MICROCONTROLLER BASED LAMP LIFE EXTENDER ...

1 Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, NHCE, Bangalore

Microcontroller Based Lamp Life Extender Using ZVS 2018-2019

Outer Ring Road, Bellandur, Bengaluru – 560103

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING

EEE84 Project - Phase II

Report on

MICROCONTROLLER BASED LAMP LIFE EXTENDER

USING ZVS

Submitted in the partial fulfilment of the Final Year Project - Phase II

Submitted by

Darshan B G 1NH15EE015

Sibasish Panigrahy 1NH15EE054

Syed Umar Ahmed 1NH15EE061

T Mukhesh Babu 1NH15EE062

2018-19

VISVESVARAYA TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY

“JnanaSangama”, Belgaum: 590018



Outer Ring Road, Bellandur, Bengaluru - 560103

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING

CERTIFICATE

Certified that the Project work entitled “MICROCONTROLLER BASED LAMP LIFE EXTENDER USING ZVS”

carried out by Darshan B G (1NH15EE015), Sibasish Panigrahy(1NH15EE054),Syed Umar

Ahmed (1NH15EE061), T Mukhesh Babu(1NH15EE062) Bonafide Students of New Horizon College

of Engineering submitted report in the partial fulfilment for the award of Bachelor of Engineering in

Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, New Horizon College of Engineering of

Visveswaraiah Technological University, Belgaum during the Year 2018-19.

It is certified that all the corrections / suggestions indicated for Internal Assessment have been

incorporated in the report deposited in the department library. The project report has been approved as it

satisfies the academic requirements in respect of project work prescribed for said Degree.

SEMESTER END EXAMINATION

Internal Examiner External Examiner

Name & Signature

of the Project Guide

Name & Signature of Head

of the Department Signature of Principal

Prof. KARTHIKA M Dr.S. RAMKUMAR Dr. MANJUNATHA



DECLARATION

We DARSHAN B G, SIBASISH PANIGRAHY, SYED UMAR AHMED, T MUKHESH BABU student of New

Horizon College of Engineeringhereby declare that, this project work entitled “MICROCONTROLLER BASED

LAMP LIFE EXTENDER” is an original and bonafide work carried out by me at New Horizon College Of

Engineering in partial fulfillment of Bachelor of Engineering in Electrical and Electronics Engineeringof

Visvesvaraya Technological University, Belgaum.

I also declare that, to the best of my knowledge and belief, the work reported here in does not form part of

any other thesis or dissertation on the basis of which a degree or award was conferred on an earlier

occasion by any student.

Darshan B G

1NH15EE015

Sibasish Panigrahy

1NH15EE054

Syed Umar Ahmed

1NH15EE061

T Mukhesh Babu

1NH15EE062



ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

We take this opportunity to convey our gratitude to all those who have been kind enough to offer their

advice and provide assistance when needed which has led to the successful completion of the project.

We would like to express my immense gratitude to our principal, Dr. Manjunatha and Dr.S. Ramkumar,

Head of the department for their constant support and motivation that has encouraged me to come up with

this project and also for providing the right ambience for carrying out the work and the facilities provided to

me.

We express my warm thanks to my project guide Prof.Karthika M, Dept. Of Electrical and Electronics

Engineering, New Horizon College of Engineering for his skilful guidance, constant supervision, timely

suggestion and constructive criticism in successful completion of my project in time.

We wish to thank all the staff of Electrical and Electronics Department for providing me all support

whenever needed.

We would like to thank my parents for supporting and helping in the completion of the project.

Last but not the least we would like to thank all my friends without whose support and co-operation the

completion of project would not have been possible.

Darshan B G

1NH15EE010

Sibasish Panigrahy

1NH15EE054

Syed Umar Ahmed

1NH15EE061

T Mukhesh Babu

1NH15EE062



ABSTRACT

This project is designed to develop a device to increase the life of incandescent lamps. Incandescent lamps

exhibit very low resistance in cold condition due to which it draws high current while switched ON,

resulting in fast failure. Random switching of lamps may switch the load at peak supply voltage. When such

switching occurs while the lamp is having low resistance (cold condition) then the current further shoots up

(at the time of peak supply voltage switch ON) leading to premature failure of the lamp. The proposed

project provides a solution by engaging a TRIAC in such a way that the switch ON time is precisely

controlled by exactly firing it after detecting the zero-cross point of the waveform of supply voltage. This

would result in current waveform rising from zero at the time of switch to full value, thereby increasing the

life of the lamp. The project is having comparator which is used for ZVS output. The ZVS (zero voltage

switching) is given as reference interrupt to the microcontroller.



Table of Contents

Chapter 1 .................................................................................................................................................................... 9

1.1 Overview ....................................................................................................................................................... 9

1.2 Problem Statement...................................................................................................................................... 10

1.3 Objective of the project ............................................................................................................................... 10

1.4 Scope of the project..................................................................................................................................... 11

1.5 Block diagram .............................................................................................................................................. 12

Chapter 2 .................................................................................................................................................................. 13

WORKING PRINCIPLE ............................................................................................................................................. 13

2.1 Problem Statement...................................................................................................................................... 13

2.2 Component list ............................................................................................................................................ 15

Chapter 3 .................................................................................................................................................................. 16

COMPONENT DESCRIPTION ................................................................................................................................... 16

3.1 TRANSFORMER (0-12V/1A) .......................................................................................................................... 16

3.1.1 PRODUCT DESCRIPTION ............................................................................................................................ 16

3.2 Diode, Rectifiers, and Power Supplies .......................................................................................................... 17

3.2.1 Diode ........................................................................................................................................................ 18

3.2.2 Forward Voltage Drop ............................................................................................................................... 19

3.2.3 Reverse Voltage ........................................................................................................................................ 19

3.2.4 Ideal Diode ............................................................................................................................................... 19

3.2.5 Diode Rectifier Circuits .............................................................................................................................. 20

3.2.6 Diode rectifier for power supply ................................................................................................................ 20

3.3 The Full Wave Bridge Rectifier ..................................................................................................................... 21

3.3.1 Basic Circuit Operation.............................................................................................................................. 21

3.3.2 Peak Inverse Voltage ................................................................................................................................. 22

3.4 Optocoupler, Phototransistor Output, with Base Connection ....................................................................... 22

3.4.1 DESCRIPTION ............................................................................................................................................ 22

3.4.2 FEATURES ................................................................................................................................................. 23

3.4.3 APPLICATIONS .......................................................................................................................................... 23

Chapter 4 .................................................................................................................................................................. 24

ARDUINO NANO .................................................................................................................................................... 24

4.1 Overview ..................................................................................................................................................... 24

4.2 S c h e m a tic & D e s ig n ..................................................................................................................................... 25

