MATERI PERBANDINGAN SISTEM HUKUM PROGRAM DOKTOR UMS

Perbandingan Hukum(Comparative Law)

Dr. Aidul Fitriciada Azhari, SH

Program Doktor Ilmu Hukum

Universitas Muhammadiyah

Surakarta

MateriMateriPertemuan Ke-1Pertemuan Ke-11.1. PendahuluanPendahuluan2.2. Pengertian dan IstilahPengertian dan Istilah3.3. SejarahSejarah

Pertemuan ke-2Pertemuan ke-21.1. Signifikasi studi Perbandingan HukumSignifikasi studi Perbandingan Hukum2.2. Masalah dalam studi Perbandingan HukumMasalah dalam studi Perbandingan Hukum3.3. Jenis-jenis Perbandingan HukumJenis-jenis Perbandingan Hukum4.4. Metodologi Perbandingan HukumMetodologi Perbandingan Hukum5.5. Perbedaan dengan Disiplin Hukum LainnyaPerbedaan dengan Disiplin Hukum Lainnya

Pertemuan ke-3Pertemuan ke-31.1. Klasifikasi Sistem Hukum / Tradisi HukumKlasifikasi Sistem Hukum / Tradisi Hukum2.2. Sistem Hukum AdatSistem Hukum Adat

MateriMateriPertemuan ke-4/5Pertemuan ke-4/51.1. Sistem Hukum Sipil (Civil Law)Sistem Hukum Sipil (Civil Law)

Pertemuan ke-6/7Pertemuan ke-6/71.1. Sistem Hukum Kebiasaan (Common Law)Sistem Hukum Kebiasaan (Common Law)

Pertemuan ke-8/9Pertemuan ke-8/91.1. Sistem Hukum IslamSistem Hukum Islam

Pertemuan ke-10/11Pertemuan ke-10/111.1. Sistem Hukum ChinaSistem Hukum China

Pertemuan ke-12Pertemuan ke-121.1. Presentasi makalahPresentasi makalah

ReferensiReferensi Alan Watson, LEGAL TRANSPLANTS AN Alan Watson, LEGAL TRANSPLANTS AN APPROACH TO COMPARATIVE LAWAPPROACH TO COMPARATIVE LAW

Esin Orucu, David Nelken COMPARATIVE Esin Orucu, David Nelken COMPARATIVE LAW: A HANDBOOK LAW: A HANDBOOK

H. Patrick Glenn LEGAL TRADITIONS OF H. Patrick Glenn LEGAL TRADITIONS OF THE WORLD: SUSTAINABLE DIVERSITY IN THE WORLD: SUSTAINABLE DIVERSITY IN LAWLAW

Mary Ann Glendon et al, COMPARATIVE Mary Ann Glendon et al, COMPARATIVE LEGAL TRADITIONSLEGAL TRADITIONS

Peter de Cruz, COMPARATIVE LAW IN THE Peter de Cruz, COMPARATIVE LAW IN THE CHANGING WORLDCHANGING WORLD

TugasTugasMakalah perorangan tentang Makalah perorangan tentang perbandingan hukum terkait perbandingan hukum terkait dengan topik disertasi dengan topik disertasi (dipresentasikan pada (dipresentasikan pada perkuliahan terakhir)perkuliahan terakhir)

Istilah Istilah Terdapat beberapa istilah dari Terdapat beberapa istilah dari “comparative law”, di antaranya “comparative law”, di antaranya “the comparative study of laws” “the comparative study of laws” atau “comparison of laws” (Dalam atau “comparison of laws” (Dalam bhs Indonesia diterjemahkan sama bhs Indonesia diterjemahkan sama sebagai “Perbandingan Hukum”)sebagai “Perbandingan Hukum”)

Tetapi, sejak 1946, istilah Tetapi, sejak 1946, istilah “Comparative Law” lebih banyak “Comparative Law” lebih banyak digunakandigunakan

PengertianPengertianPeter de Cruz (p. 3)Peter de Cruz (p. 3) Comparative law is the systematic Comparative law is the systematic study of particular legal traditions study of particular legal traditions and legal rules on a comparative basisand legal rules on a comparative basis

Comparative law requires the Comparative law requires the comparison of two or more legal comparison of two or more legal systems and / or legal traditions, or systems and / or legal traditions, or of selected aspects, institutions or of selected aspects, institutions or branches of two or more legal systems.branches of two or more legal systems.

