Mastering the PACT

SOUTHCAROLINA

Mastering the PACT

Student Edition

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Copyright © by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Printed in the United Statesof America. Except as permitted under the United States Copyright Act, no part of this book maybe reproduced in any form, electronic or mechanical, including photocopy, recording, or anyinformation storage or retrieval system, without prior written permission of the publisher.

Send all inquiries to:The McGraw-Hill Companies8787 Orion PlaceColumbus, OH 43240-4027

ISBN-13: 978-007-875656-6ISBN-10: 0-07-875656-1

2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 079 13 12 11 10 09 08 07

Test-Taking Tips• Go to bed early the night before the test. You will think more clearly

after a good night’s rest.

• Read each problem carefully and think about ways to solve theproblem before you try to answer the question.

• Relax. Most people get nervous when taking a test. It’s natural. Justdo your best.

• Answer questions you are sure about first. If you do not know theanswer to a question, skip it and go back to that question later.

• Think positively. Some problems may seem hard to you, but you maybe able to figure out what to do if you read each question carefully.

• If no figure is provided, draw one. If one is furnished, mark it up tohelp you solve the problem.

• When you have finished each problem, reread it to make sure youranswer is reasonable.

• Become familiar with a variety of formulas and when they shouldbe used.

• Make sure that the number of the question on the answer sheetmatches the number of the question on which you are working in

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ContentsOverview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . vStudent Recording Chart . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . viSouth Carolina Science Academic Standards, Grade 8 . . . . . . . . . . . . . viii

Test PracticeDiagnostic Test . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1

Standards PracticeIndicator 8-1.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25Indicator 8-1.2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26Indicator 8-1.3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27Indicator 8-1.4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28Indicator 8-1.5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29Indicator 8-1.6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30Indicator 8-1.7 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31Indicator 8-2.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32Indicator 8-2.2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33Indicator 8-2.3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34Indicator 8-2.4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35Indicator 8-2.5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36Indicator 8-2.6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37Indicator 8-2.7 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38Indicator 8-3.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39Indicator 8-3.2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40Indicator 8-3.3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41Indicator 8-3.4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42Indicator 8-3.5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43Indicator 8-3.6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44Indicator 8-3.7 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45Indicator 8-3.8 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46Indicator 8-3.9 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47Indicator 8-4.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48Indicator 8-4.2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49Indicator 8-4.3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50Indicator 8-4.4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51Indicator 8-4.5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52Indicator 8-4.6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53Indicator 8-4.7 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54Indicator 8-4.8 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55Indicator 8-4.9 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56Indicator 8-4.10 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57Indicator 8-5.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58Indicator 8-5.2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59Indicator 8-5.3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60

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Contents (continued)

Indicator 8-5.4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61Indicator 8-5.5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62Indicator 8-5.6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63Indicator 8-6.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64Indicator 8-6.2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65Indicator 8-6.3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66Indicator 8-6.4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67Indicator 8-6.5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68Indicator 8-6.6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69Indicator 8-6.7 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70Indicator 8-6.8 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71

Test PracticeSample Test . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73

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Mastering the PACT, Grade 8 v

Overview

The material in this booklet is designed to help you prepare for the SouthCarolina Palmetto Achievement Challenge Tests (PACT).

It contains:

• a Student Recording Chart,

• South Carolina Science Academic Standards,

• a Diagnostic Test,

• practice questions for each indicator, and

• a Sample Test.

How to Use This Book

Diagnostic Test This test will help you identify any weaknesses youmay have as you prepare to take the PACT. Once you’ve taken the test andit’s been graded, complete the Student Recording Chart that is found onpage vi. Circle each question that you answered incorrectly.

Practice If you missed one or two of the questions for a particularindicator, you could probably use some extra practice with that indicator.The Student Recording Chart lists practice pages for each indicator.Complete the appropriate practice pages. If you are unsure about how toanswer some of the problems, you may want to refer to your science book.

Sample Test After you have completed your practice worksheet(s), takethe Sample Test on pages 73 to 95.

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vi Mastering the PACT, Grade 8

Student Recording Chart

Directions Circle each question from the Diagnostic Test that you answeredincorrectly. If there are one or two circles marked for an indicator, write Yesin the Need Practice? box. Then complete the practice pages for that indicator.

Indicator 8-1.1 8-1.2 8-1.3 8-1.4 8-1.5 8-1.6

Test Questions 1 2 3 4 6 5 7 9 8 10 11

Need Practice?

Practice Pages 25 26 27 28 29 30

Indicator 8-1.7 8-2.1 8-2.2 8-2.3 8-2.4 8-2.5

Test Questions 12 13 14 15 16 20 21 22 17 18 19 24 25 27 23 26 28

Need Practice?


Indicator 8-2.6 8-2.7 8-3.1 8-3.2 8-3.3 8–3.4

Test Questions 29 30 31 32 33 36 38 34 35 37 39 40 43 44 41 42

Need Practice?


Indicator 8-3.5 8-3.6 8-3.7 8-3.8 8-3.9 8-4.1

Test Questions 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 55 56 52 53 54

Need Practice?


Name _____________________________________________________

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Mastering the PACT, Grade 8 vii

Student Recording Chart (continued )

Indicator 8-4.2 8-4.3 8-4.4 8-4.5 8-4.6 8-4.7

Test Questions 58 59 62 57 60 61 63 65 64 66 68 70 71 67 69 72

Need Practice?


Indicator 8-4.8 8-4.9 8-4.10 8-5.1 8-5.2 8-5.3

Test Questions 73 74 75 76 77 78 81 82 79 80 85 86 87 83 84

Need Practice?


Indicator 8-5.4 8-5.5 8-5.6 8-6.1 8-6.2 8–6.3

Test Questions 88 90 92 89 91 93 94 95 96 97 100 101 98 99 102

Need Practice?


Indicator 8-6.4 8-6.5 8-6.6 8-6.7 8-6.8

Test Questions 104 106 107 103 105 109 112 108 110 111 113

Need Practice?

Practice Pages 67 68 69 70 71

Name _____________________________________________________

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viii Mastering the PACT, Grade 8

South Carolina Science Academic StandardsGrade 8

Scientific Inquiry

Standard 8-1: The student will demonstrate an understanding of technological design and scientificinquiry, including process skills, mathematical thinking, controlled investigative designand analysis, and problem solving.

Indicators

8-1.1 Design a controlled scientific investigation.

8-1.2 Recognize the importance of a systematic process for safely and accurately conductinginvestigations.

8-1.3 Construct explanations and conclusions from interpretations of data obtained during acontrolled scientific investigation.

8-1.4 Generate questions for further study on the basis of prior investigations.

8-1.5 Explain the importance of and requirements for replication of scientific investigations.

8-1.6 Use appropriate tools and instruments (including convex lenses, plane mirrors, color filters,prisms, and slinky springs) safely and accurately when conducting a controlled scientificinvestigation.

8-1.7 Use appropriate safety procedures when conducting investigations.

The skills of scientific inquiry, including a knowledge of the use of tools, will beassessed cumulatively on statewide tests. Students will therefore be responsible for thescientific inquiry indicators from all of their earlier grade levels.

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Mastering the PACT, Grade 8 ix

Grade 8Earth’s Biological History

Standard 8-2: The student will demonstrate an understanding of Earth’s biological diversity over time.(Life Science, Earth Science)

Indicators

8-2.1 Explain how biological adaptations of populations enhance their survival in a particularenvironment.

8-2.2 Summarize how scientists study Earth’s past environment and diverse life-forms byexamining different types of fossils (including molds, casts, petrified fossils, preserved andcarbonized remains of plants and animals, and trace fossils).

8-2.3 Explain how Earth’s history has been influenced by catastrophes (including the impact of anasteroid or comet, climatic changes, and volcanic activity) that have affected the conditionson Earth and the diversity of its life-forms.

8-2.4 Recognize the relationship among the units—era, epoch, and period—into which thegeologic time scale is divided.

8-2.5 Illustrate the vast diversity of life that has been present on Earth over time by using thegeologic time scale.

8-2.6 Infer the relative age of rocks and fossils from index fossils and the ordering of the rocklayers.

8-2.7 Summarize the factors, both natural and man-made, that can contribute to the extinction ofa species.

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x Mastering the PACT, Grade 8

Grade 8Earth’s Structure and Processes

Standard 8-3: The student will demonstrate an understanding of materials that determine the structure ofEarth and the processes that have altered this structure. (Earth Science)

Indicators

8-3.1 Summarize the three layers of Earth—crust, mantle, and core—on the basis of relativeposition, density, and composition.

8-3.2 Explain how scientists use seismic waves—primary, secondary, and surface waves—andEarth’s magnetic fields to determine the internal structure of Earth.

8-3.3 Infer an earthquake’s epicenter from seismographic data.

8-3.4 Explain how igneous, metamorphic, and sedimentary rocks are interrelated in the rockcycle.

8-3.5 Summarize the importance of minerals, ores, and fossil fuels as Earth resources on the basisof their physical and chemical properties.

8-3.6 Explain how the theory of plate tectonics accounts for the motion of the lithospheric plates,the geologic activities at the plate boundaries, and the changes in landform areas overgeologic time.

8-3.7 Illustrate the creation and changing of landforms that have occurred through geologicprocesses (including volcanic eruptions and mountain-building forces).

8-3.8 Explain how earthquakes result from forces inside Earth.

8-3.9 Identify and illustrate geologic features of South Carolina and other regions of the worldthrough the use of imagery (including aerial photography and satellite imagery) andtopographic maps.

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Mastering the PACT, Grade 8 xi

Grade 8Astronomy: Earth and Space Systems

Standard 8-4: The student will demonstrate an understanding of the characteristics, structure, andpredictable motions of celestial bodies. (Earth Science)

Indicators

8-4.1 Summarize the characteristics and movements of objects in the solar system (includingplanets, moons, asteroids, comets, and meteors).

8-4.2 Summarize the characteristics of the surface features of the Sun: photosphere, corona,sunspots, prominences, and solar flares.

8-4.3 Explain how the surface features of the Sun may affect Earth.

8-4.4 Explain the motions of Earth and the Moon and the effects of these motions as they orbit theSun (including day, year, phases of the Moon, eclipses, and tides).

8-4.5 Explain how the tilt of Earth’s axis affects the length of the day and the amount of heatingon Earth’s surface, thus causing the seasons of the year.

8-4.6 Explain how gravitational forces are influenced by mass and distance.

8-4.7 Explain the effects of gravity on tides and planetary orbits.

8-4.8 Explain the difference between mass and weight by using the concept of gravitational force.

8-4.9 Recall the Sun’s position in the universe, the shapes and composition of galaxies, and thedistance measurement unit (light year) needed to identify star and galaxy locations.

8-4.10 Compare the purposes of the tools and the technology that scientists use to study space(including various types of telescopes, satellites, space probes, and spectroscopes).

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xii Mastering the PACT, Grade 8

Grade 8Forces and Motion

Standard 8-5: The student will demonstrate an understanding of the effects of forces on the motion of anobject. (Physical Science)

Indicators

8-5.1 Use measurement and time-distance graphs to represent the motion of an object in terms ofits position, direction, or speed.

8-5.2 Use the formula for average speed, v = d/t, to solve real-world problems.

8-5.3 Analyze the effects of forces (including gravity and friction) on the speed and direction ofan object.

8-5.4 Predict how varying the amount of force or mass will affect the motion of an object.

8-5.5 Analyze the resulting effect of balanced and unbalanced forces on an object’s motion interms of magnitude and direction.

8-5.6 Summarize and illustrate the concept of inertia.

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Mastering the PACT, Grade 8 xiii

Grade 8Waves

Standard 8-6: The student will demonstrate an understanding of the properties and behaviors of waves.(Physical Science)

Indicators

8-6.1 Recall that waves transmit energy but not matter.

8-6.2 Distinguish between mechanical and electromagnetic waves.

8-6.3 Summarize factors that influence the basic properties of waves (including frequency,amplitude, wavelength, and speed).

8-6.4 Summarize the behaviors of waves (including refraction, reflection, transmission, andabsorption).

8-6.5 Explain hearing in terms of the relationship between sound waves and the ear.

8-6.6 Explain sight in terms of the relationship between the eye and the light waves emitted orreflected by an object.

8-6.7 Explain how the absorption and reflection of light waves by various materials result in thehuman perception of color.

8-6.8 Compare the wavelength and energy of waves in various parts of the electromagneticspectrum (including visible light, infrared, and ultraviolet radiation).

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Derek needs to determine the boilingpoint of an unknown liquid. To get themost reliable results, which procedureshould Derek follow?

A Heat some of the liquid in a test tubeand record the liquid’s temperatureevery 5 minutes until it boils.

B Heat some of the liquid in a test tubeand record the liquid’s temperaturewhen it starts to boil.

C Heat 10 mL of the liquid in a testtube and record the liquid’stemperature every minute until theliquid boils.

D Heat 10 mL of the liquid in a testtube and record the liquid’stemperature every minute until theliquid boils. Repeat the procedure 3 times.

In a controlled scientific investigation,experimental results are comparedagainst the results of controls. Controlsimprove an investigation by _______.

F allowing the effects of the variable tobe determined

G allowing for the investigation to testas many variables as possible

H making sure everything in theinvestigation remains constant

I guaranteeing that the investigationconclusion verifies the hypothesis

The table above shows the data collectedby researchers trying to determine theeffects of the pH of lake water on the fishliving in the lake. Which statement aboutthe experimental process would causethe validity of the data collected in theproject to be questioned?

A It was discovered that different pHmeters were used each year.

B It was discovered that the samespecies of fish was counted each year.

C It was discovered that the lake was amore popular fishing site in 1970compared with 2000.

D It was discovered that the watersamples tested for pH levels weretaken at a different location anddepth each year.

3

1970

1980

1990

2000

5.9

5.5

4.9

4.2

Year pH level Numberof fish

458

299

211

122

Effects of Acid Rain on a Lake

2

1

Grade 8 Diagnostic Test 1

Name: Date: Class:Diagnostic Test

MULTIPLE-CHOICE QUESTIONSChoose the best answer for each question. Mark your answers on the answer sheet provided byyour teacher.

