M.Vakhtina, M.Kashuba. Special Aspects of Graeco-Barbarian Contacts in the Early Colonizaton Period...

PROCEEDINGS OF THE 12TH INTERNATIONAL CONGRESS OF THRACOLOGY

”The Thracians and their Neighbors in the Bronze and Iron Ages”

- Volume I -

Institutions involved in the organization of the Congress:

Dâmboviţa County Council „Valahia” University of Târgovişte

Institute of Archaeology „Vasile Pârvan” – Center of Thracology Bucureşti

International Union of Prehistoric and Protohistoric Sciences – 30th Commission

„Curtea Domnească” National Museum Complex of Târgovişte Braşov County History Museum

Museum of Brăila

Persons involved in the organization of the Congress:

The Honorary Committee Prof. univ. dr. Ion Cucui, president

Conf. univ. dr. Călin D. Oros, vice-president Conf. univ. dr. Adrian Țuțuianu, vice-president

Acad. Alexandru Vulpe, vice-president Prof. univ. dr. Marin Cârciumaru, secretary

Organizing Committee Prof. dr. Valeriu Sîrbu, president

Prof. dr. Cristian Schuster, secretary general Conf. univ. dr. Marian Cosac, vice-president

Dr. Ovidiu Cîrstina, member Dr. Radu Ştefănescu, member

Prof. univ. dr. Ionel Cândea, member

Secretariat Prof. dr. Cristian Schuster Dr. George Murătoreanu

Dr. Ana Ilie

It is the authors who are responsible for the contents and the quality of studies. Due to the late reception of manuscripts, the Editorial Board could not in all cases intervene to any significant extent in order to ensure a standard language.

DÂMBOVIŢA COUNTY COUNCIL INSTITUTE OF ARCHAEOLOGY „VASILE PÂRVAN” BUCHAREST

„CURTEA DOMNEASCĂ” NATIONAL MUSEUM COMPLEX OF TÂRGOVIŞTE

„VALAHIA” UNIVERSITY OF TÂRGOVIŞTE

The Thracians and their Neighbors in the Bronze and Iron Ages

PROCEEDINGS OF THE 12TH INTERNATIONAL CONGRESS OF THRACOLOGY

TÂRGOVIȘTE

10TH -14TH SEPTEMBER 2013

“Settlements, Fortresses, Artifacts” - Volume I -

Editorial Board Cristian Schuster, Ovidiu Cîrstina,

Marian Cosac and George Murătoreanu

Covers: Valeriu Sîrbu, Dana Smaznov DTP: Dana Smaznov, Valeriu Sîrbu Descrierea CIP a Bibliotecii Naţionale a României

INTERNATIONAL CONGRESS OF THRACOLOGY. Proceeding (12 ; 2013 ; Târgovişte)

Proceedings of the 12th International Congress of Thracology : the Thracians and their Neighbors in the bronze and Iron ages : Târgovişte, 10th-

14th September 2013. - Târgovişte : Cetatea de Scaun, 2013 2 vol.

ISBN 978-606-537-208-5 Vol. 1 : Settlements, fortresses, artifacts / editorial board: Cristian Schuster, Ovidiu Cîrstina, Marian Cosac and George Murătoreanu. - Bibliogr. - ISBN 978-606-537-207-8

I. Schuster, Cristian (ed.) II. Cîrstina, Ovidiu (ed.) III. Cosac, Marian (ed.) IV. Murătoreanu, George (ed.)

904(398.9)(063)

ISBN general 978-606-537-208-5 ISBN vol. I 978-606-537-207-8 Editura Cetatea de Scaun, Târgoviște, 2013 www.cetateadescaun.ro , email: [email protected]

SUMMARY

FOREWORD ......................................................................................................................................... 9

A NEW BANIABIC TYPE AXE FROM SOUTHERN ROMANIA Radu Băjenaru (Bucharest – Romania), Alin Frînculeasa (Ploieşti – Romania) ............................. 13

A SPECIAL RED DEER ANTLER ARTEFACT FROM THE DACIAN SETTLEMENT OF UNIP, TIMIŞ COUNTY, ROMANIA Corneliu Beldiman (Bucharest – Romania) ..................................................................................... 17

DATA ABOUT THE OSSEOUS MATERIALS ARTEFACTS FROM DACIAN HILLFOR OF ARDEU, HUNEDOARA COUNTY, ROMANIA Corneliu Beldiman (Bucharest – Romania), Iosif Vasile Ferencz (Deva – Romania), Diana-Maria Sztancs (Bucharest – Romania) ........................................................................................................ 39

WOMEN AT PISTIROS Jan Bouzek (Prague – Czeh Republic), Lydia Domaradzka (Sofia – Bulgaria) ............................... 67

WHETSTONES WITH A HANGING HOLE IN STEPPE ZONE CULTURES OF THE NORTHERN PONTIC AND THE GREAT HUNGARIAN PLAIN FROM THE LATE BRONZE AGE AND THE EARLY IRON AGE Marcin Burghardt (Rzeszowsk - Poland) ........................................................................................ 83

REPERES CHRONOLOGIQUES OFFERTS PAR LA CERAMIQUE GRECQUE IMPORTÉE Livia Buzoianu, Maria Bărbulescu (Constanţa – Romania) ............................................................ 95

VIEWPOINTS IN INTERPRETING LATE IRON AGE HILL-FORTS AND FORTIFIED SETTLEMENTS BETWEEN THE SOUTHERN CARPATHIANS AND THE DANUBE (2ND CENTURY BC – 1ST CENTURY AD) Vlad Cărăbiși, Monica Nicolăescu (Bucharest – Romania) .......................................................... 111

THE TRIBAL WORLD OF ANCIENT THRACE Peter Delev (Sofia – Bulgaria) ....................................................................................................... 127

DATA ON LIVESTOCK MANAGEMENT IN THE IRON AGE HABITATION FROM CÂRLOMĂNEŞTI (BUZĂU COUNTY), IN THE LIGHT OF RECENT ARCHAEOZOOLOGICAL RESEARCH Georgeta El Susi (Reşiţa – Romania) ............................................................................................ 135

