M A SEM 4 (MU)

topic: concept and types

of planningBy Dr. Bhawana Nigam

Dept. of Geography, A N College,

Patliputra University, Patna.

Planning: Concept

Planning means looking ahead and chalking out futurecourses of action to be followed. It is a preparatory step. It is asystematic activity which determines when, how and who isgoing to perform a specific job. Planning is a detailedprogramme regarding future courses of action.

It is rightly said “Well plan is half done”. Therefore planningtakes into consideration available & prospective humanand physical resources of the organization so as to geteffective co-ordination, contribution & perfectadjustment.

It is the basic management function which includes formulationof one or more detailed plans to achieve optimum balance ofneeds or demands with the available resources.

Some definitions

According to Urwick, “Planning is a mental predisposition to dothings in orderly way, to think before acting and to act in the lightof facts rather than guesses”. Planning is deciding best alternativeamong others to perform different managerial functions in orderto achieve predetermined goals.

According to Koontz & O’Donell, “Planning is deciding in advancewhat to do, how to do and who is to do it. Planning bridges thegap between where we are to, where we want to go. It makespossible things to occur which would not otherwise occur”.

Types pf planning

On the basis of Nature

Operational plan

Tactical plan

Strategic plan

Types of planning.

On the basis of managerial level

Top-level plan

Middle level plan

Lower level plan

Types of planning

On the basis of time

Long term plan

Intermediate plan

Short term plan

Types of planning

On the basis of use

Single plan

Standing plan

The main advantages or importance of

planning

• Planning increases the efficiency.

• It reduces the risks involved.

• It facilitates proper coordination.

• It aids in organising all available resources.

• It gives right direction.

• It is important to maintain a good control.

• It helps to achieve objectives.

• It motivates the personnel.

• It encourages creativity and innovation.

• It helps in decision making.

refrences

Google scholar

E-pathshala

National digital library

Regional planning- by Mahesh chand and puri.

THANKS.