4.2.1 Specifications ............................................................................................................................................ 25

4.2.2 P o w e r: ....................................................................................................................................................... 25

4.2.3 C o m m u n i c a t i o n: ....................................................................................................................................... 25

4.2.4 P r o g r a m m i n g ............................................................................................................................................ 26



4.2.5 M e m o r y: ................................................................................................................................................... 26

4.2.7 A u t o m a t i c (S o f t w a re) R e s e t ........................................................................................................................ 27

4.3 Arduino Uno ................................................................................................................................................ 28

4.3.1 Overview .................................................................................................................................................. 28

4.3.2 Power ....................................................................................................................................................... 29

4.3.3 Memory: ................................................................................................................................................... 30

4.3.4 Input and Output ...................................................................................................................................... 30

4.3.5 Communication ........................................................................................................................................ 31

4.3.6 Programming ............................................................................................................................................ 31

4.3.7 Automatic (Software Reset) ...................................................................................................................... 32

4.3.8 Physical Characteristics ............................................................................................................................. 32

4.4 Bluetooth module ........................................................................................................................................ 32

VCC - Arduino 5V ....................................................................................................................................... 34

4.5 Relay ........................................................................................................................................................... 36

Chapter 5 .................................................................................................................................................................. 37

SIMULATION ......................................................................................................................................................... 37

5.1 SYSTEM SIMULATION VIEW ......................................................................................................................... 37

5.2 SIMULATION RESULT ................................................................................................................................... 38

5.2 HARDWARE ................................................................................................................................................. 39

Chapter 6 .................................................................................................................................................................. 40

ADVANTAGES & DISADVANTAGES ......................................................................................................................... 40

6.1 Advantage of ZVS (Zero-Voltage Switching) Technology ............................................................................... 40

6.2 Disadvantages ............................................................................................................................................. 40

Chapter 7 .................................................................................................................................................................. 41

APPLICATIONS ....................................................................................................................................................... 41

Chapter 8 .................................................................................................................................................................. 41

CONCLUSION......................................................................................................................................................... 41

Chapter 9 .................................................................................................................................................................. 42

REFERENCES .......................................................................................................................................................... 42



List of Figures:

1. Fig 1.5.1: Block Diagram

2. Figure 3.1.1: Transformer

3. Figure 3.2.1.1: Diode operation

4. Figure 3.2.1.2: Diode operation

5. Figure 3.2.4.1: Ideal characteristics

6. Fig: 3.2.6.1 Block Diagram of a regulated power supply

7. Figure 3.3.1.1: Operation during positive half cycle

8. Figure 3.3.1.2: Operation during negative half cycle

9. Figure 3.3.2.1: Rectifier circuit

10. Figure 3.4.1.1: Optocoupler

11. Figure 4.1: Arduino Nano

12. Figure 4.1.1: Overview

13. Figure 4.3.1: Arduino Uno

14. Figure: 4.4.1 Bluetooth Module

15. Figure 4.4.2: Connection between HC-05 Bluetooth Module and Arduino UNO.

16. Figure 4.4.3: Transfer of Data

17. Figure 5.1.1: System simulation view

18. Figure 5.2.1: Simulation Result

19. Figure 5.3.1 Hardware model

List of Tables:

1. Table 3.4.3.1: Electrical Characteristics

2. Table 4.4.1 Module description



Chapter 1

INTRODUCTION

This chapter will focus on the brief of the project to be carried out. The important overview or description

including the problem statement, project objectives, and project scopes are well emphasized in this part.

1.1 Overview

This report will investigate the ZVS operation with resonant buck converter. A resonant conversion

technology has been extensively used in power supplies in the consumer arena, with buck converters

improving power supply efficiency. The principle of resonant conversion is to reduce the turn on losses of

the power switch in a topology.

Advanced in resonant power conversion technologies propose alternative solutions to a conflicting set of

square wave conversion design goals. An increasing challenge can be witnessed by emerging resonant

technologies, primarily due to their lossless switching merits. The intent of this project is to unravel the

details of zero voltage switching via comprehensive analysis of the timing intervals and relevant voltage

and current waveforms.

The concept of resonant, ‘lossless’ switching is not new, most noticeably patented by one individual and

publicized by another at various power conferences. Numerous efforts focusing on zero current switching

ensued, first perceived as the likely candidate for tomorrow’s generation of high frequency power

converters. In theory, the on off transitions occur at a time in the resonant cycle where the switch current

is zero, facilitating zero current, hence zero power switching. And while true, two obvious concerns can

impede the quest for high efficiency operation with high voltage inputs.

By nature of the resonant tank and zero current switching limitation, the peak switch current is

significantly higher than its square wave counterpart. In fact, the peak of the full load switch current is a

minimum of twice that of its square wave kin. In its off state, the switch returns to a blocking a high voltage

every cycle. When activated by the next drive pulse, the MOSFET output capacitance is discharged by the

FET, contributing a significant power loss at high frequencies and high voltages. Instead, both of these

losses are avoided by implementing a zero-voltage switching technique.



1.2 Problem Statement

The importance of switching frequency quickly becomes apparent to systems designers bringing regulated

power to on-board semiconductor devices. Accordingly, higher power density regulators with minimal PCB

footprints have evolved; these use the latest in IC integration, MOSFETs and packaging. However, even

these struggles keep pace with the continuing stream of newer, more powerful devices.

With these pressures, it is tempting to increase regulator frequency, as this reduces the size and board

footprint requirements of the associated passive devices inductors, capacitors and resistors. Conventional

thinking, based upon classic hard-switching PWM regulators, is that as frequency increases, then so do

switching losses. This is because, in these topologies, regulators MOSFETs incur losses every time they

switch, so a higher switching frequency leads directly to higher losses. These inefficiencies are primarily

due to high side losses during turn on, Miller gate charge and body diode conduction losses. To make

things worse, conventional topologies further magnify the losses as higher input voltages are converted or

regulated.

These losses introduce a practical limit for the switching frequency of conventional converters and

regulators. There is, however, a solution: devices that use the zero-voltage-switching (ZVS) topology do not

suffer from losses in the same way as conventional designs, allowing them to operate at higher

frequencies, which in turn improves performance and dramatically reduces the size of external filter

components. Converters and regulators using ZVS also reduce the additional losses associated with large

step-down ratios in PWM topologies.

Unlike conventional regulators that rely on hard switching topology, ZVS uses soft switching; this accounts

for its improved efficiency and higher density performance. Higher frequency operation not only reduces

the size of passive components but also reduces the burden on external filtering components and allows

for fast dynamic response to line and load transients.

