A Practical German Grammar - Forgotten Books

iv PREFACE.

Withinthe pastfew years so many excellentpieces of

German l iterature, suitedto beginners, have been editedand published for schools,thatitseemed unnecessaryto include inthis bookthe selections contained inthelarger one .

Whoever can commandthetimeto geta comprehensive

knowledge of German will findthatthe larger book willhelpto lay foundations broad and deep. Here a lighterand a shortertask is set,though one callingfor di ligentand serious study.

WILLIAM C. COLLAR .

NANTUCK ET, July 14, 1893 .

C ONT ENT S .

Pnom mcu '

rrou

LESSONS .

Nominative and A ccusativeNominative and Accusative (Continued)Dative and AccusativeThe StrongDeclension Personal Pronouns

The Weak Declension Singular

Possessive Adjectives : The ImperativeFeminine Nouns : Auxiliary Verbs of Mode

The Declension of Adjectives ; Masculine NounsThe Declension of Adjectives ; Neuter Nouns .

The Declension of Adjectives ; Feminine NounsPlural of Strongand Weak Declensions : Numerals

The Plural of Neuter NThe Plural of Feminine Nouns

The Personal Pronouns : Reflexive V erbs

The Auxiliaries of

The Auxiliaries of Mode (Continued)Safien : Comparison of Adjectives andThe ImperfectTenseRelative and Interrogative PronounsSeparable and Inseparable Prefixes

Numerals ; Cardinal, Ordinal, etcModal Auxiliaries ; Conditional and SubjunctiveThe Tense Auxiliary merbeu ; Passive

VI CONTENTS .

LESSONS (Continued).IndirectQuotation : Use of Tenses

Prepositions .

Order of Words : ConjunctionsThe Dative CaseEquivalents of English PresentParticiple

APPENDIX.

Paradigm of a Weak Verb, Active and Passive

Listof Strongand Mixed

VOCABULARIES.

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THE SHORTER EYSENBAOH .

German Alphabet.German German Roman

name . letters. letters .

n N, n

D, n O, o

23. v P, p

D, q Q ) q

81,t R,r

6 1 is 51 S) S

2 ,tT,t

11, u U, u

8 , h V, v

QB, in W,w

x, g X, x

‘Br 9 Y: y

8, 3 Z , z

Certain letters are somewhatchanged in form by combi

nation with others. Observethe following(b ch.

(f ck.

Nora . A fte r longvowels, diphthongs , and atthe end of words,

3 is used instead of ii. In Roman letters ais represented by as.

1 This form is used atthe end of words, and also atthe end of com

ponentparts of compound words : Mans, (Gisbctg, gunman “.

2 PBONUNCIATION.

PRONUNCIATION.

VOWELS .

lastsyllable of 1 fi zbn, indium,

2M, S eal .

0 . in mate”: geben, 65cm.

e in met: benn, QBeIt.i in machine : ibr, Q ieb.

i in hit: fiBiIb, Rinb.

o in holy : 8 0 9116, 920 0 6.

0 in wholly“: (Siolb, ofien.

ao in spool : fi lame, gut.u in fu ll : Emunb, fiunb.

i as given above .

moon-1 5 0 VOWELS .

is nearly l ike German c as given above grfimen,miiben ; anbem, Emanner.

6, Bresembles u in burr, or en inthe French words pea ,

feu ; fiorie.

has no English equivalent; itis pronounced liketheFrench u intu : fi ilbne, fiiitte.

9

F3

g

1 A lsothe same sound shortened,thatofthe firsta in papd : Qanb,lanu, i lam2 Butsometimes a more Open sound, more especiallywhen followed

by r : met, leer. In unaccented syllablesthe sound is obscure and

often approachesthatof u in but.8 Thatis, astheword is commonly pronounced :the sound heard in

holy, shortened.

Pnom cm 'rron. 8

DIPHTHONGS .

I i, uiclosely resemble ea in height: Reflex, (5313.

Gi,tian, an on in hous e : élJiaus, glauben, braun.

fimfiuresemble oi ln soil : SRiiuber eunb.

6a, m{it

Now . A vowel is longwhen doubled or followed by silentj .A vowel is shortbefore a doubled consonant, and usually beforetwoconsonants : fl utter, bunt, balb.

CONSONANTS .

The consonants have forthe mostpartthe same sound

6

6

in English ;the followingarethe principal exceptions :final or followed by a consonant=p z étab, Iiebt, ablegen.

foll owed by u, n, u, or a consonantk : (Sate, Qicien.

followed by r, i, ii or ii ts : concert, (Sitrone, (Saiar.

In other cases, c k : (Sate, 21mm (Sognac.hastwo sounds which have no English equivalent;after a, n, u, an, itis guttural like ch in loch, lake

after any other vowel or consonantitis pa»

latal : recbt,teid) , field) .before an 8 belongingtothe same radical syllable, hasthe sound of k : 98mm, E

‘

s-ache. In foreign words (I)

often retains its original sound (sh or k) : fibef,Gbaufiee, fibrift, Gbaraiter.

final t: milh, 211mm. So atthe end of a syllable

fol lowed by a consonant: Rinblein. The combina

tion htis also pronounced liket: Stabt, gemanbt.

4 PRONUNCIATION.

(8 is hard as in gig: (Sj ift, gegen. Atthe end of a word

(especially inthetermination i“) and inthe combina

tions 36, gt, gh, gft, ithasthe sound of usually

with a lengtheningofthe precedingvowel QBeg, Etag,rubia, Ronig, Icgt, Elfingb,trfigft.y in get: Sabr, Beiaben, 3 0 5mm.

is notslurred, as itoften is in Engl ish, butis distinctlyuttered with somethingof atril l .

6 before a vowel hasthe sound of z ; when doubled,

final , or standingbefore a consonant, ithas its properhissingsound : G erms, ©eiang, iBeien ; mifien,gflave. Butthere is excellentauthor ity for pronouncingan initial 3 followed by p or i l ike sh : 6 pm, fteben.

sh in shore : 6 cbifi, rauichen, idmiben, finbiid) .

is pronounced like 83 : Ecbofi, lafit, geniefien.

before i followed by another vowel : ts : Station,SBatient, 6tatics .

t: Sithal, Stbme,tbun, untertban.

is pronounced l ikets : 5131115, figen, plosiid) .f Qiogel . In foreign words, l ikethe English 7:

S fiave, November.

closely resembles c in c ine : SIBein, mobl, minben.

ts in nets : 8am, gets, angieben.

1 Butby many itis pronounced l ike initial 3.2 In recently printed German books I) is suppressed aftertm many

words : Elicia», Inthese Lessonsthe modern spelling is

followed, butgenerallythe old spellingis noticed , as occasion requires.

Notethatthere are no silentletters in German, either vowels or

consonants ; except(1)the letter I) when notinitial , or beginningthesuffixes baitand bcit, or some partof a compound word : mobl, 98am:

beit,than ; (2) and c followingi inthe same syllable Iiebt, bier.

PRONUNCIATION. 5

Inthe common combinations gn, in and pfcare mustbetakento pronounce both consonants distinctly : Ginabe,

Ruoni,‘Bferb.

ACCENT.

accentfalls1 . Onthe radical syllable,thatis, onthe syllablethat

mainly determinesthe meaningofthe wordThe stem lieb in lichen, SBiebe, geliebt, oerliebt,Enabling, Iieblid) , fiieblicbfeit.‘

2. Onthe firstcomponentpartof compounds, exceptcompound particles : Sie'genbogen, iee'ttanf, S piel'plat.

3 . Onthe separable prefixes of verbs : an'teben, aué

'

geben, oot'icbiagen.

4 . Onthe second member of compound particles 2 °

bamit', mooon’,5 . Onthe final syllable of mostwords borrowed from

other languages and notnaturalized : gigut',Stegent', SBIanet'

Nora . Itis importantforthe learnerto distinguish betweentheseparable prefixes, wh ich are accented, andthe inseparable, on whichthe accentnever rests. The inseparable prefixes are : be, cmp, cut,tr, gt, netandm.

“

1 Taken from Aue’s Grammar.

’

2 Butthere are many exceptions. All words occurringintheseLessons with anomalous accenthavethe accented syllable marked.

8 mic also is rarely separable.

(trite scitian.

NOMINAT IVE AND ACCUSATIVE.

Q er Brnhcr [jutinniteinen filingartisa n.

The brother has losta ringto-day.

NOM . (who has lostbe: Qirnber ; ein 58mm“ ,a brother .

Acc. (whathasthe brother lostben (the) Siting; einenSiting.2 . The model sentence atthe head of each lesson shoul d always

be committedto memory and often reviewed. ObservethatBrunetand Slingbegin with a capital . This isthe rule for all nouns in

German. Noticethe position of [mmbeforethe object, and alsothatin a compoundtense (butparlors“)the participle is placed attheend.

fi nigabe.

Elliein, meinen, my. bein, beinen,thy (your) . fein, feinen, his.

I. 1 .

‘Jliein §Brnbetbatbeute ieinen‘fllingverloren. 2 . i licin

58mi n: batbeute meinen Stingoetioren. 3 . Q ein SBrubetbatbeute beinen Sitingverloren. 4 . S ein 58min: batbeute feinenSitingverloren.

II. 1 . My brother has losthis ringto-day. 2. Mybrother has lostmy ringto—day. 3 . Thy brother has

lostthy ringtod ay. 4 . H is brother has losthis ringto-day.

Smite Station.

NOMINAT IVE AND ACCUSAT IVE.

gaithngrftern rincnbriefrrbaltenDid you receive a letter yesterday Literally, Hastthou

yesterday a letter received

id) babe erbalten, I have re babe id) erbalten? have I re

ceived, or, did receive. ccived or, did I receive ?

bu baiterbaiten,thou hastre baitbu erbalten ? hastthou re

ceived, or, didstreceive. ceived or,didstthou receive?

er baterbalten, he has re bater erbalten? has he re

ceived, or, did receive. ceived or, did he receive

7 . Observethatthe German perfectmay betranslated bytheEnglish preterit. How was itinthe firstlesson Whatisto be lnferred In whattwo particulars doesthe order differ inthe modelsentence above fromthe English order

Qinfgabe.

wer, who ? wen, whom ? was, what?I. 1 . filter bat1 geftern einen firief erbalten 2 . 8d) babegeftern einen §Brief erbalten. 3 . was baitbu geftern erbalten?4 . 3d) babegeitern einen firieferbaiten.II. 1 . Didstthou receive a letter yesterday 2. No

,I

have received a lettertod ay. 3 . Hashe receivedmy letter4 . Yes, he has receivedthy letter. 5 . Who has received aletterto-day 6. My brother has received a letterto-dayand I received one

9yesterday. 7 . Whathas his father

1 Do notpronounce likethe English hat. cinen,

NOMINATIVE AND nccnsnr rvn. 9

foundto-day 8 . He has found a cane and his brother hasfound a ring. 9 . Whatdidstthou lose yesterday 10 . Ilosta ringyesterday andthy brother found onetod ay .

Examinethe followingp aradigmicbbabegeieben, I saw,

have

seen.

in: baitgeieben, thou didstsee, hastseen.

6 ie babengeieben, you saw,

[

have seen.

er batgrieben, he saw,ha s

seen.

icbbabemeinenfi rnber nicbtlgeieben, I did notsee,have notseen, my brother .

in: baitbeinen EBruber nicbtgrieben,thou didstnotsee,hastnotseen

,thy brother .

6 ie babenSbren §m er nicbtgeieben, you did notsee,havenotseen,your brother .

er batieinenSBruber nicbtgeieben, he did notsee, hasnotseen

, his brother .

babe icbgeieben? haveI seen ?did I see ?baitbu grieben? hastthouseen ? didstthou see ?babengitgeieben? have youseen ? did you see ?

batergeieben? has he seen ?did he see ?babe icbmeinen fi ruber nitbtgeieben? have I notseen,did Inotsee, my brother ?baitbubeinenShutternicbtge=ieben? hastthan notseen,didstthou notsee, thybrother ?babenGieSbren iBruber nicbtgrieben? haveyou notseen,did you notsee

, your

brother ?bater ieinen 23ruber nicbtgeieben? has he notseen, didhe notsee

, his brother ?1 0 . The use ofthe pronoun ofthe second person singular, bu,

implies familiarity . Hence itis employed amongintimate friends ,

members ofthe same family, near relations, amongandto children.

Itwas formerly ingeneral use in addressingservants . Otherwise at.is used in addressingone or more persons, likethe English you. The

correspondingpossessive pronoun is (acc .

1 Observethe position of night,

10 snconn LESSON.

aufgabe.II . 1 . Has your1 father seen my brother 2. No, he

has notseen your brother. 3 . Have you losta cane or a

ring 4 . I losta ringto—day, and a cane yesterday .

5 . Did you receive a letterto-day or yesterday 6. I havereceived oneto-day. 7 . Whatdid your brother receive

yesterday 8 . He received a letter . 9 . Who received a

letter yesterday 10 . H is father received one.

VOOABULARY.

Non . bieier Qipiel,Acc. bieien Qipiel,

gegeiien, eatgefauit, bought.ibn, him,

it.

I. 1 . Star! batoorgeitern einen SBaII getauft, unb ieinSBrnber batibn oerloren. 2 . 3d) babe einen 2lpiel getauftnnbmein SBruber Rarl batibn gegeiien. 3 . QBer batbieien filial!

geiauit? 4 . QBann bater ibngeiauit? 5 . diorgeitern bateribngetauft. 6. fl atbater gegeiien? 7 . Einen 2Ipiel batergegeiien. 8 . 253mm bater bieien 2lpiel erbalten? 9 . (Seiternbater ibn erbaiten. 10 . baben 6 ie Sbren Qipiel gegeiien?11 . So, icb babe ibngegeiien.

1 Inthis exercise, and for sometime, itw ill bewelltotranslate youand your , whereverthey occur,twice : firstby ha and hein,then byS ir and 3m. Rememberthatthe possessive pronoun correspondingto bu is hein, andtogitis Sbr. How is itin English9 Do notpronounce likethe English bal l.3 Comparethe position of bent: inthe firstmodel sentence and

gcilctn inthe second. See 2 5 4 ,6.

iener 58a“9,thatba ll.

ienen Shall,thatba ll.Rari, Cha rles.

norgeitern, day beforeyesterday.

wann, when.

NOMINATIVE AND accusnrrvn. 11

II. His brother has boughta ball and Charles has

lostit. 2. Hasthy brother foundthis ball orthatone 13 . He has foundthis one.

1 4 . Has Charles boughtthiscane , or have I boughtit5 . Have you seenmy brother6. I have notseen himtod ay.

8 7 . When did your fatherbuythatring 8 . He boughtitday before yesterday.

‘

9 . Whatdid Charles receive yesterday 10 . He received

an apple yesterday. 11 . Has he eaten it12. Yes, he

has eaten it.1 Thatone. iescu :this one. kicks.2 The pronoun id) is notwritten with a capital, exceptatthe begin

ningof a sentence. See above, I. 11.

1 The order is ibn beats. Ifthe object, director indirect, oftheverb is a personal pronoun, itmustnotbe separated fromthe simmepredicate , or, in a compoundtense, fromthe auxil iary, bythe adverboftime. See 25 4 , 6.

4 Beginthe sentence with nnrgcilm ,and markthe sheetonthe

order by comparingabove, I. 5 and 9.

a . If an adverb or any other wordthanthe subjectbegins a sentam e,the verb precedesthe subject.b. Butthe conjunctions nub, and ; alter, or ; beau, for and an ,

slicing, inning, all meaningbut, have no effectonthe order.

Shrine 2citian.

DAT IVE AND ACCUSAT IVE.

illicit: flatter batieineinfirearmrinrnpantgegeben.

My cousin has given hi s friend a dog.

1 5 . Observethe order inthe model sentence. The indirectobject(dative) more commonly precedesthe directobject(accusative). Butifthe d irectobjectis a personal pronoun,

itprecedesthe indirect.illnigabe.

mem?to whom ? for whom ?I. 1 . S einC

{yreunb batmeinem filletter einen bunbgegeben.

2 . 3c!) babe meinem SBruber einen SBaII gegeben. 3 . batirinQiater beinem Qietter einen 2lpiel gegeben?II . 1 . My friend has given a dogto his cousin, and his

cousin has given a ringto my friend. 2 . My father hasgiven a ringto my brother, and my brother hasgiven a ringto my father . 3 . Whathasthy father givento my friendto-day 1 4 . He has given an appletothy friend. 5 . Whathas your cousin boughtfor his friend 6. He has boughta dogfor his (dat.) friend. 7 . For whom 2 has he boughtthis cane 8 . He boughtitfor his brother, but8 he hasgiven itto his friend. 9 . When did he give itto his

friend 10 . Yesterday orthe day before yesterday he

gave itto his friend.

1 Whatisthe place of brute?2 For whom.mm or iii: men; butthetwo forms of expression have

notqu itethe same use and meaning. The preposition iii: is used

withthe accusative .

3abet. See page 11, note 4 , b.

DATIVE AND A CCUSATIVE. 18

1 7 . VOCABULARY.

betGardner,the gardener . ibm,to him, for him ; non

betEmann,the man. ibm, from him.

ber gibiuing,the shilling. nod) nicbt, notyet.ber S dfiiIer,the pup il . aber, but.inbem (Sarten, inthegarden. gelieben, lent.aufhem6 pieipiab, on or inthe guriid

'

gegeben, given back, rep layground . turned .

non (prep. withthe from.

1 8 . fi nigabe.I . 1 . St!) babebieiemEmbiiler einen 2id igeiieben, aber er batibn nocb nicbtgariicigegeben. 2 . 22min baitbu bieiem 6 cbiiiereinen Qiall geiieben ? 3 . filorgeitern babe icb ibm ben filial!

gelieben. 4 . Star! batoon jenemEmann einen (imbibingerbalten,aber er batibn ani bem S pielplab ober in bemGiarten oerioren.II. 1 . To whom hastthou lenta shilling 2 . I havelenta shill ingtothatpupil , buthe has notyetreturned it.3 . Hasthatpupil lostthe shilling 4 . He has lostitinthe garden or onthe playground. 5 . Charles has received

an apple fromthis man, buthe has noteaten ithe gaveitto his brother . 6. I lentmy cousin a ball yesterday.

7 . From whom have you receivedthis cane 8 . I havereceived itfrom my cousin. 9 . From whom did your

brother buythis dog 10 . He boughtitfrom a pupil onthe playground.

1 9 . VOCABULARY.

am: é onntag, on Sunday. am6 ametag, am é onn'abenb,ammontag, on Monday.

am SDienstag, on Tuesday. beute 2Ibenb, or bieien QIbenb,antfillittmocb, on Wednesday. this evening.

amDonnerstag, on Thursday. geitern Morgen, yesterdayamQ

‘

s-reitag, on Friday.

1am is an abbreviated form of an hem For an see genera]

vocabulary. The definite article is used With names of seasons,

months, and days ofthe week.

14 THI RD LESSON.

VOOABULARY—Oontlnued.

mebr, more. mitmean, with whom ?too, where. gebabt, had.

feit, since. geipielt, p layed.

mit(prep.withthe with . QBilbehn, William.

l inigabe.I. 1 . Scb babe meinen ibanb oerloren. 2. QBann nnb mo

baitbu ibn oerloren? 3 . bimElliontagQibenb babe icbaai bemS pielplas mitibm geipieit, aber icb babe ibn ieitibienstagilliorgen nicbtmebrgeieben. 4 .

8l ionmem baitbu bieien ibnnbgeiaait? 5 . 36) babe ibn oonmeinem sIletter QBiIbelmerbalten ;er batibngetauft.II. 1 . I had a ball , butI lostitinthe playgroundon Wednesday.

1 2. My brother William foundthy ballyesterday morning. 3 . Has he notyetreturned it4 . No

,he has notyetreturned it: where did he find it

5 . When did you lend a shillingtothatman 6. I lenthim a shillingon Saturday, and he returned ityesterdayevening. 7 . With whom did Charles play on Friday

8 . With Will iam he played on Friday and with my brotheron Thursday

1 Adverbial expressions oftime usually precede in Germanthose ofplace.

6 FOURTH LESSON.

2. Compare withthis genitive endingour 3 usedto formthe possessive case. The origin ofthetwo isthe same.

3. Observethatthe names of persons have allthe cases alike whendeclined with an article.

2 5 . Decline : SDer Shruber ; ber Sling; ein 6tod ; mein23am ; bein SBriei ; ber bunb ; iein (batten ; bieier Silianu.

2 6 . 5 cm,to be : INDICATIVE AND IMPERATIVE .

PRESENT TENSE .

id bin, I am. bin id,am I ?

bu biff,thou art. biitbu, artthou ? iei, be.

S icfinh, you are. finh 6 k,are you ? ieien 6 ie, be.

er iii, he is. iii er, is he ?

PERFECT TENSE .

id bingemeien, I have been. bin id,gemeien, haven ew ?

bu biitgemeien,thou hastbiitbu gemeien, hastthoubeen. been ?

gitiinbgemeien, you have imb é iegemeien, have youbeen. been ?

er iii gemeien, he has been. iii er gemeien, has he been ?

2 7 . Two modes Of formingthe perfecthave now been illustratedid babegetauft, I have bought; and, id bingemeien, I have been. The

perfecttense is formed bythe auxiliary verb beingandthe pastparticiple, or, inthe case of certain intransitive verbs, bythe auxiliary

ieinandthe pastparticiple. See 9 8 .

2 8 . l inigube.I. 1 . Der Gobn meines Sladbars buteinen butgeiuuit.2. SDer Gobn meines Sladbars butieinemDniel einen butgeiauit. 3 . filer Gobn meines Sladbare butin einem Ruben

ieinemDate! einen butgetauft. 4 . 3d bin in einemRubenge=

meien unb babemeinemGobn einenbutgetauft. 5 . fbu hifi in

einem Ruben gemeien unb baitbeinem S obne einen butgetauft.6. C°3ie itnb in einemRuben gemeien unb baben Sbrem S obneeinen butgelanit.

THE STRONG DECLENSION: PERSONAL PRONOUNS . 17

II . 1 . My uncle has been inthe shop Of my neighbor

(my neighbor’s shop) and has boughthis son (dat.) a hat.

2 . H as my uncle been inthe shop Of my neighbor and hashe boughthis son a hat3 . You have been in a shop ;

whatdid you buy 4 . I have boughta ball forthe friendof my son, and an apple forthe son Of your neighbor.

5 . The friend of my son has played with his ball andtheson of your neighbor has eaten his apple. 6. Has he been

with (bei) Will iam, and has he returned him 1the shill ing7 . H e has been with him,

buthe has notyetreturned hissh il l ing.

VOCABULARY.

(brb'beeren strawberries.

Ririden, cherries.

uui bemblinrft, inthe ma rket.ein diaat‘1 6 dube, a pa ir of

shoes.

ein sIiaar Stieiel, a p a ir ofboots.

ber bind,the coat.ber S dneiber,theta ilor .

ber é dubmader, the shoe

maker .

muigube.I . 1 . SDer S dneiber butmir einen bloc! gemadt. 2 . fiber

S dneiber butbir einen bind gemadt. 3 . Ear Gdneiber batSbnen einen biod gemadt. 4 . SDer 6dneiber butibm einen

1 Neuter,thereforethe accusative andthe nominative alike.

1stings and nidjto are sometimes written with a capital, butpref

erably without.

mir,to (for)bit,to (for)thee.

3bnen,to (for) you .

gebradt, brought.gemadt, made.

geidicfi , sent.eth ics,11 something, anything.

nicti , 8 nothing, notanything.bier, here.

bu,there.

id)on, a lready.

18 FOURTH LESSON.

910 6gemacht. 5 . fiber flietter meineé a eIB iii aufhem imam

gemefen nubbatmitetwaBgetauft. 6. QBaBbater bitgefauft?7 .tbeeten unb Riricben bater mitgetauft. 8 . fiatbeiué cbubmacbetbitein ‘Baar 6 6min obetein TwatStiefel gemacbt? 9 . @rbatmir S chube unb 6tiefel gemacbt. 10 . QBem

batbet6 cbneibeteinen Stockgemacbt? 11. Emir bater einen

Stockgemachtunbbatibn icbongeftem fibenbgeidfictt. 12 . QBas

batStyx S chubmacber Sbnen gemacht? 13 . Shitbater nicbtégemacht, abetmeinem 23am bater ein TactS chube gemacbt.14 . fiatSI): gdmeibet31mm ober 31mm iiruber einen Studgemacbt? 15 . Slicinem imambater einen Studgemacbt.II.

-1 . Where have you beenthis morning 2 . I have

been in a shop and have boughtyou a pair of boots .

3 . Hasthetailor already 1 made you 2

your9coat4 . Yes,

he has made it, buthe has notyetsentit(to) me. 5 . Have

you already been inthe marketto—day 6. No, I have notbeenthereto-day,8 butyesterday I wasthere . 7 . Did you

buy anythingfor your brotherthere 8 . Yes, I boughthim strawberries. 9. The shoemaker made a pair of shoes

for me. 10 . To whom have you sentcherries and strawberries 11 . I have sentcherriesto him and strawberriesto h is brother . 12. Have you sentanythingto me

13 . Yes, I have sentyou an apple, butto your brother I

have sentnothing. 14 . Who has been here 15 . The

tailor has been here and has broughtyour coat.1 The adverb may precede or followthe directobject, if itis nota

personal pronoun.

9 Do notconfoundthe dative 35am, for you, with sweat, 3 0x” ,

dative and accusative of 3m, your. They are readily distinguished bythethird letter.3 I haveto-day notthere been.

4 Have you for your brother anythingthere bought7

THE STRONG DECLENSION: PER SONAL PRONOUNS . 19

PERSONAL PRONOUNS .

SINGULAR .

N. id) , I . bu,thou .

G. meiner, of me. heiner, Ofthee.

D . mix,to me. bit,tothee.

A . mid) , me. bid) ,thee.

S INGULAR .

Fem.

er, he. fie, she.

G . feiner, of him. ibrer, of her .

D . ibm,to him . fin,to her .

A . ibn,him . fie, her .

N. wit, we.

G . m in ,of us .

D . 11113,to us .

A . unB, us.

3 2 mitmit, with me .

non bit, fromthee.

ffir ibn, for him.

SING. a PLUB.

‘

Gie, you .

Slim ,Of you

Sbnen,to you .

Evie, you .

S ING. PLUB.

Rm ?

M. F. N.

63, it.feiner, of it.ibm,to it.

ea, it. ficbr self:

rub, self.

Third P erson.8

fie,they.

fibres, ofthem.

ibnen,tothem.

bamit, with it.bafiit, for it.baton, from it, of it.

obne 6k,withoutyou . batin, in it.

1 . Observethatmitand nongovernthe dative, fin and aimtheaccusative.

2 . The personal pronoun is very seldom used with a prepositionwhen itrefersto an inanimate object. Instead,the adverb bu,there(or, for euphony, but), is used, combined withthe preposition.

1 The pronoun commonly used in addressingone person or several.9 Reflexive ofthethird person and also of

3 Observethatthe forms given above for both numbers inthesecond person are identical withthese, exceptthatthey are written

PLURAL .

Second P erson.

ibt, ye.

euer, Of you .

each,to you .

web, you .

20 FOURTH LESSON.

sumac.

sebum, asked seivrocben,woken sefucbt, lookedfor, sought.I. 1 . sbaitbumid) ober ibngeiucbt? 2. 3d) babe bicbgesfucbt, abetid) babe bid) nichtgefuubeu ; mo biftbu gemeieu?3 . $56) 5m auf bemEpielplagunb in beinem (flatten gemefeu.

4 . éBiftbumitbeiuemDate! obetobne ibn auf bean SiRarttgemeien? 5 . 3d) BinmitibmaufbemElfiatttgemeieu ; er batnonbitgeiptocben unbmi: eineu §BaII fill: bid) gegeben. 6. Schbabe

{than bamitgeipieltbier iftet.‘1 . Charles, I have a letter for you . 2. From whom

have you received it I received itthis morningfromyour cousin William. 4 . I saw him in a shOp with hisfather, and he gave it(to) me for you . 5 . Did you find

your friend 6. Yes, I found him, butwithouthisbrother . 7 . Whathave you been lookingfor (have youlooked for) ? 8 . I have notbeen looking for anything(looked for nothing) . 9 . Your friend Charles has been

heretod ay and has broughtsomethingfor you . 10 . Whathas he broughtfor me 11 . A ball ; he boughtitin a

Shop and gave a shil lingfor it. 12. Hasthetailor notyetsentme my coat13 . He was here yesterday, buthe didnotbringyour coat: he has broughtWilliam’

s coat.1 Repeatthese sentences, substitutingthe pronoun S ic, you, etc .

for bu,thou, etc . , and ah , your, for beta,thy. See note 1, page 10 .

2 Inthe followingsentences use both bu and Cit, h ill and am,for

Sh iteSeftton.

THE WEAK DEC LENS ION: S INGULAR.INFLECTION OF VERRS : PRESENT TENSE .

Q er Stefie bet1 QerenSR. bateinen Statenuub einengrim ;betSlatetitin eiuemSimmer unb beegaie in eiuemcan.

The nephew of Mr. M. (Mr . M.

’s nephew) has a raven

and a hare ;the raven is in a. room andthe hare in a stable.

3 5 . S INGULA R .

N. betSleffe. (bee) 55m SR. bee (Staf. bie 6 eite.

’

G . betSteffen. betbeen! SR. bet(Sh afen. bee Geite.

D . bemSteffen. (hem) iberra SR. beat(trafeu. bet6 eite.

A . beu Steffen. (belt) berm SR. beu (Staten. bie 6 cite.3 6 . 1. An inspection ofthe abovetable showsthatthe distinguish

ingmark ofthe weak declension inthe Singular ofmasculine nouns isthe addition of u or ontothe nominativeto formthe Oblique cu es.

Comparethe endings of masculines ofthe strongdeclension, 2 3 .

2. Feminine nouns, mostOf which belongtothe weak declension,remain unchangedthroughoutthe singular.

3 7 . Tothe weak declension belong:1. Mostfeminine nouns ;2. Masculines endingin c ;3. A fewmonosyllabic mascul ines which formerly ended in e ;

8

4 Mostmasculine foreign nouns accented onthe lastsyllable.

1 Observethe use ofthe article.

9 side, page.5 The mostcommonnouns included under 3. are : in air, bear ; in

Prince ; beeGent. count; her belt, hero ; bee beer, gentleman,grit" ; betRetail).man ; bee 0 638. oz ; betN ita. prince ; herth e.

2 FIFTH LESSON.

3 8 . VOCABULARY AND PARADIGMS .

ber ibirt(gen. bee ibirten),the ber Olepbant',the elepha nt.herdsman. ber Gaolbat',the soldier

ber Stnabe,the boy. ber El iergarten,the zob'

logica lbetSbwc,the lion. garden.

baben,to h ave .

id) babe, I have. mir baben, we have.

bu baft,thou hast. ibr babt, ye have.

Gie baben, you have. 6 ie baben, you have.

er bat, he has . fie baben,they have.

be .

icbbin, I am. mir finb, we are.

bu biff,thou art. ibr feib'

, ye are.

6 ie finb, you are. S ie finb, you are.

er ift, he is. fie ftnb,they are.

aufgabe.

[Read over 4 0 and 4 1 before doingthis exercise ]I. 1 . SBer bateinenStabenunb einenQafen ? 2 . Der Steffebeegerm SR. bateinen Staben unb einenfiafen. 3 . SBaBbatber Steffe bee iberra SR. 4 . OinenStaben unb einenfgafen batber Steffe beBQerrn SR. 5 . SDer Stabe iftin einemSimmer unb

ber Qafe in einem Stall. 6. S8 0 iftber Stabe? 7 . Sn einem

simmer iftber Stabe. 8 . SRein 6 obn iftin bemSimmer unbfpieltmitbem Staben. 9 . 3d) babe beinen Steffengefucbt, abericb finbe ibn nicbt; mo ifter ? 10 . éBiftbu ber Stetter biefea6 olbaten ? 1 1 . Stein, icb bin fein Stacbbar. 12 . SBaetauftbiefer fierr in bemBaben ? 13 . (Sir faufteinen Qafen fur feinenSteffen. 14 . Sn bem ziergarten babe icb einen filepbanten,einen Staten, einen EBwen unb einen Staben gefeben, aber feinenc fen. 15 . Qaben 6 ie Sbrem Steffen einen Qafen ober einen

Staben gegeben ? 16 . Seb babe meinem Steffen feinen Stabengegeben, icbbabe feinen ; aber biefemQuaben babe icbeinenQafengegeben.

4 FIFTH LESSON.

4 2 . Asthere aretwo declensions of nouns, sothere aretwo conjugations of verbs,the strongandthe weak.

1. Observethatthe vowel Ofthe rootsyllable inthe strongverbs ischanged inthe second andthird persons Singular (E

,to i, Fto ie ; ato6, etc . while inthe weak verbsthe radical vowel remains unchanged.

2. Observe alsothe occasional insertion of c, for euphony, beforethe endinginthe second andthird persons Singular.

3 . Noticethatall verbs (withthe single exception of fein,to be), areregular inthe plural .4 3 . VOCABULARY.

ber S cbmang,thetail. aufbem SBaum,onthetree.

ber (Sirofirater,the grandfather . aufbemgelb, inthefield .

ber Stogd ,the bird. in bemfiBalb, inthe forest.

bringen,taketo, carry, bring.

finben, find. aucb, a lso. turg, short.leiben, lend. long, long. oft, often.

4 4 . Stufgabe.I . 1 . 3d; febe einen Staben auf bem 8mm; fiebftbu ibnand) ? 2. Stein, icb febe ibn nicbt; aber ber Stnabe ftebtibn.

3 . 3d) gebe bem Rnaben einen Slpfel unb er giebtmir einen

Qafen. 4 . SBae bringftbu beinem S-reunb Sofepb? 5 . 3d)bringe ibm (Srbbeeren.II. 1 . DO you seethe hare inthe field 2. Yes, I see

itand I see also a raven onthetree. 3 . Thetail ofthehare is short,thetail ofthe raven is long. 4 . Of what1does this soldier speak 5. He Speaks ofthe lion.

6. Where did he see a lion 7 . He saw one inthe zoOlogical gardens on Wednesday . 8 . Where do you find cher

ries and strawberries 9 . I find cherries on atree inthegarden andWilliam often 2 finds strawberries inthe woods.

1 0 . My nephew has giventhis 8 boy an apple, andthe boyhastaken‘itto his grandfather.

1 motion, betterthan nonmas. Whatisthe order in German8 Notaccusative.

4 gebtudjt.

TEE WEAK DECLENSION: SINGULAR . 25

III . Substitutethe p erfecttense forthe presentinthe1 . (tr iftbungrigunb burftig. l 2. 3d; babe einen Stage! in

einemRiifig.’3 . metRaabefpieltmitbemS iibel”bee S olbaten.

4 . SDu rerlierftoftbeinen Stall . 5 . SBaB fucbftbu? 6. SBaB

bringen S ie ba ? 7 . Steibft‘bu beinem Stacbbarmirilicb einen(Sulben? 8 . SRein

c

{ereunb Rarl giebtbemRnaben einenSipfel.9 . S etgunb fucbtbengafen in bem SBalb. 10 . SRein Staffefpricbt‘nicbtmcbrmitbiefem S cbiiler. 11 . SBaB erbaIten S ieeonSbremSietter? 12 . 3d) bin ber f§

~

reunb beiateStacbbare.

1 2 cage.

3 sabre.4 The participle is see

iracbt. 5 The participle isgeliebeu The participle is gefbtmbcu.

POSSESSIVE ADJECTIVES : THE IMPERATIVE MODE . 27

4 8 . Like biefet,this, are declined : iebet, iebe, febel , each ; ienee,lent, fem ,that; mantber. mancbe, mancbes, many a ; foltber, foltbe,

felting,l such ; meltbee, melete, which.

POSSESS IVE ADJECT IVES .

S INGULAR . PLURAL.

Fem. Ncut.

5 0 . 1. Like met. are declinedthe indefinite articletill , a, andthe possessives, brig,thy ; 3h , enter, your ; iein, his or its ; ibr, her ;ibr,their ; and wafer, our ; also rein, no.

2. unfer and can may drop, inthe oblique cases,the c beforec ofthe ending: unfetfi or uufttfi ; euetutor eurem.

IMPERAT IVE

STRONG CONJUGATION.

sieb,

gebet,geben S ie,

fetid) .fvrebet.fprecben S ie

lid) !

iebet,febea S ic,

1 Butfalcber aftertil is declinedthroughoutlikethe adjective in8 1 , and fewbefore eiuhas no ending: einfeltberMann, or fold) einRena.

MODE.

WEAK CONJUGATION.

ivieKe),

fpielet,fpielen S ic,

Mufti).taufet,faufen S ic

was).indict.fucbcn S ic

reb(c),rebet,reben S ic

28 ea rn LESSON.

plural ofthe same verbs inthe presentindicative, on page 23. The

the rootofthe verb.1 In common conversation, however,this c is

generally omitted : f’icle or iblel'

, [safe ortu f’ If inthe conjugation ofthe presenttensethe vowel c ofthe root18 changedto i or it(88 in geben. fcbeu, itis changed inthe imperative singular inlike manner, and no e is addedtothe root.5 3 . Formthe imperative of

Slr'beiten,to work ; baben,to have ; finbcn,to find ; Iefcn(id) Iefe, bu Iicfeft, er Iieft),to read ; rergeffen (icb rergcffc, burergiffeft, er vergibt),to forget; effen (icbeffe, bu iffeft, er ifst) ,to eat; rerlieren,to lose erbalten (id) erbalte, bu erbiilft, er

crbtilt),to receive ; miffen(icbmeifa, buweibt, erweifi),to know ;macbcn,to make,to do.

5 4 . The personal pronoun cs is very seldom used with a prepo

sitiou , when itrefersto an inanimate Object. Instead Ofthe pronounthe adverb bu,there, is used, combined withthe preposition bufiir,for 73 ; Darin, in it; bamit, with it; baton, of it; ban uf, upon it,thereupon ; banm,

aboutit. Whatseemsto bethe law aboutthe useofthe form but? Seethese words inthegeneral vocabulary.

5 5 . VOCABULARY.

baa Sirot,the bread . ber Stbaler,thethaler,’ dollar.

baé 9Bucb,the book. be): Stifcb,thetable .

baéc

{sleifcI} ,the meat. effen, afs, gegeffen,’to eat.

baaSReffcr,the knife. fillIcn,tofi ll.baaSBaffer,the water . fcbncibcn, fcbnitt,gcfcbnitten,tocut.ber Stucben,the cake. trinten,trant, getrunten,to drink.

1 The rootof any verb is found by droppingthe infinitive ending.9 Athaler 3 marks, each aboutequivalentto 23} cents , U. 8 .

money. A mark is divided into 10 0 pence, or SSfennige. Modern

German currency recognizes onlythesetwo denominations , hieRat!and her Qfennia.

Itis customarytogive, asthe principal parts of German verbs,thepresentinfinitive,the imperfectindicative, andthe perfectparticiple.

POSSESSIVE ADJECTIVES : THE IMPERATIVE MODE . 29

5 6 . fi ufgabe.I. 1 . SDaB Riabtftbungrig; bol’ ibm ‘ein Stud Strut.

2 . Siitte, gieb ibm ein (Si laé SBaffer. 3 . (Sieb bemRinb ben

Stpfel nicbt, benn ea iftnicbtbungrig. 4 . Silas bolftbu bemRiab 3a effen? 5 . St!) bole ibm ein Stuctcben Sleifcb unb ein

(Si laa SBaffer. 6. 33 biefee Siutterbrotunbtrint’ biefeeSBaffer. 7 . SBer batbem Riab Sleifcb 5a effen gegeben

‘?

8 . Siitte, bole baa (Si las betRinbeaunb fiilIe eamitSBaffer.II. 1 . Please, getme (him,the child) a glass of water.

2. Bringme (him,my friend) a piece of bread and butter.

3 . Where isthe glass ofthe child 4 . Itis onthetable ;itis playingwith it. 5. Speakto “the child and give itasl ice of meatto eat. 6. Whatisthe boy doingwith hisknife 7 . He is cuttinghis cake with it. 8. Whatisthe child doingwith its knife 9. Itis cuttingits cakewith it. 10 . How much hasthe boy given for his book11. He has given a dollar for it. 12. He is readingin it.5 7 . VOCABULARY.

baBfi ett,the bed. alt, old.

baB iBier,the beer. fcrtigfinished,ready. Cf. bereit,We“ ,the home gutig, fteunblicb, kind.

baBS alg,the salt. falt, cold.

butS ofa,the sofa . neu, new.

baBSimmer,the room. warm,warm.

betSbfiel,the spoon. gang, quite, whole.

betSteffenthe p epper febr. very.

ber S enf,the mustard. marum', why ?“betStubl,the chair. an,too ;to.

betI apeaierar) ,the uphol auf’macben, offnen,to open.

gu'macben,to shut.

ber S ifcbler,the j oiner, cabi gcbbren (with to belongto.

rcicbcn,to reach.

bie S ate,the kindness. miffcn, mutte, gemufat,to know.

1 Observethe order, and see page 6, 2 , lastpart.

80 srxtrn LESSON.

5 8 .

3c!) macbe hasc

{yenftetan, I shutthe window.

8d) babe bae Q‘s-cutter augemacbt, I have shutthe window.

9.0 2c (macben S ie) has {fenfter an, shutthe window.

36) macbe butc{yeafter auf, I op enthe window.

8d) babe has c

{yenfter aufgemacbt, I have op enedthe window.

5 9 . Verbs in Germanmay be compounded with prepositions, adjectives, or adverbs. Such ofthese prefixes as are separable are placed

atthe end ofthe sentence, inthe simpletenses. The augmentg: ofthe perfectparticiple is inserted afterthe prefix. The separable prefix

receivesthe accent. See page 5, 3 .

60 . mufgabe.I. 1 . $8 itte, macbe has c

{yenftetan, benn es iftiebr buttinbemSimmer. 2. SIBer bates aufgemacbt? 3c!) meifi es

l

nicbt. 4 . S ci {0 gut(giitig) unb reicbe mir has S ula, bensBfeffer, ben S enf. 5 . EBitte, geben S ie mir ein S h e QBafiet!6. S eien S ie

2

ingiitigunb geben S ie mitein (Bias QBafier !7 . S eienS ie{ogiitig, mir ein (Si las QBafietangeben. 8 . babenS ie bie S i ne mitein (Silas QBafietangeben. 9 . (Beben S ie

mir ein (SilasQBafier, menu id) bitten barf.“ 10 . filter batbiefeni ifd) gemacbt? 11 . SlRein I ifcbler, bem fit, butibngemacbt.II. 1 . Please openthe window,

itistoo warm inthisroom . 2. Why did you shutit3 . Itwas cold. 4 . Did

you get(geholt) a chair,William 5 . Yes, papa, here itis .

6. Give itto Mr. A . 7 . Hasthe joiner sentthetable8 . No

,itis notyetfinished, butthe upholsterer has sentthe sofa. 9 . Havethe kindnessto reach methatspoon.