PengertianPengertianAlan Watson (pp. 1-9)Alan Watson (pp. 1-9) Comparative Law not just a method of Comparative Law not just a method of

study, but :study, but :1.1. Comprises more than one discipline,Comprises more than one discipline,2.2. As an independent academic discipline As an independent academic discipline

is not study of one foreign system or is not study of one foreign system or elementary account of various systems elementary account of various systems or primarily matter of drawing or primarily matter of drawing comparisons,comparisons,

3.3. Is study of relationship between Is study of relationship between systemssystems

Sejarah Studi Sejarah Studi Perbandingan HukumPerbandingan Hukum

Perbandingan hukum sudah dimulai Perbandingan hukum sudah dimulai sejak zaman Yunani, ketika bangsa sejak zaman Yunani, ketika bangsa Yunani mengadopsi sistem hukum Yunani mengadopsi sistem hukum bangsa lainbangsa lain

Pada masa Romawi terdapat Pada masa Romawi terdapat perkembangan jus gentium yang perkembangan jus gentium yang dipengaruhi oleh penyelidikan dipengaruhi oleh penyelidikan perbandingan, denasionalisasi, dan perbandingan, denasionalisasi, dan pegerakan ke arah ‘hukum global’pegerakan ke arah ‘hukum global’


Akar dari perbandingan hukum adalah :Akar dari perbandingan hukum adalah : Perbandingan hukum dalam bidang Perbandingan hukum dalam bidang legislatif (legislatif (legislative comparative lawlegislative comparative law) : ) : munculnya kodifikasi hukum munculnya kodifikasi hukum nasional di Jerman dan Prancisnasional di Jerman dan Prancis

Perbandingan hukum secara ilmiah Perbandingan hukum secara ilmiah ((scholarly comparative lawscholarly comparative law) :) : pengaruh teori evolusi dari pengaruh teori evolusi dari Charles Darwin di kalangan para ahli Charles Darwin di kalangan para ahli di berbagai universitas di Eropadi berbagai universitas di Eropa


Perbandingan Hukum modern dimulai pada Perbandingan Hukum modern dimulai pada 1900 ketika dilangsungkan the 1900 ketika dilangsungkan the International Congress of Comparative Law International Congress of Comparative Law di di ParisParis

Penggagas Kongres, Lambert dan Penggagas Kongres, Lambert dan Saleilles, menyebutkan adanya “a common Saleilles, menyebutkan adanya “a common law of mankind” yakni suatu hukum dunia law of mankind” yakni suatu hukum dunia yang diciptakan dari perbandingan hukumyang diciptakan dari perbandingan hukum

Pada Kongres tersebut untuk pertama Pada Kongres tersebut untuk pertama kali diformulasikan fungsi dan tujuan kali diformulasikan fungsi dan tujuan dari perbandingan hukumdari perbandingan hukum

Signifikasi Signifikasi Studi Perbandingan HukumStudi Perbandingan Hukum

Peter de Cruz (pp. 18-26)Peter de Cruz (pp. 18-26) Comparative law as an academic disciplineComparative law as an academic discipline Comparative law as an aid to legislation Comparative law as an aid to legislation and law reformand law reform

Comparative law as a tool of constructionComparative law as a tool of construction Comparative law as a means of understanding Comparative law as a means of understanding legal ruleslegal rules

Comparative law as a contribution to the Comparative law as a contribution to the systematic unification and harmonization of systematic unification and harmonization of lawlaw

Signifikasi Signifikasi Studi Perbandingan HukumStudi Perbandingan Hukum

Alan Watson (pp. 16-20)Alan Watson (pp. 16-20) Understanding of nature of law and of Understanding of nature of law and of legal developmentlegal development

