Lista de publicações do Think Tank do PEhttps://www.europarl.europa.eu/thinktank

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Data de criação : 21-04-2022

Russia's war on Ukraine's cultural heritageTipo de publicação Em síntese

Data 21-04-2022Autor PASIKOWSKA-SCHNASS Magdalena

Domínio de intervenção CulturaResumo Russia's invasion of Ukraine aims to deny the sovereign country its right to a distinct identity. Indiscriminate shelling is

seriously damaging Ukraine's cultural heritage. International law sets rules to limit civilian deaths and destruction ofcultural heritage, both are war crimes that the international community will need to address.

Em síntese EN

Article 17 TFEU: Dialogue with churches, and religious and philosophical organisationsTipo de publicação Briefing

Data 21-04-2022Autor PASIKOWSKA-SCHNASS Magdalena

Domínio de intervenção Cultura | EducaçãoPalavra-chave grupo religioso | igreja | instituição religiosa | pobreza | relação Igreja-Estado | Tratado sobre o Funcionamento da UE

Resumo The EU institutions engage in regular structured dialogue with representatives of churches, and religious, non-confessional and philosophical organisations, on the basis of Article 17 of the Treaty on the Functioning of theEuropean Union (TFEU). This dialogue, which takes the form of high-level meetings or working-level discussions, isfocused on policy issues on the European agenda. It traces its origins to earlier initiatives, such as that launched in1994 by Jacques Delors – 'A soul for Europe' – which aimed to find ways to build an ethical, moral and spiritualdimension into European integration and policy-shaping. The draft Constitutional Treaty of 2004 included provisions onregular, open and transparent dialogue between EU institutions, and representatives of churches and religiouscommunities, and of non-confessional or philosophical communities. Although the Constitutional Treaty was rejected inreferendums in France and the Netherlands, its successor, the Lisbon Treaty, adopted in 2007 and in force sinceDecember 2009, preserved the same provisions in its Article 17 TFEU. The European Parliament has stressed theimportance of constant dialogue among, and with, religious and non-confessional and philosophical communities.Following the entry into force of the Lisbon Treaty, it sought to give substance to the provisions of Article 17 TFEU,primarily through organising dialogue on subjects of interest for the EU and its citizens. The European Commissionand the Council also hold regular Article 17 TFEU dialogue sessions and high-level meetings. This is a further updatedversion of a briefing last issued in November 2020.

Briefing EN

Human development in Putin's Russia: What the data tell usTipo de publicação Briefing

Data 21-04-2022Autor PICHON Eric | RUSSELL Martin

Domínio de intervenção Assuntos ExternosResumo While the UN Human Development Index, which assesses progress in the standard of living, health and education,

ranks Russia among the 'very high human development' countries, other data suggest a more nuanced reality. Russiahas gone from Soviet-era egalitarianism to extremes of wealth and poverty. Economic growth during the first decadeunder Vladimir Putin's leadership slightly reduced the gap between rich and poor, but inequality is still higher than inmost developed countries. Factors such as corruption and low taxes for the rich exacerbate the income gap. Freepublic healthcare and a relatively inclusive education system apparently mitigate inequality. However, many hospitalsare ill-equipped, and universities struggle to compare with foreign counterparts. Since 2014 and the invasion ofCrimea, Russians' living conditions have deteriorated. Russia's war of aggression on Ukraine and the imposition ofWestern sanctions is already placing a burden on the poorest members of Russian society, as prices increase andstaple goods begin to run out. The social contract between Russians and Putin, often considered as one in whichcitizens ceded certain freedoms and civil liberties in exchange for stability and prosperity, is now under strain. Thisbriefing is partly based on and updates previous EPRS publications on socioeconomic inequality and on the educationsystem.

Briefing EN

21-04-2022 Fonte : © União Europeia, 2022 - PE 1

Multilateral initiatives for upholding human rights in digital technologies: A task for the UN or for liberaldemocracies?