10 . Please shutthe book and bringitto me. 11 . Here is

1 Omitintranslation.

3 Irregular imperative of iein,to be.

‘(f I may be allowedto ask (the faoor) ; usuallytranslated (f you

2 8mm LESSON.

VOOABULARY—C ontinued.toften,to cost. icbteiben, icbrieb, gefcbrieben,toleien,

1Iae, geleien,to read.

liegen, lag, gelegen,to lie (of ueegefien,1oergafi, oetgefien,to

position) .mufgabe.I. 1 . WinnSled iftnicbtfo fcbbnmie beiner, abeter iii eben

in icbonmie feiner. 2 . QBie vie!toftetbiefee sBfeeb? 3 . 63toftetfo oiel mie beines, abetes iftnicbtfo fcbbn. 4 . BieftbaeRinb in {einem Sleiebucb ober in meinem? 5 . Ge Iieftinfeinem, abeticb leie in beinem. 6. 3c!) babe ein S cbreibebucboerloren ; baitbu einesgefeben? 7 . Stein, icbbabeteineegefeben.

8 . gen nergefien S ienicbt, inSbremfind) an lefeu ; es liegtin$3tiBiicberfcbrani . 9 . Start, uergifinicbt, in beinem iBucban lefeu es liegtin beinem éBiicbetfcbrant. 10 . SlieB laut!11 . Sies langfam ! 12 . SefenS iebeutlicb! 13 . f’BergiBnicbt,bee SDlorgene unb bee l ea au Giottan beten ! 14 . EBet’ unbarbeit’, bann (then) biift(Siottallegeit(atalltimes) .II. 1 . Henry (fieinticb), here is your reading-book ; butwhere is mine 2. I have seen yours inthe book-case.

3 . Have you also seen my exercise-book ? 4 . No, I have

notseen yours, butI have seen Wil liam’s.

“ 5 . Fred (gag)has broughtme a copy

-book, butitis notso handsome asthine (yours) . 6. How much does itcost7 . Itcostsjustas much as yours. 8 . Please, lend me a shill ing.

9 . With pleasure, here is one, butyou always forgetsomething. 1 0 . Have you been in yourgardento-day 11 . NO,I have notbeen in mine

,I have been in his. 12. Itis as

large as mine and did notcostso much . 13 . Be so kind asto help me‘ (him, your‘friend).

1 See 5 3 . Gilbdmfi. Notaccusative.4 Be careful notto

use both S ic and bu forms inthe same sentence or in addressingthesame person E ither S ci . beinemSteunb, or S eienSte 3mfireuub, etc. S ci) em u: Gra ntis also a possible rendering.

S iebcute Station.

65 . FEMININE NOUNS : AUXILIARY VERBS OF MODE.

S auna butbieie S leifeber in ibm Stbublabe gefunbenunbitbttibtbamit; mean gebiirt{id — S itgebiirtnitbtibr ; ilbglaube, fie gebnrtmeiner abet2uiien8 Stbmeftet. 36) will

fragm.

Emma has foundthis lead-pencil in her drawer, and is

writingwith it;to whom does itbelong Itdoes notbelongto her ; Ithink itbelongsto my sister or Louisa’s.I will ask.

66 . Ithas been remarked (3 6 ,thatfeminine nouns have all

cases ofthe singular alike. Butfeminine proper names of persons

followthe law for mascul ines and add 6 inthe genitive, or, ifthenominative ends in e, add 116. Hence (Emma , Quilt“ . Butthearticle may be used with such a noun inthe oblique cases, andthenthe noun, whetherthe name of a male or female, remains unchanged.

6 7 . The learner may now p rofitably review 3 5 , 3 6 , and

3 7 , and examinethefollowingTab le of End ing: inth e S ingu lar.

STRONG DECLENSION.

Review alsothetable offeminine singular forms under 3 1 and 4 9 ,and read again 5 0 .

84 SEVENTH LESSON.

68 . Fromthis pointthe vocabularies followthe exercises, and itis recommendedthatthe learner gothroughthe exercises mentally ,

referringtothe vocabularies followingforthe meanings of words .

Before writingthetranslations ofthe English exercises,the vocabularies should be reviewed ; butthetask of committingto memory willthen be found an easy one. Words given inthe special vocabulariesare notrepeated butany words notreadily recalled may be soughtinthegeneral vocabulary.

69 . margabe.I. 1 . filter bateine iBleifeber in betS cbublabe gefunben?2. (imma bateine §Bleifeber in betS cbublabegefunben. 3 . QBaB

batGmma in ibretS cbublabegefunben? 4 . S ine éBleifebetbatfie in ibretS cbublabe gefunben. 5 . $18 0 batfie eine §BIeifebergefunben? 6. SnBuifeneS cbublabe(inbetS cbublabebetSuife)batfie eine §Bleifebergefunben. 7 . QBaBmacbtfiemitbet§BIeifeber? 8 . S ie fcbteibtbamit. 9 . 28m gebb

’

rtbie iBleifebet?10 . Sebgiaube, fiegeboxtmeiner S cbmefter ; (gunmanS cbmeftet,Buifene S cbmeftet(betS cbwefter betEmma, betSluife) .II. 1 . Emma has found a lead-pencil in Louisa

’s drawer

and Louisa has found one (eine) in Emma’s drawer . 2. Has

She found itin her drawer or in Louisa’s 3 . To whom

doesthis drawer belong 4 . Itbelongsto my sister.

5 . Whatdoes she do with it6. She has her copy-book,

her exercise-book, her pen, and her lead-

pencil in it. 7 . Whydo you give Louisathe lead-pencil 8 . Itdoes notbelongto her

,itbelongsto her brother . 9. Whatdid you find in

my sister’s drawer (inthe drawer of my sister) ? 10 . Ifoundthis lead-pencil in it. 11 . Did you write with it12. No, itistoo (an) bad.

7 0 . PARADIGMS .

molten,to will. fallen,to be obliged. miifl'

fl l ,to be compelled.

id) will . mitmolten. id) 10 11. mi: fallen. id) mut. mitmiifieu.

bu millii. ibr mollt. bu innit. ibr font. bumubi. ibr miifit.S iemolten. S iemourn. S ie fallen. S ie foileu. S iemiifien. S iemfifieu.

er will . fiemolten. cc 10 11. fie ionen. er mus. fiemuncu.

FEMJNINE NOUNS : AUXILIARY VERBS OE MODE . 35

7 1 .Examinethefollowingsentences

1 . 3d) will meinefilufgabe lemen, I will (intendto) learn

2 . 3d) foil meine ilufgabe lernen, I amto (mustto,amtoldto) learn my lesson.

3 . Sci) mugmeine sllufga'

be lemen, I must(am comp elledto)4 . 3c!) werbe meine 2lufgabe lemen, I sha ll (am goingto)

learn my lesson.

an,to. Avoid confusingthe firstand lastexamples inmeaning. The

firstdenotes purpose ,the lastSimple futurity. Observe alsothatfallenimplies moral obligation, duty ; notnecessity, which is expressed by

miiflen.

(2) fl attensometimes denotesthe instantfuture orwillgebu he

is (mthepointof going.mufgabe.I. 1 . QBiIlftbumiteinen §Bogen$anier Ieiben? 2 . Sllitflier

gniigen; bier iii einetunb aucb eine‘

3ebet. 3 . Silasmillitbuicbteiben? 4 . 3c!) foil einen ibnef an

1 meine fitante fcbteiben;geftern babe icban beinegefcbrieben. 5 . Sebfol! an ibret(Soufinegeben unbmitibr iniclen. 6. 3c!) mugjestmeine ilufgabe [ernen, unb nacbbetmuttteb eine S eite nocb einmal abfcbteiben7 . SDiefer Rnabe foil fleifiigIemen, abeter iftfaul unbwill nicbt.8 . QBiIIftbu ein (Si las QBeintrinien? 9 . 3c!) bante; abeticbnebme

2ein (Si las QBafier, menn icbbitten barf.II. 1 . Will youtake 8 a cup of coffee

, Mary ? 2. NO,thank you ; butI willtake a cup oftea or a cup of milk, if

1 Observethatwith fibreibmwe have here anfollowed bythe scenestive, while with gcbcn, in 5, an is used, followed bythe dative.

2 The presentis much used in German forthe future ; here : Itake,for I willtake.

3 Eithermailer S icnebmeu? or nebmeu S it?

86 SEVENTH LESSON.

you please. 3 . I buy mytea at1 a ShOp in MarketStreet.’4 . Will you nottake another slice of meat5 . Thank you ,

“I willtake another Slice ; I am hungry. 6. No,thank you,I have had quite enough . 7 . Have you written your letterto your cousin, Louisa 8 . Notyet, mamma, butI willwrite itthis afternoon.

‘ 9 . When will you learn your

lesson 10 . I will learn itthis evening. 11 . My friend

Mary is ill and mustremain in her room. 12. You mustreadthis page, and afterwards copy your exercise ; itistoobadly written. 13 . Will she write her letter with hi s penor with yours 14 . Ithink She will write itwith mine ;itis betterthan his and hers. 15. Go and give himthisenvelope.

73 .

bie i’lufgabe,task, exercise, lesson.

bie (Soufine, Shale, cousin.

biegteunbin, friend.

bie Slllama, mamma .

bieWatftfttafie,‘MarketStreet.bieWild) , milk.

bie StruBe, street.bie

<I ante, aunt.eine ‘I afie

<h’

bee, a cup oftea .

Wane, filllatia, Mary.

1 Use inwith dative.

1 Say, intheMarketStreet.

VOOABULARY.

betS ogen‘Bapier, sheetof p ap er .

betRafiee, cofi‘

ee.

betmacbmittag, afternoon.

bet‘l bee,tea .

betQBein, wine.

bat(Souoert', envelop e.

bae$anier', p aper.

befier, betterfaul,ttiige, lazy, idle.

3 See foot-note 1, page 31. mitflagging“ is also a suitable phrase,or S itthatlet: giltig.4 Compare similar expressions inthe vocabulary, 19 .

5 Thegender of a compound noun is, inmostcases,the same asthatofthe lastcomponentpart.

FEMININE NOUNS : sum m er VEEBS or MODE. 87

VOOABUM EN—Continued.

genug',enough ,

frani , sick, ill, infirm.

fcbletbt, bad, badly.

an (prep. with dat. and am ),by, at,to.

an (prep. with to.

alt,than when.

iegt, now,atp resent.

morgen,to-morrow.

nacbbet', afterwards.

and; ein (cine), another .

74 . PARADIGMS .tbsneu,to be able. hiitfen,to be al lowed. migcn,to like.id)tann. mittbnneu. icbbarf. mitbfitfcu. icbmag. micmbgeu.butannfl. ibr ibnnt. bu batffl. ibr btirft. bumagfi. ibr mbgt.S ic ibuacu. S ictbnneu. S icburfen. S icbilefeu. S icmbgen. S icmbgcu.

ertann. fie ibuacu. er barf. fie butfcu. ctmag. fiembgeu.

7 5 . fl ufgabc.I. 1 . Scbbarf”

gumeinem{fteunbgebenunbmitibmfpielen;er iftgefternbei‘mirgemcfenunbbatmitmitunbmeiner (Soufincgcfpiclt. 2 . Rannftbu mitmeiner ‘

l’

yebctfebreiben? 3 . 3cbfann

fcbrgut5 bamitfcbrcibcn; icb babe gcftem 2lbcnbmeine Qlufgabe1 Read again 5 9 .

V erbs conjugated with (tin instead of babcn are followed inthevocabularies by an

8 Observethattinucu, biirfen, andmbgen, likemourn.fours,misfits(7 are followed bythe infinitive withoutan.

1 Observethe preposition.

5 Adjectives may be used in German as adverbs, withoutchange of

nod) cinmal, once more,aga in.

abfcbreibcn, fcbrieb ab, ab

gefcbriebcn,

lto copy.

bliiben, blieb, geblieben

bantcn (with totha nk.

geben, ging, gegangen togo,to walk.

glauben,tothink,to believe.

nebmen (bunimmft, er nimmt),nabm, genommen,totake.

88 SEVENTH LESSON.

bamitgefdrieben; abetidmagnidtmitfeiner fdreibcn, fie iftgumeid, gu batt. 4 . Tictic magbiefce sIlapici: nidtiaufen ; fiefann aidtbarauf fdteibcn. 5 . SDarf id febea, was bu liefeft?6. D ia, baBbarfftbu ; es iftcinc8eitung. 7 . Siannftbu fienetftcbcn? 8 . 3d cctftebenidtalIcé barin. 9 . Rinnen S ic mitfagen,mo{fron91.mobnt? 10 . SBarumbiirfenS icnidtauegeben?II. 1 . Can you speak German 2. A little ; I am learningit. 3 . My sister can Speak German and French ; she

Often speaks with my uncle ; he has been in Germany and

France. 4 . Do you understand whatI say? 5. I understand a little, butnotall . 6. Mr. NJ3 niece can read

English, butshe cannotspeak it. 7 . Can 1 you gotothetheatre “to-night8 . Yes, I may, butI do notliketo go.

9 . I amto have a watch atChristmas or atEaster. 10 . Myfather has readthe newspaper, and found somethingnew ”

in it. 11 . May Henry play inthe gardenthis afternoon12. No, he isto remain inthe room andto learn his lesson.

76 . VOCABULARY.

biegran, lady, woman,Mrs. bcutfcb, German.

bie Sl idte, niece. englifd,English.

bieubr, watch, clock. franabfifcb, French.

bieBelt,time. but, hard.

bie Seitung, newsp ap er . meicb, soft, weak.

(bae) SDcutfcblanb, Germany. wenig, little.

(bub)graniteicl) , France. bariibcr, about, over, across it.baBxbeatet,theatre. beaublen,to p ay.

antem,atEaster . fagen,totell,to say.

anQBcibnacbtcn, atChristmas. netftebcn, ocrftanb, ccrftanben,allein', alone. to understand .

clleB, all, everything. mobnen,to live,to dwell .1 Why notusetonnen? 9 its 2mmor inbatzbcater. amt

fin es. After stings, mas, and nidts,the adjective istreated as a

neuter substantive in apposition.

EIGHTH LESSON.

WEAK DECLENSION OF ADJECTIVES .

SINGULAR .

Mascu line. Neuter .

betflcifaige S obn. baBarmeRiab. bie liebe S aute.

beBflcifaigenS obueB. beBarmeu RiubeB. betlieben S aute.

bemflcifiigen S obne. bemarmeu Rinbe. betlieben S aute.

beu fleifsigeu S obu. baBarmeRiab. bie liebe S aute.

MIXED FORMS .

S INGULAR .

Mascu line. Neuter . Feminine.

eiu flcifsiger' S obn. ein armeB' Riab. cine liebe S aute.

eineBfleifaigeuS obnet. eineBarmeuRinbeB. einer liebenS aute.

einemflcifsigeuS obue. einemarmeuRiube. ciner liebenS aute.

eiueu flcifsigeu S obu. ein armeB' Siinb. cine liebe S aute.

Onthe forms marked with an asterisk: see 83 , 4.

PLURAL (ALL THREE GENDERS) .

meine braueu

meiner brauen

meiueu braueu

meine braueu

1. A Sthere aretwo declensions of nouns, sothere aretwo8 3 .

declensions of ad jectives,the strongandthe weak ; butthe same

adjective may be inflected intwo ways. The distinction of methoddepends uponthe presence or absence of an article, a pronominal

adjective, orthe like, beforethe adjective.

2 . Observethatwhenthere is no article or pronominal adjectivepreceding the adjective is declined like biefet exceptthatinthe genitive singular masculine and neuterthe form in ca is pre

ferredtothe regular es}

1 This isto avoidthe unpleasantrepetition ofthe syllable CO.

DEOLENSION OF ADJEOTIVES : MA SOULINE NOUNS . 41

3 . Observe how closelythe declension of an adjective preceded bythe definite article (8 0 ) resemblesthatof a masculine weak noun

The same holdstrue also if, instead of”

the definite article,biefer, jeuet, feber, maudetor welder precedesthe adjective.

4 . Observethatifthe indefinite article or aword inflected likeit precedesthe adjective,three forms ofthe latter, marked witha i“ inthe paradigm, are ofthe strongdeclension.

1

8 4 . Exp ress in German,and decline inthe singu larthe old man ; an old man ;the leftarm ; my leftarm ;this

poor boy ; a poor boy ; his dear Edward.

8 5 . Stufgabe.I. 1 . The diligentson ofthis old man has broken his “arm . 2 . Thy di ligentson has broken his rightarm . 3 . The

Old man has broken his rightarm . 4 . Mya leftarm is

broken. 5 . The leftarm ofthe honestOld man is broken.

6. Who has broken his arm 7 . My dear Edward has

broken his leftarm. 8 . I mustpay a visittothe poor boy.

9 . Thou mustpay a visitto his son,the good Edward.

1 0 . Thou mustpay a visittothe diligentson of old‘

Edward. 11 . Dear‘Edward mustpay a visittothe old

man’s son. 12. To whom mustyou pay a visit? 13 . Tothe poor old man ; he broke his leftarm yesterday.

Addterminationstothe adj ectives inthefollowingsentences .II. 1 . llufcr Slater iji in bem faltSiellergemefeu unb batcine

c

{xylafde altQBcincsgebolt. 2 . naieteElliutter iftin bet1 This peculiarity may be accounted for, andthememory be assisted,

by observingthatinthwe importantcasesthe strongforms servetoindicatethe gender ofthe substantive.

3 Read againthe model sentence, and 7 8 ,2.

8 Here use meiu, nother, asthere is nothingelse inthe sentencetoindicatethe possessor.

4 Proper names of persons are not, in German, preceded by adjectives only, exceptinthe case of address, as inthe model sentence.

Use herethe definite article, butcompare sentence 7.

42 EIGHTH LESSON.

Rude unb boltcine S affe gutRaffee(s) abetgutSbec(6)3 . StartRaffce iftaidtgcfuub fiir bid, lieb Rarl ; bu

muttfdmad ttiuicu. 4 . QBillftbu eiu (Si las meifs abeteiu (blue rotQBeiu(ce)trinfeu? 5 . Suez: fleiu Qunb fpicltimmer mitunfermgrof; 6. 919k langc batctben grofsfdmarg ibuub gcbabt? 7 . ERidtlangc ; ctbatibn cucrem

frangbfifd Sebrer gegeben. 8 . S iefer englifd $611 laun

nidi bentid fpreden unb ianu ieiuen gut. beutfd Bebtetfiubeu. 9 . SlatfebltSbrcm gut. Duiel? 10 . Sr batbenibufteu, unb meine S aute batand einen ftartQuiten uub benS dnupfen.

VOCABULARY.

betibuftcu, cough. grau, gray.

betSieller, cellar . griiu, green.

betSebrcr,teacher, master . rot(rotb), red.

betS duupfen, cold (in one’s fdmarg, black.

head), catarrh. meifi, white.

bie firffiltuug, cold . gefunb, wholesome, healthy.

biemaid”, bottle. uugefunb, unwholesome, nabieRiicbe, kitchen. hea lthy.

bieElliutter, mother . fcbmacb, weak, feeble.

blau, blue. ftarf, strong, hard, bad .

brauu, brown. laffen, licia, gelaffen,to let,togelb, yellow.

mic langc, how long?was febltbit, ibm, ibr, whatailsthee, him,

her ?

was febltSbuen, whatails you ? whatisthematter with youi luigabe.

1 . My dear Charles, have you paid a V isitto your goodold uncle 2. Yes, I have paid him a longvisittod ay ; heis notwell . 3 . Whatisthe matter with him 4 . He has

DEOLENSION OF ADJEOTIVES : MA SOULINE NOUNS . 48

a bad cough and mustremain in 1 bed. 5 . Please give mea cup of strongcoffee,

2and Mr . O. a glas s of white wine.

6. Mytailor has made a gray coatfor me, and for old '

Edward he has made a blue ‘ one. 7 . Getthe Sick old

man somethingto eatand give him a warm coat. 8 . I donotl iketo speakto 5their brother, he is a naughty boy ;he has broken little William’

s lead-pencil . 9 . I cannotgow ith youto-day ; I am ill . 10 . Whatails you 11 . I havea headache and a cold “ in my head. 12. Her oldteacherhas a very bad cough . 13 . Do you seethatbeautiful birdonthistall "tree 14 . Yes, I see it.3 3 , VOCABULARY.

(baB) Rovfmel), headache. febea, fab, gefeben,to see.

bbfc, bad, naughty. gerbredeu, gerbrad, gerbrodcu,bod,

high,ta ll . to break (inp ieces) .mobl, well.

1 Herethe German usesthe article : ill! Bell inbemset.1 Observethata cup of coj

‘

ee eiue Sufi: Rafi“ . See 72 ,I. 8

and 9. But: a cup of strongcog‘

es eiue S affe flattenQ afiees; colloquially also flattenRaff“ . A fter nouns expressingnumber, weight,andmeasure ,the noun followingdropsthegenitive ending, exceptwhenqualified by an adjective.

3 See page 41, note 4. Also 2 5 5 ,l .

4 The adjective hasthe same form as ifthe substantive were ex

pressed, and one is notto betranslated.

5 mit. Compare 5 6 ,IL 5.

11 Preferably withoutthe article here : Q ohfluebmill S lljll llbfcu.bad, when declined, drops e : betbabeBaum.

titanic 2eltiou.

8 9 . THE DEC LENS ION OF ADJECTIVES : NEUTER NOUNS .

”iein liebeBRiub, laffemid bad (einmal, bad eiumal) biefes

bubfdeBlattbeiuetueuenBilberbudes feben; idglaubewithlid, CBiftidol! lieflbmullt.My dear child, justletme seethis pretty leaf of your

new picture-book I verily believe (reallythink) itis alreadysoiled.

9 0 . Observethatbefdjmugt, properly a perfectparticiple, is hereused as a predicate ad jective.

9 1 . R eviewthe p aradigms inthe singu la r number, 7 9 ,

8 0 , 8 1 , and read againthe observations under 8 3 .

9 2 . Exp ress in German and decline : This pretty leaf ;his pretty leaf ;thatnew picture-book ; our new picturebook.

9 3 . mufgabc.I. 1 . Justletme seethis pretty child. 2. Letme seethe new picture-book of your dear child. 3 . Isthe prettyleaf of your picture-book really soiled 4 . Dear child

, you

have already soiled 1 your new picture-book. 5 . This prettybook is new, and you have already soiled it. 6. Ithink itis a soiled leaf of your new picture-book. 7 . I see a soiled

leaf inthis pretty picture-book. 8 . Have you soiledthe1 Observethatinthis sentence, and intwo others, befdmuttisto be

used as a participle.

DEOLENSION OF ADJECTIVES : NEUTER NOUNS . 45

pretty picture-book ofthis dear child 9. Isthis picturebook pretty 10 . Itwas pretty, butnow itis soiled.

II . Inthe followingsentences supp lythe prop erterminations ofthe adj ectives.

1 . 228 0 butSbr gut. S rubcr fciu l lciu sliferb gefauft?2. 3d meif; es nidt. 3 . 3d bin febr burftig; bittegiebmireiu (Si las frifd flBafiere. 4 . S oil id bir oicllcidteiu (Bluegut. ilBeiuegebeni 5 . Stein, baufc frifd QBaffer iftbefier.

6. 2ieb ‘Bapa, barfid bief arm Riub eiugrog StiiclSuttcrbrotgebeu? 7 . 3a, unbgieb ibmand eiu Stiicldcn ialtgleifdes bagu. 8 . Srifcb

‘a’Brotfdmecltbeffer aletroden

9. Marie, geige mir bod eiumal bein ueu Q leib ! 10 . SliitS crguiigeu, bier iftee. 11 . S etarm Quabc iftoou eiu

bob. SBaum gefallen unb batbaa lintS ein gebrodeu.

12. 2affen S ic mid bod eiumal Sbr ueu illieffer fcbeu !13 . QBiffeu S ic, was ber

‘Breie bief fdon . fdarfEllleffers ifti 14 . 3dglaubees iofteteinen Sbaler. 15 . QBae

febltSbr S aute? 16. S ic batbeftig Sabumeb unb ben

duften. 17 . 2ieb Riub, bu baftbcin ueu SBilbcrbud fdoubcfdmubt. 18 . Stein lieb Rarl, babeu S ie Sbr . gut.alta el einen SBefudgemadt?

VOCABULARY.

ber ‘Breie, p rwe. ftumpf, du ll, blunt.trodeu, dry, sta le, unbuttered.

baaS ciu, leg. ameit, second.

baaQ leib, dress.

(baa) Sabnmcb,toothache. bagu besides.

uielleicbt', p erhap s.

la id) : fresh ) new

beftig, violent, hard. Cf. ftarl . fdmecleu,totaste.

111ml, 87mm geigen,to show.

46 NINTH LESSON.

9 5 . aufgabe.

1 . A Scotchman has sold a beautiful horseto our rich

neighbor. 2. And how much has Mr. Baum, your rich

neighbor, given for it3 . I like new bread and fresh cake,

and my Sister l ikes stale 1 bread and dry cake. 4 . Good

meatis very dear now. 5 . Please give me a slice of “thisgoodmeat. 6. My cousin likes white wine, butI like bettera glass of red. 7 . I like good beer betterthan sour wine.

8 . Ithinkthis bottle of beer is sour, and sour beer is very

unwholesome ; please bringme some other.

‘ 9 . I knowyour old neighbor likes a good apple ; here is a very fine

one,‘take ls itto him. 10 . I like ripe fruitvery much .

0

11 . Unripe fruitis unwholesome. 12. Where does OldMr.

S . live now 13. He lives inthe lasthouse ofthis street.9 6 . VOCABULARY.

baBfiaufi, house. reid ,rich.

baBDbft, fruit. reif, rip e.

ber S dottc, S dottliiuber, fauer, sour .

fiifi, sweet.auber,

’other . teuer, dear, costly.

lent, last, fina l. unreif, unrip e.

id cffegeru, I liketo eat, I am fond of (lit. eatgladly).id effe lieber, I like (to eat) better, I p refer .

idtriufegem,I liketo drink, I amfond of!

idtriufe lieber, I like (to drink) better, I p refer .

1 Eithertendererormines Adjectives endingin el, en, erusuallydropthe e ofthese syllables when declined, orthe e ofthe infiectional1 mmwith dative.

some other aubm i .1 Omit.briuge ibmbiefeu. Observethe order, and see 15 .

Say, outverygladly.

1 Hasthe inflection of an adjective.

48 TENTH LESSON.

1 0 1 . QInfgabc.I . 1 . Our good hostess has gone in orderto fetch heramiable daughter . 2 . Inthe warm kitchen is good milk.

3 . Our good hostess has gone intothe warm kitchento gether daughter’s cup. 4 . She has goneto gether l ittledaughter 1 a cup ofgood milk. 5 . The amiable daughter ofmy good hostess is gettingme a cup of milk. 6. Little 2Sophia has goneto getour good hostess. 7 . My littledaughter has justnow gone intothe kitchen in orderto getour good hostess a cup of milk. 8 . Where 8 did your

daughter go 9 . Getlittle Sophia a large cup of warm

milk. 10 . Getl ittle Louisa’s cup.

11. 1 . QBaBfiir cinegarlic batbeinc junge Taube? 2 . Gic

batcinemcifscgurbc, abetbetRepf iftfdmarg, unb fie batand)einenfdmargcn6dman5. 3 . 3c!) babencuIid) and) einen idfinen

Qiogel befommcn. 4 . 6 0 ! read fiir cincn‘? 5 . Siommen S ic,

id) mill ibn Shuen acigcn. 6. Slice fiir cine {done 231mm Sineliebemidie bats ! $1530 batfie fie bciommcn? 7 . 6 ic batbicfcmeificSicie bei einem (Siartnergetauft. 8 .

c

{yraulcinSuijc iftcinefleifaigc 6 diilcrin. 9 . S eine 6 dmeftcr S ophie batan illicit)nodien eon cincr altcn ~

{weunbin cine fd'

onc ubr gum (Siejcbcnfbefommcn. 10 . QBirfIid) ? mad jiir cinenet? 11 . fiatfi e and)cine ubrfcttc bagn befommcn? 12. 3a, cine {done golbcnc.

13 . EmitmaB fiir cincr {febcr babcn 6 ic bieicn Iangen Qiriefgcfdriebcn? 14 . Emitcincr 6tablfcbcr. 15 . $56) idreibc nidigem mitcincr an batten obcr anmcidcn Stablfcbcr. 16. gran

1 Isthisto be rendered bythe accusative2 Doesthe German correspond exactlytothe English8 Why notmo?4 The interrogative pronoun was flittill hasthe ( in only declined

and is used in all cases like other pronouns. Compare 1 , 6, 13, inthisexercise , and see also 1 0 4 .

5 Observethe order inthis exclamatory sentence and compare itwiththatin 1.

DECLENSION on ADJEOTIVES : EEMIN[NE NOUNS . 49

SDI. batbcute ihre SDIagb anfbenElliatitgefcbidt, um ein shinuh

frifdcr S uttcr an fanfcn. 17 . (Sinten Morgen (Sci) miinfcbc

Shuen einengntenElliorgcn) , i‘ytauER. mic babcnS icocrgangcncEliacbtgeidflafcn? 18 . (SintcElladfl, 53m idlafen S icmobI!

1 0 2 . Observethe followingher Rod) , cook ; bie Rb

'

din, fema le cook.

bet(Siiirtner, gardener ; bie (Sidrincrin.

betSladbar, neighbor ; bie Siddharin.

betSdiilcr, pup il ; bie S diilcrin.

Statethe lawfortheformation of femininefrom mascu line

app ellatives.

1 0 3 .

betWife, cheese.

betflonj, head .

baB (Sicfdenf, p resent; gum(Sicjcbcnf, as a p resent.

bafi SBfunb, p ound ; cinbalbeé‘Bfnnb, ha lf a p ound.

bie Qilnmc, flower .

bie 58mm,butter .

bie §§ arbe, color .

bieRettc, cha in.

bie Sladi, night; nergangcncWadi , lastnight.

bie fl ui ds, p igeon, dove.

bieHbrfette, watch-chain.

gtdnlcin Suife, Miss Lou ise.

1 0 4 .

VOCABULARY.

bnnfclbian, dark-blue.

golben, of gold.

bcIIge ,light-yellow.

inns, young

ptéidtig, sp lendid, magnificent.

neulid,recently,the other day.

nut, only (of number or quantity) .befonnnen, betam, b-eiommcn,toget, receive.

idflafen (id) idflafe, bu idflafit.er jdfliift) , idlief, geidlafcn,to sleep .

Examinethe followinggola, whatsortof wood ?QBiiIber, whatsortof forests ?cin $0 361, whatsortof a bird ?

cineSIaube, whatsortof a dose ?

ciner (cine, cince), whatsortof a

50 TENTH LESSON.

Observe (1)thatmad filtis an indeclinable interrogative adjective,used with nouns Singular or plural (2)thatmad fiiteiu is an interrogative adjective, havinggin only declined (3)thatmaé fiir cine: isthe same adjective used substantively. Compare 6 1 and 62 .

1 0 5 . Mitigate.1 . Were you at1thetheatre lastnight2. Yes, I wasthere with my cousin Elizabeth. 3 . With whom did your

dear auntgoto 2thetheatre 4 . With my uncle and his

Old friend Mr. H. 5 . Yesterday morningI found athimblein 8the street. 6. Whatkind of a one 7 . A silverthimble.

8 . Lastweek I boughtone, butitis notSO pretty asthisone. 9. Little Charles is a cowardly boy ; he is afraid ofthatold beggar with historn coatand large stick. 10 . Whata difficultlesson myteacher hasgivenme 4 i I fear I cannotdo it. 11 . Miss Elizabeth is a diligentpupil ; She already

Speaks German pretty well . 5 12. I amto goto “town and

buy a French newspaper for my old aunt. 13 . Does She

understand French 14 . Yes, She has been in France a

whole year . 15. I did notSleep very well lastnight; I hada bad "toothache.

1 0 6 . VOCABULARY.

betfi ctiier, beggar . feige, faint-hearted , cowardly.

bett{gingerbntthimble. Icidt, light, easy.

bie S iahi, city,town. fdmer, hard, diflicu lt.bie QBocbc, week. ftibcrn, made of silver.

cine ilnfgabcmarten,to do a gerrcc n, acn ifi, acrrificn,totear.

lesson. fiitdien,tofear .

{id fiirdtcn nor,to be afra id of.

id) jurdtemid) cor bemfinnb, I am afra id ofthe dogbu ffircbtejtbid; cor bemsprint, thou artafra id ofthe dog.S icfiirdtenfid nor bemfiuub, you are afra id ofthe dog.er, fie, es filrcbtct{id} it. he, she, itis, etc.

1 inwith dative.9to into.

3antwith dative. The order

is : mitscgcbcnhat. 5pretty well gicmlid) gut. 10 into ; 119110 0

inhitstunt, 7 DO notuse 111)!c Cf. 9 3 , II. 16.

52 ELEVENTH LESSON.

SINGULAR .

has 55am. has illicit.1 bcr Elliann. bcrSrrtnm.

’

bee Spanicfi. bee QBeic . beeWanna . bee Syntume.bem Spank. bem QBcibc. bem ElJiannc. bem 3ntum.

has Qane. baaQBcib. ben Elllann. ben Summ.

PLURAL.

bie Qanjcr. bie QBcibcr. bie Slimmer. bie 3ntnmcr.

ber ibiinjcr. ber QBeibcr. bcr Thinner. her Srrtiimcr.

ben bdnfcrn. ben QBcibcrn. benTidnncrn. ben 3rrtiimcrn.

bieganja . bie flBcibcr. bie Slimmer. bie Srrtiimcr.1 1 0 . 1 . Observethatthe firstclass formsthe plural withoutany

case-ending. The vowel ofthe rootis commonly unchanged ; butcertainwords changethe vowels u, o, u, an,tothe correspondingumlauti , i , ii, in.

2. Observethatthe second class formsthe plural by addingc. The

vowel ofthe rootis modified in a majority of nouns ofthis class.

3. Observethatthethird class formsthe plural by addinger and

modifyingthe vowel ofthe root. Butnouns intum (than! ) modifythe vowel ofthatsuiiix,notthe vowel ofthe root.

P

U

G)

1 1 1 . General rules forthe classification of strongnouns aregivenby some grammarians, butsuch rules have many exceptions. Itisonly by perpetual observation and practicethatany mastery can be

gained Ofthis perplexingsubject. Dictionaries andthe general vocabulary atthe end ofthis book indicatethe formation ofthe genitiveSingular andthe nominative plural of each noun, as well as itsgender.

The repeated pronunciation in private study Ofthe singular of nounswiththe article, and ofthe plural , will greatly aidthe memory. Usethe ear as well asthe eye.

THE WEAK DECLENS ION.

SINGULAR .

N. bie Qilnmc.

cgran. bcr Sinabe. Sgcrr.

G. bci Qilnmc.

cgran. bee Sinabcn. Sgcrrn.

D. her fi lnmc.

cgran. bem Sinaben. Sperm.

A . bie SBlume. gr an. ben finaben. germ.

1 woman, wife. 3 error.

54 ELEVENTH LESSON.

OEDINALS.

her crjtc, her l ife, her 1 the I st. her amolfte, the 12th .

write, her2tc, her2 2d. hrcigcbntc, 1sth .

hrittc, her 3te, hcr3 . ,3d. oicracbntc, 1lth .

oicrte, her 4tc, her4 . , 4th . funiacbnte(film) , 15th .

fiinftc, hcr5tc, her5 oth. iedmebnte, 16th.

iecbtte, 6th . fiebaebnte, 17th .

ftebente, 7th. adtgcbntc, 18th .

“die, 8th . ncnnaebnte, 19th.

ncunte, 9th . amanaigjte, 20th .

80 91110 , l oth . einanhamongigjte, 21a .

elite, “ 11th .

1 1 7 . mitigate.I. 1 . The ripe apples are onthe hightrees. 2. Ontwohightrees in ourgarden aretwenty ripe

1apples. 3 . Naughty

boys have broken Off 9thetwenty ripe apples. 4 . The

naughty boys have again cl imbed upon hightreesto breakoffthe ripe apples. 5 . Whatdid you see onthe hightrees6. We have seen naughty boys on hightrees, andthenaughty boys have seen ripe apples. 7 . Arethe apples on

our apple-trees 3 ripe 8 . NO,they are notyetripe.

9 . Who has climbed uponthese apple-trees 10 . The

naughty boys have climbed up, in orderto fetchthe ripe

apples fromthetrees.II. 1. S inh hie unartigenRnaben anf‘ hie biden iBiinme

getlettcrt? 2. 3a, fie fmh binanfgeflettcrtanh baben hie rm:

1 Numerals have no effectuponthe declension of a followingadjective.

1 nhgchrmhcn. See 5 9 .

3 ” human. How isthe plural formed4 Rememberthatthe predicate adjective is notchanged .

5 an, cut, in, and certain other prepositionsto be noted later, governthe dative when p lace or situation is denoted, withoutany added idea.

Withthe added idea of motion ortendencyto ortowards,they govern

56 ELEVENTH LESSON.

1 19 . mnfgahe.1 . Their cabinet-maker mustmaketwelve chairs forthe

dining-room,Six forthe Sitting-room, andtwo forthe

drawing-room . 2 . Furniture of 1 nut-tree wood 1 is commonin Germany. 3 . Mr . A . is a very skilfultailor ; lastwinter “he made a cloak for me and coats for mytwo brothers.

4 . DO you sell silk umbrellas in your shop 5 . Yes, Sir,4

we have very fine ones.

“ 6. Please Show me some dark

green or dark-brown ones.

“ 7 . Whatisthe price Ofthese8 . Our bestumbrellas costfive dollars apiece .

“ 9 . Itisrather dear, butI willtake one . 10 . In summer

"and

autumn wetake longwalks. 11 . These gentlemen have

been inthe forestto—day ;they have shotsix large hares

and some small birds.

1 2 0 VOOABULARY.

her‘g-rfibling, hoe ‘

l‘

yrnbiabr, has Shaimmcr, has S reife

gimmer, dining-room .

hergerbil, autumn. has (Sicielljcbafteaimmcr, drawher S ummer, summer . ing-room, p arlor.

her QBintcr, winter . has S cblafgimmer, bed-room.

her Siegenicbirm,umbrella . haeflBobngimmer, sitting-room.

her S onnenjcbirm, p arasol . cinige some.

her S pagicr’

gang, wa lk ; einen geididt, skilfu l, su itable.

S pagicrgangmachen,totake gcmhbnlicb, common.

a wa lk. ieihcn, silken ; made of silk.

hie filing, nut. idieficn, idofi, geicboficn, tohie S eihc, silk. shoot.hie SlJl

'

o'

hel furniture. ncrfanfcn,to sell .

hoe {poly wood.

1 Use mmwiththe dative.

2 Nut-tree wood,mnfihuumbdig. 8 The

accusative general lyto indicatetime when definitely, as here ;thegenitive (of mascul ine and neuter nouns)to denotetime indefinitely,or habitually recurring.

mcin9m .

5 Omit. 6 has S hirt. 7 Say inthe summer.

Sni ljtc Sicilian.

1 2 1 . THE PLURAL OF NEUTER NOUNS .

film S unnrrstagilincah {lab and nrarbtigcgrain in her

fiaiimftruigcahgclnrannt; alter hiecrirbrndcncnS emnbnrrbeinengliidlidj er QBciic ibr: S inger, alanine, aah infilnarcn (Semiilhchard) hitbreiten {trailergcrcttct.Thursday eveningtwo Splendid houses in Louisa Street

were burntdown ; buttheterrified inhabitants fortunatelysavedtheir books

, papers, and costly paintingsthroughthe broad windows.

1 2 2 . Observethe adverbial use ofthe genitive gliid’lidjcr 2mm,

in (of ) a fortunate way. Whenthe genitive is used adverbiallytoexpress manner, itis commonly accompanied by a limitingadjectivewhen usedto expresstime, itis Often withoutan adjective. Observethathard)takesthe accusative.

1 2 3 . Examinethefollowingsentences1 . Staci ibiaicr in her Saijcnftrafie finh am SDonnerBtag

ahgchrannt.2 . Sbic cricbrodencn Sc obner bahcn ihre éBacbcrgerettet.3 . 21m S onneretagfinh amei fidajcr in her Saiienftrafie

ahgebrannt.4 . 3a her Slaiicnftrafic finh am SDonncretagguacitimaicr

abgebrannt.(1) Comparethe order in respectto subjectand verb in 3 and

4 withthatin 1 and 2. Observethatthe normal order in Simple

declarative sentences, as has been illustrated inthe foregoingoxercises, isthe same as in English . Thatis,the subjectis placed first,andthe verb follows.

(2) Ifthe subjecthas modifiers, as in l and 2 above,the order is

stillthe same as in English . Butif adjuncts or modifiers ofthe verb

beginthe sentence,the verb followsthese , andthe subjectcomes afterthe verb . Doesthe English here agree withthe German

58 TWELFTH LESSON.

1 24 . mitigate.1 . Louisa streetis a broad street. 2. The houses in

Louisa Streetare splendid. 3 . Their books and paintingsare costly. 4 . We have savedthe books and paintings Oftheterrified inhabitants. 5 . Fortunatelythey have savedtheir papers. 6. When werethe splendid houses burntdown 7 . They were burntdown Thursday evening.

8 . Didtheterrified inhabitants save anything 9 . They

saved the costly books outofthe burning1 houses.

10 . Throughthe broad windows Ofthe burninghousestheysavedthe Splendid paintings. 11 . Unfortunately Loui saStreet18 notbroad , andthetwo splendid houses were burntdown.

1 25 . Observethe plurals ofthe followingnouns, occurringinthislesson, some of which are quite irregularhas Qiagc, eye ; hie Qiagen. has 3nieft', insect; hie 3a ;

had éBett, bed ; hie SBetten. ieiten.

has itemh, shirt; hiebemhcn. haBDbr, ear ; hieDbrcn.

hoe izma, heart; hie ficraca. had S cbaf, sheep ; hie S chafe.

hoe Sabr, year ; hie Sabre. hasS chwein, swine; S chweine.

her SBaaer, p easant; hie 8 auern.

ExaminethefollowingSebn SBfanh Sicijdj ,ten pounds of meat.Smanaig(Sentner SBaammolle, aton of cotton.

TierMBlang, four feetlong.

S edd 8 0 11 lief, sin inches deep .

8mei‘I afien

‘I bee,two cup s oftea .

6. SDrei Stauben lang,three hours long.wh

ee

le

r-fl

These illustrations Showthatmasculine and neuter (butnotfeminine)nouns expressingmeasure, weight, or number, are used inthe Singularonly. Cite analogous uses in English . Onthe form Of gram, nee,

etc. , see page 43, note 2.

1 hrcnnrnh.

