10/22/2013 created by kumar

Air Treatment Engg Pvt

Lookup and reference functionsShow All

Function Description

ADDRESS Returns a reference as text to a single cell in a worksheet

AREAS Returns the number of areas in a reference

CHOOSE Chooses a value from a list of values

COLUMN Returns the column number of a reference

COLUMNS Returns the number of columns in a reference

HLOOKUP Looks in the top row of an array and returns the value of the indicated cell

HYPERLINK Creates a shortcut or jump that opens a document stored on a network server, an intranet,or the Internet

INDEX Uses an index to choose a value from a reference or array

INDIRECT Returns a reference indicated by a text value

LOOKUP Looks up values in a vector or array

MATCH Looks up values in a reference or array

OFFSET Returns a reference offset from a given reference

ROW Returns the row number of a reference

ROWS Returns the number of rows in a reference

RTD Retrieves real-time data from a program that supports COM automation (Automation: A way to work with an application's objects from another application or development tool. Formerly called OLE Automation, Automation is an industry standard and a feature of the Component Object Model (COM).)

TRANSPOSE Returns the transpose of an array

VLOOKUP Looks in the first column of an array and moves across the row to return the value of a cell

1. ADDRESSShow All

Creates a cell address as text, given specified row and column numbers.

Syntax

ADDRESS(row_num,column_num,abs_num,a1,sheet_text)

Row_num   is the row number to use in the cell reference.

Column_num   is the column number to use in the cell reference.

Abs_num   specifies the type of reference to return.

Abs_numReturns this type of reference

1 or omitted

Absolute

2 Absolute row; relative column

3 Relative row; absolute column

4 Relative

A1   IS A LOGICAL VALUE THAT SPECIFIES THE A1 ORR1C1 REFERENCE STYLE. IF A1 IS TRUE OR OMITTED,ADDRESS RETURNS AN A1-STYLE REFERENCE; IF FALSE,ADDRESS RETURNS AN R1C1-STYLE REFERENCE.

Sheet_Text   Is Text Specifying The Name Of The Worksheet To Be Used As The External

Reference. If Sheet_Text Is Omitted, No Sheet Name Is Used.

Example

The example may be easier to understand if you copy it to a blank worksheet.

How to copy an example

1. Create a blank workbook or worksheet.

2. Select the example in the Help topic.

 NOTE    Do not select the row or column headers.

Selecting an example from Help

3. Press CTRL+C.

4. In the worksheet, select cell A1, and press CTRL+V.

5. To switch between viewing the results and viewing the formulas that return the

results, press CTRL+` (grave accent), or on the Formulas tab, in the Formula

Auditing group, click the Show Formulas button.

 

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A B

Formula Description (Result)

=ADDRESS(2,3) Absolute reference ($C$2)

=ADDRESS(2,3,2) Absolute row; relative column (C$2)

=ADDRESS(2,3,2,FALSE) Absolute row; relative column in R1C1 reference style (R2C[3])

=ADDRESS(2,3,1,FALSE,"[Book1]Sheet1")

Absolute reference to another workbook and worksheet ([Book1]Sheet1!R2C3)

=ADDRESS(2,3,1,FALSE,"EXCEL SHEET")

Absolute reference to another worksheet ('EXCEL SHEET'!R2C3)

2.AREASShow All

Returns the number of areas in a reference. An area is a range of contiguous cells or

a single cell.

Syntax

AREAS(reference)

Reference   is a reference to a cell or range of cells and can refer to multiple

areas. If you want to specify several references as a single argument, then you must

include extra sets of parentheses so that Microsoft Excel will not interpret the comma

as a field separator. See the following example.

Example

The example may be easier to understand if you copy it to a blank worksheet.

How to copy an example

1. Create a blank workbook or worksheet.

2. Select the example in the Help topic.

 NOTE    Do not select the row or column headers.

Selecting an example from Help

3. Press CTRL+C.

4. In the worksheet, select cell A1, and press CTRL+V.

5. To switch between viewing the results and viewing the formulas that return the

results, press CTRL+` (grave accent), or on the Formulas tab, in the Formula

Auditing group, click the Show Formulas button.

 

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A B

Formula Description (Result)

=AREAS(B2:D4) Number of areas in the range (1)

=AREAS((B2:D4,E5,F6:I9))

Number of areas in the range (3)

=AREAS(B2:D4 B2) Number of areas in the

range (1)

3.CHOOSEShow All

Uses index_num to return a value from the list of value arguments. Use CHOOSE to

select one of up to 254 values based on the index number. For example, if value1

through value7 are the days of the week, CHOOSE returns one of the days when a number

between 1 and 7 is used as index_num.

Syntax

CHOOSE(index_num,value1,value2,...)

Index_num   specifies which value argument is selected. Index_num must be a number

between 1 and 254, or a formula or reference to a cell containing a number between 1

and 254.

If index_num is 1, CHOOSE returns value1; if it is 2, CHOOSE returns value2;

and so on.

If index_num is less than 1 or greater than the number of the last value in the

list, CHOOSE returns the #VALUE! error value.

If index_num is a fraction, it is truncated to the lowest integer before being

used.

Value1,value2,...   are 1 to 254 value arguments from which CHOOSE selects a value or

an action to perform based on index_num. The arguments can be numbers, cell

references, defined names, formulas, functions, or text.

Remarks

If index_num is an array (array: Used to build single formulas that produce

multiple results or that operate on a group of arguments that are arranged in

rows and columns. An array range shares a common formula; an array constant is

a group of constants used as an argument.), every value is evaluated when

CHOOSE is evaluated.

The value arguments to CHOOSE can be range references as well as single values.

For example, the formula:

=SUM(CHOOSE(2,A1:A10,B1:B10,C1:C10))

evaluates to:

=SUM(B1:B10)

which then returns a value based on the values in the range B1:B10.

The CHOOSE function is evaluated first, returning the reference B1:B10. The SUM

function is then evaluated using B1:B10, the result of the CHOOSE function, as

its argument.

Example 1

The example may be easier to understand if you copy it to a blank worksheet.

How to copy an example

1. Create a blank workbook or worksheet.

2. Select the example in the Help topic.

 NOTE    Do not select the row or column headers.

Selecting an example from Help

3. Press CTRL+C.

4. In the worksheet, select cell A1, and press CTRL+V.

5. To switch between viewing the results and viewing the formulas that return the

results, press CTRL+` (grave accent), or on the Formulas tab, in the Formula

Auditing group, click the Show Formulas button.

 

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A B

Data Data

1st Nails

2nd Screws

3rd Nuts

Finished Bolts

Formula Description (Result)

=CHOOSE(2,A2,A3,A4,A5)

Value from the second argument A3 (2nd)

=CHOOSE(4,B2,B3,B4,B5)

Value from the fourth argument B5 (Bolts)

Example 2

The example may be easier to understand if you copy it to a blank worksheet.

How to copy an example

1. Create a blank workbook or worksheet.

2. Select the example in the Help topic.

 NOTE    Do not select the row or column headers.

Selecting an example from Help

3. Press CTRL+C.

4. In the worksheet, select cell A1, and press CTRL+V.

5. To switch between viewing the results and viewing the formulas that return the

results, press CTRL+` (grave accent), or on the Formulas tab, in the Formula

Auditing group, click the Show Formulas button.

 

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A

Data

23

45

12

10

Formula Description (Result)

=SUM(A2:CHOOSE(2,A3,A4,A5))

Sums the range A2:A4(80)

4.COLUMNShow All

Returns the column number of the given reference.

