'
er. towarm.
s’échaufl'
er. toover-heatone’sself.
5“ échoir
échouer. to run onshore.éclabousser. tosplash , todash .
aséclaircir. toclear.
3 s’éclaircir. toa m up .
éclairer.
x" éclater.
éclipser.
s’éclipser.u, éclore tobe hatched.
4 iéconduireéconomiser.écorcher.
écorner.
écosser.
s’écouler.écouter.
écraser.
écrémer.
s’écrier.4“ écrire (irrs’écrouler.
écrouter.
éculer.
écumer.
édenter.
édifier.
efl'
acer. to blot out.
efi'
aroucher. toscare, tofright.s’efi'aroucher. togrowwild.
efi'
eetuer. toput in execution .
efl'
éminer. to e/feminais.efl
‘
eu iller. tostrip of leaves.
tomanagewith economy .
toskin, or toflay .
to corner, to impair.
toshellpease.
toflowout.
to bruise.to talce of the creame from the
to cry out.
tofall, to tumble.
to tread damn at the heel.
tofoam.
tobreak out the teeth.
s’efl’
orcer.
efl'
rayer.
s’efl'
rsyer.
égaler.
égaliser.égarer.
s’égarer.
égayer.
s’égayer.égorger.
s’égosiller.
é atigner.
é aguer.
s’élancersur.élargir.
s’élargir.
électm er.
1"élever.
s’élever.
élire (irr. )éloigner.s’éloigner.éluder.
émailler.
émanciper.
s’émanciper.1" émaner.
emballer.
embarquer.
s’embarquer.embarrasser.
ad
s’embarrasser.embaumer.
embellir.
s’emboiter.emboucher.
s’emboucher.embraser.
1“
embrasser.
embrocher.
embrou iller.
s’embrou iller.s’embusquer.
FRENCH VERBS .
to
toraise, to educate.
to arise, tostand up .
to elect.
toremove.
to take toomuch liberty .
toseton fire.
toput upon thespit.to confound.
to be embarrassed.
to lie in ambush .
tofl ight.tostartle, to terrify .
to equal.
to make equaltheshares.toput out oftheway .
to lose one’sway .
torejoice, tomake merry .
tomake one’sselfbrisk.
to cut the throat.
tomakeone’sthroatsorewithspeaking.
toscratch .
to embark.
totakeship , orshipping.
to perplew.
to be puzzled.
to embellish .
toput in a bow.
toput into the mou th.
188
s’émerveiller.
émietter.
emmailloter.
emmancher.
emménager.
emmener.
emmenoter.
émonder.-émoudre
1" émousser.
5" emouvoir (irr.empuil .ler
empaler.empaqueter.
s’emporer.empécher.
1 s’empécher.empeser.
empester.
s’empétrer.
emp iéter.
\empirer.
a‘
emplir.
employer.empmgner
empoisonner.
emporter.
s’emporter.
empreindre .
s’empreseer.emprisonner.
emprunter.
encadrer.
encaisser.
s’encanailler.encaver.
encenser.
enchsiner.enchanter.
a‘
encbérir.
1"
enclaver.
enclorre (irr.
enclouer.
encombrer.
encourager.
FRENCH VERBS.
67 towonder at
56 tocrumble .
ih. towrap inswaddling cloth .
toseton a haftor handle.to furnish a house.
a.
69
to put in aframe.
to keep illormean company .
36 toput into a cellar .
ib .
51
36
to offer incense.
toput in chains.
to inclose.
ib.
ih.
ih.
ih. toprune.
157 to. grind.
36 to blunt.
151 tostir up , tomove.
56 to coverwithstraw.
ib. to empale .
topack up .
67 to.seize upon.
36 tohinder.
3736 tostarch .
1“a to bflfwtU tth the plug” .
67 to get entangled or engaged.
56 to encroach.
ils.51 tofillup .
36ibs to take or lay hold of.
ib. to carry , or to take m y .
67 to fallinto a passion.
65 to imprint.
6, tobe eager .
56 toput injail.ih.
190 111113110 11 vanes.(Inning-tions.
enjoliver.
enlacer.
a“
enlaidir.
1" enlever.
enlum iner.
a‘
ennoblir.
ennuyer.
s’ennuyer.énoncer
s’énoncerénorgueillir
2‘ s’énorgu eilhr.
s’enquérirs’enraciner.enrager.
enregistrer.
s’enrhumer.
s’enrichir.enrbler.
s’enréler.
enrouer.
s’enrouer.
entanglanter.
enseigner.
ensemencer. tosow.
2‘
ensevelir. 51 to bury .
1“
ensorceler. 56 to bewitch, tocharm.
4“-s’ensu ivre(irro 58 to ensue, tofollow.
entamer. 56 tocut, to make asmall incision.
entasser ib.
entendre. 59s’entendre . 67enterrer. 36entéter. ib.
s’entéter. 67s’entboueiasmer. ib.
entonner. 36entortiller. ih.
s’entortiller.
entourer.
s’entr’aimer.
entrainer.
entraver.
entrelaeer.
entrelarder.
lot
toset off, to beautify.
to twist.to make ugly .
to take away .
to colour.
to ennoble.
to tire, toweary .
to beweary .
to declare, to utter.
to expressone’sself.
tomake proud .
to be proud.
to inquire.
to take root.
to catch cold.
togrowrich .
to enlist.to enrolone
’sself.tomake hoarse.
togrowhoarse.
tohear , to understand.
to stand oneanother.
towtodisturb the head.
to be infatuated.
to be in rapture.
toput into a cask.
towrap one’sselfup .
tosurround .
to love one another.
to drag away .
tofetter orshackle.
to intermingle.
to interlard.
Couiugalionl.
1 entremeler.
s’entremettre (irr.
lentreprendre (irrentrer
z“ entretenir.
s’entretenir avec.
3“ entrevoir
entr’
ouvrir.
envahir.
envelopper.
s’envelopper.
envenimer.
e nvier.
environner.
envisa er.
s’envo er.
envoyer
2° épaissir.1 - épancl1er.
a‘ épanou ir.
pargner
parpiller.
peler.
épicer.
épier.épilo er.
épluc er.
épointer.
épon er.
épou rer.
s’époumoner.
épouser.
épousseter.
épouvanter.
epronver.épu iser.s’épu iser.
\épurer.
2° équarrir.
( "g équiper.
z‘ équ ivaloir (irr.)érailler.
éreinter.
ériger.
s’ériger
na
FRENCH VERBS.
to compass.to look in the face.to fly away.
tosend.
toshed, topour out.tospring out.
toscatter.
tospell.
lg !
to intermizc.
tp interpose, or intermeddle.
to get in.
to keep .
todiscoursewith.
to have a glimpse.
to open a little.
to invade.
tofold up , to cover.
tomuflle one’sselfup .
to envenom .
to ear, tospire, tospy .
to find fault.to pick.
to blunt.
tospunge.
towipe offthedust.to tire the lungs.
towipe offthedust.to terrify.
to try , toprove.
todrain, to tire.
to empty .
torefine.tosquare.
to equip .
to be equivalent.
to fi'
ay, tofret.to break the back of.to erect.
to take upon one, or pretend tobe.