Systematic study of foreign systemSystematic study of foreign system Unsystematic knowledge that useful for Unsystematic knowledge that useful for law reformlaw reform

The subject matter, historical The subject matter, historical relationshiprelationship

Borrowing and transmissibilityBorrowing and transmissibility Rules and their effectsRules and their effects

Masalah dalam Studi Masalah dalam Studi Perbandingan Hukum Perbandingan Hukum

Menurut Alan Watson (pp. 10-15), Menurut Alan Watson (pp. 10-15), bila tidak hati-hati perbandingan bila tidak hati-hati perbandingan hukum dapat menimbulkan resiko :hukum dapat menimbulkan resiko : SuperficialitySuperficiality Getting foreign law wrongGetting foreign law wrong Impossibility of being systematicImpossibility of being systematic Desire to find pattern of Desire to find pattern of developmentdevelopment

Arguing too easily to another Arguing too easily to another systemsystem

Masalah dalam Studi Masalah dalam Studi Perbandingan HukumPerbandingan Hukum

Peter de Cruz (p. 213) :Peter de Cruz (p. 213) : Linguistic and terminology problemsLinguistic and terminology problems Cultural differences between legal systemsCultural differences between legal systems The potentiality of arbitrariness in The potentiality of arbitrariness in selection of objects studyselection of objects study

The desire to see a common legal pattern in The desire to see a common legal pattern in legal system – the theory of a general legal system – the theory of a general pattern of developmentpattern of development

The tendency to impose one’s own (native) The tendency to impose one’s own (native) legal conceptions and expectations on the legal conceptions and expectations on the systems being comparedsystems being compared

Dangers of exclusion / ignorance of extra-Dangers of exclusion / ignorance of extra-legal ruleslegal rules

Jenis-jenis Perbandingan Jenis-jenis Perbandingan Hukum Hukum

E. Lambert (dlm Alan Watson E. Lambert (dlm Alan Watson p. 3)p. 3)

Descriptive Comparative Descriptive Comparative LawLaw

Comparative History of LawComparative History of Law Comparative LegislationComparative Legislation

Descriptive Comparative Descriptive Comparative LawLaw

… … is the inventory of the is the inventory of the systems of the past and systems of the past and present as a whole as well present as a whole as well as of individual rules as of individual rules which these systems which these systems establish for the several establish for the several categories of legal categories of legal traditiontradition

Comparative History of Comparative History of LawLaw

… … is closely allied to ethnological is closely allied to ethnological jurisprudence, folklore, legal sociology, jurisprudence, folklore, legal sociology, and philosophy of law. It endeavor to and philosophy of law. It endeavor to bring out through the establishment of a bring out through the establishment of a universal history of law the rhythms or universal history of law the rhythms or natural laws of the succession of social natural laws of the succession of social phenomena, which direct the evolution of phenomena, which direct the evolution of legal institution.legal institution.… … its students have been up to the present its students have been up to the present principally interested in the principally interested in the reconstitution of the most obscure phases reconstitution of the most obscure phases of the legal history of human societiesof the legal history of human societies

Comparative Comparative LegislationLegislation

… … represents the effort to define represents the effort to define the common trunk on which present the common trunk on which present national doctrines of law are national doctrines of law are destined to graft themselves as a destined to graft themselves as a result of both of the development result of both of the development of the study of law as a social of the study of law as a social science, and of the awakening of science, and of the awakening of an international legal an international legal consciousness.consciousness.

Jenis-jenis Perbandingan Jenis-jenis Perbandingan HukumHukum

J.H. Wigmore (dlm Alan Watson, p. 3)J.H. Wigmore (dlm Alan Watson, p. 3) Comparative NomoscopyComparative Nomoscopy, which is the , which is the description of system of lawdescription of system of law

Comparative NomotheticsComparative Nomothetics, which is the , which is the analysis of the merits of the systemanalysis of the merits of the system

Comparative NomogeneticsComparative Nomogenetics, which is , which is the study of the development of the the study of the development of the world’s legal ideas and systemworld’s legal ideas and system

