evaluation of concern kenya's korogocho emergency and food ...
Matters of Concern
Transcript of Matters of Concern
COLIN RIPLEY
Ryerson University
GEOFFREY THUN
University of Waterloo
KATHY VELIKOV
University of Waterloo
Once an architectural practice has divorced itself from the strictures of the normative service-to-
client driven professional model, the question of motivation becomes paramount. An architectural
practice may very well be alternative, making use of collaborative networks, leveraging institutional
affiliations, and finding unusual funding mechanisms—but to what end? Believing that the time
has come for a serious re-engagement on the part of architects with the critical forces that will
shape our human future, we have defined three Matters of Concern that both motivate our
practice and influence the methods by which we work: Future Ecologies, Situated Infrastructures,
and Emerging Inhabitations.
Matters of Concern
Over the past two decades, key external factors
have brought about a serious internal reconsidera-
tion of the roles of architects, the modes in which
they operate within the world, the tools and tech-
niques best suited to navigate these new condi-
tions, and the nature of appropriate pedagogic
tools and approaches that will cultivate the next
generation of professionals capable of engaging the
questions and challenges of their time.1 Simulta-
neously, with near-universal access to information,
widespread computational power, global commu-
nications infrastructures, complex collaborative
file-sharing and distributed just-in-time produc-
tion, the opportunities for an architectural practice
that positions itself outside of the service-to-
client model to not only survive but also produce
important work have perhaps never been
greater.
But now that we can all be alternative, so
what? Alternative to what end? Without the need
for clients, architects are free to choose their own
work. But what then are the situations, subjects or
problems that a practice pursues? Furthermore,
how will the practice choose to organize itself and
its work? What new collaborations, operational
practices, techniques and artifacts will be devel-
oped in pursuit of these questions and what will be
the resultant affective role of architecture?
Matters of ConcernTheorist and critic of science Bruno Latour has
recently proposed a methodology that we have
found useful in guiding an operative, critical
approach to practice. Latour proposes the notion of
‘‘matters of concern’’ in distinction to the more
common scientific category of ‘‘matters of fact.’’
While matters of fact, in our reading of Latour, are
developed without consideration of desire (moral,
ethical, or other), matters of concern embrace and
are centered in those desires. While matters of fact
exist without context, in an attempt to uncover the
indisputable, matters of concern gather context(s)
into themselves, disputing both the possibility and
the efficacy of indisputability. What results is an
approach that is constructive, rather than decon-
structive; one that assembles the subject as richly
diverse, historically situated, infinitely complex and
engaged with its own inherent contradictions and
controversies, a ‘‘multifarious inquiry launched with
the tools of anthropology, philosophy, metaphysics,
history, sociology to detect how many participants
are gathered in a thing to make it exist and maintain
existence.’’2
In order to pursue architectural works that
resonate beyond our discipline, our practice has
developed three inter-connected matters of con-
cern—Future Ecologies, Situated Infrastructures,
and Emerging Inhabitations—to structure both the
subjects on which and modes by which we operate.
These engage with the critical forces that will shape
our collective future, and seek to understand,
envision, and project that future. Our role, as
architects, becomes that of problem seekers, rather
than problem solvers.
The work is always addressed in its performa-
tive role in relation to the multiple situations of its
subject. Instead of starting with a problem to be
solved, we begin with the contextual situation,
using design as a way of exposing the conditions,
forces, and potentials that might become activated
within a proposition. Contexts are multiple and can
include, as a form of recherche concrete, our own
multiply networked relations to the mechanisms of
architectural production; projects arise literally from
the matters of concern and evolve through
Journal of Architectural Education,
pp. 6–14 ª 2009 ACSA
Matters of Concern 6
academic, industrial, and government agency
collaboration, finding new opportunities for
exploration, research, and innovation.