THE PLURAL OE NEUTER NOUNS . 59

1 2 7 . fl nfgahc.1 . S

'

DicRinhermeince fllcttcrebahcn beate and hem1 Emittageeficn einen S pagicrgangin hen 253tgcmadt, am Snicftcn 3afangcn. 2 . Slice fiir {onhcrbarc (Seidhpfe hie 3nfcften fmh’ l3 . S inige babeu oiclc c

{yiiisa anbetegrrei SBaar c

(

”

yliigel ; einigc fmhmitoiclen21agenocrfeben(provided ) S hrenaherbatmanbci ibnennod nidthemerft. 4 . baben S ic jdonhie ihniglidcnS dlhficranicrcr Stahtgcfcbcn? 5 . ilicin, nod nidt, abcr id mhdte“fie gcrn idea. 6. 921mgal, hann fommen

' S ic morgen nodhem1 ‘

z

‘

yri‘

dftiid 3a mir ; id mill fie Sbncn acigen. 7 . 3d bin

Sbncn fcbr nerhanhcn ; id nehme Shr ilnerbieten mitgrofiem(mitoiclem) SDanf an.

‘8 . dcrr anh

‘

5-raa ill . bahen henbcihen

SlJliihdcn“ 23illetc far aroci Sionacrtc geididt; ijl hae nidtjebr

licbcnemilrhignon ibncn? 9 . 8miidcn hen breiten SBliittcrnhicjce 23aamc3 imb amei filogclncftcr ; in hem einen liegen breiober oier (tier anh inhemanhcrnfmhmehrere10 . naiers bfibner legen jcgtniclc (tier ; mir bahen ichen Elllorgcn

"cinigc 5am

‘

é’

frfibftfid. 11 . (ificn S icgern (tier ? 12 . Sa,mcidgcjottcnc (meidgefodtc) efic idgcrn, hiebartgeiottencnbaltcid nidtfilr geinah. 13 . (tint{s-reanh non mir batftd “ beate5mci Taeenh Qcmhen gefaaft. 14 . QBie nicl bater hafiir gegebeni 15 . $i

‘

mfElllari hoe Stilet. 16.

“DieSBaacrn babcn aafhen

c

{rclhcrn Sh'

dcrgegraben ; hicic finhgebn §§afi lief“anh amei

MSanh {eds 8 0 11 breit.1 Observethe use Ofthe article.

2 Whatwouldthe order be if wasfitwere interrogative3 Subjunctive ofmiigcn; id) miidtcgcrn I should like.

See 5 9 0

See page 26, note 1.

6 Several young. After ulic, cinigc, mandr, mcbrm ,title, M aine,the adjective followingmaytake or omitn inthe nominative and

accusative plural .7 Why could notthegenitive be used here9 Whatisthe case of lid?9 Adjectives expressingmeasure, value, age, and weight, with a

numeral preceding,takethe accusative and followtheir case. This

accusativemay be calledthe Accusative ofMeasure.

60 TWELFTH LESSON.

1 2 8 . VOCABULARY.

The monosyllabic neuters are ofthe strongdeclension,third class.

baBQihenheficn, supp er .

badgriibftiid, breakfast.bad Emittageefien, dinner .

hoe 2lnerhictcn, ofl'

cr

bad fi iflet' (bill ticket.has SDagcnh, dozen.

had (i i, egg.

had field . nor .

baB (fieidb'

pf, creature.

hoe fiabn, hen.

has Rengert', concert.had 8 0 d,

hole.

bad Elliiihden, gir l .

baB <illeft, nest.

bad S dlofi, castle,lock.

herc

{s-liigel, wing.

her R'

o'

nig, king.

bcihe, both.

geiottcn, gclodt, boiled.

lfiniglid,roya l.

1 29 . fl aigahe.

Substitutethe plural forthe Singular everywhere inthefollowingexercise.

1 . QiafhemSDad hee bobendaajeefistcin l junges filogelden;idglaube, cs fann nidtin iein Elicitgariicfflicgen. 2 . (Seitcrniftin hieicm SDorfeingrofice (Siehiiahc abgehrannt; id 1)c hoeC

{yeaer non meinem 3cnftcr one geieben. 3 . llnjer Elllcegcr

1 Inthe changetothe plural ,tin, of course, falls away.

fonherbar strange, odd .

lief, deep .

ncrhanhcn, obliged .

mitgrofscm SDanl , with manythanks .

bei (with nea r , with, atthe house ofumber— nod,

neitheramifden (with dat. andbetween, among.

annehmen, nahman, angcnommen,to accept.

faucet(fansftfangt). fins.gefangen,to catch .

graben, grab, gegraben,to

dig.

baltcn, biclt, gcbalten,to hold ,to consider,totake for.

borcn,to hear .

legen,to lay, put.

THE PLURAL OF NEUTER NOUNS . 61

id ladtetjehen CJi'

ageinenDdfen, cinS dai, cinS dmcin anh cinQ alb. 4 . llnfcre R

'

o'din‘ batbeate aaf hem Elllarfte einen

meliden dabn anh cin junged dabn gelanit. 5 . linter hemneacn {panic hed berrn 21. ijl einticfer ficllcr ; cr batein SufiSllbcinmein anh cin {fab I ered (sherry) harin ; and ein ifs

-of;

gated FBier . 6. 98 0 ifthein junged 2&mmdcn? 7 . S ad Heine

S’

o'

bncbcn aniered Sladbard {meltmitibminhemdef. 8 . Qaben

S ic had SSidt’ aadgelhfdt? 9 . Elicia, id babe ed hem Qaads

miihden gegeben. 10 . 3a hem groben 3immer oben ftebtcinacned iiett. “ 11 .

“Der unartigeSinabc iftaafeinen bobenRirfds

baum gcflcttcrtanh batftcb‘ ein find in hen Slicer“

gerificn.

12 .

“fi cbmcnS ic cinmcidgefottened (digam“

is-rilbftiid ? 13 . fiber

Si rbeitcr batin hem {$teinen icdd §§af3 langen, amei E‘

s-ab

breiten anh oicr Mi;ticfen (Sirabcn gemadt. 14 . 3d bin

3bncn febr ocrbanhen far had fi llet3a hemRenaert.1 3 0 . VOOABULARY.

The monosyllabic neuters are ofthe strongdeclension,third class.

had SDacb, rooj l her def, yard, court.had SDorf, village. her Emegger, butcher.

badgag, cask. anter (with dat. and

hadc

{beam fire. under . [out110 3 (558531150 , building. aadmaden, aadlojdcn,to puthad Ralb, ca lf. reiben, rifs, gcrifien, totear .

had Samm,lamb. Cf. acrreificn.

had SBidt, cand le,light. fdladten,to kill . Cf. ioten.

her ilrbeitcr, workman. fteben, ftanh, geftanhen, toher (Staben, ditch ; pl . ($5raben. stand .

her Sj abn, cock her melide aariidfliegen, flog3arild, 3ariid=turkey-cock. gefiogen (f tofly back.

1 Feminines in indoublethe n in formingthe plural . 2 S it2mm,candles ; hie Slater, lights.

8 See 1 2 5 .4 Dative idiomatically used,

butnotnecessary.5 Noticethe accusative.

Sbreigebnte Seillon.

THE PLURAL OF FEMININE NOUNS .

tilletilde anhS cale in anierer (Scrimlaabefinhmitbemlidenunriinien, grnfien manhein, anh Siiifien i ehedt; einenl’leinen itil hahnn werhen mir fiir and ielbfi i ebalten,‘ henfiledwithmeinematter einigen lichen3rennhinnen ienhen.

Allthetables and benches in our arbor are covered withmagnificentapricots, large almonds, and nuts ; a small partOfthem we shall keep for ourselves

,the remainder my

mother will sendto some dear friends.

1 3 2 . 1. Observethathie sun! and hitfinfiare strongnouns ofthe second class. Forthe plural bie Ru bella, see 1 1 3 , lastpart;and for hie Stennhinnen, page 61. note 1 .

2. The pronoun MW,self, is indeclinable, and is addedto nouns

and pronouns for emphasis.

FUTURE TENSE .

id werbe fenhcn. mir werben fenhen.

ha wirftfenhcn. ibr mcrhetfcnhcnS icwerben jenhen. S icmcrhen fenhen.

er wirh jenhen. fiewerben isabea.

1 3 4 . fl nfgabe.I. 1 . In our arbor aretables and benches. 2. The

apricots, almonds , and nuts are onthetable and onthebenches in our arbor. 3 . Thetables are covered withapricots andthe benches with almonds and nuts. 4 . Mymother will send some ofthe apricotsto a friend,theremainder she will keep for herself.

2 5 . Some dear “

1 i ebalten is inflected like erbalten. See 5 3 .

8 figM or file 116 ieibfl. See Page 19, 110 19 28 Either liebea or liebe. See page 59, note 6.

64 THIRTEENTH LES SON.

an hen {doncn llfeta hcd hibcind oicle alte Stdhtc gclcbcn.

10 . Elliandc bic{er Stdhtc {mh mithiden ElRancrn umgeben anh

aafhen éBcrgen {tcbcn hie illnincn alter filintgen. l l . {scare iiber

oicrgcbn Stagewith cine flierfteigcrangnonvielengolhcncn llbren{tattfinhcm 12 . Sher librmadcr batgrofic S dalhcn anh fann

{cine SBflidtengegen {cine (Si laabiger nidtcrfiillen.

Observethe followingp luralshie éBarg, stronghold ; hie SBargcn.

hie‘Bflidt, duty ; hie ‘Bflidtcn.

hie S dlacbt, battle ; hie S dladtcn.

hie S dalh, debt; hie S dalhen.

hie i bi’

rr, door ; hiecXbiiren.

hie Shradt, costume ; hie Stradtcn.

hie libr, watch, clock; hie libren.

hie 8abl, number ; hieSablen.

VOCABULARY.

hied ime,

hieRab, cow.

hieEmaffc, mass, abundance.

hieElliaaer, wa ll .

hieDran'gc, orange.

hie Slininc, ruin.

hie“I rouhe, bunch of grap es.

hieflicrfteigcrang, sa le, auction.

her 21nfang, beginning.

her 1Eierg, mountain.

her S ldabigcr, creditor.

her Slanhmann, countryman ;pl . Slanhleaie.

her Eliadti{d,dessert.

had Sieh, song.

hadCI reibbaad, hot-house.

had llfer, bank.

amcriiam{d,American.

eigcn, own, one’s own.

felt, fat, p lump .

reigenh, charming.

amge'bcn, surrounded.

annerbciratct, unmarr ied.

befonhcrd, p articu larly.

gegen (with towards,against.

ungefabr, about.antcr anhcrn (a.

erfiillen,to fulfil.3a l enh c{{cn,to sup .

THE PLURAL OE EEIHNINE NOUNS. 65

VOCABULARY—Oontinued.

3a 911n c{{cn,to dine. pflngen,to p lough.

ftiibftiiden,to breakfast. film,to sow.

liefern,tofurnish. {taiifinhemtotake p lace.

beaie fiber adi S age,this day week, a weekfromto-day.

bcaic nor adi S agen,this day week, a week agoto-day.

bcaic liber nicrgcbn S age, a fortnightfromto-day.

beatc oor oicrgcbn S agen, a fortnightagoto-day.

amS onntagiibcr adi S age, Sundayweek, a weekfrom Sunday.

amS onntagnor adi fl agen, Sunday week, a week ago Sunday.

nor adtS agcn, a week ago.

oor oiergebn S agcn, a fortnightago.

im vorigen Sabr, noriged Sabr, lastyear .

im oorigcmEllio'nat, oorigen EDlonai, lastmonth.

Qinfgabe.I. Substitutethe plural forthe Singular inthe followingsentences1 . Sbrc S dniei

'

icr bai mir cinetraurige S ekbidic crgablt.2 . S eine ilcinc

cS ocbicrgebi in hie S dalc anh nimmi iehcdmal

cin fl ab, Sunier anh cineSeher mit. 3 . fl ad flir cine {dbncfl ame S ic bier baben i 4 .

1JlieincSladbarin batmir hie fl ame

gegeben. 5 . illicin licber S rofwaier batbeaie nor acbi S agenmeiner S dme{ier cine pradioollc llbr 5am (Sic{cbcni gcmadi .6. ibcaie liber adtS agemerhc idmitmeiner S onic aafhad Slanhgeben. 7 . c c bie{ca {dmacibaficn 2lpfel, hic{c {afiige fl rne,

cinegrobeEliafs, cineElJianhel anh cine21priio{e inhic{eS dadicl .8 . 21a{ hem S erge bci hic{cr S iahi {icbi hie Siaine eincd alien

S dloficd ; {ic i{i mitcincr hicien ill iaaer umgeben. 9 . S ic bitlihie Rarioffcl mii her (Sabel anh {dali {ic mithem Ellieficr.

10 . S icRage fiingi hie “Bland anh {rifci {ic. 11 . S ic Siladi i{ilehr hantel gemc{en. 12 . S ic imagh batin hie S dablahc hedS i{ded cine {ilbcrneS ahel, einen {ilbcrnen SS'o'ficl anh einEllieficr

gelegt.

66 TH IRTEENTH LESSON.

II. 1. The little boys atschool 1 mustlearnto write 1numbers andto make calculations. 2. They read shortstories intheir reading-books. 3 . Dothey also learn

Latin 4 . Notyet,they will learn itlater ;they beginwiththe modern languages ;they have lessons in German “

and French, and al so in music. 5. My sisterstake lessonsin history, geography, and natural history, also in writingand drawing. 6. Wednesday week Miss 0 . will make an

excursion into‘the country with her pupils. 7 . My nieces

unfortunately cannotaccompanythem ; one has a very badcold andthe other has a headache. 8 . Mrs. N. may I pouryou outanother cup oftea 9 . Thank you, yourtea isvery good. 10 . Mary, fetch me another cup,this one isnotclean. 11 . Whatbeautiful flowers Mr . R . has in his

garden“ ! 12. H e has a greatmany, will he keepthem all

for himself 13 . Oh no, he always sends a greatparttodifferentfamilies as a presentthe remainder he keeps

for himself. 14 . Our maid-servants have clocks intheirrooms ; stillthey do notgetup atthe righttime.

“

1 atschool, inher S dale ;to school. inhie S dnle.9 fdrcibcn (m en. The infinitive withoutanfollows fiiljlen,tofeelbcificn,to bid ; bclfcu,to help ; biiren,to hear ; (alien,to let; lebten.toteach ; lumen,to learn. Sometimes also finhcn,tofind ; mudcn,to make ; femur,to see.

1 Stanhen inn S eniidenor benilde Stanhen.

4 into, anf, withthe accusative. See page 63, note 6.

5 See page 31, note 1.

0 Forthe order, see above, I. 3.

7 as a present, 3amS eldenl. Whatdoesgumhere, and an: inthefollowingnote represent1gar rediengrit.

THE PLURAL OE FEMININE NOUNS . 67

1 3 8 .

hie Sammie, family.

hie Gabel, fork.

hie Rarioffel, p otato.

hie Rate, cat.hic Elliaad, mouse.

hie Ellinfi i'

,music.

hieillednung, ca lcu lation, bill.hieS dadtel, box. Cf. hieSiifte.

hie Staube, lesson, hour .

hie (Seograpbic, geography.

hie (fieldidic, story, history.

hie Sllatar'gc{didte, naturalhistory.

her findflug, excu rsion.

her fl amcn{traa{3, bouquet.her hotel . Cf. had

(Sia{tbaad, had dotcl'.her llntcrridi, instruction.

had S dreibcn, writing.

had Scidnen, drawing.

laieinifd,Latin.

pradt'ooil , magnificent, sp len

VOOABULARY.

rein, clean.

iaftig. j u icy.

{dmadba{t, pa latable ;

fdmahig, soiled, dirty.traurig, sad, sorr owfu l .

verfdiehen, different, various .

hennod, had,still, yet, not

withstanding.

iehedmal, eachtime, a lways.

“ 0 d,still ; and cineS affe, an

other (an additiona l ) cupcine anherc S afic, another

aafftebcn, {ianh aaf, aafge

{tanhen (f.)togetup .

aadgieficn, gotand, aadge

goffen,topour out. Of. ein{dcntcm

begleiten,to accompany.

cradblen,totell,to relate.

freffen,to eat(of animals).Cf. e{{cn.

fdii1en,top eel.

S iergebnie Seltion.

1 3 9 . THE PERSONAL PRONOUNS : REFLEXIVE VERBS .

[Reviewthe personal pronouns,S ielcr budmiiiigeElana bai armeS ermanhie in her biefigen

S iahi, abeter {diinri fid ibrer ; haber will er {ie nidtfennenanh {midi nidtmitibnen. iBnr einiger Seii bai er cine

beheaienhe S amme (deih geerbi, aber {ie boben aidid batonbeinmmen.

This proud man has poor relations inthetown here, buthe is ashamed Ofthem ;therefore he pretends notto knowthem, and does notSpeaktothem . Sometime ago heinherited a considerable sum of money, butthey received

none of it.14 0 . 1. Observethatwhen adjectives are used as substantives, as

here nnmunht,they keepthe inflection ofthe adjective. Hence eiu

S ermanhier, her S ermanhie ; plural. iBerinanhie, hie iBernianhien.

2. Withthe adjectivebleiigcomparebortig, from hart,there ; beniig,from beaie ; gefirig, from genera ; morgig, from morgen ; letig, fromct; etc.i 33 . Observethatthe reflexive fdaintlid is followed bythegenitive.

4. Observethatwill has nothere its common use as a modal auxil

iary , butisnearly equivalentto says : as full is sometimes equivalenttois said : (Er loll reideS ermanhiebaben, he is saidto have rich relatives.14 1 . Examinethe followinggroup s of sentences

1 . her S ail cr i{i nidi {don, had Rinh batibn bc{dmai3i .2. hieScher : {ic i{i nidtgai, mein fl ahcr bat{ic ncrhorbcn.

1

3 . had baud : ed i{i grab, mein S aicr batedgetauft.4 . hie fl illc : {ic {mh nidt had Rinh bai {ic bc{dmabi .a. Observethatinthe above sentencesthe personal pronouns are

used inthe nominative and accusative referringtothings,the accusative beingthe objectof a verb.

1 spoiled, ruined.

THE PERSONAL PRONOUNS : REFLEXI VE VERRS . 69

II .

1 . her («Baricnz id erinneremid1 hed{elben nidt.

2 . hie S ammc : id erinneremid herlelbcn nidt.3 . had S arf id erinneremid hcd{elben nidt.4 . hie (Bdricn : id erinneremid hct{clben nidt.

b. Observethatin place Ofthe genitive ofthe personal pronounreferringtothings,the correspondingcase of herlelie, hielelie, heelelie,the same, is substituted. III.

1 . her Sling: id babemii hem{clbcn (or hamit) gcfpieli ,2 . her Siting: id babe cin sBfanh Sterlingfar hen{elben (or

hafiir) begablt.3 . hie S ammc : {ic babcn aidid eon her{clbcn (or haoon)

befommcn.

4 . hie S ammc : cr bai abcr hic{clbe (or hariibcr) ncrfagt. 15 . had S ofa : had Rinh {ibtaafhem{clbcn (or haraaf) .6 . had S ofa : febea S ic had Rinh aafhad{clbe (or haraul) .

c. Observethatthe same substitution of hcrfclbc is made as inthesecondgroup, for a personal pronoun referringtothings, after a preposil ion. Buthere we may also have, asthe examples Show,the adverbbe combined with a preposition. See also 5 4 .

1 4 2 . Examinethe followingsentences1 . hie Sla{dc : ed

“ i{i iein fl afier harin; gieben S ic eimad

(some) bincin.

2 . had S ad : Sbr Shame {iebi nod nidtharin; bitte, {drcibenS ic ibn bincin.

3 . her fl alh : mir {mh ge{iern harin gcmefcn anh beatc gebenmir micher bincin.

Whatisthe meaningOf Darin, and how is itused Whatof bincin?Comparethe use ofthe dative and accusative with certain prepositions,page 54 , note 5.

1 {id ctinnnn(with to remember. 2 disposed.1 The pronoun

cais much used inthis way, servingto introduce a sentence, like ourthere,the real subjectcomingafterthe verb.

0 FOURTEENTH LESSON.

14 3 . aufgahc.I. 1 . This proud man does notspeakto his poor relatives. 2. H is poor relatives have notreceived anything1from him . 3 . Where has he relatives 4 . Inthetownhere he has relatives, butthey are poor andtherefore he isashamed ofthem . 5 . These poor men have a rich relativeinthistown, buthe is proud and pretends notto knowthem. 6. This poor woman is a relative of his,

2 buthe isnotashamed of her ; he often Speaksto her and sometimes

gives her a small sum of money. 7 . Is notthis proud man

a relative of yours 8 . Yes,he is a relative of mine, but

he is ashamed of me he pretends notto knowme and doesnotspeakto me . 9 . I have inherited a considerable sum

of money, butI have poor relatives and I shal l divide itwiththem . 10 . Thatproud lady is a relative of ours butwe are poor ;therefore she is ashamed of us, never speaksto us

, and pretends notto know us.II. 1 . {gaithu heinenhcutidcnQlufiatidongemadt? 2 . 8dbahe ibn nod nidi gang8 gcmadt; id arbeite chcn haran.

3 . (Ed iii cin idmcred SEbema, anh id meifsnidi nicl hariihcr anidrcihcn.

‘4 . S id) einmal hieied Stintenfafs; cd iii beinahenidtd

mcbr harin ; bitte, giefse eiwad Sl inte bincin.

55 . QBir faufen

nnicr (Semiticgcmobnlid bei einem (Semiiiebiinhlcr in herSmarttfirm. 6. RhnnenS icmir ibn

”

(hen{elben) cmpfeblcn? 7 . Dia,

1 notanything, aldis. Observethatnidta is very commonly used

asthe negative of (tions, as rein isthe negative of eiu.

A relative of mine,thine, his, hers, ours, etc. , is expressed by eiu

c rtnanhtcr nonmit, honhit, hon ibm, hon ibr,tanand. etc.

8 guns, wholly the whole of it.4 Observethe order. I know notmuch upon itto write I cannot

writemuch upon it. Observethatmificnapproachestinncninmeaning.So in other languages of words meaningto know andto be able.

5 Why notDarin?6 ”litand hitmay precede or followthe accusative of another pro

noun when boththe dative and accusative are objects ofthe same verb.

Exceptinthe case ofthesetwo forms,mitand hit,the accusative of a.personal pronoun precedesthe dative.


VOOABULARY—continued.

mandmal, aumeilen, some

nie, niemald, never . [timesum millen (with forthe sake of .

bieten, bot, geboten,to bid,toafier . Cf. anbieten.

bitten, bat, gebeten,to beg,torequest.

enticbulbigen,to excuse.

14 5 .

QBefien butifthad?SDied iftmeineBeitang.

ars

en

ic

» Gd iftcin jdoner Qunh.

Whose hatisthat?This is my newsp ap er .

S inh hied 3brc SBriiher?

einlahen, Iuh ein, eingelahen,to invite.

emvfeblen, mvfabl. emvfowen.to recommend .

bansm (bandit, (Janet). bins,gcbangen,to hangteilcn,to divide.

fid ncrlafien auf (withto dep end up on.

ExaminethefollowingsentencesItis a handsome dog.

Arethese your brothers5 . QBad ift3tfilleimmg? Whatis your op inion ?

Observethata pronoun may be putinthe neuter singular as

subjectofthe verb iein, whatever bethe number or gender of

predicate nounto which itrefers.

fi nfgabe.

I. [Inthe followingexercise read aloud each sentence as itstands,then forthe pronoun with letters spaced, substitute successively . inthe same case , allthe persons Singular and plural .]1 . fiber dunh batmid‘

gebificn.

einengolhcncn Slinggum (heidenfgemadt.erinnertfid meiner nidi mcbr.

5 . 3d ileihemid raid an (hu ileihefthid, u.

6. 3d maide mir had (beftdt.gctban.

2. unicr a el batmir3 . fiber altc Emann

4 . 93: bated meinetwegen7 . (itbittetmid um filer

geibung. 8 . illicin Qietter batmir einenCI balcr hafiirgeboten.

9 . (Siebe m i r cin wenigStinte in me i n Stintenfafi bincin.

1 n. i. m. anh inwriter, and soforth.

THE PERSONAL PRONOUNS : REFLEXIVE VERBS . 78

10 . QBie idmedthi r hieier '

i bee? 11 . 3d babe ibn (henfelben) fiir hid getauft. 12 . 3d harfmid aufmeinenS iener

verlaficn. 13 . 3d idmeidle mir mither definung, midbcIobntan jeben. 14 . 3d miinide h i r (Siliicf an heinem

S cburtdtag. 15 . 3d babe mir heinctmcgcnElJiiibe gegeben(hu baithir icinctmcgen, 16. 3d freue midheinctba l ben.II. 1 . How do you like ourtown ? 2. I like itverymuch ,

1 it” is a prettytown ; I find you have large public

gardens here ;to whom dothey belong 3 . They belongtothe duke, buteverybody may8go in ; Itake a walk inthem every morningafter breakfast. 4 . I rememberthe

beautiful garden in Schwetzingen near Heidelbergvery

wel l ; I have seen ittwice, once with you and once with a

cousin of mine. 5 . And do you al so rememberthe amiable

stranger at‘the hotel 6. I remember him as well as his

son . 7 . Justgo and see whatis lying" onthetable inthearbor . 8 . I know ; apples, pears, and nuts are lyingon it;butI do notknow who 5 has putthemthere.

“ 9 . Well,

John," I find you are still in bed. 10 . The sun is already

high inthe heavens,8 and itwill soon Shine in your Sleepy

eyes.

9 11 . Getup directly, and wash and dress yourself

quickly ; a fell ow-

pupil of yours is already waitingfor youbelow.

1 much, hicl ; very much, fcbthid, both of quantity ; butfebr, very,very much, of degree.

3 Notfie but29. Why isthis3 may is al lowedto.

4 in, with whatcase5 The interrogative pronoun requiresthe auxiliaryto be placed last

inthe sentence. Would it, ifthe sentence were notdependentNotha buthabin. Why

aohuan.

amQimmel.9 Say, for you inthe sleepy eyes.


14 7 .

her Timer, servant.her (Seburtdtag, birthday.

her bergog, duke.

her Smitidiilcr, fellow-pup il .

her S dlaf, sleep .

hic Sbofimmg, hop e.

hie filliibc, p a ins,trouble ; ficb9)“l gcbcn,totake p ains.

hie S onne, sun.

had Gieficbt, face.

had (mild, luck, happ iness,

fortune.

iehcrmann, everybody.

helobnt, rewarded.

Bfientlid, public .

raid , quick. Cf. fdnefl.

idliifrig, sleepy.

nun, well, now.

fomobl aid and,as well as.

untcn below.

eiumal, once.

gmeimal,twice.

VOOABULARY.

amangigmal,twentytimes.{id} entleihen, to dress one

’s

beificn, biB, gebifien,to bite.

einen umEllergcibungbitten,tobegone

’s p ardon.

frcucn, ftd freucn,to rej oice.

gefallen, gefiel , gefallen,to

p lease ; ed gefiiIItmir, I

like it.ideincn, idicn, geidicnen,to

shine,to app ear .

idmeideln (with dative),toflatter .

martenaufeinen, wa itfor one.

ftd) maiden, maid) , smaidm.to wash one’s self

miinfcben,to wish,to desire;einemGilucf an etmad munid)en, to congratulate one

on something. Cf. grainIieren.

mandate Bettina.

THE AUXILIARIES OF MODE.

[Review 7 0 , 7 1 , and

$11 Rnabe batfeine fiafgabe fiir hie S dule lernen fallen,abeter iftantriige gemeien anh batnidtgemaiit; amGnheiehad bater fie Iernen miifien.

The boy wasto have learnt(wastoldto learn) his lessonforthe school

,buthe wastoo lazy and did notwishto ;

finally, however, he was obligedto learn it.1 4 9 . The forms ofthe perfecttense of fallen, “ alien, and miifl

'

cn

are 3 id babe gefallt; id babegeinallt; id babe gemait. Butwhenthe infinitive Of another verb is used withthe perfectof fallen, mall“ ,

and miifl’

en,thenthe perfects are : id babe fallen; id] babemallet; lib babe miiflea. Show howthis remark is illustrated inthe model sentence.1 5 0 . aufgabe.

[Inturningthe followingExercise into German, usethe perfectoffallen, ueuen, miifl

'

en, whereverthe main verb is a pasttense. Hence

castmentally such sentences as, The boys wereto have learnttheirlessons, intothe form, The boys have ought, etc.]I. 1 . We areto learn our lessonthis evening. 2. Theywill learntheirs now. 3. Why will he notlearn his pieceOf poetry 4 . He is lazy, butinthe end he will be obligedto learn 1 it. 5 . My brother mustgoto school 9to morrowand must,therefore, learn his lessontod ay. 6. The boys

wereto have learnttheir lessons, butthey weretoo lazyand would not. 7 . Whatdidthey wishto do 8 . They

wishedto play and notto learn. 9. She wasto remain athome and learn her poetry by heart. 10 . We wishedtogoto school , butwe have been obligedto remain athome.

1 9 See paze eemote l.

76 FIFTEENTH LESSON.

II. 1 . filleinc S dmcftcr fall cinenQlufiatidrciben, abcr fie ifttragc unh and einwenigeigenfinnig; fie iagt, er iftan idmer,id iann ibn nidi maden ; aber id glaube, fie will nidi .2. Sc in Qiruher bateinen frangbfiidcn ilufiab idreiben fallen,aber er acrftebtnad nidtfrangbjiid genug. 3 . S all her Sinabe

feine ilufgabe iettlernen aher bcute l enh? 3 . Stein, er fall fiejettglcid lernen ianftmirh er vergeficn, fie an lernen, anhwirhmargcn mieher nad hen S dulftunhcn in her S dulc bleibenmiifien. 5 . ilRein licbcd S inh, hicie 2lufgabe iftfebr idlcdtgcidrieben, hu mufstfie nad einmal abidrcibcn ; hu mirftandheinc heutide fibcricbungnad einmal idreibcn miificn, henn ed

ftnh an aiclc c

{seblcr harin. 6. QBir babcn hic{cnElJiargcn Qiriefc

idrciben fallen ; aber mir babcn nur febr idledtc Sehcrn unh

mehcr sBattier nad Stintegcbabt. 7 . Elficinc S dmcfter batandS drcibmatcrialienbringen fallen, abcr fie ideinted vergcfien anbaben. 8 . 3d babe ibmbei feinermbeligcbalfcn. 9 . 3d babeibm feine QIrbcitmaden bclfcn.

110 . Sr bathad SBud in hem

Simmergclaficn. 11 . (tr bathad gBud in hemSimmer liegenlafien. 12 . fiber batS ic ia friib aufftcbcn bec n? 13 . QBir

babcn einenbaicntiber had 3tlaufen iebcn. 14 . {yrauleinfill .

fingtfebr idon ; bafthu fie idan fingen b'

arcn? 15 . Sbic fleine

Raralinc ifteigcnjinniggemcien ; fie batein S chidtaidtandmenhiglernenmallen, anhbathedmegcn an{panicbleibenmiificn.

1 5 1 . VOCABULARY.

her Sebler, failure, mistake. friib, ea r ly ; morgen furl) ,tohic e beit, work. morrow morning. Cf. her

hic fiberiebung,translation.

glliargcn, morning.

had (Siehidt, p oem . hedmcgcn, hcdbalb,therefore.

had S dreibmatcrial (pl . — ien) , fanft, else, otherwise.

writingmateria l. angarlic, athome.

audmenhig, by hea rt, outside. laufcn, lief,eigenfinnig, obstinate. fingen, fang, gefungen,to sing.

1 The pastparticiple ofthe compoundtenses Ofthe verbs beifica,belien, bbren, lafien, ieben, sometimes also of lebren and lernen ischanged intothe infinitive, when itis preceded by another infinitive,i n stM w iththe aux il i

THE AUXILIARIES OF MODE. 77

1 5 2 . aufgabe.

1 . The poor boy has been obligedto walkthe whole way.

‘

2. Why did he notcome by 2thetrain 3 . H is parentswantedto savethe money. 4 . Why do you come SO latetod ay 5. Thetrain arrived only at“ half past12 ; itwasto have started ata quarterto 11, butitdid notstarttillten minutes or a quarter past11 . 6. AtwhatO’clock Shall

you call upon your uncleto-day 7 . I amto be athishouse a. l ittle (eiu wenig) before 2 ; my sister wasto havegone with me

,butShe hasthe‘toothache and mustremain

athome. 8 . I am sorryto hearthat; I wishedto call uponher yesterday, butI did notgo out. 9. Itis half past8 O

’clock. 10 . I begyour pardon ; Ithink itcan be no

morethan a quarterto 8 . 11 . Ithinkthetrain starts atten minutes before 3 . 12. When will your parents returnfromthe country 13 . Towardthe ‘ end Of August“ orthe ‘beginningof September .

“

1 5 3 .

her Sannar, January.

her Februa ry.

her Tiara, March.

her flaril'

,Ap ril .

her filial, May.

her Suni, June.

her Sti ll, Ju ly.

hermuguft', August.her S eptember, September .

1 Usethe accusative.

3 Use mit.3am. The preposition is, however, Often omitted.

Omitthe article.

5 nidtmebr aid.0 The genitive endingis omitted. SO always ofthe names

months after a numeral designatingthe day.

VOCABULARY.

her Ditaber, October.

her sJlavcmber, November.

her S'

Degcmbcr, December

her QBeg, way.

her 811g,tra in, feature,trait.hie (Eltern p arents.

hieElJiinu'te, minute.

had illicrtel, quarter .

erft, firstnottill, only.

78 m 'rEEN'rH LESSON.

VOOABULARY—continued.

leih, sorry ; edtbutmir leih,1 am sorry ; er ibutmir leih,I am sorryfor him.

falit, late.

aar (prep. with dat. andabfabrcn nad fubr ab, ab:

gcfabren (f to startfor .

Cf. abgeben nad.

anfammcn,tam an, angcfam=men ( L ) ,to arrive.

QBic viel llbr ifted ?of day ?

audgcben, ging and, audge

gangcn (L) ,togo out.einen befudcn,to call on one,

make one a visit. Cf. bei

einemvarfprcdcn.

anasaeben a) ,to m a.

fparen, erfparcn,to save.

vargicbcn, gagvar, vargcaagen,top refer .

aurfidfammen, fain antlid, 3ariidgefammen ( L ) ,to return.

Whato’clock is it? Whatisthetime63 iftgebn llbr, Itisten o

’clock. (Ed iff ein llbr, Itis one

o’clock.

6d iftgebn Sliinuten nadgcbn llbr, Itisten minutes afterteno’clock.

einfilicrtcl aufelf llbr, a quarter afterten o’clock. (Literally,

a quartertowards eleven o’clock.)

bulb elf, ha lf p astten ; balb ein llbr, ha lfpasttwelve.

hrei filicrtcl anfelf, ein illiertcl var elf, a quarterto eleven.

80 SIXTEENTH LESSON.

her, hi e, had meinige, or, meiner, meine, meined, mine.

heinige, heiner, heine, heined,thine .

fcinige, feiner, feine, fcined, his; its .

ibrige, ibrcr, ibre, ibred, hers.

unfrige, unferer, unfcre, unfcred,eurige, eucrer, cncre, cucred, yours.

351139, Stret, Sbrc, Sbred, yours.

ibrige, ibrer, ibre, ibred,theirs.

l zw mnfgabe.I . 1 . I mustnot(am notallowedto) put1 my new hatou,. and he mustnotputhis on. 2. Why have you notputyours on 3 . I have notbeen allowed “to putiton, becauseit: is so windy. 4 . You have notput“ your new coaton ;why not5. I did notl iketo because I did notliketoputiton.

“ 6. We cannotput“ our new Shoes on ;theyhave notcome yet. 7 . Why have notyour Sisters puttheirs on 8 . Becausethey have notbeen ableto ;theShoes are muchtoo smal l . 9. My new hatis SO smallthatI shall notbe ableto putiton “ my head. 10 . My coatfitsme so badlythatI have notbeen ableto putiton. 11 . Shetakes Oif " her shoes, becausethey are wet. 12. Because itrained a. little, my sister did “

notl iketo puton her newbonnet. 13 . The wind has blown his hatfrom his head ,

1 Use anffeten.

9 Isthis expressed bythe participle orthe infinitive form See 14 9 .

3 Use auaieben. Cf. inthis exercisethe use of ansaiebenand laterthatof abfiebea.

4 The verbs massed atthe end. See 1 5 5 ,2. Compare 164 .

5 With whatauxiliary is fommeu conjugated PBe mindful ofthe order.

7 As an! in aalgieben is a separable prefix, itcomes atthe end.

1 Wheneverthe dependentclause precedesthe principal ,the lattermustbegin withthe verb , or with f0 followed bythe verb.

THE Auxm ARms or MODE . 81

and he has scarcely been ableto catch itagain. 14. Fred

did notliketo puton his hatto-day, because itis quitenew, andthewind blew his Old one from his head yesterday.II . 1 . 3d fannmeinenStaci aidtangieben ; her S dnciherbatibnmir

1an enggemadt. 2 . Sbrc Tante batibr ein fdbned fei=

hencd Si leih 3am (Sicfdenf gcmadt; abcr fie bated bcutc aidtangicben magen, meil ed fa ftarf regnet. 3 . Sl imm heinen

Siegcnfdirmmit, henn ed wirh bcute nad regnen. 4 .

$1a hie

S anne fdeint, mufsthn heincn S anncnfdirm mitnebmcn; balteibn aber 2 fcft, fanftbliiftibn her SBinh“ farter batgeftern andhenmeinigen (meinen) beinabc fartgcblafen. 5 . Sfthad‘heinSlcgcnfdirm aher ibrer (her ibrigc) ? 6. bid“ iftmehcr meiner,nad ibrer, fanhcrn ed iftfeiner ; meinen (henmeinigen) merhcnS ic im anhcrnSimmer binter her Stbiirc finhcn. 7 .

‘Died finhibrc S dube ; hiemeinigen finh nad bei hem S dubmadcr ; idbabe fie fdan var aiergcbnStagcn beftellt, fiefinh abcr nad immernidtgefammen. 8 . (Sr batmir and ein iBaar sBantaffelnmadenfallen, aber id merhe fie abbeftcllcn. 9 . Slicine Gltcrn babenbcutc Sladmittagcine S pagicrfabrtnad Si. gemadt; aber idbab'e nidi mitfabren hiirfen, meil id beutc SRargen nad her

S dule cineStrafaufgabe babefdreibenmiiffen. 10 . llnhmarumbafthu cine Strafaufgabe bciammcn? 11 . SBcil id meine car=

rigierte heutfdcfiberfcbnngaidtabneScbler babe fagen fhnncn.

12 . llnfcr Sebrcr fagi and immer : SBenn cincSlufgabe carrigicrtiff, miifitibr fie fa gutlernen, hafi ibr fie obne Scbler anh obneStaden and hem (inglifden ind SDeutfde unh umgefcbrtand hemSDcutfdcn ind Snglifde iiberfebcn i 'a'nnt. 13 . SBenn S ic nad

daufc geben, nebmen S ic had Sbrer Sr an‘i Slluttcr anh Sbrer

1 Observethe order, and see page 70 , note 6.

1 Noticethatabetis notalways placed first. So our however.

3 Observethe order hithertowhenthe normal order Of subjectandverb has been inverted ,the subjecthas immediately followedthe verb.

See 1 4 5 .

5 Observe and imitate.

82 SIXTEENTH LESSON

Sn‘

iuIcin S dmeftcr hiefe Siafen mit. 14 . SBarnm baben S icSbren 8mher nidtmitgebradt? 15 . (itbut

[

nidtmitfammenwallen. 16. SM bafteinSlieffer inherdanh anh fpielftmiibrenhhed llntcrridtd ; fiede ed in hie i afdc, fanftnebme1 id ed meg.17 . SBeiBtha and, hafi euer dunhmir hen Slattgerriffen bat?18 . bidtbni mir leih, had anbbren.

1 58 . VOOABULARY.

her but, hat, bonnet.her ‘Bantaffel, slipp er ; pl . hieiftantaffeln.

hie Strafe, punishment.hie Strafaufgabe,task.

hiezafde, pocket.had Staden, stopp ing, hesienge (enge) tight, narrow.

nafi, wet. Opp.traden.

aalI (taller) , fu ll. Opp. leer.

milliom'men, welcome.btater (prep. with dat. and

behind.

umgeiebrt,turned round, vice

miibrenh (prep. withabnebmen, nabm ab, abgenammen,totake of .

abgieben, gagab, abgegagcn,to paffen (with tofit.regnen,to rain.

angieben, gagan, angegagcn,to ftedcn,to stick,to put(away).liberfe

'

ben,totranslate.

1 Make an observation onthetense.

andgieben,gagand, andgcgagen,to draw out, pu ll

beftelIen,to order,to send for .

abbefteuen,to countermand .

carrigie'ren,to correct.

fabren, fubr, gefabren (f todrive,togo in a vehic le .

feftbalten,to ho ld fast.fartblafcn (bliifeft, bliift) , bliedfart, fartgeblafcn,to blowof .

Of. megblafencine S pagierfabrtmaden, totake a dr ive.

einen S pagicrrittmaden, totake a ride (on horseback).

mitbringen, bradte mit, mitgehradt,to bringwith one.

mitiammcn, lam mit, mirgefammen ( L ) ,to come withone

84 SIXTEENTH LESSON.

S ic hiefclbe fagutlernen, hab S ic fie obne Scblcr unh abne

Staten fagen fanncn. 10 . 3dmerhcfie fagutlernen, hafiS icmitmirgufrichen feinmerhen. 11 . (13d fdneitjett, nidi mabr?12 . 3d babe feincn Sicgcnfdirm bei mir ; bitte, leiben S icmirhen Sbrigcn. 13 . (ddtbutmir leih, id fannSbncnmeinennidileiben, er iftgerbradcn; abcr meine S dmcftcr with Sbnen henibrigcnmitgrafsem Slcrgniigcn leiben.

16 0 . VOCABULARY.

her S baml, shawl. nidtmabr, is itnotso?(imi

'lie, Emily. erlauben (with top ermit,

hie (Ein'lahung, invitation. to a llow.

hieDacr, op era. leiben, lieb , gclieben,tobid,till, asfar as. fdneien,to snow.

hann,then.

gumSliittagdcffen bleiben,id merhcmid febr freuen, I sha ll be very happy.

S iebeagebate Seltiaa.

1 6 1 . Th e V erb laffen.

COMPARISON OF ADJECT IVES AND ADVERBS .

Reine i antebattiefer armenStan einunarmed SBinteefleihmaden laffen, iaeil hiefclbe fa iirmlidgeileihetift; fiewithandher iiltefien i ndictherfelbenuniirmere fi leiher maden laffenmiiffen, henn hiefe iftnod iirmlidergeileihetald ibrcRutter.My aunthas had a warm winter-dress made forthis poor

woman, because she is dressed SO poorly ; she will be

obl igedto getwarmer clothes made also for her eldestdaughter, for She (this one,the latter) is clothed still morepoorlythan her mother.

1 6 2 . Onthe perfectbut[affen, see 14 9 ,and page 76, note.

Observethatthe infinitive dependingon [affen is active, not, as wetranslate it, passive. Onthe order inthe second clause , see 1 5 5 ,1.