1.3 Objective of the project

The main objective of this research is to design a zero-voltage-switching buck converter and compare the

results obtained to the hard-switched buck converter. In theory, the resonant converter should yield a

more compact design with the capability of power switching losses. A resonant converter will be measured

and will be compared to the hard-switched converter to see if the common belief that soft-switched

converter has reduced power switching losses. Based on result, a recommendation will be made as to

whether the design is a suitable for a USB adapter application.



The objectives of this project were:

I. To derive zero-voltage-switching converter using mathematical calculation

II. To perform the model of zero-voltage-switching converter

III. To analyze the switching power losses of the resonant converter

IV. To compare the result of resonant converter with the hard-switching converter.

1.4 Scope of the project

The scope of his project is to design the zero-voltage-switching buck converter in order to reduce the

switching losses that happen in conventional hard switching. Scope is necessary to make sure that the

objective of project will be achieved. The other scope and specification of this project is:

I. Resonant converter of this project has input voltage 12V and output voltage 5V.

II. Verification of this resonant converter includes switching power losses, input and output current and

voltage waveform.



1.5 Block diagram

Fig 1.5.1: Block Diagram



Chapter 2

WORKING PRINCIPLE Initially, a 230V AC is fed to the primary side of the transformer, which in turn acts as a step down which

reduces to 12V AC, which is obtained at the secondary side. Since it is a step-down transformer, it steps

down the voltage and changes electricity from high to low. This is fed to bridge rectifier, which acts as a

converter and converts the 12V AC into a pulsating 12V DC. The pulsating DC is obtained which further

changed into a pure DC with the help of a blocking diode which blocks the flow of current in opposite

direction

A voltage regulator acts as a converter which is used to convert a 12V to 5V DC, which is given as a input to

the microcontroller and a 12V DC is given to a traic, to achieve the zero-voltage switching. Microcontroller

receives the pulses and only on the successful pulse redemptions, the microcontroller is irrupted and it will

perform the required/assigned/desired operation with the help of a specified program.

The output from the microcontroller is given to the optocoupler, which performs switching operations

through sensing signals and works according to the input provided to it. The optocoupler only gives the

output when the light from the led falls onto the traic. An incandescent lamp is fixed as the load, which is

bypassed with a 230V AC supply. The lamp gets switched ON at every zero-voltage crossing, which

increases the life span of the lamp.

2.1 Problem Statement

The venture is intended to build up a gadget to expand the life of glowing lights. Radiant lights display low

resistance in icy condition because of which it draws high present while exchanged ON, bringing about

quick disappointment.

Arbitrary exchanging of lights may switch the heap at pinnacle supply voltage. At the point when such

exchanging happens while the light is having low resistance (frosty condition) then the current further shoots

up (at the season of pinnacle supply voltage switch ON) prompting to untimely disappointment of the light.

The proposed extend gives an answer by drawing in a TRIAC in a manner that the switch ON time is

accurately controlled by precisely terminating it in the wake of identifying the zero-cross purpose of the

waveform of supply voltage. This would bring about current waveform ascending from zero at the season

of change to full esteem, in this way expanding the life of the light. The venture is having comparator which

is utilized for ZVS yield. The ZVS (zero voltage exchanging) is given as reference hinder to the

microcontroller of 8051 family.



This would bring about current waveform ascending from zero at the season of change to full esteem, in

this way expanding the life of the light. The venture is having comparator which is utilized for ZVS yield. The

ZVS (zero voltage exchanging) is given as reference hinder to the microcontroller of 8051 family. A push

catch is utilized for exchanging ON the light at zero voltage of the supply voltage so the light draws current

continuously from zero to full esteem.

Promote the venture can be upgraded by utilizing three TRIACS, one in every stage for three stage stack

exchanging.

Zero voltage exchanging topologies furnish the client with lossless exchanging moves and experience zero

power misfortunes amid releasing. The controllers that utilize the ZVS topology are typically comprised of

TRIACs rather than mechanical transfers. This gives zero voltage exchanging leverage over different sorts of

exchanging techniques that utilization transfers as they lessen the odds of arcing (starting).

Zero voltage exchanging is a power hardware idea that can effectively augment the life of a controller

alongside the heap that will be controlled. Along these lines, ZVS are currently ordinarily connected in our

regular brilliant lights so as to build their life. Glowing light lights are inclined to display low resistances in

chilly situations. This makes them draw a high estimation of current when turned on, prompting to a quick

disappointment of their operation.

In this way, to unravel this bind architects, technologists and different experts thought of the clever

thought to consolidate the zero-voltage exchanging topology in brilliant lights to drag out their gleaming

life. Building understudies, especially having a place with the branch of electrical designing, saw the

potential that the procedure conveyed and set on the way to convey encourage enhancements to the

system by utilizing it as their last year extend.

This prompts to a final product of the present waveform ascending from an estimation of zero when the

switch is swung on to a full esteem and in doing as such, prompts to an expansion in the lights gleaming

light life. The ZVS based light life extender additionally makes utilization of a comparator for the ZVS yield

with the ZVS being utilized as a source of perspective hinder to be provided to the microcontroller display

in the venture. In conclusion, the venture is likewise joined with a push catch that permits the light to

consistently draw current from zero and up to a full esteem amid the exchanging on condition of the supply

voltage.

Light life extenders in light of zero voltage exchanging strategies have ended up being an exceptionally

effective, economical and straightforward method for guaranteeing that a light is drawn out and does not

get quenched for all time before time.



2.2 Component list Transformer

Diodes

Rectifier

Arduino Nano

Switch

Optocoupler

Scr

Lamp

Adapter

Arduino Uno

Bluetooth module

Relay



Chapter 3

COMPONENT DESCRIPTION

3.1 TRANSFORMER (0-12V/1A)

It is a general-purpose chassis mounting mains transformer. Transformer has 240V primary windings and

centre tapped secondary winding. The transformer has flying coloured insulated connecting leads (Approx.

100 mm long). The Transformer act as step down transformer reducing AC - 240V to AC - 12V. Power

supplies for all kinds of project & circuit boards.

Step down 230 V AC to 12V with a maximum of 1Amp current. In AC circuits, AC voltage, current and

waveform can be transformed with the help of Transformers. Transformer plays an important role in

electronic equipment. AC and DC voltage in Power supply equipment are almost achieved by transformer’s

transformation and commutation.

Figure 3.1.1: Transformer

3.1.1 PRODUCT DESCRIPTION

A transformer is an electrical device that transfers electrical energy between two or more circuits through

electromagnetic induction. Electromagnetic induction produces an electromotive force within a conductor

which is exposed to time varying magnetic fields. Transformers are used to increase or decrease the

alternating voltages in electric power applications.



It is a step-down transformer in which the secondary winding is more than primary winding. Due to this

winding it can able to step down the voltage. A Transformer changes electricity from high to low voltage or

low to high voltage using two properties of electricity.

