Research Article

2244

Received: 18 January 2010, Revised: 11 March 2010, Accepted: 20 April 2010, Published online in Wiley Online Library: 21 June 2010

(wileyonlinelibrary.com) DOI: 10.1002/pat.1752

Multifunctional PES fabrics modified withcolloidal Ag and TiO2 nanoparticles

Darka Mihailovica, Zoran Saponjicb, Vesna Vodnikb, Branislav Potkonjakc,Petar Jovancica, Jovan M. Nedeljkovicb and Maja Radetica*

This study is aimed to highlight the possibility of e

Polym. Adv

ngineering the multifunctional textile nanocomposite materialbased on the polyester (PES) fabric modified with colloidal Ag and TiO2 nanoparticles (NPs). The effects ofconcentration of NPs as well as the order of Ag and TiO2 NPs loading on antimicrobial, UV protective, andphotocatalytic properties of PES fabrics were examined. The antimicrobial activity of differently modified PES fabricswas tested against Gram-negative bacterium Escherichia coli, Gram-positive bacterium Staphylococcus aureus, andfungus Candida albicans. The concentration of Ag colloid and the order of Ag and TiO2 NPs loading considerablyaffected the antimicrobial efficiency of PES fabrics. The fabrics provided maximum UV protection upon surfacemodification with Ag and TiO2 NPs. Ag NPs enhanced Ag NPs enhanced the photodegradation activity of TiO2 NPs andtotal photodegradation of methylene blue was achieved after 24 hr of UV illumination. Copyright� 2010 John Wiley& Sons, Ltd.

Keywords: PES fabric; TiO2 nanoparticles; Ag nanoparticles; antimicrobial activity; UV protection; photodegradation

* Correspondence to: M. Radetic, Faculty of Technology and Metallurgy, TextileEngineering Department, University of Belgrade, Karnegijeva 4, 11120 Bel-grade, Serbia.E-mail: maja@tmf.bg.ac.rs

a D. Mihailovic, P. Jovancic, M. Radetic

Faculty of Technology and Metallurgy, Textile Engineering Department,

University of Belgrade, Karnegijeva 4, 11120 Belgrade, Serbia

b Z. Saponjic, V. Vodnik, J. M. Nedeljkovic

Vinca Institute of Nuclear Sciences, P.O. Box 522, 11001 Belgrade, Serbia

c B. Potkonjak

Institute of Chemistry, Technology and Metallurgy, Njegoseva 12, 11000

Belgrade, Serbia

Contract/grant sponsor: Ministry of Science of Republic of Serbia; contract/

grant number: TR 19007 and TR 142066.

INTRODUCTION

Recent studies indicated that great potential of metal and metaloxide nanoparticles (NPs) can be efficiently utilized for themanufacturing of high-added value textile products.[1] Particularadvantage of textile finishing with NPs over other treatmentsrelies on the fact that small quantities of NPs provide desirableeffects without alteration of the fiber bulk properties anddeterioration of textile appearance. Numerous studies reportedthe application of Ag, TiO2, and ZnO NPs as surface modifiersof textile fibers for imparting antimicrobial, UV protective,self-cleaning, and antielectrostatic properties.[1–29] Ag NPs areespecially convenient for efficient antimicrobial finishing oftextile materials since bacteria do not become resistant to Ag likein the case of antibiotics. The potential applications of TiO2 NPs totextile materials are shifted more toward UV protection andself-cleaning effects. Simultaneously, TiO2 NPs can improve theantibacterial activity of textile surfaces.The photocatalytic activity of TiO2 NPs under UV irradiation

gained much scientific attention in last several decades.[30] Thehigh rate of electron–hole recombination on TiO2 NPs is one ofthe major limitations of this chemically and physically stable,inexpensive, and non-toxic photocatalyst. In addition to dopingmetal ions into the TiO2 lattice and dye photosensitization,some studies indicated that noble metal deposition on TiO2 NPsmay provide charge separation and subsequent electrontransfer.[31–33] Hence, their photocatalytic activity is improvedunder both UV and visible light irradiation. Sung-Suh et al.[33]

reported that Ag deposition on TiO2 NPs positively affected thephotodegradation of dye rhodamine B. Higher photodegradationactivity of TiO2/Ag system under UV irradiation compared to TiO2

NPs alone is attributed to Ag that acts as an electron trap. Recentwork of Akhavan[34] also demonstrated that Ag NPs depositionon the TiO2 thin films highly increased the rate of reduction