192 rnnncn m uss.Conjugation .
errer.
escalsder.
escamoter.
escarmoucher.
escompter.
escorter.
escrimer.
escroquer.
espérer.
cap1onner.
esqmsser.
esqmver.
essayer.
essnyer.
estimer.
estropier.
établir.
s’établir.étaler.
étamer.
étancher.
étayer.
éteindre .
4“ s’éteindre .
étendre.
s’étendreéterniser.
éternuer. t‘esneeee.
étinceler.
étiqueter. totitle ; to ticket.étonner.
s’étonner. te‘
wonder at.étoufl’er. testi/le.
2“ étourdir. tostun.
’
1 étrangler. tostifle todeath .
4" etre to be.
étrécir.
s’étrécir.{ph étreindre .
étrenner.
étriller.
étudier.
s’étudier.
évacuer
s’évader.
2‘
20
to rumble .
toscale.
tosecure a dice.
toskirmish .
todiscount.toguard, to convoy .
tospreadto th atch one’sself.
togrowstrait.te
'wring hard or close.
toimake apresent a newyear’sgift
to curry .
toendeavour.
to evacuate.
tostealaway .
191; FRENCH vnnns.Coniugnt ans.
xploilcr. to manure to manage.
exporter. to transport goods.exposer. to expose.
s’exposer. to bring into danger.
expruner.
s’ exprimer.
exp ulser.
s’cxtasier.
exténu er.
exterminer.
extirper.
extorquer.
ext'
raire
extravaguer.
Fabriquer.
fficher.
se facher.
faciliter.
faeonner.
dfaiblir , on foiblir
2l'
aillir
faire
3" falloir (imp ) .falsifier.
familiariser.
se familiariserse faner.
2" farcir.
se farder.
fatigu er.
se fatigu er.
fau cher.
1" fau filer.
se fau filcr.
favoriser.
fausser .
féconder.
a‘h fe
indre . to dissemble.
fé er. to crack.
féliciter. to congratulate.
fendre . tosplit, tocleave.
1" fermenter. to ferment.
to expressone’sself.
to turn ou t.
to fallinto an ecstasy .
to ex tenuate .
to ex terminate.
to root ou t.
to extort, to get by violence.
to extract.
to talkfoolishly .
tomanufacture.
to vex .
to be angry .
to facilitate.
to fashion .
to giveway , toslacken.
tomake, to do.
to be necessary , or must.tocounterfeit.to contract a familiarity.
to grow familiar.
tostuffto paint.
to tire.
to get one’sselfweary .
tomow.
to haste.
to intrude one’sself into a company .
to favour.
to bend.
196 17 1113110 11 vznns.Cloningatiom .
foarber.
2‘ fourbir.
1" foqrm iller.
a‘ fournir.
fourrer.
se fourver.fracasser.
a“ franchir.
/frauciser.pper.
ter niser.
1" frauder. to defraud.
frayer. to open, toclear.
fredonner. toquaver, to trill.
frelater toaa’alterate.
a‘ frém ir.
fréquenter.
fréter.
frétiller.
fricasser.friper.
friponner.
frire
friser.frissonner.
a‘ froidir.
froisser.froncer.
fronder. tosling, to railat.
frotter. to rub.
fructifier.
frustrer. to disappoint.a‘ fu ir to fly , to run away, toshun.
lminer
tosmoke.
toshoot (asoldier} .
towhip, to lash .
GAcher. 36 towetand mix mortar.
lI3 gager.
gagner.
galonner.
to cheat, togull.
to furbish .
toswarm, or toabound.
to furnish.tostuffwith .
to introduce one’sself.
to break in pieces.
tostrike, toknock.
to frequent.tofreight.to flu tter.
to make into a frieassee.
FRENCH VERBS .
Xuoniugstione.
se hérisser.hériter
hésiter.
e heurter.
h isser.
h iverner.
honorer.
a houspillera huer.
h u iler.
humaniser.s’humaniser.
humecter.
hum ilier.
s’h umilier.
a hu rler.
hypothéquer.
l
Identifien
idolatrer.
ignorer.
illum iner.
illustrer.
s’illustrer.im aginer.
s’imaginer.
imb iber.
imiter
s’imm1scer.
immoler.
s’immoler
immortaliser.
s’immorlaliser.
impatienter.
s’impatienter.
impliquer.
implorer.
importer.
importuner.
imposer.imprimer.
improuver.
imp uter
I99
tostand on end, tostare.
to inherit.
to hesitate .
to hit, to dash .
to hoist.towinter .
to honor.
to louse, to pu ll.to hoot at, to halloo.
to oil.
to tame, to civilize.
to growgentle.
to moisten, to humect.to humble, tomortify .
to abuse one’sself.to bawl, to roar.
to mortgage.
to identify .
toworship idols.to be ignorant.
to illuminate.
to illustrate.
to make one’sselffamous.
to imag ine, to conceive .
to imbibe.
to imitate.
to intermeddle.
tosacrifice, immolate.
to hasard one’slife for.
to immortalize.
to eternigefitgperpetuate one
’sto tire the patience.
to grow impatient
to involve.
to implore, to beg .
to concern, to import.
to importune, to teazc .
to impose, to lay on.
toprint.
to notapprove o
to impu te.
2 0 0
Casing-tions.
incendier.
incidenter
incliner.
s’incliner.
incommoder.incorporer.
incruster.inculper.inculqu er.
indemniser.
indigner.
s’indigner.indiquer.
indisposer.4“ indu ire.
[infecteninférer.
infester.
infirmer.
inO
tliger.
influencer.
influer.
informer.
s’informer.
infuser.
s’ingérer.
inhumert
initier.
injector , ou ieter .
injurier.
innover.
inoculer.
inonder.
inqu iéter.
4“ inscrireinsérer.
insinuer.
s’insinuer.
insister.
inspirer.
installer.
instiller.
instituerinstru ire
1 insulter.
FRENCH VERBS .
to destroy by fireto introduce incidents.
to inculcate.
to indemnify .
togrow angry .
toshow, to direct to.
to alienate, to disafl'
ecl'.
to infest, to trouble.
toweaken.
to innovate.
to inoculat
tooverflow.
to trouble.
to inscribe.to insert.to insinuate.
tostealin.
to insist.to inspire with.
to instal.toinstil, topour ingently orby drop t.to appoint.
toteach, to instruct.to insult.
Iaisser.
se laisser aller £1.lambrisser.
lamenter.
se lamenter.
lender.
to lancersu r.2‘ Iangu ir.
laper.
lap ider.
larder.
larmoyer.
lasser.
se lasser.
latter.