Syntax

COLUMN(reference)

Reference   is the cell or range of cells for which you want the column number.

If reference is omitted, it is assumed to be the reference of the cell in which

the COLUMN function appears.

If reference is a range of cells, and if COLUMN is entered as a horizontal

array (array: Used to build single formulas that produce multiple results or

that operate on a group of arguments that are arranged in rows and columns. An

array range shares a common formula; an array constant is a group of constants

used as an argument.), COLUMN returns the column numbers of reference as a

horizontal array.

Reference cannot refer to multiple areas.

Example

The example may be easier to understand if you copy it to a blank worksheet.

How to copy an example

1. Create a blank workbook or worksheet.

2. Select the example in the Help topic.

 NOTE    Do not select the row or column headers.

Selecting an example from Help

3. Press CTRL+C.

4. In the worksheet, select cell A1, and press CTRL+V.

5. To switch between viewing the results and viewing the formulas that return the

results, press CTRL+` (grave accent), or on the Formulas tab, in the Formula

Auditing group, click the Show Formulas button.

 

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Formula Description (Result)

=COLUMN() Column in which the formula appears (1)

=COLUMN(A10 Column of the reference (1)

)

5.COLUMNSShow All

Returns the number of columns in an array (array: Used to build single formulas that

produce multiple results or that operate on a group of arguments that are arranged in

rows and columns. An array range shares a common formula; an array constant is a group

of constants used as an argument.) or reference.

Syntax

COLUMNS(array)

Array   is an array or array formula (array formula: A formula that performs multiple

calculations on one or more sets of values, and then returns either a single result or

multiple results. Array formulas are enclosed between braces { } and are entered by

pressing CTRL+SHIFT+ENTER.), or a reference to a range of cells for which you want the

number of columns.

Example

The example may be easier to understand if you copy it to a blank worksheet.

How to copy an example

1. Create a blank workbook or worksheet.

2. Select the example in the Help topic.

 NOTE    Do not select the row or column headers.

Selecting an example from Help

3. Press CTRL+C.

4. In the worksheet, select cell A1, and press CTRL+V.

5. To switch between viewing the results and viewing the formulas that return the

results, press CTRL+` (grave accent), or on the Formulas tab, in the Formula

Auditing group, click the Show Formulas button.

 

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2

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A B

Formula Description (Result)

=COLUMNS(C1:E4) Number of columns in the reference (3)

=COLUMNS({1,2,3;4,5,6})

Number of columns in the array constant (3)

5.HLOOKUPShow All

Searches for a value in the top row of a table or an array (array: Used to build

single formulas that produce multiple results or that operate on a group of arguments

that are arranged in rows and columns. An array range shares a common formula; an

array constant is a group of constants used as an argument.) of values, and then

returns a value in the same column from a row you specify in the table or array. Use

HLOOKUP when your comparison values are located in a row across the top of a table of

data, and you want to look down a specified number of rows. Use VLOOKUP when your

comparison values are located in a column to the left of the data you want to find.

The H in HLOOKUP stands for "Horizontal."

Syntax

HLOOKUP(lookup_value,table_array,row_index_num,range_lookup)

Lookup_value   is the value to be found in the first row of the table. Lookup_value

can be a value, a reference, or a text string.

Table_array   is a table of information in which data is looked up. Use a reference to

a range or a range name.

The values in the first row of table_array can be text, numbers, or logical

values.

If range_lookup is TRUE, the values in the first row of table_array must be

placed in ascending order: ...-2, -1, 0, 1, 2,... , A-Z, FALSE, TRUE;

otherwise, HLOOKUP may not give the correct value. If range_lookup is FALSE,

table_array does not need to be sorted.

Uppercase and lowercase text are equivalent.

Sort the values in ascending order, left to right. For more information, see

Sort data.

Row_index_num   is the row number in table_array from which the matching value will be

returned. A row_index_num of 1 returns the first row value in table_array, a

row_index_num of 2 returns the second row value in table_array, and so on. If

row_index_num is less than 1, HLOOKUP returns the #VALUE! error value; if

row_index_num is greater than the number of rows on table_array, HLOOKUP returns the

#REF! error value.

Range_lookup   is a logical value that specifies whether you want HLOOKUP to find an

exact match or an approximate match. If TRUE or omitted, an approximate match is

returned. In other words, if an exact match is not found, the next largest value that

is less than lookup_value is returned. If FALSE, HLOOKUP will find an exact match. If

one is not found, the error value #N/A is returned.

Remarks

If HLOOKUP can't find lookup_value, and range_lookup is TRUE, it uses the

largest value that is less than lookup_value.

If lookup_value is smaller than the smallest value in the first row of

table_array, HLOOKUP returns the #N/A error value.

If range_lookup is FALSE and lookup_value is text, you can use the wildcard

characters, question mark (?) and asterisk (*), in lookup_value. A question

mark matches any single character; an asterisk matches any sequence of

characters. If you want to find an actual question mark or asterisk, type a

tilde (~) before the character.

Example

The example may be easier to understand if you copy it to a blank worksheet.

How to copy an example

1. Create a blank workbook or worksheet.

2. Select the example in the Help topic.

 NOTE    Do not select the row or column headers.

Selecting an example from Help

3. Press CTRL+C.

4. In the worksheet, select cell A1, and press CTRL+V.

5. To switch between viewing the results and viewing the formulas that return the

results, press CTRL+` (grave accent), or on the Formulas tab, in the Formula

Auditing group, click the Show Formulas button.

 

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A B C

Axles BearingsBolts

4 4 9

5 7 10

6 8 11

Formula Description (Result)

=HLOOKUP("Axles",A1:C4,2,TRUE) Looks up Axles in row 1, and returns the value from row 2 that's in the samecolumn. (4)

=HLOOKUP("Bearings",A1:C4,3,FALSE) Looks up Bearings in row 1, and returnsthe value from row 3 that's in the samecolumn. (7)

=HLOOKUP("B",A1:C4,3,TRUE) Looks up B in row 1, and returns the value from row 3 that's in the same column. Because B is not an exact match, the next largest value that is less than B is used: Axles. (5)

=HLOOKUP("Bolts",A1:C4,4) Looks up Bolts in row 1, and returns the value from row 4 that's in the samecolumn. (11)

=HLOOKUP(3,{1,2,3;"a","b","c";"d","e","f"},2,TRUE)

Looks up 3 in the first row of the array constant, and returns the value from row 2 in same column. (c)

6.HYPERLINKShow All

Creates a shortcut or jump that opens a document stored on a network server, an

intranet (intranet: A network within an organization that uses Internet technologies

(such as the HTTP or FTP protocol). By using hyperlinks, you can explore objects,

documents, pages, and other destinations on the intranet.), or the Internet. When you

click the cell that contains the HYPERLINK function, Microsoft Excel opens the file

stored at link_location.

Syntax

HYPERLINK(link_location,friendly_name)

Link_location   is the path and file name to the document to be opened as text.

Link_location can refer to a place in a document — such as a specific cell or named

range in an Excel worksheet or workbook, or to a bookmark in a Microsoft Word

document. The path can be to a file stored on a hard disk drive, or the path can be a

universal naming convention (UNC) path on a server (in Microsoft Excel for Windows) or

a Uniform Resource Locator (URL (Uniform Resource Locator (URL): An address that

specifies a protocol (such as HTTP or FTP) and a location of an object, document,

World Wide Web page, or other destination on the Internet or an intranet, for example:

http://www.microsoft.com/.)) path on the Internet or an intranet.