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Use the information in the table below toanswer questions 4 and 5.

The data in the table were collected asJohn let his flashlight remain lit while hemeasured the light given off (lumens).What will be the lumens he might expectafter six hours?

F 8.0

G 7.5

H 5.0

I 4.5

On the basis of this investigation, whichis a question that could be answered byfurther study?

A What type of battery was used?

B After how many hours will theflashlight no longer light?

C What brand of flashlight would bebest to use?

D Is it expensive to carry out thisinvestigation?

Use the information in the table below toanswer questions 6 and 7.

According to the information in the tableabove, which object has the greatestinertia to overcome in order to startmoving?

F football player

G truck

H runner

I car

Sanjiv wants to study more about themotion of each object listed in the tableabove. Which question might he use tofurther his investigation?

A How much force is needed to get theobjects moving?

B How can the objects stop moving?

C How far can the object travel at thatspeed?

D What type of footwear or tires worksbest?

7

6

Object Mass Speed

Runner

Football player

Car

Truck

70 kg

90 kg

1600 kg

2500 kg

4.0 m/s

3.0 m/s

20 m/s

2 m/s

5

4

0

2

4

6

9.5

8.0

6.5

?

Time (hours) Light given off (lumens)

2 Grade 8 Diagnostic Test

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Name: Date: Class:Diagnostic Test (continued)

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Based on the diagram above, whatscientific instrument is being used?

F microscope

G convex lens

H spectroscope

I telescope

The reliability of a scientific explanationcan be increased by __________ .

A taking notes once the investigationhas been completed

B changing the dependent variablewhen repeating the experiment

C changing the independent variablewhen repeating the experiment

D repeating the experiment severaltimes

The convex lens the student is holding isbeing used to _____.

F bend the light into focus

G absorb light and reflect it back to theeye

H magnify the image

I compress light to fit the size of theboy’s eye

If a stage manager wanted only a certaincolor of light to illuminate the stage area,he would use a ______.

A color filter

B prism

C flat mirror

D spectroscope

11

10

9

8

Light

Eyepiece

Eyepiece

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When safely working with electricdevices during an experiment, it isimportant to ______.

F wash your hands after using thedevice

G unplug the device by pulling the cord

H keep the device turned to its highestsetting if possible

I not use the device near water

Emilio must use hydrochloric acid to testfor the mineral calcite. Which isimportant to remember when usingacids in the lab?

A Wash acid off your arm at theeyewash station.

B Clean up an acid spill with wet papertowels.

C Always wear goggles and aprons whenworking with acids.

D Dispose of excess acid in the nearesttrash can.

What should you do if you break a pieceof glassware in the laboratory?

F Tell your lab partner about thebroken glass immediately.

G Tell your teacher about the brokenglass immediately.

H Clean up the broken glass as quicklyas possible.

I Push the broken pieces of glass out ofthe way until you have time to clean it up.

Which statement best explains hownatural selection occurs?

A Natural selection occurs whenorganisms are geographically isolate

B Natural selection occurs when anorganism’s offspring grow vestigialstructures.

C Natural selection occurs whencharacteristics from the parentorganism are inherited.

D Natural selection occurs when geneticvariation in a population producesdifferent rates of survival andreproduction.

Some fruit flies have develop wings thatare shorter than normal. Fruit flies withshort wings cannot fly. Based on thisinformation, which is the best predictionfor the survival of short-wing fruit flies?

F There will eventually be fewer short-wing fruit flies than normal fruit flies.

G There will eventually be more short-wing fruit flies than normal fruit flies.

H There will eventually be the samenumber of short-wing fruit flies asnormal fruit flies.

I Short-wing fruit flies will mate withnormal fruit flies and eventually allfruit flies will have medium-lengthwings.

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Volcanic eruptions can blast particlesand various chemical compounds highinto the atmosphere. These materials canreduce the amount of solar radiationthat reaches Earth’s surface. As a result,you would expect that after a majorvolcanic eruption _______.

A the ozone layer would disappear

B Earth’s average temperature woulddecrease

C global climates would become warmand dry

D most species of animals and plantswould die off

Earliest life forms on Earth were affectedby each of the following EXCEPT_______.

F volcanic activity

G forming of the atmosphere

H mountain building

I unconformitites

A volcanic eruption is a dramatic andpowerful event. A volcanic eruption can positively affect the environment by _______.

A increasing the amount of landmass

B increasing the amount of acid rain

C decreasing air quality

D decreasing the number of organisms

A fossil that forms within the cavity of amold fossil is a ______ fossil.

F petrified

G carbonized

H cast

I preserved remains

_______ are the preserved remains ortraces of plants or animals from Earth’spast.

A Fossils

B Epochs

C Geologic columns

D Traits

Which is an example of a trace fossil?

F petrified wood

G dinosaur footprint

H mummified remains

I insect trapped in amber

22

21

20

19

18

17

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Which statement best explains why rockfrom the Precambrian time periodcontains very few fossils?

A Precambrian life-forms have not hadtime to fossilize.

B During early Precambrian time, therewere no life-forms on Earth.

C A global event destroyed all life-formsat some point during Precambriantime.

D Life-forms on Earth duringPrecambrian time were soft-bodiedand left very few fossil imprints.

The largest unit of geologic time is a(n) _______.

F era

G period

H epoch

I century

Identify the present geologic era.

A Precambrian time

B Paleozoic Era

C Mesozoic Era

D Cenozoic Era

When did dinosaurs flourish?

F Precambrian time

G Paleozoic Era

H Mesozoic Era

I Cenozoic Era

Some geologic periods have been dividedinto smaller time units called _______.

A epochs

B eras

C centuries

D years

_______ became the dominant life-formduring the Cenozoic Era.

F Plants

G Mammals

H Insects

I Fish

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27

26

25

24

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Use the diagram below to answer questions 29and 30.

The diagram above is a geological crosssection of an area where a river hasexposed a cliff of undisturbed rocklayers. According to the diagram, whichrock layer is the oldest?

A Q

B R

C S

D T

Which is the principle that a scientistwould use to determine the relative ageof the rock layers in the diagram?

F law of superposition

G law of unconformity

H law of sedimentation

H law of conservation of matter

As a result of human activities, the rateof species extinction is _______.

A declining

B unknown

C increasing

D unaffected

Same species on Earth are in danger ofbecoming extinct because of each of thefollowing EXCEPT_______.

F they are breeding too many of theirpopulation

G their habitats have nearly beendestroyed

H they are a prime source of food forthe people living near them

I non-native species are competing fortheir territories

Some scientists believe that a largeasteroid or comet hit Earth about 65 million years ago, causing theextinction of _______.

A fish

B dinosaurs

C amphibians

D mammals

33

32

31

30

29

River

Q

R

S

T

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Seismographs measure and record themovements and vibrations, or seismicwaves, within Earth. Which statement istrue about seismic waves?

F Seismic waves travel toward the focus.

G Different waves travel at differentspeeds.

H All seismic waves occur close toEarth’s core.

I Waves traveling closest to Earth’s corecause the most damage.

Which has been the greatest benefit ofstudying and measuring seismic waves?

A prevention of all earthquakesworldwide

B precise prediction of earthquakes

C mapping of Earth’s internal structure

D preventing tsunamis from reachingland

Earth’s inner core is _______.

F solid

G liquid

H gas

I lava

Scientists use P-waves and S-waves tohelp them explore Earth’s interior.Changes in the _______ of seismic waveswere used to determine the location ofEarth’s layers.

A type

B size

C number

D speed

The largest layer of Earth is the _______.

F inner core

G outer core

H mantle

I crust

Many scientists believe that Earth’smagnetic field originates in the _______.

A crust

B mantle

C inner core

D outer core

39

38

37

36

35

34


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Seismologists can locate an earthquake’s_______ based on the different speeds ofseismic waves.

F fault

G epicenter

H topography

I surface wave

Sedimentary rock, when buried deepenough, can be reformed by _______ todifferent types of rock.

A fire and water

B weathering

C heat and pressure

D erosion

Igneous rock that has slowly cooledforming large crystals is called _______.

F compacted

G foliated

H extrusive

I intrusive

At which point is the approximateepicenter of the earthquake shown in themap above?

A A

B B

C C

D D

In order to locate the epicenter of anearthquake, scientists must use therecords from _______.

F 3 seismograph stations

G 3 primary waves

H a seismograph site on the oppositeside of Earth

I a seismograph site near theearthquake

44

43

AB

CD

42

41

40

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According to the table above, whichmineral is most likely to be a clay?

A gypsum

B kaolinite

C hematite

D sylvite

_______ is the hardest mineral found innature. It is often used in drills to cut,grind, and shape other hard materials.

F Iron

G Quartz

H Diamond

I Magnesium

Some mountains are formed by thecollision of two tectonic plates. If thearrows indicate the direction of platemovement, which diagram below showsa situation that would most probablyresult in the formation of suchmountains?

A

B

C

D

Plate 2Plate 1

Plate 2Plate 1

Plate 2Plate 1

Plate 2Plate 1

47

46

45

Some Mineral Resourcesand Their Uses

MineralHematiteGypsumSylvite

Kaolinite

UseIron rodsPlaster

FertilizerPottery


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What process is taking place in thediagram above?

F soil erosion

G deposition

H compaction

I mountain building

The Appalachian Mountains wereformed when rock layers were slowlysqueezed from opposite sides. What typeof mountains are the AppalachianMountains?

A strike-slip mountains

B folded mountains

C fault-block mountains

D volcanic mountains

The point within the crust or mantlewhere energy is released during anearthquake is the ______.

F focus

G epicenter

H fault block

I compression point

A sudden tectonic plate shift wouldcause which of the following?

A earthquake

B folding

C tension

D compression

51

50

49

48

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Which statement is true of bothasteroids and meteoroids?

F They are made of frozen gases anddust.

G They are rocky objects that varywidely in size and orbit the Sun.

H They are pieces of debris that orbitEarth.

I Most of them are grouped together ina belt between the orbits of Earth andthe Moon.

_______ is the largest planet in the solarsystem, is the fifth planet from the Sun,and has colorful clouds.

A Jupiter

B Saturn

C Uranus

D Neptune

Which inner planet has no atmospherebecause of its being so close to the Sun?

F Venus

G Mars

H Earth

I Mercury

Remote sensing images from _______show details about features on Earth’ssurface?

A weather balloons

B satellites

C space probes

D radio towers

What do contour lines that are closelyspaced on a topographic map indicate?

F The change in elevation is rapid andthe slope of the land is steep.

G The change in elevation is gradualand the land is relatively flat.

H The change in elevation is rapid andthe land is relatively flat.

I The change in elevation is gradualand the slope of the land is steep.

56

860

N

800

700

600

500

400

.

55

54

53

52


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Solar storms occur when explosions onthe Sun shoot hot, electrified gases outinto space. These explosions take place atdifferent locations on the Sun, called“sunspots.” As a result, the effect thatsolar storms have on Earth dependspartly on _______.

A where the Sun is in its orbit

B where the Moon is in its orbit

C where Earth is in its orbit

D whether the explosions occur at nightor during the day

The outermost layer of the Sun’satmosphere is the _______.

F corona

G photosphere

H exosphere

I thermosphere

The same forces that create sunspotscause other disturbances in the Sun’satmosphere. What is one type of thesedisturbances called?

A sunspot cycle

B prominence

C corona

D photosphere

Powerful solar storms release electricallycharged particles. These particles caninterfere with _______ on Earth.

F tides

G seasons

H living organisms

I radio communications

Which is the best explanation for howauroras are produced?

A Electrically charged particles strikegas molecules in Earth’s atmosphere.

B Sunlight strikes water molecules inEarth’s atmosphere.

C Small dust particles reflect infraredlight in all directions.

D Gas molecules in the atmosphereabsorb ultraviolet light and scatter itthrough the sky.

Sunspots are _______ than surroundingareas of the Sun.

F larger

G heavier

H cooler

I brighter

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61

60

59

58

57

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Which diagram is most likely to have thehighest tide at the letter T?

A

B

C

D

The tilt of Earth’s axis is responsible for _______.

F the change between day and night

G the changing seasons

H solar eclipses

I lunar eclipses

Which statement best explains why thesame side of the Moon always facesEarth?

A The Moon revolves around Earth androtates in about the same amount oftime.

B The Moon does not rotate as itrevolves around Earth.

C The Moon and Earth rotate in thesame amount of time.

D The Moon travels at a faster speedthan Earth.

Which statement best explains whySouth Carolina’s temperature is cooler inwinter and warmer in summer?

F There are more hours of sunlight inwinter than in summer.

G Earth is closer to the Sun duringsummer and farther away duringwinter.

H The Sun appears lower in the sky insummer and higher in the sky inwinter.

I Because Earth’s axis is tilted, thisregion receives more direct energyfrom the Sun during summer and lessdirect energy during winter.

66

65

64

T

T

T

T

63


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Earth’s ocean tides are caused by the _______.

A force of the wind

B rotation of Earth on its axis

C positions of Venus and Mars

D gravitational attraction of the Moonand the Sun

_______ is a force that attracts allobjects toward each other.

F Gravity

G Distance

H Density

I Mass

The force that keeps the planets in orbitaround the Sun is the _______.

A balanced force between each planet

B elliptical orbit of each planet

C gravitational pull of the Sun

D magnetic attraction between theplanets

If the distance between Earth and theMoon were doubled, the gravitationalforce between them would _______.

F decrease

G increase

H disappear

I remain the same

How would the force of gravity betweentwo objects change if the mass of one isincreased?

A The force of gravity between theobjects is not affected.

B The force of gravity between theobjects is increased.

C The force of gravity between theobjects is decreased.

D The force of gravity between theobjects disappears.

Which body exerts the strongestgravitational force on Earth?