FEATURES

Output current:1A

Supply voltage: 220-230VAC

Output voltage: 12VAC

Soft Iron Core

1Amp Current Drain

APPLICATIONS

DIY projects Requiring In-Application High current drain.

On chassis AC/AC converter.

Designing a battery Charger.

Electronic applications.

Step down applications (Power transmission).

3.2 Diode, Rectifiers, and Power Supplies

Semiconductor diodes are active devices which are extremely important for various electrical and electronic

circuits. Diodes are active non-linear circuit elements with non-linear voltage-current characteristics.

Diodes are used in a wide variety of applications in communication systems (limiters, gates, clippers,

mixers), computers (clamps, clippers, logic gates), radar circuits (phase detectors, gain-control circuits,

power detectors, parameter amplifiers), radios (mixers, automatic gain control circuits, message

detectors), and television (clamps, limiters, phase detectors, etc). The ability of diodes to allow the flow of

current in only one direction is commonly exploited in these applications. Another common application of

diodes is in rectifiers for power supplies.

In this chapter we will study some simple diodes and their application in rectifier circuits for power

supplies. Three basic types of rectifier circuits will be studied. Rectifiers are mainly used in power supplies

where an AC signal is to be converted to DC. The DC voltage is obtained by passing the rectifier’s output

through a filter to remove the ripple (AC components). Although, various types of filters (covered in the

chapter on Frequency Response) can be used, in this chapter we will limit our analysis to the simplest type

of filter using a capacitor.



The main learning objectives for this chapter are listed below.

Learning Objectives:

Understand the voltage-current characteristics of a semiconductor diode

Understand operation of half-wave and full-wave rectifier circuits

Determination of output voltages and currents.

Analyze the operation of rectifier circuit with capacitor filter

Calculation of peak inverse voltage for rectifier circuits

3.2.1 Diode

Diodes allow electricity to flow in only one direction. Diodes are the electrical version of a valve and

early diodes were actually called valves.

The schematic symbol of a diode is shown below. The arrow of the circuit symbol shows the direction in

which the current can flow.

The diode has two terminals, a cathode and an anode as shown in Figure 1.

If a negative voltage is applied to the cathode and a positive voltage to the anode, the diode is forward

biased and conducts. The diode acts nearly as a short circuit. If the polarity of the applied voltage is

changed, the diode is reverse biased and does not conduct. The diode acts very much as an open circuit.

Finally, if the voltage vD is more negative than the Reverse Breakdown voltage (also called the Zener

voltage, VZ), the diode conducts again, but in a reverse direction. The voltage versus current characteristics

of a silicon diode is shown in Figure 4.2.1.1

Forward biased diode Reverse biased diode

Figure 3.2.1.1: Diode operation

_ +

Anode Cathode

+ _

Anode Cathode



Figure 3.2.1.2: Diode operation

3.2.2 Forward Voltage Drop

Electricity uses up a little energy pushing its way through the diode, rather like a person pushing through

a door with a spring. This means that there is a small voltage across a conducting diode, it is called the

forward voltage drop and is about 0.7V for all normal diodes which are made from silicon. The forward

voltage drop of a diode is almost constant whatever the current passing through the diode so they have a

very steep characteristic (refer to current-voltage graph).

3.2.3 Reverse Voltage

Though we say that a diode does not conduct in the reverse direction, there are limits to the reverse

electrical pressure that can be applied. The manufacturers of diodes specify a peak inverse voltage (PIV)

that the diode can safely withstand. If this is exceeded, the diode will fail and allow a large current to

flow in the reverse direction. This voltage is also called the Reverse Breakdown voltage.

3.2.4 Ideal Diode

For most practical applications, the operating voltage is high, and the forward voltage drop is negligible in

comparison. The voltage-current characteristics of a diode (shown in figure 4.2.4.1) suggest that we can

use the following model of an ideal diode for all practical purposes (i.e., ignoring the forward voltage

drop).



The ideal diode acts as a short circuit for forward currents and as an open circuit with reverse voltage

applied.

Figure 3.2.4.1: Ideal characteristics

3.2.5 Diode Rectifier Circuits

One of the important applications of a semiconductor diode is in rectification of AC signals to DC. Diodes

are very commonly used for obtaining DC voltage supplies from the readily available AC voltage. There

are many possible ways to construct rectifier circuits using diodes. The three basic types of rectifier

circuits are:

The Half Wave Rectifier

The Full Wave Rectifier

The Bridge Rectifier

3.2.6 Diode rectifier for power supply

The purpose of a power supply is to take electrical energy in one form and convert it into another. There

are many types of power supply. Most are designed to convert high voltage AC mains electricity to a

suitable low voltage supply for electronic circuits and other devices such as computers, fax machines and

telecommunication equipment. In Singapore, supply from 230V, 50Hz AC mains is converted into smooth

DC using AC-DC power supply.

A power supply can by broken down into a series of blocks, each of which performs a particular function.

A transformer first steps down high voltage AC to low voltage AC. A rectifier circuit is then used to convert

AC to DC. This DC, however, contains ripples, which can be smoothened by a filter circuit. Power supplies

can be ‘regulated’ or ‘unregulated’. A regulated power supply maintains a constant DC output voltage



through ‘feedback action’. The output voltage of an unregulated supply, on the other hand, will not

remain constant. It will vary depending on varying operating conditions, for example when the magnitude

of input AC voltage changes.

Main components of a regulated supply to convert 230V AC voltage to 5V DC are shown below.

Fig: 3.2.6.1 Block Diagram of a regulated power supply

Power supplies are designed to produce as little ripple voltage as possible, as the ripple can cause

several problems. For Example

In audio amplifiers, too much ripple shows up as an annoying 50 Hz or 100 Hz audible hum.

In video circuits, excessive ripple shows up as “hum” bars in the picture.

In digital circuits it can cause erroneous outputs from logic circuit.

3.3 The Full Wave Bridge Rectifier

In many power supply circuits, the bridge rectifier is used. The bridge rectifier produces almost double the

output voltage as a full wave center-tapped transformer rectifier using the same secondary voltage. The

advantage of using this circuit is that no center-tapped transformer is required.

3.3.1 Basic Circuit Operation

During the positive half cycle, both D3 and D1 are forward biased. At the same time, both D2 and D4 are

reverse biased. Note the direction of current flow through the load.

During the negative half cycle, D2 and D4 are forward biased and D1 and D3 are reverse biased. Again,

note that current through the load is in the same direction although the secondary winding polarity has

reversed.