Tipo de publicação BriefingData 21-04-2022

Autor ZAMFIR IonelDomínio de intervenção Democracia | Direitos Humanos

Resumo With their rapid advancement in recent times, digital technologies have undeniably had major positive and alsonegative impacts on human rights. They have offered people better opportunities to communicate and exchangeinformation, thereby empowering them to exercise their right to freedom of expression and association, among others,and to draw public attention to human rights violations. On the other hand, they have enabled disinformation, cyber-surveillance and abusive behaviour, such as hate speech, cyber-crime and misuse of personal data. There is a broadconsensus that the same human rights and human rights obligations that apply offline also apply in the digitalenvironment. However, new technologies are creating a fundamentally different paradigm for human interaction, andthe current international human rights framework has conceptual gaps. The main question for the international debateis how to fill these gaps. Through soft ethical standards or binding rules? What is the best forum for this? While the UNis best placed, given its universal scope, it has been weakened by the actions of authoritarian states. Multilateralcoalitions of democratic states are an alternative avenue, but they bring a risk of fragmentation of the global space fordigital technologies. When looking at how human rights play out in the digital context, it is important to carefullybalance the benefits and risks of new technologies, to apply a multi-stakeholder approach, and to bear in mind thathuman rights obligations, while still incumbent on states as the main duty bearers, also apply to businesses,particularly those behind new technological developments. The EU is involved in the discussions on the above issues,both in the UN and in coalitions of liberal democracies. In parallel, the EU is working on developing guidance andbinding norms on how human rights obligations apply at EU and national level with respect to the digital environment.

Briefing EN

Russia's war on Ukraine: Support for the fishing, aquaculture and fish-processing sectorsTipo de publicação Em síntese

Data 20-04-2022Autor SCHOLAERT FREDERIK

Domínio de intervenção PescasResumo The Russian war against Ukraine has a significant impact on the EU seafood sector. Increased prices for energy and

raw materials have led to high operating costs for fishermen, aquaculture farmers and fish-processing companies. TheEuropean Commission has responded with emergency measures, adapting State aid rules and activating exceptionalsupport from the European Maritime, Fisheries and Aquaculture Fund (EMFAF).

Em síntese EN

Russia's war on Ukraine: Impact on athletes and sports competitionsTipo de publicação Em síntese

Data 20-04-2022Autor KATSAROVA Ivana

Domínio de intervenção Cultura | EducaçãoResumo Under Vladimir Putin's watch, Russia hosted the 2014 Winter Olympics in Sochi and the 2018 FIFA World Cup. Other

authoritarian regimes, such as China's and Qatar's, have engaged in similar 'sports-washing' activities to gaininternational credibility and divert attention from their troublesome human rights records. However, Putin's decision toinvade Ukraine put an end to sport's neutrality. In the past few weeks, multiple sports governing bodies andinternational federations have moved to exclude Russia from major sporting events, thus depriving its regime of aprecious soft power.

Em síntese EN

Future Shocks 2022: Addressing risks and building capabilities for Europe in a contested worldTipo de publicação Estudo

Data 20-04-2022Domínio de intervenção Coronavírus | Democracia na UE, Direito Institucional e Direito Parlamentar

Resumo The coronavirus crisis has demonstrated not only that the European Union faces a variety of risks, and that thosedisparate risks are inter-linked, but that the response to such challenges to the Union - even in areas in which the EUdoes not have explicit competence - is stronger with the Union and its Member States acting together. Russia's war onUkraine, which was launched while this study was being drafted, shows us not just the added value of concerted actionby the Union but also the ability of EU institutions and Member States to find new and effective solutions to deal withmajor shocks. This paper, the first in an annual series, seeks to assess the risks to, and capabilities and resilience of,the EU system. Building on a review of global risks, it considers in detail specific risks with the potential to harmEurope and its people. It then sets out options for policy responses which can ensure Europe is more able to addressthe dangers of such risks and minimise the potential damage. Among the options set out are those previously includedin European Parliament resolutions, in positions from other EU institutions, and in policy papers from think tanks andstakeholders.