. Technol. 2011, 22 2244–2249 Copyright

of viable bacteria Escherichia coli in the dark, under visible andsolar light.Keeping in mind the photocatalytic efficiency of simul-

taneously applied TiO2/Ag NPs as well as encouraging effectsof TiO2 and Ag NPs separately applied to textile materials, it couldbe assumed that combined treatment with Ag and TiO2 NPs maybring multifunctional textile nanocomposite materials withdesirable UV protective and antimicrobial effects. Recently,Yuranova et al.[11] reported the detrimental effect of TiO2 NPs onthe Ag clusters deposited on the cotton, during E. coli inactivationin the dark and under solar simulated light.This study discusses the potentials of combined treatment

of polyester (PES) fabrics with colloidal Ag and TiO2 NPs.The influence of concentration of the Ag NPs colloid as well asthe order of Ag and TiO2 NPs loading on antimicrobial, UVprotective, and photocatalytic properties of PES fabrics werestudied. The antimicrobial activity of differently modified PES

� 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

PES FABRICS MODIFIED WITH COLLOIDAL Ag and TIO2 NPs

fabrics was tested against Gram-negative bacterium Escherichiacoli, Gram-positive bacterium Staphylococcus aureus, and fungusCandida albicans. The efficiency of UV blocking was evaluated bydetermining the UV protection factor (UPF) of PES fabrics. Theeffect of Ag NPs on the photoactivity of TiO2 NPs deposited ontothe PES fabrics was tested by degradation of methylene blue (MB)in aqueous solution under UV illumination.

2

EXPERIMENTAL

Synthesis of colloidal Ag NPs

AgNO3 (Kemika) and NaBH4 (Fluka) of p.a. grade were usedwithout any further purification for the synthesis of colloid of AgNPs. Colloid consisting of Ag NPs was prepared as describedelsewhere.[35,36] Briefly, 1.7mg of AgNO3 was dissolved in 100mlof water purged by argon for 30min. Under vigorous stirring,reducing agent NaBH4 (10mg) was added to the solution and leftfor 1 hr in argon atmosphere. The concentration of Ag colloid was10 ppm. The Ag colloids of higher concentration (50 ppm) weresynthesized in the same manner.

Synthesis of colloidal TiO2 NPs

All the chemicals for the synthesis of TiO2 colloid were analyticalgrade and used as received without further purification(Aldrich, Fluka). Milli-Q deionized water was used as a solvent.The colloidal solution of TiO2 NPs was prepared in a manneranalogous to the procedure proposed by Rajh et al.[37] TiCl4 (4ml),cooled down to �208C, was added dropwise to 200ml of coldwater (at 48C) under vigorous stirring. Obtained clear solutionwas kept at this temperature for 30min. The pH value of thesolution was in a range 0–1, depending on TiCl4 concentration.Slow growth of the particles was achieved by applying dialysisagainst 15 times higher volume of water at 48C during 3 days untilthe pH of the solution reached 3.5. Water for dialysis was dailychanged. The concentration of TiO2 colloidal solution wasdetermined from the concentration of the peroxide complexobtained after dissolving the particles in concentrated H2SO4.

[38]

Subsequently, the colloid was thermally treated in reflux at 608Cfor 16 hr.

Sample preparation

Desized and bleached PES (115 gm�2) fabrics were cleaned asdescribed elsewhere.[14]

One gram of PES fabric was immersed in 65ml of colloid of AgNPs (10 or 50ppm) for 5min and dried at room temperature. After5min of curing at 1008C, the samples were rinsed twice (5min) withdeionized water and dried at room temperature. Afterward, thefabric was immersed in 20ml of 0.1M TiO2 colloid for 5min at roomtemperature. After drying at room temperature and subsequent30min long curing at 1008C, the fabrics were rinsed twice (5min)with deionized water and dried at room temperature. When theTiO2 NPs were deposited on the PES fabrics prior to loading of AgNPs, only the order of described procedures was switched.

Methods

Fiber morphology was observed by scanning electron micro-scope (SEM) JEOL JSM 6460 LV. Gold layer was deposited on thesamples before the analysis.