TEI CULTURE SETTLEMENTS IN BUCHAREST AND ILFOV COUNTY Elena-Florentina Gavrilă (Bucharest – Romania) ......................................................................... 153

FIRST MILLENIUM BC THRACIAN SETTLEMENT ARCHAEOLOGY IN THE UPPER MARITSA REGION AND ITS ADJACENT AREAS Alexei Gotzev (Sofia – Bulgaria) .................................................................................................... 169


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L′EXPLOITATION DES SOURCES SALÉES DU BASSIN SUPÉRIEUR DE LA RIVIÈRE IALOMIŢA, DE L′ ÂGE DU BRONZE JUSQU′AU IER SIÈCLE AP. J.C Ana Ilie, Gheorghe Olteanu, Ovidiu Cîrstina, Adrian Păunaş, Bogdan Ilie (Târgoviște, Roumanie) .................................................................................................................. 183

SPARADOKOS: BRUDER ODER SCHWAGER DES ODRYSENKÖNIGS SITALKES? Dobriela Kotova (Sofia – Bulgarien) ............................................................................................. 207

LES SPÉCIFITÉS DE L'EMPLACEMENT DES HABITATIONS DU PREMIER ET SECOND ÂGE DU FER DANS LA ZONE DE STEPPE BOISÉE DE LA MOLDAVIE CENTRALE Alexandru Levinschi (Chişinău – R. Moldavie) ............................................................................. 213

IN QUEST FOR QUALITY STONE: LA TÈNE ROTARY QUERNS FROM ŽIDOVAR, SOUTH BANAT Marija Ljuština (Belgrade – Serbia) .............................................................................................. 225

MULTIDISCIPLINARY RESEARCH IN THE PRUT-DNIESTER INTERFLUVE BARBARICUM Sergiu Mateev (Kishinev – R. of Moldova) ................................................................................... 237

ON A POSSIBLE FUNCTION OF THE GETO-DACIAN DECORATED HEARTHS Alexandru S. Morintz (Bucharest – Romania) ............................................................................... 255

LA FORTIFICATION GÈTE DE HORODCA MICA, RÉPUBLIQUE DE MOLDAVIE: TECHNIQUES DE CONSTRUCTION ET PHASES DE L’ÉDIFICATION Octavian Munteanu, Vasile Iarmulschi (Chişinău – R. Moldova) ................................................. 269

DIACHRONIC EVOLUTION OF SITES FROM SAHARNA AREA, THE REGION OF MIDDLE DNIESTER Ion Niculiţă, Aurel Zanoci, Mihail Băţ (Chişinău – R. of Moldova) ............................................. 295

LES POLEIS-EMPORIA ET LES MARCHES THRACES DU ROYAUME ODRYSE (VE– MILIEU DU IVE SIECLE AV. J.-C.) Kalin Porozhanov (Sofia – Bulgarie) ............................................................................................. 315

HELLESPONTUS, THE THRACIAN BOSPORUS AND INFORMATION RELATED TO THRACIANS ON THEIR COASTS DURING THE HALF OF THE FIRST MILLENIUM BC Alexandar Portalsky (Blagoevgrad – Bulgaria) ............................................................................. 321

DISCOVERIES OF CELTIC NATURE ON THE MIDDLE AND SUPIRIOR COURSE OF THE OLT RIVER IN THE SECOND IRON AGE Lucica Savu (Braşov – Romania) ................................................................................................... 327

DIE GETISCHEN DAVA VON RADOVANU IM LICHTE DER NEUSTEN FORSCHUNGEN Cristian Schuster (Bukarest – Rumänien), Done Şerbănescu (Olteniţa – Rumänien), Alexandru S. Morintz (Bukarest – Rumänien) ..................................................................................................... 335

THE GETO-DACIAN FORTRESS OF PIETROASA MICĂ – “GRUIU DĂRII”, BUZĂU COUNTY (ROMANIA) Valeriu Sîrbu (Brăila, Bucharest - Romania) Sebastian Matei (Buzău - Romania) ...................... 347

NEWLY DISCOVERED MONUMENTS OF THE ANCIENT IRON METALLURGY: RESEARCH PERSPECTIVE AND EXPECTED OUTCOMES Nino Sulava, Rusudan Chagelishvili, Nino Kalandadze, Tamar Beridze (Tbilisi - Georgia) ........ 375


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SPECIAL ASPECTS OF GRAECO-BARBARIAN CONTACTS IN THE EARLY COLONIZATION PERIOD OF THE NORTHERN BLACK SEA COASTAL REGION IN THE LIGHT OF THE EXAMINATION OF THE MATERIALS OF THE CITY-SITE NEMIROV ON THE RIVERSIDE OF SOUTH BUG Marina Vakhtina, Maya Kashuba (Saint-Petersburg - Russia) ...................................................... 379

TRANSCARPATHIAN FINDS OF STAMPED CERAMICS Izabela Wnuczek (Rzeszow - Poland) ............................................................................................ 397

THRAKISCH UND DAKISCH – SPRACHEN ODER DIALEKTE? Svetlana Yanakieva (Sofia – Bulgarien) ......................................................................................... 407

FOREWORD

Our country has previously hosted once more this Congress, 17 years ago, when the 7th edition

was held at Constanţa-Mangalia-Neptun/Olimp. Since then, other editions of this congress have been organized by colleagues from Bulgaria (2000), Republic of Moldova (2004), Greece (2005) and Turkey (2010). In 1996, when the 7th edition of the Congress was held, the status of this research direction – Thracology – was most probably different than today both in Romania and in the other countries. At that time, our research field benefited from the existence of an independent institution (The Romanian Institute of Thracology, director prof. dr. Petre Roman), with its own juridical status and budget. Today, the Centre of Thracology activates harmonically as part of the “Vasile Parvan” Institute of Archaeology of the Romanian Academy.

As other peoples from antiquity were dedicated distinct branches of research that included

historical, archaeological, linguistic, anthropological, archaeo-zoological, and ethnographical investigations it was only natural that the Thracians also had their own distinct discipline. The Thracology was and still is a field of extremely interesting scientific disputes. An example in this direction is the dispute concerning the appearance of the first Thracians in the Balkans.