Estudo EN

21-04-2022 Fonte : © União Europeia, 2022 - PE 2

Controlling Subsidiarity in Today's EU: the Role of the European Parliament and the National ParliamentsTipo de publicação Estudo

Data 20-04-2022Autor externo Diane FROMAGE

Domínio de intervenção Aprovação da Legislação pelo PE e pelo Conselho | Avaliação da Legislação e das Políticas na Prática | Democraciana UE, Direito Institucional e Direito Parlamentar | Direito da UE: Ordenamento Jurídico e Atos Jurídicos

Resumo Since the entry into force of the Lisbon Treaty (2009), the EU national parliaments have had the right to control theprinciple of subsidiarity through the Early Warning System (EWS). This study, commissioned by the EuropeanParliament’s Policy Department for Citizens’ Rights and Constitutional Affairs at the request of the JURI Committee,examines how the EWS has worked over the past 12 years. It also looks into the interaction of the EuropeanCommission, local and regional entities, the Committee of the Regions and the Court of Justice of the EU with nationalparliaments to this end.

Estudo EN

Russia's war on Ukraine: EU sanctions in 2022Tipo de publicação Em síntese

Data 13-04-2022Autor CLAPP SEBASTIAN | IMMENKAMP Beatrix

Domínio de intervenção Assuntos ExternosResumo Outraged by Moscow's illegal and unjustified invasion of Ukraine, the EU Member States have adopted

unprecedentedly tough sanctions against Russia, in cooperation with the US, Canada, the UK and other G7 countries,the European Free Trade Area (EFTA) members, and others. Below is a timeline of the sanctions adopted in responseto Russia's decision, announced on 21 February 2022, to recognise the non-government controlled areas of Donetskand Luhansk oblasts in Ukraine as independent entities, and Russia's subsequent invasion of Ukraine on 24 February2022. The timeline does not include EU sanctions adopted in 2014 in response to Russia's annexation of Crimea.

Em síntese EN

Revision of the Ecodesign DirectiveTipo de publicação Briefing

Data 13-04-2022Autor BACIAN Izabela Cristina

Domínio de intervenção Ambiente | Aprovação da Legislação pelo PE e pelo Conselho | Avaliação da Legislação e das Políticas na Prática |Energia | Transposição e Aplicação da Legislação

Resumo Ecodesign and energy labelling policies play an important role in the decarbonisation of the energy system. Ecodesignbans the least-efficient products from the market, while energy labelling guides consumers towards the most energyefficient products. While the Ecodesign Directive focused largely on energy aspects, its revision became necessary inlight of the transition to a circular economy where the use of natural resources is reassessed to maximise their valueand minimise their waste. The recently proposed regulation on ecodesign for sustainable products will extend thescope to a wider range of products, strengthen sustainability and circularity criteria, and introduce new informationrequirements for products. Following the adoption of the regulation, the Ecodesign Directive will be repealed. The newlegal framework aims to put in place a harmonised set of rules for sustainable products across all Member States andensure a level-playing field for businesses.

Briefing EN

Situation in Lebanon: Severe and prolonged economic depressionTipo de publicação Briefing

Data 13-04-2022Autor IMMENKAMP Beatrix | JONGBERG Kirsten

Domínio de intervenção Assuntos ExternosResumo The Lebanese government's decision to impose new taxes in October 2019 sparked nation-wide protests by a

population exhausted by poor public services, worried about increasing national debt and frustrated by widespreadcorruption. Since then, Lebanese politics have been marked by political deadlock that has prevented successivegovernments from implementing urgent reforms. The devastating explosion in the port of Beirut on 4 August 2020 onlyexacerbated the situation. By the time Prime Minister Najib Mikati presented his new government on 10 September2021, the country had sunk deeply into a financial and economic crisis. Lebanon's severe and prolonged economicdepression is, according to the World Bank, 'likely to rank in the top 10, possibly top 3, most severe crisis episodesglobally since the mid-nineteenth century'. Poverty in Lebanon has spread dramatically over the past year and nowaffects about 74 % of the population. Lebanon is host to approximately 1.5 million Syrian refugees, 90 % of whom livein extreme poverty. There are also over 210 000 other refugees. The Lebanese pound has lost 90 % of its value in thepast two years, most people have only two hours of electricity per day, and the healthcare sector is at breaking point.The middle class has been decimated, with many leaving the country or planning to do so. There is concern thatparliamentary elections scheduled for May 2022 may be postponed, further prolonging the political deadlock that ispreventing the implementation of critical reforms. The war in Ukraine is meanwhile expected to have a serious impacton Lebanon, which imports around 90 % of its wheat from Ukraine and Russia. The EU has supported Lebanon with€2.77 billion over the past decade, to help the country However, in July 2021, the Council adopted a framework fortargeted restrictive measures, offering the possibility to impose sanctions on persons and entities responsible forundermining democracy or the rule of law in Lebanon. The European Parliament has called Lebanon's presentsituation a 'man-made disaster caused by a handful of men across the political class'.