Link_location can be a text string enclosed in quotation marks or a cell that

contains the link as a text string.

If the jump specified in link_location does not exist or cannot be navigated,

an error appears when you click the cell.

Friendly_name   is the jump text or numeric value that is displayed in the cell.

Friendly_name is displayed in blue and is underlined. If friendly_name is omitted, the

cell displays the link_location as the jump text.

Friendly_name can be a value, a text string, a name, or a cell that contains

the jump text or value.

If friendly_name returns an error value (for example, #VALUE!), the cell

displays the error instead of the jump text.

Remark

To select a cell that has a hyperlink in it without jumping to the hyperlink

destination, click the cell and hold the mouse button until the cursor becomes a cross, then release the mouse button.

Examples

The following example opens a worksheet named Budget Report.xls that is stored on the

Internet at the location named example.microsoft.com/report and displays the text "Click

for report":

=HYPERLINK("http://example.microsoft.com/report/budget report.xls", "Click for report")

The following example creates a hyperlink to cell F10 on the worksheet named Annual in

the workbook Budget Report.xls, which is stored on the Internet at the location named

example.microsoft.com/report. The cell on the worksheet that contains the hyperlink

displays the contents of cell D1 as the jump text:

=HYPERLINK("[http://example.microsoft.com/report/budget report.xls]Annual!F10", D1)

The following example creates a hyperlink to the range named DeptTotal on the

worksheet named First Quarter in the workbook Budget Report.xls, which is stored on

the Internet at the location named example.microsoft.com/report. The cell on the

worksheet that contains the hyperlink displays the text "Click to see First Quarter

Department Total":

=HYPERLINK("[http://example.microsoft.com/report/budget report.xls]First Quarter!DeptTotal",

"Click to see First Quarter Department Total")

To create a hyperlink to a specific location in a Microsoft Word document, you must

use a bookmark to define the location you want to jump to in the document. The

following example creates a hyperlink to the bookmark named QrtlyProfits in the

document named Annual Report.doc located at example.microsoft.com:

=HYPERLINK("[http://example.microsoft.com/Annual Report.doc]QrtlyProfits", "Quarterly Profit

Report")

In Excel for Windows, the following example displays the contents of cell D5 as the

jump text in the cell and opens the file named 1stqtr.xls, which is stored on the

server named FINANCE in the Statements share. This example uses a UNC path:

=HYPERLINK("\\FINANCE\Statements\1stqtr.xls", D5)

The following example opens the file 1stqtr.xls in Excel for Windows that is stored in

a directory named Finance on drive D, and displays the numeric value stored in cell

H10:

=HYPERLINK("D:\FINANCE\1stqtr.xls", H10)

In Excel for Windows, the following example creates a hyperlink to the area named

Totals in another (external) workbook, Mybook.xls:

=HYPERLINK("[C:\My Documents\Mybook.xls]Totals")

In Microsoft Excel for the Macintosh, the following example displays "Click here" in

the cell and opens the file named First Quarter that is stored in a folder named

Budget Reports on the hard drive named Macintosh HD:

=HYPERLINK("Macintosh HD:Budget Reports:First Quarter", "Click here")

You can create hyperlinks within a worksheet to jump from one cell to another cell.

For example, if the active worksheet is the sheet named June in the workbook named

Budget, the following formula creates a hyperlink to cell E56. The link text itself is

the value in cell E56.

=HYPERLINK("[Budget]June!E56", E56)

To jump to a different sheet in the same workbook, change the name of the sheet in the

link. In the previous example, to create a link to cell E56 on the September sheet,

change the word "June" to "September."

7.INDEXShow All

Returns a value or the reference to a value from within a table or range. There are

two forms of the INDEX function: the array (array: Used to build single formulas that

produce multiple results or that operate on a group of arguments that are arranged in

rows and columns. An array range shares a common formula; an array constant is a group

of constants used as an argument.) form and the reference form.

If you want to Then see

Return the value of a specified cell or array of cells Array form

Return a reference to specified cells Reference form

Array form

Returns the value of an element in a table or an array (array: Used to build single

formulas that produce multiple results or that operate on a group of arguments that

are arranged in rows and columns. An array range shares a common formula; an array

constant is a group of constants used as an argument.), selected by the row and column

number indexes.

Use the array form if the first argument to INDEX is an array constant.

INDEX(array,row_num,column_num)

Array   is a range of cells or an array constant.

If array contains only one row or column, the corresponding row_num or

column_num argument is optional.

If array has more than one row and more than one column, and only row_num or

column_num is used, INDEX returns an array of the entire row or column in

array.

Row_num   selects the row in array from which to return a value. If row_num is

omitted, column_num is required.

Column_num   selects the column in array from which to return a value. If column_num

is omitted, row_num is required.

Remarks

If both the row_num and column_num arguments are used, INDEX returns the value

in the cell at the intersection of row_num and column_num.

If you set row_num or column_num to 0 (zero), INDEX returns the array of values

for the entire column or row, respectively. To use values returned as an array,

enter the INDEX function as an array formula (array formula: A formula that

performs multiple calculations on one or more sets of values, and then returns

either a single result or multiple results. Array formulas are enclosed between

braces { } and are entered by pressing CTRL+SHIFT+ENTER.) in a horizontal range

of cells for a row, and in a vertical range of cells for a column. To enter an

array formula, press CTRL+SHIFT+ENTER.

Row_num and column_num must point to a cell within array; otherwise, INDEX

returns the #REF! error value.

Example 1

The example may be easier to understand if you copy it to a blank worksheet.

How to copy an example

1. Create a blank workbook or worksheet.

2. Select the example in the Help topic.

 NOTE    Do not select the row or column headers.

Selecting an example from Help

3. Press CTRL+C.

4. In the worksheet, select cell A1, and press CTRL+V.

5. To switch between viewing the results and viewing the formulas that return the

results, press CTRL+` (grave accent), or on the Formulas tab, in the Formula

Auditing group, click the Show Formulas button.

 

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A B

Data Data

Apples Lemons

Bananas Pears

Formula Description (Result)

=INDEX(A2:B3,2,2)

Value at the intersection of the second row and second columnin the range (Pears)

=INDEX(A2:B3,2,1)

Value at the intersection of the second row and first column in the range (Bananas)

Example 2

The example may be easier to understand if you copy it to a blank worksheet.

How to copy an example

1. Create a blank workbook or worksheet.

2. Select the example in the Help topic.

 NOTE    Do not select the row or column headers.

Selecting an example from Help

3. Press CTRL+C.

4. In the worksheet, select cell A1, and press CTRL+V.

5. To switch between viewing the results and viewing the formulas that return the

results, press CTRL+` (grave accent), or on the Formulas tab, in the Formula

Auditing group, click the Show Formulas button.

 

1

2

3

A B

Formula Description (Result)

=INDEX({1,2;3,4},0,2)

Value in the first row, second column in the array constant (2)

Value in the second row, second column in the array constant (4)

 NOTE    The formula in the example must be entered as an array formula. After copying

the example to a blank worksheet, select the range A2:A3 starting with the formula

cell. Press F2, and then press CTRL+SHIFT+ENTER. If the formula is not entered as an

array formula, the single result is 2.