Many research opportunities are still offered by the study of antic written sources. The archaeology and the linguistic studies permit (and most surely will still do so in the future) the discovery of new faces of the material and spiritual culture of this people.

The development and the evolution of the Thracians cannot be fully comprehended without knowledge of their neighbors and of the connections between the Thracians and the Celts, the Greeks, the Macedonians, the Scythians, the Romans, etc. This is what justifies the theme of this congress, namely “The Thracians and their Neighbors in Antiquity, in the Bronze and Iron Ages”.

Of course, not all the specialists that research the Thracians accept the existence of a separate field of research dedicated to this people. Some do it out of belief, having, in their opinion, the necessary arguments in this direction, others, unfortunately, do it for reasons that include fashion or pure opportunism. As long as the disputes are carried at a scientific level, the things subscribe to normality. But, unfortunately, we notice that sometimes this pseudo-conflict is transferred to the relations between institutions or even between persons which is damaging to the scientific research.

On behalf of the Organizing Committee, we convey our thanks to everyone for the personal,

scientific and financial efforts made in order to attend this prestigious scientific event. We need to express our gratitude to the Dâmboviţa County Council, and to its President –

Professor Adrian Ţuţuianu, who, understanding the meaning of a scientific manifestation of the amplitude of the present one, accepted from the start to grant us a decisive financial help without which we could not have organized this event. We also thank the “Valahia” University, its rectors – Professor Ion Cucui and Professor Călin Oros, who allowed us to use their International Conference Center and the Campus. And we also thank the colleagues, Dr. Marian Cosac and Dr. George Murătoreanu, for their support. We must not omit from the “thank you” list the “Curtea Domnească” National Museum Complex from Târgovişte and its director, Dr. Ovidiu Cârstina and his colleagues, the Brasov County Museum and its manager – Dr. Radu Ştefănescu, and the Brăila Museum and its director – Professor Ionel Cândea. Another “thank you” we direct towards the manager of the “Vasile Parvan” Institute of Archaeology – Academician Alexandru Vulpe and to the colleagues from the Centre of Thracology.

We also want to express our high appreciation towards the efforts of Professor Marin Cârciumaru, who, with his well-known ability and determination, was the generator of energy that made all the people involved in the organization of the Congress to resonate in unison.


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The Institute of Archaeology, an institution with a smaller budget compared to the other partners, wishes to thank for the financial help granted by the ArchaeoCommunity Foundation from the USA and “Sebastian Morintz” Foundation from Oltenita and to Cristina-Hannelore Schuster.

One can say – and many have said upon departure and in messages sent afterwards – that this

congress was a scientific and cultural success, but also a success in terms of the interpersonal relations. The congress was attended by 96 distinguished researchers, from 14 countries, which held 67

lectures of great topical, geographic and chronological diversity. Without a doubt, the lectures and the discussion that took place resulted in a significantly

wealthier body of knowledge on the Thracians and neighboring peoples. Furthermore, the publishing, before the end of the year, of the lectures will result in the quick adoption by the international scientific world of many finds, ideas and interpretations of the phenomena in question.

It is worth noticing that the participants voted, unanimously, in favor of establishing an association with legal personality – The International Association of Thracian Studies –, which will be able to include all the specialists across the globe involved in the research and scientific and cultural application of the Thracian vestiges, of course as interacting with the neighboring peoples. This association will be able to promote a more fruitful scientific cooperation across borders, between researches with such interests.

Also, all the participants to the Congress adopted a Statement of protest against the destruction of historical monuments, in general, and of Thracian vestiges, in particular, destructions which have multiplied lately.

The lectures held at the congress will be, for topic and financial reasons, published in 2013, in two volumes. The first volume, containing the lectures on the topic ”Settlements, Fortresses, Artefacts”, will be published in Târgovişte, while the second one, on the topic “Necropolises, Cult places, Religion, Mythology”, will be published in Braşov.

On behalf of the Organizing Committee, Prof. Dr. Valeriu Sîrbu

Chairman Prof. Dr. Cristian Schuster

Secretary General

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SPECIAL ASPECTS OF GRAECO-BARBARIAN CONTACTS IN THE EARLY COLONIZATION PERIOD OF THE NORTHERN

BLACK SEA COASTAL REGION IN THE LIGHT OF THE EXAMINATION OF THE MATERIALS OF THE CITY-SITE

NEMIROV ON THE RIVERSIDE OF SOUTH BUG1

Marina Vakhtina, Maya Kashuba

(Saint-Petersburg - Russia)

Key words: Northern Black Sea Coastal region, Greek colonization, Hallstatt, Early Scythian period, Greek and Barbarian contacts, city-site, Nemirov, multicultural interactions

Abstract: The paper deals with the problem of characteristics of the contacts between the Greeks and the Barbarians during the early period of the Greek colonization of the Northern Black Sea Coastal Region. Such contacts established at almost all of the recipient areas, but for the Northern Pontic Region it’s possible to distinguish several systems of interactions between the Classical centers and the local tribes. The specific feature of the region is a relatively rapid establishment of the regular contacts between Greek centers and the barbarian world. That can be confirmed by archaeological materials that are rather wide spread in the area in comparison to the periphery of the Archaic Greek colonies in the other parts of Classical universe. The authors offer to examine these “Classical impulses” at the Northern Black Sea Coastal Region in the specific cultural context and substrate where they have been located. The complex of materials from the Nemirov city-site situated on South Bug river gives us a good reason to suppose that the specific feature of the early period of the Greek colonization of the Northern Pontic Region were the multicultural contacts between the Greeks (mostly Ionians) and different groups of barbarians, among which were representatives of the local population of the Lower Danube and the Northern Black Sea Coastal Region (The research is carried out within the frames of the project supported by Russian humanitarian scientific fund – grant № 13-01-00016a).