Briefing EN

21-04-2022 Fonte : © União Europeia, 2022 - PE 3

Minimising the risk of deforestation and forest degradation associated with products placed on the EUmarket and exported from the EU

Tipo de publicação BriefingData 13-04-2022

Autor VIKOLAINEN VeraDomínio de intervenção Avaliação do Impacto ex-ante

Resumo This briefing provides an initial analysis of the strengths and weaknesses of the European Commission's impactassessment (IA) accompanying the proposal for an EU legal framework to halt and reverse EU-driven globaldeforestation, submitted on 17 November 2021 and referred to the European Parliament's Committee on Environment,Public Health and Food Safety (ENVI). The proposal was first announced in the 2019 Commission communication onStepping up EU action to protect and restore the world's forests, and then confirmed in the European Green Deal, the2030 EU biodiversity strategy and the 'farm to fork' strategy. On 22 October 2020, on the basis of an own-initiativereport, the European Parliament adopted a resolution, which was accompanied by a European added valueassessment. The resolution calls on the Commission to submit a proposal for an EU legal framework to halt andreverse EU-driven global deforestation. Following up on this request, the Commission included the present proposal inits 2021 work programme and the 2021 joint declaration on legislative priorities.

Briefing EN

Nominations for Members of the European Court of Auditors (Cyprus and Malta)Tipo de publicação Briefing

Data 13-04-2022Autor FRANKE Michaela

Autor externo Michaela Franke Adam NugentDomínio de intervenção Controlo Orçamental | Democracia na UE, Direito Institucional e Direito Parlamentar | Orçamento

Resumo As set out in Article 285 of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union (TFEU), the European Court ofAuditors (ECA) shall consist of one national of each Member State. Article 286 (2) TFEU further specifies that eachMember State has the right to propose its candidate. The Council then adopts the list of Members as proposed by theMember States. Often, this is a partial renewal of the Court - only one or a few Members are appointed, as themandates of the Members may expire at different points in time. The Council can only act after consulting theEuropean Parliament; in practice, the Committee on Budgetary Control (CONT) is responsible and the Member-designate of the ECA makes a statement before the committee and has to answer its questions. CONT then votes onthe nomination and thus issues a recommendation to plenary, which votes within two months of receipt of thenomination. In case of an unfavourable opinion, the President shall ask the Council to withdraw its nomination and tosubmit a new nomination (Rule 129 of the EP’s Rules of Procedure). However, Parliament’s opinion is not binding forthe Council.

Briefing EN

Solidarity and wealth taxTipo de publicação Briefing

Data 13-04-2022Autor SCHWARCZ András

Domínio de intervenção Controlo Orçamental | OrçamentoResumo In the wake of the COVID-19 pandemic, the economic costs of the lockdown became apparent. Most countries needed

to step up health and social spending, while also introducing stimulus packages as their tax revenues fell. This has ledto increased budget deficits and sovereign debt. Additional revenue streams need to be found in the near future inorder to pay back this debt.

Briefing EN

Sanctions in the context of Russia’s invasion of UkraineTipo de publicação Análise aprofundada

Data 13-04-2022Autor GRIGAITE KRISTINA | MAGNUS Marcel | PACHECO DIAS CRISTINA SOFIA

Domínio de intervenção Assuntos Económicos e MonetáriosResumo This briefing provides summarised and simplified information regarding the sanctions the EU is imposing following the

Russian invasion of Ukraine. It covers the EU framework for adopting and imposing sanctions; the sanctions EU isimposing following Russia’s attack on Ukraine; how these are being implemented and enforced and how the EUsanctions can be rendered more effective.