Polym. Adv. Technol. 2011, 22 2244–2249 Copyright � 2010 Joh

The total content of Ag and Ti in the PES fabrics wasdetermined by a Perkin Elmer 403 atomic absorption spec-trometer (AAS).The antimicrobial efficiency of PES fabrics was quantitatively

evaluated using a Gram-negative bacterium E. coli ATCC 25922,Gram-positive bacterium S. aureus ATCC 25923, and fungus C.albicans ATCC 24433. Microbial inoculum was prepared inthe tripton soy broth (Torlak, Serbia), which was used as thegrowth medium for microbes while the physiological salinesolution (pH 7.0) was used as the testing medium. Microbeswere cultivated in 3ml of tripton soy broth at 378C and leftovernight (late exponential stage of growth). Afterward, 70ml ofsterile physiological saline solution was added to sterileErlenmeyer flask (300ml), which was then inoculated with0.7ml of the microbial inoculum. The zero counts were madeby removing 1ml aliquots from the flask with inoculum, andmaking 1:10 and 1:100 dilutions in physiological saline solution.0.1ml of the 1:100 solution was placed onto a tripton soy agar(Torlak) and after 24 hr of incubation at 378C, the zero timecounts (initial number of microbial colonies) of viable microbeswere made.One gram of sterile PES fabric cut into small pieces was put in

the flask (70ml of sterile physiological saline solution inoculatedwith 0.7ml of the microbial inoculum) and shaken for 2 hr.Two-hour counts were made in accordance with an above-described procedure.The percentage of microbe reduction (R, %) was calculated

using eqn (1):

R ¼ C0 � C

C0� 100 (1)

where C0 (CFU – colony forming units) is the number ofmicrobe colonies on the control fabric (untreated fabric withoutAg and TiO2 NPs) and C (CFU) is the number of microbe colonieson the fabric loaded with Ag and TiO2 NPs.[2,5]

Laundering durability of antimicrobial effect was evaluatedafter five cycles of washing in Polycolor (Werner Mathis AG)laboratory beaker dyer at 45 rpm. The fabrics were washed in thebath containing 0.5% Felosan RG-N (Bezema) at liquor-to-fabricratio of 40:1. After 30min of washing at 408C, fabrics were rinsedonce with warm water (408C) for 3min and three times (3min)with cold water. Afterward, the fabrics were dried at 708C.[2] Thepercentage of microbe reduction after five washing cycles wasdetermined according to eqn (1).The UV transmission spectra of the PES fabrics were obtained

by UV/VIS spectrophotometer Cary 100 Scan (Varian). The UPFvalue was automatically calculated on the basis of recorded datain accordance with Australia/New Zealand standard AS/NZS4399:1996 using a Startek UV Fabric Protection ApplicationSoftware version 3.0 (Startek Technology).Photodegradation activity of the PES fabrics loaded with

Ag and TiO2 NPs was followed by decomposition of MB.PES fabric (0.5 g) was immersed in 25ml of MB solution(10mg l�1, pH 5.8) and illuminated by ULTRA-VITALUX lamp,300W (Osram) for 2, 4, 6, 8, and 24 hr. The lamp providedsun-like irradiation with a spectral radiation power distri-bution at wavelengths between 300 and 1700 nm. The MBconcentration was determined by measuring absorptionintensity at 664 nm using a UV/VIS spectrophotometer Cary100 Scan (Varian).All experiments were performed in triplicate.

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D. MIHAILOVIC ET AL.

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RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Characterization of PES fabrics loaded with Ag and TiO2 NPs

Combined modification of PES fabrics was performed withcolloidal Ag and TiO2 NPs. For this purpose, uniform nearlyspherical Ag NPs with an average diameter of approximately10nm, synthesized without using any stabilizer, and mostly singlecrystalline, anatase, faceted TiO2 NPs with an average dimension ofapproximately 6 nm, were applied.[14,39] The morphology of PESfibers loaded with Ag NPs from 10 and 50ppm colloids prior todeposition of TiO2 NPs (PESþAg10þ TiO2 and PESþAg50þ TiO2)and PES fibers loaded with the same NPs in opposite order(PESþ TiO2þAg10 and PESþ TiO2þAg50) was followed by SEM.Unevenly distributed agglomerates of NPs with dimensions ofapproximately 50nm can be observed on the surface of all studiedfibers. The presence of bigger assemble of NPs is also noticed onthe surface of the PESþAg50þ TiO2 fiber (Fig. 1).In addition to SEM analysis, elemental analysis by atomic

absorption spectroscopy confirmed the presence of both NPs onthe PES fibers. The total Ag and TiO2 contents in the PES fabricsare given in Table 1. The total TiO2 content in the PES fabrics wascalculated on the basis of measured Ti content. AAS analysisclearly indicated that the amounts of TiO2 detected in the PESfabrics were three orders of magnitude larger compared toamounts of Ag, independently of the concentration of Ag NPscolloids and the order of loadings. The results from Table 1demonstrate that the order of NPs loading significantly affectedthe amount of deposited Ag and TiO2 NPs on the PES fabrics. Agcontent in the PES fabrics that were loaded with TiO2 NPs prior todeposition of Ag NPs was approximately two times highercompared to PES fabrics that were treated in the opposite way. It