Introduction The problem of relations between the Greek colonists and the local, barbaric population is one

of the fundamental problems in the study of history and culture of the regions covered by the colonial movement. The history of the Greek colonies is sometimes referred to as “frontier history” (Lepore 1968, p. 42), implying a special role in shaping the barbarian periphery of their cultural and economic aspect and, more broadly, their historical fates. The most important indicators in virtue of which we can judge about the contacts between the two worlds – the Greek and the Barbarian – are archaeological materials. Among these materials there are products of Greek crafts found in the context of layers and complexes of indigenous sites, as well as findings common for the barbarian ware complex/complexes, which have been found in excavations of ancient settlements.

The specifics of these sources are often causing fundamental difficulties in their interpretation needed in the development of problems of “history of the frontier” (Andreev 2005, p. 7). Particular difficulties involve the study of archaeological sources associated with the first, initial period of Greek-barbarian contacts in the peripheral areas of the ancient populated universe. There is no need to stress their great value – based on the interpretation of archaeological data it is possible to judge the time of establishing the earliest contacts, their sources, trend, intensity, etc.

I. About the special aspects of Graeco-Barbarian Contacts in the Early colonization period

of Northern Black Sea Coastal Region The relationship between the Greeks and the Barbarians were established in all of the regions

involved in the process of the colonization. Researchers studying this phenomenon in Northern Black

1 The research is carried out within the frames of the project supported by Russian humanitarian scientific fund (grant № 13-01-00016a).


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Sea Coastal Region distinguish at least two systems of interaction systems between ancient centers and indigenous “peoples”: the a system of relations established between the Greek immigrants and sedentary tribes of forest-steppe zone, and a system of relations established with the nomads who were dominating in the steppe zone (s. Vakhtina 1989; Vinogradov 2009, p. 67 ff.; etc.).

It is quite clear that the Barbarians who inhabited these two zones had some cardinal divisions both in the cultural and economic structures and in the systems of relationships with antique centers. In turn the Greeks while exploring new unknown territories and coming into contact with various groups of native population, pursued different goals and tried to turn to possible accounts, depending on what specific groups of natives, they had to deal with.

The differences between the appearance, way of life, the economic life of nomads and agricultural people seem fairly obvious. However, it is equally clear that within groups united under a single cultural and economic type differences existed as such. Thus, for example, a culture of settled farmers of the Dnieper forest-steppe could significantly differ from those of Sindo-Meotic tribes of Kuban area. On the territory of the Dnieper forest-steppe in its turn the researchers determine the differences of local cultures, expressed in specific ware complexes of the Right Bank and the Left Bank, etc. There is no doubt that the ethnic heterogeneity and identity of diverse groups of natives who lived in the Northern Black Sea region witnessed by the Greeks-founders of the first permanent settlements in the region were much brighter and more expressive than we can imagine it now as judged by the available sources. The approach to the archaeological materials from the point of considering a “dialogue of cultures” in all their diversity (s. Bruyako 2005; etc.), nowadays allows researchers to completely reconstruct the real historical situation, which took place in some regions in the Early Iron Age.

I.1. “Barbarian in the Greek context” Findings of things and complexes of “local types” of things identified during the excavations of

ancient settlements allow researchers to raise the question of the beginning of the Greek-barbarian interactions, and, moreover, to believe, in some cases, in the penetration of representatives of barbarians into the territory of the Greek centers. The most common findings suggesting the establishment of contacts between the indigenous population of the Northern Black Sea Coast and Greek colonists are the samples of so-called barbarian type hand-made pottery shown in archaic layers and complexes of ancient settlements. They have been committed during the excavation of almost all of the early Greek centers of the Northern Black Sea. The study of such ceramics led to the conclusion of the heterogeneity of complex of hand-made pottery and highlight types in this material that can be mapped to the various ethnical groups that inhabited the region in the era of arrival of the Greek colonists.

For the ancient settlements of the North-Western Black Sea Coastal Region works of Konstantin Marchenko became the benchmark (Marchenko 1988, p. 107-121; Marchenko 2005, p. 62, 87), who came to the conclusion about the presence of “native contingent” based on the analysis of a set of types of hand-made ceramics. The study of specific types of hand-made pottery allowed the researcher to substantiate the hypothesis of the heterogeneity of this population, which included people from different areas of the North-Western Black Sea Coastal Region: the Dnieper area, the Middle Bug River and the Carpathian-Danube basin (Marchenko 2005, p. 62).

For the archaic Greek settlements in the Bosporus region some attempts were also made to fixate the presence of specific groups of barbarians on an early stage of their existence (Vakhtina 2009, p. 98; Vinogradov 1991, p. 13, 15; Vinogradov 2005, p. 232).

The existence of a different interpretation of the finds of hand-made ceramics of local types in the layers and complexes of early Greek settlements can’t be unnoticed (s. Snytko 2011, p. 130 ff.; Gavriliyuk 2012, p. 418 ff.; Due to the extensive historiography numerous other works are not mentioned Within this article). Viewpoint of Nadezhda Gavriliyuk that “hand-made ware loses the ability to use their ethnicity as an indicator of presence of only barbaric component in the city’s population”, seems quite probable, but not so obvious for the early stages of the existence of Greek settlements. In her reasoning the researcher considers only local, i.e. Northern Black Sea Coastal Region context. Meanwhile the barbaric component in Olbia’s early horizons could be originated from the Danube, taking into account the diversity of the Greek colonists in the Northern Black Sea Coastal Region. Between the colonists there were representatives of various ethnical groups including those


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from several different areas of the Danube area. Natives from the Danube area as part of the first colonists could be the builders of round dwellings on archaic monuments of the region (s. Kashuba, Levitski 2012, p. 573, tab. 1, fig. 1–2).