 Top of Page

Reference form

Returns the reference of the cell at the intersection of a particular row and column.

If the reference is made up of nonadjacent selections, you can pick the selection to

look in.

INDEX(reference,row_num,column_num,area_num)

Reference   is a reference to one or more cell ranges.

If you are entering a nonadjacent range for the reference, enclose reference in

parentheses.

If each area in reference contains only one row or column, the row_num or

column_num argument, respectively, is optional. For example, for a single row

reference, use INDEX(reference,,column_num).

Row_num   is the number of the row in reference from which to return a reference.

Column_num   is the number of the column in reference from which to return a

reference.

Area_num   selects a range in reference from which to return the intersection of

row_num and column_num. The first area selected or entered is numbered 1, the second

is 2, and so on. If area_num is omitted, INDEX uses area 1.

For example, if reference describes the cells (A1:B4,D1:E4,G1:H4), then

area_num 1 is the range A1:B4, area_num 2 is the range D1:E4, and area_num 3 is

the range G1:H4.

Remarks

After reference and area_num have selected a particular range, row_num and

column_num select a particular cell: row_num 1 is the first row in the range,

column_num 1 is the first column, and so on. The reference returned by INDEX is

the intersection of row_num and column_num.

If you set row_num or column_num to 0 (zero), INDEX returns the reference for

the entire column or row, respectively.

Row_num, column_num, and area_num must point to a cell within reference;

otherwise, INDEX returns the #REF! error value. If row_num and column_num are

omitted, INDEX returns the area in reference specified by area_num.

The result of the INDEX function is a reference and is interpreted as such by

other formulas. Depending on the formula, the return value of INDEX may be used

as a reference or as a value. For example, the formula

CELL("width",INDEX(A1:B2,1,2)) is equivalent to CELL("width",B1). The CELL

function uses the return value of INDEX as a cell reference. On the other hand,

a formula such as 2*INDEX(A1:B2,1,2) translates the return value of INDEX into

the number in cell B1.

Example

The example may be easier to understand if you copy it to a blank worksheet.

How to copy an example

1. Create a blank workbook or worksheet.

2. Select the example in the Help topic.

 NOTE    Do not select the row or column headers.

Selecting an example from Help

3. Press CTRL+C.

4. In the worksheet, select cell A1, and press CTRL+V.

5. To switch between viewing the results and viewing the formulas that return the

results, press CTRL+` (grave accent), or on the Formulas tab, in the Formula

Auditing group, click the Show Formulas button.

 

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A B C

Fruit PriceCount

Apples 0.69 40

Bananas 0.34 38

Lemons 0.55 15

Oranges 0.25 25

Pears 0.59 40

Almonds 2.80 10

Cashews 3.55 16

Peanuts 1.25 20

Walnuts 1.75 12

Formula Description (Result)

=INDEX(A2:C6,2,3) The intersection of the second row and third column in the range A2:C6, which is the content of cell C3. (38)

=INDEX((A1:C6,A8:C11),2,2,2)

The intersection of the second row and second column in the second area of A8:C11, which is the content ofcell B9. (3.55)

=SUM(INDEX(A1:C11,0,3,1))

The sum of the third column in the first area of the range A1:C11, which is the sum of C1:C6. (216)

=SUM(B2:INDEX(A2:C6,5,2))

The sum of the range starting at B2, and ending at the intersection of the fifth row and the second column of the range A2:A6, which is the sum of B2:B6.(2.42)

HOW TO APPLY FOR A RATION CARD IN CHENNAI? Ration Cards have become an important identification to be had for getting  a gas connection, a credit card, a bank account etc, literally your residence confirmation, that is you live in that particular place and area.For the people who get transferred to a new city, oit has become essential to chage their residence address and transfer the ration card to the new work place. Voter card is another important document but to get a voter identification also you need a residence proof and that is the ration card.

How to apply for a ration card?To apply for a ration card in Chennai there is a prescribed form at the site    that has to be downloaded, filled up and presented at the concerned office.

How to know if you are eligible to get a new ration card in Chennai?   The Tamilnadu government has come out with a criteria for the issue of ration cards to the individuals. You can just go through the below mentioned points and the way to go about getting a new ration card.  you should be of Indian Origin

you should be living and cooking separately

You should be a resident of the state of Tamilnadu

Your name must not be  a member of  any other family card in Tamil Nadu

You must not possess any family card in any State in India

You and members of the family must be close relatives

How to file the forms for a new ration card?

There is a prescribed application format which you can download  and send themto the concerned office of the civil supplies department.If you are living in the Chennai and the belt areas  the filled applications and other needed documents  should be filed with  Assistant Commissioner of Civil Supplies of the Zone in which you live.If you live in the districts other than Chennai, you will have to get in touch with the Taluk Supply Officers of the civil supplies  and Consumer Protection Department or the Assistant Rationing Officers  concerned of the area in whichyou live.  They are competent of receiving the applications for the family cards.You have to obtain an acknowledgement  slip at the counter of the concerned officer where you submit your application forms.You can also send it by Registered post with acknowledgement due to get the proof of submission.

The essential documents needed while applying for a new ration cardApplication should be filled up completely and signed, submitted  along with1. Proof of Residence in Tamil Nadu2. Election Photo Identity Card  property tax payment Receipt / last month Electricity Bill / last month telephone bill / front page of a Bankpassbook / Allotment orders if any / Passport / current valid tenancy agreement in case of a rented house3. Surrender certificate of the relevant family card issuing authority if any card issued in the previous address4. name deletion certificate from the parent or the guardian5. No card certificate issued by the card issuing authority, if there was a previous card6. Details of the LPG connection, with details of the consumer, consumer no, LPG agency and the oil company's name7. Mobile Number or the e mail addresses to be filled up in the format to enable the authorities to send you messages regarding the status  of the application.8. A self addressed and stamped envelope /postal cover to enable the office tocommunicate the rsults  to you.

The Process / Procedure for obtaining the cardYour application will be sent for field verification to check the address, house and the kitchen and verify LPG connection, address etc. Whe he comes fora check upyou can ask for a Proof of Identity / official ID card. The inspection is supposed to be carried out within 30 days of the application filed date.If it does not happen, please get in touch with  Assistant Commissioner or Taluk Supply Officer concerned.If the application is found fit by the Assistant Commissioner or Taluk Supply Officer concerned as per the above eligibility conditions, it will be approvedand sent for printing of the family card.

You are not supposed to get in touch with the AC / TSO offices before the period of 30 days unless filing other documents are needed.You can collect the acknowledgement slip as soon as you file the application, which has the date of application, Office seal, serial number and the date of final disposal.The Government of Tamil Nadu has a fixed time of 60 days as time limit for passing orders on application for family cards.

As soon as the application is approved the card is sent for printing. Once thecard reaches the AC's office, you will get an intimation through a post card telling you the same and asking you to come and collect the family card.  You have to go there within 15 days with the acknowledgement slip to collect the ration card in person.In case if the card is rejected the AC has to send you a post card telling youthe reasons for rejection within 60 days of the file of pplication.If there is a mobile number or an E mail address, you can be informed  as soonas the application is decided upon.

There is a Rs 5 fee for the new family card  and the amount should be paid to the AC or the TSO concerned.As soon as the applicant receives intimation that his card is ready, he can collect the card in person, any week day or on the date if any provided on theintimation. You will have to surrender the acknowledgement slip issued at the time of the submissionYou are requested to keep a copy of the outer covers of the ration card in safe custody to enable applying a duplicate card incase the original is lost or stolen.