Figure 3.3.1.1: Operation during positive half cycle



Figure 3.3.1.2: Operation during negative half cycle

3.3.2 Peak Inverse Voltage

In order to understand the Peak Inverse Voltage across each diode. It is a simplified version, the circuit

conditions during the positive half cycle. The load and ground connections are removed because we are

concerned with the diode conditions only. In this circuit, diodes D1 and D3 are forward biased and act like

closed switches. They can be replaced with wires. Diodes D2 and D4 are reverse biased and act like open

switches.

Figure 3.3.2.1: Rectifier circuit

3.4 Optocoupler, Phototransistor Output, with Base Connection

3.4.1 DESCRIPTION

The 4N25 family is an industry standard single channel phototransistor coupler. This family includes the

4N25, 4N26, 4N27, 4N28. Each optocoupler consists of gallium arsenide infrared LED and a silicon NPN

phototransistor.

Figure 3.4.1.1: Optocoupler



3.4.2 FEATURES

• Isolation test voltage 5000 VRMS

• Interfaces with common logic families

• Input-output coupling capacitance < 0.5 pF

• Industry standard dual-in-line 6 pin package

3.4.3 APPLICATIONS

• AC mains detection

• Reed relay driving

• Switch mode power supply feedback

• Telephone ring detection

• Logic ground isolation

• Logic coupling with high frequency noise rejection

Table 3.4.3.1: Electrical Characteristics

ELECTRICAL CHARACTERISTICS (1)

PARAMETER TEST CONDITION PART SYMBOL MIN. TYP. MAX. UNIT

INPUT

Forward voltage (2) IF = 50 mA VF 1.3 1.5 V

Reverse current (2) VR = 3 V IR 0.1 100 μA

Capacitance VR = 0 V CO 25 pF

OUTPUT

Collector base breakdown voltage (2) IC = 100 μA BVCBO 70 V

Collector emitter breakdown voltage (2) IC = 1 mA BVCEO 30 V

Emitter collector breakdown voltage (2) IE = 100 μA BVECO 7 V

ICEO(dark) (2)

VCE = 10 V, (base open)

4N25 5 50 nA

4N26 5 50 nA

4N27 5 50 nA

4N28 10 100 nA

ICBO(dark) (2) VCB = 10 V,

(emitter open)

2 20 nA

Collector emitter capacitance VCE = 0 CCE 6 pF

COUPLER

Isolation test voltage (2) Peak, 60 Hz VIO 5000 V

Saturation voltage, collector emitter ICE = 2 mA, IF = 50 mA VCE(sat) 0.5 V

Resistance, input output (2) VIO = 500 V RIO 100 G

Capacitance, input output f = 1 MHz CIO 0.6 pF



Chapter 4

ARDUINO NANO

Figure 4.1: Arduino Nano

4.1 Overview

The Arduino Nano is a small, complete, and breadboard-friendly board based on the ATmega328

(Arduino Nano 3.0) or ATmega168 (Arduino Nano 2.x). It has more or less the same functionality of the

Arduino Duemilanove, but in a different package. It lacks only a DC power jack, and works with a Mini-B

USB cable instead of a standard one. The Nano was designed and is being produced by Gravitech.

Figure 4.1.1: Overview



4.2 S c h e m a tic & D e s ig n

Arduino Nano 3.0 (ATmega328): schematic, Eagle files. Arduino Nano 2.3 (ATmega168): manual (pdf), Eagle files. Note: since the free version of Eagle does not handle more than 2 layers, and this version of the Nano is 4 layers, it is published here unrouted, so users can open and use it in the free version of Eagle.

4.2.1 Specifications

4.2.2 P o w e r:

The Arduino Nano can be powered via the Mini-B USB connection, 6-20V unregulated external power

supply (pin 30), or 5V regulated external power supply (pin 27). The power source is automatically

selected to the highest voltage source.

4.2.3 C o m m u n i c a t i o n:

The Arduino Nano has a number of facilities for communicating with a computer, another Arduino, or

other microcontrollers. The ATmega168 and ATmega328 provide UART TTL (5V) serial communication,

which is available on digital pins 0 (RX) and 1 (TX). An FTDI FT232RL on the board channels this serial

communication over USB and the FTDI drivers (included with the Arduino software) provide a virtual com

port to software on the computer. The Arduino software includes a serial monitor which allows simple

textual data to be sent to and from the Arduino board. The RX and TX LEDs on the board will flash when

data is being transmitted via the FTDI chip and USB connection to the computer (but not for serial

communication on pins 0 and 1).



A Software Serial library allows for serial communication on any of the Nano's digital pins.

The ATmega168 and ATmega328 also support I2C (TWI) and SPI communication. The Arduino software

includes a Wire library to simplify use of the I2C bus; see the documentation for details. To use the SPI

communication, please see the ATmega168 or ATmega328 datasheet.

4.2.4 P r o g r a m m i n g

The Arduino Nano can be programmed with the Arduino software (download). Select "Arduino Diecimila,

Duemilanove, or Nano w/ ATmega168" or "Arduino Duemilanove or Nano w/ ATmega328" from the

Tools. The FTDI FT232RL chip on the Nano is only powered if the board is being powered over USB. As a

result, when running on external (non-USB) power, the 3.3V output (which is supplied by the FTDI chip) is

not available and the RX and TX LEDs will flicker if digital pins 0 or 1 are high.

4.2.5 M e m o r y:

The ATmega168 has 16 KB of flash memory for storing code (of which 2 KB is used for the bootloader); the

ATmega328 has 32 KB, (also with 2 KB used for the bootloader). The ATmega168 has 1 KB of SRAM and 512

bytes of EEPROM (which can be read and written with the EEPROM library); the ATmega328 has 2 KB of

SRAM and 1 KB of EEPROM.

4.2.6 I n p u t a n d O u t p u t

Each of the 14 digital pins on the Nano can be used as an input or output, using pin Mode (), digitalWrite

(), and digital Read () functions. They operate at 5 volts. Each pin can provide or receive a maximum of 40

mA and has an internal pull-up resistor (disconnected by default) of 20-50 kOhms. In addition, some pins

have specialized functions:

Serial: 0 (RX) and 1 (TX). Used to receive (RX) and transmit (TX) TTL serial data. These pins

are connected to the corresponding pins of the FTDI USB-to-TTL Serial chip.

External Interrupts: 2 and 3. These pins can be configured to trigger an interrupt on a low

value, a rising or falling edge, or a change in value. See the attachInterrupt () function for

details.

PWM: 3, 5, 6, 9, 10, and 11. Provide 8-bit PWM output with the analog Write () function.

SPI: 10 (SS), 11 (MOSI), 12 (MISO), 13 (SCK). These pins support SPI communication,

which, although provided by the underlying hardware, is not currently included in the

Arduino language.

LED: 13. There is a built-in LED connected to digital pin 13. When the pin is HIGH value, the LED

is on, when the pin is LOW, it's off.