Figure 1. SEM image of the PESþAg50þ TiO2 fiber.

Table 1. Ag and TiO2 contents in the PES fabrics

SampleAg content(mgg�1)

TiO2 content(mgg�1)

PESþAg10þ TiO2 3.4 23.2PESþ TiO2þAg10 6.8 17.4PESþAg50þ TiO2 18.5 29.5PESþ TiO2þAg50 39.4 21.7

wileyonlinelibrary.com/journal/pat Copyright � 2010 John

is suggested that deposited TiO2 NPsmade the surface of the PESfibers more hydrophilic, facilitating the subsequent interactionwith hydrophilic colloidal Ag NPs. This trend exists independentlyof the concentration of applied Ag NPs colloids. However, almostsix times higher Ag content was found in the PES fabrics treatedwith 50 ppm colloid compared to samples loaded with Ag NPsfrom 10 ppm colloid for the same order of loadings.On the other hand, TiO2 content in the PES fabrics that were

loaded with Ag NPs (from 10 and 50 ppm colloid) prior todeposition of TiO2 NPs increased by approximately 25% incomparison with oppositely loaded PES fabrics. This could beexplained by higher affinity of TiO2 NPs toward Ag NPs depositedonto the PES fabric compared to bare PES fiber surface. TiO2

content was by about 20% higher in the PES fabrics that wereloaded with Ag NPs from 50 ppm colloid compared to PES fabricstreated with 10 ppm colloid for the same order of loadings. Itseems that concentration of Ag NPs colloid has influence on theamount of deposited TiO2 NPs.

Antimicrobial activity of PES fabrics loaded with Agand TiO2 NPs

Antimicrobial efficiency of modified PES fabrics was tested againstGram-negative bacterium E. coli, Gram-positive bacterium S. aureus,and fungus C. albicans under daylight irradiation. The results inTable 2 show that both the concentration of Ag colloid and theorder of Ag and TiO2 NPs loading affect the antimicrobial efficiencyof PES fabrics. It is evident that loading of Ag NPs from 10ppmcolloid prior to deposition of TiO2 NPs imparts poor antimicrobialefficiency. Opposite order of NPs loadings induced significantimprovement of antimicrobial properties. The PESþ TiO2þAg10fabrics ensured maximum reduction of both bacteria whereas thefungi reduction reached satisfactory 99.6%. It should bementionedthat these fabrics provided higher antimicrobial efficiencycompared to the PES fabrics loaded only with Ag NPs from10ppm colloid as reported elsewhere.[14] Our previous study alsorevealed that even UV illuminated TiO2 NPs could not impartsatisfactory antibacterial properties to PES fabrics.[39]

The modification of PES fabrics with Ag NPs from 50ppmcolloid and TiO2 NPs indicated that the order of NPs loading hadno influence on antimicrobial activity and maximum microbialreduction was achieved in each case. The presence of TiO2 NPsdid not deteriorate the antimicrobial activity of Ag NPs since thesame antimicrobial effects were achieved on the PES fabricsloaded only with Ag NPs from 50ppm colloid.[40]

The stability of obtained effects was evaluated afterwashing procedure. The effect of loading order becamemore relevant after washing of PES fabrics (Table 3). Afterfive washing cycles particularly the antibacterial efficiencyof the PESþAg50þ TiO2 fabrics significantly declined. Onthe contrary, the PESþ TiO2þAg50 fabrics preserved the initiallevel of antimicrobial activity, exhibiting the excellent launder-ing durability. Better laundering durability of this sample islikely due to its higher Ag content (Table 1). It is interesting tonote that the laundering durability of the PESþ TiO2þAg50fabrics was significantly higher compared to PES fabrics loadedonly with Ag NPs from 50 ppm colloid.[40]