If you want to know more about the procedure please visit or  send some one with a letter to the concerned office near your place.

3. To whom should the application be sent ?

In Chennai city and its belt areas, filled in applications with documents must be filed with Assistant Commissioner of Civil Supplies of the zone in which the applicant lives. Applicants can contact the above offices over telephone if there are doubts over the jurisdiction office of the area in which he/she is resident. In districts other than Chennai, Taluk Supply Officers of theCivil Supplies and Consumer Protection Department or Assistant Rationing Officers (in Coimbatore city) concerned of the area in which the applicant lives is competent to receive applications for family cards.

Applicants are requested to obtain an acknowledgement slip atthe counter in the Assistant Commissioner's or Taluk Supply Office concerned. Applicants may also chose to send the application by post. However, it would be wise to send it by Registered Post with Acknowledgement Due (RPAD) to ensure that there is proof of submission. Civil Supplies and Consumer Protection department will be launching a full online application service by September 2008

4. What are the documents that must be attached with new family card

applications?

Application (in the new format above) should be filled up completely,

signed or thumb-impression and submitted along other documents below.

Incomplete forms are liable for rejection. The following documents

need to be attached:

Proof of applicant's current residence in Tamil Nadu (copy oforiginal document)

o Election Photo Identity Card (EPIC), ORo Property tax payment receipt in case of own house (current year), ORo Electricity Bill (last month), ORo Telephone Bill (last month) , ORo Front Page of Bank Pass Book, ORo Allotment orders in respect of persons residing at houses allotted by Slum Clearance Board, ORo Passport, ORo Currently valid tenancy agreement (in case of rented house), AND

Surrender Certificate along with relevant family card issued by the card issuing authority if any card is issued in the previous address, OR Name Deletion Certificate from the parent or guardian family card or Non-inclusion of name Certificate issued by the card issuing authority in the previous address, OR No card certificate issued by the card issuing authority, if there is no family card in the previous address, AND Particulars regarding earlier application for family card, including registration number and details of rejection, if any?AND

Details of LPG connection, if any, with details of name of consumer in whose name it is registered, consumer number, LPG agency and Oil Company name. AND Mobile Number or Email addresses may be filled up in the format to enable this department to send an automated message (to be activated by end 2008) to the applicant on the status ofthe application. AND A self addressed and stamped postal cover or postcard to enable the office to communicate the results to the applicant.

5. What is the procedure for processing my family card ?

The application filed by you is sent for field verification. The officer carrying out the field verification is supposed to inspect the applicant's house and kitchen to ensure that the applicant is living and cooking separately and also to verify the use of LPG by the family. When the officer reports at the applicant's house, the applicant may ask the officer for proof of identity (official ID card) before letting him inspect the premises. Civil Supplies and Consumer Protection Department is very concerned about the integrity of the officers and conduct in public offices. Applicants are free to report any indecorous behavior or demand for payment of bribes by any inspecting or office staff of the department by telephone or email to the Commissioner, Civil Supplies and Consumer Protection. The inspection is to be carried out with 30 days of the application being filed with the AC or TSO office. In case, theinspection by the officer concerned does not happen within 30 days, please speak to the Assistant Commissioner or Taluk Supply Officer concerned. Thereafter, if the application is found fit by the Assistant Commissioner or Taluk Supply Officer concerned as per the aboveeligibility conditions, then the application is approved and sent for printing of the family card.

6. Will the applicant get any information about the result of his/her

application ?

Applicants are requested NOT to get in touch with the AC or TSO offices (unless filing additional documents) earlier than 30 days, to avoid unnecessary workload on the offices of this department. This will enable us to serve you better.

As soon as the application is filed, the applicant must collect the acknowledgement slip with the office seal, date of application, serial number and date of final disposal. Government of Tamil Nadu has fixed the time limit for passingorders on applications for new ration as 60 days from the date of application. Once, the application is found eligible for issue of a new family card, the card is sent for printing. As soon as the printed card arrives in the office, the Assistant Commissioner or Taluk Supply Officer has to send a post card to the applicant requesting him/her to collect the ration card in person with the acknowledgement slip within 15 days. In case the application is rejected, the Assistant Commissioner or Taluk Supply Officer has to send a post card tothe applicant indicating the reasons for rejection within 60 days of the application date. If a Mobile Number or Email address has been specified in theapplication format, Civil Supplies and Consumer Protection department will send an automated message (to be activated by end 2008) to the applicant on the status of the application as soon as the application is decided upon.

7. Is there any fee for a new ration card ?

Government of Tamil Nadu have prescribed Rs 5 as the fee for a new ration card. This amount has to be paid to the AC or TSO office concerned Applicants are requested NOT to pay any bribes to any staff or antisocial elements (brokers). Any such requests may be reported to this office by email to the Commissioner, Civil Supplies and Consumer Protection.

8. How does the application collect his/her ration card?

As soon as the applicant receives information about the readiness of the ration card from the AC/TSO office concerned, he/she may go in person on any Monday or Friday or the date specified in the post card/SMS/Email from the AC/TSO office concerned to collect the card after surrendering the acknowledgement slip issued at the time of submission of the application, within 15 days of receipt of the post card. Applicants are requested to keep a copy of the ration card outer cover (back and front) in safe custody OR record the Ration Card Number and shop ID in safe place to enable applyingfor a duplicate family card, in case the original is lost.

In case, the head of the family (applicant) is not able to collect the ration card due to any valid reason, the applicant/head of family may send a letter authorizing any other member of the family to collect the family card on his/her behalf. Such a letter must have the signature of the other member of the family attested by the applicant. The person so authorised may collect the card after surrendering the acknowledgement slip issued at the time of submission of the application. The AC/TSO may refuse to hand over the new family card to such a person if he has a reason to suspect the bonafides of the person authorised. The AC/TSO may then send a reply by postcard to the applicant stating the reasons for the refusal to handover the card.

9. What can applicants do if there is delay beyond 60 days from the

application date ?

Applicants may contact the Assistant Commissioner or Taluk Supply Officer concerned and find out the reasons for the delay. Officers and staff of the department are liable for action ifthey wantonly delay applications. Applicants may speak to Deputy Commissioner, North or Deputy Commissioner, South if within the city of Chennai and it's beltarea. Applicants may speak to the District Supply and Consumer Protection Officers of the district concerned. If the AC or DC offices do not respond, applicants may also, if needed, also report the same by email or telephone to the Commissioner, Civil Supplies and Consumer Protection.

10. To whom does appeal lie if my application is rejected ?

Deputy Commissioner of Civil Supplies , Chennai City, North

and South , Civil Supplies and Consumer Protection Department ,

Chennai 5 in respect of Chennai city and the belt areas around.

In respect of other areas the District Revenue Officer of the

district.

11. What are consequences of filing false or misleading information

in applications?

Applicants must be aware that every family card means a

subsidy expenditure of approximately Rs. 2000 per year for a

green card. Hence, diversion of public resources by filing

false information about members of family or giving fictitious

addresses is wrong and would be liable under section 7 of the

Essential Commodities Act. Such applicants would be liable for

criminal prosecution and consequent punishment under the law.

Therefore, applicants are requested to file correct

information about members of family living with them to avoid

the following:

Prevent inclusion of family members who are already included in any other family card in Tamil Nadu or elsewhere File correct addresses Disclose information on LPG connections Desist from applying for a new card, when the family is in possession of another family card elsewhere or in the same address.