Jenis-jenis Perbandingan Jenis-jenis Perbandingan HukumHukum

Macro-comparison Macro-comparison – refers – refers to the study of two or to the study of two or more entire legal systemsmore entire legal systems

Micro-comparisonMicro-comparison – refers – refers to the study of topics or to the study of topics or aspects of two or more aspects of two or more legal systemslegal systems

Topics of Micro-Topics of Micro-comparisoncomparison

Among the possible topics of micro-comparison :

1) The institutions or concepts peculiar to the systems;

2) The sources of law, judicial systems and judiciary, legal profession or even the structure of the legal systems;

3) The various branches of national or domestic law;

4) The historical development of legal systems;5) The ideological, socio-legal and economic

bases of that system.

Jenis-jenis Jenis-jenis Studi Perbandingan HukumStudi Perbandingan Hukum

Peter de Cruz (p. 7)Peter de Cruz (p. 7) Comparison of foreign systems with the Comparison of foreign systems with the domestic system in order to ascertain domestic system in order to ascertain similarities and differences;similarities and differences;

Studies with analyze objectively and Studies with analyze objectively and systematically solutions with various systems systematically solutions with various systems offer for a given legal problemoffer for a given legal problem

Studies which investigate the causal Studies which investigate the causal relationship between different systems of lawrelationship between different systems of law

Studies which compare the several stages of Studies which compare the several stages of various legal systems;various legal systems;

Studies which attempt to discover or examine Studies which attempt to discover or examine legal evolution generally according to legal evolution generally according to periods and systems periods and systems

Metode Perbandingan Metode Perbandingan Hukum Hukum

Alan Watson (p. 7-9) give Alan Watson (p. 7-9) give three approaches in three approaches in Comparative Law :Comparative Law :The historical relationship The historical relationship The ‘inner’ relationship The ‘inner’ relationship The same pattern of The same pattern of development theorydevelopment theory

Metode Perbandingan Metode Perbandingan HukumHukum

11stst Approach : The historical relationship Approach : The historical relationship – – F. Pringsheim: “comparative law without the F. Pringsheim: “comparative law without the history of law is an impossible task”history of law is an impossible task”

The historical relationship should have pride of The historical relationship should have pride of place :place :

11stst – because the relationship itself is more – because the relationship itself is more obvious than any other type;obvious than any other type;

22ndnd – because the degree of borrowing and – because the degree of borrowing and adaptation is more easily spotted;adaptation is more easily spotted;

33rdrd – because the relevant factors in the – because the relevant factors in the development can be isolated more simply;development can be isolated more simply;

44thth – because in the Western world borrowing (with – because in the Western world borrowing (with adaptation) has been the usual of legal adaptation) has been the usual of legal developmentdevelopment


22ndnd approach : The ‘inner’ approach : The ‘inner’ relationshiprelationship… … Rests not on any Rests not on any historical contact, but historical contact, but on spiritual and physical on spiritual and physical relationship and on an relationship and on an undeniable similarity undeniable similarity between the peoples or between the peoples or between their developmentbetween their development


33rdrd approach : The same approach : The same pattern of development pattern of development theorytheory… … that all legal systems in that all legal systems in their young days pass their young days pass through the same or the through the same or the similar stages of similar stages of developmentdevelopment


Kamba (dlm Cruz, p. 23) Kamba (dlm Cruz, p. 23) gives three main stages of gives three main stages of the process of comparison :the process of comparison :1)The descriptive phase2)The identification phase3)The explanatory phase

The description phaseThe description phase The description phase The description phase : “… : “… description of the norms, description of the norms, concepts, and institutions of concepts, and institutions of the systems concerned and the the systems concerned and the examination of the socio-examination of the socio-economic problems and the legal economic problems and the legal problems and the legal problems and the legal solutions provided by the solutions provided by the systems in questionsystems in question

The identification phase & The identification phase &

The explanatory phaseThe explanatory phase The identification phase The identification phase deals deals with the identification of with the identification of differences and similarities differences and similarities between the system being comparedbetween the system being compared

The explanatory phaseThe explanatory phase is the stage is the stage in which an attempt will be made in which an attempt will be made to account for the resemblances to account for the resemblances and dissimilarities between and dissimilarities between systems, concepts, or institutionssystems, concepts, or institutions