Future EcologiesFuture Ecologies mandates an increased global
awareness of ecological networks and of the
inherent participation of the built environment in
ecological processes. The ecological context in
which we operate goes beyond global warming to
entire planetary destabilization—ecological, social,
political—and the destruction, or at least massive
disruption, of ecosystems. What possible futures
attend these changes and how might design lever
these conditions of flux as new opportunities for
human engagement and occupation? Architects
who engage in alternative practices should offer not
only pragmatic solutions to our future but also
‘‘a dream of utopias.’’3
Buoyant Aquacology, a vision of the
interrelated urban, cultural, and ecological land-
scape of the Venice Lagoon situated in the future
of rising water levels, seeks to envision what the
role and possibility of large scale architectural,
landscape, and cultural projects will be in that new
reality.
The prospect of a permanently flooded Vene-
tian lagoon under as much as fourteen meters of
water (Figure 1) suggests the end to many existing
ecologies (both natural and cultural) but also the
1. Buoyant Aquacology, view towards the city of Venice. The city, now far below sea level, is surrounded by a prophylactic ring wall which is both a water barrier and a productive infrastructure. (Courtesy RVTR.)
2. Buoyant Aquacology, ecological and industrial network diagram for the reconfigured lagoon. (Courtesy RVTR.)
7 RIPLEY, THUN AND VELIKOV
emergence of others. In this near-future context,
a set of issues that includes the inevitable flooding
of the entire lagoon, the consequent failure of the
current tidal ecologies, an increased proliferation of
algae blooms, and the desire for a new tourist
industry are conflated to generate a matrix of
interrelated agents and activities to be accommo-
dated within the lagoon (Figure 2). In addition to
facilitating a new tourism industry, the new water-
scape will become a highly productive expanse,
generating new intensive sources of both food and
energy. A shifting matrix of floating energy barges
will produce algae to be farmed for hydrogen
energy production, as well as a food and mineral
source, while processing sewage from the remain-
ing urban concentrations in the lagoon and growing
new soil, used to extend new landforms. The com-
plex products of this agricology will be processed in
plants located within prophylactic barrier rings,
infrastructural sea walls constructed to protect the
most culturally significant of the current islands from
flooding. Other barges will support hydroponic
agriculture, fish hatcheries and solar collection cells.
The role of architecture here is the orchestration of
the operational and spatial distribution of these
systems, the performative organization of a pro-
jected future situation to meet projected future
need for food, energy, and commerce, as both con-
text and substance of a simultaneously utopic and
dystopic view of a flooded Venice.
Situated InfrastructuresSituated Infrastructures explores large-scale sys-
tems and networks of the urbanized world. Posi-
tioned within the lineage of speculative, visionary
urban proposals, this work investigates how exist-
ing infrastructural systems—designed for the 20th
century, currently on the edge of maximum
capacity and immanent collapse—might be modi-
fied and mobilized to address the needs of the 21st
century and beyond. How might the specific char-
acteristics of these systems that lie at the root of
their contemporary failure be reconsidered in terms
of their inherent potential for modification and
enhancement?
The Post-Carbon Highway is a regional urban
infrastructure design/research project that explores
the likely possibility that the depletion of carbon-
based fuels, rather than precipitating a decline in
mobility and a corresponding demise of the auto-
motive and transport industries, a collapse of global
trade networks and perhaps even a return to small-
scale recognizable and quantifiable city patterns,
could become instrumental in conceiving more
efficiently and intensely connected regional urban-
ities and infrastructures. The project synthesizes
current research from a range of disciplines and
existing data about changing populations, ecolo-
gies, technologies and economies within a specula-
tive design project and visualizes the potential
experience of mobility in a post-carbon world.4
Mappings of highway freight traffic in North
America and in the Great Lakes Megaregion dis-
close that, unlike the U.S. interstate system of
highly networked roadways, Highway 401 exists as
a single non-networked line cutting through
southern Ontario (Figure 4). This characteristic is
ultimately responsible for both the 401’s current
status as North America’s most densely traveled
highway,5 a key conduit for international trade, and
connector for 40% of the Canadian population, as
well as its imminent future of congestion and fail-
ure. Rather than proposing scenarios in which the
line is developed into a mesh by adding secondary
routes, we investigate instead what potentials exist
in a single, intensive, highly linear system: what can
a line do?