The Nano has 8 analog inputs, each of which provide 10 bits of resolution (i.e. 1024 different values). By

default, they measure from ground to 5 volts, though is it possible to change the upper end of their

range using the analog Reference () function.

Additionally, some pins have specialized functionality:

I2C: 4 (SDA) and 5 (SCL). Support I2C (TWI) communication using the Wire library (documentation on the

Wiring website).

There are a couple of other pins on the board:

AREF. Reference voltage for the analog inputs. Used with analog Reference ().

Reset. Bring this line LOW to reset the microcontroller. Typically used to add a reset button to shields

which block the one on the board.

Board menu (according to the microcontroller on your board). For details, see the reference and

tutorials.

The ATmega168 or ATmega328 on the Arduino Nano comes reburned with a bootloader that allows you

to upload new code to it without the use of an external hardware programmer. It communicates using the

original STK500 protocol (reference, C header files).

You can also bypass the bootloader and program the microcontroller through the ICSP (In-Circuit Serial

Programming) header; see these instructions for details.

4.2.7 A u t o m a t i c (S o f t w a re) R e s e t

Rather than requiring a physical press of the reset button before an upload, the Arduino Nano is designed

in a way that allows it to be reset by software running on a connected computer. One of the hardware

flow control lines (DTR) of the FT232RL is connected to the reset line of the ATmega168 or ATmega328 via

a 100 nano-farad capacitor. When this line is asserted (taken low), the reset line drops long enough to

reset the chip. The Arduino software uses this capability to allow you to upload code by simply pressing

the upload button in the Arduino environment. This means that the bootloader can have a shorter

timeout, as the lowering of DTR can be well-coordinated with the start of the upload.

This setup has other implications. When the Nano is connected to either a computer running Mac OS X or

Linux, it resets each time a connection is made to it from software (via USB). For the following half-

second or so, the bootloader is running on the Nano. While it is programmed to ignore malformed data

(i.e. anything besides an upload of new code), it will intercept the first few bytes of data sent to the

board after a connection is opened. If a sketch running on the board receives one-time configuration or



other data when it first starts, make sure that the software with which it communicates waits a second

after opening the connection and before sending this data.

4.3 Arduino Uno

Figure 4.3.1: Arduino Uno

4.3.1 Overview

The Arduino Uno is a microcontroller board based on the ATmega328 (datasheet). It has 14 digital

input/output pins (of which 6 can be used as PWM outputs), 6 analog inputs, a 16 MHz ceramic resonator,

a USB connection, a power jack, an ICSP header, and a reset button. It contains everything needed to

support the microcontroller; simply connect it to a computer with a USB cable or power it with an AC-to-DC

adapter or battery to get started.

The Uno differs from all preceding boards in that it does not use the FTDI USB-to-serial driver chip.

Instead, it features the Atmega16U2 (Atmega8U2 up to version R2) programmed as a USB-to-serial

converter.

Uno board has a resistor pulling the 8U2 HWB line to ground, making it easier to put into DFU mode.

http://www.atmel.com/dyn/resources/prod_documents/doc8161.pdf

http://arduino.cc/en/Hacking/DFUProgramming8U2



The board has the following new features:

Pinout: added SDA and SCL pins that are near to the AREF pin and two other new pins placed

near to the RESET pin, the IOREF that allow the shields to adapt to the voltage provided from

the board. In future, shields will be compatible both with the board that use the AVR, which

operate with 5V and with the Arduino Due that operate with 3.3V. The second one is a not

connected pin that is reserved for future purposes.

Stronger RESET circuit.

Atmega 16U2 replace the 8U2.

"Uno" means one in Italian and is named to mark the upcoming release of Arduino 1.0. The Uno and

version 1.0 will be the reference versions of Arduino, moving forward. The Uno is the latest in a series of

USB Arduino boards, and the reference model for the Arduino platform; for a comparison with previous

versions, see the index of Arduino boards.

4.3.2 Power

The Arduino Uno can be powered via the USB connection or with an external power supply. The power

source is selected automatically.

External (non-USB) power can come either from an AC-to-DC adapter (wall-wart) or battery. The adapter

can be connected by plugging a 2.1mm center-positive plug into the board's power jack. Leads from a

battery can be inserted in the Gnd and Vin pin headers of the POWER connector.

The board can operate on an external supply of 6 to 20 volts. If supplied with less than 7V, however, the

5V pin may supply less than five volts and the board may be unstable. If using more than 12V, the voltage

regulator may overheat and damage the board. The recommended range is 7 to 12 volts.

The power pins are as follows:

VIN. The input voltage to the Arduino board when it's using an external power source (as

opposed to 5 volts from the USB connection or other regulated power source). You can

supply voltage through this pin, or, if supplying voltage via the power jack, access it through

this pin.

5V. This pin outputs a regulated 5V from the regulator on the board. The board can be

supplied with power either from the DC power jack (7 - 12V), the USB connector (5V), or the

VIN pin of the board (7-12V). Supplying voltage via the 5V or 3.3V pins bypasses the regulator,

and can damage your board. We don't advise it.

http://arduino.cc/en/Main/Boards



3V3. A 3.3-volt supply generated by the on-board regulator. Maximum current draw is 50 mA.

GND. Ground pins.

4.3.3 Memory:

The ATmega328 has 32 KB (with 0.5 KB used for the bootloader). It also has 2 KB of SRAM and 1 KB of

EEPROM (which can be read and written with the EEPROM library).

4.3.4 Input and Output

Each of the 14 digital pins on the Uno can be used as an input or output, using pinMode(), digitalWrite(),

and digital Read() functions. They operate at 5 volts. Each pin can provide or receive a maximum of 40 mA

and has an internal pull-up resistor (disconnected by default) of 20-50 kOhms. In addition, some pins have

specialized functions:

Serial: 0 (RX) and 1 (TX). Used to receive (RX) and transmit (TX) TTL serial data. These pins

are connected to the corresponding pins of the ATmega8U2 USB-to-TTL Serial chip.

External Interrupts: 2 and 3. These pins can be configured to trigger an interrupt on a low

value, a rising or falling edge, or a change in value. See the attachInterrupt () function for

details.

PWM: 3, 5, 6, 9, 10, and 11. Provide 8-bit PWM output with the analog Write () function.

SPI: 10 (SS), 11 (MOSI), 12 (MISO), 13 (SCK). These pins support SPI communication using

the SPI library.

LED: 13. There is a built-in LED connected to digital pin 13. When the pin is HIGH value, the

LED is on, when the pin is LOW, it's off.

The Uno has 6 analog inputs, labeled A0 through A5, each of which provide 10 bits of resolution (i.e. 1024

different values). By default they measure from ground to 5 volts, though is it possible to change the

upper end of their range using the AREF pin and the analog Reference() function.