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TYPES OF ONCOLOGISTS

This section has been reviewed and approved by the Cancer.Net Editorial Board, 9/2013

Key Messages:

An oncologist is a doctor who specializes in treating people withcancer.

The three main types of oncologists are medical, surgical, and radiation oncologists.

These different types of oncologists often work together to treata person with cancer.

Oncology is the study of cancer. A doctor who specializes in treating people with cancer is called an oncologist. Usually, an

oncologist manages care and treatment once a person is diagnosed with cancer.

Within the field of oncology, there are three primary clinical disciplines: medical oncology, surgical oncology, and radiation oncology.

A medical oncologist specializes in treating cancer with chemotherapy (the use of drugs to kill cancer cells, usually by stopping the cancer cells’ ability to grow and divide) or other medications, such as targeted therapy and oral (in pill form) chemotherapy.

A surgical oncologist specializes in the removal of the tumor andsurrounding tissue during an operation. A surgical oncologist also performs biopsies (the removal of a small amount of tissue for examination under a microscope).

A radiation oncologist specializes in treating cancer with radiation therapy (the use of high-energy x-rays or other particles to kill cancer cells).

The American Society of Clinical Oncology (ASCO) also recognizes other types of oncologists:

A gynecologic oncologist focuses on the care and treatment of women with gynecologic cancers, such as uterine cancer and cervical cancer.

A pediatric oncologist specializes in the treatment of children with cancer. This specialty includes all three primary oncology disciplines listed above. (Some types of cancer occur most often in children and teenagers, such as certain brain tumors, leukemia, osteosarcoma, and Ewing’s sarcoma. However, they occasionally occur in adults. In these instances, an adult may decide to be treated by a pediatric oncologist.)

 

A hematologist-oncologist specializes in the diagnosis and treatment of cancers of the blood, such as leukemias, lymphomas, and myelomas.

The role of the oncologist

ASCO believes that an oncologist is responsible for the care of apatient from the moment of a cancer diagnosis throughout the course of the disease. The oncologist’s role includes the following:

Explaining the cancer diagnosis and stage (a description of wherethe cancer is located, if or where it has spread, and whether it is affecting other parts of the body) to the patient

Discussing all of the treatment options and recommending the bestcourse of treatment

Delivering high-quality, compassionate care Helping maintain the patient’s quality of life by managing

cancer-related pain and other symptoms or treatment side effects,such as constipation, nausea and vomiting, and fatigue

A person with cancer is often treated by a multidisciplinary teamof oncologists, meaning a group of doctors who specialize in different areas of oncology. This approach is used because cancertreatment frequently involves a combination of surgery, chemotherapy, and radiation therapy.

Other medical professionals involved in a patient’s care usually include the following:

A pathologist (a doctor who specializes in interpreting laboratory tests and evaluating cells, tissues, and organs to diagnose disease)

A diagnostic radiologist (a doctor who specializes in performing and interpreting imaging tests, such as x-rays or ultrasound tests, to diagnose disease)

An oncology nurse An oncology social worker

The team may also include doctors who specialize in other areas of medicine. For example, a dermatologist  (a doctor who specializes in skin problems) may help treat people with skin cancer. Learn more about the oncology team.

If a person’s cancer diagnosis is complex, the patient’s primary oncologist may ask a tumor board to review the case. A tumor

board consists of medical experts from all relevant disciplines who consult on the best course of treatment.

More Information

Choosing an Oncologist

Find an Oncologist Database

RADIATION THERAPY SIDE EFFECTS

Side effects are problems that can happen as a result of treatment. They may happen with radiation therapy because the high doses of radiation used to kill cancer cells can also damagehealthy cells in the treatment area. Side effects are different for each person. Some people have many side effects; others have hardly any. Side effects may be more severe if you also receive chemotherapy before, during, or after your radiation therapy.

Talk to your radiation therapy team about your chances of having side effects. The team will watch you closely and ask if you notice any problems. If you do have side effects or other problems, your doctor or nurse will talk with you about ways to manage them.

Common Side Effects

Many people who get radiation therapy have skin changes and some fatigue. Other side effects depend on the part of your body beingtreated.

Skin changes may include dryness, itching, peeling, or blistering. These changes occur because radiation therapy damageshealthy skin cells in the treatment area. You will need to take

special care of your skin during radiation therapy. To learn more, see "Skin Changes".

Fatigue is often described as feeling worn out or exhausted. There are many ways to manage fatigue. To learn more, see "Fatigue".

Depending on the part of your body being treated, you may also have:

Diarrhea Hair loss in the treatment area Mouth problems Nausea and vomiting Sexual changes Swelling Trouble swallowing Urinary and bladder changes

Most of these side effects go away within 2 months after radiation therapy is finished.

Late side effects may first occur 6 or more months after radiation therapy is over. They vary by the part of your body that was treated and the dose of radiation you received. Late side effects may include infertility, joint problems, lymphedema, mouth problems, and secondarycancer. Everyone is different, so talk to your doctor or nurse about whether you might have late side effects and what signs to look for. See "Late Radiation Therapy Side Effects" for more information on lateside effects.

"Radiation Therapy Side Effects and Ways to Manage Them" explains eachside effect in more detail and includes ways you and your doctor or nurse can help manage them.

< Previous Section  |  Next Section >

DIARRHEA

What it is

Diarrhea is frequent bowel movements which may be soft, formed, loose, or watery. Diarrhea can occur at any time during radiationtherapy.

Why it occurs

Radiation therapy to the pelvis, stomach, and abdomen can cause diarrhea. People get diarrhea because radiation harms the healthycells in the large and small bowels. These areas are very sensitive to the amount of radiation needed to treat cancer.

Ways to manage

When you have diarrhea:

Drink 8 to 12 cups of clear liquid per day. See "Clear Liquids"for ideas of drinks and foods that are clear liquids.

If you drink liquids that are high in sugar (such as fruit juice, sweet iced tea, Kool-Aid®, or Hi-C®) ask your nurse or dietitian if you should mix them with water.

Eat many small meals and snacks. For instance, eat 5 or 6 small meals and snacks rather than 3 large meals.

Eat foods that are easy on the stomach (which means foods that are low in fiber, fat, and lactose). See "Foods and Drinks That Are Easy on the Stomach" for other ideas of foods that are easy on the stomach. If your diarrhea is severe, your doctor or nurse may suggest the BRAT diet, which stands for bananas, rice, applesauce, and toast.

Take care of your rectal area. Instead of toilet paper, use a baby wipe or squirt of water from a spray bottle to

clean yourself after bowel movements. Also, ask your nurse about taking sitz baths, which is a warm-water bath taken in a sitting position that covers only the hips and buttocks. Be sure to tell your doctor or nurse if your rectal area gets sore.

Stay away from: o Milk and dairy foods, such as ice cream, sour cream, and

cheeseo Spicy foods, such as hot sauce, salsa, chili, and curry

disheso Foods or drinks with caffeine, such as regular coffee, black

tea, soda, and chocolateo Foods or drinks that cause gas, such as cooked dried beans,

cabbage, broccoli, soy milk, and other soy productso Foods that are high in fiber, such as raw fruits and

vegetables, cooked dried beans, and whole wheat breads and cereals

o Fried or greasy foodso Food from fast food restaurants

Talk to your doctor or nurse. Tell them if you are having diarrhea. He or she will suggest ways to manage it. He or she mayalso suggest taking medicine, such as Imodium®.