I.2. “The Greek in the context of the barbarian” The ancient centers of the North Black Sea Coastal region are characterized by fairly rapid

establishment of contacts with the native world. This is evidenced by the “wide” (compared with the periphery of the Greek colonies in other parts of the ancient world) distribution of archaeological material outside of the Greek centers. An approach aimed at making the most accurate and peculiar characterization of the cultural context is extremely promising at the present stage of research, that substrate, in which was recorded the presence of ancient impulses. This would help us to get closer to an understanding of not only that particular situation in which first contacts and connections between two cultural worlds – the Hellenic and the Barbarian – evolved but also to characterize in the most plausible way the mechanism of these interactions, their focus, character, etc. Mostly antique materials distributed outside the Greek colonies are presented by findings of ancient ceramics, particularly interesting for the study are examples of artistic tableware, as they provide a solid foundation for the chronology.

On the territory of Northern Black Sea Coastal Region a whole “layer” of earlier findings of Greek painted pottery is associated with the major city-sites of the barbaric population of forest-steppe zone (Fig. 1). In the Archaic period city-site Nemirov was a leader in dealing with Classical centers for the forest-steppe zone (Domaskij 1970, p. 52-53; Vakhtina 2004, p. 205). Finds of Greek ceramics in the 7th BC are also known in the other “big” city-sites of the forest-steppe zone of the Northern Black Sea Coastal Region. Among them we mention Trahtemirovsk city-site on the right bank, from where originates one of the earliest finds of imported Greek dishes in the forest-steppe zone – northern-Ionian cup (bird-bowl), which Michael Kerschner dates back to the second quarter of the 7th BC (Kerschner 2006. p. 238-239, fig. 14) and Belsk city-site on the left bank where excavations have produced a number of finds of early eastern-greek pottery relatively lately introduced in scientific use (Zadnikov 2007, p. 41-47; Zadnikov, Shramko 2011, p. 138-147; etc.). Study of finds of antique import in the context of material culture of these grand monuments – the major regional centers – is certainly of great interest.

II. Study of materials from the early Iron Age sites in the twentieth century: Nemirov city-site on the Southern Bug River in the Northern Black Sea Coastal Region

II.1. Nemirov – the summary of the excavations in the twentieth century Nemirov city-site is located in the forest-steppe part of the basin of the Southern Bug and is the

most westerly of the large Early Scythian fortifications (Fig.1, 4). This settlement attracted attention of Russian archaeologists since the mid-nineteenth century, when its plans were published in the first time.

Nemirov city-site is located on a steep slope of the plateau and at the adjoining low-lying area. Outworks form irregular oval and the small river which flows from west to east, divides the area of the settlement into two unequal parts – northern (two-thirds of the area) and southern. Rampart and ditch form a closed fence of the total length of the outer shaft from 4.5 to 5.5 km. The height of the shaft now reaches more than 9 m, width – 32 m Total area of the city-site is more than 100 hectares (Fig. 2-3).

First pictures of the monument and the first finds (about 500 fragments of ceramics and 7 bronze arrowheads) were obtained in the summer of 1909 by Sergei Gamchenko. As a representative of the Imperial Archaeological Commission from St. Petersburg, he was conducting excavations in the south of Russia, in Podolia province, and also examined a city-site near the small town of Nemirov (Gamchenko 1911, p. 20). In 1910, prof. Alexander Spitzyn with a group of students conducted excavations (more than 2500 fragments of ceramics and about 500 pieces of clay, bone, horn, stone, flint, bronze and iron). He finally settled that a variety of large and small shafts and moats is a system and make one large city-site (Spitzyn 1911, p. 155-168).

Excavations of Nemirov city-site resumed in the mid-twentieth century, when South-Podolsk expedition led by prof. Mikhail Artamonov conducted excavations of the city-site itself. They also conducted explorations of archaeological sites in the upper and middle reaches of the Southern Bug River (Artamonov 1946, p. 236-237; Artamonov 1947, p. 134-135; Artamonov 1948, p. 177-181; Artamonov 1955, p. 110-117; Artamonov 1998, p. 59-76). During the excavations living and various farm buildings were discovered. Along with ground-dwelling buildings with fireplaces they discovered


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three round huts. Time of construction of the external and the internal shafts was determined by the finds of developed archaic Scythian type ceramics in their mounds (Artamonov 1947, p. 134; Artamonov 1948, p. 179). Around 3.700 square meters were excavated by the researchers.

The idea that hand-made ware of the Early Iron Age from Nemirov city-site was the material evidence of contacts with the Hallstatt population of Central Europe was expressed by prof. Alexander Spitzyn more than a century ago. He then wrote that “Russia is not deprived by the remnants of the so-called Hallstatt culture and that the area of the spread of that culture here is even significant”, “communication between the Scythians and the Hallstatt revealed during excavations of Nemirov city-site”, “"Scythian" pottery is in close connection with Hallstatt ceramics” (Spitzyn 1911, p. 155 ff.).

However, after the mid-twentieth century excavation conducted by M. Artamonov the search of the real evidences of these connections wasn’t successful. Nevertheless, Eastern-Podolsk/Bug local type of forest-steppe Scythian culture was dedicated for which the main monument was Nemirov city-site (Artamonov 1955, p. 110-117; Fabritzius 1951, p. 52 ff.; Grakov, Melyukova 1954, p. 82-86, fig. 9; Illins’ka, Terenozhkin 1971, p. 94-97; Bessonova 1994, p. 3 ff.).

Further studies of collections of materials from Nemirov city-site in the late twentieth century conducted by Galina Smirnova (barbarian part) and Marina Vakhtina (Greek part) led to creation of periodization. As a result of their research, according to date objects (so-called chronoindicators) and changes in the ceramic complex pre-Scythian and Early Scythian materials in Nemirov city-site were placed in the chronological framework of the second half of the 8th-6th c. BC. The researchers noted “the attenuation” of ancient momentum in the second half of the 6th c. BC and the complete absence of materials related to the 5th c. BC in the excavated areas.

According to the concept of Galina Smirnova, periodization of material culture of Nemirov city-site in the early Iron Age consisted of three phases: 1) pre-Scythian, the second half of the 8th-beginning of the 7th c. BC (residues of ground structure and a few holes); 2) Early Scythian, pre-colonial, 2nd quarter – middle 7th c. BC or ESC-2 (periodization of Early Scythian culture of Northern Black Sea Coastal Region) (1st period of existence of the subterranean dwelling number 2, pits and surface fireplaces); 3) Early Scythian, colonizational, 3rd quarter of the 7th-6th c. BC or ESC-3 (periodization of Early Scythian culture of Northern Black Sea Coastal Region) (subterranean dwelling number 1, 2nd period of existence of the subterranean dwelling number 2 and the pits) (Smirnova 2001, p. 33-44; Smirnova 2002, p. 217-233; etc.).