Análise aprofundada EN

21-04-2022 Fonte : © União Europeia, 2022 - PE 4

Russia's war on Ukraine: EU food policy implicationsTipo de publicação Em síntese

Data 12-04-2022Autor LAANINEN Tarja

Domínio de intervenção Segurança AlimentarResumo The impact on EU food markets of Russia's war on Ukraine is likely to be multi-faceted, with many companies already

struggling with shortages of food ingredients and packaging materials. Using alternative ingredients requires alteringlabels, but this could mean months of testing recipes and waiting for new packaging with accurate labels. EU andglobal food prices are rising, but so are production costs, and transport and energy prices.

Em síntese EN

PETI Fact-finding visit to Baleares, Spain - 11 - 13 April 2022Tipo de publicação Briefing

Data 12-04-2022Autor FERNANDEZ LOPEZ LAURA | HEEZEN JOHANNES

Domínio de intervenção Espaço de Liberdade, de Segurança e de Justiça | Petições ao Parlamento Europeu | Política SocialResumo The PETI Committee decided to organise a fact-finding visit to Palma de Mallorca, Baleares (Spain) from 11 to 13 April

2022 concerning several petitions on alleged mistreatment of minors under foster care in Mallorca. This briefingdescribes the legislation in place, the system of guardianship of minors in Spain, the Majorcan Institute of Socialaffairs, the Natzaret Foundation, the timeline of events and the Report of the Commission of Experts on cases ofsexual abuse and exploitation and Sexual Exploitation of Children of minors with a legal measure of protection ofMallorca.

Briefing EN

Climate Mainstreaming in the EU Budget: 2022 UpdateTipo de publicação Estudo

Data 12-04-2022Autor externo François LEVARLET, t33 srl Michele ALESSANDRINI, t33 srl Margit SCHRATZENSTALLER-ALTZINGER, WIFO

Nicolò FRANCESCHELLI, BlomeyerDomínio de intervenção Controlo Orçamental | Orçamento

Resumo This study is an update of ‘Documenting climate mainstreaming in the EU budget’ published in 2020. The methodologyused by the European Commission for tracking climate change and biodiversity related expenditure at EU level isreviewed again in the light of the Multiannual Financial Framework approved in 2021 and the new regulatoryframework covering the period 2021-2027. This confirms the main strengths and weaknesses pointed out by the initialstudy. Recommendations for improving the tracking mechanisms are updated considering the new requirements of theInterinstitutional Agreement (2020).

Estudo EN

Russia's war on Ukraine: Impact on food security and EU responseTipo de publicação Em síntese

Data 11-04-2022Autor CAPRILE ANNA

Domínio de intervenção Agricultura e Desenvolvimento RuralResumo Russia's unprovoked invasion of Ukraine, a country known as the 'breadbasket of Europe', is raising fears of a global

food crisis, further exacerbating existing food security challenges worldwide. Much depends on the response of theinternational community, including the EU, to a number of rapidly evolving scenarios.

Em síntese EN

21-04-2022 Fonte : © União Europeia, 2022 - PE 5

Sustainable maritime fuels - 'Fit for 55' package: the FuelEU Maritime proposalTipo de publicação Briefing

Data 11-04-2022Autor PAPE Marketa

Domínio de intervenção Ambiente | Energia | TransportesPalavra-chave combustível fóssil | combustível marítimo | estratégia da UE | navegação marítima | neutralidade carbónica | poluição

pelos navios | proposta (UE)Resumo In July 2021, the European Commission put forward the 'fit for 55' package of legislative proposals, aimed at ensuring

the success of the European Green Deal. The FuelEU Maritime regulation is one of these proposals and, together withfour other proposals, it seeks to steer the EU maritime sector towards decarbonisation. In the European Parliament,the Committee on Transport and Tourism (TRAN) leads the work on this file. On 4 April 2022, the rapporteur JörgenWarborn put forward his draft report which will be considered during the TRAN meeting later in April. To support theuptake of sustainable maritime fuels, the Commission proposes to limit the carbon intensity of the energy used onboard ships. Accordingly, the proposal sets up a fuel standard for ships and introduces a requirement for the mostpolluting ship types to use onshore electricity when at berth. It puts the responsibility for compliance on the shippingcompany. The legislative outcome of this proposal will be closely linked to the simultaneously proposed rules onincluding the maritime sector in the EU emissions trading system, as well as those on alternative fuels infrastructure,energy taxation and renewable energy. Second edition. The 'EU Legislation in Progress' briefings are updated at keystages throughout the legislative procedure.