Architecture here looks to the capacity of the
line as a strategic asset, proposing its cross-
sectional densification to accommodate not simply
increased traffic, but also the multiple modes of
traffic types, velocities and energy sources in
a highly mobile post-carbon future (Figure 3). The
matrix of parallel, cooperative modes of mobility
will include high-speed rail, dedicated freight and
vehicle lanes configured in a ‘‘thick’’ system where
transport types are stacked and separated to maxi-
mize temporal efficiency, safety, and accessibility—
effectively increasing the bandwidth of the line. As
a result, the line will also become a robust infra-
structural backbone to foster the development of
3. Post-Carbon Highway. The thickened line. (Courtesy RVTR.)
Matters of Concern 8
4. Post-Carbon Highway. Maps showing highway freight traffic in the Great Lakes megaregion.
Sources: US Department of Transportation FHWA (2000 data) and Transport Canada. (Courtesy RVTR.)
5. Post-Carbon Highway. The multimodal transfer interchange will become the key node along the highway and the place where the highway and its
travelers will be able to interface with its dependent population concentrations. (Courtesy RVTR.)
9 RIPLEY, THUN AND VELIKOV
a proximate urbanism.The multimodal transfer
interchange (Figure 5) will become the key urban
node along the highway and the place where the
highway and its travelers will be able to interface with
its dependent population concentrations. In the post-
carbon era of new fuels, a variety of refueling systems
will be provided at every service point, along with
freight distribution facilities, temporary accommo-
dations, and recreational opportunities. Meanwhile,
the project suggests that the entire predicted popu-
lation growth in Southern Ontario in the coming two
decades—four million people6—may be housed
proximate to the re-tooled Highway 401, rendering
the emergingGreat LakesMegaregion as a polycentric
linear city.
Emerging InhabitationsEmerging Inhabitations investigates how we might
frame new ways of living within our shifting con-
texts. The emerging idea of the domestic environ-
ment is less concerned with the object-ness of the
house and its furnishings than with what the
domicile and its components can do. Questions of
space and form are put aside to focus on the sen-
sorial, productive and emotional operations of
materials and elements in relation to, and as
extensions of, human occupants.
North House is a multi-tiered collaborative
design-research project (Figure 6) that aims to
develop building systems for sustainable living in
northern climates. This project is an extensive col-
laborative undertaking being developed between
faculty and students at the University of Waterloo,
6. North House. Project team constellation diagram. (Courtesy RVTR/Team North.)
Matters of Concern 10
Simon Fraser University’s School of Interactive Arts
and Technology, and Ryerson University. The pro-
ject moves beyond energy efficiency to consider
how the house fits into ecological cycles of pro-
duction, consumption and waste, leveraging sus-
tainable design for the provision of more: more
diverse and interconnected natural, social, and
economic networks; more energy-efficient building
technologies with more resilience and adaptability;
more opportunities for human health and vitality.
The project seeks to make use of highly engineered,
component-based manufacturing techniques linked
to local economies to explore means by which
a building design can be more responsive to the
changing needs of its users, and to develop new
reflexive and user-responsive building systems
appropriate to cold environments.
The team has developed a wood-framed
glazing system that can be a net energy producer
even at high latitudes with relatively scarce solar
resources. When paired with active shading sys-
tems, this development radically changes the way
we think about northern housing. The house no
longer needs to be a highly insulated and inter-
nalized box with minimal openings, but can instead
be opened up to the exterior landscape—a situa-
tion much more in keeping with the active lifestyles
of many northern residents. In parallel with the
development of advanced envelope components,
an Adaptive Living Interface System (ALIS) will
enable occupants to dynamically interact with
a complex set of building technologies through
haptic and digital media providing both feedback
and control regarding performance and atmosphere
while empowering the occupant as an agent of
behavioral change (Figures 7 and 8).