163 . Saffea, lieb, gelaffen,to cause, order, getor have (athingdone) ;to let,to leave.

1 . PRESENT TENSE .

id laffe. mir laffen.

hu lliffeft. ibr lafit.S ic laffen. S ic laffen.

er lafit. fie laffen.

id willid fall

meiner ‘I adtcr cin‘Baar S dubcmaden laffen.

idmufi mir einen Staci maden laffen.

i11) harf hemSl inh einwarmed Rleihmaden laffen.

id magid fann

ibnengute Salliemaden laffen.

Imp erative.

laffe.

labt.laffen S ic.

86 SEVENTEENTH LESSON.

2. FUTURE. idmcrhemaden laffcn, I sha ll have (get) made.

3 . PERFECT. icb babegelaffen, I have left; butid babemir einen Slat! maden laffenmallcn.

id babe hir cin SlantS dubcmaden laffen fallen.

id babe ibm einenfiutmaden laffenmiiffcn.

id babeibr einRlcihmaden laffen hiltfcn.

id babe ibnen iein‘c rh iaufen laffenmbgcn.

id babeund cinQaud erbauen laffen ihnncn.

Observethe order inthe followinghab id hem armen Silann einen Slat! babemaden laffcn?

babe id Sbnen hafi id hem armen Sliann einen Stock inerh egefagt, maden laffcn?

hab id ibm einen Staci b abe maden laffenmiiffcn?

165 .

POSITIVE . COMPARATIVE . SUPERLATIVE .

alt, old. iilter. her iiltefie.iung, young. jiinger. iiingfl, her iiingfie.ilug, clever. ililger. useither ililgin.

iurg, short. iiirger. iilraefl, her filrgefle.lang, long. liinger. llingfl, her liingfie.

166 . 1 Observethatthe comparative and superlative are formedas commonly in English bythe addition of er and fl, or efl,tothe2. Observe furtherthatthe radical vowels a, o, n, are, in mono

syllables, modifiedto i , ii, ii. For exceptions, seethegeneral vocabu3. Comparatives and superlatives are declined like positives inthe4. The force ofthe superlative may be intensified by prefixingalter

allerliebfl, moatcharming; her allerfdiiafie, allerbefie,thefairest, bestof all.

88 SEVENTEENTE LESSON.

II. 1 . SDcin SBinterrad iftnidtwarmgenug; marum liiffcfihu hir nidteinen hidcrcn maden? 2 . 3d babe mir fdan var

hrei SBaden einen hiclcrcn maden laffen mallcn; abcr id babeiein fdbncd Stud finhcn fanncn. 3 . Slicin Sladbar wirh fidnt'idfted Sabr ein grafted Sand baucn unh ed anid fdbnftc unh

bequcmftc cinridten laffen. 4 . S o? (Stefalltibm fein jcbigednidtmebr? 5 . (Sr mill nun in einemgrbfiercntbaufcmabncn ;ermirh fid aud einen SBagcn unb sItfcrhc balten unh mab fidalfa and Stlillc baucn laffen. 6. Slicinc S dmcftcr S apbic batfdan feitaargcftcrn Sabnmcb; fie iftfaebcn gu hem Sabnargtgegangen, um fid hen Sahn audaicben an laffen. 7 . S ad

iftfebr fdmergbaftid babemir vergangenen Scbruar aud einen

Sabn audgiebcn unb amei fiillen laffen. 8 . (thuarh, humufsthirhad daar fdncihen laffen ; ed ift3a lang, unb an langed daar

fiebtnidtfd'

a'

n and. 9 . Slbcr, liebe Sliama, crinnerfthu hidhenn nidt, hafiid ed crftvar hrei SBacbcn anmeinem (Seburtdtag,hen7tenSannar, babe fdncihen laffcn? 10 . dcinrid,

‘Bapa iftfebr unmabl ; cr batftariedRapfmcbunbbathiegangcStadtnidifdlafcnfbnncn; mirmilffcnhenSlrgtrufcn laffcn. 11 . D, Sllama,

hu braudftibn nidi rufenau laffen; id mill felbftan ibmgeben.

12 . écrr Shatter, Sllama liifstS icgriificn unh b'

a'

flidftbitten,hen SItapa imBanfe hed Tagcd had anbefuden ; henner fiibltfidfebrunmabl .” 13 . ”Glut,griificnS icSbrenbermSlatergefiilIigftvanmir ; idwerbe in einer Stunhebei ibmfein.

”14 . 3d babe

cincr armen Stan in her Riidc eiwad au effen geben laffen.

15 . Bab hir had Silab au einemfiberracl nebmen ; laffc hir ibn

aber ia1nidi an flein maden. 16. Slicine S dmcfter batfid

pbatagrapbicrcn laffen unh mein iBruhcr llifitfid malcn.

17 . Grinncremid ia anhad armeStinh idmill ibmwarmeRleihcrmaden laffen. 18 . Grinncrfthu hid hiefcd armen Sllanned?

3d babe ibm vorigen SBinter warme Rlcihcrmaden laffen.

1 infollowingan imperative adds emphasis or urgency : netgified innidt, be sure nottoforgetit. 3a is also used like our you know : idbabefa rein 8 nd.

2affen : COMPARATIVES AND SUPERLATIVES . 89

1 7 0 . VOCABULARY.

her Slrgt, physician. branden,to want, need, use.her 53auf, course. cinridten,to fitup , furnish,her Slialer, p a inter.

her wagon, carr iage. erinnern an (with toher Sabnargt, dentist.hie Rrantbeit, sickness. fcftncbmcn, nabm fcft, fcftgcbadgage, ha ir. nammen,to arrest.had i nd,

cloth . gric n,to sa lute; griiBen S icbequem,

comfortable. ibn van mir, give him my

fcbmergbafi, p a inful. comp liments.

audfcbcn, fabaud, audgcfcbcn, griifsen laffen, to send one’sto look, seem. comp liments ; er IiifitGie

baucn,to build. griificn.

bitten laffen to requestmalen,to p aint.(through another) rufen, ricf, gerufen,to ca ll.

einem had Sliafiall etwad nebmen,totake one

’s measure for

something.

1 7 1 . Slufgabe.I. 1 . Who isto make your cloak 2 . Mr. M. inWilliamStreetis one ofthe besttailors inthetown. 3 . I gotacoatmade 1 by him lastSpring; do you perhaps remember

it4 . I wanta pair of new boots ; by whom Shall I getthem made 5. Getthem made by Mr . S. ; be is a beginnerandtakes greatpains. 6. You mustgetyour stockingsmended ;there are holes inthem . 7 . When Shall you getthe cherries in your garden picked, and who isto pickthem 8 . I shall getthem picked by Johnthe day afterto-morrow. 9. Mr. B. will sel l his new house ; he has had

itOfferedto me, butI have no mindto buy it. 1 0 . Itistoo large for me and is notbuiltinthe bestmanner .

’

11 . Edward, you musttake greater pains with your lessons,if you wishto make progress. 12. You mustnotgetyourmistakes corrected by one of your fellow-

pupils, but“ you1 Say, for myself.

1 anfd befle.1“ Is aber or fanherathe rightword 9

0 SEVENTEENTII LESSON.

musttry notto make any. 13 . Mary, your dress istorn ;when we come home you mustgetitmended.II. 1 . Stanmem laffen S ic Sbrc SBiidcr cinbinhcn? 2 . 3dlaffc fie immer van Sperm S . in her liarlftrafic cinbinhen.

3 . S ic baben mir amcriianifdc Slpfcl gefdiclt; fie finh febrfdan unh id merhc fiemirgutfdmcclcn laffen. 4 . S ie

’

miffcn,micgern idgutc‘l’lpfcl cfic. 5 . $la S icSbrcSietternmichcrfeben, fa griificn S ic fie gefiilIigftvan mir. 6. 3d babe fiehurd einengcgcnfcitigcnSrcunhvanmirgriificn laffen. 7 . Sea

erlauben S icmir, Sbncnau Sbrcrgliicflidcn Siiicftcbr (mildanmilnfdcn. 8 . SriiulcinSluife iftbcutc van ibrer Steifeguriidzgciebrt, abcr fie ftcbtgar nidi mabl and. 9 . Slicinc i

‘

yrau1 mirh

fid einen Sabn audaiebcn laffen miiffcn, henn fie batfdanfciteinigen SIagen beftigcd Sabnmcb’

(beftige Sabnfdmcrgcn).10 . Sbrc ifs-tau (Semablinbatfid nculid pbatagrapbicren laffenunh bateined her Siilhcrmeiner S‘raugumSinhcnicngegeben.

1 7 2 .

her Slnfiingcr, beginner .

hergonfdritt, progress; gaff:fdrittemaden,to progress.

her Strumpf, stocking.hie Sieife, j ourney.

hie Siiidfebr, return.

sumSinheufen, as a souvenir .

gcgcnfcitig, mutua l.fiiralid, nculid, notlongago.

VOCABULARY.

gar nidt, notata ll.fargfiiltig, aarfidtig, carefu l.iibermargen,

day after tomorrow.

binhen, banh, gcbunhen, tobind ; einbinhen, of books.

flicfen,to mend,to darn.

pfliicfcn, to p ick, to p luck.

Cf. abbrcden.

id gebemir viel Sliiibe, Itakegreatp a ins.

er batfid mcbr Slliibcgegeben, he hastakengreater p ains.

fluff babcn,to have a mind.

id babe feinc Sufi, I have no mind (inclination).fidgutfdmcdcn laffcn,to enj oy (eatingor drinking).1 A gentleman says of his wife, meinegran; a lady of her husband,meinR ana. Buta person addressinganother says, SbrcGrail Ce:mablin: abc bet: Gemabl. Whatarethe customary formswith us

92 EIGHTEENTH LESSON.

1 7 7 . IMPERFECT or STRONG VERBS fieblm,to stea l ;

balten,to hold.

id itabl, I stole. mir itabien. id birIt, I held . mir bieiten.

hn ftablft. ibr ftablet. hu bieltefi. ibr bieltet.S ic ftablen. S ic itablen. S icbielica. S ic bielica.

er itabi. ftc ftablen. er bielt. fiebieIten.

1 7 8 . SYNOPSIS or A WEAK VERB 1 IN THE INDICATIVE .

mi'

mfden,to wish.

Principa l P arts : manid en, manid it, atmiinidt.P resent: id miinfd e.Imp erfect: id miinfd it.Future : id mcrhcmiinidcn.

P erfect: id babegemiinfdt.P lup erfect: id battegemiinidt.Future P erfect: id merhegemiinidtbaben.

1 79 . SYNOP SIS OF STRONG VEEBS ’ IN THE IND ICATIVE .

fieblm,to stea l ; balten,to hold ; Minimum,

to swim,

heridtninhm,to disapp ear .

P rincip a l P arts : ftebl en, itabI, arftnbl en ; baiten, bielt,gr baiten; fdmimmen, idmamm, gr idmnmmen; oer

idminh en, ncridmanh, ncridmnnh en.

P resent: id itcbl e, baite, idmimme, neridminh e.Imp erfect: id itabi, birlt, idmamm, ocridmanh.

Future : id mcrhc itcbien, balten, idmimmen, veridminhen.

P erfect: id babegeitnbien, babegcbaitcn; id bingcidmnmmen,binncridmnnhcn.

P lup erfect: id batte geftnbicn, batte gebaltcn ; id mar geidmammcn, mar ncridmnnhen.

Future P erfect: idmerhcgcitobienbaben, merhcgcbaltenbabcn;id werbegcidmnmmcn fein, werbe neridmnnhen fein.

1 Forthe full inflection of a weak verb, see 2 7 8 .

9 Forthe full inflection of a strongverb, see 2 79 .

mm IMPERFECT TENSE . 98

1 8 0 . Asthe forms ofthe strongand weak conjugation: wen com

pared inthe presenttense so now comparethem inthe imperfecttense and perfectparticiple and makethe needful observations.

1 8 1 1 . Ithas already been observed (9 8 )thatverbs denotinga change of state or condition, andthose denotingmotion from,to, ortowards a place, are conjugated with iein. Such are : einfdjlafen,tofall as leep ani

’maden, ermatb’en,to awake ; eriranten,to become ill ;geneien,to recover ; werhen,to become ; geben,to 9 0 ; reiten,to ride ;

Intent,to run ; fallen,ta fall idmimmen,to swim.

NOTE .— Butif manner or duration oftime is indicated ,then babeu

is used asthe auxiliary of verbs ofmotion, notiein: id babe cine balbeStunhegeidmommen ; er batfebrgutgeritten.

2 . The verbs iein,to be, bleiben,to remain, and gcfdeben,to happen,take iein asthe auxiliaryid bingemefen, I have been.

id bingeblieben, I have remained.

caii! gefdeben, ithas happened.

Nora . Intransitive verbs, when used with a reflexive pronoun,take [when asthe auxiliary : er butfid warm gelaufen, he has madehimself warm by running.

1 8 2 . fi nigabe.

[Rememberthata dependentclause musthavethe verb last. Read

again 1 5 5 ,1 and 2. The commonestconjunctionsbeginningdependent

clauses are : do, when ; menu, if, when; mil, because ; has (inhas) ,that. Tothese,which have already occured, add bu, as, since ; mibrenh,while ; nudhem,

after ; ob, whether ; ebe, before; obgleid, although.

Forthe full list, seeI. 1 . A dogstole a piece ofmeatand swam across a river

with it. 2 . When 1the doghad stolenthe meat, he wantedto swim acrossthe river . 3 . Whilsthe was swimminginthe water, he saw another dog; for hetook his own imagefor another dog. 4 . The latter 2 also had a piece of meat.5. As he wishedto havethis meatalso, he snapped atit,1 The when of narration is ale; of interrogation is warm; implying

condition is menu.

3 The latter, hic{cr ;theformer , jean .

94 EIGHTEENTH LESSON.

buthis own fell intothe water and disappeared. 6. Inthemomentwhen he snapped atthe other dog’s meat, his owndi sappeared

‘inthe water. 7 . Athief stole my watch outof my

gpocketlastnight. 8 . When I perceived it, he had

already disappeared. 9. I wantedto run after him,but

my friend held me back. 10 . Mr. N. became a poor manthrough indolence, and has remained a poor man all his l ife.

11 . “ Thathas become of‘your brother 12. He has goneto America. 13 . Can you swim acrossthe river 14 . Oh

yes, I have already swum across it“threetimes.II. 1 . fiber ibuuéfnedthes boteletrugmir beute Sliorgen,nadhem id meine fliednungbegabltbatte, mein (bender auf hasShampfboot; abcr ale id bintam, fanh id, haber meine fiat:idadtcl anh ilieifetafdenergeficn batte. 2 . 3d idiclte ibn ioglcidin has Spotel gurilci, unh er neriprad idnell angeben. 3 . 2iber

faummar cr fort, inbbrte id, mic einer non {einen S cianntenibmauricf

": ibn branditaidtan laufcn; hasS dififiibrtnod

langc nidtab. 4 . 3d nabmmir unterhcficnmein SBilIetnadQionn, anh her ibaneincdttamgetchenod 31: rcdter8citmitheneergcfienenS adengattici, henn has S difffnbr idonnad einigenSlRinutén, ‘Banitbalb 8 llbr, ab. 5 . fici idbnem ilBetter reifeid lieber mithem SDampfbootaltanf (mit) her S iienbabn.

6. Slianriebthie (Siegenh befier anh brandtnidi auf einem anh

hem{clbcn SBlabefiben"

an bleiben, {anhcrnman lann binunh ber

geben; and fannman ctmaean efien anh antrinlen bciommen7 . fibernidi alleSDampfldificaufhemSlibein finh aufe bequemiteeingcridtct.8 . ills id in has Simmertam, fanh id, hobmein i later eingeidlafenmar ; abcr ha idmubte, hafier hienorbcrgebenhcSladt1 See page 80 , note 8.

2 See 1 5 5 ,3 .

8 all his, iein senate. By

whatcase is n ofollowed 5 across it, biniiier. 0 Observethatin a

dependentclausethe separable prefix is notdisjoined fromthe rootofthe verb.7 Observethatwith bleiben an infinitive is used like a

presentparticiple, and denotes manner.

Slenmebnte Seltion.

1 8 4 . RELAT IVE AND INTERROGAT IVE PRONOUNS .

ReinRefiemirh hen langeubrief, hefien3nbaltibm is hielsmitegemadtbat, beantmarten, ebe id honmeinemSwain :

gong, hen id ebenmadenmill, 3nrii¢geiebrtbin.

My nephew will answerthe longletter,the contents of

which have given him so much joy, before I have returnedfrom my walk which I am justgoingtotake.

1 85 . PARADIGMS .

her, hie, hat; melder, melde, meldee, who, which,that.SINGULAR

her. hie. has. meldes.

hefien. heren. hefien.

hem. her. hem.

hen hie. has.

PLURAL.

melde.mat, what?

1 8 6 . Observe inthe model sentence (1)thatthe relative, likecertain conjunctions, requiresthe verbto be placed atthe end oftheclause , andthatwhenthe verb is in a compoundtense ,the auxiliarycomes last; (2)thatthe perfectmay be used instead ofthe futureperfectin a dependentclause, justas in English : here, ”financial-tbin instead ofgarbagelebrtieinwerhe.NOTE . None ofthe pronounsgiven inthe paradigms are originally

and properly relatives. is a demonstrative pronoun, and welder,wet, and me are interrogatives. As relatives, her and welder areused almostwithoutdistinction. A s welder has no genitive, itborrowsthe genitive of her. an andwasare used inthe singular only.

melder meldem.

melde. meldct.MA SC. a FEM . NEUTER.

mer, who ? mas, what?mefien, whose ? mefien, of what?mcm,to whom ?

men, whom ?

RELATIV E AND INTERROGATIvE PRONOUNS . 97

I.

1 . 3d iann Sbnen nidthen Sliamen hes Slllannetfagcn,melder (or her) beutenod Sbuca gefragtbat, I cannottell youthe name ofthe man who inquired afl er youto-day.

2 . {bier ifthasdad, has (or meldce) S icmirgebrodtboben,here isthe book which you have broughtme.

3 . S ic bobenmir has 2ind gcbradt, mosmid febr freut, youhave broughtmethe book

, (a circumstance) which gives memuch p leasure.

(a) Observethatifthe pronoun refersto a particular word, calledthe antecedent,the proper form of her or melder is used. Butifthereference istothe contents of a clause, in“ is used.

II.

1 . filter nidtbbrenmill , maBfilblen, he who will nothear,mustfeel .2 . fl athu beutetbun iannft, neridiebc nidtouf morgen,

do notputof tillto-morrow what(thatwhich) you can do

3 . 99a?» befte, mos S ic boben, iftnidtgu gut,the bestyouhave is nottoo good.

4 . fillies, mas id babe, ioll hein iein, a ll I have sha ll be

5 . illidte, mas er gebortbat, batibm fliergniigen gemadt,thinghe has hea rd has given him p leasure.

6. SDaB, mos er crabbitbat, iftnollfommcn mabr, whathehas related is p erfectlytrue .

(b) Observe (1)thatmetand in“ may be used inthe sense of he

who ,thatwhich ; (2)thatwas is used after neuter adjectives, especiallyinthe superlative, whenthey are employed substantively also afterallee, nidts, and has ;to which add eth os, mandes, and perhaps

aides and weniges; (3)thatthe relative is notomitted in German as

itfrequently is in English .

98 NINETEENTH LESSON.

1 8 8 . A relative pronoun is seldom used after a preposition, ifthereference istothings, notpersons. Instead ofthe relative pronounthe adverbtho, where, is used, combined with a preposition : unfit,forwhich orwhat; maria, inwhich or what; insu lt, withwhich orwhatmanna, of which or what; Moran} , from which or what; mutant, uponwhich or what; worfibn ,

aboutwhich or what, etc. COmparetheEnglish wherein, whereof , wherdry, wherewith, etc. When does itappearthatins becomes nor? Compare withthis 5 4 .

fl nfgabe.I. 1 . Our nephews will answerthe longletters,the contents 1 of which 2 have giventhem so much joy, before wereturn. 2. I hopethe contents ofthe letters which youreceivedthi s morninghave given you pleasure . 3 . This

isthe letterthe contents of which have given us so much

pleasure. 4 . My sister, whose letter has made me so sad,

is ill . 5. My brother,whose letter I have notyetanswered,will returnto-morrow. 6. My parents,whose letters alwayscontain somethingnew,

”will return from Paris in a few days.

7 . Will youtell methe name ofthe boy whose letter youansweredthi s morning 8 . Will youtell me whose lettersyou answered yesterday 9. Won

’tyoutell me with whomyou have madethe excursion 10 . Please Show metheman whom you have asked. 11 . Allthathe has said about‘the excursion istrue. 12 . Whathe has said aboutAmericawas newto me . 13 . Your nephew related somethingthatI cannotbelieve.II. 1 . grit,geigemir hod (hat)washu fiirmorgenan lernenbait! 2 . 3dbabe es aidtlernen f’

o’

nncn ; id babe ia‘iein Qiud.

3 . iillein lieber Stefie, ioufe ia nidts, mas non feinemSRutcn ift!1 The singular, her sabolt.3 The relative comes firstin its clause, as in Latin.

8 See page 38, note 3.

Use ilhetwiththe accusative.5 See page 88, note 1.

10 0 NINETEENTH LESSON.

molltc, iftcine QScrmanhte can one. 4 . Shoethud , aufhemStiid liegt, cntbéiltcine biibidc Sry‘iblung.5. Ticinb eglciter, (gen) 25cionntidaftidmadtc, alsmir

nad QB. reiften, ifticbr untcrboltcnh. 6. Slloricne SBcglciterin,(gem) Roth cbenio idmcr mar, mic her ibrigc, acigte mcbr

(Schulh ole ftc. 7 . 3d babe has sISfcrh, (defialtanh ‘

fyarbe

Sbnen iniebrgcfc'

illt, non (inglonh erbalten.

8 . fiber filogcl, non mir iprodcn, mar ein ilhlcr. 9 . S ic

idbnemcifie i aubc, non mir ipradcn, gebhrtmeinemSladbor.

10 . S inh S ic in hem Simmer gcmeicn, in her S diilcr

arbeitct?11 . sither bofmciftcr (bouslcbrer) , er filr {cine Rinhcr

angenommen bot, cin SDcutidcr ohcr cingr oup ie? 12 . SithieGrgicbcrin er fiir feine

cit'bdter angenommen

bat, cineSDeutide ohcr cinet{yrangsbfini 13 . Shoebout, Sbr

berr iBotcr unsgeigte, ift{don nermictet.14 . 3d harf Sbncn hen illtatm (hie ! rou) nidtnenncn,csmir crabbltbat. 15 . 3d horfSbnen nidtfagcn,

mir cratibltbat.16. mieics ifther S dillcr (hieS dillerin) , fibericbung

S ic corrigicrtboben. 17 . 290 c S ic mirgcfiilligftfagcn,fiberietungS ic eben corrigiertboben?18 . bier ifthcr S anger (hieStingerin) , non mir has

idbneSl ich bobenfingenbbrcn. 19 . 3dweifinidtmcbr, nonid has idbncBich babe fingen bbrcn.

20 .

‘Dieics ifther fi chicnte (hie illogh) , hard (by)er mir has Dbitgcianhtbat. 21 . illlorum mollcn S ic mir

heridmcigcn, hurd ermir hasDbftgcianhtbat?22. billet, auf hem i iid licgt, gcbbrtmir. 23 . 3d iab

inhem Sohennidte, mirgefiel . 24 . Shoe, ermir ergc'

ibltc,mubtc id idon barber.

RELATIVE AND INTERROGATIVE PRONOUNS . 10 1

1 9 1 .

her itchientc, cin fiehientcr,servant. Cf. her S icner.

her 8 cglcitcr, companion.

her E‘

s-rangoie, Frenchman.

her bofmeiiter, bouslcbrcr,her Q orb, basket.her Stinger, singer.

hie dictanntjdaft,ance .

hie Shame, lady. Cf. hiegran.

hie(itgiiblung, story,narration.

hie Graiebérin, (bouuernantc,

VOOABULARY.

hie (Siehulh, patience.

hie (Sicftalt, form, shape,

hic Sagh, hunt; aufhie

geben,to go hunting.

unterbaltenh entertaining.

harber,previously,beforehand,

“ lie“ :toj ourney,travel.itlweisen. itwieg,geidmicgen,to be silent.icnhcn, ianhtc,gcianht,to send.

Cf. ididen.

nermictcn,to let, rent.ucridmcigen, ueridmieg, oer

{dmiegemto concea l .

3non5igite 2errica.

1 9 2 . SEPARABLE AND INSEPARABLE PREFIXES .

Strictfinhmabl hietonhnner Seitungen, melde harbin iiirS ie aniomen fiber lamhennnidi and eine iranaiiiiide fiirmeinen anther ? (itbefommtia iehenthinned eine hon

einemblariiermeant. 3a, Sbe berr Brnher butand eineSeitungbefnmmen(embiangen, erbalten), abeterbatfieingleideingeftedt(in hieh idegefteot) nnhmitgenommen.

These, I suppose, arethe London newspapers which came

for you a l ittle while ago Butdid notalso a French one

come for my brother You know he receives one from a

Paris friend every Wednesday. Yes, your brother hasalso received a newspaper, buthe immediately putitintohis pocketandtook itwith him.

1 9 3 . 1. Observethatsonhoner and flutter are examples of

adjectives formed from names oftowns by addinger, andthattheyare used withoutinflection.

2. Rememberthatin a dependentclause — lucide autumn;the separable prefix is notdisjoined fromthe rootofthe verb. How

is itifthe sentence is notdependentSee 5 9 .

1 94 . The prefixes be, com, ent, er, ge, her, andget, arenever separated fromthe verbs with whichthey are com

pounded. The prefix mic (mifi) is rarely separable. The

preposition mihet, against, is also used as an inseparable

prefix . Verbs compounded withthese prefixes do nottakethe additional prefix ge in formingthe pastparticiple.

How is itwith verbs compounded with separable prefixes

1 0 4 TWENTIE'

I‘H LESSON.

2. Feminine appellatives are formed fromthe above masculines byaddingintothose endingin er, and by substitutingin for final e ; buthie c

(granabfin, hieweutjde.

3 . Names of countries, with few exceptions, are neuter.

fl nfgabe.

[Read againI. 1 . Arethese Paris papers 2 . N0 ,they are notFrench, but1 German papers ; I getthem every Saturdayfrom a Frankfort2 friend. 3 . When didthey come

4 . They came a l ittle while ago. 5 . Will you puttheminto your pocketandtakethem with you for your brother6. P lease putthis Engl ish newspaper in your pocketandgive itto your parents. 7 . This is

,I suppose,the LondonIllustrated News,8 which your Sister gota little while ago

8 . I begyour pardon,this is an old one of lastweek ;theone

‘which she receivedthis morningshe immediately putinto her pocketandtook with her . 9 . Has your Dutchfriend arrived whom you have been expectingthe wholeweek 10 . Yes, she arrived lastnightand broughthertwo children with her.

11. 1 . fl atcntbolt‘hieics Storbdcn? 2. Tlcinc Titanic ibotcinige (bier bincin, meldc cine

‘

Jyrou oom Sanh ibr ocrfouftbat.bier finh fie. 3 . 2530 foufen S ic 3bre (tier ? 4 . 3d loufc fie

feltenoufhemMorftnhetin einemSohcn ; cine Cl‘s-tau oomSlanhe,meldc ielbftbiibner biilt, oeriorgtmid hamitidon feit3 ohcr 4Sobren. 5 . 3d mab ibr ctmos mcbr begoblcn, abcr id fonn

mid harauf ocrlaficn, hob ftc friid finh. 6. QBir eben jchcn

Elllorgcn (bier gum b tfid. 7 . Wm S ic fie gernmeid ohcr

1 How Should butbetranslated here See page 71 , note 3.

9 Grantinrter.3 alluitrierte 8eitung.4the one, hieienige.

SEPARABLE AND INSEPARABLE PREFIXES . 10 5

bartgefotten (gciodt) ? 8 . QBeid geiotten ; id bolte hie bartgciottcnen fiir unocrhoulid (indigestible) .9 . S prcdcn S ic hcutid, Sr iiulcin S . ? 10 . Slod nidt, aber

id babe ongcfangcn, es an lernen. 11 .

‘l ici mcm nebmen S ic

llnterridt? 9bei berruD. 12 . QBicoicleStunhenbobenS ichie1QBodei Smei . 13 . S os iftfoumgenug; mennS icraidc$ortjdrittemadenmollcn, milben S icmcnigftens 3 bis1 4 Settionenhic QBodc nebmen, unh iehenS agcinechermcbrercStunhen aufhas Stuhium hes fibeutidcn ocrmenhen. 14 . flieriiiumen S ic ia

nidt, hic {don ilbcriebtcn ilufgobcn in Sbrer (Sirommatii flcibiganmicherbolen unh hem S ehbdtnis feiteingupriigcn ; unh mcnnS ic cin wenigmciter oorgeidritten finh, benubcn S ic iehe(belegcnbcit, hie fid Sbncn harbietet, hcutid 5a ipredcn.

1 9 8 .

her §Bohen, ground, floor .

hie (belcgcnbcit, opp ortunity.

hie Giramma'tif, grammar

has (Sehiidtnis, memory ; hem

(Behiidtniseinpragen,tocommitto memory.

haBStuhium,study.

felt, firm, fast°

felten, seldom .

menigfiend, atleast.abwerfen, morfob, obgemorfcn,tothrow ofl

'

.

anfangen, fingon, ongcfangen,

VOCABULARY.

benagen,to use, make use of:

Cf. (hebroud maden non.

har'bictcn, bothor, horgcbotcn,to of er . Cf. anbieten.

crmorten,to exp ect, lookfor .

bincintbun,tbatbincin, bincingetban,to p utinto.

fichen, iott, geiotten,to boil.Cf. iodcn.

oerfiiumen,to neglect.oeriorgen,to p rovide.

nermcnhen auf,to devoteto.

ooridreiten, idrittoor, corgefdritten ( L ),to advance.

1 Observethe idiom.

1 0 6 TWENTIETH LESSON.

1 9 9 . fi nigabc.

1 . How manytimes 1 a week 2 do you receive English

papers 2. We receive Engl ish papers every day, andtwice a week we getGerman papers. 3 . Mrs. C. hastakenthe American paper with her which came for herthis afternoon. 4 . Miss M. hastranslatedthe Italian letter for mewhich I received lastnight. 5. Hetranslatedthis exercisewithouta mistake. 6. How did you entertain your Frenchfriends who were with you lastweek 7 . Wetookthemtwice with ustothetheatre and onceto a concert; weShowedthemthe zoological gardens and al lthat8 isto beseen

‘in ourtown. 8 . P lease hold somethingunder, or stheink will flow on

6the floor. 9 . On our ride we cameto a

ditch and crossed over . 10 . Poor boy, his pony ran away"

with him andthrew him off.

1 Etc hielmol.9 In German,the week. Of. 1 9 7 , II. 12, 13 ; 1 2 7 , 15 ; etc. The

German employsthe definite article in a distributive sense, wheretheEnglish usesthe indefinite article.

3 See 1 8 7 (b)4 After iein,to be, and liebeu,to stand,the active infinitive is

frequently used in Germanwith a passive sense. SOwe say,this houseisto let;there is nothingto do.

5 innit.0 Whatcase does outtake here7 hurd

’

gebeu.

3nd anh annngigfte Selim.

20 5 . CONDIT IONAL SENTENCES .

Q ie{guanine hesgettn‘QunhtnmnnSat, Shresgamma,

nuiirhefid) unable: hefinhen, wenn fie ineinemgeinnheeenfinniewohnte unb hefietes lBufietbitte, nnh er felhitnaiirhe nidjtfrontgemnrhen fein, wenn er ithun huteinem balten 3amansgeangenwire.The family of CaptainBar, your brother-ih -law,

would be

in better health, ifthey lived in a healthier house and had

better water, and he himself would nothave become ill, ifhe had removed half a year ago.IMPERFECT TENSE .

Indicative.

id) batte, I had . mitbatten, we had.

id) war, Iwas. mitmarcn, we were.

id) murhe,’ I became. mitmuthen, we became.

id) Iobte, I p raised . mitIobten, we p raised .

i‘b hefanh mid) , I found my mir hefanhen uni» , we foundourselves.

id) 80 9 0 113, I removed . mil:gogen (1116, we removed .

id) fdflug, I struck. mitfcblugen, we struck.

Subj unctive.

id) batte, I shou ld have. mitbatten, we shou ld have.

id) mate, I shou ld be. mitmiiten, we shou ld be.

id) milrhe, I shou ld become. mitwilthen, we shou ld become.

ich Iobte, I shou ld p raise. mitlobten, we shou ld p raise.

id) befiinhemid) , I shou ldfind mitbefiinhen unB, we shou ld

find ourselves.

id) aoge auB, I shou ld remove. mit353mau6,weshou ld remove.

ichfrblilge, I shou ld strike. mitfdfliigen, we shou ld strike.

1 Observethis complimentary use of em before anothertitle. So,

in formal address, she beer Butte, SbrcGranGemahlin, aimGrin:leins limmer, etc . A lso id loath, hnnathil, er loath. Bntintheplural only h itmarten, etc.

112 TWENTY-SECOND LESSON.

2 1 0 . SEOOND CONDITIONAL.

id mitthegehabtboben, I should have had.

id miirhegemeien iein, I shou ld have beenid) miirhe 9&ta iein, I should have become.

id miirhegelobtboben, I should have p raised.

id miirhemid Befunhen boben, I should have found myself:id miirhe ansgeaogen iein, I shou ld have removed.

id miirhegeidlagen boben, I should have struck.

2 1 1 . Observe (1)thatthe firstconditional is formed by addingthepresentinfinitivetothe imperfectsubjunctive, infirm,

ofthe verbtu rban ; (2)thatthe second conditional is formed by addingthe perfectinfinitiveto milthc ; (3)thatinthe pluperfectand second con

ditionalthe auxiliary is ieinor “ hen, accordingto 1 8 1 , l and 2.

2 1 2 . 1 . Formthe imp erfectand p lup erfectsubjunctive andthetwo conditiona ls ofthe followingweak verbs arbeiten,Beiuden, broaden, fid fiirdten, Iegen, lichen, maden, rehen,ididen.

2 . Givethe sameforms ofthefollowingstrongverbsPRES. Iur . PRES. IMP . PRES . IMP .

INFIN. INDIc. INFIN. INDIC . INr IN. INDIc.

breden, Brad . laufen, lief. jpreden, fprad.

henten, hadte. lejen, Iaa. tragen, trng.geben, ging. nehmen, nahm. trinien, tranf.balten, hielt. jdcinen, idien. oerfteben, verftanh.tommen, tam feben, jab. mifien, wufite.

lafien, Iiet. iein, mar. gieben, gog

2 1 3 . The imperfectSubjunctive is often used instead Ofthe firstconditional , andthe pluperfectsubjunctive very often in place ofthesecond conditional, particularly inthe conclusion of hypothetical sentenoes, whetherthe condition is expressed or only implied : id idricheeinen flrief (for id iniirheeinenBriefidreihen) ,menu idQu ietbitte,I should write a letter, if I had some paper ; has j iittc ans antacitgeii

'

drt(for has b litheantanmeltgefiiljrtboben) ,thatwould have led

CONDITIONAL SENTENCES . 118

2 1 4 . aufgabe.I. 1 . Captain B., your brother-in-law, would be in better

health,if he l ived in a healthier house. 2. Had 1 your

brother-in-law always lived in a healthier house, he wouldbe 2 in better health. 3 . Captain B. would have been in

better health, if he had lived in a healthier house and had

had better water . 4 . Captain B.

’s family would nothave

become ill, ifthey 8 lived in a healthier house and had

better water. 5. They would be in better health now,ifthey had removed half a year ago. 6. Had your brother

in-law’s family removed outofthis unhealthy house half a

year ago,they would nothave become‘ ill . 7 . How is “

Captain N., your brother-in-law,to-day 8 . Notvery wel l,thank you he suffers from " headache . 9. You would not,I suppose,8 have removed‘outofthis handsome and con

venienthouse, ifthe water had been better.

11. 1 . 921m, Eliobert, id babe hid in geftern nidi auf hem(Sitgeieben. 2. QBietommthas? Baufi

'thu aidtgernS dlittzidab ? 3 . D, iebr gern, anh id mitthe and bingegangen jein(idwi re and bingegangen), menn id nidtgefardtetbitte, ein=gubreden. 4 . 231: jdeinjteingrofier baienfufian iein. 5 . $0 11

braudjthid nidtabetmid luftig3a maden; wenn hu einen

iibnliden llnfaII gebabtbiittejt, mie id, miirheftha mabl nabersjpreden. 6. 921m, was filteinena aII baithu henngebabt?7 . 3d bin einmal eingebroden, unh miirhe fiderlid ertrunfeniein (mi re ertrunfen), meanmid nidteinTlann an hen baaren

ergrifien anh berauegeaogen biitte. 8 . €>eithieferBeitfinh’ andmeineGitern febr iingjtiid, unh warhen jebr ungebaiten hariiberiein, menn id obne ibre Cinmilligungauf has (Sis ginge.

1 Asthe conditional word menu is notexpressed,the clause beginsin German, as in English , withthe verb.

9 See page 80 , note 8.

8 Rememberthatgumilie is nota plural noun.4 Express intwo

ways. See 2 1 3 .5 befinhei fid.

5 German courtesy requires ustosay Ithank you before notvery well. 7 M ore from, Itihttan,3 See 19 2 .

9 have been.

114 TWENTY-SECOND LESSON.

9 . flBenn iehcrmann hadte, mic ha, {0 {abcman imQBintcr nidtjo nieIe Seute aufhem (tie. 10 . SDaemag

l

iein ; aber eamurhcn

and aidtjo riele ungliicfefiillc roriommen. 11 . 50 a baithafliedt; idgebe has an. 12 . Cruise

‘BorjidtiftaIIcrhinge not:mcnhig, imb menn meine Eltern aidtmiifitcn, butid febr norjidtigbin, in Iiefsen fie mid mabrideinlid and nidtgeben.

13 .

c

l”

s-ran 58 . gab lettcn SDiatageinenglingcnhcn 23a“ ; ndren

Gie bier gemejen, ia miirhen c<5ic and cine (Einiahungerbaltenbabcn. 14 . 3br

‘

J-tenah, her 650 i”: hes iberra Dr . élRiiIIcr, batte

ebenfalle cine (i inlahungbeiommen, anhmitthefieand angenommen baben, mcnn cr nidt{don rorber einc ahengemejenwi re.

15 . 3d bchaure redi beralid, butid non meiner illeijc nidtfriibcr guriicifommen fonntc ; es miirhc mir grofsce flicrgniigcn

gemadtbabcn, hen iball an bejudcn, ha id febrgerntangc.

2 1 5 . VOCABULARY.

her bajcnfufi, coward. giiingenh, brilliant.hic Seutc p eop le. not'mcnhig, necessary.

hieGdiittfdube skates. fiderlid,certa inly.

her Stung, dance. Cf.tangcn. i m'

gebalten iiber, disp leased at.her, UnfaII, mishap ,

accident. behauem,to regret.

her llnglilcftfall , misfortune. hcnfen, hadtc,gebadi, rethink.

hic Gin'milligung, p ermission. ergreifen, ergriff, ergrificn,to

hie illorfidt, foresight, p re seize.

caution. ertrinfcn, crtrani , ertrnnfcn ( L ),haBCid, ice. to be drowned.

has fiber; (hes dcraene, pl . hie EdlittjdubInnien( L ) ,to skate.

Séeraen) , 7m m fid luftigmaden ither,to makeabnlid,

similar .

aflerhinge, of course,to be sure. rorfommen,tamnor, oorgefomanhc ,

otherwise. men ( L ) ,to occur .

iingjtlid,anxious. gugeben, gab 5a, angegeben,to

cbcnfalle, likewise. admit.cr batflledi (naredi) , he is right(wrong) .86 iftredt(naredi), itis right(wrong) .

1 Observethis use of mosen.

116 TWENTY-THIRD LESSON.

2 19 . The imperfectsubjunctive ofthe MODAL AUX IL

IAR IES is frequently used instead ofthe firstconditional ,andthe pluperfectsubjunctive always instead ofthe secondconditional. Other verbs allowthe second conditional .22 0 . l itigate.I. 1 . If you had practised more di ligently, you could

have madegreater progress.

1 2. You should have practisedmore diligently,then’

you would have made greatprogressin your music. 3 . Ifthey were inclinedto practise morediligently,they could make good progress. 4 . H is brotheroughtto have been more diligent,then he would have madegreater progress. 5 . He would l iketo be ableto play well,buthe will 8 nottake pains. 6. He would have l ikedtopractise diligently, buthe had notime for it. 7 . If one

wantsto make progress, one musttake pains. 8 . If your

sister wantedto make progress, She would be obl igedtotake more pains. 9. If your Sister had wantedto makeprogress, she would have been obl igedtotake more pains.II. 1 . 8d modtc gcrn ein wenigillujfijd lernen, ha idauditee Sabr auf cinige Elllonate nad illctcreburggeben foil .2. Rbnnten (d iemir nicIIcidteinen Scbrer her rufiifdcn é pradecmpfebleni 3 . 3d ibnnte 3bnen mob! einen empfeblcn; aberid fiirdte, S ic merhcn hie fluejpradc unh hie (tirammatif iajdmer finhen, haf; Giehas Stuhiumnidtlangcfortjetenmerhcn.

4 . 28m} aber foil id henn ibani 5 . 8d mid mid hod rcr

jtiinhlid maden fonncn, mcnn id biniommc. 6.

sRad meinerTleinungmi re eB beficr, mcnn S ic SDeutjd Icrnten; henn hieie6 prademirh in Sllctcreburgson febr rieIcn ‘Berjonen, SDeatidcnjomobl ale Silufien, gcjproden, To hafses Sbnennidtan {d inermerhcn hiirfte,‘ fibre (Siejdiifte mittelftherjclben abaumaden.

1 Plural , as inthe model sentence.

2 Why canthis clause be

expressed intwo ways, butnotthe lastclause of l and 9, andthe firstclause of 6 3 Why notwith 4 would p robably. The imperfectsubjunctive of hnricndenotes a probable contingency.

SUBJUNCTIVE or MODAL AUXILIARIES . 117

7 . Tan, hannmiifite id abcr mobl balh anfangen, menn idmirnor meiner ilbreiic hie notmcnhigenRenntnific aneignen mollte;henn SDcutjd full 1 and jebr jdmcr iein. 8 . flBcnn C ir balh

geben mollen, bitten C‘Bie allerhinge {don nor einiger 8eitanfangen fallen.

9 . ibm D. , hen C ie ia fennen, Toll grofie iBerlnjte erlittenboben ; er wirh, micman fagt, {cineSablnngcn einftellenmiifien.

10 . Ga jollte’ mir lcihtbnn, mcnn has Ceriidtmcbr wi re.

1 1 .tbater henn icinegrcunhc, hie im Stunhe finh, ibm an

belfen? 12. (Sr batte {id in feinc iagefiibrlidcn Gretulationeneinlaficn jollen, bannmi re cs nidi jo meitmitibm gciommen.