Iaver.
se laver.
lécher.
légaliser.
légitimer.
lbguer.
léser.
lester.
Ieurrer.
lever.
se lever.
libérer.
licencier.
lier.
se liguer.
ligu er.
limer.
lim iter.
liqu éfier.
q u ider.
-li1°e
lissers" livrer.
se livrer.
FRENC H m es.
to plough .
to lace.
to loosen.
to leave.
to give away to.
towainscot.to bemoan, to lament.
tobewailone’sself,
tofling, to throw.
to rush upon.
to languish.
to lick up , to tap .
to lapidate, tostone todeath .
to lard, tostick.
toweep , to cry .
to tire, tofatigue.
to growweary , to tire one’sself:
to .lath .
towash.towash one
’sself.to lick up .
to legalize.
to legitimate.
to leave by will.to aggrieve.
to ballast.to lure, to teach wit.
to get up , tostand up .
to liberate, to free.
to disband.
to tie.
to confederate.toenter into a league.
to file off.to limit.
to liquefy .
to clear, tosettle.
to read.
tosleek, tosmoothto deliver.
to give one’sselfup .
FRENCH vanes. 2 0 3
Page .
loger. 36 to lodge, todwell.
lorgner. to ogle, to leer.
1" loucher.
louer. ih. to praise, tohire.
se louer. 67 topraise, to commend one’sselfx
[fib Iu ire 154 toshine .
1" lutter contre . 36 to truggle with.
lutter. towrestle.
Macher1" machiner.
maconner.
maigrir.
n“ maintenir.
se maintenir.
maitriser.
maltraiter.
mander.
manger.
manu r.
manifester.
manoeuvrer.
manquer.
manu facturer.
marbrer.
marchander.
marcher.
marier.
se marier.
mariner.
marmqtter.
marquer.
martyriser.
masquer.
se masquer.
massacrer.
mastiquer.
mater.
maudire
méconnaitre .
se méconnaitre .
1“ mécontenter.
médire
tochew, tomasticate.
to lot, to hatch .
to buihl.
to growlean.
tomaintain.
to keep up .
tosubdue.
to use ill.tosendfor, toacquaintwith.
to eat.
to handle.
toreveal, tomanifest.tomanoeuvre, todirectthemotionsof.tomiss.tomanufacture, towork.
tomarble, tovein .
to cheapen.
towalk, to tread.
tomarry , tomatch .
tomarry .
to pickle.
to matter, to mumble.
tomark.
tomakesuffer, ormartyrdom .
tomasktodisgu ise, togo to a masquerade.
tomassacre.
to cement.
to mast.
tocurse.to take for another.
to forget one’sself.
to discontent, todisplease.
toslander.
not; rnnacn vsnos.tioniugetione.
/méditer.
se méfier.
mélanger.
meler. to mix .
se melee.
menacer. to threaten, tom ouse.
ménager.
se ménager.
mendier.
mener.
mentionner.
a‘ mentir.
4" se méprendre (irr.)mép
o
riser.
1“ mériter.
se mésallier.
u" mésofi'rir.
1" mesurer.
métamorphoser.
m ettre
1" meubler.
a“ meurtrir.
'
1n ianler.
minauder.
m iner.
mirer.
se m irer.1“ m itiger.
mitrailler.
modeler.
modérer.
somodérer.
modifier.
moisir.
moissonner.
molester.
mollir.
monter.
montrer.
1" se montrer.
se moquer.
mora liser.
u, mordre .
morfondre .
moriginer.
11
to take care ofone’sself.
to carry , tolead.
to mention .
to telllies.tomistake, to be deceived.
to despise.
te deserve.
tomarry belowone’sself.
to underbid.
to metamorphose.
toput.
tofurnish .
to bruise.
to mow.
to be fullofaffected ways.to undermine.
toaim .
to look in a glass.tomitigate, tosoften.
to fightwith case-shot.tomake a model.tomoderate.
to contain one’sself.
tomodify , to limit.tomake mouldy .
to harvest.
to aggrieve, tomolest.toslack, togrowsoft.to get up , to take up .
toshow, to indicate, to teach .
toshow one’sself, to appear .
to laugh at.
to moralise.to bite.
to make onejcatch cold upon heat.
to correct, to rep rimand.
2 0 6( loningnlione.
nombrer.
nommer.
so nommer.
noter.
notifier.
nouer.
a“
nou rrir.
noyer.
1" so noyer.
nuancer.
4“
nu iro
1"numéroter.
Obelr.
obérer.
1'
objector.
obliger.
2“
obscu rcir.
obséder.
observer.
s’observer.s’obstiner.obstruer.
obtenir.
obvier.
occasionner.
occuper .
s’oecupper.
octroyer.
offenser.
s’ofi'ensor.
2"
ofi'
rir.
ofi'
usqner.
ombrager.
ombrer.
omettre
operer.
0 p1ner.
s’0 p inifitrer.
Opposer.
Oppresser.
oppnmor.
opter.
fi lm CH VERBS .
36 to number.
ib. to name, to nominate, to appoint.
67 to be called.
ib. to let one know, to notify .
to tie, to_
knit.
to feed, to nourish .
to bedrowned.
toshadow.
to hurt.
tomarkwith a number.
to obey .
to run in debt.
to object.to oblige.
to darken.
to beset.toobserve.to lookto one
’sself.to obstinate.
to obstruct.to obtain.
to obviate.
to occasion, tocause.
toemploy , to occupy .
to be busy , or employed.
to grant.
to offend.
to be offended, or angryto offer.
to dim .
to Shadow, orshade.
to omit.
to Operate, towork.
to vote.
to be obstinate .
to be against, tooppose.
to oppress, tostifle.
to Oppress.to choose, or chase.
2 0 8Conjltgu iooe.
passer.se passer.
so pass1onnor.
patienter.
patiner.
3‘
patir.
so pavaner.paver.
ayer.
écher.
ocher.
on or.
geigl
dre .
pelor.
1"penohersur.
so penchor.
pendre .
so pendre .
pénétrer dons.1 ponsor.
percer.
3" percevoir.
1" so porcher .
perdre .
so perdreperfectionnor.
se perfectionnera“perir.
4“permettre
permuter.
perpétuer.
porsécuter.
persévérer.
1"persitller.persisterp ersonahser.
personnifior.
persuader.
a“pervertir.
poser.
poster.pétiller.
pétrifier.
peopler.
p iétiner.
FRENCH VBRBS .
to pass, to call.to fade away , to decay .
astrong passion, or desire.
to take patience.
toskuit orscale, topaw.
tostrut, tohave a proud gait.to pave.
to pay .
tosin .
to improve, to growperfect.
to comb.
to paint.
topeel.
to bow, to bend downto hang.
tohang one’sself
to get into.
to think.
to p ierce.
te receive, or gather.
toperch, to roost.
to lose one’sway .
topermit.
to permute, to exchange.
toperpetuate.
to persecute. totorment.
topersevere.tojger, to talknonsense.
topersist, tostand or hold on .
topersonify.
topersonifytopersuade, tomake believe.
to pervert, to corrupt.
toweigh, to ponder.
to be mad, or enraged.
tosparkle.topetrify.
tb people.
to kick about
posséder.se posséder.poster.
so poster.
postuler.
poudrer.
a‘pourrir.