F Jupiter

G Sun

H Venus

I Saturn

72

71

70

69

68

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The gravitational force between anobject and Earth depends on _______.

A the mass of Earth and the mass of theSun

B only the mass of Earth and the massof the object

C the distance of the object from Earthand the Sun

D the mass of Earth, the mass of theobject, and the distance of the objectfrom Earth

The gravitational force between anobject and Earth is also called _______.

F mass

G weight

H density

I frictional

A galaxy is a collection of stars, gas,and _______.

A dust

B ice

C liquid water

D wind currents

Which best represents a galaxy?

F

G

H

I

Where is our solar system in relation tothe rest of the Milky Way galaxy?

A near the center

B in a spiral arm

C just outside the galaxy

D below the center

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76

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Which had the greatest effect on thestudy of astronomy?

F seismographs

G microscopes

H prisms

I telescopes

Use the graph below that shows the progressmade by a snail moving along a straight line toanswer questions 79 and 80.

Which of the following is true about themotion of the snail?

A The snail is moving faster as it getsfarther from its starting position.

B The snail is moving toward thestarting point with 4 meters to go.

C The snail will return to the startingpoint in 10 more seconds.

D The snail is moving away from itsstarting position at a constant speed.

If the snail keeps moving at the samespeed, how far will it have traveled at theend of 30 seconds?

F 6 cm

G 5 cm

H 20 cm

I 30 cm

A spectroscope collects light from starsand separates it into colors. Astronomerscan then determine _______.

A how large the star is

B how old the star is

C the elements in the star

D the brightness of the star

Which has been the greatest benefit ofusing satellites to study space?

F Instruments are not hampered byEarth’s atmosphere.

G Satellites do not need to be powered.

H Instruments are more protected fromsolar radiation.

I Satellites can be easily repaired.

82

81

80

79

3

4

1

2

0

5

6

7

5 3025201510

Time (seconds)

Dis

tan

ce (

cm

)

78

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According to the diagram, what happenswhen the two astronauts collide in space?

A The astronauts will stop moving.

B The astronauts will move upwardtogether.

C The astronauts will move to the lefttogether.

D The astronauts will move to the righttogether.

The astronauts will continue moving inspace because the force that opposesmotion is not slowing them down. Thatforce is ______.

F friction

G gravity

H magnetism

I mass

Scientists observed that an objecttraveled 60 meters in 30 seconds. Giventhis information, which is the object’saverage speed?

A 0.5 m/s

B 0.5 s/m

C 2 m/s

D 2 s/m

Which runners listed in the table abovehad the same average speed?

F David and Jolene

G Henry and Pooja

H Jolene and Henry

I Pooja and David

When calculating average speed, what isone factor that you need to know?

A weight

B inertia

C distance

D mass

87

86

Name

David

Jolene

Pooja

Henry

Distance (m)

200

100

300

100

Time (s)

20

10

20

20

Bay School Runners

85

84

83

m = 80 kg m = 80 kg m = 160 kg

In motionV = 4 km/hr

At restV = 0 km/hr

Before After

A B A B


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What increases when the force applied toan object increases?

F speed of the object

G force of gravity on the object

H effects of inertia on the object

I mass of the object

Which is an example of balanced forcesacting on an object?

A an acorn falling from a tree

B a car sitting parked in a driveway

C a motorcycle changing speed from50 miles per hour to 70 miles per hour

D a truck slowing down as it approachesa red light.

You are riding a bicycle while your friendjogs along with you. Your friend givesyou a push in order to increase yourspeed. Which set of vector arrows showsthe applied force on your bicycle?

F —> —>

G <— —>

H —> <—

I

The illustrations above show a large boxbeing pushed in opposite directions bytwo men. The box changed its positionin the room because the _______.

A opposing forces were balanced

B smooth floor created no friction

C man on the left side applied moreforce than the man on the right side

D man on the right side applied moreforce than the man on the left side

A bowling ball, a baseball, and a tennisball are all initially pushed with the sameamount of force. Which object will movefaster with this amount of force?

F All three balls will move at the sametime.

G bowling ball

H baseball

I tennis ball

92

91

Before

After

90

89

88

— >

—>

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Suppose you are riding on a bicycle andit stops suddenly. What happens to yourbody?

A It also stops moving.

B It keeps moving forward.

C It moves backwards.

D It speeds up.

Objects with more _______ have moreinertia.

F mass

G energy

H friction

I volume

The tendency of an object to resist anychange in its motion is called _______.

A mass

B gravity

C inertia

D force

Waves like the one shown above carry_______ from one place to another.

F matter

G molecules

H water

I energy

Waves can travel through _______.

A solids only

B liquids only

C gases only

D solids, liquids, and gases

97

96

95

94

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As wave travels from one medium toanother, the wave speed _______.

F always slows down

G changes

H remains the same

I depends on the amplitude

What do the arrows in the diagramabove illustrate?

A speed

B amplitude

C frequency

D wavelength

Mechanical waves can travel through _______.

F solids only

G solids and liquids

H solids, liquids, and gases

I solids, liquids, gases, and emptyspace

Electromagnetic waves consist of anelectric field and a magnetic field.Which produces electromagnetic waves?

A

B

C

D

The more _______ a wave carries, thelarger its amplitude.

F energy

G space

H matter

I vibrations

102

WEIO RADIO AM

Radio Station

Magnets

101

100

99

98

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_______ is the human perception of theenergy a wave carries.

A Loudness

B Pitch

C Wavelength

D Amplitude

Which term describes a sound wavethat reflects off a hard surface?

F beat

G echo

H frequency

I amplitude

When you speak, your words aretransferred to a friend’s outer ear_______.

A by transverse waves

B in between air molecules

C by compressional waves

D by electromagnetic waves

The light wave in the picture abovechanges direction when it passes fromair to water. This wave behavior iscalled _______.

F reflection

G diffraction

H refraction

I absorption

Reflection occurs when a wave strikesan object or surface and _______.

A bounces off

B is absorbed

C bends

D scatters

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106

105

104

103


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A leaf looks green because itschlorophyll molecules _______.

F reflect most light frequencies andabsorb only green light

G reflect green light and absorb theother frequencies

H scatter green light

I refract only green light

The part of the eye that refracts lightentering the eye and focuses the lightwaves at the back of the eye is the______.

A cornea

B retina

C iris

D lens

Which behavior of light will NOT causecolors to be perceived by the humaneye?

F reflection by various materials

G refraction through a prism

H wavelengths of visible light receivedby the retina

I absorption by various materials

Which of the following electromagneticwaves has the shortest wavelength?

A ultraviolet

B red light

C green light

D infrared

The portion of the electromagneticspectrum that has longer wavelengthsthan visible light and transmits thermalenergy is ______.

F ultraviolet rays

G visible light

H infrared waves

I white light

The electromagnetic waves that can beseen with the eye are called _______.

A radio waves

B X rays

C microwaves

D visible light

113

112

111

110

109

108

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Grade 8 Standards Practice 25

Name: Date: Class:Indicator 8-1.1

Kaylie wants to find out which of threesunscreen products would best protecther skin from UV radiation. Whichprocedure would be the best to follow toconduct a controlled investigation?

A Apply the same amount of two of theproducts on her right arm and thesame amount of the third on her leftarm. Expose both arms to sunlight for30 minutes and record herobservations.

B Apply the same amount of two of theproducts on her right arm and thesame amount of the third on her leftarm. Expose her right arm to sunlightand leave her left arm in the shade for30 minutes. Record her observations.

C Apply the same amount of two of theproducts on her right arm and thesame amount of the third on her leftarm. Leave an area of her left armwithout sunscreen to serve as acontrol. Expose both arms to sunlightfor 30 minutes and record herobservations.

D Apply the same amount of two of theproducts on her right arm and thesame amount of the third on her leftarm. Leave an area of her left armwithout sunscreen to serve as acontrol. Expose her right arm tosunlight and leave her left arm in theshade for 30 minutes. Record herobservations.

A scientist is investigating solar energy’seffect on bacteria in two petri dishes.One dish receives no sunlight, and theother receives several hours of sunlightevery day. If the experiment is designedto find out if darkness or sunlight affectbacteria growth, the scientist should_______.

F record the weight of the petri dishesat the beginning of each day

G use additional petri dishes to affectthe bacteria with heat

H record the amount of sunlight thatreaches the petri dishes

I use a control petri dish that is notplaced in darkness or direct sunlight

Road salt, the mineral halite, issometimes used to melt snow and ice. Ascientist sets up an experiment to testhow road salt affects the growth ofnearby grass. What is the dependentvariable?

A the amount of salt used

B the growth of the grass

C the area of grass treated with salt

D the duration of the experiment

3

21

Design a controlled scientific investigation.


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Morella wants to study how chlorineaffects the growth of bacteria. She setsup four test tubes and adds 20 mL ofsterile beef broth to each. She then adds5 mL of chlorine solution to test tube A,10 mL of chlorine solution to test tube B,15 mL of chlorine solution to test tube C,and nothing to test tube D. Which testtube is the control?

A A

B B

C C

D D

A paleontologist discovers a layer ofsedimentary rock filled with fossils ofknown and unknown species. He collectssome of the fossils of the unknownspecies for further analysis. Which wouldimprove his analysis?

F dating the unknown fossils with thosefrom the known species

G digging deeper to the nextsedimentary layer

H studying the region’s geographicisolation

I collecting all of the unknown fossils

Melissa slowly heated a few blue crystalsin a test tube. After a few minutes, sheobserved that the crystals had turnedwhite and a film of water had formed onthe inside of the test tube. Beforeconducting the investigation, Melissamost likely _______.

A developed a theory

B developed a hypothesis

C developed a conclusion

D developed a data table

Mr. Alcia’s class is determining theaverage speed of the runners on theschool’s track team. The students all have stopwatches to time the runners.What additional factor do the studentsneed to consider when collecting thisinformation for their investigation?

F All runners must be the same weight.

G All runners must cover the samedistance along the track.

H All runners must have on the sametype of shoes.

I All runners must have practiced withthe track team.

4

3

2

1

26 Grade 8 Standards Practice

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Recognize the importance of a systematic process for safely and accurately conductinginvestigations.


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A biologist grows a plant inside a sealedglass jar. The plant keeps growing forseveral days but then dies. At the start ofthe experiment, the jar had a mass of3 kg. At the end of the experiment, it stillhad a mass of 3 kg. Which explains whythe mass stayed the same?

A The plant created mass.

B The jar’s temperature stayed the same.

C The jar was sealed and new masscould not enter.

D The plant did not grow enough toadd new mass to the jar.

The diagram above models the sitewhere the data in the table were collectedby paleontologists. What is the depth ofLayer N?

F 2–4 m

G 4–8 m

H 5–7 m

I 8–10 m

The data in the table above werecollected by astronomers to record whenthe Sun rose each day during one week.If conditions remain the same, what willbe the time of sunrise on Friday?

A 6:32 A.M. C 6:36 A.M.

B 6:35 A.M. D 6:38 A.M.

Darnell conducts an investigation usingUV beads to determine the amount ofsunscreen needed to block ultraviolet rays.During his investigation he noted thebeads inside the sunscreen-coated bagschange color from white to pale colors tobright colors when UV rays were present.His conclusion will be based on ______.

F the amount of sunscreen that showsthe least bead color change

G the amount of sunscreen that has thegreatest variety of bead colors

H the brand of sunscreen applied toeach bag

I the time that each sunscreen-coatedbag was in sunlight

4

3

Monday

Tuesday

Wednesday

Thursday

Friday

6:28 A.M.

6:30 A.M.

6:32 A.M.

6:34 A.M.

?

Day Sunrise

Times of Sunrise

2

Layer

MNOP

Composition

Sedimentary rock

Sedimentary rockSedimentary rock

100,000

6 million6.1 million

0–4

8–99–10

M

N

O

P

EstimatedAge (years)

Depth(meters)

1

Construct explanations and conclusions from interpretations of data obtained during acontrolled scientific investigation.


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Which piece of information not found inthe table above could best help scientistsfurther study what is causing thechanges in the pond?

A analysis of samples of rainfall near thepond

B the type of fish that was counted

C the species of lily pad in the pond

D the number of other animals livingnear the pond

You designed three different gliderplanes and released them from the sameheight to see how each flew. What newquestion can you investigate about yourglider designs?

F How are the wings of the glidersdifferent?

G How does the wing design affect howlong the glider stays in flight?

H How far can a glider fly?

I How have glider designs changed overthe years?

2

1


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Generate questions for further study on the basis of prior investigations.


Use the table below to answer question 1.

Field Data

Month pH Level Number of Number ofFish Counted Lily Pads

May 5.9 50 200

June 5.5 30 165

July 4.9 20 100

August 4.2 5 33

Based on recent findings, some scientistsnow believe that life may have onceexisted on Mars. To continue thisresearch, which question should bestudied next?

A Does human life exist on Mars at thepresent time?

B Could dinosaurs have survived onMars?

C How have the conditions on Marschanged over time?

D Could we send humans to colonizeMars?

A biologist is reviewing data on anepidemic of a disease that could lead to the extinction of a certain species.He notices that organisms from thesame family group within a habitat alltend to have the disease. Which is themost likely question to study next?

F How is the disease spread?

G Can people die from the disease?

H What can prevent researchers fromcatching the disease?

I Do members of the same familygroup also travel to other habitats?

4

3

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The illustrations above show simplesmog-collecting disks hanging in fourdifferent locations. Why did scientistschoose to place the disks at four differentlocations instead of placing all four atthe same location?

A They wanted to see which diskcollected the most smog.

B They wanted to collect smog undermany different conditions.

C They wanted to get consistent resultsfrom each location.

D They wanted to prove that the mostsmog is collected in a city.

Scientists not only communicate resultsof investigations but also their methods.Why is this important?

F Other scientists doing theinvestigation should be able to get similar results.

B Other scientists need to read thereport.

C Investigation should be published.

D Scientists need to know if data wasaccurate.