13 . (<5elbftmenn ergreenhefinhen jollte,2 hie bereitmi ren, ibman bclfen, jo hiirftecs hic{cn jdmermerhen, ibmbelfenau ibnncn.

14 . 3d mbdtemiijen, mas cr antbnngchcnit, menn csmirilidan einer Bablnngseinjtellunglommen jolltc. 15 . Shah er hodSIRittcl nnh QBege fiinhe, ans hic{cr Sage bcrauegntommcn !22 1 . VOCABULARY.

her umgang, her i lcricbr, in hae Gieriidt, report, rumor .terco urse. has Smittel, midst; means .

her i lcrluft, loss. mitteljt, rerinitteljt(withhieflufifprade, p ronunciation.

hieRenamis (mostly used in erleihen, erlitt, erlitten, topl . Renntnific), knowledge.

hie Sage, situation. fort'fegen,to continue.

hieeprade, sp eech, language. gehenfen, gebadtc, gebadi,tobie fihung, exercise, p ractice. intend,tothink of!

has (Bejdaft, business ; (Sic: tbun,tbat, gctban,to do.

fdiiftemaden,to do business.

1 is said. See 14 0 ,4.

1 The imperfectof fallen is often used, as here, inthe condition or

conclusion of hypothetical sentences, like our should, notimplyingobligation, but, withthe dependentinfinitive, virtually equivalenttothe firstconditional . Milan is similarly used.

118 TWENTY-TH I RD LESSON.

imStunhe Iain,to be in a cond ition,to be able.

jid Renntnifie aneignen,to acqu ire knowledge.

fid uefltdnhlid maden,to make one’s self understood .

fid auf6 pcfulationen einlafien,to engage in sp eculations.hieSablangcinjtellcn,to stop p ayment.2 22 . a igabe.I. 1 . Sbe 6dmager jolItc fid in her engliidcn llmgangeirradcmcbr iibcn, hann miirhc cr fliefienher jpreden. 2 . 3dmiinjdc, id hiirfte hie ‘Borlcjnngcn, meldc dcrr Dr . SR. hic{cnFIBintcr biilt, befuden; idglaube, id ibnntc niel harin lernen3 . (tr mbdte mid gern anf meiner Elleijc begleiten, mcnn cr

hiirfte. 4 . 6 ic jolIten bei hiejem rauben QBetter aidtjo leidigcilcihetausgeben, meil C ic fid febr leidi erfiiltcn ibnnten.

5 . 23a Gicmorgen friibabreiienmolIcn, ia inlItcn 6 ic fid hiedotclrcdnnngjdon bente hibrah geben lafien, hamit'e ic hieetwaigen Srrtiimer bcridtigen ibnnten. 6. QBiircmeine illufgabejo nadliiiftggejdrieben, mic hie heine, in miibte id fie nodcinmal abidreiben. 7 . 3d miibtc riel (Siclh baben, mcnn id inher Qiejclljdafthieiee iberra reijenmolltc.II. 1 . He wasto have learned 1 French, buthe preferredlearning

2 German. 2. He oughtto learn French, sothathe could readthe French letters inthe counting-house .

3 . He oughtto have learntFrench, sothathe could have

read “ French letters. 4 . James must‘1 notputhis new hatontod ay, becausethe wind might“ blow itoff. 5 . He

woul d notbe allowedto puthis new hatonto—day, if itwere windy. 6. I should be sorry,

“ if I could notaccept1 Usethe perfectof fallen.

130 9 nor an lernen.

Be mindful ofthe order. See 15 5 ,2.

is notallowedto.

Use lbnnen.

6 Imperfectsubjunctive,tbite.

S ier untannngigfte Seltion.

2 24 . THE TENSE AUXILIARY merhen: PASS IVE voucs.

S iejer illalaft, melder im3nbr 1830 hen hemfibritena.

erbantmnrhe, nndhem her jriiberrtomgetter aerftiirtwarhenmar, mirh niidftr imnde nebil hem Idbnen illartherfieigertmerhen, ha (brather ichise Oefiter hi elben, jeinBer:

mbgen herivieltbutanh 3am armen Manngemorhen ift.This palace, which was builtby Prince A . inthe year

1830 , afterthe former had been destroyed by fire, will besold atauction nextweektogether withthe beautiful park,as CountB.the presentowner of it, has gambled away his

property and become a poor man.

2 25 . SYNOP S IS or merhcn AND OF A PA SS IVE VERE .

1

wethen,to become. lichen,to love.IND ICAT IVE.

PRE SENT.er wirh, he becomes . er wirh geliebt, he is (becomes)

loved .

IMPERFECT.er mnrhe (marh), he became,gotto er murhc (marh) geliebt, he wasbe. loved.

FUTURE .

er wirhmerhcn, he will become. er wirhgeliebtmerhcn, he will beloved.

PERFECT.er iftgcmorhcn, he has become. er iftgeliebtmorhen, he has been

loved.

PLUPERFECT.ermargcmorhen, he had become. er margeliebtmorhcn, he had been

loved.

FUTURE PERFECT.er wirhgemorhen iein, hewill have ermirbgeliebtmorhen iein, hewillbecome. have been loved.

1 Forthe complete inflection, see 2 7 8 ,II . , and 2 8 2 .

THE TENSE AUXILIARY mcrhen : PASSIVE VOICE . 121

SUBJUNCT IVE 1

PRE SENT.er merhc, he may become. er werhegeliebt, he may be loved.

IMPERrECT.

er miirhe, he mightbecome. ermurhegcliebt, hemightbe loved.

FUTURE .

er werbewerben, he will become. ermerhegeliebtwerben, he will beloved.

PERFECT.

er ici gemorhen, he may have be er jeigcliebtworben, he may havecome. been loved.

PLUPERFECT.er maregemorhen, he mighthave er miiregcliebtworben, he mightbecome. have been loved .

FUTURE PERFECT.

er werbe gemorhen iein, he will or werbe gcliebtmorhen iein, hehave become. will have been loved.

COND|T IONAL.

FIRST CONDITIONAL.

ermiirhcmerhen, hewould become. er mitthegeliebtmerhen, he wouldbe loved.

SECOND CONDITIONAL.

er murhcgemorhen iein, he would er miirhc geliebtmorhen iein, hehave become. would have been loved .

merhe, become.

merhen,to become.geworben iein,to have become.

geworben, havingbecome.

1 The meaningsgiven inthe subjunctive aremerely formal and hadbetter notbe learned bythe pupil.

IMPERAT IVE.

PRESENT.merhcgeliebt, be loved.

INFINIT IVES .

PRESENT.

l geliebtmerhen,to be loved.

PERFECT.

geliebtmorhen iein,to haveloved.

PARTIC IPLES .

PRESENT.

merhenh, becoming.

PERFECT.

geliebtworben, havingbeen loved.

122 TWENTY-FOURTH LESSON.

2 26 . Observe inthe passive voice (1)thatevery form is made bycombiningthe pastparticiple ofthe verbto be conjugated withthecorrespondingform of merhen, exceptthatthe participle gonna “

everywhere loses its augmentse ; (2)thatthis pastparticiple precedesthe participle and infinitive of lumen, whereverthey occur. Hence

er ingeliebtmerhen, he has been loved ; ermirhgeliebtnethen, he willbe loved.

2 2 7 . Examinethetwo followinggroups of sentencesI.

1 . SDaBS dlofiiftacrftort,the castle is destroyed.

2 . fiber Rnabcmar verloren,the boy was lost.3 . S cin done mar guteingeridtet, his house was well f un

nished.

Sbic fl atter finh jdon bcjdmubt, the leaves are soiled

II.

1 . fiber ‘Balaftmarbe erbaut,thep a lace was built.2 . fiber Rnabemirh von feinem dialergeliebt,the boy is loved by

his father .

3 . mieicr Qiricf mujsgcjdriebcn werben,this letter mustbeSbic Edriften Cdillcrsmerhen viel gclcjen, Schiller’s works

are much read .

2 2 8 . l . The participlesgernbrt, herleren, eingeridtet, heidmntt, ofthe firstgroup, evidently denotethe state or condition ofthe objectstowhichthey refer, ratherthanthe action performed uponthem. In

other words,they have given uptheir verbal character and have

become virtually adjectives.

2. Inthe secondgroupthe participles are notdescriptive ofthe stateor condition ofthe objectsto whichthey refer ; a builtpalace, a lovedboy, a written letter, read works, do notconveythe meaning. The actsof building, loving, writing, readingarethe importantth ing.

3 . InturningEnglish sentences likethose of 22 7 into German, use

iein, if a state or condition is denoted , merhen, ifthe stress is ontheact; for inthe latter casethe sentence is a real passive.

124 TWENTY-FOURTH LESSON.

7 . Roamwar hasRorbdjen roll Slit-[cbcn son be: 3m : anfbenStijd) gejtelltmerhen, ale fie non benRinbern berauégenominenunb gegefien murben. 8 . 2lbel mutbe non {einem immer Gainericblagen. 9 . Sbic Grafiblungmirh non bemSetter norgeleienunbnonbem6 cbiiler nacbgelejen. 10 . 2m(battenbeebermElli .mirh non ibm miteiner Slllauer umgeben.

mufi non ben S chil lern auemenbiggelerntmerhen.

11 .

“Ditties ©ebidjt12. ibis

SBerier murben non ben (Sitiecben in oericbiebenen S chladjtenbeftegt.2 3 0 .

be: 2lrti'fel, article .

betSBeuteI, purse.

bet lightning.

be: beimmeg, way home.

be: Snbalt, contents.

bet3obrmarft, fair .

betSilerfer, P ersian.

bie Silijto'le, p istol.bieGotteltafcbe, saddle-pocket.baabare (Sielb, cash.

cutter, outof; besides.

an‘Bfetb, on horseback.

gelaben, loaded.

abfteigen, fliegob, abgeftiegen( L ) to dismount.

VOCABULARY.

anhalten, bieltan, angehalten,to holdto,to stop .

auflejen, [atuni, aufgelejen,topick up .

Beftegen,to conquer, defeat.butcbfufl en,to examine.

einholen,to overtake.

eridj lagen, eridflug, etidj lagen,to slay, kill .

forbern, abforbern,to demand .

galoppieten ( L ),toga llop .

fteflen,top lace (up right) .umberftteuen,to scatter about.unterfu'djen,to search.

2 3 1 . mitigate.1 . The house oppositethe church, which is now occupied

by Mr . S .,has been enlarged and greatly improved bythe

presentowner . 2 . Itis arranged 1 inthe mostcomfortablemanner, and is, as you know, surrounded by a beautifulgarden. 3 . Mr . S. intendsto goto France nextyear andtolivethere, andtherefore itwill be sold. 4 . Itwould notbe

1 Read again 2 28 , 1.

THE cranes AUXILIARY merben: m ssrvn vows . 125

sold,if he hadthe intention of returning. 5 . Ithinkthe

sale ofthe house is contrarytothe wishes of his relatives.

6. My little brother was playingwith my watch and letitfall on 1the floor. 7 . When itwastaken up,the glasswas broken

,

2and when itwas examined inside, we foundthatthemainspringalso was broken. 8 . Itis agreatpity

butyou oughtto have put‘ itin a place wherethe littlefellow could nothave got“ it. 9. This clock is generallywound up after breakfast, is itnot10 . I see here isthekey ; shall I wind itup 11 . No,thank you, itis alreadywound up. 12. This looking-glass was brokenthe otherday ; do you knowwho broke it13 . I am sorryrto say itwas Charley ; buthe did notdo iton purpose, itwas byaccident.2 3 2 . VOCABULARY.

betiBurjdje, betRerl, fel low. gufiillig, by chance.

ber C5 cbliifiel, keg. gegeniiber,‘oppositeto.

betS piegel, mirror. 3nmi'ber,

‘contraryto.

betflitticuf, sa le. aufgieljen, 50gauf, aufgeaogen,bie fibfidjt, obj ect, intention. to wind up .

biegauptieber, mainsp ring. beabficbtigen, gebenfen,to inbicRirdje, church.

mitgum, mitSilurian, gem, bewobnen,to occupy, inhabit.purp osely. vetbefiem,

to imp rove, mend.

imbenbig, inside. nergr'

o'

fiem,to enla rge.

1 Whatcase should follow uni ? See under 1 0 0 .2 Comparethis

withthe firstclause of 12. Inthe onethe condition (ofthe glass), inthe otherthe fact(ofthe breaking), isthemain idea. The same remark

appliestotwo other sentences inthis paragraph. Which arethey3 a greatpity, {tilt66mm.

4 Use legen. Review 2 1 8 .5Be mind

ful ofthe order. See 1 5 5 , 2.3 This preposition follows “the noun

83stnub anangigfic Sicilian.

2 3 3 . INDIRECT Q UOTAT ION: USE OF TENSES .

GinS im“ loatheton jelum bermgetrost, mic bicl libr csici. S hier animation, er will: cs nidt, ba er feinc libr beilidbabe ; abetertu lle inbenGottengebenunb bie S onncnsubr bolen, bamitbe: butfelhitnadicbm lin e.

A servantwas asked by his master, whato’clock itwas .

He answeredthathe did notknow,as he had no watch

with him ; buthe would go intothe garden and getthe sundial, sothathis master mightsee for himself.23 4 . PARADIGMS OF THE PRES ENT SUBJUNCT IVE.

loicn. praise lcin, be. boben, have. magen, like. milieu, know.

id lobe. id fei. id babc. id mbgc. id wifie.

bu lobcjt. bu jeicft. bu babeft. bumbgeft. bumificft.S ic loben. S ic jeien. S ic baben. S icm

'

ogen. S icmilieu.

er lobe. ctici. er babe. er mbge. er mifie.

mitloben. mitjeicn. mitbabeu. mitmbgcn. mitmifien.

ibr lobet. ibr ieiet. ibr babel . ibrmbget. ibr mifict.S ic loben. S ic feien. S ic babeu. S icmbgen. S icmiijcn.

jie loben. fie icien. fie boben. jicmbgen. jiemificn.

2 3 5 . Observe (1)thatinthe presentsubjunctivethe singular maybe formed fromthe infinitive by droppingthetermination cu and

addingetothe rootofthe verb forthe firstandthird persons, and edforthe second ; (2)thatthe plural is likethe indicative, exceptthatthe endingofthe second person is always ct. em; is irregular.

The formation ofthe imperfectand pluperfectsubjunctive has beenillustrated (2 0 6 ,

Forthe complete inflection, see pp. 161- 183.

23 6 . Observe now inthe model sentencethe followingpoints1. Inthe dependentclauses of indirectquotation,the subjunctive is

employed in German wherethe English hasthe indicative. Hence

128 TWENTY-FIFTH LESSON.

him whatO’clock itis 4 . Yes, I asked him, buthetoldme he did notknow.

‘ 5. She asked me if I had a watchwith me, and if I couldtell herthetime. 6. I answered

her, I had no watch with ‘

me, andtherefore could nottell

herthetime. 7 . A gentleman asked me if I knew whato’clock itwas. 8 . My brother answered him we did notknow, as we had no watches with us. 9. When a servantwas asked whatO’clock itwas , he replied he had

8no watch

with him,butthere was a clock inthe kitchen, and he

would go‘and look. 10 . When I asked Mr. N. whothe

gentleman wasthatwas sittingatthetable, he repliedthathe had notthe honor Of knowinghim.

“II. 1 . einemS dlagbaum ctidicn einmal cin Rerl, bcr

einenGicltricb. Man iotbctte ibm benBoll ab; abetctmcicgcrtehdl . bcniclbcnan begablen, meil ieinEtier, mic ctiagtc, nidtbelaben ici. we: Sbllnertratibm in ben 51mgunb bebauptetc,baitiii: einen Siel, er iei beloben obet‘ unbelaben, Soil cntridtetmcrbcnmiiiie; or iii: icinc ‘Bcrion iei abetirci, er m’

oge beloben

iein ober nidt" 28a mbaa bie iBerorbnungiit, ” riei er, ,,io

iolltibr nidt?» boben.

“ sJinn nabm ctben Sic! aui benWidenunbtrugibn iort.2 . (tin gurutrai einmal cinige Stauben iriibcr in einem

Stdbtdcn ein, ale iein S ciolgc. S et28m iragte ibn, ob er

oielleidt3a ben Seutenbeei‘yutiten, betbcutcnod lonnncnmcrbe,gcbbrei " Stein, “ antmottetc bieiet. fiber neugierige QBirtbmarmitbieier Qintmortnidtaufrieben; cr madtc fid imSimmer beeifilriten ctmas an ibun unb iragtc, ob ctmobl cinefinitellungbei1 Read again 23 6 ,

2.

1 Use ob. See 1 8 2 .

1 Why should notthis betranslated into German bythe same formas had inthe fifth4 Wouldgeben or bingcbcnbe preferable Give a reason.

ibnan lernen.

INDIRECT QUOTATION : USE OF TENSES . 129

bem i’yiiritenbabe? SDieicr, bergcrabebamitbeidaitigtmar, iid

ben S ortgu idercn, ermibcrte : ”3a, id barbiere ibngumcilen.

”

3 . S inQBcinbiinblcr ianbte einem (ibelmann cine‘BrobcflBcin,non moldem er bcbauptcte, baiter baa Tobagra iuriere, unbcrbatiid cineS eitellung. 2iambaraui crbielter einenS riei, inmcldcm bcr Gbelmann ibmmitteilte, bager ben QBcin probiertbabe, abetbaa sllobagra bcmielben oorgicbc.

24 0 . Examinethefollowingsentences1 . ilBie langc jiab S ic idon bier? How longhave you been

here ?

2 . QBie langc lernen S ic idon beutid? How longhave you

been learningGerman

3 . 3d lcrne 83 feltDietWinnaten, I have been learningitforfour months.

4 . 8d) fenne ibn icii iciner Rinbbcit, I have known him since

his childhood.

2 4 1 Observe inthe above sentences (1)thatthe presentindicativeis rendered bythe English perfect; (2)thatthis presentin every

instance denotes a state or an actthatis notcompleted, butis stillcontinued ; (3)thatthe words idjon, already, and icit, since, aecompanythe presentso used, butdomotalways admitof separatetranslation. Expressthese observations concisely in a rule.

24 2 . 1 Numerous examples have beengiven in precedingexercisesofthe frequentuse ofthe presentindicative inGerman forthe future.

2 . A greatnumber of German sentences, beginningwiththe secondlesson, have shownthatthe perfectis commonly used in shortquestions or statements in referenceto whatis completely past.NOTE . The correspondence withthe English ofthe German im

perfect, exceptas already noted, and ofthe remainingtenses Oftheindicative, is so close asto occasionthe . learner little difi culty .

130 TWENTY-FIFTH LESSON.

24 3 . fl nfgabc.I. 1 . He has now been 1 inthistown a week, buthe hasas yet’I seen very little. 2. Have you been writinglettersfor himthe whole morning 3 . I have beenwritinglettersnow for four hours,

8and yesterday I wrote from 9till 12

O’clock. 4 . Theytook a walkthroughthe fields and went

as far as 4the nextvillage. 5 . Were you ever in a picturegal lerythatcontains works by old masters 6. Yes, whenI was in Italy, I saw 5 many picture-gal leries. 7 . Whi lstwe weretakinga walkthroughthe streets Ofthetown, ourfriends wentto seethe museum . 8 . As she could notseethe picture-galleryto-day, she remained athometo writeletters. 9. I have now been inthis place for a whole week,buthave notyetbeen ableto go outwithoutan umbrella.

10 . We have been in M. now for nearly a month, and

yesterday forthe firsttime we coul d go outwithoutanumbrella. 11 . To—morrow I shall gototownto seethemuseum ; wil l you come with me 12. I am sorry, I shallnotbe ableto.II. 1 . 918 0 iii Suiie ? 2. S ic fibtin ibrcmBimmer unb

meintbitterc i branen ; iie lernticbtidon gegen anbertbalbStauben an

oibrer irangbitiden Qiuigabe, unb mcii; ire immer

"

nod nidt. 3 . Slice arme Rinb ! 3d iiirdtc, menn ire nodeiumal anbcrtbalb Stauben lernte, iremurbe fie bod nod nid imiiien. 4 . S eb

’

bincin unb iag’ibr, fie ioll berauefonnnenunb

1 Read again 24 0 and 24 1 .

1 as yet, hi! it“ .

1 Compare 24 0 ,3.

4 as far as. bison.

5 The imperfectisthe propertense inthis andthetwo followingsentences. See 24 2 ,

note.

lcrnton, studies on.

7 immer nod nidt, noteven yet.3 bod nod nidt, noteventhen.

Stdc nubgnangigilc Sailor.

PREPOS IT IONS .

lingeadtctbetberanbcrlidcn fl utters omniiulicicn mitgeiicrn m ines Brubcrs megcn einen ausilugaui butSnub.QBiibrcnb betiiabrtbabin iai; id in einem febr unbequcmcnwagon unb ictic mid betbalb bci unicm bliidiebr in einen

bequemcten.

Notwithstandingthe changeable weather, we planned an

excursion intothe country yesterday on my brother’saccount. Duringthe drivethither I satin a very uncom

fortable carriage, andtherefore Itook a seat(seated myself)in a more comfortable one on our return.

24 5 . Observethe correspondence ofthe intransitive verb iibcn,to sit, and,thetransitive icbcnto seat,to set; and note a similar cor

respondence between [icgcnand learn, ilcbcn and ilcllcn, benign; andbingen.

2 4 6 . The fol lowingseven prepositions always governthe accusativebifi, as far as

,till. obne, without, butfor.

hard ,through, by. um,

about, round, at.filr, for. mihet, aga inst.gegen,towards,to, against.2 4 7 . The prepositionsthatgovernthe dative are

one, outof: gu,to, at.auficr, outof, besides. gcmiifi, accordingto.bei, at, near, with. nfidit, nextto.

binnen, within. nebit,together with.

mit, with,together with. iammt,together with.

nad,ta,after, accordingto. entgegen, against, contraryto.

itit, since. gcgcniibcr, opp ositeto.

non, of,from, by. gumibcr, contraryto.

rRErOSITIONs. 138

The lastthree followthe noun, while and and gem“ may eitherprecede or followthe noun.

2 4 8 . The followingnine prepositions are used withthedative andthe accusative ; withthe dative, when place or

situation is denoted, withoutany added idea ; withtheadded idea Of motion ortendencyto ortowards a place,theyare used withthe accusative : 1an, at, on, closeto,to. nebcn, near, beside .

aui, on, upon. ilbcr, over, across, concerning.

bintcr, behind unter, under, among.

in, in, into,to. nor, before, ago, because of.

amiicben, between.

fit) . The followingprepositions governthe genitivecuitaitor itatt, instead of: laut, accordingto.

biefiieit, onthis side. mittelit, vermiiiclii, bymeansienieit, onthatside. of:

balbcnor balbcr, on accountfrog, in sp ite of.

of: um millen, on accountof:auficrbalb, onthe outside. unfcrn, unmcit, notfar from.

inncrbaib, within. ungcadtct, notwithstanding.

obcrbalb, above. ocrmbge, by dintof.

untcrbalb, below. miibrcnb, during.trait, by virtue of. mcgcn, on accountof:langc, entlang, along. guiolge, accordingto.

Ofthe above prepositions, (drugs,trot, and aniolgcgovernthe dative,aswell asthegenitive. baltenorbulbcrfollows its noun. nutmilieutakesthe nounbetween itstwo parts. ungndictmay follow its object,as in bcflcnnugcsdici. & cgcn may precede or follow its noun, butfollows and is compounded with personal pronouns. See page 71,note 2.

1 This diflerence is expressed in English onlyto a limited degree bythe use of in and into, on and onto. The distinctions in German are

much more subtle, various, and frequentthan in English.

134 TWENTY-SIXTH LESSON.

2 5 0 . fl nfgabc.I. 1 . Notwithstandingthe uncomfortable carriage, wemade an excursion intothe country. 2. On my brother’saccountwe planned an excursion intothetown yesterday.

3 . You need not1 plan an excursion on my accountduringthis changeable weather. 4 . Duringour drive intothecountry we were sittingin a very comfortable carriage,buton “

our return we were put3 into a very uncomfortableone. 5. Get‘ intothis carriage itis more comfortablethanthe other. 6. We plannedthis excursion neither on

his nor on her account, buton accountof our youngfriend,who likesto spend

5a day inthe country. 7 . Wetook a

drive in an open carriage yesterday and came home duringa.violentrain wetthrough,o notwithstandingour umbrellas .

8 . Duringour stay inthe country we hadthe finestweather,buton our return itbeganto rain. 9. I satatfirstbetween "my uncle

‘

and my aunt; butafterwards I seated myselfbetween " her cousin and my sister, as I had somethingnewto communicatetothem.II. 1 . Submig, meiirtbu idon, bai; idgeitern einenStraficniungen in unierm S artcn burdgcpriigcltbabe? 2. S o, marum

berm? 3 . 8d battemid in bie Saubcgciebtunb lac in einemSBud. 4 . SDa b ’

o'

rte id miibrcnb bee Sciens cin S crduid auibem SBirnbaum, bcr an bcr Slllaucr inncrbalb bee S artcns itebt.5 . 3d iobe binaui unb erblide eincnHnabsa smiiden ben 2liten,bcr gcrabc bamit8 bcidr'iitigtiii, bie (tier aus einem illogclncii

bcrauegunebmcn. 6. 3d ruie ibm 3a, er iolle iremicbcr bincin:

legen unb augcnblidlid bcruntcriommen. 7 . SDa er i'

rd cntbcdtirebi, mill orgmar bie (tiermicbcr idncll in batSlcitlcgen, alleinin ber S’Bermirrungliiister 3mci baoonberuntcriallen, bienatiirlid

° 1 broaden leinen.

1 See model sentence.1 marten geiett.

Use iid. ieben. Use anbringcn. gen; burdnifit. Dative oraccusative 1 The D; of bamitanticipatesthe followingclause.

186 TWENTY-SIXTH LESSON.

5 . 3m 2iam lac 1m! ans eiu 8 nd etmaB fiber b

michcr; bar ; meiae S dmefter iaBbar er , aber ale er aftGabemar, Mic fie fid acbw er.

6. fiufier b ilein SIbeobor iii gcftern l eab niemanb non

mir in b Ebeatergemeien ; morgenwerbe id anftattmeinS dmefter inb Rangeri geben.

7 . bluf b gabri nad (53. bemerften mit, was far S dabenber QBinb in b QBalb bieeieitunb ienieitb ‘

a'Bad oer:

urfadtbatte.8 . 3dtraf auberbalb b mar-f. miter aufammen; erbatte fid unter ein 8mm: geftellt, umfidgegenb Steam 3a

fdfibm.

9 . fiber Raabemilrbemiibrenb iein flufentbaltinmentidIanb befier fpredengelemtbabeu, menn ermcbr benumgangmitb beutiden Rnaben, meldc in b 3nftitutmarcn, geiadtbatte.10 . (Sibaarb fdrieb an iein . Ghent, baBer an b . . vorig

SDienBtagauf ein fi at! eingelaben morben fei, aber ieinllnmobliein wegen bie Qinlabungnidtbabe annebmen fbnnen.

giebea nub smaaaigile scitian.

ORDER OF WORDS : CONJUNCT IONS .

S ieier ém mabatin stricter Sladbaridafi unb mirteamibnfdan langcBritbanfiaieben bemwdbabeumir andtrim(Selegenbeitarbabi mitibm 311 ibreden, miirbeu ans abetfebr{teuer, feine uiiberefiriaantidafl 3a maden, bawitbie!Oatesboa ibmgebbrtbabeu.

This gentleman lives in our neighborhood, and we haveknown him by sighta longtime ; still we have had no

opportunity yetto speakto him, butshould be very happytomake his closer acquaintance, as we have heard much goodof him.

2 5 3 . Nearly all rules forthe order of wordsthatare necessary forwritingGermanhave beengiven asthey were needed, in observationsonthe model sentences and in notestothe exercises. The followingresume isgivento presentthe subjectin connected form, and for con

venientreference.

Grammarians distinguish and designatethree ordersa. Tm: Nomun. ORDER.

6. THE INVERTED ORDER.

6. Tan TRANSPOSED ORDER.

2 5 4 . NORMAL ORDER.

Inthe normal orderthe subject, with or withoutadjuncts,comes firstandthe predicate follows, as in Engl ish.

1

1. a. A separable prefix is removedtothe end ofthe clause, iftheclause is a principal one, and if, atthe sametime,thetense oftheverb is uncompounded,thatis, is presentor imperfect:3d made baegentler an, I shutthe window.

Gtginggeftem nidtans, he did notgo outyesterday.

1 Thatis, in a declarative sentence, which istaken asthe standard.

138 TWENTY-SEVENTH LESSON.

b. Butthe prefix is notusually placed afte r an infinitivewith 311, butpreferably precedes such an infinitive with its modifiers, if ithas anytimemmaufan ftoBen, stop pushing.

(is fingan febr beftigan regnen, itbeganto ra in very hard .

2. The participle and infinitive are always preceded bytheir modifiers, and hence, in compoundtenses, stand atthe end ofthe sentenceSDer filmber bateinen Slingcerloren,the brother has losta

ring.

fillein Slefiemirb ben langen $8 rief beantmorten, my nephew

will answerthe longletter .

3. a. An infinitive dependentupon a compoundtense precedestheparticiple : 1

Gr batibaca eine flufgabe 3a lernen gegeben, he has giventhem a lessonto study.

b. Butifthe infinitive is preceded by anand has an object, or othermodifiers, it, with its adjuncts, preferably followsthe participle3d babe bas i lergniigengebabt, C°3ie 3a febea, I have hadthe

p leasure of seeingyou .

(is batangefangen, febr beftigan regnen, ithas begunto ra invery violently.

4 . A personal pronoun, whetherthe director indirectobjectof averb (acc. or takesthethird place inthe sentence,thatis,immediately followsthe simple pred icate or auxiliaryGr fugie es {einem 23am,

hetold itto his father .

‘Der S dneiber batmir einen Sled gemadt,theta ilor hasmade a coatfor me.

5. Ifthere aretwo personal pronouns, one a direct,the other an

indirectobject,the shorter one precedes ; if both are monosyl lab ic,the accusative precedesthe dative :2

Beigen Eie es ibnen, show ittothem.

3d babe es ibmgegeigt, I have shown itto h im.

1 Butinthe formation ofthe compound infinitivethe participleprecedes : gelabtbabeu,to have praised ; gclobtmorbea iein.

9 Butmi: and bitmay precede or followthe accusative of anotherpronoun.


1. If, for emphasis, or for other reasons, a declarative sentencebegins with some other wordthanthe subject,thenthe subjectfollowsthe verbGiejtern babe id meinen Sm er nidtgejeben, yesterday I d id

notsee my brother .

Nor a . But, as already observed ,the genera l connectives unb,

abet, bean, abet, alleiu, and {anhcrndo notcause inversion.

2 . Inthe inverted order,the subjectalmostalways immediatelyfollowsthe verb ; butpersonal pronouns and adverbs oftimetakeprecedence

‘Durd bie breitent{gentler babeu bie Qiemobner ibre ioftbarenGiemiilbe gerettet,the inhabitants saved their costlypaintingsthroughthe broad windows but

fialte beinen S onnenjdirm feit, innitbliiitibn ber QBinb fort,hold your sunshade firm ly, orthe wind will blow itaway.

11113 bates bamale eiu altergtenahgejagt, an old friendtoldus atthattime.

3 . If a dependentclause precedes a principal one, itcauses an

inversion of order inthe latter. Thatis,the dependentclause occupiesthe normal place ofthe subject933mmbie 6 0 am ideint, mainbu beinenGonneajdirm mit

nebmen, whenthe sun shines, you musttake a longyoursunshade.

4 . A dependentclause is often invertedto showthatitis conditionalQBiiremeine blufgabe ia nadlafiiggeidrieben, mie bie beinige,

inmiiBte id fie nod eiumal abidreiben, if my exercise

were as ca relessly written as yours, I shou ld be obligedto write itof again.

Nora . Itshould be observedthatthe normal andthe invertedorder, withthe exception stated in 4, above, belongonlyto principalsentences or clauses.

ORDER OF WORDs : CONJUNCTIONS . 141

25 6 . TRANSPOSBD ORDER.

Thetransposed order diflers fromthe normal order onlyin removingthe verb, or, inthe case Of a compoundtense,the auxil iary,tothe end Ofthe clause. Thistranspositionbelongs, forthe mostpart,to dependentclauses.

Sillein {freunbmirbmorgen an Sbuca fommen, wean es nidtanminbigift.

3d babe jelbjtgeieben, baf; ber fiBinb ibm bengutcan bemRopfgeblajen bat.

1. If, in a dependentclause, an auxiliary (babeu, iein, b a beu)occurs withtwo infinitives,the auxiliary is notremovedtothe end ofthe clause, butimmediately precedesthe infinitivesfiber QBinb biiijtmeinengutia idncll fort, baBid ibn fawn

werbe fangen ibnnen.

25 7 . The principal subordinatingconjunctions arethefollowing

alé , when, as.

aufbafi, in orderthat.bib,till.ha, as, since.

bab,‘that

,in orderthat.

bamit, in orderthat.ebe, benor, before.

fallé, mofem,in casethat.

inbem,as

,while.

je (bejio the (the) .nadbem,

after .

ob, whether, if.obgleid, objdon, a lthough.

obmcbl, a lthough.

jeit, jeitbem,since.

1 Ifthe connective bugis Omitted,the order isthe same as in a

principal clause.

2 hello is notsubordinating.

jobalb, as soon as.

in oftalfi, whenever.

um hub, in orderthat.angeadtet, notwithstanding.

miibrenb, while.

mann'

,when.

warum,why.

mean, if, when.

menu and,a lthough.

well, because.

mie, as, how.

wesbalb, weswegen, where

fore.

wie and,however .

mo, where.


25 8 . l itigate.I. 1 . Althoughthis gentleman lives in our neighborhood

, yetwe know him 1only by sight. 2 . Although we

have knownthis gentleman by sighta longtime, we havenever yet“ had an Opportunityto Speakto him . 3 . This

gentleman has been living8 in our neighborhood a longtime, nevertheless we know him only by Sight. 4 . Asthis

gentleman l ives in our neighborhood, and we have known8

him by sighta longtime, we should be glad if we had an

Opportunity Of speakingto him.

‘ 5 . Notwithstandingth islady has been living

8 in our neighborhood for a longtime,

still we have notyethad an5opportunity Of making

“ her

acquaintance. 6. We Should be happy, ifwe had an Opportunity Of makingthe acquaintance Ofthesetwo gentlemen.

7 . I had knownthis lady a longtime by sight, before I hadan Opportunity Of speakingto her. 8 . I have, indeed, knownthem by sight, butI have never spokentothem . 9 . If we

had notheard much good Ofthese gentlemen, we Shoul d

nothave been gladto maketheir personal acquaintance.II. 1 . 3dgab ibmbae ($5e in biefianb bennod (befieus

ungeadtet, gleidwobl) bebaunteter, es nidtempfangenan babeu(baBer es nidtempfangen babe) . 2 . 3d gab ibm has 6im in

biefianb, aber er bebauptetnidtebejtomeniger, esnidtempfangen5a babeu. 3 . Dbgleid id ibm bas 6e in bie Qanb gab,bebaupteter bod, bais er es nidtempfangen babe. 4 . (tr batamar niele SBiider, allein feineRenntnifie fmb febr gering, meiler lieber jpieitunb jpaaierengebt, ale jtnbiert. 5 . fifieil er lieber

jpieltunb jpagierengebtale ftnbiert, infmb ieineRenntnifie febrgering, objdon er niele SBiider bat. 6. illienn er and niele

Sander bat, infmb feincReuninifie bod gering, meil er Iieber1 inlernenh itibnbad.

3 never yet, not!) ale. 3 Isthisto betranslated bythe perfect4 Say,to speak with him.

5 notyetan,

and) feinc. Forthe order, see 2 5 4 , 3, b.

adtnub ananaigite fiettiou.

THE DAT IVE CAS E.

Q ie mauie berieteu iid einmal in einer ullgemeineu Beriammlung, auimelde llBeiie es ibnengelingen linnte, fid buther idredlideu Rate an idiiten, bie beitiiubigibrem fiebeu

hrable; benu esmar ibnen unmiiglid, fid ibr anmiberieteu,unb entfliebeu lunnten ile ibr andnidi. Sladbemteridiebeuefluridliigegemadtmarbeumaren, bie ibnenaber nidi auiagteu,murbe ibnentun einer alien, eriubreneu Mans geraten, betState cineOdelle unaubangen; esmiirbeiburubann Ieidtjein,iagte iie, lbre 8einbin idontun iernanbitten.

Q ieier blatgeiiel ibnen in iebr, bai; fie beidluiieu ibn 3ubeinlgen.

_

5 18 es aber anber 81113: lam: " fiber in]! betRatebieOdelle aubangen mar aui eiumal sues ilumm.

The mice once del iberated in a general assembly, howthey mightsucceed in protectingthemselves fromtheterrible catthatconstantlythreatenedtheir lives ; for itwas impossible forthemto resisther

,neither couldthey

escape from her. After several prOposals had been made,

which, however, did notsuitthem,they were advised by an

Old, experienced mouseto hanga hell onthe cat’s neck ; itwouldthen be easy forthem,

said she,to heartheir enemyeven from a distance.

This advice pleasedthem SO much,thatthey determinedto follow it. Butwhenthe question arose,“ Who isto hangthe bell aroundthe cat’s neck suddenly all were mute .

260 . Examinethe followingACTIVE .

Sbic aIte Smarts rietibaca,the ibieRate brobte ibrem Sleben,old mouse advisedthem. the catthreatenedtheir life.

THE DATIVE CASE. 145

PASSIVE .

(QB) murbe ibnennon ber alteu (63) murbe ibrem fiebeu ge932ml?»geraten,theywere ad brobt,their life wasthreatvised bythe old mouse. ened.

The examp showthatintransitive verbs governingthe dative inthe active are used impersonal ly inthe passive,the person orthingafiected (the subjectin English) beingexpressed bythe dative. The

subjectcsmay be omitted26 1 . The following common verbs

,mostof whose

equival ents in English aretransitive, governthe dative in

German 1

antmorteu,to answer.

beieblen,to command.

begegnen,’to meet.

bebageu,to p lease.

befommeu,to agree with.

baufeu,tothank.

bienen,to serve.

broben,tothreaten.

crlauben,to a llow.

folgen,tofollow.

gefalleu,top lease.

mififafleu,to disp lease.

gebordeu,to obey.

glauben,to believe.

262 . Mostverbs withthe prefix be aretransitive,4 even if derivedfrom simple verbs requiringthe dative. Contrastuntmnrten and

beauttunrteu, brobenand bettchen, bienen and bebienen, falgen and

1 Several Ofthese verbs Oftentake an accusative with a dative : n

antmartete ibnen iein£80 11 ; buttauu id bitnidtraten ; baamallentuir endgeru erlauben ; etc.

Rarely used withthe accusative, when itis conjugated with babeu,instead Of its usual auxiliary, iein.traueu,toperformthe marriage ceremony, istransitive.

For certain common exceptions , see 26 1 .

gleitbeu,to resemble.

belfeu,to help .

uiiteu,to p rofit.pafieu,to fit.rateu,to advise.

fdabeu,to inj ure.

idmeicbeln,to flattertraueu,totrust. 3miistraueu,to distrust.trobeu,to defy.

nergebeu,to forgive.

beraeibeu,to p ardon.

wiberitebeu,to resist.

146 TWENTY-EIGHTH LESSON.

befulgen, etc. V erbs beginningwith be: and an are, forthe mostpart,transitive,1 while many Ofthose beginningwith cut(curb) andunis (mit) , or withthe particles ab, an, uni, ans, bei, eiu, eutsegeu,mit, nad, nuter, bar,tuiber, an, requirethe dative.

263 . Observethefollowingimp ersona l dative p hrasesOB abutmir, I have a fore (553 gliidtmir, I succeed.

(533 grantmin}(333 beliebtmir, itis my p leas (533 5“tmir, I am afra id .

a re. 633 icbmiubeltmit, I feel

653 jebli mir,I lack

dizzy.

656mangeltmir, 656triiumtmir, I dream.

OBgelingtmir, I succeed. (is iii mir an Smut, Ifeel.QB iitmitfebr warm,

Ifeel very warm.

Q 3tbutmitIeib um ibn, I am sorryfor him.

(556geicbiebtibm recbt, itserves him right.(556tbutibmweb, itp a ins him.

QBgebtibmgut, he is well (or, is doingwell) .QBtbutibmmabl, itdoes him good.

Mufgube.I. 1 . The poor mice cannotresistthe cat, nor escape

from her, because she is so strongand swiftfooted. 2. By

whom werethe mice advisedto puta bell aroundthe cat’sneck By an Old mouse. 3 . Why did she notdo itherselfBecause she wanted courage. 4 . Did itnotoccurto any

”

ofthe otherstotry 8the experiment5 . The advice,

indeed, pleasedthem all , butnone wantedto actuptotit.6. Asthe catconstantlythreatenedthe l ives ofthe mice,they once held a general assembly, in whichthey del iberated howthey could “ bestprotectthemselves from her.

1 For certain common exceptions, see 26 1 .9 notto any, h int.

3totry, maden. 4 actupto carry out. 5 Usethe subjunctive.

148 TWENTY-EIGHTH LESSON.

butid mid nidtioglcid Sbrer erinnertbabe. fillic langc irnbS ic jcttidon bier, c r S dmibt? 9 . 3d bin icitnorgeiterubier nubmerbc nod cinige Stage bleiben. 10 . S ana miirbe idSbuca icbr nerbunbeu iein, menn S ic mid miteinemtBeiudcbccbreu molItcu. 11 . S ic iiub icbr giltig; id merbc iudcuSbrcr (i iulabuugE

‘

s-olgc an leiitcu, obgleid id es Sbuca nidtmit

fileitimmtbeitncripredeu lauu, ba idnicIc (Scidriite babeunbmirbaber iiir ‘BeiudcmenigScitr’ibrigbleibt. 12 . babeu S ic cine

gutcfiberiabrtnon {rambnrguad Guglaub gebabt? 13 . QBiub

unb fiBetter marcnnusgmar giiuitig, abcr cs mar mir aui bemS difie bod numobl nub idmiublig. Ocmobulid idabctmirbie S cctrautbeitnidi uur aidt, iouberu iii meiner (Siciuubbeitiogar gutriiglid. 14 .tlfiic gefalltcs Sbuca in uuiercr Stabt(micgciiilltSbuca unicrc Stabt) ? 15 . Se geir

'

ilItmir icbr gutin 8 . (8 . gciiilltmir icbr gut) . («is gicbtimmer uiel S d

'

o'

ucB

unb Sienes an ieben, unb cs ibutmir nur Ieib, baitcs mir nidtmbglid iit, meinen bluicntbaltbier anncrlr’iugeru.

265 . Mufgubc.

[Read again 260 ,then changethe principal verb in each Ofthe

followingsentencestothe passive.]

1 . S ic fiiubcrgcbordeu ibrcu (i ltern.