The ‘‘Latitude’’ housing system advances some
of the principles of North House and develops
energy efficient single-family dwellings fabricated
from light-gauge steel using component-based
manufacturing techniques. Latitude is not about
designing a single house but about developing entire
residential systems that include food, energy, waste
recycling, employment, and regional economies and
ecologies, all through the agency of re-considered
housing (Figure 9). Proposed initially for a site in
northern Russia, Latitude makes use of the glazing
systems developed by theNorth House team to offer
highly energy-efficient housing that is at the same
time filled with natural light and intimately con-
nected to the outdoors (Figure 10).This connection
7. North House. Adaptive Living Interface system diagram. (Courtesy RVTR/Team North.)8. North House. Responsive envelope studies. (Courtesy RVTR/Team North.)
11 RIPLEY, THUN AND VELIKOV
9. Latitude. The Complex Ecology Matrix allows us to consider and act on impacts among various ecologies and at a range of scales; typology matrix. (Courtesy RVTR.)
10. Latitude. Sectional perspective. (Courtesy RVTR.) 11. Latitude. Top: L-House; Bottom: Loft House, showing food production. (Courtesy RVTR.)
Matters of Concern 12
12. Latitude. Component assembly diagram. (Courtesy RVTR.)
13. Latitude. GreenHouse, in winter. (Courtesy RVTR.)
13 RIPLEY, THUN AND VELIKOV
allows the inhabitants of the house to not only take
advantage of the leisure opportunities afforded by
northern living, but also to take part in the local
tradition of independent food production, likely to
becomemore important as the climate warms up and
food transportation costs increase over the coming
decades (Figure 11).The modular construction
techniques used in Latitude will allow the buildings
to change and adapt as technologies or user needs
change; the buildings can easily grow in response to
changing family structures, or have newer, even
more efficient envelopes easily retrofitted in
response to further increases in energy costs and
available technologies (Figures 12 and 13).
ConclusionsThese projects—Buoyant Aquacology, Post-Carbon
Highway, and Latitude—are evidence of a devel-
oping operative practice in which matters of
concern condition the critical analysis of a given
situation through an understanding of its complex
interrelated variables. Architecture operates
within this matrix of relationships as an agent, an
organizer and orchestrator of seemingly
disparate components and activities. Discourse
is critically broadened from a focus on the
architectural object to consider the position
and agency of architecture within its wider
contexts.
Our ultimate desire is to mobilize the poten-
tial power of the university/practice relationship
and leverage its productive exchanges for the
benefit of both institutions and of society at large.
As both architectural educators and practitioners,
we believe that this broader engagement of
architectural discourse is crucial as we—both as
a profession and as a species—head into very
uncertain times. It is important to all of us that
architecture make use of its ability to visualize
not just future architectures, but future
worlds.
Notes
1. See for example Winy Maas, ‘‘Architecture Is a Device,’’ In MVRDV:
KM3—Excursions on Capacities (Rotterdam: MVRDV and Barcelona:
ACTAR, 2004).
2. Bruno Latour, ‘‘Why Has Critique Run Out of Steam? From Matters of
Fact to Matters of Concern,’’ in Critical Inquiry (Winter, 2004), p. 246.
3. Roemer van Toorn, ‘‘No More Dreams?’’ Harvard Design Magazine,
no. 21 (Fall 2004/Winter 2005): 30.
4. For more on this project see John Knechtel, ed., Fuel (Cambridge: MIT
Press, 2008).
5. Brian Gray, ‘‘GTA Economy Dinged by Every Crash on the 401,’’ The
Toronto Sun, April 10, 2008.
6. Ontario Ministry of Infrastructure Renewal, Places to Grow: Growth
Plan for the Greater Golden Horseshoe. http://www.placestogrow.ca,
2006 (accessed February 24, 2008).
Matters of Concern 14