A well-known drug company isadvertising a new drug. Thespokesperson in the advertisement is awell-known TV personality. Thecommercial mentions that the drug hasundergone several rounds of testing andhas been found to be safe and effective.Which is the best reason the drug is safeto take?

A Your friend takes it and doesn’texperience any side effects.

B The drug company is well known andwould not promote an unsafe product

C The drug has been tested many times.

D A well-known TV personality wouldnot promote an unsafe product.

3

2

1

A B

C D

Explain the importance of and requirements for replication of scientific investigations.


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Convex lenses are used in many scientificinstruments. Which two lenses in thefigure above are examples of convexlenses?

A A and B

B A and C

C B and C

D B and D

Color filters allow only certain colors totransmit through them. Which colorwould not be blocked from comingthrough a green filter?

F green

G red

H blue

I purple

A prism can be used to study visiblelight. What is the function of a prism?

A It absorbs certain wavelengths andtransmits others.

B It reflects each wavelength in adifferent direction.

C It reflects each wavelength in adifferent amount.

D It refracts each wavelength a differentamount.

A science class is getting ready toconduct an investigation of wavecharacteristics. Which tool would thestudents most likely use to demonstrateproperties of types of waves?

F convex lens

G spectroscope

H spring toy

I plane mirror

4

3

Whitelight

Red

Orange

Yellow

Green

Blue

Indigo

Violet

2

1

A B C D


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Use appropriate tools and instruments (including convex lenses, plane mirrors, colorfilters, prisms, and slinky springs) safely and accurately when conducting a controlledscientific investigation.


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Which is the correct procedure to followif you accidentally spill a chemicalsolution on your skin during a lab?

A Ask your lab partner what you should do.

B Wash it off with water while callingfor your teacher.

C Call for your teacher and wait forinstructions on what to do.

D Dry your skin with a paper towel andcontinue working on your lab.

Your investigation calls for you to testfor mineral hardness using various sharpobjects. You should _______.

F hold the sharp object using safetygloves

G never play around in the lab area withsharp objects

H have your lab partner hold the objectwhile you are scratching the surface

I substitute another sharp object if youare uncomfortable with the one in theprocedure

As a safety measure, aprons and__________ should be used during mostinvestigations.

A goggles

B tongs

C masks

D gloves

Carrie is trying to simulate theformation of metamorphic rock. She isusing some food items in with thesimulated material. What should Carriedo with any leftover food in the lab area?

F She could eat it, because it is food.

G She should return the food item to itsoriginal container.

H She should dispose of it in a containerset aside by her teacher.

I She should mix it with the othermaterials used in the lab activity.

If your clothes catch on fire in the lab,you should _______.

A run to your teacher

B call your teacher

C run outside the building, then dropand roll on the ground

D smother it with a fire blanket, or getunder a safety shower

Your investigation requires athermometer under a strong lightsource. What safety precaution shouldyou follow when working withincandescent light bulbs?

F Leave the light on during the entireactivity.

G Cool the light bulb with water.

H Do not touch the lamp without safetygloves.

I Remove the light bulb immediately ifit burns out during the experiment.

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5

4

3

2

1

Use appropriate safety procedures when conducting investigations.


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Natural selection favors populationswith traits that help them survive andreproduce, such as each of the followingEXCEPT _______.

A camouflage

B sterility

C sensory abilities

D food gathering adaptations

Almost 600 years ago, European rabbitswere introduced to the Canary Islands.Now, Canary Island rabbits are sodifferent in size, eye color, ear shape, etc.that they are considered separate species.What does this illustrate?

F change is uncommon in most species

G species remain generally unaffectedby the environment

H species only change through millionsof years

I natural selection can change a speciesover time

If over time, a species develops a thick,hard shell, which would be a likelycharacteristic that the species’ predatormight develop?

A better eyesight

B thick, hard shell

C strong, sharp teeth

D long, powerful back legs

Tortoises on the Galápagos Islands aregenerally similar, but those on eachisland are unique. The differences amongthe tortoises on different islandsoccurred because of _______.

F camoflage

G geographic isolation

H climatic changes

I tectonic activity

_______ is an adaptation that allows anorganism to blend into its environment.

A Camouflage

B Variation

C Mimicry

D Isolation

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Explain how biological adaptations of populations enhance their survival in a particularenvironment.


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By studying fossils of extinct trilobiteslike the one shown above, scientists have determined that they sharecharacteristics with organisms that live today, such as the horseshoe crabalso shown above. Which characteristicdo both organisms above appear toshare?

A segmented spinal column

B hinged jaw

C same number of legs

D segmented exoskeleton

1

Summarize how scientists study Earth’s past environment and diverse life-forms byexamining different types of fossils (including molds, casts, petrified fossils, preservedand carbonized remains of plants and animals, and trace fossils).


Which would be the most likelystatement about the origins of trilobitesand horseshoe crabs?

F Trilobites and horseshoe crabs are notrelated.

G Trilobites and horseshoe crabs share acommon ancestor.

H Trilobites and horseshoe crabsevolved from a land organism.

I Trilobites and horseshoe crabs bothcame from a cold climate.

Which is most likely to become a fossil?

A a skeleton in a large lake

B a jellyfish in the ocean

C an earthworm in a damp forest

D a skeleton in a riverbed that is drying up

If a fossil dissolves away, it can leavebehind a cavity in the rock calleda _______.

F mold

G cast

H carbon film

I sediment

4

3

2

Trilobite

Horseshoe Crab

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Today, many scientists talk about thegreenhouse effect and its impact onEarth’s climate and ecosystems. Thediagram above shows how a greenhousetraps energy from the Sun. If Earth’satmosphere acts in the same way, whatcould happen to our climate?

A many more plants would grow

B an ice age would occur

C it might get warmer

D nothing would change

At the end of two eras in Earth’s history,many species of life forms becameextinct. Evidence appears to indicate________.

F major climate changes on Earth

G major landmass changes on Earth

H a decrease in volcanic activity

I the passing of a large comet

During the last _______, so much waterwas frozen that the sea level may havebeen 100 m lower than it is today.

A volcanic eruption

B continental shift

C meteor shower

D ice age

Which two eras of Earth’s history endedwith major extinctions of species due toa catastrophic event such as an asteroidor comet impact?

F Precambrian and Paleozoic

G Paleozoic and Mesozoic

H Paleozoic and Cenozoic

I Mesozoic and Cenozoic

4

3

2

1

Sun Rays Sun Rays


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Explain how Earth’s history has been influenced by catastrophes (including the impact ofan asteroid or comet, climatic changes, and volcanic activity) that have affected theconditions on Earth and the diversity of its life-forms.


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Eras of the geologic time scale aredivided into ______.

A periods

B ages

C units

D epochs

Use the diagram below to answer questions2–4.

The diagram above shows the geologictime scale. Which is the Mesozoic Era?

F A

G B

H C

I D

According to the time scale, which is thelongest of the four geologic eras?

A Precambrian time

B Paleozoic Era

C Mesozoic Era

D Cenozoic Era

According to the diagram, how long didthe Paleozoic Era last?

F 600 million years

G 375 million years

H 160 million years

I 65 million years

Present day Earth is in the Cenozoic Era,the Quaternary period, and the ______epoch.

A Mesozoic

B Jurassic

C Holocene

D Cambrian

5

4

3

2

65mya

600mya

225mya

4.6bya

A B C D

1

Recognize the relationship among the units—era, epoch, and period—into which thegeologic time scale is divided.


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The appearance of the most complex andthe greatest diversity of organismsoccurred during _______.

A the Paleozoic Era

B the Cenozoic Era

C Precambrian time

D the Mesozoic Era

Precambrian time began with the_______.

F formation of Earth

G rise of the dinosaurs

H appearance of human beings

I development of vertebrates

Paleontologists have divided Earth’shistory into time units based on ______present only during certain periods.

A fossil evidence

B land forms

C rock structures

D life forms

Invertebrates, such as the trilobite andbrachiopods, were very evident duringthe Paleozoic Era. In which era didvertebrates appear?

F Cenozoic

G Mesozoic

H Paleozoic

I Precambrian

The dominant life form during theMesozoic Era was ______.

A insects

B amphibians

C humans

D reptiles

At the beginning of the Mesozoic Era, allcontinents on Earth existed as a singlelandmass called _______.

F Laurasia

G Precambria

H Pangaea

I Gondwanaland

6

5

4

3

2

1


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Illustrate the vast diversity of life that has been present on Earth over time by using thegeologic time scale.


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Which type of rock do scientists usuallystudy to determine the relative age of arock layer?

A igneous

B metamorphic

C sedimentary

D igneous and metamorphic

In order for a fossil to be used as anindex fossil, the organism must havebeen found over a wide area of Earth andmust have ______.

F lived on land

G lived in shallow water

H existed for a geologically short periodof time

I been preserved in volcanic ash

Fossil A is found in one layer of rock.Paleontologists continue digging and findFossil B three meters below Fossil A.Which is most likely true?

A Fossil A lived before Fossil B.

B Fossil B lived before Fossil A.

C Fossils A and B lived at the same time.

D The two fossils are unrelated.

If a fossil is found in many rock layers,living over long periods of Earth history,it does not qualify as ______.

F a mold fossil

G an index fossil

H a trace fossil

I a relative fossil

What conclusions may be drawn whencomparing fossils found in previouslyundisturbed strata of sedimentary rock?

A Fossils in the upper strata are youngerthan those in the lower strata.

B Fossils in the upper strata are olderthan those in the lower strata.

C Fossils in the upper strata generallyare less complex than those in thelower strata.

D There are no fossils in the upperstrata that resemble those in the lowerstrata.

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4

3

2

1

Infer the relative age of rocks and fossils from index fossils and the ordering of the rocklayers.


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The results of natural factors causingextinction of organisms may not alwaysbe negative because ______.

A too many organisms are always badfor the environment

B the way has been cleared for newkinds of life forms

C the Earth does not have resources forso many life forms

D the extinct life forms were no longeruseful

In some parts of the world, there isstrong demand for traditional medicinesmade from animal parts. For example,rhino horns are used for this purpose insome parts of Asia. Rhinos could becomeendangered if they are allowed to behunted without restrictions. This type of endangerment is an example of__________ .

F pollution

G habitat destruction

H natural selection

I over harvesting

Which is the most likely explanation ofwhy trilobites, like the one shown above,became extinct?

A Human activity increased in the areawhere the trilobites lived.

B Predators of the trilobite grew morenumerous and flourished.

C Continents moved closer together andsea levels dropped, destroying thetrilobite’s habitat.

D Acid rain lowered the pH of the waterwhere the trilobites lived to a levelwhere they couldn’t survive.

_______ are organisms that may becomeextinct within a short time.

F Mutations

G Cyanobacteria

H Endangered species

I Pioneer species

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Summarize the factors, both natural and man-made, that can contribute to the extinctionof a species.


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Which layer in the diagram aboverepresents Earth’s crust?

A A

B B

C C

D D

Which layer has the asthenospherewithin its top portion?

F A

G B

H C

I D

Earth’s _______ is made mostly of ironand nickel.

A mantle

B core

C crust

D atmosphere

The crust and the top of the mantle arecalled the ______.

F epicenter

G lithosphere

H outer core

I asthenosphere

The _______ is made of the least densematerials.

A inner core

B outer core

C continental crust

D oceanic crust

5

4

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2

1

A

C

D

Summarize the three layers of Earth—crust, mantle, and core—on the basis of relativeposition, density, and composition.


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The more rigid a material, the fasterseismic waves can travel through it. Thespeed of seismic waves increasessuddenly as they pass from the crust intothe mantle. This increase in speed tellsscientists that _______.

A The crust is more rigid than themantle.

B The mantle is more rigid than thecrust.

C The crust and mantle are both veryrigid.

D The crust and mantle are both liquid.

S waves cannot travel through liquidsand P waves slow down in less rigidmaterials. In Earth’s outer core, S wavescannot be detected and P waves slowdown. These results suggest that_______.

F the outer core may be liquid

G the outer core may be solid

H there are no earthquakes in the outercore

I the outer core is the thickest layer ofEarth

How can scientists determine thelocation of Earth’s magnetic poles bystudying certain rocks?

A Certain rocks that contain iron willgather at the site of Earth’s magneticfields.

B When molten rocks that contain ironcool, the rocks line up with theposition of Earth’s magnetic field.

C Certain rocks that contain iron willattract Earth’s magnetic field andchange its location over the years.

D When molten rocks that contain ironcool, the magnetic domains in theiron particles line up with Earth’smagnetic field.

Scientists have inferred that Earth’smagnetic field is caused by _______.

F movement in the outer core

G Earth’s solid inner core

H the angle of Earth’s tilt

I the rotation of the Earth

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Explain how scientists use seismic waves—primary, secondary, and surface waves—andEarth’s magnetic fields to determine the internal structure of Earth.


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The point on Earth’s surface locateddirectly above the _______ is theepicenter.

A seismic waves

B earthquake focus

C mantle

D fault

A seismograph records the arrival timesof seismic waves at the seismographstation. The farther apart the arrivaltimes for the different waves are, the_______ the earthquake epicenter is.

F closer

G stronger

H weaker

I farther away

To locate the epicenter of an earthquake,you will need a seismogram from at least_______ different seismic stations.

A 2

B 3

C 4

D 5

According to the map above, at whichpoint is the epicenter of the earthquakelocated?

F A G B

H C I D

According to the seismogram above,what is the difference in the arrival timesof the P-wave and the S-wave?

A about 1.5 minutes

B about 2 minutes

C about 3 minutes

D about 5.5 minutes

5

0 1 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 102 Time in minutes

P S

4

AB

C

D

3

2

1

Infer an earthquake’s epicenter from seismographic data.


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Use the diagram below to answer questions 1–4.

Which statement is best supported bythe information shown in the diagramabove?

A Igneous rocks form by thesolidification of magma.

B Metamorphic rocks form by burialand cementing of sediments.

C Sedimentary rocks form as heat andpressure are applied to other rocks.

D Igneous rocks form by weatheringand erosion of other rocks.