4“poursu ivre
3" pourvoir
1“pousser.
3" pouvoir
pratiqu er.
pratiquer.
precau tionnor.
précéder.
préchor.
précip iter.
so p réc ip iter.
préconisor.
4“prédiro
prédom iner.
prél‘
éror
préjudicmr.
prélever.
préluder.
préméditer.
2‘
prém u nir.
(fib
prendre
preoccuper.
preparer.
proposer. toset over, toprepose.
présagor toportend, topresage.
4th
proscrire toprescribe.
présenter. topresent, to offer.
so presenter. tocome, topresentone’ssepreserver.
présidor. topreside.
2‘
pressentir.
presser topress; tosqueeze .
présumer.
4“prétendro. topretend to, todesign .
prétor. tolend.
1" soproter. tocomply with, to become a toolto.
pcétextor.
5" prévaloir to prevent.
topossess.tohaveanentirecommandofone
’sself.topost.topost one
’sself, to take a post.tostand for preferment.topowder.
to rat, to corrupt.
topursue.
toprovide.
to thrust, topush .
to be able.
to practise.to be in use, orpracticable.toprovide, tobe cau tious.to precede.
to preach .
toprecipitate.
to rush upon, or into.
tomakea reportin thepope’sconsistory
to forstel, toprophesy .
to predominate, toprevail.
to prefer, tomake more account.
to prejudice.
todeduct.
toprelude.
topremeditate.
tofore-warn.
to take, to lay hold of.
FRENCH VERBS .
3" so prévaloir to take advantage of.1“prévariquer toprevaricate, to betray a cause.
a“provenir toguard against, toprevent.
3" prévoir to foresee.prior. to pray , to desire.
priser. to prize, to value.
priver.
1"procéder.
proclamer.
p rocurer.
prodiguer.
4 -produ ire .
profaner.
proférer.
professor.profiler.
projeter.
prolonger.
so promener.
prom ettre
3" prom ouvoir
prom ulguer.
proner.
prononcer.
pronostiquer.
1"p ropager.
prophétiser.proportionner.
proposer.
p roroger.
4tip roscrireprospérer.
‘so prosternor.
1 protégor.
protester.
prouver.
9‘p rovenir
provoquer.
publier.
1“puer (irr) .
toproceed.
toproclaim.
toprocure.
to lavish .
to produce.to profane.
to u tter, tospeak.
to profess.to improve.
to intend, toproject.toprolong .
towalk.
to promise.topromote.
topromulgate .
to praise, tomake a discourse.
to pronounce.
to prognostioute.
topropagate.
to foretel, toprophesy .
toproportionate, orproportion.
to propose, to offer.
toproragate, to put off.to proscribe.
toprosper.
to prostrate one’sself.to protect.
toprotest.toprove.
to proceed.
to provoke, to urge.
topublish .
tostinkto draw up .
to pulverize.
topunish.
topurge.
£ 14 m am a vznns.
1“
réassigner.
a‘
rebatir.
4“
rebattre
1“
rebaptiser.
a, reblanchir.
robondir.
reborder.
reboucher.
robrider.
a‘
robou illir
robroussor.
robutor.
so rebutor.
rocachetor.
récapituler.
recéler.5" recevoir.
recharger.
récha‘
ufl'
er.
rechercher.
rochignor.
récidiver.
réciter.
réclamer.
reclouor.
recoller.
récolter.
recommandor.
so recommandor.
recommencor.
récompenser.
recomposer.
recomp ter.
réconcilior.
so réconcilier.
u, recondu iro.
4 iroconnuitre.
n‘
reconquorir
n"i
reconter.
rocOpler.
u'« reCOudre
I irecouper.
recourber
a‘
recourir
1"
recouvrer.
to assign enew.
to rebuild .0
to beatagain, torepeat tedioasly.
to re-baptize .
towash again.
to rebound.
to newborder.
tostop again,tobridle again.
to boilagain.
to turn or go back again .
to reject, to repulse.
to be discouraged.
toseat up again.
to recapitulate, tosum up.
to conceal.
to receive.
to charge, or to load again.
towarm again.
toseek again.
to lookgrim.
to relapse.
torehearse, to relate.
to implore, to claim.
to nailagain.
to glue again.
toreap , .
to obtain.
tb‘
recommend .
to implore the protection of.to begin again.
to reward, to recompense.to compose again.
to rec/con again.
to reconcile.
tomake one’speace.towait upon one back.
to knowagain.
to conquer again.
to tellover again.
towrite fair again.
tosew again.
to cu tagain.
tomake crooked.
to have recourse toto recover, to regain.
ERINCB VIRUS.
b ulim ic-sa‘
recouvrir. 55 tonewcover.
recréer. 56 to recreate.
so rooréor. 67 to dive‘
rt or refresh one’sself:
so récrier. ib. to exclaim .
récrim iner. 56 to recriminate.
récriro (irr. 356 towrite again.
recru ter. 56 to recru it.
rectifier.
recue illir to collect.
recu ire . toboil, tobake, or roastagain.
reculer.
1“ so rocvler.
recuperer.
‘récuser.
4“
redéfaire
redemander.
4“
redoscendro.
2‘
redevenir.
3" rodevoir.
x"
rédiger.
4“
rodire
irodonnor.
redorer.
a‘
rodormir.
redoubler.
redouter.
rodrosser.4“
rédu ire .
a“
réédifior.
4“
refaire
1"iréférer.
reformer.
réfléchir.
refiner.
4"
refondre
1"
reformer.
n‘
;rofroidir.
so refroidir.so réfugier.
refuser.
r" so refuser. to deprive one
’sself.réfu ter. to refute.regagner. to get agai n .
régaler. to entertain.
togoor fallback.
torecover, to make up (one’slosses) .
to except against.to undo again.
to askordemand again.
to come down again.
to become again .
to remain in one’sdebt, to owestill.
to pu t in order.
tosay or tellover again.
to give again.
to newgild.
tosleep again .
to new-line, to redouble.
to makestraight.to reduce
to buibd up again .
toshut, or to close up again.
to reflect.to run back.
to melt again.
to reform.
to cool.
togrow cool, toslacken.
to takesanctuary .
a 16 m eson m as.Coningnliom .
1"iso régaler.regarder.
sn‘
regarnir.
regolor
régénérer.
n“
régir.
réglor.
so régler.regner.
regorger.
regratter.
regretter.
réllabililer.
rehausser.
réim primer.
réinstaller.réintégrer.
réitérer.