Developing the theme of relations with Hallstatt, Galina Smirnova concluded that there is no single focus among cultures of East Hallstatt circle of Central Europe and its eastern periphery in the Carpathian-Danube basin, from where could originate Nemirov shapes of ceramics and its ornamentation (Fig. 4-5) (Smirnova 2001, p. 33 ff.). Although she found a similar pots in the cultures of East Hallstatt circle of Central Europe (Smirnova 2001, p. 38, 42, fig. 3, 1-5, 6-16), she stopped on the hypothesis that the prevalence of ceramic of Nemirov city-site can be explained by the cultural influence from eastern Hallstatt periphery, in particular from hallstattian Ferigele-Bârseşti culture from southern Carpathian region (Smirnova 2001, p. 41-43, fig. 6, II). Although several components have been put in the basis of this scheme: local population, Scythian and Greek. However hallstattian factor is taken into account as collateral, and the mechanism of hallstattian effects remained unclear.

II.2. Nemirov – features of barbaric component As a result of previous researches of collections from Nemirov city-site appeared a conclusion

about the uniqueness and even the phenomenon of material culture represented in the Early Scythian time in this monument. However, this conclusion is not consistent with the understanding of the specialists of the cultural context in which the material culture of city-state Nemirov has evolved. The proposed working hypothesis about “Nemirov phenomenon” limited the search of analogies among the synchronous cultures of both neighboring and distant areas. “Nemirov phenomenon” meant only the uniqueness of the monument and no more. The authors of this article began the search of the existing so-called dead-end research and suggested new approaches and concepts (s. Kashuba et alii 2010a, p. 156 ff.; Kaşuba et alii 2010b, p. 24-43; Vakhtina, Kashuba 2012, p. 320 ff., fig. 1; Kaschuba, Vakhtina 2012, p. 405 ff.).

As it is known, Northern Black Sea Coastal Region in the Early Iron Age was the scene of interaction and direct contacts of three distinct cultural groups: the nomadic Scythians, the local


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sedentary population and the Greeks (Vinogradov, Marchenko 1991, p. 145-155; Vinogradov, Marchenko 2005, p. 32-34). The different levels of socio-economic development were not a significant barrier to the interaction of these societies and as a result of such interactions new cultural formations were arising. For the Archaic Scythian period and initial contact with the Greeks such a long-term cultural neoplasm, of course, was the Archaic or Ancient Scythia (Alekseev 2003, p. 153-193, 278-280; Skoryj 2003, p. 25-42, 73-86; etc.).

Taking into account that in the 7th c. BC in the region appeared a group of people from areas of the cultures of East Hallstatt circle of Central Europe, we can assume that their interaction with different communities from Northern Black Sea Coastal Region led to a creation of transient cultural formation. This interaction, which involved several contacting parties (people from hallstattian cultures of the Carpathian basin and the Danube, the natives of East Hallstatt cultures of Central Europe, the local sedentary population of Northern Black Sea Coastal Region forest-steppe zone the nomadic Scythians and Greek colonists), is a complex phenomenon. It must have its corresponding expression in archaeological terminology. Commonly there is main active force in the complex phenomena. It defines the specifics of such phenomena, which, in its turn, are denoted by this major component. Therefore, new cultural formation discovered during the studies and dated back to the 7th c. BC located in the Northern Black Sea Coastal Region was agreed to mark as a special stage in the cultural and historical development in the chronological limits of the early Scythian period. Leading and systemic factor of this new cultural formation – “Nemirov stage” – was hallstattian component.

Meanwhile, the development of knowledge about Hallstatt as an era and as a culture in the context of Northern Black Sea Coastal Region led to the creation of the modern concept of “Hallstatt of Northern Black Sea Coastal Region” which consists of hallstattian cultures/culture groups from the Carpathians and the Danube area (Ha-NP I) and materials of East Hallstatt culture from Central Europe (Ha-NP II) (Kashuba 2012, p. 232 ff.). The mechanism of occurrence of materials from the cultures East Hallstatt circle in the Northern Black Sea Coastal Region was associated with the activities of carriers of the Early Scythian complex some of whom participated in far western marches up to the borders of Central Europe (s. Kashuba et alii 2010a, p. 163 ff.; Kashuba 2012, fig. 5-6; Kaschuba, Vakhtina, 2012, p. 405 ff.). Artifacts of everyday culture in Nemirov (tableware) and the high-end finds from other sites (elements of women's ceremonial headdress, costume items and jewelry, hat and utensils with metallic appliqués) show that with the returning from patrols to the west military contingents in the forest-steppe zone of Northern Black Sea Coastal Region also came a group of immigrants (women, artisans, merchants) from Central Europe. They settled in Nemirov city-site from which the broadcasting of East-Hallstatt cultural standards was carried out to the environment of local Northern Black Sea Coastal Region population. Thus, the nature and status of Hallstatt materials of Nemirov city-site allow us to consider it an eponymous monument that indicates the presence in this region special “Nemirov stage”.

These views give us new opportunities to understand not only the constituent components of the local cultural milieu. It is important here that exactly such multi-cultural environment was hiding under the name of “Barbarians”, which came into the first contacts with the Greeks.

II.3. Nemirov and an early “wave” of Greek import A collection of Greek pottery found during excavations of Nemirov city-site consists of samples

of painted dinnerware and fragments of tare amphorae (Farmakovskij 1914, tab. VI-VII; Onayko 1966, kat. No 1; Vakhtina 1996, p. 85 ff.; Vakhtina 1998, p. 122-139; Vakhtina 2004, p. 26-35; Vakhtina 2007a, p. 49-51; Vakhtina 2007b, p. 141-149; Vachtina 2007, p. 23-37; etc.). Representation and brightness of this collection, which includes a number of samples of eastern-greek pottery, distinguished by high artistic merit, constantly attract attention of researchers. Lyudmila Kopeykina has shown a stylistic affinity of number of mural fragments from the excavations of Nemirov city-site and from the famous oinochoe from burial mound Temir-Gora in the eastern Crimea and suggested that these vessels were made in the same workshop (Kopeykina 1972, p. 156-159).