To learn more about dealing with diarrhea during cancer treatment, see EATING HINTS , a book from the National Cancer Institute. You can get a free copy at https://pubs.cancer.gov/ncipl or 1-800-4-CANCER.

FATIGUE

Fatigue is a common side effect, and there is a good chance that youwill feel some level of fatigue from radiation therapy.

What it is

Fatigue from radiation therapy can range from a mild to an extreme feeling of being tired. Many people describe fatigue as feeling weak, weary, worn out, heavy, or slow.

Why it occurs

Fatigue can happen for many reasons. These include:

Anemia Anxiety Depression Infectio

Final Settlement Module What is Final Settlement in payroll? In payroll processing, when an employee leaves the company he has to get paid for last working

month. This procedure of paying or recovering while resign process is called final settlement. Final settlement can be done on the last working

payroll month or subsequent months. The employee can be settled first and then resigned or you can resign an employee and do the final settlement at a

later date. How does a employee's name get added in the final settlement module? When the employee is marked as Resigned or as Left Organization his name will automatically

appear in the list of employees who need to be settled. You can also mark an employee as settled by selecting his name in the Salary Information ->

Entry page and marking him as Settled in the Final Settlement page. Is it possible to do final settlement without resigning the employee? Yes. You can mark an employee as Settled without resigning the employee. Is it possible to do final settlement more than once for an employee? Yes. This process is called resettlement. This feature can be accessed through the Final

Settlement screen. Is the Leaving Date in Final Settlement module different from leaving date of

resignation module? No. Both date are same. If you change leaving date in one place, then the other one will get

updated automatically. What will happen to loan balance of the employees when you settle them? Entire loan balance will be deducted automatically during the final settlement process. This

amount will appear under the specific loan component under Deductions. Will the income tax module project the tax for the settled employees?

No. Since the employee is leaving, tax is not projected for him during the final settlement process.

What is notice period payable? The difference between notice period and number of days worked in the last payroll is called

notice period payable. This is applicable to companies that have a defined notice period for resigned employees. What is Leave Encash days? If the employee has a leave balance, he can encash that leave. The number of days of leave that

can be encashed is called Leave Encash days. Will the final settlement module compute the salary based the number of days in

month of leaving date? Yes. By default the payroll software is configured to calculate the salary based on the number

of days in the month of Leaving. For e.g. If a person has resigned in the month of April and you are processing the final

settlement in the month of May, then the salary will be calculated on a base of 30 days. Why is the leaving date of the employee mandatory while settling the employee? Based on the leaving date only, the payroll software will calculate the number of working days,

unclaimed balance of Reimbursement components and reimbursement balance How do I generate the final settlement report? Click on the _Print Settlement_ button on the Final Settlement tab of Salary Information. When we go to final settlement module and try to calculate the number of days

worked, the computed value seems to be wrong. For example, if we enter 31 days in the month of August and 12 days in the

month of September then the total no of days worked should be 43 days. Instead it is showing 42.8 days. The payroll software prorates the days worked on the basis of total number of days in the month

(30/31 days). This can lead to fractional values as mentioned above. Assume an employee has worked 31 days in August and 12 days in September. In Greytip Online, we

will be dividing this by number of days, which is either 30 or 31. The decimal is to adjust this. So it is normal for the decimal to appear. If you are doing final settlement in September and paying for August also, then the number

should be less than 43, because if you are doing final settlement in September month, then the division factor is 30, so the number should be less than

43. If you are doing the final settlement in August itself, but paying for additional days in

September in the settlement that you are doing in August, then you

How often is payroll done?Generally speaking, payroll is done weekly, fortnightly or monthly. However, in India, payroll is mostlyprocessed once a month. In many other countries,payroll is processed weekly.Coming back to India, some companies start processing around the last week of the month, so that employees will be paid by end of the month. This isnormally for companies who are in services sector (like software and MNCs).Companies in the manufacturing sector start processing around 1st of the month and pay by 5th or 7th of the next month.For example, payroll for the April month is processed by some companies around 25th of April so that employees are paid by 30th of April. Others mayprocess by 1st of May and pay by 5th or 7th of May. Please note that in either case, this is called as "April Payroll".What are the steps involved in a typical payroll processing every month?Payroll processing involves the following broad steps:1. Update data of new Joinees2. Update data of Resigned employees3. Update Salary increment data4. Update changes in employee information5. Update Loss of Pay or Working Days

6. Process Payroll7. Generate Salary Register8. Do Payroll Reconciliation9. Distribute Salary to employees10. Distribute Payslips11. Update Payroll data in accounting software12. Generate PF, PT, ESI and IT reports.13. Make payments to PF, PT, ESI and IT departments.14. Generate other MIS reportswill need to manually put the correct working days value.

Salary Structure / Compensation Structure FAQsCan Greytip Online handle compensation structure of our company?Definitely! Greytip Online allows for unlimited salary components. Each component can be configured to be a hand entry component, formula, lookupvalue, etc. Any compensation structure from the simple to the most complicated can be configured.

What is a Compensation Structure?Compensation Structure refers to the various heads (components) under which salary is paid to an employee, and the way in which these heads arecalculated.For example, an employee may be paid a salary under the heads: Basic, HRA, Conveyance, etc. Basic may bespecified for each user and Conveyancemay be Rs. 800 for all employees.The above (components and calculation methodology) is called as Compensation Structure. Of-course, therewill be lot more components and lot morecomplexity in a real-life compensation structure.

What are the salary components (heads) that are always present?In most (Indian) companies, the following components are generally present:Basic, HRA, Conveyance, Income (Gross), PF (Provident Fund), IT (Income Tax), Deductions and Net Pay.

What are Reimbursement components?Reimbursements are a special set of components that are part of the payroll. This is typically introduced in the payroll to save tax. (Tax is to be paid byevery employee to the government. The amount of tax is based on the income earned by the employee).As the word suggests, reimbursements are money paid to you for some money that you have already spent. For e.g. A common reimbursement itemis "Medical Reimbursement". This indicates that if you spend some money on medical expenses (medicines, doctor charges, etc), then the company willreimburse (pay) you for the amount spent by you. Another common reimbursement is LTA (Leave Travel Allowance)All reimbursements are subject to upper limits. What this means is that you can claim (request for payment) reimbursements only upto a certain limit.

If your Medical Reimbursement limit is 15000, then you can only claim upto 15000.The process of asking for payment of a reimbursement is called as making a reimbursement claim.

What are the various types of components that make up a payroll structure?Every payroll compensation structure consists of at least income or deduction components.ComponentTypeDescriptionIncome Income components are all heads under which salary is paid. For example: Basic, HRA, Conveyance, Special Allowance.Deductions Deductions refers to amounts that is cut/withheld from your salary. For example: PF, ESI, PT,ITReimbursmentsCalculationfieldsSometimes, we need many salary components for intermediate computation or for reporting purposes. These components are

typically referred to as "Calculation Fields". These do not appear in payslip, but we use them for reporting or other requirements.What are some of the common deductions?Some common deductions are:PF, ESI, PT, IT, Loans, Salary Advance recovery, Canteen Deduction, Notice Pay, Other Deductions, etc

SIDE EFFECTS OF RADIATION THERAPY

This section has been reviewed and approved by the Cancer.Net Editorial Board, 2/2013

This is the third article in a four-part series, and it describes the side effects of radiation therapy. The other articles in this series provide an overview of radiation therapy, including the various types; explain what to expect when receiving radiation therapy; and answer frequently asked questions.