2. illicitmirb bir belicu, menn cs ubtigiit.3 . 8dglaubc bicicmRerl nidt, bcuu cr batmid idon eiumal

belogen.

4 . fiber bcrr bciabl ieincm Rutidcr, ibm baa illeitpierb guiattclu.

5 . SDIeinc S dmciter mirb bcr (i iulabuugbcr ixtan D. § olgcIciiteu.

6. Smartncriprad ibm, baitmau iilr ibn iorgcu m ile.

7 . Ticgaugegamilie begegnetemir mitriclcrgrcuublidicit.8 . SDieic Sentc idmeidclteu berm SR bamiter ibrcmS abn

bie crlcbigtc Stellc iibcrtragcu mbdte.

9 . S ic antmarteteu mir langc Bcitnidi, obgleid igb irebriugcub um ciue illutmortgebeten batte.

THE DATIVE CASE . 149

2 66 . [Answerthe followingquestions in German.]

1 . (blcidtbicics Riab ieiucm 2iam obcr ieiucr 932mm?2. (Scbbrtbicje 9iabmaidiuc Sbncu ober Sbrcr Srdulciu

S dmciter?3 . SitesbemSDicbgeIungcu, bem‘Boligeibicucrancutiliebcn?4 . QBic painmir bicier Staci?5 . 91a mas icbltcs Sbrcm Steffen?6. fl attriiumtc Sbuca ncrgangeuc Sladt?7 .tBiIbeu S ic ird mirtlid eiu, mcbr an miiicu, ale Sbr

Sicbrcr?

8 . S dmcidclitbu bir mitbcr bofiuuug, bicier Samilic gugefalleu?

9 . SlBicgebtcsSbrcmflicttcr unb ieiucrSamilic in i lmcrita?10 . (SciaIItes ibmba?11 . QBic batcs Sbuca in SDcutidlanbgefalleu?12. Sitcs Sbuca marm, baitire bcu ibutabucbmcu?13 . (Seidiebtcs bicicmRuabcu aidtredi, batcr 311 Qauie

bleibenmufi?

14 . StbutesSbuca aidtIcib, baitcsbemarmen juugcu Slllauuaidtgcluugcu iii, bem Elliiuiitcr angefalleu?

Slumunbgnangigite Settian.

26 7 . EQ UIVALENTS OF ENGLISH PRES ENT PARTIC IPLE

AND VERBAL NOUN |N ing.

Steicumargen iuub id ureiueutrigeu Barber, anilattguilubiereu, iur S elf liegen nub eiu Bud lejen, butnidts ale

ulberue finelbuteu entbielt. aner mid iab, bitte er ingleidaui an leieu unb madte es ladenb 5a, icbud augenideiulidirgerlld buriiber, bafi id ibn miteinem iuldeu Sud in betbuntentbedtc. S nid bus fieieu inlder (inibluugeu alteiufileridmenbenber Beltaniebe, innabm id ibm butfind megunb beilaub baruui, bafi er ingleid auiitebe unb mitirineuStahlen iurtiubre, inbeur id ibm jebudteritrad, ibm ein

nuterbalteubesunban gleider Sell uiitlides Bud an leiben,nadbemer bie ibmtun ieineufiebrerugegebeneurteil beeubigtbabe.

This morningI found my lazy brother, instead of studying, lyingin bed and readinga book containingnothingbutsilly anecdotes. On seeingme, he immediately ceased

readingand closed itlaughing, yetevidently annoyed atmy discoveringhim with such a book in his hand. Con

Sideringthe readingOf suchtales as a waste Oftime, Itookthe book from him and insisted upon hisgettingup directlyand proceedingwith his studies, promising, however,tolend him an entertainingand atthe sametime useful book,after he had finishedthe work sethim by his masters.

268 . The presentparticiple may be used in German, as in English ,withthe force of an adjective. Itoccurs, however, comparativelyseldom in German, which often employs either an infinitive, or a re lative, substantive, or adverbial clause asthe equivalentof an English

presentparticiple or verbal noun in ing. Pointoutexamples of allthese constructions inthe model sentence.

152 TWENTY-NINTH LESSON.

3 . S ic iprudeu baucn, butiic uadfillieugebenmollteu,theySpoke of wantingto goto Vienna .

4 . Sl itbbrtcu, bairer S olbatgcmorbcnmar, we heard of hishavingbecome a soldier .

2 72 . (1) Compare examples 1 and 2 with 6 and 7 in 269 . Notethatin 1 and 2the subjectofthe dependentclause is notthe same asthe subjectofthe leadingverb. (2) Observethatinthe fourth examplethe clause introduced by butrepresents a possessive adjective and a

2 73 . C.— A CLAUSE INTRODUCED BY ANADVERBIAL CON

JUNCTION alt, nadbem, ebe, meil, bu, inbenr, ar e.

1 . gladbcm er icinc firbcitbceubigtbatte, madtc er einen

S pugimttt, afi er finishinghis work hetook a ride.

2. S a bustillaiier bcute Elliorgcugefroren iii, iamuises inbe:Sladticbrtaltgemeicu itin,the water beingfrozenthis morning, itmusthave been very cold inthe night.3 . (Ebc id bie S rabi nerlaiic, mafi id ncridiebcuc (i inlliuie

maden, before leavingtown, Imustmake various p urchases .

4 . illicil id nidte non ber S ademciir,tann id nidte iagen,knowingnothingofthe matter, I can say nothing.

5 . Snbcmmir aui bicSutunitboiicu, nerliereumir bic (begeumart, while hop ingforthe futu re, we are losingthe present.2 74 . Observethatinthe above examplesthe participial form

expressestime, cause, reason, or manner, andthatin all such casesthe German requires a full and distinctstatementinthe form of a

dependentclause.

2 75 . D.— A RELATIVE CLAUSE .

1 . (tin S ud, bus nidt?» cutbaltale alberne Srgablungcn,a book containingnothingbutsillyta les.

2. S in S atcr, bcr icinc Rinbcr liebt, ,a father lovinghis

chiklren.

3 . S in Slann, ber jebcrmann (Buteetbut, a man

GERMAN EQUIV ALENTS OF ENGLISH PARTICIPLE . 153

2 76 . Itshould be,observedthatin place of such descriptive relative clausesthe German may freely use boththe presentandthe past

participles withtheir adjuncts as qua lifyingadjectives1 . Sin nidte ale alberne (irgablungen cutbaltcnbes S ud.

2 . Sin icincRinber licbcnber S ater.

3 . (bin in cine Sde bee (battensgcpilangter S cum.

4. (tine ibmnon bem 2cbrergegebene ilrbcit.2 7 7 . Muigubc.

1. Ifthe stories had been amusing,1 I should have readthem all ; butI foundthem so sillythat, after havingread

one ortwo, I laidthe book as ide. 2.

“The umbrella standinginthe corner belongsto my Sister, andthe one lyingonthe chestOf drawers belongSto my cousin. 3 . Lyinginbed‘and readingis a very bad habit, particularly for youngpeople. 4 . I found him wastinghistime by‘the readingOf silly anecdotes. 5 . Havingpromisedto lend him some

useful and atthe sametime “amusingbooks , I was obl igedto keep my promise. 6. Avoid readinglightbooks before

havingfinishedthe lessons set“ you by yourteachers.

7 . He wentthroughthe streets Ofthetown staring" atallthe people passingby. 8 . Dr . O., our physician, insistsuponmy father’s goingto some bathing-placethis summer,h is health beinganythingbut”good. 9. The fear Of losinghis good name amonghis fell ow-students prevented himfrom acting differently. 10 . Before goingto bed, you

ought1°to Offer up your prayersto God andthank him for

having preserved you from 11all evil duringthe day.

11 . He lefthome withouthavingreceived 19 his father’sconsentwithouthis father havinggiven 1“ his consent.12. On payingus his lastVisithe bade us good-bye,laughingand joking.

1 Rememberthatpredicate adjectives have no inflectional syllable.

1 Translatethis sentence intwo ways.3 intS ell 31! (team. in,

null , or lubeur. 5anglelder Sell. Use geben. See 2 75 and 2 76 .

7 Say, and stared.3 Usethe subjunctive.

9 anythingbut, humblingnidtorgar nidt. 1° Usethe imperfect. 11 our. 19 See 2 7 2 (l ).

APPENDIX.

TABLES OF DEOLENSION AND CONJUGATIOI .

PERSONAL PRONOUNS.

SINGULAR . SING. AND Puma .

FirstPerson.

N. icb, I .

G. meiner, of me.

D. mit,to me.A . micb, me.

SINGULAR on ALL GENDEEs. SING. AND FLORAL.

Mascul ine.

er, he.

G. feiner, of him.

D. ibm,to him.

A . ibn, him.

PLURAL on ALL PERSONS.

Second Person.

mit, we.unfer, of us.

uné,to us.us.p

u

o

z

Third Person.

fie,they.

ihrer, ofthem.

“mm,tothem.

fie,them.

156 APPENDIX.

M EM O.

STRONG DECLENS ION OF ADJECTIVES.

SINGULAB.

N. fleifiigetS abnG. fleifiigenS obne!D. fleifiigemgobneA . fleifiigenGobn

WEAK DECLENSION OF ADJECT IVES.

SINGULAR.

Neuter .

betfleifiigeeobn butacmeRinbG. beefleifiigenS obnes be! armenRinte!D. bemfleifiigenGobne bentarmenRinteA . benfleifiigenS oon has anneRinh

MIXED FORMS.

SINGULAR.

N. einfleifiigee 6 0 bn ein urine! Rinb.

G. cim ileifiigen6 0 5m! einee armenRinbe!D. einemfleifiigensobne einemarmenRinbeA. einenfieifiigenGoon ein arme! Rinb

PLURAL (ALL rRREE GENDERs).

Mixed.

bie liebetunicbetliebenI antebetliebenzantebie liebe I onic

eine liebetanie.einetliebentuniccim liebenEanteeine liebetante

meine beatenmeiner brunet!meinenbrunet!meine heaven

PARADIGns or NOUNS. 157

HOURS.

STRONG DECLENS ION.

FirstClass.

SINGULAR

PLURAL.

bieable:

G. be: able:

D. ben SiblmA . bie i bm

SINGULAR.

baabane be: mennG. beeQaufe! bei Dianne!

D. bemQanfe bentDianneA . bei bans benmenn

PLURAL.

N. biewafer bie iBeiber bie Skinner bie Set-timerG. be: wafer be: iBeibet be: WinnerD. benWafers ben iBeibetu benShannen: benStttilmmA . biewafer bie SBeibet bieWinner bieSummer

1. Observethatthe firstclass formsthe plural withoutany caseending. The vowel ofthe rootis commonly unchanged ; butcertainwords changethe vowels a, a, a, antothe correspondingumlauti , i , ii, in.2. Observethatthe second class formsthe plural by addinge. The

vowel ofthe rootis modified in a majority of nouns ofthis class.

8. Observethatthethird class formsthe plural by addinger and

modifyingthe vowel ofthe root. Butnouns intum(than) modifythe vowel ofthatsuffix, notthe vowel ofthe root.

PARADIGI OF A WEAK OB REGULAR “ BB.

2 8 9 . Selim,to praise .

PR INCIPAL PAR 'rs : lobes, loite, gelobt.

I. A CTIVE V OICE .

PEEsEN'r.

l ib lobe, I praise, ampraising, do

bu lobfi,thou praisest.ee lobi , he praises.

witloben, wepraise.

ibr (obi,S ic lobcn,

fie‘

loben,they praise.gyou p raise.

id) lobe, I praise, or (that) I maybu lobefi,thou praise.ee lobe, hepraise.

witloben, wepraise.

ibe (abet,S ic loben,

lie lobcn,they praise.

you praise.

IMPERFEO‘I‘.

id) lobte, I praised, waspraising,did praise.

bu lobteft,thou praisedst.ee lobte, he praised.

wie lobten, wepraised.

ibr lobtet,S ic lobten,fie lobten,they praised.

iyou praised.

id) werbe loben, I sha ll praise,

shall be praising.

bnmiej'

i loben,thou wiltpraise.

ee mirb loben, he will praise.

miewerben loben, we shall praise.

id) lobtc, I praised, or (that) Imightpraise.

bu lobtcft,thoupraised.ee lobte, hepraisedwie lobtcn, wepraised.

ibe lobtct,S ic lobten,fie lobteu,they praised.

iyou praised.

id; nsebe lobcn, (that) I shall

bu neebeh loben,thou wiltpraise.ce lncebe loben, he will praise.

miewcebcn lobcn, we sha ll praise.

ibemcebci lobcn, ibeweebctlobcn,S icwcebcnlobcn,

youwmpram ’

S iewcebenlobcn,youwalp mm ’

fiemcebcn loben,theywill praise. fiewerben lobcn,they will praise.

PERFECT.

id) babe gelobt, I have praised,have beenpraising.

bu baftgelobt,thou hastpraised.

ee batgelobt, he has praised.

id) ljabegelobt, I have praised, or(that) I may have praised.

bubal edgelobt,thou hastpraised.

eebabegelobt, he haspraised.

162 PARADIGM or A WEAK OR REGULAR VERR .

Subiunetioe.PERFECT.totebabeugelobt, we havepraised. wie babeugelobt, we havepraised.

ibe babtgelobt, you have ibe babetgelobt, you have

S ic babengelobt, praised. S ie babcngelobt}{icbabcngelobt,theyhaeepraised. fiebabengelobt,they havepraised.

PLUPERPECT.

id; batte gclobt, I had praised, id; bittegelobt, I had praised, orbu

, battcftgclobt,thou hadstbu bitteftgelobt, thou hadstee battegelobt, he had praised. ee bittegelobt, he had praised.

wiebattengelobt,we had praised. witbittengclobt, we had praised.

ibe battetgelobt, you had ibe bittetgelobt,S ic battengclobt,‘praised. S ie bittengelobt,fiebattengclobt,they had praised. fiebittengelobt,they had praised.

FUTURE PEEPECT.tebweebegelobtboben, I shall have icb werbe gelobtbabcn, (that) 1buwieftgelobtbabcn. bu neebei gelobtbaben.

eemirbgclobtbabcn. ee netbegclobtbaben.

wiewcebcngclobtbaben. wie wethengelobtboben.

ibewcebctgclobtbabcn. ibemeebetgelobtbaben.

S icwerbengclobtbabcn. S iewerbengelobtbaben.

fiewethengelobtbabcn. fiewerbengelobtbaben.

FIEsT CONDITIONAL.

lcbwilebe loben, I should praise.

buwiiebeftlobcu,thou wouldstpraise.eemilebc loben, he would praise.

wiewilthen lobcn, we should praise.

ibe wiiebctloben,S icwiieben loben,

fiewiiebcn lobcn,they would praise.

SECOND CONDITIONAL.

lcbwilebcgelobtbabeu, I should havepraised.

buwilebejtgelobtbabcn,thou wouldsthavepraised.eemilebcgelobtbabeu, he would havepraised.

wiewiiebengelobtbabcn, we should havepraised.

ibemtiebetgelobtboben,S icwilebcngelobtboben,{icwilthengclobtbabcn,they would havepraised.

you would praise.

164 PARADIGM or A WEAK OR REGULAR VEBB .

FUTURE .

icbweebegelobtwerben, I shall bebu wieitgelobtwerben,thou wiltbe praised.

cewiebgelobtweeben, he will bewiewcebengelobtweebcn,weshallibe wcebetgelobtweeben,

S iewcebcngelobtwcebcn,

fie wcebcn gelobtwcebcn,theywil l be praised.

ib weebe gelobtweebcn, (that) Ibu werbel gelobtwerben,thouwiltbe praised.

eewetbegelobtweeben, he will be

PERFECT.

ib bingelobtwoeben, I havebeenbu biftgelobtwoebcn,thou hastbeenpraised.

se iftgelobtwoebcn, he has beenwie finh gelobtwoeben, we havebeenpraised.

ibe feib gelobtwoebcn,

S ie flubgelobtworben,

{ic iinb gelobtwoebcn,they havebeenpraised.

you haoe been

ib leigelobtwoebcn, (that) I havebeenpraised.

bu letetl gclobtwoebcn,thou hastbeenpraised.

ee lei gelobtwoeben, he has beenpraised.

wie ieieu gelobtwoeben, we have

PLUPEREROT.id; woegclobtwoeben, I had beenbuwarftgelobtwoeben,thou hadstcewaegelobtworben, he had beenwiewaecngelobtwoeben, we hadbeenpraised.

ib wi re gclobtworben, (that) Ihad beenpraised.

buwi eeftgelobtwoebcn,thou hadsteewi regelobtwoeben, he had beenwie wiecngelobtwoeben, we hadbeenpraised.

wie wceben gelobtweeben, ‘

we

shal l bepraised.

ibe weebctgelobtwceben,

S icwerbengelobtmeebcn,

fieweebengelobtwcebcn,theywill

ibe ieietgclobtworben,

Ste ieieugelobtwoebcn,

fie ieieugclobtworben,theybeenpraised.

APPENDIX . 165

PLUPEREECT.

ibe waeetgelobt ibe wieetgclobtwoebcn, woeben,

S ic waecngelobt S icwi ecngelobtpraised.

woeben, worben,

fiewaecngelobtworben,they had fiewi ecngelobtwoeben,they hadbeenpraised.

FUTURE PERFECT.

icb werbe gelobtworben iein, I ibwerbegelobtworben iein, (that)shall have beenpraised. I shal l have beenpraised.

bu mieftgelobtworben iein,thou buwebbedgelobtwoebeniein,thouwilthave beenpraised, etc. wilthave beenpraised, etc.

FIRST CONDITIONAL.

icbwilebegelobtwceben, I should be praised.

buwiiebeftgelobtwerben,thou wouldstbepraised, etc.

SECOND CONDITIONAL.

ib wilrbegelobtworben iein, I should have beenpraised.

buwilebcftgelobtworben iein,thou wouldsthave beenpraised,IMPERATIvE .

wcebcgclobt,)Mgelobt, bethou praised.

mcebc cegclobt, lethim be praised.

wcebcnwiegelobt,lafitunbgelobtwerben,weebctor jcibgelobt,wcebcn or icicn S icgelobt, be you praised.

wcebcn or feien fiegelobt, letthem bepraised.

INFINITIVES.

gelobtwcebcn, to be P ast: gelobtworben iein,to havebeenpraised.

PARTIC IPLES .

Present(an lobcnb,to bepraised, P ast: gelobtworben, beenpraised.

occurs as adjective only).

PARADIGI OF A STRONG OR IRREGULAR VERR.

Ceben,togiro.

PRINCIPAL PARTS geben, gab, gegeben.

Indicative.

lbgebe, I give.

bugiebl ,thougivest.cegleit, hegives.

wlegeben, wegive.

ibegebt,S icgeben,

you give.

fiegeben,theygive.

PRESENT

lbgibe, I gave, or (that) I mightlbgab, I gave.

give, etc.

bu sabfi,thougavest. bugibefl ,thougave.eegab, he gave. cvgibe, he gave.

wlegaben, wegave. wlegi bcn, wegave.

ibegabt, ibegi bet,2S iegaben,

yougave.S ic gi bcn,

yougave.

liegabcn,theygave. fiegi bcn,theygave.FUTURE .

ib wcebegeben, I shall give. ib wcebcgeben, (that) I shallgive.

buwieftgeben,thouwiltgive, etc. buwerbelgeben,tlwtm iltgive, etc .

PERFECT.lb babegegeben, I havegiven. lbbabegegeben, (that)I havegiven.

bu baftgegeben,thou hastgiven, bubeliedgegeben,thou hastgiven,etc . etc.

PLUPERFECT.lb battegegeben. I had given. lbbittegegeben, (that) I hadgiven.

bubattcftgegcbcn, bubitteftgegeben,thouhadstgiven,etc. etc.

l b gcbc, I give, or (that) Igive, etc.

bugebefi,thangive.

eegebe, hegive.mlegeben, wegive.ibegebet,S icgeben,fiegeben:theygive.

IMPERFECTyougive.

THE AUXILIARIES OF TENSE.

Th e A uxili ary babeu,to have .

PRINCIPAL PARTS : babeu, batte, gebebt.Indicative.

lb babe, I have.

bu bait,thou hast.ee bat, he has.

wie babcn, we have.

ibe babt,S ic babcn,

lie babcn,they have.

lb batte, I had.

bu bultell,thou hadst.

l you have.

PRESENT.

lb babe, I have, or (that) I mayhave, etc.

bu babel ,thou have.

sebabe, he have.

wle babeu, we have.

ibe babel,S icbaben,

lie baben,they have.

iyou have.

IMPERFECT,lb bitte, I had, or (that) Ihave, etc.

bu bitteit,thou hadst.ce batte, he had. ce bitte, he had.

wie batten, we had. wie bitten, we had .

ibe battct, ibe bittet,S ic batten, you had.

S ic bitten, you had.

iic batten,they had. lie bitten,they had.

FUTURE .

lb wcebc babcn, I shall have. lb a sebe baben, (that) I shal l

have.

bumlefi babeu,thou wilthave. bu netbefibabeu,thou wilthave.cvmleb babeu, he will have. ceweebebabeu, he will have.

mlewcebcn babcn, we shall have. wie werben babcn, we sha ll have.

ibewcebetbabcn, l ibe werbel babcn,S ic wcebcn babcn,

youmuhawS icmcebcn babcn,

yoummM”

fiewerben babeu,they will have. fiemcebcnbabcn,they will have.

APPENDIX. 169

PERFECT.

ib babegcbabt, I have had.

bu baitsebabi,thou hasthad.

ce batgebebt, he has had.

wie babengcbabt, we have had.

ibe babtgcbabt,S ic babengcbabt, l you have had.

{ic babcngcbabt,they have had.

lb babe gcbabt, I have had, or

(that) I may have had, etc.

bu babefigebebt,thou hasthad.

ee-

babegcbabt, he has had.

mle babeugebabl, we have had.

ibe babel gcbabt,S ic babcngebebt, you haveMd‘

fie babcngcbabt,they havehad.

PLUPERFECT.lb battegcbabt, I had had.

bu bultell gcbabt,thou hadsthad.

ee battegebabt, he had had.

wle battengebabt, we had had.

ibe battctgebabt,enbattengcbabt, ”0 “ had had

fie battengcbabt,they had had.

lb bitte gcbabt, I had had, or

(that) I mighthave had, etc.

bu bitteftgcbabt,thou hadsthad.

ce bittegebabt, he had had.

wie bittengcbabt, we had had.

ibe bittctgebebt,enbittengeben,}W“ ”ad ”ad“

lie bittengebebt,they had had.

FUTURE PERFECT.lb a sebe gebabtbabcn, I shall

have had .

bu wieftgebebtbabeu,thou willhave had.

cva lebgebabtbabcn, hewill havewlewerbengcbabtbaben,we shallhave had.

ibewerbel gebebtbabeu, you wi ll

S icwerbengebebtbaben, have had

liewerbengcbabtbabcn,theywill

lb wcebc gebebtbabcn, (that) Ishall have had.

bu iveebell gcbabtbaben,thou willhave had.

orweebegcbabtbabcn, he will havewie werbengebebtbabeu, we Shallhave had.

ibemcebctgcbabtbabcn, you will

S icwerbengebebtbabcn, have had

fiewerbengebebtbabcn,they willhave had.

FIRST CONDITIONAL.

lb wilebe babeu, I should have.

bu wiltbeftbabeu,thou wouldsthave.eewllebe babcn, he would have.

wiewileben baben, we should have.

ibewilebetboben,S lcwiiebenbabcn,

you would have.

fiewilebcn babeu,they would have.

170 TEE AUXILIARIES OF TENSE .

SECOND CONDITIONAL.

lb wiiebegebabtbabcn, I should have had .

buwilebcjtgebabtbaben,thou wouldsthave had .

cvwilebcgcbabtboben, he would have had.

wlewileben sebabi babcn, we should have had.

lbewilebetgcbabtbabcn,S icwilebengcbabtbaben, W“ "m ” ”a“ had“

fiewileben s'

ebabi baben,they would have had .

IMPERATIVE .

babe, havethou.

babe er, lethim have.

babcnwle, llafitunb babeu, letus have.

abt,gaben S im}have (you)babcn lie, letthem have.

INFINITIvES .

babcn,to have. P erfect: gcbabtbabcn,to have had.

PARTICIPLES.

Present: babcnb, having. P ast: gcbabt, had.

Th e A uxil iary iein,to be .

PR INCIPAL PARTS blu, war, acneicu.

PRESENTlb bln, I am.

bu blft,thou art.ee ift, he is.

wle flab, we are.

ibe leib,S ic finb,

fie flab,they are.you are.

IMPERFECTlb war, I was.

buwaeft,thou wast.cvwar, he was.

wlemaven, we were.

ibewaect,S icmarcn,

fiewaecn,they were.you were.

lb lei, (that) I may be.

bu leleil,thou mayestbe.

ex: lei, he may be.

wle lelen, we may be.

ibe lelet,S ic lelen,

lie idea.they may be.you may be.

lb b ite, (that) I were.bu wi ecft,thou wert.cewire, he were.

wlewi een, we were.

ibewi ect,S icwiecn,

ilewieeu,they were.you were.

172 TIIE AUXILIARIES OF TENSE .

FIRST CONDITIONAL.

lb wilebc felu, I should be.

butoilebcftiein,thou wouldstbe.

se wilebc lcln, he would be.

wle wilebcn iein, we should be.

ibewilebctfcln,S icwilebcn lcln, l you would be.

{icwlieben iein,they would be.

SECOND CONDITIONAL.

lb wilebegcwcfcn iein, I should have been.

buwilebcltgemeicu feln,thou wouldsthave been.

cemilebegemeicu iein, he would have been.

wlewllebengemeicu ieln, we should have beenlbetoilebctca cica iein,S icmueben

ggcmcfen iein,

you would have bem

fiewilebengemeicu iein,they would have been.

IMPERATIVE .

lei, be (thou).fel cv, ‘

lethim be.

feienwie,lafitune iein, I“ “ 3 be'

leib,

fcicn S ic,be (you).

felen fie, letthem be.

INFINITIVES . PARTIC IPLES.P resent: fcln,to be. P resent: fclenb, being.

gcwcfcn iein,to have been. P astgemeicu, been.

29 3 . Th e A uxil iary merhen,to become (toget,togrow) .

PR INCIPAL PARTS : merhen, unebe, genseben.PRESENT. Subjunctive.

lb mcebe, I become. lb weebo, (that) I (may) become.

buwieft,thou becamest. buwerbetl ,thou become.er mirb, he becomes. er h erbs, he become.

wie wcebcn, we become. miemcebcn, we become.

l emcebct, ibewcebct,Sbiewcebcn, l you become.

S icweeben, l you become.

liewerben,they become. liewerben,they become.

APPENDIX . 173

IIIPERFECT.

lb muebe (maeb),1 I became.

bu wuebcft,thou becamest.ce wuebe, he became.

wie wurben, we became.

ibe wuebct,S ic wurben,

liewueben,they became.

iyou became.

lb wiltbc, I became.

bu wilebcft,thou becamest.etwllebc, he became.Ivletollebcn, we became.

ibe wilebet,S icwilebcn,

fiewilebcn,they became.

you became.

FUTURE .

lb wcebeweeben, I shal l become.

bumltftweebcn,thou wiltbecome.

se wleb Ivceben, he will become.

wie wcebcn werben, we shall be

come.

ibe werbel wethen, l you wil lS ic wcebcnwerben, become.

{ic werben werben,they will become.

ib wcebeweebcn, I sha ll become.

buwetbefimeeben,thouwiltbecome.

ctieeebewerben, he wil l become.

wie werben werben, we shall be.

come.

ibe wcebctweebcn, you will

S lewerbenwebben} become.

fie werben werben,they will bePERFECT.

lb bill gctvoeben, I have become.

bu blftgeworben,thouhastbecome.

cv iftgeworben, he has become.

wle finb gewoebcn, we have become.

ibe leibgeworben, you have

S ic flnbgcwoebcn, become.

lie flnb geworben,they have become.

lb leigcwoeben, I have become.

buleieflgeworben,thouhastbeeome.cv leigewoeben, he has become.

mitieleu geworben, we have become.

ibe leietgcwoebcn, you have

S ic ieleugcwoebcn,l become.

fie ieieu gewoebcn,they have become.

PLUPERFECT.lb b utgewoeben, I had become.bu waeftgeworben,thou hadstbecome.

ce waegeworben, he had become.

wle waeengeworben, we had become.

ibe waectgeworben, you had

S lcwaeengcwoebcn, become.

fie waeengewoeben,they had be

ibwiregcwoebcn, I had become.

bu wi ecftgeworben,thou hadstee waregcwoebcn, he had become.

wie wieengeworben, we had become.

ibewieetgewoebcn, you had

S icwiecngewoebcnj become.

fie wiecngewoeben,they had become.

1 See foot-note 2, page 110 .

174 THE AUXILIAR IES OF TENSE .

FUTURElb werbe gemo:bcu iein, I shall

have become.

bumil-ii gcmoebcu iein,thou wiltctmirb gemOtbcu iein, he wil lhave become.

ml: metbcugeb etbcu iein,weshallhave become.

ibrwerbelgcmotbcu iein, youwi ll

S icmetbcngew ebeniein, become.

iicwerbengew ebeniein,theywillFIRST CONDITIONAL.

lb b liebemctbcu, I should become.

bumlltbcftmctbcu,thou wouldstbecome.ctb liebemetbcn, he would become.

ml: wiltbcu mctbcn, we should become.ibr mfirbetmeebeu,S ic b liebenmetbeu, you wouldm

fiewurbenmctbeu,they would become.SEcONn CONDITIONAL.

lbmutbegm orbcu iein, I should have become.bumllrbeftgeb etbcu iein,thou wouldsthave become.ctmuebegcwm'beu iein, he would have become.

wit:mlltbcugcmOtbcu (eiu, we should have become.

bl wiltbctgemocbcn ical, §you would have lS ic b liebengemOtbcu fem,

fiewiltbcugeworben iein,they would have become.IMPERATIVE .

mctbe, become (thou).metbc er, lethim become.mctbcu mit,

llafituuBmerhen,}letuswerbel ,mctbeu S ic, become (you)werben fie, letthem become.

INEINITIVEs. PABTIOIPLBB.

Present: wctbcu,to become. Present: wetbcub, becoming.

Peifectgeworbenieln,tohavebecome. Past:geb etbcuorworben,become.

PERFECT.lb weebe gewoebeu iein, I shall

bubmefigemoebcu iein,thou wilthave become.

ee b abe am oebeu iein, he willhave become.

mi: meebcugcwoebcu fciu,we shal lhave become.

ll): werbelgeworbeniein, vow el“

S icweebcugemoebcu iein, .m fe ,

iicwctbeugemo:bcu iein,they will

176 THE AUXILIAR IES OF MODE .

FUTURE PERFECT.lb mctbe gcmufitbabeu or has lb werbe gemufitbabeu or hate.ben miifien, I shall have been miifien, (that) I sha ll have been

obliged. obliged.

bu mirftgemufitbabeu or babeu bu unmet! gemufitbabeu or babeumilficu, etc. muficu, etc.

FIRST CONDITIONAL.

lbmiltie or lb murbcmlificu, I should be obliged.

bumiiBteftor bu milebcftmilficn,thou wouldstbe obliged, etc.

SECOND CONDITIONAL.

lb battegcmufitor miifieu, or lb b liebegcmufitbabeu or babeumlificu,I should have been obliged.

bu bllttcfl gcmufitor mllficu, or bu mlirbcftgcmufil babeu or babeumilficu, etc.

INFINITIVES .

Present: muficn,to be obliged. P erfect: gcmufitbabeu or babeumiifien,to have been obliged.

PARTICIPLES .

Presentmllficub, beingobliged. Pastgcmufitor milfieu, been

obliged.

29 5 . The Auxil iary ibuacu, (can)to be able .

PRINCIPAL PARTs ztbuueu, innate, selenat.Indicative. Subjunctive.

PRESENTlb fault, I can, am able.

bu faunft,thou canst.cl: farm, he can.

mix: ibuacu, we can.

ibe lbuut,S ic ibuacu,

{ic lbml cu,they can.

iyou can.

lb lonnie, I could, was able. lb ibanic, I could, were able.bu louutcft,thou couldst. bu lbuutcft,thou couldst.ctionntc, he could. ctfinale, he could.

lb fiiuue, (that) I can, bebutfiunefi,thou canst.ertime, he can.

mitlbuucu, we can.

ibrthanet,S ic ibuacu,

lie f’

bnucu,they can.

IIIFERFECT

2you can.

AP PENDIX . 177

mi: lonnten, we could. witlilmlteu, we could.

if): fouutct,l l

ibr lbuntet,S icmantel» ;you S ic lbnnten, l you could.

lie fonntcu,they could. lie lbnutcu,they could.

FUTURE .

lb mcebc ibuacu, I shall be able. lb mcebe ibuacu, (that) I shal l be

able.

bumirftibuacu,thou wiltbe able, bu b etbefi ibuacu,thou wiltbeetc . able, etc.

PERFECT.lb babegcfonntor l in en, I have lb babegcfonutor ibn en, (that)been able. I have been able.

bu ball gelonntor fbnncu, etc. bu babel} gclonutor ibuacu, etc.

PLUPERFECT.lb battegelouutor lin en, I had lb bittegelouul orth an , (that)been able. I had been able.

bu bultell gclonntor ibuacu, etc. bu biittcftgclonutor ibuacu, etc.

FUTURE PERFECT.lb meebcgelouutbabeu or babeu lb metbe gefonutbabeu or babeu{i agcu, I shall have been able. than“ , (that) I sha ll have been

bu wirftgclouutbabeu or babeu bummefigelonutbabeu or babeulbuucu, etc . ibuacu, etc.

FIRST CONDITIONAL.

lbtingle, or lb mbebe ibuacu, I should be able.

bu lbnuteft, or buwiltbeftibuacu,thou wouldstbe able, etc.

SECOND CONDITIONAL.

lb battegefomitortonnen, or lbwilrbegclonutbabeu or babeu ibuacu,I should have been able.

bu blitleftgefoantor ibuacu, or bu murbeftgclonntbabeu or babeuibuacu, etc.

INFINITIVES .

Present: ibuacu,to be able. P erfect: gefonntbabeu or gainlbuuen,to ha ve been able.

PARTIC IPLES .

Presentlbuueub, beingable. Pastgelonul ortinneu, beenable.

178 THE AUXILIARIES OF MODE.

296 . Th e A uxil iary molten, (will)to be willingPRINCIPAL PARTS : mi en, b ottle, smelt.

Indicative.PRESENT.

lbmill , I wil l, am willing. lb b olte, (that) I will, be will ing.

bumlltft,thou wilt. bumi en,thou wilt.ctmill, he will. atb elle, he will.mil: molten, we will. mlr molten, we will.lb: moltl,

2ibr moltet,

S ic molten, you will.S ic molten, you wul'

fiemolten,they will. liemolten,they will.IIIPERFECT.

lbmotile, I would, was willing. lb moltlc, (that) I would, werewilling.

bumottleft,thou wouldst. bumoltteft,thou wouldst.ctmoltte, he would. ctmoltlc, he would.

mitmoltten, we would. mil: molttcn, we would.

ibewolltet, ibr wolltet,S icmoltten, you would.

S ic moltten, you would.

liemolttcn,they would. liemolttcn,they would.

FUTURE .

lb merbc molten, I sha ll be will lb metbe molten, (that) I sha l l be

ing. willing.

bu wirftmolten,thou wiltbewill bu merbefi molten,thou wi ltbeing, etc. willing, etc.

PERFECT.lb babegemolltormolten, I have lb babe gemolll or molten, (that)beenwilling. I have been willing.

bu ball gemolttor molten, etc. bu babel! gemoltl or molten, etc.

PLUPERFECT.lb battegewolltormolten, lb biiltegemolttor molten, (that)been willing. I had beenwilling.

bubultell gcmolttor molten bu blittcftgemolttor molten, etc.

180 THE AUXILIAR IES OF MODE.

IMPERFECT.lb folllc, I should, ought, wasto. lb foltle, (that) I should,

wereto.

bu fonteft,thou shouldst. bu foltteft,thou shouldst.er folttc, he should. er foltte, he should.

mil: loltlen, we should. mitfoltlen, we should.

ibe follicl , ibr lolttcl,S ic foulen, l you should

S le lottten, l 7 0 “ should

lie iottten,they should lie fobtcn,they should.

FUTURE .

lb metbe lottcn, I shall beto. lbmeebelotten, (that) I shall beto.

bumitftfoltcn,thou wi ltbeto, etc. bubmefiioltcn,thouwiltbeto, etc .

PERFECT.lb babe gefetttor (alien, I have lb babegefolttor lol eu, (that) Ibeento. have beento.

bu ball gclolttor ioItcn, etc. bu babel} gciolttor iottcn, etc .

PLUPERFECT.lb batte gclottl or (alien, I had lb battegelolttor lolleu, (that) Ibeento. had beento.

bu bultell gclolttor follcn, etc. bu blitteftgcfoltl or follen, etc .

FUTURE PERFECT.lb werbegcloltl babeu or babeu lb metbe gclolttbaben or babeu

lollen, I shall have beento. fallen, (that) I shall have beento.

bu wirftgcfolttbabeu or babeu bumetbell gefolttbabeu or babeu

follcn, etc. folten, etc.

FIRST CONDITIONAL.

lb lame, or lb milrbe follen, I should beto.

bu fobld’t, or bumilrbcftlolten,thou wouldstbeto, etc.

SECOND CONDITIONAL.

lb bittegclolltor fallen, or lb mlirbe gefeltl babcn or babeu loltcn,I should have beento.

bubllttcflgefolttor foltcn, or bumilrbcftgcfotttbabeu or babcnlotten, etc.

INFININIVES.

Present: foltcn, shall, ought. P erfect: geiolll babeu, or babeu(alien,to have beento.

PARTICIPLES.

Presentiottcnb, beingto. Past. gclolttor fallen, beento .

APPENDIX . 131

29 8 . Th e Auxil iary blitfeu,to be allowed (to dare) .

PRINCIPAL PARTS bitten, battle, sebum.

Indicative. Subjunctive.PRESENT.

lb barf, I am allowed. lb bitte, I be allowed.

bu barfit,thou artallowed. bu bilefefi,thou be allowed.or barf, he is allowed. er bitte, he be allowed.

witbfitfeu, we are allowed. mil: blltfen, we be allowed.you are allowed. you be allowed.

iic blitfen,they are allowed. fie bfirfen,they be allowed.

IMPERFECT.lb butfle, I was allowed.

bu butftcft,thou wastallowed.

er burfle, he was allowed.

mitbutflcn, we were allowed.

you were allowed.

lie burften,they were allowed.

lb biirfle, I were allowed.

bu biitfleft,thou wertallowed.

ctbiirfle, he were allowed.

mitbilt'flcn, we were allowed.

ibr biltftct,S ic bllrften, l you were allowed.

lie biltflen,they were allowed.

FUTURE .

lb werbc batten, I shall be al lb merbe butfen, (that) I shall belowed. allowed.

bu mlrltburfen,thou will be d l bu werbefl burfcn,thou wiltbelowed, etc. allowed, etc.

PERFECT.lb babegeburfl or biltfeu, I havebeen allowed.

bu baftgeburftor bllrfcn, etc.

lb babe geburfl or biltm, (that)I have been allowed.

bu babel! gebutftor blltfcn, etc.

PLUPERFECT.lb battegeburfl or butlen, I hadbeen allowed.

bu bultell geburftor blitfcn, etc.

lb bl'

ltlegcburfl or blitlen, (that)I had been allowed.

bu biitteftgcbueftor bllrfen, etc.

FUTURE PERFECT.lb werbegebutfl babeu or bobenbitten, I sha ll have been ai

lowed.

bu mlrfl geburfl babeu or babeu

bill ion, etc.

lb mccbegeburfl babcn or babeubilrfen, (that) I shall have beenallowed.

bu babel! gcburfl babcnor babcnbiltfcn, etc.

182 THE AUXILIARIES OF MODE.

FIRST CONDITIONAL.

lb bllrlle, or lb milrbc bllrfen, I should be allowed.

bu blitfleft, or bumllrbeftblltfen,thou wouldstbe allowed, etc.

SECOND CONDITIONAL.

lb bittegeburftor bilrleu, or lb mllrbegeburfl babeu or babcn blitfcn,I should have been allowed.

bu blitleftgebul ftor burfen, or bu mllrbcftgeburftbabeu or babeubllrfcn, etc.

INFINITIVES.blitfcn,to be allowed. P erfectgeburftbaben or babeu

bllrlen,to have been allowed.

PARTIC IPLES.

blltfenb, beingallowed. Pastgeburftor bitten, been

allowed.

29 9 . Th e A uxil iary mbgeu, (may)to like .

PRINCIPAL PARTS : wh en, ni bble, semobl.

Indicative. Subjunctive.

PRESENT.lbmag, I may, like. lbmisc, (that) I may, like.bumagft,thou mayest. bumbgefi,thou mayest.ctmag, hemay. ermilge, he may.

mitmbgcn, wem y. mitmbgcn, we may.

ibrmbgt, ibrmbget,S icmbgen,3you may.

S icmbgen,you may.

liembgen,they may. liembgen,they may.

IMPERFECTlbmobtc, I liked.

bumobtcft,thou likedst.ctmobte, he liked.

mitmobten, we liked.

ibrmobtet,S icmobtcn, you hm ’

fiemobten,they liked.

ib miibte, (that) I might, liked.bumfibtcft,thou mightest.ctmiibtc, he might.witmfibtcu, we might.if): mfibtct,S icmfibtcu,{icmibtcu,they might.

you might.

sbbi(c)rcu

(U I. U) ,tr. “ do

shicu or shim s , as inFrench), intent.adieu,good

Shier (a m. 4 , eagle .

Gift(6 m.-u,

-u, ape, monkey.

than: (4 tr . have a presentimentof,divine , suspect, surmise .

ihnlib (1. adi. or adv. like , resembl ing, similar .

client(6 adj. or adv. silly.

a! (a lter, one, cues), indef . pro» .

and pw l’l adj . : 1 . collectively , al l ;

2 . distr ibutively , every, each , all .

fi llet, al l , everything, every one. In

compos. : -gcmciu, adj .general . -3u

Incl, a dv. all atonce , alltogether,one and all .

sllc (6 iammt, adv. altogether .

-3cit, -mal, a dv. atalltimes.

shrill (6 A), adj . or adv. alone ; couj .

only, but.sllrr (6 ye n.p i.; -bings, adv.to besure. Ofte np rcrla‘edto super lativeswith inte nsiveforce -li ltcfi, adj . oldestof all , very oldest. -bbbi

'

i, adj.mosthigh, h ighest. - lci, indecl . adj .

of al l kinds .—licbft, adj . mostlovely.

charming, del ightfu l .slB as,as being: 1 . aftcr a comparative,than ; 2 . with definite pasttense, when, as.

~ balb, adv. forthwith , immediately.

all (u ) adi. or adv. (il l icr, il licitor li ltfi),old.

i llel't. “til (6 6 , See all.

sun(6 ) on best.i nstill (6 e 6 n.