The bulk of fragments of East-Greek pottery from Nemirov (Fig. 6-8) is dated within periods SiA Ib and SiA Ic (ca. 650–610 BC) (Kerschner, Schlotzhauer 2005, p. 8). Only a few specimens of ancient painted pottery from Nemirov city-site can be dated the 6th century BC. At this time, there are finds of tare amphorae in the settlement (Vakhtina 1998, fig. 1).


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By the number of finds of imported archaic Greek dishes Nemirov city-site remains the “leader” of the Scythian forest-steppe city-sites in Dnieper-Bug area. This, in our opinion, is his evidence of intensive contacts between the Greeks and the natives from inland areas of Scythia, established no later than in the third quarter of the 7th century BC. All ancient pottery found in the city-site was made in Eastern Greece. It is important to notice that the Attic import, a “wave” of which is impressively presented in the barbaric monuments of the Northern Black Sea Coastal Region in the Late Archaic period and, in particular, in the Classical period is completely absent in Nemirov city-site.

For a long time there was a strong opinion (Onayko 1966, p. 38-39; Domanskij 1970, p. 51-52), that the discoveries of early Greek ceramic import in the Northern Black Sea Coastal Region forest-steppe zone are associated with an active Greek reclaiming of Lower Bug region where things was starting to spread to remote areas of forest-steppe Scythia by both water and land routes (Boltrik 1990, p. 30-45; etc.). Recently Dmitry Machinskij noted the coincidence of the date of foundation of a settlement on the island Berezan/Boristhen from written sources and datings of a number of finds of Greek pottery from the barbarous Scythian monuments (Machinskij 2011, p. 411–412). Thus, a settlement on the island Berezan continues to be one of the possible points, where antique ceramics could be delivered to Nemirov.

Recently, however, for some of the antique imports more probable is the Western way. It could have several “branches”, including river ones (rivers Pruth and Dniester) and land routes. Finds of Greek ceramics dated back to 640–630 ca. BC discovered relatively recently during the excavations of greek settlement Orgamum in the Eastern Black Sea Coastal Region (Mănucu Adameşteanu 2000, p. 195-201, fig. 1, 1-5; Mănucu-Adameşteanu 2003, p. 387, pl. II), may testify in favor of this hypothesis (Vakhtina 2004, p. 204 ff.; Kerschner 2006, S. 233-234, Abb. 7-10). Between this settlement and Nemirov city-site near the South Bug river may exist a chain of monuments that gave Greek pottery finds dated back to 7th-beginning of the 6th c. BC. These settlements: on the right bank of the Pruth River – Curteni (Iconomu 1979, p. 82, fig. 4), and in the middle reaches of the river Dniester – Ivane-Puste (Ganina 1965, p. 106-117) and Zalissya (Ganina 1984, p. 68-79). These facts can also be regarded as one of the arguments in favor of the “Western way”. Recently, the literature has suggested a new hypothesis regarding the pathways of early grey wheel-thrown pottery into barbarian hinterland in the Northern Black Sea Coastal Region particularly in the areas of the middle reaches of the river Dniester. It is the “Western way” – on the Pruth and Sireth – is expected to transfer the technology of making of this specifically pottery, which could apply directly through a barbaric milieu (read more – s. Kashuba, Levitski 2009, p. 247-260; etc.).

Thus, as we see it, there is a possibility of existence of several simultaneous sources of “ancient impulse” in the Barbarian world in the Northern Black Sea Coastal Region.

II.4. Nemirov city-site and its importance in the cultural and historical development of the Northern Black Sea Coastal Region in the Early Scythian period

The above brief evidences of the outstanding value of Nemirov city-site in the Early Scythian period. It served as a major point where resided influential group of people. The emergence and existence of Nemirov city-site shows the need for constant center – the economic, the administrative, and the ideological. Nemirov with its system and fortifications emerged as the center of a certain short-term political formation – a place where power and dominion were concentrated. It is possible that this settlement was one of the most important administrative, economic and ideological centers of the European Archaic Scythia. Nemirov itself was the residence of that influential group of people to whom the Greeks soon after their appearance in this region could make gifts – prestigious, bright things, trying to establish profitable relationships with the native aristocracy.

Based on materials from Nemirov city-site on the Southern Bug River in the Northern Black Sea Coastal Region we can trace a coincidence of several rhythms and different cultural worlds (Fig. 9). “Attenuation” of the original, “Ionic” pulse of Greek-barbarian relations was in sync to not only the extinction of life on the site, but also, more generally, is approximate to a boundary separating: 1) the archaic Scythian and classical Scythian culture of the Northern Black Sea Coastal Region, 2) Hallstatt and LaTène of Central Europe and 3) the two epochs in the history of ancient Greece – the archaic and the classical. It’s about time at the end of the 6th – the turn of the 6th /5th centuries BC (Fig. 10).


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Conclusion Thus, the distinctive feature of the initial phase of the Greek colonization of the Northern Black

Sea Coastal Region was a multicultural interaction of the Greeks and the Barbarians. The Greeks were represented mainly by the Ionians with their specific culture and mentality. Different groups of the barbarians were involved in contacts with them, including representatives of the local population of Danube. Among the “local” barbarians of the North Black Sea Coastal Region we can distinguish not only nomads and the sedentary population – but sometimes among them there are some groups of the native population. The region was attended by representatives of several cultural worlds, among which in the Early Scythian time the hallstattian population originated from the Carpathian basin and the Danube was important, as well as immigrants from East Hallstatt culture of Central Europe. Bibliography

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Vakhtina 1996 = М. Ю. Вахтина, Греческая расписная керамика из раскопок Немировского городища, Археологiя, 4, 1996, p. 85-93.