Additionally, some pins have specialized functionality:

TWI: A4 or SDA pin and A5 or SCL pin. Support TWI communication using the Wire library.

There are a couple of other pins on the board:

AREF. Reference voltage for the analog inputs. Used with analog Reference().

Reset. Bring this line LOW to reset the microcontroller. Typically used to add a reset button to

shields which block the one on the board.

http://www.arduino.cc/en/Reference/EEPROM

http://arduino.cc/en/Reference/PinMode

http://arduino.cc/en/Reference/DigitalWrite

http://arduino.cc/en/Reference/DigitalRead

http://arduino.cc/en/Reference/AttachInterrupt

http://arduino.cc/en/Reference/AnalogWrite

http://arduino.cc/en/Reference/SPI

http://arduino.cc/en/Reference/AnalogReference

http://arduino.cc/en/Reference/Wire

http://arduino.cc/en/Reference/AnalogReference



4.3.5 Communication

The Arduino Uno has a number of facilities for communicating with a computer, another Arduino, or other

microcontrollers. The ATmega328 provides UART TTL (5V) serial communication, which is available on

digital pins 0 (RX) and 1 (TX). An ATmega16U2 on the board channels this serial communication over USB

and appears as a virtual com port to software on the computer. The '16U2 firmware uses the standard

USB COM drivers, and no external driver is needed. However, on Windows, a .inf file is required. The

Arduino software includes a serial monitor which allows simple textual data to be sent to and from the

Arduino board. The RX and TX LEDs on the board will flash when data is being transmitted via the USB-to-

serial chip and USB connection to the computer (but not for serial communication on pins 0 and 1).

A Software Serial library allows for serial communication on any of the Uno's digital pins.

The ATmega328 also supports I2C (TWI) and SPI communication. The Arduino software includes a Wire

library to simplify use of the I2C bus; see the documentation for details. For SPI communication, use the

SPI library.

4.3.6 Programming

The Arduino Uno can be programmed with the Arduino software (download). Select "Arduino Uno from

the Tools > Board menu (according to the microcontroller on your board). For details, see the reference

and tutorials.

The ATmega328 on the Arduino Uno comes reburned with a bootloader that allows you to upload new

code to it without the use of an external hardware programmer. It communicates using the original

STK500 protocol (reference, C header files).

You can also bypass the bootloader and program the microcontroller through the ICSP (In-Circuit Serial

Programming) header; see these instructions for details.

The ATmega16U2 (or 8U2 in the rev1 and rev2 boards) firmware source code is available.

The ATmega16U2/8U2 is loaded with a DFU bootloader, which can be activated by:

On Rev1 boards: connecting the solder jumper on the back of the board (near the map of Italy)

and then resetting the 8U2.

On Rev2 or later boards: there is a resistor that pulling the 8U2/16U2 HWB line to ground,

making it easier to put into DFU mode.

You can then use Atmel's FLIP software (Windows) or the DFU programmer (Mac OS X and Linux) to

load a new firmware. Or you can use the ISP header with an external programmer (overwriting the DFU

bootloader). See this user-contributed tutorial for more information.

http://arduino.cc/en/Guide/Windows#toc4

http://arduino.cc/en/Guide/Windows#toc4

http://www.arduino.cc/en/Reference/SoftwareSerial

http://arduino.cc/en/Reference/Wire

http://arduino.cc/en/Reference/SPI

http://arduino.cc/en/Main/Software

http://arduino.cc/en/Reference/HomePage

http://arduino.cc/en/Reference/HomePage

http://arduino.cc/en/Tutorial/HomePage

http://arduino.cc/en/Tutorial/Bootloader

http://www.atmel.com/dyn/resources/prod_documents/doc2525.pdf

http://www.atmel.com/dyn/resources/prod_documents/avr061.zip

http://arduino.cc/en/Hacking/Programmer

http://www.atmel.com/dyn/products/tools_card.asp?tool_id=3886

http://dfu-programmer.sourceforge.net/

http://www.arduino.cc/cgi-bin/yabb2/YaBB.pl?num=1285962838



4.3.7 Automatic (Software Reset)

Rather than requiring a physical press of the reset button before an upload, the Arduino Uno is designed

in a way that allows it to be reset by software running on a connected computer. One of the hardware

flow control lines (DTR) of the ATmega8U2/16U2 is connected to the reset line of the ATmega328 via a

100 Nano farad capacitor. When this line is asserted (taken low), the reset line drops long enough to reset

the chip. The Arduino software uses this capability to allow you to upload code by simply pressing the

upload button in the Arduino environment. This means that the bootloader can have a shorter timeout, as

the lowering of DTR can be well-coordinated with the start of the upload.

This setup has other implications. When the Uno is connected to either a computer running Mac OS X or

Linux, it resets each time a connection is made to it from software (via USB). For the following half-

second or so, the bootloader is running on the Uno. While it is programmed to ignore malformed data

(i.e. anything besides an upload of new code), it will intercept the first few bytes of data sent to the board

after a connection is opened. If a sketch running on the board receives one-time configuration or other

data when it first starts, make sure that the software with which it communicates waits a second after

opening the connection and before sending this data.

The Uno contains a trace that can be cut to disable the auto-reset. The pads on either side of the trace

can be soldered together to re-enable it. It's labeled "RESET-EN". You may also be able to disable the

auto-reset by connecting a 110-ohm resistor from 5V to the reset line; see this forum thread for details.

4.3.8 Physical Characteristics

The maximum length and width of the Uno PCB are 2.7 and 2.1 inches respectively, with the

USB connector and power jack extending beyond the former dimension. Four screw holes allow

the board to be attached to a surface or case. Note that the distance between digital pins 7 and 8

is 160 mil (0.16"), not an even multiple of the 100-mil spacing of the other pins.

4.4 Bluetooth module

HC-05 Bluetooth Module is an easy to use Bluetooth SPP (Serial Port Protocol) module,

designed for transparent wireless serial connection setup. Its communication is via serial

communication which makes an easy way to interface with controller or PC. HC-05 Bluetooth

module provides switching mode between master and slave mode which means it able to use

neither receiving nor transmitting data.



Specification:

Model: HC-05

Input Voltage: DC 5V

Communication Method: Serial Communication

Master and slave mode can be switched

Figure: 4.4.1 Bluetooth Module

Table 4.4.1 Module description

VCC GND TXD RXD KEY



Diagram below shows the hardware connection between HC-05 Bluetooth Module and Arduino UNO.

Besides Arduino, it may interface with any microcontroller such as PIC and etc.

VCC - Arduino 5V

GND - Arduino GND

TXD - Arduino Pin RX

RXD - Arduino Pin TX

KEY - Connect to the air for communication mode

Figure 4.4.2: Connection between HC-05 Bluetooth Module and Arduino UNO.