Peter de Cruz (pp. 235-239) menyebutkan Peter de Cruz (pp. 235-239) menyebutkan delapan tahap dalam perbandingan hukum :delapan tahap dalam perbandingan hukum :11stst – identify the problem and state it as – identify the problem and state it as precisely as possibleprecisely as possible

22ndnd – identify the foreign jurisdiction and, – identify the foreign jurisdiction and, if possible, the parent legal familyif possible, the parent legal family

33rdrd – decide which primary sources of law – decide which primary sources of law are going to be needed or, even more are going to be needed or, even more importantly, which materials are availableimportantly, which materials are available

44thth – gather and assemble the material – gather and assemble the material relevant to the jurisdiction being relevant to the jurisdiction being examinedexamined

Metodologi Perbandingan Metodologi Perbandingan HukumHukum

Lanjutan …Lanjutan …55thth – organize the material in accordance – organize the material in accordance with headings reflecting the legal with headings reflecting the legal philosophy and ideology of the legal system philosophy and ideology of the legal system being investigated;being investigated;

66thth – tentatively map out the possible – tentatively map out the possible answers to the problem, comparing carefully answers to the problem, comparing carefully the different approaches, bearing in mind the different approaches, bearing in mind possible cultural differences or socio possible cultural differences or socio economic factors, where relevant, and economic factors, where relevant, and exploring any other non-legal factors which exploring any other non-legal factors which may have influenced the current legal may have influenced the current legal position in both jurisdictionposition in both jurisdiction

Metodologi Perbandingan Metodologi Perbandingan HukumHukum

Lanjutan …Lanjutan …77thth – critically analyse the legal – critically analyse the legal principle in terms of their intrinsic principle in terms of their intrinsic meaning rather than according to any meaning rather than according to any Western of other standards;Western of other standards;

88thth – set out your conclusions within a – set out your conclusions within a comparative framework with caveats, if comparative framework with caveats, if necessary, and with critical commentary, necessary, and with critical commentary, wherever relevant, and relate it to the wherever relevant, and relate it to the original purpose of your enquiry. original purpose of your enquiry.

Perbedaan dengan Perbedaan dengan Disiplin LainDisiplin Lain

Hukum Perdata Internasional dan Hukum Perdata Internasional dan Perbandingan Hukum Perbandingan Hukum Kedua disiplin terkait dengan Kedua disiplin terkait dengan analisis berlakunya aturan2 analisis berlakunya aturan2 spesifik pada beberapa sistem hukumspesifik pada beberapa sistem hukum

Perbedaannya, HPI lebih selektif Perbedaannya, HPI lebih selektif dibandingkan perbandingan hukum, dibandingkan perbandingan hukum, terutama pada pilihan hukum “choice terutama pada pilihan hukum “choice of law rules”of law rules”


Hukum Internasional Publik dan Hukum Internasional Publik dan Perbandingan HukumPerbandingan Hukum HIP mengacu pada hukum yang mengatur HIP mengacu pada hukum yang mengatur hubungan antara negara-negara, hubungan antara negara-negara, sedangkan Perbandingan Hukum adalah sedangkan Perbandingan Hukum adalah metode analisis atas masalah dan metode analisis atas masalah dan institusi yang muncul dari dua atau institusi yang muncul dari dua atau lebih sistem hukum nasional dengan lebih sistem hukum nasional dengan tujuan untuk memperoleh pemahaman tujuan untuk memperoleh pemahaman yang lebih baik mengenai yang lebih baik mengenai beroperasinya sistem hukum tersebutberoperasinya sistem hukum tersebut


Sejarah Hukum dan Perbandingan Sejarah Hukum dan Perbandingan HukumHukum

Sejarah hukum menggunakan Sejarah hukum menggunakan metode perbandingan hukummetode perbandingan hukum

Comparative legal history Comparative legal history vertical vertical comparative lawcomparative law

Comparison of the modern system Comparison of the modern system horizontal comparative lawhorizontal comparative law