-s, America.

l ucrilsucr (6 6 z. m.-s, (f .

-iu) ,American.

Cl lfl lltll l‘q (u v 1 v ) , adj . American.

as adv. and sep’able prefix , on, up .

P rep . : 1 . of position, with dat. or

accus . atortothe side or edge of,

close by, by, against, along; 2 . Qrtime, on, upon, at; 3 . in other relations, of,to , at, by, by reason of, by

means of. er lcibctRovfmcb, he

suffers from headache . (buttglau :

ben, be lieve in God .

cubicles (a -bot, -gcbotcu, tr .

Offer .

unbeaten(6 v v) , n. 4 , remembrance,souvenir . aum , as a keepsake .

saber (6 pron’l adj . other, else , dif

fereat. uutcr aubcru (u. amongothers.

a lert(6 adv.otherwise ,difl erently.

submit“ (6 6 indecl . adj . (other or

second half, i . e.) one and a half .

m inu s (6 tr .take for ong’s own,APPROPRIATE . {lb acquire .

i n fl ate (v v i v ), f .-n,

fiscrhictcu (6 6 11. -s. otter.

Gillan; (6 m.-s, —fliugc, beginning.

sciences (6 6 4 mmb etw een.tr .

Salinger (6 6 m.-s,

glnner .

angelica (6 6 tr . gape at, stare at.inal ig fistula“ (6 adj . or adv.

ANXIOUS .

“ balten (6 6—biclt, —gcbc ltcu, tr .

hold onto , stop.

snhdngvn (6 6 tr . causeto hangon,

attach (tothe neck of) , APPEND.

suilcibcn (6 tr . putclothes upon,

dress.

suicmlucu (6 6 Jam,-gciommcn,

iutr . Lar rive , come.

suuclmcn (6 —nab:u, -gcuommcu,tr .take on, ACCEPT , AS SUME , rece ive .

snrcbcu (6 tr . address.

stitches (6 4 0 0 , -gcicbcu,tr . look

(f . be

fi l irlmi (6 a . 4 , ASPECT , look.

non by sight.suitutt(6 p rep . with pea . instead , inplace , in l ieu .

unwitting(6 6 f .-en, employ,

“

em

ployment.l ama“ (6 f .

—en, word in return,answer .

anth ems (6 6 tr . answer , reply.

snhcrtraimi (6 6 tr . entrust, confide.

sandals (6 adj . present.auairlmt(6 -

aog,mascara,tr . draw

on, ATTRACT , draw or puton (as

clothes).unit! (6 m.

-s, iipfel, apple. 4m m,

m. apple-tree .

—meiu, m. cider.

”M k (V v l ft-it,wriwtofibril (6 m.

-s, -e (m ), April .

mm(6 f .—eu, work.

”ultra (6 tr . or intr . work, labor,

W in (6 m. 4 , (f .-in), work

man, laborer.

ii (6 6 adj . or adv. annoying,annoyed.

m m. 4 0 , 4 , arm, branch . 4 mm,

in. arm-chair , easy-chair.

at. dinner, dm it, adj. or adv. poor ,

scanty.

in fil l (6 adj . or adv. poor, scanty.

( stile! (6 a m. 4 , article.am or c). a . 4 5, flute, physician,

doctor.

1 ! at. 4 6, fine, branch , bough .

an. adv. or cold. nu , also, even;

qfter met, was, welder, mic, no,menu, ever , occu r.

and 1 .

upwards ; 2 . prep . (with dat. or accns.)

npon, on, after , for, at, in, of,to.

has, inorderthat. eiumal, al l atonce . has flash, intothe country.

Satell ite“ (4 6 m.-s, -e, stay.

“ fut” (z u ).f 4 1.task, lesson.

salaries (J. -giug, 1 egangrn, iatr .

so up.open.

autism (s iatr. stop, cease , giveover .

satisfies (3. Jet, -gelefen,tr .gatheror pick up.

sail s” (A 6 tr . Open. an rise.

l it“ 3 aui( allot(a at. 4 6, 4 d”, composition,essay.

satisfies (3. 6 tr . setupon, puton (tenbut).

sum (1. 4 10m,-gefiauben, iatr .

stand up,getup.

anth em (a 6 intr. i. wake I ) ,

awoke.

male! “

“ W (l v tr. wake l ) , awake.

"mm (4 u ).o va -scanner.tr draw

up or open, pull up. bitlib: wind

up.

l ugs a .-s, -n, eye. -abild, m.

(glance ofthe eyes ; hence) moment.im -abild, in a moment, inthetwinklingof an eye.

-nbiidiiq, adj . oradv. immediateay). ap

patently.

i nnitm. 4 , August(mouth).uni 1 . adv. and sep

’ble prefix, out,forth ; 2. prep . (dat.) outof, from;of

Gating(.f. m.—ei , -fillet, flyingout,

M fitml tr . carry eut, execute.

salaries (.r. min , 1 egangen, iatr .

go out.m um u ). not. m emes , tr .

pour out.M isfits (z. 6 -lie3, fl elaflen,tr . letout, leave out, omit.

“ 515mm (1. 6 tr . extinguish , putout.

“ Ba stien (A 6 tr .make outputout.esmamaid)“ out, never mind.

sal ience (e -iab, q efeben, iatr .

look , appear , seem.

antes (.r. adv. without.super (1. I . prep . with dat. eutsideof, outof, besides ; 2. J uan, adv. be

sides,moreover.-balb, adv. , or prep .

withgen. or dat. , onthe outside of.

“ he?“ (6 v ). adj . or adv. outermost,uttermost, u ranium.

finhimde (.e. f . pronunciation.

“ intuit; (s 6 o ).adj. or adv. outside;by heart.

“ Dairies (.c fl og, 1 eaogen,tr .draw

out, EXTRACT ,take cit; iatr . i.march

out; remove (from a house).

luar or her adj . or adv. bare ; pure ;in cu b . ba(a)retGelb, readymoney,0 “ at. 4 6,tabs, brook.

Dal or a .—es, S aber, bath .

Oahu “ (4 6 m. 4 ,-brter, bathing

place.

i d .(U) , ad”. m u. bulb o o o 50 “ e e 0 ,

atoneI o ”a (V ) , ” o Bane, bl " .

2. eat(v ).m. 4 5, sane, bal l , dancing

images (6 latr . (with dot.) be afraid,be anxious.

Dan! f . fi dd le, bench.

Dir an.-en, -en, bear.

“titan“ (6 z tr . shave.

Dartat. 4 3, S arto, beard.

Me(e)ren, shave.

Dale( .L f .-n, female relative, cousin.

l asts (.ttr . build, rep. rise h igh ,overtop.

Dam d ef -u,— or -n, peas

ant, boor.0 m as. -c! , Baum ,tree ; beam.

ben

him (a red. raise one’s self up

right( like atree) , rise onthe h indfeet, rear, prance.

Of inhabitant(v 6 u (v )tr. intend.

l ent-arm (v (a v tr . answer .

l rl aum (6 J. tr . regret.um (6 6 tr . cover .

m m (6 tr. mean, signify, pre

m m (6 J. adt. or "

adv. consider

able, important.Orbital: [bet] (6 4 m. (inflected lilacadj -n, -u, servant.m m (a I. v ) ,tr.threaten.

.fl m (u l. v ) , if . honor.

i rriira (u z u ) , ftfl. hasten.

m e. 0 1‘ M i.“ (v 6 (u ) tr . put

an endto, finish .

Oren ( l v ) , f . 4 1, NIT].

Britt! (6 .e) , ill . 4 ,-e, command. 4 ,

baber, ill . commander .

198 trlifiigeu

brittle! (6 .z 4 0 0 1, -fobica,tr . com

tri‘mm (6 6 Jam, Jemima, tr .

get,obtain, rece ive ; intr . i. (with dat. )suit, agree with . an ieben, getasightof.

irlahrn (6 .s -lub, - labeu,tr. load.

i rli l lgru (6 6 6 tr.trouble , annoy.

irlultu (6 6 -funb, -tunten, rel . l ad

one’s self; chanceto be ; be (in respectto health orthe like).

W (6 6 tr. fol low, obey.

W (6 A intr. with dat. (rarelytr. fall in with , meet; befa ll , 0 0ourto.

“gluten (6 tr. accompany.

”W M (v v ) ,m. 4 , companion.

Drgldtrrin(6 .t6 m en, companion.

“trim(6 .t-9rifl, -grifieu,tr .take

hold upon; i. e. ) coumtsu lm o , nu

derstand, concmva .

mam (6 4 iatr. (only inthird p erson) with dat. please , suit,gratify .

bristles (6 6 -hielt, -l)alten,tr . hold

on upon, keep.tetaustrn (6 .ttr . maintain, afllrm .

ittitru (6 tr. preserve ,keep ,guard ,protect.

i ri sep’ble prefix and adv. near ,

near by ; prep . with dat. by, bytheside of, near ; at, in , with , among,about; atthe house of (French, chez ).bie enactiBaterloo,the battle of

Waterloo. unferer ill iidtebr, on ourreturn.

“ at( l v ) , adi both .

i ein beitent.Orin a . 4 ,

-e, bone ; usually leg.

beinabc .s adv. near about, nighupon, almost.Mid i“ ) s also id iom A) , adv.

aside, apart.Crime! (4 a . 4 ,

-e, example . aunt(3. S J, for instance .

when (1. his, gebiflen,tr . bite.serum : (6 6 (her, (inflectedlike adj.) acquaintance.

Orlauutitbait(6 6 12 4 s , acquaint

OM ( .i n. 4 , floweret, littleflower.

Dim ( .tf .-u, flower, blossom,

bloom.

Dism issal; (a 6 m. 4 0 , -iirdui er,

bouquet, nosegay.

i luiig( .z adj. or adv. bloody.

Oah u (4 no. 4 ,tithes, bottom,ground, floor; attic.

Doors ( .tin. 4 , bow, bend ,curve ,

are , arch ; sheetof paper.Oirle ( .tf .

-n, purse ; exchange.ti le or i ii (J. adj. or adv. bad,

naughty.

broaden (z. tr. use , need, want.firm 0 d}. or adv. brown.

firstadj. or adv. excellent,worthy,good, brave.

iredien (6 brad, gebrodeu.tr. break.

hreitadj. or adv. broad, wide.

Su ite (1. f .-n, breadth ; LA'

rrrunn.

Cruiser. see firmner.M stsir, see Rom(v)toir.“ and . sec Romert.rsrrlairren. see lorrigi(e)ren.

ireuueu (6 bronnte,gebronnt,tr. orintr. burn.

Brief m. 4 3, -e, letter, charter ,brief.

s l im .“ ( cl - U ) ’ il l . 4 0

letter-carrier.triageu (6 settam,tr . bring,fetch ,take , carry.

em or Drsbtor Bratn. 4 0 , 4 ,

bread.

9mm ( .z m. 4 , ibr-liter, brother .

S uit(4 m.—n, -n, boy, youth .

8nd n. 4 6, Witter, book.

Bilflrridrauf ( .z 6 m. 4 ,-Mrlinle,

bookcase.

Burg or 4 a, stronghold , castle ;fortifiedtown.

Oath!) or author (6 or 6 en.-eu, 4 or

-en, fel low.

Butter (6 butter. -brot, u. sl ice

of bread and butter.

postman,

G.

Gorillas. see Routine.Convert(p ron. Iroo-vairt, n. 4 0 , -e,

cover of a letter , envelope ; cover attable.

he ar her adv.there,then, atthatplace ortime ; underthose circum

stances. In comp’n with prep

’us,

stan ds for a dat. or accns. case, sing.

or p l . , oonj . (relat.) when, as, whereas; in causative sense, as, since , because.

hsbri .t) , adv.thereby, by itorthem ;therewith ; atthe sametime.find) n. 4 6, GDdcber, roof.

”hurt( .t6 and adv.therethrougll ,through or by or by means of itorthem orthat.l afiir .tand 4 a dv.therefor, for itorthem orthat.

lumen .ta dv. againstitorthemorthat; againstcr over ; onthe contrary, onthe other hand.

l ater a) .a dv.thence , fromthere ; forthatreason,therefore ; hence.

hal ite 6 and .s adv.th ither, so far ;away or along, past,there .tumult(z. adv. atthattime ,then.

mule (s f .-n) , lady, dame.

bamit(J. 6 and adv.therewith ,

with itorthatorthem; conj . where

with momit), in orderthat, sothat.mensltssi (6 n.

-es, 4 or 4 5a ,

steamboat, steamer.mamyflolfi (6 n. 4 6, -e, steamsh ip,steamer.

barium(z. or a) ,thereafter, after itorthatorthem.

al so ( .tm.-n, -n, Dane.

heathen a adv. beside itorthatorthem.

S immer! u u ) , n. 4 , Denmark .

bu ild) (a adj. or adv. Danish .

final m. 4 5 (no thanks.

tantra 20 1

tantra (6 intr. with dat.thank ;tr.

owe.tans adv.then. unbwauu, now

baron ortron -6 and adv.thereon, ator on itorthatorthem.

ed liegtnicbttnoth ingis ( lying)depending on it, itis of no con

sequence .tarsal ortrout.e and .e adv.thereupon, upon or on itorthatorthem ; often uponthat,thereupon,th en.tarsus ortrans e and z adv.thereout, outof itorthatorthem ;from or forth from it; by or by reasonof itorthat

harbirtru —bot, -geboteu,tr . ofl er ,

present.hurin ortrill - 6 and adv.therein, in or with in or atitorthatorthem.

“ (titled (4 . ar 4 6 and - 4 or

adv.thereafter , after ortoward ortoitorthatorthem.tariitrr ortriitrradv.thereover, above or over or

across or aboutor concerningitorterms ortrain ( .e 6 and 6 , adv.thereabout, around or for or respectingitorthatorthem ; forthatreason, outhataccount,therefore .tarantrn ortruntrn -6 6 and

adv.there below, underthere , down,

below.tsrnnirr ortruutrradv.thereunder, beneath or amongitorthatorthem.

‘GG(v ) , neat. Oft’

o

hat; conj .that; (for in bag) so

hshsu 6 and .tadv.thereof, of orfrom or by or respectingitorthatorthem ;thence , away, off .tatsnluuien 6 - lief, —gelaufen,intr . i. run away, escape.trait.z and ..

r. adv.thereto,to or

for or atitorthatorthem ; in ad

dition, besides, moreover.trite pose. adj .thy,thine.

0 0 0 0 0

teinrtllsltrn adv. onthy aeteinemegen (.e 6 countor behalf,teiueiinilieu ( .e 6 6 forthy sake .triuig( .t (a lwayspreced . by definitearticle) ,pose. pron.thine.

beaten (6 badte, gebadi ,tr . or intr.

(gen’ly with an, less oftenwithgen. )th ink ;think of, cal lto mind. id

blidte, I shouldthink.

henn adv.then, inthatcase ,th isbe ingso (notatthe beginningof a

clause,where inthis sense bannwouldbe used ,butwith less emphasis,parenthetica l ly) : else , pray, I shou ld l iketo know; conj . after a comparative(for than ; oftenestatbeginningof a clause, for .

benaud (6 conj . notwithstanding,nevertheless, yet, stil l .ter tie butn. 1 . de

monstr .pron. and adj .th is orth is one ,thatorthatone , etc .; 2 . as emp haticpers. p ron. he , she , it,they , etc .

3 . def . art.the ; distributively used,

eiumal bieR ode, once aweek ; 4 . net.p ron . who , wh ich ,that; 6. (rarely)as comp

’d rel he who ,thatwh ich , etc.terieuige 6 m.;tieienige (s 6

f . tsBienige (6 -6 n. demonstr.

adj . and p r .thatorthatone ,the one,those .terlribe 6 m. tielelbe 6

d irltt(6 6 n. determ. adj. and

p ron.the selfsame or same ; he, she ,

it,they.tribalb. befits“ .trfitsltrn(6 6 adv.

or conj . onthataccount,therefore.trfienuugeudtet(v u 6 v u u ) , ad v or

conj. in spite ofthat, notwithstanding.

hello (6 adv. so muchthe (beflire a

ie beito (each word

fol lowed by a the thetetivegeii or seam en (6 .4 adv. or

conj .therefore.trutlid ( .tadj . or adv. distinct.teutid adj . or adv. German.

mentide [her] (1. m.-n,

-n,the German; ein

‘Deutider, a German.

fientide [bil e] (I . u ) , 11. German (lan

guage) . aufbeutfd, in German.

S entiment(.z n. 4 . Germany.

S ear-her 6 m. 4 . December.

hill adi. or adv.thick, big.hit fem. of her.

itch m. 4 6, -e,thief.l in es (4 intr . with dat. serve .

S iam ( .e m. 4 . (f —in) , serv

ant.b itumen (4 6 or .tm. 4 ,

-e, Tues

day.

Mel bidet(4 m mit(4hteité (4 n. demonstr. ad} . and

pron.this orthat,this one orthatone ;the latter.

hitBIcitfi ) ( .e ad v. or prep . (withgen. )onth is side.

win n. 4 3, -e or —sr,th ing.hththiitjren v 6 z. tr . divide.

hed adv. or con}. though , yet,nevertheless ,however ; after all , surely, doubtless , I hope , is itnotso ?Sometimes simp ly but:to an imp erat.or optat. adds atone of stronger e ntreaty (l ike Engl . do ) : pray

hear , usua l lyfol lowingthe verb in an

emphatic inverted sentence.

matter (6wetter (6 u ) ,

warranties (6 6 6 or 6 6

Tmmsday.

“ illicit(6 adj . or adv. double, dupl i

cate,twofold.

S urf n.—ci ,

‘Dbrfer, vil lage . [cf .

English -thorp, in many names ofp laces.]tortadv.there , yonder.

hertig(6 ad}. or adv. ofthatplace .

hu ntcontr’n of batcuf.hu ntortrauma .z ad v. outside ,outof doors.

butnum.three ; -eriei, ofthreekinds.

hretuni (z. adv.threetimes,thrice .

”ethic ( I. num.thirty.

w hich: ( .z 6 num. adj .thirtieth .

}m. 4 ,-to'ten, doctor

M ali

"their ( .e nnm.thirteen.

hreiaemt(e 6 ) awn. adj .thirteenth .

m (6 adj. or adv. urgent(ly).hrittbet, bie, has britte, num adj .third.

W (6 n. 4 , contr ’n of S

'

britth ird part,third.

lttttthalh (6 6 num. adj. (third half,i . e. )two and a half.

mm (4 tr . or intr . (with dat.)hrsiiig(6 adj. or adv. droil .

hitpen . pron.then.

i .“ (6 v ) ,w . or adv. dark.

dark blue.-griin, darkgreen .

him! adj . or adv.thin, slender .

m adv. and sep . or insep . p refix.through ,throughout;thoroughly ;to end or completion ; prep . (withaccus.)through, during, bymeans ordintof, in consequence of, owingto , by.

martin” (6 or 6 thoroughly.

1 . huribisuitu (6 -iief, —geiaufen,intr . sep . i. runthrough , run away.

2. iM l'um(u l v ) , - iief, - icufen,tf .

insep . run or passthrough , go from

endto end of,traverse .

hurtlinifitu (6 6 tr . insep . mo istenthorough ly,wetthrough.hmhsriigoin (6 tr . sep . cudge l orbeatsoundly,thrash.

hurt“ (6 ) bunthas.M illbm (6 - 0 or 0 i v ) ,tr . sep . 0 "

insep . seek or searchthrough , ex

amine.

hiirien (6 burfte, geburft; intr . mod .

auxi l. be permitted or al lowed , feel

authorized ,venture ,dare ,need ; oftento be rendered by may or might.huritig(6 adj. or adv. needy, poor ;

mean, scanty, shabby.

murii m. 4 5 ,thirst.hurl ig(6 adi. or adv.thirsty.

water! (6 6 ) n. 4 ,-e, dozen.

cathodes (6 6 tr . nmcovnn, DETEOT .

eutflieteil (6 —flob, -fioi;en. intr . f.

l ee away (from, run away,

escape.

entgqm (6 I . adv. and sep’ble

prefix, against, in opposition, forthtomcat,toward , in face of; 2. prep .

(with precedingdat.) against, contraryto .

“ W M ,“ (u I. u u ) , -getufen,intr . (with dat. ) cal l outto.

eathsltel (6 6 —bielt. -§ aiten. tr.

hold away, keep off ; (entin sense ofin) hold within, contain.

el ite“ (6 adv. and prep . (withgen.

m m (v (a tr . pay.

euiihsihisen (6 6 6 tr. nxcunra 'ra ,

excuse.

« film (6 6 4 1mm). Jan een.intr . (with dat.) answerto, cor

respond with .

m (6 conj . either (fol lowedby obet. or) .

er pm . pm . be, it.erhsueu (6 1. tr . build up, build.

sel ls (6 tr. inher it.erbitteu (6 6 -bat. -beten,tr. begfor.

mum (6 6 tr . descry, perceive .

“ been (4: f .-n, strawberry.

m (6 .t0 45. experienced.

erfiiiien (in,v ) ,‘7 .til l , make ful l ; fulfil.m m(6 s -grifi, -griffen,tr . seize ,

catch .

etbslteu (6 6 -bieii , -i)c iten,tr . re

oeive ,get; hald in, restrain ; preserve.

eriuueru (6 6 tr . remind; refi. (withgen. or an followed by ace

-us.) re

fittl'iltlmg(6 6 f .—en, catch ingcold ;

cold. sine beiommen,get, catch acold.

ertt‘leit(6 6 intr . f. betaken il l ,

become il l.

erisniteu (u 4 tr. al low, permit.M (6 J. adj. vacant.erleihen (6 J. - iitt, —iitten,tr . suffer .

erreiibeu (6 tr . reach , arrive at.m einen(6 .e - ichien.

-f¢bienen, intr .

i. sh ine forth , make appearance , ap

u nti l“1 u ) .M ing.M isses .tr .

-fiieg, —iiiegen, tr .

(f ” ink

slay, kil l .trim (6 6 -fcbrai, -i¢roden, intr .

f. be frightened;tr . and reg.terrify ,

frighten.

eriharea'

(6 .ttr . save , spare.

er? adj . first, rams , foremost;adv. firstly, first, atfirst; forthe firsttime , nottill now, only atthistim e ;

butjust, only« Mm (uascend.

ertrinten (6 6 4 11 ml, -trun!en, intr .

i. be drowned.

erivadjen (6 6 intr. i. awake, b e

aroused .

(u 6 tr . await, S INCE

ermi(e)l ern (6 A tr . answer, reply.

mibieu (6 .t. tr . relate,tel l .Qui lting(6 J. f . 4 a,tale, narrative .

Cnietefla (6 6 f . men, governess .

e8 - and pers. pron. neat. it(oftenshortenedto itoften answerstoEnglishthere before a verb ; mo re

often itservesthepurpose of shiftingthetrue subjectto a position afl ertheverb, and is itself untranslatable.

Girl ( .e m. 4 , ass, donkey.tiles (6 at, gegefieu,tr . eat.gem Gistdo you like eggs ?

Glutamate (6 6 n. 4 , dining-room.

etins (6 z. or 6 adv. by chance.

eth nic (v I . 0 1'adv. DOGSfblO.

etinaB (6 indef . pron. , indeclina bla.

someth ing, anything, some , any.

somewhat(construed in appositionwith followingadj. or gen

’ly noun .

Sieuee, some news. (Dates, someth inggood) ; often used adverbia l ly ,

somewhat.1 . eat: (3. pass. adj . your, yours.

2 . euer (4 gen. p l . of bu, of you ,

your.-ti)aiben, -tmegen, um-tmiuen.

eurig v ) . (with dqf. W k ) . P 0 88 .adj . yours

u ) , 4 , Europe

Gautier m. 4 ,

Eumpean.

euro’fiiitb .e adj. or adv. Euro

W e

iaijren (4 fa in, gefabren, intr . i. or i) .

fare ; go ; go in a carriage , drive ;go ina boat, row, sail . [cf . Engl .wayfarer .]

Saintf .-en, journey ,voyage ,drive.

fallen (6 fuel, gefalleu, intr . i. fal l .

(slitadv. in oasn, if .

Gentile (u 4 u U) : f .—il , fl fl ll’o

M en (6 fins, gefaugen,tr . catch .

Ssrhe (6 f .-n, color.

8stn. 4 m, fidfier, vat, cask .

f.“ (u ), adv. almost.foul adj . or adv. rotten; foul ; lazy ,idle.

fissile“ (I. f . laziness , idleness.

Sew er 6 4 or 4 6 m. 4 ,-e, Feb

8ehee (4 f .-n, feather, pen.

Mien (4 intr . (with da l .) fail , bewanting(to) .sel ler (4 m. 4 , fault, mistake .

feifie) adj . or adv. cowardly.

iein adj . or adv.tine, nice .

Gelatin (4 f . mm , (female) enemy.

Get! n. 4 5, -sr,tield.

sea?“ (6 n. 4 , window.

Series (4 6 p l. vacation-time , holidays.

fern adj . or adv. distant, far 0 3 ,temote . non from afar.testis (6 adj . or adv. ready; finished.

haj maajen,getready.-trug, -getragea,tr .

fefior iel e (6 or 6 6 ) , adj. or adv. fast,iefitaiieu(4 6

-bieit, —gebalten, intr . i.

hold on, cl ing;tr . hold fast, cl ingto .

M an (6 mains , —genommen,tr .take (lay) hold of , arrest.ieii adj . or adv. fat.sever (4 n. 4 , lire.

{tubes (6 font, gefunben,tr . find,

meetwith ; deem,th ink ; ref . be

found, be (in health or condition or

place).

Giannini (6 6 m. 4 5, -biite,th imble( lit. nuget-hat).Glam (6 f .

-n, flash, bottle.

3mm n. 4 6, -e, flesh, meat.Glei' m. 4 5, dil igence. mitwithdiligence , on purpose .

0

ileibig(4 adj . or adv. industrious,dil igent.Iitten (4 tr . patch , mend.

fliebenh (4 adj . or adv. fiuent(ly) .slice! (4 m. 4 , wing.

Sink m. 4 6,gram, iiow; river.

Sindhi f .-en, licod, h igh water .

Salas (6 f .-n, snousnca , conse

quenco, SEQ UEL. ieiften, comply,obey.

iolgen (6 intr . f. (with dot.) fol low;obey.

isthm (6 tr . demand.

(artadv. and sep’ble prefix, forth,

forward ,onward ; on and on (intime),continuously ; away,gone , off .

isrihisien (6 -biiee, -gebiaien,tr .

blow away or off ; intr . continueblowing.

isttisbreu (6 -fuijr, -geiabren, intr .

i and i) . continue ; depart(by car

riage , boat,(m i ce : ( 4 6 intr . i. make haste;refl .take one’

s self oil ,getaway , decamp.

Sortidjriti (6 m. 4 6, -e, racem es .

— emadjen, make progress.

isrtieten (6 6 tr . putor setforward ;hence genera lly : push on , continue,pursue.

iorttrsgen (6carry away.

Stage (4 f .-n, question.

iragen (4 tragic, frag, gefragt, intr .

ortr . ask .

Stanfield (6 n. 4 , France.

granule (6 4 m.-n, -n, Frenchman.

Stamina (6 4 f .—nen, Frenchwoman.

frangi iiidj (6 4 adj . or adv. French .

gran f .-en, wife , woman, Mrs. (astitle) ; oftennottra nslated. SeeEran.

iein.

firflniein (4 n. 4 , younglady ;Miss (astitle) ; often nottranslated.

gebiirtes Sbrc: graniein edioefier

(Sbrc: granMutter) ? does itbelongto your sister (your mother)?fretadj . withgen. , or adv. free, atliberty ; voluntary.

itsg 20 6 sa int8m (L u 0 ? l m. 4 , 4 , Friday.

ire. ) adj . or adv. strange.

3m 0 41. used as noun, stranger .

her, hisgreats, einsmaller.

italics (6 frat. settefien.tr. out(said8m " (3 .f' “ no joy, pleasure.

m u in cm pleasureto.rejoice ; — inai, adv. five

refl. be glad, rejoice , be happy. ficbfiberor cutstreetor einer e adje (gem)freuen.

8mm m. 4 0 , 4 , friend.

Gem ini (4 f .-nen, (female) friend.

freuahiid) (4 adj. or adv. friendly,kind ; cheerful .

sm ufim (4 0 f . mend]!

ness.

frieren (4 feet, gefroren, intr . freeze ;

(with dat.) be chilled. es friettwith,I am cold.

(till!) adj . or adv. fresh , refreshing,

Gritm. 4 10 , dimin. qrfiriebrid) ,F

friihie) adj . or adv. early. morgento-morrowmorning.Miller (4 adj . or adv. earlier , sooner ,

former(ly). on

M att(4 n. 4 .-e. spring.

Gate! (4 f .-n, fork.

gsissismelren (6 6 4 intr . gal lop.

gm (Vii. whole adv. entirely ,quite . mobi, very well.

not adj . (notdeclined) ready, done ;adv. quite , very, exceedingly ; frequentwith negatives, atal l : nichte,noth ingatall .Gotten (6 m. 4 , (Batten, garden.

Oarienlsnbe (6 6 f .-n, arbor .

Gartensisner (6 6 f .-n, garden

wal l .

Oirtner (6 m. 4 , (f .-in) , gar

donor.

Gal lant(6 n. 4 6, 4 am, inn,

‘l fl ‘i (6 V 0 1’ (1 -)o ” at” bales inn ,

hotel .Cutie (6 m.

-n, -n, husband.

Settling(4 m. 4 , 4 , spring.

firi hfi d (4 n. 4 , (early piece

meal , i. e.) breakfast.“ hm (I. v v ). intr . breakfast.mu“ (1 v ) ,tr.M l .

litres (4 tr . lead,guide.

fil ea (6 tr.til l .m, (V ) , “m n'ootimes.than her, bie, has — e, um . adj .

finitely.“ nm . adj. (fifth half ,i . e. ) four and a half.

Sfinitei (6 n. 4 , fifth part.funnel”; (financial (6 num. fifteen.

M iami (M en!) (6 mm. adi fifteenth .

mm (m in) (e mm fiftyiuuhisil (6 bet. bie. has— e.num. adj. fiftieth .

fir prep . (with ace .) for ; in behalfof; instead of, in return for ; as con

cerns. was whatsortof.Satan f . (nop l .) fear , fright.flatten (6 tr . fear, dread ; refl. be

afraid (of something, notetwas) .Gilt? m.

-en, -en, prince.

Sub m. 4 3, sage, foot. an

foot.

Celtis (6 f .-nen, wife.

Oehiahe (v .1 fl . 4 , building.

geben (4 gab, gegeben.tr. give, deal(cards) . eh giebt. etc . (with obj . in

ace.)there is or are , etc . fichWill i etake pains. w as giebt’e? what’sthe matter ?Oeitanih (6 m. 4 ,

-briind)e, use .

maajen son, make use of.

Othertltsg(6 4 m. 4 , 4 , birthday.

W illis“ (6 6 n. m illet, -nin'

e,

memory.

gebeniea (6 6 6 ) sebacbte,gebadt(gen’ly

with an, sometimes with intr .think of; (withfall . infin.) intend ;tr .

(with ace. and dat.) remembertoth edisadvantage (or advantage) of.

Oetidjt(6 4 s, 4 , poem, piece of

poetry.

M anta)pennant) (4 f .

-en, home, nativeplace or country.

penning(4 m.-e, way home.

beinen (4 biefi, gebeifien,tr . bid , call ;

intr . be ca l led ; mean.

peltm.-en, -en, hero .

belles (6 ball, gebollen, intr . (withdat. ) help, aid , assist.hell adj. or adv. clear

,bright.

-gelb , light-yel low .-griln light

green.

Qemh n.- se, -en, sh irt.

bet (in compos. with followingadv.

or prep . adv. and sep’ble prefix ,

hither ,towardthe speaker (oppos. of

bin) . mo be: mober) , whence .

Omit(6 adv. and separable prefix ,

down ( inthe direction ofthe personspeaking) .

betanl (6 adv. and sep’ble prefix , up

(inthe direction ofthe person speak

ing) .

hernias (6 adv. and sep’bleprefix, out

h ither , forth .

betansiommen (6 4 6- iam,

-geiommen, intr . l. come out, come forth ,appear .

ierantiaalen (6 4 -iiel, -geiaulen,intr . l. run out.beruutnelnnen (6 4 -nahni , —genotnmen) ,tr .take out.per“ m. 4 6, -e, harvest-season,

autumn .

herein (6 adv. and sep’ble prefix, in

h ither (toward the speaker from

without) .butm.

-n,-en, Mr . (astitle ) , master ,gentleman. betbeer,the Lord .

Often notto betranslated , as Sb:

fituber. S eetfiriiulein.tm lifi (6 adj . or adv. splendid,mag

nlflcent.berunier (6 6 adv. and sep

’ble p refix ,

downward ( from above andtowardthe speaker) .ierunterlaileu (6 6 6 6

-liel, -gelailen,intr . l. fal l down .

im nierisnnnen (6 6 6 6- iam,

-se

iommen, intr . l. come down .

berunieriuerlen (v 6 v v v ) , -marl, -90

morlen,tr .throw down.

binnntetlallta

6 intr . cl imb up.

-lab, -gelei)en, intr .

4 -tbat, -getban,tr . put

adv. overthere ; across

tether (6 adv. and sep’ble p reha ,

forth or forward, h ither , out.per; n.

-en, heart; courage.

geriag(6 - ar m.-es, -e or -3Bge,

duke.trade) (4 adv.to day,this day.

iiber adjtStage, a week fromto-day.

nor adjt‘I agen, a week agoto-day.

beatig(4 adj . or adv. ofto-day,present.bier adv here.

bieraul adv. hereupon, uponthis .

[limiter adv. hither ,to here,thusfar.

bitlig(4 adj . or adv. here .

gimme! (6 m.-s, heaven, sky .

bin ad v. and sep’blep refix (oppositeto bet), hence , along, away ; often in»

p lyingmotion withoutregardto di

rection. unb bet,to and fro , back

and forth . mo bin mobin),wh ither .

binaui (6 adv. and sep’ble p refix , up

(fromthe speaker)tinanlilettern (6binaulleten(6look up .

hinaui (6 4 ) adv. and sep’ble prefix, out

hence or th ither , forth (fromthespeaker or po intcontemplated).tinantleben (6 4 - lab, -geleijen,intr . look out.bincin(6 adv. and sep

’bleprefix, into

it, inth ither (fromthe speaker) .bineinhauen (6 4 tr . bu ild in.tineingielgeu (6 —gofi, -gegofien,tr . pour in or into.

bineiniegen (6 4 6 )tr . lay in, putback.

hineinldjiitien (6 4 6 tr . pour in or

into .

bineiuttnn (6 4

in or into .tinfieilea (6 v u ) ,tr. place.tinten (6 adv. beh ind.

hinter (6 prep . with dat. or accns.

beh ind.

binfiher (u 1.

or over it.binnniet(6 6 adv. down .tinunierlailen (6 6 6 6

-fiel, -gelailen,intr . l. fal l down.

cm 210 {amino

W‘(u ) ,m. 4 5, 4 ,m ,m .

on: (c ) , m.-en (4 s), -en, hemman.

bitte (6 m.-n, -n, shepherd .

M adi or adv. (when 536m» (atdeclined 50 50 1 3 50 59. high stall . babes alter, advanced age .

loan-Mme v ) . « if Proud w e

gant.l istw ert. oftoo, highest;adv. inthe h ighestdegree.

pal or m. 4 5. b i le, yard , court.belles (6 tr . or intr . hope.

polluting(6 f .—en, hope.

“ I“ (4 adj. or adv. polite, COURTLY, courteous .

l i l ifll (4 adv. mostpolitely.

0M ?“ - u or 6 - u ) , M . 4 .

Date (4 Sec bod .

l iter (4 compar . of both.

Isles (4 tr . fetch , get. lallen,

i. (vhm lb 1

ittor an 1 . non . p l . of bit; 2. dat.sing. Qf lie ; 3 . pass. adj . her , its ,their(ibrer, ibre, ibres) , or your (Steer,Sbrc. Sbrei ) .

ilreitali en (4 6 6 adv. on her or its“ refu gee (4 6 ortheir account 3,

ilretisilien ( i v v u ) , l 0 1' behalf.

stratum adv. on your ac

ilrig(4 poss. pron. and alwayspre

ceded by dqf. art. hers , its ;theirs. (j .-in) ,

3m. poss.pmn. alwayspreceded

by dqf. art. your.

in in bem.tall er (6 adv. always , stil l . etmirbbuntier, itkeepsgrowingdarker.

in prep . with dat. or acc. in, into ,to, at. .5. u l l . 4 , Ita ly.

(6 conj. in or duringthetime 6 4 m.-e, (f .

- in) ,that, whi le , as ; inthat(by doingso

v .C v ), adj. [w h o

0m (6 n. 4 , Hol land.

gall ium (6 6-s, inhabitantof

lloiiand, Dutchman.

halliubilti (6 6 adj . be longingtolloi laad, Dutch .

out; 4 6, —e or some, wood .tires (4 tr . or intr . hear, under

stand.

pale (4 f .-n, hose,trousers .

betel n. 4 , 4 , hotel .hithl‘ adj . or adv. pretty, handsome .

pain n. 4 6, banner, hen, fowl .

builtm. 4 6, -e, hound, dog.

halibut(6 nnm. hundred.

bunhcrt! (6 7mm. adj . hundredth .

passer (6 m. 4 , hunger.

haugerig(6 6

“ in? “ V ) ,

film (6 u ) , m.-5, 0 0 11811.

out m. b itte, hat, bonnet;ad}. or adv. hungry.

3 .

suialt(6 m. 4 (no whatisheld in anything, contents.

inserts“ (6 6 6 ) adv. or prep . withgen.

or dat. with in.

in! contraction of in has.

sale“ (6 n. 4 , 4 n, insect.Sal im (6 n.

-e, boardingschool .

ium hig(6 6 adj . or adv. Inside .

iriiti (4 Irish .

arlanh (6 n. 4 , ireland.

3.15m i (6 6 m. 4 ,

Irishman.

irlinhiltb (6 6 Irish.treat(6 intr . l) . or f. err ; rej . be

mistaken.

M i lan! (6 m. 4 , error ,

mistake.

sullen 4

atelienerIta l ian.

italieuilfl

Siiitn. 4 5, 4 r or 4 , l ight, candle .

lieb adj. or a dv. dear .

liebeu (4 tr . love, l ike , be fond of.

liehensiunrbig(4 6 6 adj . amiab le .

lieher (4 adv. rather .

Sieb n. 4 5, 4 s, song.lielern ( 4 tr . del iver , furnish .

liegen (4 lug, gelegen, intr. sometimes l. l ie ; with an before an obj ect,and an ind i rectpers. obj ectinthedat. , be of consequence ; as : e5 liegtibmmel baron, or es liegtibtn baron,itis of much importanceto h im , he

is intentor anxious. lallen, leave

(beh ind) .

maden (6 tr . make,give (pleasure) ,pay (a visit) , do . einen Greatergang, e paaierritt, eine e saaierlatrttake a walk, ride (on horseback ) ,drive (in a carriage) . iafien, have

made.

R i l djen (4 n. 4 , maiden,girl .R agb f . mdgbe, maid-servant.fl atm. 4 5, 4 or 4 n, May.

Hal n. 4 5, 4 ,time .

.mal very often in cmnpoundstimes , as : 5mei twotimes ,twice ,etc .

malen (4 tr . paint.Ruler (4 m. 4 , painter.

Damian (6 or 6 f . 4 , mamma.

th an indef . pron. one ,they.

mind) indef . p ron. sing. (mandjer,mandje, munchee), many a ; p l. many.

4 5, many ath ing.

maniberlei (6 6 indec l . adj . of various

or many sorts .

mandala! (6 adv. sometimes.

l ilanl el (6 f .-n, almond.

mangeln (6 intr . with on. be wanting.

Rana m. 4 5, Silllinner, man, hus

band.

fl sntel (6 m. 4 , illldntel, cloafl arie (6 f .

-as.nary.

Bar! f .-en, mark (a coin

cents).Raritm. 4 5, Nitrite, market.

misiraaea

lintadj. or adv. left(hand).lam (4 tr . praise.

Set!) n. 4 5, Slider, hole.

Si llel (6 m. 4 , spoon.

Sanhaner (6 6 (all . London, of London.

Si iue (4 m.-n, -n, LION.

Sahnig(4 m. 4 , Lewis, Louis.

Saile 4 f .-n5, Louise, Louisa.

Snilenflralle 4 6 f -n, Louisa

Street.Sun f Sil lie, pleasure.

have a mind.

lufiig(6 adj . or adv. merry. liqmaajen il het, make fun Of.

boben,

U 0 1” 6 in”. mi.

E stimate (6 f .-n, l larketStreet.

Slit; m.-e5, —e, l arch .

R oi; n. 4 5, 4 , measure.

Siam(6 f .-n, mass.

”inner (4 f .-n, wal l .

B aud f . micuie, mouse.

mein adj . or adv. more. nicbtnotany more , no longer.

metrere (4 6 p 1. of mebr, several .ilieiie (4 f .

-n, mile.

1 . mein pose. adj . (mein, meine,mein), my, mine.

2. meta or meiner 4 gm . of icb.

meinetbalhen (4 6 6 adv. on my ao

uteineiiuegen (4 6 countor bemeineiinilirn (4 6 6 hair.

metal; (4 a lways p receded by def .

art. , poss . p ron. mine .

R elating( 4 f .—eu, opinion.

fl elfier (4 m. 4 , master , leader.

Silesia) m.—en, —en, man.

”til“ (6 u ) , -B, knife.

meager (6 m. 4 , butcher.

mieiflileu (4 tr . h ire.

mild) I . (no p l . ) milk.

l iliiiion (6 (6 ) f . 4 11, mi ll ion.

Simmer 6 m. 4 , minister.“ innit4 f .

-n, minute.

miBfulieu (6 6 6 or 6 6 -fiel, -gefallen, imp . dislike . e5 misfii litmit,I dislike it.mistruuen (6 4trust, distrust.

mttmic . and sep’ble prefix, along,

alongwith (somethingor somebody),in conjunction or company ; prep .

with dat. with , alongwith , by,to.

with ing“ (6 6 Jan ette, —gebrud;t,tr . brlng(with one ).stitgeteu (6 fil ing, -gegungen, intr.

i. go along (with one) , join one’s

fl itieli (6 6 m.—eu, —en, com

panion.

uttiauueu (6 6-lam,

-geiommen,intr. i. come along(with one) .

utitnetmn (6 m atn ,-genommen,tr.take along(with one ) .

Uiiiflfiler (6 m. 4 , fel low-pupil .

l ith l eut(6 m. 4 a, 4 11, fel low

student.fitting(6 6 or 6 m. 4 5, -e, noon.

an efieu,to dine .

fl ittagielleu (6 6 6 6 or 6 6 a . 4 ,

dinner.

. lild (6 u ) , 15. -5, MEANS .

mitteli (6 prep . withgen. bymeans

“ it'd“ (6 Of.