2“ reiaillir.
1"
rejeter.
rejoindre .
3"
réjou ir.
”elz‘
ichor.
relancer.
a“
rélargir.
relaver.
relayer.
reléguer.
relever.
relier.
4 - relire
1 relouer.
4“
relu ire
so remanor.
romarqu er.
remballer.
rembarquer.
rembarrer.
rembourrer.
rembourser.2“
rembrunir.
remédier.
remoler.
remoner.
l'I
to treat, or divertone’eself:
to look upon.
to furnish again.
tofreeze again.
to regenerate.
to govern.
to rule.
to imitate, to follow.
to reign .
to over-flow.
toscratch again.
to lament, to regret, tomourn.
to reinstate.
to raise.
toprintagain, or reprint.
to reinstal.torestore .
to repeat.
tospirt, or tospout.to throw again .
tojoin again .
to rejoice.
tostar/ten.
to repulse, to beat backthe enemy .
tomakewider again.
towash again.
to take fresh horses, or dogs.to banish .
to raise again.
to bind.
to read over again .
to under let, to let again .
toglitter, orshine.tomarry again.
to observe.
to packup again .
to embark again.
tofitwith a smart answer.tostuff up .
to re- imburse, to pay again.
to make darker .
to remedy .
toshuffle rgain.
to carry back.
ar8 m arten vans.
togoback again.
repasser. toerossagain, toiron.
x"
repenser.a‘ so repentir.
répélor.
repeu pler.
replacer.
replanter.
replier.so replier.
répliquer.
replisser.
replonger.
repolir.
répondre.
reporter.
so reposer.repousser.
4“
reprendre
représenter.
l“ répri
ulandor.
répmner.
reprocher.
reprodu ire . to reproduce.
répudier.
répugnor.
repurger.
répuler.
requ érir
reserver.
résidor.
1“ résigner.
résilier.
resistor.
résonner.
i résoudreso résoudre (irr.)
x irespecter.
resplrer.
l
(a) d artirsignifying to distribute isconjugated like punir.
to remind.
to repent.
to repeat.
tarepeople, or people again.
toplace again.
to plantagain.
tofold again .
towriggle, to fallbu t.to reply , toanswer.
to plait again.
todip again.
to polish again.
toanswer.
to carry backto rest.todrive back.
to take again, toreply.
to represent.
to rebuke, toreprimand.
to repress.
to repugn, to be against.n.
to repute .
to requ ire.
to reserve.
to reside.to resign.
to cancel, toannul.
to resist.tosound, toresoundtoresolve, to determine.
to resolve upon.
to respect.tobreathe.
FRENCH VERBS.
Go ing-tions "8's2‘
rosploadir. 5n toshine, toglitter.ressembler. 36 to resemble.ressemeler.
ressemer. ib. tosowagain.
ressenlir. 51 to feelagain.
resserrer. 36 to tie tighter.
ressortir to go ou tagain.
ressortir. to belong to.
rossouder. 36 tosoder again .
so ressouvenir. 67 to remember.
ressusciter. 36 to raise from the dead.
teesuyer. ib.
1"
restailro'
r. ib. to restore.
roster ib. tostop ; toremain.
restituer. ib. to return, to restore.a,
restre indre . 63 to limit, to astringe.
so restroindro. to use a restriction .
résuller. 36 to resultfrom.
résumor. ib. to recap itulate.
rétablir. 5! tore-establish .
so rétablir. 69 torecover.
retailler. 36 toou t again .
retaper (anchapoau) to rack up a hat.
retarder ib. topu t off.4“
retei‘
ndre . 63 to die again.
relenir. 54 to detain, to get hold again.
2‘ so retenirs. 67 toget hold of.
re lenlir. 51 to ring , or echo again.
retirer. 36 to draw, tofetch, or getout.1" so retirer. 67 toretire, towith draw.
retomber. 36 to fallagain.
4“
retordre . 59 to twist again.
retoucher. 36 to revise again.
retourner. to return, to turn again.
s’on roloum or. 67 to go back, to gohome.retracer. 36 todraw again.
so retracter. 67 to recant, to retract.
rolrnncher. 36 to diminish,so relrancher 67 to intrench .
rétrécir. 51 tomake narrow, or narrower .
rélrograder. 36 toretrograde.
rotroussol‘. to cock, or tuck up.
retrouver. ib. tofind again.
3‘
il‘éunif
‘
o 51 tore-unite, tojoin together again .
“30 38115 tosucceed, to prosper.
2 2 0 FRENCH .VBRBS.
3" revaloir to return like for like.
réveiller.
so réveiller. to awake, tobe revived.
révélor. to reveal, disclose.
revendiquer. to claim, to demand.
revendre . tosellagain.
2‘
revenir to come back.
réver. todream.
révorbéror.
n‘
reverdir.
x“
révéror.
a‘
{rovetir
so rovétirrovxsor.
4 - rovi e ro
{rovoir
so revoirso réw lter.
révoquer.
rhabiller.
so rhabiller.
ricaner.
rider.
ridiculiser.
rimor.
rincor
riposter.4“
riro
risquer.
rissoler.
rivaliser.river.
rogner.
2‘
roidir ou .raidir.
rompre
ronfler.
l'
rongor.
rosser.
2“
rbtir.
l“ roucouler. to coo.
d
rouor. to breakupon thewheel, tobeat.2 roug
lr. to blush , to redden.
x" roulller. to rust, tomake rusty .
rouler. to roll.
to honor, to revere.
to invest, to clothe.
toputon one’sclothesagain.
torevise, to examine again.
to visitagain.
to revive.
tosee again.
tosee each other again.
to revolt.
to repeal, to revoke.
to dressagain.
to dressone’sselfagain .
to giggle, tosneer, tosniggerto wrinkle.
to laugh at, tomake ridiculous.to rhyme
to rinse, towash .
to reply, ,to retort.
to laugh.
toventure.
to roast brown.
to rival.
to rivet.
to cut, to pare.
tostiffen .
to break.
tosnare, tosnort.to gnaw, to pick.tobang, to belabour.
2 2 2 [ BENCH VIBES.
sculptor.
séchor.
seconder.
\socou er.
n‘ secourirQ‘L sédu ire .
séiourner.
seller.
sem bler.
somor.2‘ sentir.
5“ seoirseparer.soséparer.
n" séquestrer.
serror.
soserrer.
servir.
sévir.
se vrer.
sitflor.
signaler.
sosignaler.
signer.
signifier.
sillonner.
simplifior.singer.soigner.
sosongner.solder.
solemniser.