Briefing EN

Towards deforestation-free commodities and products in the EUTipo de publicação Briefing

Data 11-04-2022Autor HALLEUX Vivienne

Domínio de intervenção AmbienteResumo On 17 November 2021, the European Commission tabled a legislative proposal aimed at curbing deforestation and

forest degradation driven by the expansion of agricultural land used to produce specific commodities, namely cattle,cocoa, coffee, palm oil, soya and wood. Following up on a 2020 European Parliament resolution, which called forregulatory action to tackle EU-driven global deforestation, the proposal would impose due diligence obligations onoperators placing these commodities and some derived products on the EU market, or exporting them from the EU.Member States would be responsible for enforcement, and for setting penalties in case of non-compliance. To facilitatedue diligence and control, a benchmarking system would identify countries as presenting a low, standard or high risk ofproducing non-compliant commodities or products. Obligations for operators and national authorities would varyaccording to the level of risk assigned to the country of production. While generally supporting the proposal,stakeholders have raised some issues, regarding for instance the commodities covered, the protection of humanrights, the impacts of the country benchmarking on trade relationships, and the role of third-party certification. In theParliament, the Committee on the Environment, Public Health and Food Safety, responsible for the file, is expected toconsider its rapporteur's draft report in April 2022. Second edition. The 'EU Legislation in Progress' briefings areupdated at key stages throughout the legislative procedure.

Briefing EN

Review of the Waste Shipment RegulationTipo de publicação Briefing

Data 11-04-2022Autor VETTORAZZI STEFANO

Domínio de intervenção AmbienteResumo The IA convincingly illustrates the identified problems, although their scale is not always supported by estimates, or the

source of some of the estimates is not provided. When discussing how the situation would evolve without furtheraction, the IA neither discusses the evolution of each problem identified nor any other existing or upcoming EUinitiatives that could lead to improvements. The general objectives appear to be consistent with the problems identified,and the specific objectives comply broadly with the SMART criteria. The retained options tackle the problems' driversidentified progressively, although it is unclear why some of the policy measures identified under Options 2 or 3 werenot taken up under the preferred Option 4. The IA appears to assess the main economic, social, and environmentalimpacts for each policy measure comprehensively, quantifying them whenever possible, and otherwise providing aqualitative assessment. However, the analysis on SMEs is quite limited, and the IA does not provide any explanationas to why competitiveness was not considered. Moreover, despite it likely being relevant, the IA does not appear tohave dealt with the impact on third/developing countries sufficiently and systematically. Overall, the monitoringframework envisaged appears to be adequate, although more clarity as to the choice of identifying indicators for onlytwo specific objectives would have been beneficial. Stakeholders were consulted extensively and their opinionssystematically reported. The efforts undertaken to provide quantitative support for the analysis performed appear to beconvincing, and the IA appears to have addressed the RSB's comments satisfactorily. Finally, the proposal appears tobe consistent with the analysis carried out in the IA.

Briefing EN

21-04-2022 Fonte : © União Europeia, 2022 - PE 6

Greece's National Recovery and Resilience Plan: Latest state of playTipo de publicação Briefing

Data 11-04-2022Autor PARI MARIANNA

Domínio de intervenção OrçamentoResumo Before the pandemic, the Greek economy was just getting back onto a positive path, following reforms implemented