UV protection of PES fabrics loaded with Ag and TiO2 NPs

The rate of UV protection was quantified and expressed viaUPF values (Table 4). It is recommended that UPF rating

Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Polym. Adv. Technol. 2011, 22 2244–2249

Table 2. Antimicrobial efficiency of PES fabrics loaded with Ag and TiO2 NPs

Sample MicrobeInitial number of microbial

colonies (CFU)Number of microbial

colonies (CFU) R (%)

Control PES 2.3� 105 2.0� 105

PESþAg10þ TiO2 7.4� 104 63.0Control PES 1.8� 105 1.8� 105

PESþ TiO2þAg10 E. coli <10 99.9Control PES 5.3� 105 1.3� 105

PESþAg50þ TiO2 25 99.9Control PES 8.0� 105 1.2� 105

PESþ TiO2þAg50 <10 99.9Control PES 3.9� 105 1.3� 105

PESþAg10þ TiO2 1.2� 105 7.7Control PES 3.2� 105 1.2� 105

PESþ TiO2þAg10 S. aureus 60 99.9Control PES 5.4� 105 2.0� 105

PESþAg50þ TiO2 <10 99.9Control PES 4.4� 105 1.1� 105

PESþ TiO2þAg50 <10 99.9Control PES 2.5� 105 1.9� 105

PESþAg10þ TiO2 1.0� 105 47.4Control PES C. albicans 1.7� 105 1.2� 105

PESþ TiO2þAg10 485 99.6Control PES 2.0� 105 2.1� 105

PESþAg50þ TiO2 <10 99.9Control PES 2.0� 105 1.7� 104

PESþ TiO2þAg50 <10 99.9

PES FABRICS MODIFIED WITH COLLOIDAL Ag and TIO2 NPs

of garments should be at least 40 to 50þ. UPF value of 43and related UPF rating of 40 classify the PES fabric to fabricswith an excellent UV protection. The influence of depositionof Ag NPs on the UPF values of PES fabrics was negligible. TheTiO2 NPs deposition onto PES fabrics caused the rise of UPFvalues to the level corresponding to UPF rating of 50þ, whichassigns the maximum UV protection. The PESþAg10þ TiO2

fabric reached the same level of UV protection as thePESþ TiO2 fabric (91.6). The PESþ TiO2þAg10 fabric providedlower UPF value (76.1), but 50þ UPF rating was preserved.

Table 3. Antimicrobial efficiency of PES fabrics loaded with Ag (5

Sample MicrobeInitial number

colonies

Control PES 8.0�PESþAg50þ TiO2 E. coliControl PES 3.6�PESþ TiO2þAg50Control PES 2.5�PESþAg50þ TiO2 S. aureusControl PES 2.7�PESþ TiO2þAg50Control PES 3.1�PESþAg50þ TiO2 C. albicansControl PES 1.2�PESþ TiO2þAg50

Polym. Adv. Technol. 2011, 22 2244–2249 Copyright � 2010 Joh

The loading of PES fabrics with TiO2 and Ag NPs from50 ppm colloid led to an increase in UPF values. This wasparticularly prominent on the PESþAg50þ TiO2 fabric (118.6)because of the highest TiO2 content detected in thissample (Table 1).UPF value of the PESþ TiO2 fabric decreased by 28% after

five washing cycles (66.2) and consequently UPF rating wentdown from 50þ to 50.[39] In contrast, the PESþAg50þ TiO2

(113.4) and PESþ TiO2þAg50 (90.4) samples exhibited excellentlaundering durability even after five washing cycles.

0 ppm) and TiO2 NPs after five washing cycles

of microbial(CFU)

Number of microbialcolonies (CFU) R (%)

105 2.0� 105

1.2� 105 40.0105 1.4� 105

<10 99.9105 4.9� 104

3.3� 104 32.7105 9.8� 104

<10 99.9105 3.2� 105

1.1� 105 65.6105 2.0� 104

<10 99.9

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Table 4. UPF values of PES fabrics loaded with Ag and TiO2

NPs

Sample UPF value UPF rating

PES 43.0 40PESþ TiO2 91.6 50þPESþAg10þ TiO2 91.6 50þPESþ TiO2þAg10 76.1 50þPESþAg50þ TiO2 118.6 50þPESþ TiO2þAg50 112.0 50þ

Figure 3. Changes in relative concentration of MB after repeated photo-

degradation processes under the UV illumination for thePESþAg10þ TiO2 fabric.