’
solfier.
solliciter.
sommor.somme iller.
sonde'
r.
songer.
sonner.
a‘ sortirsosoucier.
souder.soudoyer.
soufiler.
sou iilotor.
to engrave.
to dry, to consume.to help , to be asecond to.
toshake.tosuccour, to assist.toseduce.
tostay in a place.
tosaddle.
toseem or look.
tosaw.
to feel, tosmell.tofit, to become.toseparate, to J vide.topartwith or from,
to leave.
tosequestrate.tosqueeze, to lie close.tosi ,t tostand, or lie close.toserve, towait on, or attend.
to inflict a punishment.towean.
tomake famous, tosignalize.todistingu ish one
’sself.tosubscribe, tosign.
to notify .
tosimplify.
to imitate, to counterfeit.to look after, to take care.
to take care ofone’sself.
tosettle an account.
to celebrate.
to name insinging.
tosolicit.tosummon.
toslumber, tosleep .
tosound.
to think.
to keep soIdlersinpay .
to blow.
i n to give a boa:onthe ear.
IRBNCH VERBS.
soufi'rir.sou frer.
souhaiter.sou iller.sosou iller.
soulager.
sonler.
sosonler.
soulever.sosoulever.
souligner.
soumettre
sosoumettretoupcoaner.
soupor.soupirer.
sourciller.
sourire4“ souscrirosoustrairo
n“
{souteninsosouvenir.
spécifier,spéculer.
statuor.
stigmatiser.
stimuler.
stipendier.
stipuler.
tu éfier.
tyler.subdiviser.
a‘ su b ir.subjuguer.
submerger.
subordonner.suborner.subrogor.subsister.
substituer.
subtiliser.
subvenir.succéder.
succombor.
sucror.
” 3
tosafer.
to do over with brimstone.
towish .
todirty , pollute.
tostain pnc’eself.
to relieve.
to fillone, tosatiate.to make one
’sselfdrunk.
to raise.to revolt, to take up arms.to underline.
tosubmit, tosubject.toyield, to consent.tosuspect.tosup .
tosigh.
to move the eye-brow.
tosmile.
tosubscribe.
tostigmatize.
tostimulate, toexcite.tokeep in pay .
tostipulate.
tostupefy .
to train, to bring up .
tosubdivide.
to undergo.
tosubjugate, tosubdue.
tosink, tosubmerge.
tocorrupt.
tosubstitute.
tostdsist.tosubstitute.tosubtilize.
torelieve.
tosucceed.
tofall, tosink.
and
slicerssuor.
4“ suflirosufl'oquer.suggérer.
w inter.
4“ suivre
planter
pleet .
plier.
supporter.
1“ supposer.
supprimer.
suppu rer.
supputer.
surcharger.
4“ surfairesurmonter.
surnager.
surnomm er.
surpasser.u' surprendre5"surseoir1" surveiller.survendro.
2‘ survenir4“ survivreE1" susciter.suspen
'
dre .
1"sostentor.sympathiser.
FRENCH VERBS.
tosuck.
tosweat.tosuffice.
tostifle, tosufl‘
ocate.
tosuggest.to run out, tosweat.
tosupply .
ib. to intreat.
ib. tosafer, to endure.
ih. tosuppose.
tomaintain.
36 tostain, tospot.to endeavour, to aim at.
ib. to cut out.
60? to conceal, tokeepsecret.
to reprimand, toscold at.
ib. to tan, to tire, to tease.51 tosquat, to crouch .
36 to furnish with hangings.ih. to contradict, toprovoke.
tosuppurate, to run with matter.
to compute, to cast up .
to over—charge, to over load.
to exact, te ask tomuch.
toexcel.
toswim over.
tosurname.
to go over, to overtop , tosurpass.tosurprise.
tosupersede, toput off.to inspect, towatch.
toselltoodear, to over-rate.
to come in unlooked.
tosurvive.to raise, to create.
136 reason wens.M itigation .
n“trainer. todrag along .
4"trairo to milk.
traitor. to treat.
tramer. toplot.
trancher. to cut off.tranqu illiser.
4“transcrire to transcribe.
transférer.
v.transformer.transgressor.transiger.
n‘transir.
but transmettre
transporcer.transpirer.
transplantor.
transporter.
so transporter.transvaser.
travailler.traverser.
so travestir.'
trébuch er.
tremblor.
trembloter.
1" so trémousser.
trempor.
trépaner.
trépasser.
trép igner. tostamp with one’sfeet.
a“ tressaillir tostart up, to leap .
tresser. toweave, to twist.tricher.
tricoter.
trier.
lrinquer.
triompher.triplor.
tripoter.
tromper.
trompeter.
tronquer.
troquor.
trotter.
troubler.
l
to benumb.
to transmit.to transoierce.to transpire, toperspire.
to transplant.
todisgu ise one’sself.
to tumble.toshiver, to tremble.to quake, totremble.tomove, tostir.
to dip , tosoak, to imbrue.
to trepan .
toknit.
top ick, to chase.
todrink, to tipple.
to treble.
towash, tojumble.todeceive.
to trumpet.tomutilate.
to trunk, or exchange.
to trot.to trouble.
Conju gations.
so troubler.
trou er.
trousser.
tu or.
so wet .
tu toyor.
tyranniser.
1"Vaccines.vaciller.
4“ vainoro
-valoir (irru)vantor.
so vauter.
vaquer.
varior.
M1“
o‘
i
so vautror.végéter.
veiller.
vondauger;
vendre .
sovendrevengor.
venir
vonter.
verbaliser.
adverdir.
ivergetot.
verifier.
vernir.
vom isser.
versor.
versifior.’
FRENCH“
VERN
56 to ulcerats.5: to unite.
69 tojoin together, to be united.
36 to use .
G
atowear out, to decay .
3 to usurp .
to brush .
5: tovarnish36 to varnish .
ib. to pour out.
ih. to versifi .
327
toconfound“
one’sself.
tomake a hole, to break through .
to truss, to tie up .
tofind out.
to kill, tomurder.
to killone’sself.
to use thee and thou .
to tyrants-itsover, to torment.
tostagger.
to conquer, to vanquish .
to be worth .
to commend, tomy up .
toboost, to brag.to be vacant, to be empty .
to vary , todiversify.
towallow, towetter.
tovegetate .
tosnatch.
to gather the grapestosell. 0
tosell.to revenge, to vindicate.
to come, to havsjust) .toblow .
to make a verbalprocess.
Examines IIm’
einbé'
che de lcfaine ,’ he bin
dersm e from doing it. J’
éu'
ea 13 pla isir de 13fvoir Ihad the pleasure to' see him (or ofseeingh im ) . J esu islasd’
écrire Iam tiredwithwriting.
H ermes-moi p ermission ( ou p ermettezq moi ) dosom
'
r; give me leave ( or perm it me) , to go out.
Nousavonsbesoin devous; W ewant you .
RULE III. Pour, isused before an infinitive,
to determ ine the cause or end ofan action and iscommonly rendered in English by, in order to, to,
the end that.
E'
XAMPLES J'
e lejerai pourwousobliger ; Iwilldo it to oblige you ( or in order to oblige you ) .