Which steps in the diagram explain theformation of the sand dunes on SouthCarolina’s Atlantic coast?

F melting and solidification

G sediments and burial and cementing

H weathering and erosion anddeposition

I heat and/or pressure andmetamorphism

Which two processes form sedimentaryrocks?

A weathering and erosion

B heat and pressure

C burial and cementing

D melting and solidification

According to the rock cycle, asedimentary rock can change into_______.

F metamorphic rocks only

G igneous rocks only

H metamorphic and igneous rocks only

I metamorphic, igneous, and othersedimentary rocks

Some metamorphic rocks are foliated.This means that heat and pressure causeminerals to ______.

A chemically change

B form layered bands

C melt and recrystallize

D compact and cement together

5

4

3

2

1

Igneousrock

Solidification

Melting

Metamorphism

Sedimentaryrock

Heatand/or

pressure

MetamorphicrockSediments

Deposition

Weathering anderosion

Burialand

cementing


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Explain how igneous, metamorphic, and sedimentary rocks are interrelated in the rockcycle.


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Coal is an important natural resource.Which process contributes most to theformation of coal?

A the layering of sediments andpartially decayed plant matter

B the decay of algae and microscopicorganisms on the seafloor

C the burning of large forested regions

D the forcing of water through openingsin Earth’s crust

Debbie is trying to identify a sample of amineral. Which property would NOThelp her identify it?

F hardness

G mass

H luster

I streak

Each mineral has a set of properties and______.

A its own color

B a specific chemical makeup

C an ability to burn

D belongs to a specific rock type

A mineral is classified as an ore as longas _______.

F it is rare and valuable

G it can be used as jewelry

H it is profitable and useful

I it is solid and natural

Fossil fuels are useful because when theyburn they produce _______.

A ores

B oil

C minerals

D energy

Mineral resources may be metals or_______.

F nonmetals

G acids

H rocks

I fuels

6

5

4

3

2

1

Summarize the importance of minerals, ores, and fossil fuels as Earth resources on thebasis of their physical and chemical properties.


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Based on the diagram above, the mostlikely cause of volcanic activity on theisland of Iceland is _______.

A the strength of the Atlantic Ocean’scurrents

B the pulling apart of tectonic plates

C the colliding of tectonic plates

D tectonic plates sliding past each other

The layer over which the tectonic platesmove is the _______.

F lithosphere

G asthenosphere

H core

I crust

When tectonic plates slide past eachother, they place a great deal of stress onrocks, sometimes causing them to break.Why are earthquakes caused by rocksbreaking?

A the tectonic plates keep moving

B the ground sinks between the tectonicplates

C the tectonic plates create strongsurface waves

D the breaking rocks produce vibrations

In the process of sea-floor spreading, theplates below an ocean basin pull apart and _______.

F cause tides to develop

G pressure inside Earth creates geysersof water on the surface

H a new floor is created by magma thatfills the rift

I the continental plates move closer

The Hawaiian Islands in the PacificOcean were formed by volcanic actionnot a plate boundary. Which statement ismost likely the cause?

A There is a rift zone near the HawaiianIslands.

B The tectonic plate has a hot spot thatallows magma to break through.

C The Hawaiian Islands are their owntectonic plate.

D There is very little coral growtharound the Hawaiian Islands.

5

4

3

2

1

North AmericanPlate Eurasian Plate

Iceland

AtlanticOcean

Transform Fault

Mid

-Atla

ntic Ridge


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Explain how the theory of plate tectonics accounts for the motion of the lithosphericplates, the geologic activities at the plate boundaries, and the changes in landform areasover geologic time.


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Where converging continental platesmeet, stress is placed on the rocks alongthe boundary causing folding of theland. What type of stress causes folding?

A normal

B shearing

C tension

D compression

The mid-ocean ridge is a series ofunderwater mountain ranges that crossesthe deep ocean floor. These mountainswere created by _______.

F volcanic activity

G accumulation of sedimentary rock

H erosion of surrounding areas

I water pressure collapsing surroundingareas

Which statement is the best descriptionof what is happening in the diagramabove?

A Earth’s surface changes very little overtime.

B Earth’s surface will become nearly flatover time.

C Earth’s surface is worn away byexternal forces and built up byinternal forces.

D Earth’s surface is worn away byinternal forces and built up byexternal forces.

The pressure that causes a volcaniceruption is generated by ______.

F the rock cycle

G heat trapped deep within Earth

H chemical changes beneath Earth’scrust

I the weight of Earth’s crust

4

32

1

Illustrate the creation and changing of landforms that have occurred through geologicprocesses (including volcanic eruptions and mountain-building forces).


SEA LEVEL

VOLCANO

EXTERNALFORCES(outside)

WEATHERING

FOLDING

EROSION

FAU

LTIN

G

INTERNALFORCES(inside)MAGMA

01-98_PactG8-875656.qxd 3/8/07 1:43 PM Page 45

If stress along ______ in Earth’s crustbuilds up and the rock breaks, anearthquake occurs.

A an epicenter

B mountains

C the mantle

D faults

The point on Earth’s surface where thegreatest energy from the earthquake isreleased is ______.

F the epicenter

G the focus

H the asthenosphere

I the fault

Movement along a fault releases energythat moves outward in the form ofseismic waves. The point inside Earthwhere this movement first occurs iscalled the _______.

A epicenter

B focus

C earthquake

D P wave

Which is the most likely place for anearthquake to occur?

F A

G B

H C

I D

Where do seismic waves travel?

A along Earth’s surface only

B throughout Earth’s interior only

C within Earth’s core only

D along Earth’s surface and throughoutEarth’s interior

5

4

3

2

1


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Explain how earthquakes result from forces inside Earth.


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From the satellite image, which letteridentifies the location of a lake?

A A

B B

C C

D D

Aerial photography and satellite imageryuse ______ in order to collect data aboutEarth’s features.

F wavelengths of light

G road maps

H geologic cross-sections

I contour lines

Use the map below to answer questions 3 and 4.

If the contour lines on a topographicmap form a circular pattern, thelandform is most likely a ______.

A depression or sinkhole

B mountain or hill

C river or streambed

D cliff or high bluff

The contour lines along a stream or riverform V-shapes that always point ______.

F north H downstream

G cross-sectional I upstream

4

3

Ocean

20

40

60

80

100

120140

160120140160

Riv

er

Scale

Contour Interval = 20 m

1 km

N

S

EW

2

1

A

B

C

D

Identify and illustrate geologic features of South Carolina and other regions of the worldthrough the use of imagery (including aerial photography and satellite imagery) andtopographic maps.


01-98_PactG8-875656.qxd 3/8/07 1:43 PM Page 47

A scientist is attempting to classify alarge object in space. The scientist hasdetermined that the object is in orbitaround Jupiter. The object is most likelya _______.

A planet

B star

C moon

D meteor

Which statement best compares planetsand comets?

F Planets and comets travel in circlesaround the Sun.

G Comets have large orbits thatperiodically pass near planets.

H Planets travel in ellipses, while cometstravel in circles.

I Planets and comets are both made ofrocky material.

The objects people refer to as shootingstars are often meteors burning up inEarth’s atmosphere. If a meteor does notburn up but strikes Earth, it is called_______.

A an asteroid

B a meteorite

C a meteoroid

D a satellite

Which diagram below shows the threeplanets in the correct order?

F

G

H

I

Rocky bodies that orbit between theinner and outer planets are ______.

A meteors

B comets

C moons

D asteroids

5

Earth

Venus

Mercury

Earth

Venus

Mercury

Earth Venus

Mercury

Earth

VenusMercury

4

3

2

1


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Summarize the characteristics and movements of objects in the solar system (includingplanets, moons, asteroids, comets, and meteors).


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Use the diagram below to answer questions 1,2, and 3.

In the diagram of the Sun above, whichis the layer that can only be seen duringan eclipse?

A A

B B

C C

D D

Which features of the Sun are generallyless violent than solar flares?

F A

G B

H C

I D

Which layer of the Sun emits thesunlight we see on Earth?

A A C C

B B D D

The outer region of the Sun’s _______stretches far into space.

F mantle

G photosphere

H corona

I core

Which is the hottest layer of the Sun?

A corona

B prominence

C photosphere

D lithosphere

5

4

3

2

1

A

B

C

D

Summarize the characteristics of the surface features of the Sun: photosphere, corona,sunspots, prominences, and solar flares.


01-98_PactG8-875656.qxd 3/8/07 1:43 PM Page 49

Which describes one way that solar windaffects Earth?

A It changes Earth’s magnetic field.

B It changes Earth’s orbit around theSun.

C It increases the temperature of Earth’satmosphere.

D It increases the temperature of Earth’ssurface.

Solar flares can produce geomagneticstorms that reach Earth’s atmosphere.How can these storms affect satellitesorbiting Earth?

F They can increase the transmissionrange of some satellites.

G They can cause disruption of satellitesignals to Earth.

H They can cause some satellites tooverheat and burn up in space.

I They can increase the speed of somesatellites and cause them to movedeeper into space.

Some solar flares send out high-energyparticles. Why are these particles notusually harmful to humans on Earth?

A the Moon protects Earth

B the oceans protect Earth

C the atmosphere and magnetic fieldprotect Earth

D the auroras protect Earth

Large geomagnetic storms can causesurges of electric current here on Earth.What is the most likely result of a largesurge in electric current?

F power outages

G better TV reception

H cheaper electric power

I Local Group galaxy

The Sun’s photosphere gives offradiation that reaches Earth as ______.

A solar storms

B heat and light

C magnetic storms

D the auroras

5

4

3

2

1


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Explain how the surface features of the Sun may affect Earth.


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Which diagram depicts the relativepositions of the Sun, Earth, and Moonduring a lunar eclipse?

A

B

C

D

Half the Moon is lit up and visible fromEarth during which phases?

F first quarter and last quarter

G new moon and full moon

H last quarter and new moon

I first quarter and full moon

A _______ occurs when the Moon movesdirectly between the Sun and Earth andthrows a shadow on Earth.

A solar eclipse

B lunar eclipse

C waning gibbous

D waxing gibbous

Earth rotates once on its axis ______.

F from west to east each year

G from west to east each day

H from east to west each year

I from east to west each day

It takes about 2 weeks for the Moon towax from new moon to full moon. Giventhis information, about how long doesthe Moon phase cycle last?

A 7.5 days

B 14.5 days

C 29.5 days

D 34.5 days

5

4

3

2

1

Explain the motions of Earth and the Moon and the effects of these motions as they orbitthe Sun (including day, year, phases of the Moon, eclipses, and tides).


01-98_PactG8-875656.qxd 3/8/07 1:43 PM Page 51

At which position on the diagram ofEarth’s orbit above are daylight andnighttime hours equal?

A Position 1

B Position 2

C Position 3

D Position 4

Twice during the year, Earth’s axis is nottilted toward or away from the Sun.Which statement best describes thelength of a day at every point on Earthduring these two times?

F There are 24 hours of daylight.

G There is no daylight, only 24 hours ofdarkness.

H The length of a day varies greatlydepending on latitude.

I The length of a day and night areabout equal.

Which statement best explains whatcauses the seasons?

A Earth rotates on an axis, which causeswinds to circle around the planet.

B The Moon revolves around Earth inorbit, which causes the oceans toperiodically rise and fall.

C Earth revolves around the Sun in anorbit that is slightly elliptical. Thiscauses some parts of the planet to becloser to the Sun and other parts tobe farther away from the Sun forperiods of time.

D Earth rotates on an axis that is tiltedwith respect to the Sun. This causessome parts of the planet to receivesunlight at a higher angle than otherparts of the planet for periods of time.

Summer occurs on the hemisphere ofEarth that is _______.

F turned away from the Sun

G tilted toward the Sun

H tilted away from the Sun

I turned toward the Sun

The number of daylight hours changesduring the year because ______.

A Earth moves farther from the Sun

B Earth moves closer to the Sun

C Earth’s axis is tilted 23 degrees

D Earth’s axis is tilted 45 degrees

12

5

4

3

2

1

June

Position 2

Position 1

Position 4

Position 3


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Explain how the tilt of Earth’s axis affects the length of the day and the amount ofheating on Earth’s surface, thus causing the seasons of the year.


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Which object has greater gravitationaleffect on Earth’s tides?

A the Moon

B the Sun

C Venus

D the space station

The size of the gravitational forcebetween two objects depends on their_______.

F frictional forces

G inertia

H speed and direction

I masses and the distance betweenthem

What kind of force has the mostinfluence in causing iron and nickel toform the core of Earth

A friction

B volume

C gravity

D inertia

The more massive the object, thestronger the gravitational force. Wherewould an elephant experience thegreatest gravitational force?

F on Earth

G on Jupiter

H on the Sun

I on the Moon

A planet is discovered that is the samesize as Earth, but the planet has twice themass of Earth. How would that affect thegravitational pull that planet would haveon you?

A It would be the same.

B It would be less.

C It would be more.

D It would be half.

The acceleration due to gravity on Earthis 9.8 m/s2. If an object on the Moonweighs one-sixth of what it weighs onEarth, what is the acceleration due togravity on the Moon?

F 0 m/s2

G 1.6 m/s2

H 9.8 m/s2

I 58.8 m/s2

6

5

4

3

2

1

Explain how gravitational forces are influenced by mass and distance.


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The gravitational pull of the Moon has agreater effect than the gravitational pullof the Sun on Earth’s tides. This isbecause_______.

A the Sun is closer to Earth

B the Moon is closer to Earth

C the Sun is larger than the Moon

D Earth is larger than the Moon

Most of the planets in our solar systemhave fairly regular, elliptical orbits aboutthe Sun, but their orbital speeds differ.Which best explains why this differenceoccurs?

F The planets farthest from the Sunhave the least mass and thereforeorbit slower.

G The planets farthest from the Sunexperience a weaker gravitationalattraction from it and therefore orbitslower.

H The planets farthest from the Sunhave little or no atmosphere tointerfere with how they travel throughspace, which allows them to orbitfaster.