D. MIHAILOVIC ET AL.

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Photodegradation of methylene blue by TiO2 NPs depositedon the PES fabrics

Photodegradation activity of PES fabrics loaded with Ag and TiO2

NPs under UV illumination was analyzed using the aqueoussolution of dye MB. The photodegradation efficiency of TiO2 NPson the surface of the PESþ TiO2, PESþAg10þ TiO2,PESþ TiO2þAg10, PESþAg50þ TiO2, and PESþ TiO2þAg50fabrics was evaluated by following the changes of MBconcentration (C/C0) as a function of UV illumination time (Fig. 2).Figure 2 demonstrates that the adsorption of MB on untreated

PES fabric got saturated after 6 hr and there was no additionaldecline in MB concentration with time. The fabric changed thecolor from white to blue. Adsorbed dye did not degrade underthe UV illumination showing that untreated PES fabric itself doesnot posses any photodegradation ability.[39] The deposition ofTiO2 NPs onto the PES fabric caused significant improvement inphotodegradation of MB. However, it did not provide thecomplete photodegradation of MB neither in the solution norin the fabric. The fabric remained blue colored after 24 hr UVillumination and after rinsing in water its color was not altered.The loading of PES fabrics with Ag and TiO2 NPs induced

complete photodegradation of MB after 24 hr illumination.No traces of blue color were observed either on the fabricsor in water after the rinsing of samples, indicating that theentire amount of MB photodegraded on their surface. Higherphotodegradation activity of PES fabrics loaded with Ag and TiO2

Figure 2. MB photodegradation by TiO2 nanoparticles on differently

modified PES fabrics under UV illumination.

wileyonlinelibrary.com/journal/pat Copyright � 2010 John

NPs compared to PESþ TiO2 fabric is suggested to be due to thepresence of Ag NPs. It is well known that Ag NPs enhancephotoactivity of TiO2 by lowering the recombination rate of itsphoto-excited charge carriers.[34] The loading of PES fabrics withAg NPs from 50ppm colloid induced faster photodegradation ofMB compared to fabrics treated with Ag NPs from 10 ppm colloid.Higher amount of Ag in the PESþ TiO2þAg50 fabric obviouslyenhanced the efficiency in spite of the lower TiO2 contentcompared to the PESþAg50þ TiO2 fabric. Additional reason forincreased efficiency might lie in the fact that Ag NPs are exposedtoward MB solution, providing the efficient transfer of TiO2

charges that are involved in subsequent photodegradationof MB.To evaluate the durability of photodegradation activity of the

PES fabrics loaded with Ag and TiO2 NPs, the photodegradationprocess under the UV illumination was repeated two more timesunder the same conditions (Fig. 3). The results revealed that evenafter three cycles of 24 hr long UV illumination, the photoactivityof these fabrics did not significantly decrease. The photode-gradation rate increased during the second and the third cycle.Higher photocatalytic activity of TiO2 NPs in repeated cycles likelyappears as a consequence of surface particles cleaning fromimpurity compounds during the first cycle.[39,41]

CONCLUSIONS

The results indicated that PES fabrics modified with colloidal Agand TiO2 NPs can simultaneously provide antimicrobial, UVprotective, and photocatalytic properties. It was found that theseeffects depend on the order of Ag and TiO2 NPs loading.Additionally, it was figured out that the application of higherconcentrated colloid of Ag NPs (50 ppm) not only impartedexcellent antimicrobial efficiency to PES fabrics, but also desirablelevel of UV protection and photodegradation of MB in aqueoussolution. However, in order to preserve the initial level ofantimicrobial efficiency after five washing cycles, it is recom-mended to treat the PES fabric with TiO2 NPs prior to loading ofAg NPs. All fabrics loaded with Ag and TiO2 NPs exhibited

Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Polym. Adv. Technol. 2011, 22 2244–2249

PES FABRICS MODIFIED WITH COLLOIDAL Ag and TIO2 NPs

considerably better photodegradation ability compared to PESfabric loaded with TiO2 NPs alone. Such behavior implied thepositive effect of Ag NPs which likely lowered the recombinationrate of TiO2 photo-excited charge carriers.

Acknowledgements

The financial support for this work was provided by the Ministryof Science of Republic of Serbia (projects TR 19007 and 142066).We gratefully acknowledge M. Bokorov (University of Novi Sad,Serbia) for performing SEM measurements.

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