Etnologi Hukum dan Perbandingan HukumEtnologi Hukum dan Perbandingan Hukum

Etnologi hukum terfokus pada aspek Etnologi hukum terfokus pada aspek historis dari masyarakat primitifhistoris dari masyarakat primitif

Etnologi hukum sekarang merupakan Etnologi hukum sekarang merupakan salah satu cabang dari perbandingan salah satu cabang dari perbandingan hukum yang memberikan sumbangan hukum yang memberikan sumbangan kepada analisis perbandingan kepada analisis perbandingan melalui disiplin yang unik and melalui disiplin yang unik and teknik observasi teknik observasi


Sosiologi Hukum dan Perbandingan HukumSosiologi Hukum dan Perbandingan Hukum

Perbandingan hukum membutuhkan Perbandingan hukum membutuhkan sosiologi hukumsosiologi hukum

Terdapat perbedaan fundamental antara Terdapat perbedaan fundamental antara kedua disiplin, yakni sosiologi hukum kedua disiplin, yakni sosiologi hukum mencakup lebih mendalam data lapangan/ mencakup lebih mendalam data lapangan/ empiris, sedangkan perbandingan hukum empiris, sedangkan perbandingan hukum lebih memperhatikan “bagaimana hukum lebih memperhatikan “bagaimana hukum seharusnya berlaku” melalui kajian seharusnya berlaku” melalui kajian atas aturan dan institusi hukum dalam atas aturan dan institusi hukum dalam kaitan satu sama lain. kaitan satu sama lain.

Peta EropaPeta Eropa

The English Common Law The English Common Law SystemSystem

Muncul pada abad ke-12 Muncul pada abad ke-12 setelah penaklukan oleh setelah penaklukan oleh Normandia Normandia

Dipengaruhi oleh sistem Dipengaruhi oleh sistem hukum Islam yang diadopsi hukum Islam yang diadopsi setelah Perang Salibsetelah Perang Salib

The English Common Law SystemThe English Common Law System A case base system of law which A case base system of law which functions through analogical reasoningfunctions through analogical reasoning

An hierarchical doctrine of precedentAn hierarchical doctrine of precedent Sources of law which includes statutes Sources of law which includes statutes as well as casesas well as cases

Typical institutions like the trust, Typical institutions like the trust, tort law, estoppel and agency. tort law, estoppel and agency. Although some of this institutions Although some of this institutions appear in one form or another in other appear in one form or another in other legal systems, the “trust” concept is legal systems, the “trust” concept is unique to the common law system. unique to the common law system.

The English Common Law The English Common Law SystemSystem

A distinctive improvisatory and A distinctive improvisatory and pragmatic legal stylepragmatic legal style

Categories of law such as contract Categories of law such as contract and tort as separate bodies of law and tort as separate bodies of law as well as two main bodies of law: as well as two main bodies of law: common law and equity, which may be common law and equity, which may be administered by the same courtadministered by the same court

No substantive or structural No substantive or structural public/private law distinction as public/private law distinction as that which exist in civil law systemthat which exist in civil law system

The value System and RightsNatural law

Legal PositivismSociological jurisprudence

Other legal and moral philosophies

LanguageLogic

CONCEPTUAL “ IS “• What is law ?• Classification of laws, nature of rules• Rights duties obligations• Person; legal person; corporation, etc• Civil and criminal liability and general defences•Ownership; possession, and so on

NORMATIVE “ OUGHT”• Theory of legislation. This includes a theory of legitimacy and a theory of legislative justice• Theory of adjudication. This includes a theory of controversy and a theory of jurisdiction• Theory of compliance, including the goals of punishment

The value System

The Qur’ānThe Sunnah

‘Ilm al-KalāmLogic

CONCEPTUAL “ IS “• What is Islamic law ?• ḥukm: classification of laws, nature of rules• Maḥkūm fīh: Rights• Maḥkūm ‘alayh:Person; legal person; corporation, etc• fiqh :concepts like legal capacity, cause of defec- tive capacity, property, and so on