J e p assa i h ier chez vousp ou r vousvoirvotre valet me dit qu e vouse'tiez allé la cam
pagne pou r acheter (leschevaux I called yesterday at your house tosee you and you r man told
me that you were gone into the country to buy
some horses.
RULE IV. Some verbsgovern the infinitive
without any preposition ; the most usual are
a imer mieux aller, avoir beau , comp ter c
'
orzf'
esser, croira daigner
‘
de'
claner, devoir e'
couter,
entendre envoyer , espérer , fa ire , falloir, ima
giner, oserapam itre , pouvoir, -p re
’
tendre, p enser,reconnaitre regarder savoir se mbler valoir
mieux venir voir.
, vouloir. Sometimesdésirerandsouhaiter; and alsosome others, which readingand conversation will teach .
J pplicationofsome of these‘
verbs.
Vousparaissez fuansennuy er, fvenez nousvozr,
vousfuansamuserez damsnotrejardin . You seem
to be low-sp irited, come to see us, you will
amuse yourself in ou r garden . Si voussouha itezvoz
’
r mon p ére vouspouvez aller aSa int-Cloud;
et Si vousvoulez attendre jusqu’
d troisheu res,
j’
espére vousj rencontrer, etnoustronsensemble
faire u nc‘site 21ma (ante .
If you wish to see my fath er, you may go to
Saint-Cloud and if you willstay there tillthreeo’clock
,I hop e tom eet you th ere
,and we shall
go togeth er to pay a visit tomy aunt.
Jo viensfuansp rier de me p ré
’
ter Io p remier vo
lume de l’
Histoire d’Angleterre , et vouspouvezcomp ter qu e j
’en p rendra i grandsoin . I
’
com e to
beg you to lend me th e first volum e of the history of England ,
and you may depend on mytaking great care of it.
Voussieve; e’
tudier avec a ttention si vouswowIezfaire desp rogrés( ou p rofi ter ) , car on n
’
a rien
sansp eine . You ought tostudy with attention if
you wish to improve5 for‘nothing isto be had
withou t pains.
RULE V. Allprepositionsplaced before Frenchverbs
, govern them in th e infinitive mood,except
on that requ iresthe present participle ; as pour
18
signifiesa man and hiswife, ismasculine, and femininein pair or brace .
When thestudent hasa clear and distinct knowledgeofthe rules, and u nderstandswelltheirgeneralprinciples,we would recommend h im
,to select a sentence occa
sionally fromsome celebrated work towrite it down‘
in
h isexercise book,and then justify the gendersof the
nounstherein,bywhat he haslearnt, he will find th is
practice ofgreat u tility. The pupilshould alwaysseekfor some remarkable passage, such asstrikesh isfancy“
with most force . Let ustake for instance the following .
J’
entre dansnu jardin, u ne agréable impressionéveille tousmessensl’éclat de la rose frappe ma vuc
,
la fraicheu r du gazon flatte ma main,le parfum de
l’
millet réjou itmon odorat, lsjusdélicat de la péche rafraich itmon palais, et le chantmélodieux du rossignolcharme mon oreille .
I enter into a garden , an agreable sensation awakesallmysenses; the brilliancy of the rosestrikesmysight,the coolnessof th e verdant tu rf flattersmyhand, theexh ilirating fragrance ofthe p ink givesme inexpressible delight, th e deliciousju ice of the ch refreshesmy palate, and the m elodiouswarbling o the nightin
gale charmsmy ear.
The nounsjardin garden p arfum ,fragrance ; odorat,
smell; jus, ju ice ; p ala is, palate ; chant,warbling, etc .
,
ending by consonants,are accordingly masculine ; b u t
the substantive main,hand in th issentence isone
of the very few excep tionsand isfeminine . The wordsimp ression ,
impression ; andfi'
aicheur,coolness; be
long to a particular classofterm inations, and arespeciallynoticed in the second part of the first rule, page 5
,
the substantivesrose rose ; p éche peach ; etc. come
under thesecond rule, page6, ofnounsending by amute.
When once the gendersare wellknown , the student
will be able to write the adjectivescorrectly. Thus,la : nose est brillante, the rose isbrilliant ; le gazonostfi ais. the verdant turf iscool; l
’
aeillet est adorantthe p ink issweet smelling ; la p éche est délicieuseth e peach isdelicious; le chant da rossignolestme
'
lo
disuse ; the warbling of the nightingale isharmonious.
Thestudentshould then make a transposition ofthe ad
jectives:as-Ia rose estodorante, the rose issweetsmel
ling ; l’
oeillet estbrillant,the p ink isbrillant Ia p éche est
fi'
at'
che,th e peach isfresh , etc . These examplesdemon
strate the absolute necessity .
of knowing the genders, inorder to write and speak com edy, and understand theconversationsofothers; for in the French language the
adjectiveschange both in orthography and pronouncia
tion according to the gender ofth esubstantivestowh ichthey relate .
W e once more, beg to callthe attention of the stu
dent to the necessity of employing exactnessin ana
lysing all similar passages, -by never allowing a singleword to escape, untilhe issatisfied asto the certainty of
itsgender, thisniode ofverification willshortly produceon hismindthat ready and qu ickrecollection, so essentialto give ease and fluency to conversation
, wh ich we can
confidently promise h im , that he m ust obtain, if be
strictly followsthe plan we have just pointed out.
The au thorsfeelconvinced,that they hat/e now placed
the French genders, onsu ch principles, aswillrender infu tu rethe studyofthissubject lesslaborious. They haveneglected noth ing to assure to thistreatise
,an incontes
OF RECOMMENDATIONS. III
French language and shall have great pleasu re in
warmly recommending you to any friend of mine for
that purpose etc.
I remain
Yourstruly.
W m. STONGHTON.
Paris, the 17th June 1826.
M. Neveux n . 74 rue Neuve-des-Fetitsa-Gbampa.
Mr. Neveux hasfor severalmonthsattended th ree
sonsand two daughtersof m ine , asteacher of the
French language , and now leavesth em only on th eir
being placed atschools. I am ofop inion that th ey have
benefited mu ch by hisinstru ctionsnot only from h isknowledge and ability ,
bu t fromh ispu nctuality in at.
tending on the daysand during th e tim e agreed upon.
I believe h im athorough masterofth e French languageand , in order to teach us, h e issufficiently acquain
ted with the English .
CHARLES HARRIS.
Parisbetelde laTeri-asst: n. 50 rue de Rivoli
the 16th September 1826.
I hereby certify thatMr.Neveux instructedme in the
French langu age during th e last two monthsofmystayin th isCapital. 1th ink h e ish ighly recommendable asa. teach er aswell onaccount of h ispunctuality , ason account of h isgrammaticalacquaintance with the
IV” COP!ES
French and English languages, and h isimproved method of teaching the former.
Jonn PARNELL.
Lieut‘ 5“Guards.
Paris, 11. 5 , rue de Harley ,
January the 15'1I 1827 .