I The planets farthest from the Sun aresurrounded by air that is much lessdense than the other planets, whichallows them to orbit faster.

Based on the above diagram, how wouldthe tides be affected on Earth?

A High tides are higher, low tides arelower than normal.

B No change in normal tidal levels isexpected.

C Expect tidal waves due to the angle ofthe pull.

D High tides are lower, low tides arehigher than normal.

The elliptical orbit of the planets in thesolar system about the Sun is a result ofthe Sun’s gravitational attraction and theplanet’s ______.

F gravity

G tilted axis

H inertia

I distance from the Sun

4

3

Sun

Earth

moonom

2

1


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Explain the effects of gravity on tides and planetary orbits.


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If an astronaut could land on Jupiter, her_______ would increase.

A mass

B speed

C weight

D matter

Which has the greatest mass?

F pillow

G orange

H beach ball

I bowling ball

The mass of an object is the measure ofhow much _______ it contains.

A force

B matter

C gravity

D motion

When you stand on a scale, the scale ismeasuring _______.

F the amount of matter in your body

G your mass compared to Earth’s mass

H the force of attraction between youand Earth

I whether the forces between your bodyand Earth are balanced

Kyle has a mass of 54 kg. If he were on aspaceship traveling far out into space,how much would his mass be?

A 54 kg

B 5.4 kg

C 0.54 kg

D 0 kg

An object’s weight depends on the forceof gravity acting on the object. Thestronger the gravitational force, the morean object will weigh. Where on Earthwould you weigh the least?

F at Death Valley below sea level

G on a ship on the ocean

H at the beach

I on a very high mountain

6

5

4

3

2

1

Explain the difference between mass and weight by using the concept of gravitationalforce.


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The Sun and Alpha Centauri, the closeststar to our solar system, shine with thesame brightness. Yet the Sun appears tous to be much brighter than AlphaCentauri. Which is the most likelyexplanation for this?

A Alpha Centauri is a larger star thanthe Sun.

B Alpha Centauri is in another spiralarm of the galaxy.

C The Sun is much closer to Earth thanAlpha Centauri.

D The Sun is part of the central nucleusof the galaxy.

Galaxies are different from solar systemsbecause they are made up of _____.

F billions of stars

G billions of planets

H gas giant planets

I mostly gas clouds

A(n) _______ year is the distance lighttravels in one year.

A lunar

B light

C new

D astronomical

In which galaxy do we live?

F Great Spiral galaxy

G Andromeda galaxy

H Milky Way galaxy

I Local Group galaxy

The galaxy shown above is a(n) _______galaxy.

A elliptical

B irregular

C spiral

D cluster

5

4

3

2

1


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Recall the Sun’s position in the universe, the shapes and composition of galaxies, and thedistance measurement unit (light year) needed to identify star and galaxy locations.


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An astronomer is analyzing light from adistant star. With the instrument he isusing, he sees something similar to theillustration above. What type ofinstrument is he using?

A radio telescope

B refracting telescope

C reflecting telescope

D spectroscope

At which location would a telescopereceive the best information?

F on a satellite orbiting Earth

G at an observatory at the seacoast

H at an observatory on a high mountain

I on a ship sailing near Antarctica

One advantage that _______ telescopeshave is that sunlight, clouds, and rain donot affect observations.

A infrared

B radio

C reflector

D refractor

Which kind of technology has allowedcollection of information by travelingoutside of Earth’s orbit?

F spectroscopes

G radio telescopes

H satellites

I space probes

Application satellites survey Earth andhelp with communications, while spacescience satellites carry instruments tomeasure such things as magnetic fieldsand _______.

A television signals

B weather information

C space radiation

D surface images of planets

5

4

3

2

1

H� H�H�

Compare the purposes of the tools and the technology that scientists use to study space(including various types of telescopes, satellites, space probes, and spectroscopes).


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Use the graph below to answer questions 1and 2.

The graph above shows the distancetraveled by four objects over a period of5 seconds. Which line on the graphrepresents the object with the greatestaverage speed?

A 1

B 2

C 3

D 4

Which line on the graph represents anobject that is not moving?

F 1

G 2

H 3

I 4

The graph above shows the distancetraveled by two different walkers duringa two-hour walkathon. According to thegraph, _______.

A John had walked farther than Michaelat the 40-minute mark

B Michael and John walked an equaldistance

C Michael had walked half his totaldistance after 60 minutes

D only Michael finished the walkathon

3

3.0

2.5

2.0

1.5

1.0

0.5

Time (min)

Dis

tan

ce W

alke

d (

km)

0 20 40 60 80 100 120

Mic

hael

John

Walkathon

2

1

120100806040200

Dis

tan

ce (

m)

Time (s)

Distance Traveled v. Time

Line 2

Line 1

Line 3

Line 4

0 1 2 3 4 5


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Use measurement and time-distance graphs to represent the motion of an object in termsof its position, direction, or speed.


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A bird flies for 2 h at a constant speed of34.2 km/h. How far does it fly?

A 3.5 km

B 17.1 km

C 41.1 km

D 68.4 km

Andrew determines that his dog can run124 m in 6.2 s. Determine his dog’sspeed.

F 19 m/s

G 20 m/s

H 19.8 m/s

I 20.8 m/s

A jet plane travels for 5 h at 600 km/h.Which equation should be used to findthe distance the jet travels?

A distance � speed / time

B distance � force / time

C distance � speed � time

D distance � force � time

Speed measurements contain a distanceunit and ______.

F a unit of time

G a unit of mass

H a unit of force

I a unit of position

According to the graph above, whichobject is traveling the fastest speed?

A A

B B

C C

D D

5

40

30

20

10

0 10 20 30 40

Time (s)

Speed of Various Objects

A B C DD

ista

nce

(m)

4

3

2

1

Use the formula for average speed, v = d/t, to solve real-world problems.


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A ball is dropped from a place above thegirl in the figure. She is watching thepath of the ball. Why does the ballcontinue moving in the same direction?

A A balanced force is acting on the ball.

B Gravity is the unbalanced forcepulling it down.

C Friction cannot change the ball’sdirection.

D Gravity is balanced by air resistance.

What force is used to slow down andstop a moving car?

F friction

G gravity

H balanced

I air resistance

If the girl in the figure were to drop theball she is holding, which force(s) wouldact on it?

A friction only

B gravity only

C friction and magnetism

D gravity and friction

There are over 2,000 human-madesatellites orbiting Earth. After a satelliteis launched, the force of _______ keeps itin orbit by pulling it back towards Earthand keeping it from continuing to travelout into space.

F friction

G magnetism

H gravity

I planetary motion

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Analyze the effects of forces (including gravity and friction) on the speed and direction ofan object.


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Which would NOT be a way to cause amoving object to move faster?

A Increasing the force applied to theobject

B Removing some of the mass of theobject

C Applying a force in the oppositedirection of motion

D Adding another force to the object inthe same direction

A large truck needs to have a largeengine in order to ______.

F balance the force of gravity

G produce enough force to move thetruck

H slow down the forward motion

I make the truck heavier to move

If the same force is applied to each of theballs shown below, which one will movethe slowest?

A B

C D

If an object is being pushed in the samedirection that it is already moving, theobject will ______.

F change direction

G slow down

H move faster

I stop

An 800-kg car requires a force of 2400 Nin order to accelerate at a certain rate. Ifthe car’s mass were doubled, how muchforce would be needed to achieve thesame increase in speed

A 1200 N

B 2400 N

C 4800 N

D 9600 N

5

4

m = 0.5 kg

m = 0.75 kg

m = 1.0 kg

m = 7.3 kg

3

2

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Predict how varying the amount of force or mass will affect the motion of an object.


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Which picture shows an unbalancedforce that would tip the seesaw to theright?

A

B

C

D

You are pushing on the left side of a boxwith a force of 18 N. Your friend ispushing on the right side of the box witha force of 16 N. Which statement is true?

F The net force is pushing up with astrength of 2 N.

G The net force is pushing to the rightwith a strength of 2 N.

H The net force is pushing down with astrength of 2 N.

I The net force is pushing to the leftwith a strength of 2 N.

During a game of tug-of-war, a scarf tiedin the center of the rope moves to theright. Because of this, we know that_______.

A the net force is zero

B the forces are balanced

C the team on the left is exerting agreater force

D the team on the right is exerting agreater force

A bumper car traveling at 5 km/h goingsouth collides head-on with anotherbumper car traveling at 8 km/h goingnorth. If all other factors are equal,which direction will the first car travelafter the collision?

F north

G south

H east

I west

A book is sliding along a desktop.Because the book is in motion, you knowthat the forces acting on the book are_______.

A balanced

B unbalanced

C in one direction only

D pushing upward and downward only

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Analyze the resulting effect of balanced and unbalanced forces on an object’s motion interms of magnitude and direction.


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A student has a set of masses to use in anexperiment about force. Which mass hasthe largest inertia?

A 1-g mass

B 5-g mass

C 25-g mass

D 100-g mass

You are ice skating on a rink in a friend’sbackyard. You hit a stick that has frozenin the ice, and your skates stop suddenly.Your body continues to move forwardbecause of _______.

F inertia

G friction

H gravity

I speed

A book sliding across a floor eventuallycomes to rest because _______.

A there are no forces acting on it

B there are outside forces acting on it

C of balanced forces

D of the mass of the book

According to inertia, a moving object, ifno forces act on it, will _______.

F eventually come to rest

G eventually change direction

H slow down but never completely stop

I remain in motion

In the diagram above, car B is about tohit car A. When the collision occurs,which best describes the motion of thedriver in each car?

A Both drivers will move forward.

B Both drivers will move backward.

C The driver in car A will movebackward and the driver in car B willmove forward.

D The driver in car A will move forwardand the driver in car B will movebackward.

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2

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Summarize and illustrate the concept of inertia.


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Light waves transmit energy and havedirection. Light wave energy can travel______.

A through liquids only

B as vibrations

C through liquids and gases only

D through empty space

Earthquakes release seismic waves, whichare waves of _______.

F soil

G energy

H soil and energy

I soil, energy, and motion

Which is the best description of thecause of sound waves?

A a decrease in pressure

B one object bumping into another

C molecules becoming electricallycharged

D a vibration in material causing avibration in an adjacent area

The waves shown in the figure above _______.

F transfer energy from water moleculeto nearby water molecule

G move water molecules continuouslyoutward

H move matter from the center of thewave in an up-and-down motion

I move both energy and water fromone place to another

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Recall that waves transmit energy but not matter.


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Radio waves, infrared waves, visible light,and X-rays are all forms of energy thattravel as ______.

A mechanical waves

B round waves

C electromagnetic waves

D seismic waves

Which are mechanical waves?

F light waves

G microwaves

H sound waves

I radio waves

Sound waves are waves that requireparticles to vibrate. Sound waves cannot______.

A travel around corners

B move through solids

C be heard underwater

D transmit through empty space

Which type of wave is shown in thediagram above?

F compressional wave

G transverse wave

H longitudinal wave

I surface wave

A _______ wave can travel in the absenceof matter.

A light

B sound

C seismic

D water

5

4

Direction of wave

Direction of particles

3

2

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Distinguish between mechanical and electromagnetic waves.


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If both waves travel at the same speed,Wave B has the greater _______.

A refraction C frequency

B transmission D wavelength

Wave A has the greater _______.

F frequency H amplitude

G energy I wavelength

You are creating a wave on a spring. Ifyou start shaking the spring more slowly,the wavelength of the resulting wavewill _______.

A increase

B decrease

C remain the same

D depend on the amplitude

For a given wave, if the frequencydoubles, the wavelength _______.

F doubles

G stays the same

H is halved

I quadruples

Given that sound waves are formed byvibrating molecules, which statement istrue?

A Sound travels fastest through space.

B Sound travels faster through waterthan through air.

C Sound travels at the same ratethrough all mediums.

D Sound travels faster through air thanthrough water.

5

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Summarize factors that influence the basic properties of waves (including frequency,amplitude, wavelength, and speed).


Use the graph below to answer questions 1 and 2.

Ampl

itude

(m)

Wavelength (m)

200 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16

15

10

5

5

10

15

20

0

Wave A

Wave B

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Use the diagram below to answer questions 1through 3.

In which position would the fish appearto someone looking at it from above thesurface of the water?

A A

B B

C C

D D

Which property of light waves isillustrated in the diagram?

F echo

G reflection

H refraction

I absorption

Which does not change when the speedof a light wave changes?

A direction

B wavelength

C frequency

D amplitude

To improve sound quality, concert hallsand theaters use curtains and other softmaterials to _______ sound waves.

F absorb

G reflect

H refract

I transmit

How does a prism separate sunlight intothe colors of the spectrum?

A The prism absorbs certainwavelengths and transmits others.

B The prism reflects each wavelength ina different direction.

C The prism reflects each wavelength adifferent amount.

D The prism refracts each wavelength adifferent amount.

5

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D

CB

A

Summarize the behaviors of waves (including refraction, reflection, transmission, andabsorption).


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Which part of the ear is the soundamplifier?

A outer ear

B ear canal

C middle ear

D inner ear

Through which medium inside the eardo sound waves travel most slowly?

F air

G bone

H fluid

I hair cells

Which part of the ear acts as the soundcollector?

A outer ear

B ear canal

C middle ear

D inner ear

When sound waves cause the eardrum tovibrate, these vibrations are immediatelypassed on to the _______.

F outer ear and ear canal

G cochlea

H ear hairs

I hammer, anvil, and stirrup

4

3

2

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Explain hearing in terms of the relationship between sound waves and the ear.


Use the diagram below to answer questions 1 through 4.

Outer ear

Middle ear Inner ear

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Inside the eye, the rod and conephotoreceptors in the _______ respondto different kinds of light.

A retina

B pupil

C iris

D cornea

The first part of the eye to receive,transmit, and refract light entering theeye is the ______.

F cornea

G iris

H lens

I retina

Evan looks out his window and sees atree. Which describes the correct paththat light takes in order for Evan to seethe tree?