NORMATIVE “ OUGHT”• Theory of Ijtihād: How does the mujtahid convert the principles in the source of law? Is it something similar to modern legislation?• Theory of Takhrīj and Qadā: How does the faqīh extend the law? Is his methodology similar to the methodology of the modern judge?• Theories about the conditions Taklīf and Siyasah Shar’iyyah

Imran Ahsan Khan Nyazee,2000

Dīn Nafs Nasl ‘Aql Māl

Maslahah MursalahMaslahah MursalahMenurut Imam Al-Ghazali :Menurut Imam Al-Ghazali :1.1. Hanya dapat digunakan sebagai Hanya dapat digunakan sebagai

sumber hukum apabila termasuk sumber hukum apabila termasuk dalam masalah yang sangat dalam masalah yang sangat pentingpenting

2.2. Bersifat universal; berlaku Bersifat universal; berlaku untuk seluruh umat Islamuntuk seluruh umat Islam

3.3. Merupakan suatu yang qath’iMerupakan suatu yang qath’i

Mashlalah MursalahMashlalah Mursalah Menurut Imam Asy-Syatibi :Menurut Imam Asy-Syatibi :1.1. Harus dapat diterima akal sehatHarus dapat diterima akal sehat2.2. Harus sesuai dengan tujuan umum Harus sesuai dengan tujuan umum

syari’ah (syari’ah (maqasid al-shariahmaqasid al-shariah))3.3. Harus memelihara suatu hal yang Harus memelihara suatu hal yang

penting atau menghilangkan penting atau menghilangkan kesusahan yang ada dalam agamakesusahan yang ada dalam agama

Pendidikan Doktor Pendidikan Doktor dalam Studi Hukum Islamdalam Studi Hukum Islam

Islam – Islam – IjIjââzah al-tadriszah al-tadris Abad Pertengahan – Abad Pertengahan – licentia docendilicentia docendi Modern – Modern – doctordoctor

Seorang doktor memiliki kewenangan Seorang doktor memiliki kewenangan mengajar dan berpendapat secara mengajar dan berpendapat secara independen (kebebasan akademis)independen (kebebasan akademis)

Karena itu, pendidikan tinggi hukum Karena itu, pendidikan tinggi hukum Islam mengenal adanya perbedaan Islam mengenal adanya perbedaan pendapat dan seorang muslim bebas pendapat dan seorang muslim bebas menentukan pilihan atas pendapat yang menentukan pilihan atas pendapat yang diberikan oleh seorang muftidiberikan oleh seorang mufti

Sistem Hukum ChinaSistem Hukum China Berakar pada konsep Berakar pada konsep fǎfǎ ( ( 法法 ) dan ) dan lǐlǐ ( ( 法法 )) Konsep Konsep lǐlǐ ( ( 法法 ) bersumber pada ajaran ) bersumber pada ajaran Kong Hu Cu (551-479 SM) yang Kong Hu Cu (551-479 SM) yang menekankan pada etika dan menekankan pada etika dan keselarasan sosialkeselarasan sosial

Konsep Konsep fǎfǎ ( ( 法法 ) bersumber pada ) bersumber pada filsafat legalisme China (221 SM) filsafat legalisme China (221 SM) yang menekankan pada ketaatan pada yang menekankan pada ketaatan pada perundang-undanganperundang-undangan

Sistem etika Sistem etika lǐlǐ ( ( 法法 )) Konsep Konsep lǐlǐ ( ( 法法 ) terutama ) terutama

bersendi pada ajaran bersendi pada ajaran kewajiban : kewajiban : 1.1. Kaum muda terhadap kaum tuaKaum muda terhadap kaum tua2.2. Laki-laki terhadap ayahnyaLaki-laki terhadap ayahnya3.3. Istri terhadap suamiIstri terhadap suami4.4. Sahabat terhadap sahabatnyaSahabat terhadap sahabatnya5.5. Rakyat terhadap pemimpinnyaRakyat terhadap pemimpinnya

Legalisme China Legalisme China fǎfǎ ( ( 法法 )) Ajaran legalisme China Ajaran legalisme China fǎfǎ ( ( 法法 ) ) bersendi pada tiga prinsip yang bersendi pada tiga prinsip yang diperlukan penguasa untuk memerintah diperlukan penguasa untuk memerintah secara benar:secara benar:

ShihShih, berarti kedudukan (kedudukan , berarti kedudukan (kedudukan lebih menentukan dibandingkan lebih menentukan dibandingkan kebajikan/kebenaran)kebajikan/kebenaran)

ShuShu, berarti metode/cara memerintah, berarti metode/cara memerintah FaFa, berarti hukum yang ditetapkan , berarti hukum yang ditetapkan penguasa penguasa

Li Li (( 法法 )) pada masa Mao Tse- pada masa Mao Tse-TungTung

Mao Tse Tung menghidupkan kembali konsep Mao Tse Tung menghidupkan kembali konsep lǐlǐ ( ( 法法 ) dengan membuat delapan ajaran yang ) dengan membuat delapan ajaran yang dimuat dalam Buku Merah, yakni :dimuat dalam Buku Merah, yakni :

1.1. Berbicaralah dengan sopanBerbicaralah dengan sopan2.2. Bayar sepantasnya apa yang dibeliBayar sepantasnya apa yang dibeli3.3. Kembalikan apa yang dipinjamKembalikan apa yang dipinjam4.4. Berilah ganti rugi atas kerugian yang Berilah ganti rugi atas kerugian yang

diperbuatdiperbuat5.5. Janganlah memukul atau mencaci maki orang lainJanganlah memukul atau mencaci maki orang lain6.6. Janganlah merusak tanaman yang akan dipanen Janganlah merusak tanaman yang akan dipanen

orang orang 7.7. Janganlah bergaul bebas dengan kaum perempuanJanganlah bergaul bebas dengan kaum perempuan8.8. Janganlah menyiksa orang-orang tahanan Janganlah menyiksa orang-orang tahanan

Li Li (( 法法 )) pada masa Mao Tse- pada masa Mao Tse-TungTung

Slain itu Mao juga membuat tiga Slain itu Mao juga membuat tiga aturan pokok tentang disiplin :aturan pokok tentang disiplin :

1.1. Di dalam semua tindakan anda, Di dalam semua tindakan anda, patuhilah perintah-perintahpatuhilah perintah-perintah

2.2. Janganlah mengambil apapun dari Janganlah mengambil apapun dari masyarakat, bahkan jarum dan masyarakat, bahkan jarum dan benang sekalipunbenang sekalipun

3.3. Serahkan kepada pemerintah Serahkan kepada pemerintah semua rampasan perangsemua rampasan perang

Li Li (( 法法 )) pada masa Lee Kuan pada masa Lee Kuan YewYew

Pada tahun 1980, Lee Kuan Yew Pada tahun 1980, Lee Kuan Yew (PM Singapura) menyerukan agar (PM Singapura) menyerukan agar menghidupkan kembali ajaran menghidupkan kembali ajaran KonfusiusmeKonfusiusme

Ajaran Konfusiusme menjadi Ajaran Konfusiusme menjadi Asian Asian ValuesValues yang menjadi karakteristik yang menjadi karakteristik sistem sosial-politik di Asia sistem sosial-politik di Asia Timur dan dipandang mendorong Timur dan dipandang mendorong kemajuan ekonomi di Asia Timur kemajuan ekonomi di Asia Timur dan Asia Tenggaradan Asia Tenggara

Li Li (( 法法 )) dan ADR dan ADR Sistem hukum China yang Sistem hukum China yang bersumber pada ajaran bersumber pada ajaran lǐlǐ ( ( 法法 ) di ) di antaranya berperan dalam antaranya berperan dalam melahirkan melahirkan Alternative Dispute Alternative Dispute ResolutionResolution (ADR). (ADR).

ADR berkembang dari adopsi hukum ADR berkembang dari adopsi hukum China kepada sistem hukum China kepada sistem hukum Amerika yang kemudian berkembang Amerika yang kemudian berkembang ke seluruh dunia.ke seluruh dunia.

MATERI PERBANDINGAN SISTEM HUKUM PROGRAM DOKTOR UMS

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