Vakhtina 1998 = М. Ю. Вахтина, Основные категории греческой импортной керамики из раскопок Немировского городища, p. 122-139. In: Материалы и исследования по археологии, истории и этнографии Таврии. Т. VI (Eds. A. I. Ajbabin, S. A. Pletneva). Крымское отделение Института востоковедения им. А. Е. Крымского НАН Украины, Симферополь.

Vakhtina 2004 = М. Ю. Вахтина, О начале распространения южно-ионийского керамического импорта в варварском мире Северного Причерноморья, р. 204-211. In: Боспорский феномен: проблемы хронологии и датировки памятников. Материалы международной научной конференции, т. 2. Изд-во Государственного Эрмитажа, Санкт-Петербург.

Vakhtina 2007 = M. Ju. Vakhtina, Greek Archaic Orientalizing pottery from the barbarian sites of the forest-steppe zone of the Northern Black Sea Coastal region, p. 23–37. In: Black Sea in Antiquity. Regional and interregional economic exchanges (Black Sea Studies. Vol. 6). Aarhus University Press, Aarhus.

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Vakhtina 2007b = M. Ju. Vakhtina, Archaic East-Greek pottery from Nemirovo City-Site, p. 141-149. In: Frues Ionien. Akten des Symposium am Panionion, 29.09.–1.10.1999. Milesische Forschungen 5. Berlin.

Vakhtina 2009 = М. Ю. Вахтина, Порфмий – город у переправы через Киммерийский Боспор, р. 91-125. In: Боспорские исследования. Т. XXII (Ed. V. N. Zinko). Благотворительный фонд “Деметра”, Симферополь–Керчь.

Vakhtina, Kashubac 2012 = М. Ю. Вахтина, М. Т. Кашуба, Восточноевропейский, гальштаттский и греческий импульсы в материальной культуре раннего железного века Немировского городища, p. 320-325. In: Культуры степной Евразии и их взаимодействие с древними цивилизациями. Материалы международной научной конференции, посвященной 110-летию со дня рождения выдающегося российского археолога Михаила Петровича Грязнова, книга 2 (Eds. V. A. Alyekshin et alii). Институт истории материальной культуры РАН, ООО «Периферия», Санкт-Петербург.

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Vinogradov, Marchenko 1991 = Ю. А. Виноградов, К. К. Марченко, Северное Причерноморье в скифскую эпоху. Опыт периодизации истории, Советская Археология, 1, р. 145-155.

Vinogradov, Marchenko 2005 = Ю. А. Виноградов, К. К. Марченко, Периодизация истории Северного Причерноморья в скифскую эпоху, р. 27-41. In: Греки и варвары Северного Причерноморья в скифскую эпоху (Red. K. K. Marchenko). Алетейа, Санкт-Петербург.

Zadnikov 2007 = С. А. Задников, Столовая античная керамика Бельского городища второй половины VII – первой половины VI вв. до н.э., p. 41–47. In: Боспорский феномен: сакральный смысл региона, памятников, находок. Материалы международной научной конференции. Издательство Государственного Эрмитажа, Санкт-Петербург.

Zadnikov, Shramko 2011 = С. А. Задников, И. Б. Шрамко, Античный импорт третьей четверти VII – первой четверти VI в. до н.э. на Бельском городище (по материалам 2008 и 2009 гг.), р. 138-147. In: Древности Восточной Европы. Сборник научных трудов к 90-летию Б. А. Шрамко (Ed. S. I. Posochov). Харьковский Национальный Университет им. В. Н. Каразина, Харьков.

Marina Vakhtina, Saint-Petersburg Maya Kashuba, Saint-Petersburg


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Fig. 1. Northern Black Sea Coastal Region in the initial period of greek colonization and in the Early Scythian period (7th–6th BC) – basic monuments, mentioned in the text: 1 – Curteni; 2 – Ivane-Puste; 3 – Zalissya; 4 – Nemirov; 5 – Mlynok; 6 – Hotovsk; 7 – Trakhtemirov; 8 – Tarashcha; 9 – Zhurzhinetsk; 10 – Pastyrsk; 11 – Motronino; 12 – Basovsk; 13 – Belsk; 14 – Temir-Gora. Legend: a – city-site; b – settlement; c – mound; d – ancient settlement/colony; e – the approximate boundary of the steppe and forest-steppe zones.


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Fig. 2. Nemirov city-site on the Southern Bug river – plan, drawn up by prof. Mikhail Artamonov, 1948. Legend: a – shafts; b – border of ash lenses; c – wetlands (personal archives of prof. Mikhail Artamonov – Department of Archeology of Eastern Europe and Siberia, the State Hermitage Museum, St. Petersburg).


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Fig. 3. Nemirov – view of large walls (Photo 1947–1948. Personal archives of prof. Mikhail Artamonov – Department of Archeology of Eastern Europe and Siberia, the State Hermitage Museum, St. Petersburg).

Fig. 4. Nemirov: 1–11 – samples of ceramics of (Carpatho-Danubian) hallstattian Basarabi cultural complex.


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Fig. 5. Nemirov: 1–3 – samples of ceramics of (central-European) East Hallstatt cultural circle.


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Fig. 6. Nemirov – fragment of oinochoe from Nemirov (SiA Ib).


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Fig. 7. Nemirov – fragments of oinochoe from Nemirov (SiA Ib).


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Fig. 8. Nemirov – fragments of oinochoe from Nemirov (early SiA Ic).


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Fig. 9. Nemirov city-site on the Southern Bug River – cultural impulses and contacts were reflected in its material culture in the Early Iron Age. Legend: a – city-site, b – Greek colonies/Emporia, c – barrow,

d – ground burial.

Fig. 10. Nemirov city-site on the Southern Bug River – synchronization of the period of its existence in the Early

Iron Age with the chronological periods and development schemes of Central Europe, ancient Greece and Northern Black Sea Coastal Region.

M.Vakhtina, M.Kashuba. Special Aspects of Graeco-Barbarian Contacts in the Early Colonizaton Period...

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