A First, the tree absorbs light and thentransmits it to the eye. The eye thendiffracts the light into the brain.

B First, the tree emits light that travelsto the eye. Once in the eye, the light isreflected off the retina and absorbedby the brain.

C First, light travels to the tree, then thelight is reflected from the tree. Finally,the reflected light travels to the eyethrough the lens and then to thebrain.

D First, light travels to the eye, then thelight is reflected onto the tree. Next,the reflected light travels back to theeye and then to the brain.

Why must light be refracted by the lensof the eye?

F So that the light can scatter to allparts of the retina.

G So that the image can be formed inthe center of the eye.

H So that the iris can close the pupil ifthere is too much light.

I So that the image focuses at the backof the eye.

4

3

2

1

Explain sight in terms of the relationship between the eye and the light waves emitted or reflected by an object.


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Which behavior of light must happen ifthe color of an opaque object is going tobe seen?

A refraction

B absorption

C transmission

D reflection

If a material absorbs all the light wavesthat reach it, which color will the humaneye see?

F white

G black

H red

I violet

What happens when all the light wavesof the visible spectrum are reflectedtogether?

A You see white.

B You see black.

C You see a rainbow of colors.

D You get no colors at all.

Why does a stop sign appear red?

F It absorbs red light.

G It reflects red light.

H It refracts red light.

I It reflects all colors except red.

When sunlight shines on a leaf, the leaflooks green. Why does the leaf lookgreen?

A It absorbs all the white light and turnsmost of it into green light.

B It absorbs only the green part of thelight.

C It reflects the green light waves andabsorbs most of the rest.

D It gives off its own green light.

5

4

3

2

1

Whitelight

Red

Orange

Yellow

Green

Blue

Indigo

Violet


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Explain how the absorption and reflection of light waves by various materials result in thehuman perception of color.


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Which portion of the electromagneticspectrum shown above has the shortestwavelength?

A A

B B

C C

D D

Which portion of the electromagneticspectrum shown above has the lowestfrequency?

F A

G B

H C

I D

Which wavelengths of theelectromagnetic spectrum are shorterthan visible light and carry more energy?

A violet

B ultraviolet

C red

D infrared

Which lists the colors of the visiblespectrum in order from shortest tolongest wavelength?

F red, orange, yellow, green, blue,indigo, violet

G yellow, orange, red, blue, green, violet,indigo

H violet, indigo, blue, green, yellow,orange, red

I indigo, violet, green, blue, red, orange,yellow

The human eye can see only a very smallportion of the electromagneticspectrum. The wavelengths of visiblelight _______.

A are shorter than ultraviolet

B are longer than infrared

C contain the visible color spectrum

D are the only wavelengthsemitted by the Sun

5

4

3

2

1

Compare the wavelength and energy of waves in various parts of the electromagneticspectrum (including visible light, infrared, and ultraviolet radiation).


A B C D

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You are conducting an experiment todetermine which of three ramp heights ismost effective in causing a ball to roll thefarthest. Which of the following doesNOT represent a controlled variable?

A the angle of the ramp

B the type of ball

C the starting position of the ball

D the surface of the ramp

Tabitha was conducting an investigation.She placed four buttons of the same sizeon a large piece of ice. She used a redbutton, a black button, a green button,and a white button. She placed the ice indirect sunlight for 10 minutes, thenchecked to see which button had sunkdeepest into the ice. In order for this tobe a controlled investigation, what elseshould Tabitha do?

F She should place four buttons ofother colors on another piece of ice.

G She should repeat the same setup,but put the ice in a dark place for10 minutes.

H She should use only two differentcolored buttons.

I She should place the ice in directsunlight for a longer period of time.

Below is a list of steps in a scientificmethod. Which sequence shows a likelyorder used to conduct an investigation?

A A, B, C, D, E

B D, A, C, E, B

C D, B, A, C, E

D C, B, A, D, E

Conservation biologists want to save atype of salamander whose population israpidly shrinking. Which questionshould the biologists answer first?

F Can salamanders be reintroduced?

G What is causing the salamanders todie?

H How can the habitat be betterprotected?

I What do the salamanders eat atdifferent times of the year?

4

A Form a hypothesis

B Gather information

C Perform an experiment

D State the problem

E Analyze the data

3

2

1

Grade 8 Sample Test 73

Name: Date: Class:Sample Test


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Three years ago, the temperature of thewater in a large river varied during theyear from 12°C to 24°C. At that time,researchers studied the population ofdifferent fish in the river. Their resultsare shown in the table below.

The following year, a nuclear powerplant opened and began dischargingheated water into the river. The averagewater temperature rose 8°C. Whichstatement predicts the most likelydistribution of fish in the river two yearsafter the nuclear plant opened?

A The carp and skipjack populationsdecreased.

B The perch and skipjack populationsincreased.

C The skipjack and whitefishpopulations increased.

D The perch and whitefish populationsdecreased.

The graph below shows the speed of awalker. Which statement best describeswhat happened during the walk?

F The speed of the walker continued toincrease.

G The distance the walker traveled wasthe same.

H The speed of the walker changed eachminute of travel.

I The speed of the walker was alwaysthe same.

After studying the effects of acid rain onthe ecosystem of a lake, scientists foundthat certain organisms died off whileothers did not. Which would be the mostlikely question the scientists will studynext?

A What will happen to all the organismsin the lake if the water were tobecome more basic?

B Why did some organisms thrive in theacidic lake water?

C How many species were killed by theacidic lake water?

D What did the surviving organismseat?

7

6

Percent ofPopulation

15%

35%

35%

15%

Type ofFish

Carp

Perch

Skipjack

Whitefish

LethalTemp.

44°C

35°C

38°C

25°C

PreferredTemp.

26°–29°C

13°–16°C

22°–26°C

10°–14°C

5

74 Grade 8 Sample Test

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Name: Date: Class:Sample Test (continued)

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A group of students viewing white lightas it travels through a prism are trying todetermine the _____.

F order of refracted colors

G order of reflected colors

H order of transmitted colors

I order of absorbed colors

While William is conducting aninvestigation, he and a friend hold acoiled spring at opposite ends andstretch it out horizontally. Then, Williampushes the spring away from him andrapidly pulls it back. The coiled springwas being used to study ______.

A echoes

B light

C waves

D refraction

A student wanted to enlarge the view ofthe crystals in a rock sample she wasobserving. Which tool should she selectto use?

F flat mirror

G prism

H convex lens

I color filter

If a scientist needs to replicate anotherscientist’s investigation, whatinformation is needed?

A the name of the scientist who did theinvestigation

B the method and results of the firstinvestigation

C the materials needed to set up theinvestigation

D the question being studied by the firstinvestigation

Jason wants to determine the averagelength of a trilobite fossil. To do this, hewill measure and record the lengths of alarge number of trilobites from manylocations of the same species and averagethe results. Which statement bestexplains how Jason is using soundinvestigative techniques to know that hisresults are reliable?

F He is using many trilobite samplesfrom many different locations.

G He is studying trilobites that livednear his school.

H He is calculating an average length ofthe trilobite.

I He is writing down his observations.

12

11

10

9

8

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Which is the most important piece ofsafety equipment you should use whenworking with chemicals, heat andglassware?

A lab apron

B goggles

C eye wash

D rubber gloves

An adaptation improves an organism’schances of ______.

F surviving and reproducing

G becoming a fossil

H learning new behaviors

I behaving instinctively

Cactuses are one of the few plants thatcan live in a desert climate. What is oneadaptation these plants have that enablesthem to survive?

A waxy skin

B small leaves

C small flowers

D short root structures

Carl is using a beaker and hot plateduring an investigation of convectioncurrents. He notices that the top of thebeaker has a slight crack in it. Whatshould Carl do?

F Turn down the heat from the hotplate.

G Be sure the cracked side is facing awayfrom him.

H Tell the teacher and get a new beaker.

I Hold the beaker with tongs above thehot plate.

Which would be an adaptation that wouldhelp an animal that feeds at night?

A light-colored fur

B sharp claws

C powerful leg muscles

D large eyes

17

16

15

14

13


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A biologist is studying a modern animalspecies and wants to get informationabout species like it in Earth’s history.Which would be the most helpful tohim?

F studying the animal’s habitat

G studying the animal’s diet

H examining the wear on the animal’steeth

I examining fossils of related species

Carbon films of plant stems and leavescan be seen in _______.

A coal

B river beds

C petroleum

D petrified wood

Which might have had the greatestimpact on living conditions at the end of the Mesozoic Era?

F solar flares

G volcanic eruptions

H lunar eclipses

I climate changes

The diagram above resembles which typeof fossil formation?

A cast

B mold

C carbonized remains

D petrified remains

Which would be the most likely effect ofa meteor hitting Earth?

F Earth would begin rotating faster dueto the collision.

G Dust from the impact would fill theair and lower temperatures.

H It would take longer time for Earth toorbit the Sun.

I The meteor would add morenutrients to the soil.

22

21

Gelatine

Dessert

20

19

18

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Layers of Sediment

The diagram above illustrates fossilscontained in layers of sediment at apaleontological site. In which layer mightyou expect to find a fossil of an earlyamphibian?

A Layer 3

B Layer 4

C Layer 6

D Layer 8

Which lists the divisions of geologic timein order from the longest division to theshortest?

F era, epoch, period, eon

G eon, era, period, epoch

H period, eon, epoch, era

I epoch, era, eon, period

Which division is first in the geologictime scale?

A Precambrian

B Paleozoic

C Holocene

D Cambrian

Warm, shallow seas covered much ofEarth during _______, allowing anabundance of marine life to flourish.

F the Paleozoic Era

G the Cenozoic Era

H the Mesozoic Era

I Precambrian time

The first evidence of which organismoccurred during the Mesozoic Era?

A Algae

B Flowering plants

C Early man

D Vertebrates

27

26

25

24

23

Layer 1

Layer 2 Early human skull

Layer 3

Layer 4

Layer 5 Early dinosaur leg bone

Layer 6

Layer 7 Early fish skeleton

Layer 8

Layer 9

Layer 10 Trilobite fossil


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Human activities, such as _______ arereducing the habitats of many animalsand may cause a species to becomeextinct.

F conservation

G farming

H hiking

I climbing

Many scientists believe that _______occurred at about the same time that acomet or asteroid hit Earth.

A mass extinction

B a period of El Niño

C global warming

D a major earthquake

Which statement correctly explains therelative age of a rock?

F The relative age of a rock is the age inthousands of years.

G The relative age of a rock is the age inyears.

H The relative age of a rock is its age incomparison to the age of other things.

I The relative age of a rock isdetermined by how thick the rocklayer is.

A paleontologist draws the diagramabove to illustrate the fossils he recentlyfound. He now wants to order theirrelative ages. Using the diagram, whichis the best way to organize the ages of thefossils from oldest to youngest?

A C, E, A, D, B

B E, D, C, B, A

C B, D, A, E, C

D E, B, C, D, A

If a certain type of fossil were found inrock layers estimated to be 6 million yearsold, but not in layers estimated to be1 million years old, which statement ismost likely to be true?

F The fossil species exists today.

G The fossil species died out about 6 million years ago.

H The fossil species died out less than 1million years ago.

I The layers tell us nothing about thefossil’s age.

32

31

30

29

28

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Which is the plastic-like part of themantle?

A asthenosphere

B lithosphere

C magma

D core

If you were to compare the layeredstructure of Earth to that of a hardboiled egg, which layer would representthe shell?

F mantle

G crust

H inner core

I outer core

As a result of studying Earth’s structure,scientists now believe Earth’s magneticpoles _______.

A change direction every 100 years

B are located deep within Earth’s core

C are fixed points located at thegeographic poles

D drift around to various places nearthe geographic poles

The diagram above shows how seismicwaves behave inside Earth. Which bestexplains why the paths of the wavescurve?

F Seismic waves do not travel in straightlines, but rather in elliptical paths.

G The magnetic fields inside Earthattract or repel the waves as theytravel.

H The waves are reflected or refracted asthey hit water trapped inside Earth.

I The different rock types found atdifferent depths change the speed atwhich the waves travel.

Which is the densest layer of Earth?

A inner core

B outer core

C crust

D mantle

37

36

Focus of earthquake

Surface waves – arrive last

P-waves – arrive first

S-waves – arrive second

Scientific instrument

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Within the rock cycle, how aresedimentary rocks changed intosediment?

F compaction

G weathering and erosion

H cementation

I heat and pressure

Sedimentary rocks are _______.

A formed from melted rock materialcalled magma

B a type of foliated igneous rock

C formed because of changes intemperature and pressure, or contactwith hot fluids

D formed when loose materials becomepressed or cemented together or whenminerals form from solutions

Which can occur in the rock cycle?

F Sedimentary rock is heated andsqueezed to form metamorphic rock.

G Igneous rock is eroded to formmetamorphic rock.

H Metamorphic rock melts to formsedimentary rock.

I Igneous rock is cooled and solidifiedto form magma.

The epicenter of an earthquake is locatedby using the differences in _______between P-waves and S-waves.

A magnitude

B amplitude

C speed

D depth

The diagrams below representseismograms of P-wave arrival of fourdifferent earthquakes recorded at thesame station. The epicenter of whichearthquake is located closest to thestation?

F

G

H

I

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41

40

39

38

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If the cost of separating a mineral fromwaste rock becomes too great, themineral may no longer be classified as anore. This happens because _______.

A the mineral has lost its usefulness

B the supply of the mineral hasincreased

C the demand for the mineral hasdecreased

D the mineral can no longer be minedat a profit

Calcite will scratch gypsum. This is anexample of the physical property called_______.

F hardness

G streak

H fracture

I luster

Which statement is evidence of platemovement changing continentallandforms?

A Today, the continents are separatedand the life forms on each one arevery different.

B The outlines of the continents seemto fit together like pieces of a jigsawpuzzle.

C At places where the continents mayhave been connected, the minerals,rocks, and fossils are very different inage and origin.