Next, please get the sample source code and burn it into Arduino UNO.

After completing hardware and source code installation on Arduino UNO, the next step is setting up PC

site. In order to communicate with Arduino UNO, a Bluetooth device is needed as well on PC site. We

recommend using USB plug in Bluetooth device in PC site. See below diagram for data transfer between

Arduino UNO and PC via Bluetooth devices.

Figure 4.4.3: Transfer of Data

In order to use Bluetooth device in PC site, Bluetooth Device Driver is needed to install in PC. If your

USB Plug in Bluetooth device does not provides driver installation, you may download this PC Site

Bluetooth Software and install it. Plug in your Bluetooth device to PC during installation and restart PC

after installation.

After setting up the Arduino UNO and PC site, now we proceed to next session which will show

communication between Arduino UNO and PC through Bluetooth devices via communication mode.

https://drive.google.com/file/d/0ByfmRaocZIg0SExqa2JZaTZXUnc/edit?usp=sharing

https://drive.google.com/file/d/0ByfmRaocZIg0SExqa2JZaTZXUnc/edit?usp=sharing



4.5 Relay

A relay is an electrical switch that uses an electromagnet to move the switch from the off to on position

instead of a person moving the switch. It takes a relatively small amount of power to turn on a relay but

the relay can control something that draws much more power. Ex: A relay is used to control the air

conditioner in your home. The AC unit probably runs off of 220VAC at around 30A. That's 6600 Watts! The

coil that controls the relay may only need a few watts to pull the contacts together.

This is the schematic representation of a relay. The contacts at the top are normally open (i.e. not

connected). When current is passed through the coil it creates a magnetic field that pulls the switch closed

(i.e. connects the top contacts). Usually a spring will pull the switch open again once the power is removed

from the coil.



Chapter 5

SIMULATION

5.1 SYSTEM SIMULATION VIEW

Figure 5.1.1: System simulation view



5.2 SIMULATION RESULT

Figure 5.2.1: Simulation Result



5.3 HARDWARE

Figure 5.3.1 Hardware model



Chapter 6

ADVANTAGES & DISADVANTAGES

6.1 Advantage of ZVS (Zero-Voltage Switching) Technology

1. Reduced inrush current

In random switching of the equipment, the inrush current is high. Switching on turning on the equipment

at zero voltage reduces the inrush current considerably.

The reduction in rush current has advantage that it extends the life of the equipment and also reduces the

amount of EMI (Electromagnetic interference) produced by turning ON the load.

2. Reduced EMI and RFI

High rush current causes electromagnetic interference. This EM waves causes current drop operation of

the sensitive electronic components. RFI is a radio frequency interference.

The sudden change in the voltage level in the circuit leads to the formation of RFI. Therefore, the random

switching leads to the formation of RFI, which causes high frequency ringing which can also interfere with

the operation of sensitive electronic equipment.

3. Construction of AC regulator is simple and compact.

4. External communication circuits are not required.

5. Maintenance required is very less.

6. Running cost is also less.

7. Efficiency is high.

6.2 Disadvantages

1. In ON-OFF control strategy periodic power is sent to the load which influence load performance.

2. In phase control strategy harmonics are produced in supply current because of non-sinusoidal load

current.



Chapter 7

APPLICATIONS • It can be used in remote areas, to apply the usage of lamps for extended period of time.

• It can be implemented in industrial sectors, because of the usage of soft switching technique.

• It can be used street lights, to reduce the energy consumption and to make it more cost efficient.

• The enhanced lamps can be used as beacon flashing lights for advanced vehicles.

Chapter 8

CONCLUSION



The project is designed to prevent failure of incandescent lamps during cold conditions when it draws

high current when switched on. This is because they have very low resistance and due to random

switching makes the load at peak supply voltage.

This project aims at increasing lamps life by using a TRIAC that controls the switch on time by

illuminating it after detecting the zero-cross point of supplied voltage waveform. This causes current

waveform rising from zero when switched on to full value, thus increases life of lamp.

A push button is used to switch on the lamp at zero voltage of supply voltage and this draws the

current from zero to full value slowly. A comparator is utilized for ZVS (Zero Voltage Switching)

output. This ZVS is provided to as a reference interrupt.

Chapter 9

REFERENCES



[1] Nikhil Jain, Praveen K.Jain and Geza Joos, “A Zero Voltage Transition Boost Converter Employing a

Soft Switching Auxiliay Circuit With Reduced Conduction Losses,” in IEEE Transactions on power

electronics, vol.19, no.1, January 2004.

[2] In-beom Song, Doo-yong Jung, Young-hyok Ji, Seong-chon Choi, Yong-chae Jung and Chung-yuen

Won, “A Soft Switching Boost Converter using an Auxiliary Resonant Circuit for a PV System,”

International Conference on Power Electronics - ECCE Asia May 30-June 3, 2011.

[3] Basu S., Undeland T.M., “Diode recovery characteristics considerations for optimizing EMI performance

of continuous mode PFC converters,” Power Electronics and Applications, 2005 European Conference, pp.9

pp.,P.9, doi: 10.1109/EPE.2005.219496.

[4] John Bazinet and John A.O’Connor, “Analysis and Design of a Zero Voltage Transition Power Factor

Correction Circuit,” Unitode Integrated Circuits Merrimack, NH 03054.

[5] G.Moschopoulos, P.Jain, Y.Liu and Geza Joos, “A Zero Voltage Switched PWM Boost Converter with

an Energy Feedforward Auxiliary Circuit,” IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics, vol.14, paper 653-662,

July 1999.

[6] Sang-Hoon Park, Gil-Ro Cha, Yong-Chae Jung and Chung-Yuen Won, “Design and Application fro PV

Generation System Using a Soft-Switching Boost Converter with SARC,” IEEE Transactions on Industrial

Electronics, vol.57, no.2, February 2010.

[7] Saravana Selvan. D, “Modeling and Simulation of Incremental Conductance MPPT Algorithm for

Photovoltaic Applications,” International Journal of Scientific Engineering and Technology, Vol.2, no.7,

paper no: 681-685, July 2013.

[8] M G Villalva, J R Gazoli and E R Filho, “ Comprehensive Approach to Modeling and Simulation of PV

Arrays,” IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics, vol.24, no.5, May 2009. [9] T Salmi, M Bouzguenda, A

Gastli and A Masmoudi, “Matlab/Simulink based Modeling of solar Photovoltaic cell,” International Journal

of Renewable Energy Research, vol.2, no.2, 2012. 62

[10] David Sanz Morales, “Maximum power point tracking algorithms for PV applications,” student paper,

Alto university.

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