Mr. Neveux gave myson lessonsin the French lan
guage forfive months, du ringwh ich period I had every
reason to be satisfied with h isexactitude , attention ,
and abilities. My only reason for discontinu ing th e lessonsismy departu re for the country. If th iscan be of
any use toMr. Neveux , Ishallfeelhappy thatmy testi
mony hasbeen usefulto h im .
H. FENDALL.
Parisn. 75 rue S'-Dominique ,
the 5th ofMay 1827.
To Englishmen requ irmg instructionsin th eFrenchlanguage , I highly recommend Mr. P. L . Neveux asa
most competent teacher, and can bear testimony to h isab ilitieswith confidence ,
having been a pupilof h is
for th ree months, duringwh ich time he wasinvariably assiduous, attentive , and obliging.
Mr. P. L. N’scorrect grammaticalknowledge of th e
English , aswellash isnative language givesh im asu
p erior advantage over the generality of French pro
VI COPIES
gular benefit I myself derived from hisinstructions.W ith thisimpression I cannot too strongly recom
mend foreignersto availthemselvesof hisabilitiesas
I can with so much tru th and sincerity bear ample
testimony to h issuperior though mild and unostentatiousmode of inculcating th e true and sound prin ci
plesof the langu‘age , and that in a way the least emharrassing possible to the pup il.Hissystem combiningboth theory andpractice isge
nerally comprehensive and concise , and most pecu
liarly consonant to Englishmen and English families,from th esuperior andmany decided advantageswh ichthey in particular must experience wh en instru cted bya professor speaking their own language with allthe
fluency of a native.
B. J . Me DERMOTT .
Paris, HOteland , me Vivienne ,
the July 1827.
Mr. P. L . Neveux , who hasinstructedme forseveralmonthsin th e French language ,
ish ighly recommend
able asa teach er to the English on account ofh issim
ple and easy method ofdevelopping the rudimentsand
principlesof th islanguage , in which h e isuncommonly wellversed. Having the advantage of speakingEnglish fluently, Mr. N. givesthe most m inu te detailsand explicationsofthe difficultiesand irregularitiesof
hislanguage to h ispupilsin English , which greatly
or nnconnnunan ons. vn
facilitatestheir progressand advancement. Hisgood
character, h isreadinessto oblige , and a bove all h is
pu n ctuality , render him in my opinion, suitable and
desirable in every respect asa premptor to English familieswho cannot failto make rapid progressunder
h istuition .
W . DAVIESxHetel de Lyon n. 45 ru e desPetites-Ecuries,lim it , the 25th July 1827.
I' have the greatest pleasu re insincerely acknowledgin g the advantageswh ich I have received wh ile u nder
th e tuition oe . Neveu x , and in strongly recomm end
ing h im asa, preceptor of the French languag
I,have been hisppp il for about th ree monthsh du
ri ng wh ich time I have experienced from h im th e
greatest attention , punctuality and personalkindness.
H e isin my op inion a perfect master of h isown lan
gu age andteach esit u pon asystem wellcalculated to
lessenfland remove th e difficultieswhich. are so apt to
confuse and -‘
discourage a foreigner. Mr. Neveux hasa very competent knowledge of the English language ,and appearsto me tohave studied it verysu ccessfullyin reference to itsgrammaticalconstru ction and those
peculiaritieswh ich . distingu ish it from th e French
from th iscircumstance , the English pupilwillderive a
peculiar and valuable advantage under the tu ition of
Mr. Neveux.
VJII COPIES
In conclusion I willonly ad dthat if the possessionofknowledge , greatassidu ity in communicating it, and
an obliging and gentlemanly deportment are among
the requ isite qualificationsofa preceptor, Mr.Neveux
willnever want pu pils.W ILLIAM NATION
Menrice’shotel, n. 525 rue S'-Honoré
Paris,Decemb er 14 , 1827.
I have the greatest pleasu re in recommending to the
notice of my countrymen Mr. Neveux asa preceptor
of the French language.
Mr. N eveux appearsa perfectm aster ofh isown lan
guage,and to a thorough grammaticalknowledge ofthe
English with all itspeculiaritiesand idioms, h e u nitesth e strictest punctuality, greatest attention , and per
sonalkindness.I cannot conclude without acknowledging the great
advantageswh ich I have received during th e six
monthsthat Ihave b een u nderMr. N’stuition ,
and am
convinced that from h issuperiorsystem and manner
of explaining the difficutiesof th e French language ,th e English p upilwill undersuch a preceptor make a
very rap id progress.CHARLES W EBBS
Lieut‘R. N.
Parisn . 14 , rue d’
Angoule-rnc faubourg S
LHonoré
Aprilthe St" 1828.
I COPIES OF RECOMMENDATIONS.
had forsome time attended. Mr.Neveux isextremely ,
obliging ,and h isconduct and department , are u nas
suming gentlemanly and correct.
A. BROADMEAD .
N. 8 ru e de Monsieur, faubourg S‘-GermainAugust 28 1828.
Paris, September 13th , 1828 .
N. 30 rue de la Paix.
Dear Sir,
I cannot leave Pariswithou t expressing my thanksfor you r very great atten tion , p u nctu ality, and kind
ness. Ishallhave the greatest pleasu re in warmly re
commending you to my friendsasa person from whomth eymay acquire the French language in the best andshortest tim e. Iwillthankyou to keep for th esix cop iesofyou r G rammar ( or a New and eaSy Method
'
to learn
the French Verbs) to take to England, wh ich I willcall
for, on my retu rn from Italy;wish ing you everysuccess.
I remain
Dear Sir,
You rsetc.
MILES W ESTON .
Mr. Neveux n . 74 rue Neuvc-des-Petits-Cl1amps.
cormsor RECOMMENDATIONS.
‘
xr
During the four monthsin which Mr. Neveux has
giVen lessonsto my family in the French language , Ihave hard every reason to he very much pleased with his
method ofinstruction, hisattention and punctuality .
Mr . Neveux thoroughly understandsthe grammatical
construction ofboth the French and English languages,and
'
asIconsider hissystem of teaching wellcalculated
to p romote the advancement of hispup ils, Ishall.oer-o
tainly take every opportunity of recommending him as
a tu tor'
io allmy friends.11m m PINE.
Paris, 11. 8, r ue Lou is-le-Grat i ,th e Of Janu ary 1829 .
Dear Sir,
I cannot leave thiscity without expressing my deepsense of the kind attention experienced bymy son and
daughter during theirshortstay under you r instruction .
I believe them to have received mu ch advantage from
your exertions, and theywillbe happy at afu ture periodto resume theirstudiesunder you r care .
I am, dear Sir,
Your faithfuland obligedservant.
H . B. LOTT .
Paris, 11. 31, rue Caumartin,
the 19th
. ofOctober 1829 .
M. Neveux, 11. 80 , rue Neuve-des-Petits-Champs.