D The magnetic orientation of rocksformed during different periods andfound on different continents doesnot vary.

The volcano in the diagram aboveformed when plates of oceanic crust andplates of continental crust collided.Which statement correctly describes themovement of the plates that formed thevolcano?

F The denser plate moved under theless dense plate.

G After they collided, both platesstopped moving.

H The denser plate moved over the lessdense plate.

I After they collided, plates of theoceanic crust and plates of thecontinental crust moved away fromeach other.

Muscovite mica will peel off in flatsheets. This is an example of the physicalproperty called _______.

A hardness

B streak

C density

D cleavage

47

46

Mantle

Basaltic magmaContinental crust

Plate boundary

Oceanic crust

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Which diagram represents foldedmountains?

F

G

H

I

The Hawaiian Islands are mountains thatformed over a hot spot. Based on theirmethod of formation, what kind ofmountains are the Hawaiian Islands?

A fault-block mountains

B folded mountains

C upwarped mountains

D volcanic mountains

How is the energy of an earthquaketransmitted?

F as an epicenter

G as seismic waves

H as fault lines

I as sound waves

When rocks suddenly slip along bothsides of a(n) _______, they causevibrations within Earth called anearthquake.

A fault

B epicenter

C secondary wave

D surface wave

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50

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The satellite image above shows whichcoastal features of South Carolina?

F hills and mountains

G forests and farmland

H bays and inlets

I waves and currents

If you were to study a topographic mapof South Carolina, the northwest portionof the state would have contour intervalsthat are generally ______.

A evenly spaced

B close together

C far apart

D in straight lines

What does Earth have in common withsome of the other planets in our solarsystem?

F a moon

G organisms

H liquid, solid, and vapor water

I an atmosphere composed of mostlynitrogen, carbon dioxide, and oxygen

Evidence suggests that which objectsoriginate in the region of space beyondthe orbit of the planets?

A comets

B asteroids

C meteoroids

D meteorites

The planets of the solar system aregrouped into two types, the inner andouter planets. The inner planets differfrom the outer planets in which of thefollowing ways?

F The inner planets have rings.

G The inner planets have a rockysurface.

H The inner planets have moons.

I The inner planets have a gaseoussurface.

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Which of the following make up theatmosphere of the Sun?

A sunspots and solar flares

B lithosphere and asthenosphere

C photosphere and corona

D prominences

What is the composition of the Sun?

F gases

G liquids and gases

H solids and liquids

I solids, liquids, and gases

How do sunspots differ fromprominences, and solar flares?

A Sunspots are hotter areas thanprominences and solar flares.

B Sunspots are greater explosions thanprominences and solar flares.

C Sunspots are areas that are coolerthan prominences and solar flares.

D Sunspots shoot from the Sun’s surfaceand prominences and solar flares donot.

_______ from solar flares enter theupper levels of Earth’s atmosphere andinterrupt shortwave radio transmission.

F Heated particles

G Charged particles

H Magnetic storms

I Gases

Shortly after a new group of sunspotsdevelops, what are people in thenorthern United States likely to see?

A a solar eclipse

B auroras

C shooting stars

D the Sun’s corona

Magnetic storms caused by _______ cancause compass needles to move back andforth, making compasses hard to read.

F a solar eclipse

G a lunar eclipse

H the Sun’s corona

I solar flares

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Refer to the figures above. Which is thecorrect order of the stages, from theearliest in the day to the end of the day,of the position of the Sun in the sky?

A Q, R, S, T

B Q, T, S, R

C S, R, T, Q

D T, S, R, Q

In the diagram above, which of theselocations would enter the nighttime sideof Earth next?

F A

G B

H C

I D

Which statement is true about winter inthe northern hemisphere?

F Sunlight strikes at a lower angle thanduring summer.

G The Sun is farther away from Earththan it is during the summer.

H Sunlight strikes at a higher angle thanduring summer.

I Earth’s axis is straight up and downand not tilted.

When the northern hemisphere of Earthis tilted toward from the Sun, the seasonwill be _______.

A spring

B fall

C summer

D winter

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64

Su

n's

Ray

s A B

C

DD

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During spring tides, high tides are higherthan normal and low tides are lower thannormal. Which is the most likely cause ofspring tides?

F an increase in Earth’s rotation

G the alignment of the Sun and Earth

H the alignment of the Sun, Earth, andthe Moon

I the tilt of the Earth’s axis

The Sun’s gravitational pull affects Earthin all the following ways EXCEPT______.

A the shape of Earth’s orbit

B the speed of Earth within its orbit

C the size of Earth’s surface

D the height of the tides

As the distance from Earth increases,_______.

F the force of Earth’s gravity decreases

G the force of Earth’s gravity increases

H the force of the Moon’s gravitydecreases

I the force of the Sun’s gravitydecreases

A planet’s inertia, which keeps it moving,and what other factor keep a planetmoving in an elliptical orbit?

A the Sun’s solar radiation

B the Sun’s gravitational attraction

C the planet’s rotation

D the planet’s speed

Gravity is a pull between all objects inthe universe. The force of gravitybecomes greater as ______.

F the masses of the two objects increase

G the masses of the two objects decrease

H the distance between the objectsincreases

I one object moves slower than theother

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69

68

67

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Which is the reason that objects haveweight on Earth?

A gravitational force of the Moon andEarth combined

B gravitational force of the Sun

C gravitational force of the Moon

D gravitational force of Earth

The unit of measurement used todetermine distance to stars and galaxiesis called a _____.

F light-year

G star unit

H kilometer

I mile

Which statement accurately relates theMilky Way galaxy and our solar system?

A The Milky Way galaxy is the center ofthe solar system.

B The Milky Way galaxy is the onlygalaxy in the universe.

C Our solar system is part of the MilkyWay galaxy.

D Most of the stars in the Milky Waygalaxy are in our solar system.

If an object is moved from sea level tothe top of Mt. Everest, _______.

F the object’s mass increases but itsweight remains the same

G the object’s weight increases but itsmass remains the same

H the object’s mass decreases but itsweight remains the same

I the object’s weight decreases but itsmass remains the same

Every few weeks, Cal stands on a scalelike the one shown above. What is thescale measuring?

A Cal’s weight

B Cal’s mass

C the force of Cal’s body pushingdownward on Earth

D the force of Earth pushing upwardagainst Cal’s body

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Satellites orbit Earth with instrumentsand telescopes that collect informationfrom space. What advantage does asatellite have in that location?

F It is not hampered by gases in theatmosphere.

G It is closer to the objects in space.

H It can travel farther into the solarsystem to collect data.

I It can receive information throughany type of weather.

According to the table, the space probemost likely to have collected pictures ofUranus would be _______.

A Voyager 1

B Voyager 2

C Galileo

D Mars Observer

Reflecting telescopes use mirrors todirect the light to the eyepiece; refractingtelescopes use ______.

F X-rays

G concave lenses

H radio waves

I convex lenses

The graph above shows the distance-timedata of two sprinters. From this graph,you can find the distance covered byeach sprinter during a 60-secondinterval. The slope is useful to find the_______ of the two sprinters.

A time

B distance

C speed

D inertia

80

50

50 10

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 6055

Time (s)

Data for Two Sprinters

Dist

ance

(m)

Sprinter 1

Sprinter 2

79

78

Date

1977

1977

Some Space Probe Missions

1989

1992

Mission

Voyager 1

Voyager 2

Galileo

Mars Observer

To fly past Jupiter and Saturn

To fly past Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus,and NeptuneTo transmit information about Jupiterand its moons back to Earth

To collect information about Mars (mission failed)

Purpose

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When subjected to the same initial force,why does a ball on a tile floor travelfarther than a ball on a surface such asgrass?

F The tile has more friction.

G The grass is smoother than the tile.

H A smooth surface has less friction.

I A rough surface has less friction.

The distance between Columbia andCharleston is about 180 km. If a cartraveling at an average speed of 80 km/hleaves Columbia at 9:00 A.M., at whattime will it arrive in Charleston?

A 11:00 A.M.

B 11:15 A.M.

C 11:30 A.M.

D 12:00 P.M..

Jenny runs 10 km in 40 minutes. What isher average speed?

F 12 km/h

G 15 km/h

H 16 km/h

I 20 km/h

The illustration above shows identicaltoy cars at the top of four ramps ofdifferent heights. If all cars are releasedwith no additional force, which car willtravel farthest?

A car A

B car B

C car C

D car D

A trucker drives at an average speed of96 km/h. He travels for 3 hours beforestopping for lunch. How far has hetraveled?

F 288 km

G 270 km

H 96 km

I 32 km

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A B DC

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Adam is standing still on the ground.The force of gravity exerts a downwardforce on him. What other force acting onAdam balances the force of gravity?

A the force of the ground pushingupward

B the force of Adam’s body pushingdownward

C the force of atmospheric pressurepushing downward

D the force of Adam’s feet pushingupward

A force of 75 N was used to push anobject with a mass of 15 kg. How willthe object’s motion be affected if theforce is increased?

F the object will slow down

G the object will move faster

H the object will change direction

I the object will stop

Which object will require the greatestforce to increase its speed?

A an object with a mass of 2 kg

B an object with a mass of 4 kg

C an object with a mass of 8 kg

D an object with a mass of 16 kg

Which illustration shows balancedforces?

F

G

H

I

A box is sliding along a level floor.Friction is an unbalanced force acting onthe box to slow it down. In whichdirection is the friction force acting?

A downward

B upward

C in the same direction as themovement of the box

D in the opposite direction as themovement of the box

90

AA A

BOOKEIGHTH EDITION

89

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87

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Amy wanted to pull out a particularissue from a pile of magazines. First, shetried pulling slowly, and the whole pilebegan to move. Then, she tried pullingquickly, and the issue she wanted cameout without the pile moving. The pile ofmagazines did not move when Amypulled quickly because of the _______.

F smooth surface of the magazines

G inertia of the pile and friction

H larger force Amy applied

I friction between the magazines

You know that on Earth, the more massan object at rest has, the harder it is tomove. Which object at rest would behardest to move if they were all on theMoon?

A a baseball

B a beach ball

C a bowling ball

D a basketball

Which is an example of inertia?

F passengers continuing to moveforward when a car comes to asudden stop

G a balloon sticks to a wall after beingrubbed across a piece of fabric

H a person feeling weightless in anelevator that is falling

I two students pushing on a large boxwith an equal force but in oppositedirections

Waves need a medium to transmit theirenergy. Suppose you throw a stone into apond. The stone causes a disturbance inthe water that creates waves. What is themedium in this example?

A the stone

B the water

C the waves

D the air

In a sound wave traveling through theair, each air molecule in the wave always_______.

F moves forward through the air alongwith the wave

G carries a small portion of the wavewith it as it moves through the air

H absorbs the energy of the wave anddoes not transfer it to other molecules

I returns to its original position

All waves transport energy from onelocation to another _______.

A without transporting matter

B in a straight line

C in the form of electricity

D at the speed of light

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The waves in Table A are different fromthe waves in Table B because only thewaves in Table A are able to _______.

F pass wavelengths

G travel through Earth’s crust

H transfer energy through empty space

I make particles of matter move

Which type of wave has wavelength,amplitude, frequency, and must travelthrough matter?

A infrared wave

B ultraviolet ray

C sound wave

D microwave

On which type of day would you expectsound waves to travel most quickly?

F warm day

G cold day

H wet and cold day

I Sound waves travel at the same speedon all the days described above.

Speed of Light

The speed of light through empty spaceis 300 million meters per second.According to the information in thetable above, how does the speed of lightchange as it travels through differentmedia?

A Light travels slower through a gasthan through a liquid.

B Light travels fastest through a liquid.

C Light travels slowest through a solid.

D Light speeds up as it moves from agas to a solid.

If the frequency of sound increases in agiven medium, what happens to thewavelength and loudness?

F The wavelength and loudness remainthe same.

G The wavelength decreases and theloudness remains the same.

H The wavelength increases and theloudness remains the same.

I The wavelength remains the sameand the loudness increases.

101

100

99

98

97

X-ray waves

Radio waves

Light waves

Table A

Water waves

Sound waves

Earthquake waves

Table B

Speed of light 294 225 200(million m/s)

Medium air water glass

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Which would absorb the most sunlight?

A a white T-shirt

B a yellow T-shirt

C a black T-shirt

D an orange T-shirt

Lenses are used in cameras, projectors,telescopes, microscopes, and eyeglassesto bend light rays. Which behavior oflight causes this bending?

F reflection

G refraction

H absorption

I transmission

How does white light behave when itpasses through a prism?

A the original light appears unchanged

B dark and light bands appear

C the light refracts into its componentcolors

D all the light is absorbed and nonepasses through

Which of these processes allows the boyto see over the wall?

F reflection

G transmission

H frequency

I refraction

What is the first place in the ear wheresound vibrations traveling in air aretransferred?

A the ear bones

B the eardrum

C the ear liquid

D the ear hairs

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White light consists of different colors.The color of an object that we see, like ayellow banana, depends on thewavelengths of light ______.

F absorbed by the object

G refracted through a prism

H reflected by the object

I absorbed then emitted by the object

The spectrum of colors corresponds todifferent frequencies of light. Violet hasa higher frequency than red. Fromviolet to red, the frequencies of colorscontinuously decrease. Therefore, thefrequency of yellow light is greater thanthe frequency of _______ light.

A blue

B green

C violet

D orange

Which electromagnetic wave whenabsorbed causes an object to becomewarmer?

F radio waves

G visible waves

H ultraviolet waves

I infrared waves

Use the diagram below to answer questions110 and 111.

In the diagram of a normal eye above,at what point do the light waves focus?

A A

B B

C C

D D

As light waves enter the eye, whichsequence shows the path light travels toallow sight to occur?

F cornea, lens, retina, optic nerve

G lens, cornea, optic nerve, retina

H cornea, retina, lens, optic nerve

I optic nerve, retina, cornea, lens

111

110

CB

D

A LightWaves

109

108

107

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Mastering the PACT

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