. itfli ieileu (6 tr . inform, commu

nicate.

l ittle“ (6 m. 4 ,—e, Wednesday.

l ibel (4 u . U. ) in p l . fum iture.

Si .

m prep . with dat. after , beh ind ;accordingto ; for ; by, at;to ,toward .

(6 m. 4 or -u,-u, neigh

bor .

“ d i still (6 f . men, (female)neighbor.Rahi aelflalt(6 f .

—en, neighbor

itadjl elt com'

. after.

uaibber 4 or 4 adv. afterwards.

uafiii lll' (4 6 adj . or adv. careless

(11 )u flianleu (4 -iief, -geluufen, intr .

l. (with dat.) run after.

usi ielett(4 intr . ortr. fol low in

reading.

” Qu ilts. (I . u v 0 " £ 0 in.-B, -e,

at

—iub, -gefebeu, intr .

- u ) , f .—n, 8 0m

a im (4 intr . ortr . moda l await.may, might, can, l ike , choose , care ,

desire . lib urbane (arm). I should

like.

migitfi (4 adj . or adv. possible .

R oast(4 m. 4 ,—e, month .

Rotting(4 6 or m. 4 ,-e, l onday.

Rani n.-ie5, -is, moss.

Usenet! (6 m. 4 , morning. beutcth is morning.

nu rses (6 adv.to-morrow.

. argené (6 adverbia l yen. inthemorning.

margin (6 adj. ofto-morrow,tomorrow’

s.

B illie (4 f .-n,toil , labor , pa ins .

fid) viei geben,take greatpains.

multislieiren (6 better tr . mu l

multttiigiieireu (6 tlply.

mit, multiply by.

Rum 4 n. 4 , Muieen, museum.

Haiti 4 or 4 f —cn, music.

fl afiianterridit6 6 m. 4 , music

lessons.

mi fieu (6 tr. moda l auxil iary , must,be obliged .

l imb) m.-e5 (no mood, dis

position; courage . e5 iitmitanI feel .

l atter (6 f . illiiltter, mother.

smittenlook , see .

with super l . of note, adj. next;prep . with dat. nextto .

aatbfielien ( i u v ) , intr . With dat. laysnares for , huntafter.

fl atbtf . Sliiicbte, night.fl adjtild) (4 m. 4 5, 4 , dessert.nublei (4 adj. with dat. (ndber,nticbi't), nigh , near

”abili‘ifiiiit(4 u

mach ine.

Raine (4 m.-n5, -n,

Nansen (I. u ) , m.—5,

fifl llfl iilifl (I . u u ) , adj. by name ; adv.

particu larly.

ask adj . or adv. (ndfier, niifieft),wet.

sullen

sullen (6 intr. with dot. at, suit.Orrin (6 m. 4 , Persian.

M an (6 f . 4 n, person.

nerfiaiid) (6 4 adj . and adv. per

usual .

9mm(6 u ) .m. 4 . pepper.

Olennig(6 m. 4 , 4 , penny.

fl ier. n. 4 5, 4 , horse. an on

horseback.

Oflitbtf . 4 n, duty.

sfliiden (6 tr. pluck, pick.

pl igea (4 intr. ortr . plough .

Gina! u . 4 5, 4 , pound.

”bl i‘gfflhlliiciren (f v 6 12 tr . photograph. Tub lufien, have one’s

photographtaken.

filtrate (ftv ).f -n. phrase

”ifi‘l. (u .C f .-i

‘i, piltOi .

fl atm. 4 5,til lage, place, square ,seat.

l ate (4 m.-n, -n, raven.

raid adj. or adv. rash, impetuous ,It‘ll ) m. ad

vice.

ratifies (4 riet(b) , gerot(t)en,tr .

advise (one ,real) adj . or adv. rough , rude,

flaunt(4 f .-n, caterp il lar.

fl aunenei (4 6 n. 4 5, 4 r, caterpil lar’segg.

fl eflnnag(6 f . 4 n, reckoning, calculation, sum, bill , account.

retbt adj . or adv. right, real ly,

properly, very .

“ eatn. 4 , r ight.be inthe right.

reben (4 intr . ortr . speak ,talk .

Rear! (4 f . 4 , rule.

Regen (4 m. 4 , rain.

I rgenldiirnt(4 6 m. 4 , um

brel la.

treats (4 intr. impers. rain.

Rel) n. 4 5, 4 , roe , deer .

reitb adj . or adv. r ich .

milieu (4 intr . ortr . reach ,give.

a ll adj. or adv. ripe.

216 ital31“ (U).ad”. pil l .

Q sl agra (4 a . 4 or indecl . (no p l .)

gout.Q sligruieaer (u .l v ) , in. 4 ; P0 11“

9 0 ? 4 n, postpomce .

”absent(6 a . 4 mter, postoffice .

mimic (6 adj . or adv. splendid (ly) ,magnificentay) .traditi on(6 adj. splendid .

l ireii m.-fe5, —fe, price, prize.

Qu ake ( 4 m.-n, -n, Prussian.

Q reuigea (4 a . 4 , Prussia.

breakild) (4 adj . Prussian.

flirts; m.-en,

-en, prince.

wrote (4 f .-n, proof, sample .

brai lieiren 4 tr . prove,try;taste.

vaultm. 4 , 4 , point. ein ll br,exactly atone o’

clock.

rein adj . or adv. pure , clean.

fl etie (4 f .-n, journey.

reiien (4 intr . i. or i) .travel .l ieiletaidje (4 6 6 6 ) .f .

-n, carpet-bag,portmanteau .

reiken (4 rig, gertfien,tr .tear .

reiten (4 ritt, geritten, intr . b. or i.r ide (on horseback) .

l eitnierb (4 n. 4 5, 4 , riding or

saddle-horse .

reigenh (4 adj . charming.

fl ei'tm. 4 5, 4 , rest, remainder .

rettett(6 tr . save . ftcb save one’

s

self.

Rhett! m. 4 5, (river) Rhine.

fl beimneiu (4 m. 4 5, 4 , Rhenish

wine, hock .

“tube (6 f .-n, r ind, crust, bark .

Ring m. 4 5, 4 , ring, circle .

Rod m. 4 5, made, coat.l ioie (4 f .

-n, w as .tinilne 4 f .-n, raisin.

tutti) adi ar adv. immer.tweet].red.

“all“ ! (6 u ) , m.-5, W k .

flfidieljr (6 f . (nop l.) return .

l atm. 4 , cal l , name , repu

rules (4 rief, geruien, intr. ortr.cry, cal l .

Raine (6 4 f .-n, ruin, ruins.

rantadj. or adv. round.

S ibel (4 m. 4 , sabre.

M G(6 v ) , f “ il ,thing.lieu (4 tr . sow.

ialtig(6 adj . or adv. juicy.

Eugen (4 tr . say,tell , speak.

6 al; n. 4 5, 4 , salt.Gambling(6 f . 4 n, collection.

lantlmlt M . with dat.togetherwith .

Gaming(6 6 or 6 m. 4 , 4 , Saturday.

S aab m. 4 5, 4 (p l. rare) , sand.

é inger (6 m. 4 , (f .-ln, -nen),

singer.Gallei (6 m. 4 , glittel, saddle.

fattela (6 tr . saddle.

Gaiteltaldle (6 6 6 f -n, saddle

pocket, saddle-bag.

Gal; m. 4 5. e lite, settlings , sediment; sentence .

falter (4 adj. or adv. sour.

laltlen (4 loft, geiofien, intr . ortr .

drink (of animals) .

Sta nd (6 f .-n, box, bandbox.

S hal e (4 6 ) ,m.-n5, -n,

d6mm (4 m. 4 , enliven,

“W e

e5 ifticbr Gdabe, itis a greatpity.

Wal es (4 intr . with dat. injure.

h iblitl) (4 adj . or adv. injurious.

6 0 stemuMilieu (4 tr . shel l , peel .

é flaltiabr (6 n. 4 5, 4 , leap-year.

Mi lan! (4 refl . be ashamed of.

Mattact‘ ar adv. (Witter.Mi rfft)sharp.

itinerrn. see icberen.

iibeinen (4 fi lm, geiaienen, intr .

shine, seem or appear (to ,

some (4 j .-n, little bel l .

Melten (6 Mali, geicljolten,tr. or

intr. scold , revile, cal l one an insu ltingname .

Melitta (6 tr. pour outfor drinking,

n. 4 5, 4 , sheep.

nuns)

Ralle (6 m.-n, 4 , Russian.

mllilll) (6 adj. Russian.

Rnilaah (6 n. 4 , Russia.

Menu (4 lcbor, gefaoren,tr. shear,“beam (6 intr . joke.

Mitten (6 tr . send.

fibitfitii (4 6 ) idles,gelaofien, intr.ortr.shoot, lire .

6 0m n. 4 5, 4 , ship, boat.Smil ing(6 m. 4 , 4 , shil ling.Minutes (6 tr. insult, call by an lnsultingname .

6 0 min f . 4 n, BATTLE .

{Marbles (6 tr. slaughter, butcher,kill .

Gilliallltielb (4 n. 4 5, 4 r, field of

battle.

eon: m. 4 5 (no sleep.

idllefen (4 fcblief, geldlofen, intr.

sleep.

[allifieirig(4 (6 ) adj. or adv. sleepy.

Gah llimnler (4 6 n. 4 , sleepingchamber.

Gllllagbanm (4 or 6 m. 4 5, Jul iane,tol l-bar.

[alleges (4 Wing, gefcblagen,tr. or

intr. strike , knock, beat(time) .idlleliltadj . or adv. bad.

ilblinna adj . or adv. ill , evil , sad.

Galittidml) (6 m. 4 5, 4 , skate.

luufen, skate (verb) .sales; n. 4 5. Q albfier, lock; castle.

6 0 ll'

illel (6 m. 4 , key.

iiblneden (6 intr. ortr.taste. iitb’

5

mobl (gut) iafi'

en, enjoy ath ing.

llbaleidleln (4 intr. with dat. flatter.

Gamer; m. 4 5 or 4 115, -en, pain.

[dimerlbaft(6 adj. or adv. painful .

Metallic (6 will . or adv. dirty.

idlnasben (6 intr . snap.

Marines (4 Mnitt, gelanitten,tr. or

intr . cut.fianeiber (4 m. 4 , ru nes .

iibneien (4 intr . ortr. impers. snow.

laureate) (6 adj . or adv. quick, swift.-filfiig, swift-footed.

Shuttles8 0mm(6 m. 4 , cold (inthehead) , catarrh .

Moltadv. asseverative or emp hatic ,wel l, surely, indeed, doubtless ; already, even ; as much as ; in connection with futuretense, never mind,Mi ltadj. or adv. beautiful , fine .

Odette (6 m.-n, -n, Scotchman.

Iflflmlfl (6 adj. Scottish.

‘Q‘iiiuiih (6 ti . Scotland.

efll fifi ii.“ (6 u v ) , m.-S, Scotch

[M iG(6 adj. or adv.terrible.

commas (4 6 n. 4 , writing-book.

Mrritea (4 icbrieb, geidrieben, ”

Streillmatrrial (4 6 n.-ien,

writing-material .Cflniblanhe (4 6 L —n, writinglesson.

lll reien (4 ”Me, geldjrieen, intr. ortr . cry , cry out, scream.

S hutter (4 m. 4 , joiner .

Sh iftf . 4 n, wr iting.

Gm labe ( .L- 6 0 1' 6 U) , f —n, drawer .

6 0 a!) m. 4 5, 4 , shoe.

Sankara“ (4 v v ) , m.-S,

maker.

8m f . 4 n, debt.6 0 1th (4 f .

-n, school . in bie

geben,goto school.

Glhfiler (4 m. 4 , (f .-ln) , scholar,

pupil.

Mitten (6 if . pour.

“When (6 tr . protect.loans adj. or adv. (Mindset.idjmlltbfi).weak.

s limmer (4 m. 4 , é dmllger, brother-ln-law.

8 0 0 a m. 4 5, S limline,tail.let-m a ll. or adv. (ldlwllrler.

Ma dmen) , black.

CM (4 m.-n. -n. Swede.

com (4 n. 4 , Sweden.

mass (4 adj. Swedish .

[Ch elsea (4 Wa les. gelamiegen,intr. be still , be silent.

“nudge” (4 m s. part. in silence .

6 0 mm! n. 4 5, 4 , swine, hog, pig.

shoe

lehr adv. very,greatly, very much ,

much .

S ell e (4 f .-n, silk.

ieihea (4 adj. made of silk , silken.

1 . iein intr. f. be. (With certa inverbs as auxiliaryto betranslatedlike boben.) e5 iii , n .,there is , etc .

lair ill , I feel , itseemstome .

2. it‘ll -)s adj. h iS , its.

3 . lets oldgen. qf er or e5.

itiiifl ifl i “ (1 v u v ) ,‘dm mm (I U U) ,ieinetisillen (4 v v v ) ,

[vista(4 pass. pa , always with dqf.art. his, its.

isitprep . with dat. since , for.

longs, for a longtime ; com“

. since.

lettseat conj. since.

stile (4 U ) r.f0 -n, side ; page. nod jeber

bin, in every direction.

Ieiher (6 adj . indecl. self (myself ,yourself,

lelhitadj. indecl. same as felber ; asnoun, non of itself, himself , etc .

freely, withoutcompulsion or effort;adv. (precedingthe word which it

lai n adj ar adv sorO. heavy ;hard , difficult.6m (6 f .

-n, sister.[Claim (6 lawsuits , geilblnolumen, intr. l) . or i. swim.

lith ium“! (“Oil (6 (u ) v ). 0 41 or advdizzy. e5 iii lnir I am (fee l ) dizzy.

Ministeln (6 intr . ortr. impers. be

dizzy. se {dwinbeitlnir, I feel dizzy .

‘(flg(v ) , ”in“ . Ch .

“0 3 her. bie, but4 , nnm. adj . sixth .

[ti l etali (6 6 man. adj. (sixth hal f,i. e. ) five and a half.

6 0 0 “ (6 v ).n. 4 , sixth part.lunch (6 num. sixteen.

lament(6 nave. adj. sixteenth .

it‘ll! (6 V ) e am “ It"innit? (6 num. adj. sixtieth .

Gee —n, sea, ocean. unbsentreilen, voyages andtravels.

entrant's“ (4 6 f . 4 n, sea-sickness .

w ill! “ (4 v ).f -m . l ot-0 81mieben (4 lab, celeben,tr. or intr . see,

these:til leuer (4 adj. or adv. dear, costly.

i fbfier n. 4 6, 4 , animal , creature ,beast, brute . [cf . deer.]

”memories (4 6 m. 4 , 4 6mmzoblogical garden.

Ether m. 4 n, 4 n, fool .

zbriae (4 f .-n,tear.tbnn tbat, aethon,tr . do, put. e!thatnidjts, never mind. eathatsuit

leib, I am sorry.

Sti r“ ) (4 f . door.

bincua, outofthe door .ttef adj . or adv. deep, profound

State (6 f .-n, ink.

i lntenfafi n.-ffe3 , -fiiffer, ink

jut

i inteniled (6 u u ) , m.-83 , 4 ,

ztnteniledi (6 6 m.—fe6, -fe,

S iftm. 4 6, 4 ,table .

itftlrr (6 m. 4 , joiner , cabinetmaker.

Satter (6 f . p l. Stiidjter, daughter.

i s! m. 4 8, 4 , death .tail itadj . or adv. dead ; as noun,to(b)te, m. or f . dead (person) .titl itu (4 v ), if . kill .

ink

spot.

iibcn (4 tr . practise ,train, drill .

fiber (4 adv. and (genera l ly) inseparableprelim, over ; prep . 1 . with dat.over , above , at; 2. with ace. (gencratty with imp lication of motion)across ; after , afterthe lapse of

about, concerning; by way of. benteedittoss, a week fromto-day.

liberfailrt(4 6 f . 4 n, passage.

fi‘“ fl 'fl l ( l u v v ) , adv. day after $0morrow.

1 . i buje (4 6 6 tr . and sep . pass

over , cross.

2 . fibrrfeifen - 6 6 tr . and insep .translate .

libertrtnn' 6 6 f . 4 n,translation.

fibertra'eu - 6 4 -trng, -tragen,tr .

and insep . rm srna , assign.

“ meager! 6 4 tr . and insep . con

ll .

iiirig(4 adj. or adv. remaining.bleiben, be left.

l'lbnng(4 f . 4 n, exercise .

llbungssnfgabe (4 6 6 ) f .-n, exercise.

lifer (4 n. 4 , shore , bank.

il ljr f . 4 n, watch , clock. tote oteiiftea whattime is it? jebnten o

’clock.

iibrtette (4 6 f .-n, watch-chain.

librffliilffel (4 6 m. 4 , watch-key.

inn adv. and (often) sep ’ble prefix,around , about; p rep . with ace. by,around , about; after verbs of askingandthe like , for ; before anand an ia

finitive , in order , so as. bet(with interp osed around.

mi lieu, forthe sake of. befto(with comparative) , so muchthea Mosttr. verbs with il ili may be

used both sep . and insep . (the latterindicatinga comp lete surroundingofan obj ect) ; intr . verbs only-separably.

its“ f . 4 11, costume.tri pe (4 adj . or adv. lazy.tropes (4 trug, getragen,tr. or intrcarry, bear , wear , sustain.

S l ight“ f . (no p l .) indolenoe.

i roni c (4 .f —n, bunch ofgrapes.tranen (4 intr . with dat.trust.trinuten (4 intr . ortr . dream. eatrdnmtunit, I dream.traurig(4 adj . or adv. sad .treffen (6 trcf, getroffen,tr . or intr .

h it; find . fid meet.tretben (4 trieb, getrieben,tr . drive.

Steins“ (4 n.—fea, -bllnfer, hota

house .treten (4 trot, getreten, intr . f.tread,Step. 80tristen (6 tranl , getrnnlen, drink.traden (6 a dj . or a dv. dry, stale.trail prep . withgen. or dat. in spiteof.trollen (6 intr . defy.

2nd n. 4 6,<.I ilder, cloth .

litflttg(6 adj . or adv. capable , os

pably, soundly.

nu n s

M (6 U) ’ “ a " .e fl dnge, internoun s.

“ M m (6 6 6 ) .f.-n,

'familiar

m eter (6 4 -gab, -geben,tr. insep .

I . “ geben (6 value, fl egangen,intr. sep . f.go a round-aboutway.

2. “ geben (6 4 fl ing, fl egongen,tr. insep . evade , walk round.

amgeteim (6 6 adj.turned around,

umber (6 adv. and sep’

ble prqjlz ,

m ineral-m o (6 4 tr. scatter about.

“ bis (6 adv., onlywithti nnen, asid lcnn nidtI cannothelp.

anarttg(6 adj . naughty.

“ butt“ (4 6 6 adj . unobserved.

asbelal en (6 v v ) , adv. unloMed.

ashram (6 6 adj . with dat. moon

vnmm , incommodious, uncomfortable.

sub M i. M d.tinfoil (4 m. 4 ,-fdile, accident,

emergency.

safern (6 m p . with gen. notfarangeadtei (6 6 6 u ) .prep . with gen. or

M . in spite of, notwithstanding.napefi ijr (6 6 adv. about, notfarungrtaiten (S u v u ) , or adv. l l

heid, unrestrained. ilber , dis

m m (6 6 MU. unwholesome.

unglfiltiid (6 6 adj . or adv. unfortanate. — er R eife, aniuckily.

il ligliidi fail (6 6 m. 4 ,-fdlle, fatal

accident; misfortune.

unti l “ ) (6 adj . or adv. discour

m (4 m. 4 , S hier, father.“ lit“ ! U) , ”a

“ 61 Violetsab

m m arrange.” a.“ (U 6 ”sm

”m at“lo.

222

mblo,

(0 1 0 or 6 at”. h p“

si

sat-eat(6 6 ).adj. or adv.wrong.

M t(6 n. 4 (no wrong,error, fault. boben,to be (inthe)m ,(6 -) s adj. “ fl” .

m (U ) ,M . or “ 0 0 . Q, ” its1 . ”m(6 0 1,W e “die2. safer (6 gen. p l. df id.

aaferfemaiaea

2. anterbaltea (6 6 6 -bielt, -balten,tr. insep . an naram , amuse. fidm am am or amuse one’

s self.

il literrttbt(6 6 m. 4 , 4 , instruction,

Q .

i rritates (6 6 4 mm, 4 nnben,tr.oblige. einem verbunten fein, beobligedto one.telnet-lien (6 -tarb, -torben,tr. orW y n dh a m .“

aaferfeltninenmum (6 <6 ) p m pr. (alwavsp re

m byM m .) on" .

unfr contractionfor nnferantes (6 adv. below, down.

aster (6 adv. and sep’ble or insep

’ble

p rqfia'

, a lso prep . with dat. or aceua.

under , among. anbern, amongstotherth ings.

anterl etPM ) adv. inthe meantime.

aaterball (6 6 prep . with gen. be

low.

I . uaterhaltrn(6 6 6-bie“ .

-gebalten,

unterfuteu (6 6 4 tr . insep . examine.

anbrrbaaltd (6 6 4 adj . indigestible.

unherielraflllet(6 6 unmarried.

m antis (6 6 m novrnm .

unh elt(6 prep . with gen. notfarfrom.

nnh ahl (6 adj. unwel l , ill , indis

posed. etiftntir I am (feel) il l .M ablfeln (6 n. 4 (no indis

position, il lness.

S eth n. 4 6, 4 s, woman, wife.

lurid adj . or adv. weak, soft.gefotten, soft-boiled.

h ei'ern (4 ref . refuse .

l ileibnadt(4 f yes’ty p l . meionad ,ten, Ch ristmas.

iueil conj . because.

fl ein m. 4 6, 4 , wine.

h einen (4 tr . or intr . weep , cry.

fl einbinhler (4 6 m. 4 , wine

merchant.fl eife (4 6 ) , f -n, wise , manner . aufwelds in whatway ?

h eif; adj . wh ite .

h eiter (4 adj. wider, farther.

fo and so forth .

h eld interrog. , rel . or indef . pron.

(melder,melde, weldes), which,what.b e!“ ini ifd.

b rain (4 adj . or adv. l ittle , few.

ein a l ittle .

h eiliger (4 6 adj. or adv. less , minus.

h enigl ene (4 6 adv. atleasth enn MM. when, if.though , although .

leer pron. , rel . or interrog. ,who, he

who.

inerten (4 wnrbe, gemorben, intr. f.become , prove , come into existence ;as auxiliary ,with infln. formingf uture, wil l , shall , should ; with pastparticip le formingpassive, be , become.

(6 wcrf, geworfen,tr.throw.

” er! 93. fi g, work.

b eet“ ) adj. or adv. withgen. or dat.worth , worthy, valued.

b efibalb (6 adv. or eonj. where

h eih egen (6 4 fore .

B etter (6 n. 4 , weather .

” it! (ouisstor visst) , n. (m.) 4 ,

whist. eine diartie a game of

wh ist.Other (4 adv. and sep

’ble or insep’ble

prefix , again, anew; prep . with ace.

against.b iberfeifen ref . with dat. , orrarely gegen; inseparable, or rosn,resist.

strum 6 4 intr . with dat.,insep . ansl sr ,withstand.

unb

notifiesb ie adv. (inter-reg.) how? eonj. (rel.as , like , when. and, however.

menu, as if. nennen S is oleica

wing whatdo you cal lth isthing?niel llbrtftea whattime is it?

iaieher (4 adv. again.

iniel erbalen 6 4 tr. insep . repeat.B iebertebr (4 6 f . (no p l. ) am ount.Entertainment(4 6 6 n 4 (no

return.

inielrrlaunnen (4 6 6 intr . f. return.

fl ies n. 4 , Vienna.

intekielfi adj. (with def . art.) ofwhatnumber ‘

2 her 4 iftbeute‘twhatday ofthe month isto dayNilbeiia (6 m. 4 , Wi l l iam.titles (6 us: mi lieu, a prepo

sitiona l p hrase, with genitive interposed , forthe sake of.

iniillall lnn (6 6 adj . or adv. wei

come.

”tab m. 4 3, 4 , wind, breeze .

Nubia(6 adj . or adv. windy.

(Dieter (6 u ) , m.-3, winter.

B interfieio (6 6 n. 4 , 4 r, winte riair nom. p l . of id .

iuirtiid) (6 adj. or adv. actual , real ,verily, indeed l

G irl“ ) m. 4 , 4 , best, inn-keeper .

E irtflliln (6 f .-nen, hostess .

iaiffen (6 wufite, gewnfit,tr . know.

h e ad v. (inter-rag. ) where l eonj .

(rel .) where, when.

R attle (6 f . 4 , week.

inafern conj . in case of.

inaffir adv. (inter-mg.) or eonj . (rel.)wherefore , for what, for wh ich.

iuaier adv. (interrog. ) or eonj.

(rel.) wh ither.

muffin adv. (inter-reg.) or eonj.

(rel . ) wh ither.

inabl ad v. well , in good manner or

degree ; often (with less distinctenunciation) usedtomake a statementlessdqflnite , andto be rendered : indeed,to be sure , perhaps, I presume , I suppose , orthe like. ieben S ie -l fare

well i

leatltbna (4 -tl;et, ~getbcn, intr.with

Defines

”th e! (4 intr . dwell , reside , lodge ,live, abide .

fi rminmrr (4 6 n. 4 , sittingroom.

b elie! (6 tr . ,moda l auxiliary , wil l ,be wil l ing, wish , want, be inclined,pretend, des ire , be onthe point(ofsometh ing) , be about; oftenwiththedependentverb omitted , andto be rendered : will go, wish for, want, orthelike.

intuit adv. (interrog. ) or oonj .

(rel .) wherewith , with wh ich .

insr i s (used instead of we in

ningwith a vowel) .tarsal adv. (interrog. ) or conj .

(rel .) whereupon.

226 Moise

l ent, see Sever.

f -en.number.Azureti bial (3. tr. count.sti lling(4 f .

-eu, payment.Saint4 6, 3am ,tooth .

sa lient(4 6 or 4 m. 4 6.

dentist.8 0mm“ (4 n. 4 6, -e or -eu,toothache.

grinels (4 man.ten.

arbirhussl (4 (6 ) adv.tentimes.

gruriut(4 1mm. adj .tenth .

seltm (4 n. 4 (no drawing.

arisen (4 tr . show.

3s“ f . 4 n,time . vs: -eu, longago.

notcinige: sometime ago . in her

letteu of late . an gleicher atthe sametime.

Settling(4 f . 4 11, news, newspaper.

Srithrridnnrnbuu' (4 6 6 6 ) f ~ 4 n, wasteoftime.

8mm“ (5 u ) ,m. 4 ,

quintal .arri redml (6 6 4 n d,

-brocbeu,tr. or

intr. i. break in pieces.

arrreifiru (6 4 -rifi, -rifieu,tr .tear inpieces, rend asunder.

hundred-weight,

arrl irru (6 4 tr . destroy.

3m n. (or m. ) 4 6, 4 , mater ia l .giem (4 avg.geaogeu,tr . draw; intr .

i. remove .

aim lifl (4 U) , or adv.tolerab le ,tolerably, quite , rather . gut, prettySinister (6 n. 4 , room.

binaui ! outofthe room i333m (4 intr . l inger , hesitate .

353mm(4 m. 4 ,-e, pupil .

1 . Sell m. 4 6, Billie,toil.2. 3rd m. 4 6, —e, inch .

33am (6 m. 4 , tol l-gathere r .

arshgiit6 4 adj . zoological .

all adv. and sep’ble prefix,to ; with

an adj . or adv.too ; prep . with dot.to ; in additionto ; at, in ; for ; on ; assign ofthe infin.to.

aui riugru (4 6-brachte, —gebra¢t,tr .

spend (oftime).aurrfi adv. first.auiiilig(4 6 adj. ACCIDENTAL ; adv.

by chance or accident; accidental ly.

anislgr 6 prep . with gen. or dat.accordingto.

aunt

issrssl adv. (inter-rag.) or W(rel. ) wherefrom, whence ; from or

outof wh ich .

h orili adv. (interrog. ) or conj .

(rel . ) wherein, in wh ich .

fl sri n. 4 6, 4 (words oonnected ly ,as a sentence) , or i iiiirter (words d isoonnectedly) , word. balten, keep

one’s word.

instalm adv. (inter-mg). or eonj .

(rel .) whereof , of what; about, above ,

or across wh ich .

Us! “ adv. (inter-mg. ) or conj.

(rel . ) whereof, wherefrom ; from or

of wh ich .

h eart adv. (inter-mg.) or coni . (rel .)whereto,to whatpurpose , why.

infill!“ (6 tr . wish, want.

ENGLISH—GERMAN VOCABULARY.

The purpose ofth is vocabulary isto enablethe studentto find German wordsor idiomsthathe may be unableto recall . For further help he mustrefertotheGerman-Engl ish Vocabulary.

‘n, at“ , “ 113 0able (ably), fdbig. be i in Stunheiein, ihnnen.

about, prep . um, iiher (concerning) ;ad v. umber, ungefdbr, gegen. it,harilher, haruni .

above, adv. oben; inebr ale; prep . iiber ;

oberhalb (withabundance, bie flRaiie.

accept, annehmen.

accident, hertinfoil. by gufli llig.fatal her llngliidriail .

accompany, hegleiteu.

according —to , gentile, gufolge, laut.as , is nadbem.

account: on of, beihcn, bother, megen, uin mi llen. onmy meiner

megen,meinethalben. onh is ieinetmegen, ieinetbalben, etc . onthatheemegen, heebalb.

acquaintance, hie iBetanntidaft; her orhiemelannte.

acquire, fid aneignen.

across, fiber.

act, baubeln. upto , autfiihren.

actual ly, miri lid, mabrhaftig.add, bingufilgen; ahhi(e)ren.

address, catchen.

admit, augeben.

advance, voridreiten.

advice, hermaid ).advise ,

afraid : be filrdten. of , fid filrd stennor (with I am ee bangt(grant) intr.

A .

after, prep . nod ; conj . nadbem.

afternoon, her illadinittag.afterwards, nadber, ivdter.again, mieher, nod eimnal.against, entgegen, gegen, miter, an.

miter.ago, nor. a month vor einen: Silos

not. a week vor adtStagen.

agree (withthe health ) , belonunen.

agreeable, angenehin, gefdll ig.aii , fehlen.

al ike : be gieiden (withal ive, an: Seben.

all , all , gang. his l ife , ieingangehSchen. that, fil lies was. k inds ,

allerlei . attimes, alleinal.al low, crlauben (with be -cd ,

hiirfen.

almond, hien anhel.

almost, beinabc, fafi.alone, allein.

along, adv. . bring— with ,mitbringen.

come with , inii ioininen. takewith , mitnebinen. prep . ldngd, entlong.

al ready, idon.

also, and.

although, obgleid, ohfdon, menn

and.

always, immer, ieheeinal.am, bin. I to, id foil .America, Qimerifa (neat) .American, ameritaniid ; n. her l meristoner, hie ilmeri ianerin.

amiable, iiehenemiirhig.

beg

beg, bitten, erbitten. I your pardon,

id bitte e ie uni illergeibung.beggar, her S ettier.begin, anfangen.

beginner, her unitinger.beginning, hertinfong.behalf : onthy heinetbalben.

behind,prep . arad e. hinter; adv. binten.

being, pres. pa rtof be , a clause beginningwith ha or wel l. the weatherfine , he hasWetter id iinmar.

Belgian, her edgier ; adj . belsiidiBelgium, h elgien (neat).bel ieve, glauben.

bel l, hie Edd ie.belong, gebhren.

below, p rep . unier, unterbalb adv.

unien.

bench, hie h aul.

beneficial , gutriigiid.

berry, hie fi eere.

beside, prep . neben, cutenadv. cuterhem, ilberhied.

besides, prep . auger ; adv. hcgu.

best, heft, an: beiien. she had es

mare an: befienmenn fie, etc.

better, befier, mobler (hea lth ier) . you

had 6tetbii ien beiler, es marebefier menn Gie, etc. to be oii

'

,

heifer haran iein. to like lieber

bcben (elien,trinlen,between, betwixt, amliden.

bid, beihcn, bieten. good bye , Bebe.mobl ortibieu iagen.

hiil (account) , hiemednung.bind, biahen, (of books) cinbinhen.

bird, her fi ogei. 4 nest, has Bogslneii .birthday, her d eburtstag.b ite, beifien.

bitter, bitter, iauer.black, idmarg.bloody, blutig.blow, blaleu. oif , bloien van (withdat. ) or fortblaien.

blue, blou.

230 by

blunt, ftumvf.boarding-school , has Snititut, had iilenfi onat.

boat, butedifi, has East.boil , flehen, fodea.

bonnet, her out, herme inenbut.book, butfi nd.

book-case, her S ilderidrant.boot, her Gtiefel.boots, her Q ausinedt.both, adj . or p r . beihe ; conj . fomobi

(s itand) .bottle, hie filaide.

bouquet, her fi lamenftraui .

box, hie Gdadtel, hieRifie.boy, her Rnabe, her h ube.

branch, herBmeig, her Sift.bread, has fi rst(fi roh) .bread and butter, had fl utterbrot.break, breden, aerbreden. ofi

'

, ab.

breden.

breakfast, hasgrubfi ild ; v. intr . friib

fi iiden.

bril l iant, gllingenhbring, bringen.

oue , mitbringen.

broad, breit.brook, her d ad.

brother, her fi ruher.brother-iu-law, her edmager.brown, braun.

build, bcuen, erbauen.

building, butGebiiuhe.burn, brennen, verbrennen. down,

abbrennen.

burning, brennenb.business, had Geiddfi . some cinigeGeiddfte. do— ln,Geiddfiemaden in.

busy, beidiiitigt.but, aber, ionhern, c liein.

butcher, herWinger.butter, hie fl utter. bread and

fl utterbrot.buy,taufen.

by, an, ant, mit, uni, son.

alongwith

dessertdessert, her hisdtiid.

destroy, geritiiren, oerti igen.determine, beid lieficn.

devoteto, vermenhen aui.different, -ly, veridiehen, nnhert.dil cult, idmer.dig, graben.

dil igent, -ly, fleifiig.dine, in fittingefien .

dint: by of, vermbgc.dining-room, has(Sh immer, butepeiicsgimmer.

dinner, butimittug(e)cflcn.

direct, -ly, iogieid.

dirty, idmui is.disappear, veridminhen.discourtcous, unbhflid.

discover , eniheden.

discu s , hie itranlbeit.diseased, irani.

disl ike, initiallen, eemidfliiitinir.dismount, abfieigen.

disperse, auseinanhergeben.

displease, misfaiieu.

displeased at, ungebalten fiber.dispose of, vertilgen liter.distance from a von fern.

distinct, heutiid .

distrust, midtrauen.ditch , her Graben.

divide,t(h)eiien, hivihi(e)rcn.diary, idminhiig. I feel ed idmin.beltinir.

do,than, maden (often nottranslated ,as : do you know, dothcy learn,

each , each one, Scher. other, eiu.

enter.eagle, her ahier.car , butDbr.early, friib,trilhe. inthe morning,in hergrabs he! allergens.

Easter, hie Dfiern.

easy, leidt.eat, cflen; fren’en (said of animals) .Edward, Ghuarh.

egg, but(it.eight, adt.eighteen, sdtgebn.

233

eighteenth , adtgebnt.eighth, her, hie, hatadie.eightieth, her, hie, has adtaigfic.eighty, adtgig.eldest, il licit.elephant, her (Elephant.eleven, elf, eiii.

eleventh , eifi . cilli (her Gifte,El isabeth , Gliiabetb.else, innit. no one illieinanh ans

her(e)6. for somebody (dat.) 3c.inanh anherein.

Emily, (Emi lie.

cmph. do (pray) !tbu’ed bod (bod

cininai) ! how db you mie bcfin:

hen ete fiddoctor, her iDofior, her first.dog, her bunh.dol lar, herthaler.donkey, her Giel.door, hie ream).double, hoppelt.dove, hie Stunhe.down, unten, ab, hinunter. burn

abbrennen. the Rhine, hen bibeinbinunter.

dozen, hasmutenh.draw out, audaieben.

drawer, hie é dublahe.drawing, hasBeidnen.

drawing-room, hatGeieiiidafttaiininer.dreadful , idrediid.

dream,traumen. I estrdumtinir.dress, v. i leihen, fid antleiben, on.

gieben; n. hadti leih.dr ink,trinien; ionien (saidof animals).drive, v. fabreu. back , guriidfabreu ;n. hie Greaterfabrt, hie fiabrt.

drol l , hrollig.drown, eririnien.

dry,troden.

duke, her bergog.dui i, itumpi.during, mlibrenh.Dutch, adj . holldnhiid.

-man, her bola

idnher.

duty, hie hifl idt.dwel l , mobnen.

Emma

Emma, Quinta.

employ, n. hie h eldllftigung, hie an.henung.

employed, beidditigt.employment, hieh eiddftigung, hiean:

ficnung.empty, leer, erlehigt.end, but(l ube ; (purpose) herBmed. inthe ant(lube.enemy, her Seinh, hie Selahlu.

engage, lid einlsfl’

en (with aufor in).England, Gnglanh (neat).Engl ish , adj. engliid.the hie (l ugliinher.

Engl ishman, her Gngldnher.enj oy, fid erfreuen. (eating) someth ing, fid etmoe gut(mob!) idni edenlaflen.

enlarge, oergrhfiern.

enough ,genug.entertain, unterbalten.

entertaining, unterbs ltcnh.envelope, hoe Convert.equal , gleid.

error, her Srrt(h)uin.

escape, entgehen. (from), entil iehen(with

atcaters , etc., unh [omeiter, u. i. m.

b ee, butGelidi . (of a clock) , butBiflerblott.

fail , mil lingen. I se mitiingtinir(iii mielungen).

failure, her fiebler.fair, her Subm arit; adj . idhn.

fail , fallen. asleep , einidlsfen.to pieces , gerfallcn.

famil iar languagc, hie linigangdivrsde.family, hiegamilie.far , meit. by bei illiciteni . as

biton, bie.fast, idneil .fat, adj . fett; n. hassett.father , hermater.favorable, gunfi ig.fear, n. hiegurdt, hadOrsuen; v. fiird sten, lid iiirdteu.

feather, hie fieher.feature, herBug.

Europe, (Europa (neat).European, adj. europdiid ; n. her (into:pder.

evade, umgeben.

even, ielbi’

i, nod, iogor.evening, her libenh.abente.

events atal l iebenialld.ever, ie, iemald.

every, ieher, iehe, iehee, olle.—body,

iehermann.-th ing, alter.

-where ,oilentbolben.

-time , iehedmc l.evident, - ly, ougenideinlid .

evil , n. hatlibel ; adj. libel, id ledt.exactly atone o’clock, linnitein ubr.examine, peitien, unterluden, hurd s

iuden.

exceedingly, bhdii, dufierft.excursion, her hurling.excuse, entidulhigen.

exercise, hie l'

l bung, hie llufgobe.exercise-book, hoedeft.expect, erwarten.

experienced, erfobren.

experiment, her h eriud. trythohenmerlud maden.

extract, auegiebcn.

eye, butliuge.

inthe

February, her Sebruor.feel , fiiblen, fid filblen. I ee iii mir

gu filiut(b)e.fol low, her iterl , her h uride. -

pup il ,

her Elli itidiiler. -student, her ilititsfiuhent.

ferry over, ilberieten.

fetch, bolen.

few, wenig. wenige, ein liner. in a

days, in ein poor Stagen.

field, butEelh. of battle , ha!

6 dlodtielh.

fifteen, funigebn (filnfgebn).fifteenth , funfgebnt(iiinfgebnt).fifth , filnit(hergunfte); n. hoe sanitel.fiftieth , her, hie, had funigigi’te (flint.i isfte).

fifty, initials (initials).fi l l , fiiilen. up , oollgiefien, boll .

idii iten.

wagon

wagon, her ilBugen.

wait, marten. for , marten uuf.walk, v. anm geben, fpuaiercngeben,einen enuaiergungmaden; n. her

é puaiergung. about, umhergehen.

wal l , hie flBunh (of partition) , hie

filluucr.

‘wal i iiower, her Golblud.

want, v. bruuden, milnfden, mollen ; n .

be in of, behlirftigfein. I am in

of , cafebltmir ou es mun

geltmir an.

warm, murm.

wash , maiden.

waste, ccrfdmenhen.

wasting, n . has flicrfdmcnhen.

watch , his ll br.-chain, hie ll brfette.

water, butSmaller. h igh hie8low hie (Ebbe.

way, her liBeg. home , her beimmeg.onthe auf hem i llege, unterwegs.

forthe fiir untermege. by -of,

liber.

weak, fdmud , meid .

wear ,trugen.

weather, has Smelter.Wednesday, her illlittmod . on an:

illlittmod .

week, hie illiode, adtEuge. a ago ,

notadtEugen.

weep, meinen.

welcome, mi llfommen.

wel l , adj . or adv. mobl, gut; interj .nun. as — as , fomobl uls. Smart

wet, adj . nufi; n. hie 92am; v.th rough , hurdnliffen.

what, mus, mus flir. sortof a ? — a !

matflir ein, cine. o’clock is it?

mic h iei ll br, eta ? beautiful , etc . ,

matflir fdiine, etc . a des i ofgood !mic ciel (butch ! do you cal lth is ?mie nennenGie blefes

when, munn, menn ; ale.

whenever , fo oftuls.

where, mo, mobin.

wherefore, mesmegcn, meebulb.whether , ob.

which , her, hie, has ; melder, melde.melder . mus.

W .

while, adv. and con]. mbem, mlibretib;n. a l ittle ago , oorbin, vor einern

ilBeiichen ; v. mei len. away one’stime , fid; h ieBeitvertreiben.

wh ilst, miihrenh.

whist, ”Shift(m . or

white, meiB.

whither, mohtn.

who, weicher, melche ; her, hie ; mer.whole, adj . gang; n . has (Same.wholesome, geinah .

why, marnm; ei !wife, hiegran, hie (Sattin.

wil l , moflen ; (aux i liary ) merhen.

Wil l iam, i Bi lheltnwil l ingto bewil l ingly, gern.

wind, her QBinh.

wind up, aufstehen.

window, haé Senfter.

windy, minhig.

wine, her Q Bein.

wine-merchant, her SIBeinhdnhier.wing, her 8 liigel .winter, her QBinter.

winter-dress, has QBmtertieih.

wish , v.miinimenmouen n. hermania.

with (sometimes expressed by init,nebft; bei .

within, innerbalb, binnen (oftime).without, ohne.

woman, hiegran, has QBeih.

wood, has bola.word, haB iBort. keep one

’

s

balten.

work, arbeiten; n . hie il rheit, has QBert.p l . hie S chriften.

workman, her Sl rbeiter.worthy (worthily), miirhig, merth.

would, moflte, miirhe. thatI hadnever seen h im ! biitte ith ibn boaniegeiehen i

wounded, n . her iBermunhete.

write, fchreihen.

writing, has émreihen.

writing-lessons, hie 6mreihftnnhen.

wr iting-material , has émreibmaterial.wrong, unremt. be be intheunrechtbahen.

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