Although it is an effective treatment for many types of cancer, radiation therapy, like other cancer treatments, may cause side effects. These side effects vary from person to person and with the type and location of cancer, the treatment dose, and the person's health.

Side effects associated with radiation therapy occur because the high doses of radiation used to destroy cancer cells can also damage healthy cells and tissues located near the treatment area.However, major improvements in radiation technology have made it more precise, leading to fewer side effects.

For some people, radiation therapy causes few or no side effects.For others, the side effects are more severe. The reactions oftenbegin during the second or third week of treatment and may last for several weeks after the final radiation treatment has been given. Your health care team will work with you to ease or prevent many of these side effects. This approach is called palliative or supportive care and is an important part of cancer treatment.

Common side effects of radiation therapy

Many people who receive radiation therapy experience skin problems, such as dryness, itching, blistering, or peeling. Theseissues usually resolve a few weeks after treatment has finished.

If skin damage from radiation treatment becomes a serious problem, the doctor may change the dose or schedule of treatments.

Another common side effect is fatigue (a persistent sense of tiredness or exhaustion). Fatigue associated with cancer treatment is different from fatigue from lack of sleep; it is a feeling of exhaustion that does not improve with rest. Your levelof fatigue may depend on whether you are undergoing other treatments, such as chemotherapy. Learn more about fatigue and how to cope with it.

Although most side effects go away after radiation therapy has finished, some long-term side effects may occur months or even years after treatment ends. These late effects may include developing a second cancer. However, the risk of developing a second cancer because of radiation therapy is low, and this risk is generally outweighed by the benefit of treating the primary, existing cancer. 

Site-specific side effects

In addition to the general side effects described above, some side effects of radiation therapy depend on where the radiation is given.

Head and neck. Side effects of radiation therapy to the head and neck may include dry mouth, difficulty swallowing, mouth and gum sores, stiffness in the jaw, nausea, and a type of swelling called lymphedema. In addition, tooth decay may occur. Before beginning radiation therapy for any head and neck cancer, visit an oncologic dentist (a dentist experienced in treating people with head and neck cancer). This dentist may prescribe a special fluoride treatment to help prevent tooth decay and may recommend removing already decayed teeth before beginning treatment to helpprevent osteoradionecrosis (jaw disease). Learn more about dentalhealth during cancer treatment.

Chest. Side effects from radiation therapy to the chest may include difficulty swallowing, shortness of breath, breast or

nipple soreness, and shoulder stiffness. Some people may develop a cough, fever, and fullness of the chest that is diagnosed as radiation pneumonitis, an inflammation of the lung occurring between two weeks and six months after radiation therapy. If leftuntreated, radiation pneumonitis can cause radiation fibrosis (permanent scarring of the lungs from radiation), which can lead to more serious heart and lung problems. Fortunately, the dose ofradiation associated with fibrosis is well known, and the radiation oncologist accounts for this in the planning process tominimize the risk of fibrosis.

Stomach and abdomen. Side effects from radiation therapy to the stomach and abdomen may include nausea, vomiting, or diarrhea. These symptoms will likely disappear when treatment is completed.Your doctor can prescribe medications for these side effects, andmaking changes to your diet may also reduce your discomfort.

Pelvis. Side effects from radiation to the pelvic area may include diarrhea, rectal bleeding, incontinence, bladder irritation, and sexual problems in both men and women. For instance, radiation to the prostate can result in impotence (the inability to maintain an erection).

Radiation therapy to the pelvis can also affect the reproductive system. Some women receiving high doses of radiation therapy may stop menstruating and experience symptoms of menopause, such as vaginal itching, burning, and dryness. Permanent infertility (theinability to conceive a child or maintain a pregnancy) can occur,but generally only if both ovaries receive radiation. Men receiving radiation therapy to the testes or to nearby organs, such as the prostate, will have lowered sperm counts and reduced sperm activity, which affects fertility (the ability to father a child). Learn more about the effects of cancer treatment on fertility.

Everyone’s experience with cancer treatment is different, so you should talk with your doctor or nurse about which side effects you may or may not develop before treatment begins. It is also important to continue communicating with your health care team throughout your treatment schedule. Although there are many

options for managing side effects, the doctors and nurses need toknow you are experiencing them in order to help you feel better.

More Information

Managing Side Effects

Coping with the Fear of Treatment-Related Side Effects

Podcast: Managing Nausea and Vomiting Caused by Cancer Treatment,with Gary Lyman, MD

Additional Resources

National Cancer Institute: Radiation Therapy Side Effects

MANAGING SIDE EFFECTS

LANGUAGES

Español

Cancer and cancer treatment often cause a variety of side effects. Talk with your doctor about which side effects are likely based on your specific treatment plan. An important part of cancer care is relieving side effects, called symptom management, palliative care, or supportive care. It is important to talk with your health care team about the specific side effects you experience and the best ways to manage and treat them.

To learn about the symptoms and management of the long-term side effects of cancer and cancer treatment, see Cancer.Net's Late Effects section.

To easily track the side effects of cancer and cancer treatment, Cancer.Net offers a free mobile application for iOS and Android called Cancer.Net Mobile. Cancer.Net Mobile includes a function to record the time and severity of symptoms and side effects for

easy recall, as well as several other helpful features for peopleundergoing cancer treatment.

Cancer.Net En Español: Información sobre cómo controlar los posibles efectos secundarios del cáncer y del tratamiento contra el cáncer.

ANEMIA

APPETITE LOSS

ATTENTION, THINKING, OR MEMORY PROBLEMS

BLEEDING PROBLEMS

BLOCKED INTESTINE OR GASTROINTESTINAL OBSTRUCTION

CLOTTING PROBLEMS

CONSTIPATION

DIARRHEA

DIFFICULTY CHEWING

DIFFICULTY SWALLOWING OR DYSPHAGIA

DRY MOUTH OR XEROSTOMIA

EDEMA OR FLUID RETENTION

FATIGUE

FLUID AROUND THE LUNGS OR MALIGNANT PLEURAL EFFUSION

FLUID IN THE ABDOMEN OR ASCITES

FLUID IN THE ARMS OR LEGS, OR LYMPHEDEMA

HAIR LOSS OR ALOPECIA

HAND-FOOT SYNDROME OR PALMAR-PLANTAR ERYTHRODYSESTHESIA

HEADACHES

HORMONE DEPRIVATION SYMPTOMS: MEN

HYPERCALCEMIA

INFECTION

MENOPAUSAL SYMPTOMS: WOMEN

MENTAL CONFUSION OR DELIRIUM

MOUTH SORES OR MUCOSITIS

NAUSEA AND VOMITING

NERVOUS SYSTEM SIDE EFFECTS

NEUTROPENIA

OSTEOPOROSIS

PAIN

SEXUAL PROBLEMS

SKIN CONDITIONS

SHORTNESS OF BREATH OR DYSPNEA

SKIN REACTIONS TO TARGETED THERAPIES

SLEEPING PROBLEMS: HYPERSOMNIA OR SOMNOLENCE SYNDROME ORNIGHTMARES

SLEEPING PROBLEMS: INSOMNIA

SUPERIOR VENA CAVA SYNDROME

TASTE CHANGES

THROMBOCYTOPENIA

URINARY INCONTINENCE

WEIGHT GAIN