under the macroeconomic adjustment programmes. Action to address the country's specific characteristics is now allthe more important since the -8.2 % downturn of 2020. Greece was among the first four countries to submit its nationalrecovery and resilience plan (NRRP) in April 2021. The plan envisages investments and reforms totalling €30.5 billion,to be implemented up to 2026, with €17.8 billion to be financed from non-repayable financial support (grants) and€12.7 billion, the maximum possible allocation, from loans. The plan corresponds to 4.2 % of the €723.8 billionRecovery and Resilience Facility (RRF) and represents 16.7 % of the country's gross domestic product (GDP) in 2019(the RRF being 5.2 % of EU-27 GDP in 2019). The grants alone represent 9.7 % of the country's GDP, and overall thisis the sixth biggest national plan. Greece is the biggest per capita grant beneficiary, receiving €1 666 in grants perperson. The Greek plan was approved by the Council on 13 July 2021, which allowed the disbursement of the pre-financing payment of €4 billion to Greece on 9 August 2021. Further disbursements will be made up until 2026, uponfulfilment of the agreed milestones and targets. Grants are scheduled in nine equal instalments, and loans in six equalinstalments. A first payment request was submitted by Greece on 29 December 2021 for the fulfilment of 15milestones. On 7 January 2022, implementation had begun of 103 measures, corresponding to €6.1 billion. TheEuropean Parliament, which supported an EU recovery instrument from the start of the pandemic, is involved througha regular, structured dialogue with the Commission and the Council, and is competent to scrutinise its implementation.This briefing is one in a series covering all EU Member States. First edition. The 'NGEU delivery' briefings are updatedat key stages throughout the lifecycle of the plans.

Briefing EN

Solvency II reviewTipo de publicação Briefing

Data 11-04-2022Autor GIRARD VERONIQUE

Domínio de intervenção Assuntos Bancários e Financeiros | Assuntos Económicos e Monetários | Avaliação do Impacto ex-ante | MercadoInterno e União Aduaneira

Resumo The IA covers two Commission proposals representing the biggest amendment to date of the Solvency II framework,which came into force in the EU in 2016. Important parts of the framework laid down in delegated and implementingacts will be updated by the Commission at a later stage. This IA builds on a broad consultation of stakeholders, and onextensive advice from the European Insurance and Occupational Pensions Authority (EIOPA). In addition to variousreports from EIOPA including a holistic IA, the IA draws on a technical report from the JRC and an external study,which are adequately referenced and publicly accessible. The objectives are directly linked to the problems identified inthe IA and their consequences. The Solvency II review aims to increase policyholders' protection as well as theinsurers' contribution to the long-term green financing of the economy, to contribute to financial stability, and topreserve the international competitiveness of the EU insurance industry. The preferred options are in line with EIOPA'sadvice, except for the policy dimension related to proportionality, where the IA explains why the preferred optiondeviates from EIOPA's recommendation. The IA shows how the combination of preferred options is expected tocontribute to the achievement of the objectives identified. The IA assesses and compares the potential impacts of theoptions presented to achieve these objectives in a systematic way. In addition, the IA describes the potential positiveimpact of the preferred options on SMEs. The IA also explains how the proposed Solvency II review is expected toimprove proportionality and to simplify the regulatory framework. The IA mainly focuses on the economic impacts ofthe initiative. The main social impact assessed by the IA concerns the expected improvement of policyholderprotection. Potential environmental impacts relating to enhanced green financing, could have been more clearlyaddressed in the IA.

Briefing EN

Russia's war on Ukraine: EU cohesion policy support for refugeesTipo de publicação Em síntese

Data 08-04-2022Autor VAN LIEROP Christiaan

Domínio de intervenção Desenvolvimento RegionalResumo Russia's invasion of Ukraine has shocked the world and caused devastation in the country. As millions flee the war-

torn nation, Europe is currently witnessing its largest movement of refugees since World War II. With cohesion policyhaving proved effective in mobilising emergency support during the coronavirus crisis, the European Commission hasput forward two proposals that seek to adapt cohesion policy rules to facilitate the rapid rollout of funding to helpMember States host Ukrainian refugees.

Em síntese EN

21-04-2022 Fonte : © União Europeia, 2022 - PE 7

Plenary round-up - April 2022Tipo de publicação Em síntese

Data 08-04-2022Autor FERGUSON CLARE | SOCHACKA KATARZYNA

Domínio de intervenção Democracia na UE, Direito Institucional e Direito ParlamentarResumo The war in Ukraine led the agenda of the April 2022 plenary session in Strasbourg. Members held two important

debates: on EU protection for children and young people fleeing the war, and on the conclusions of the EuropeanCouncil meeting of 24 25 March 2022, which covered the latest developments and EU sanctions against Russia andtheir implementation. Parliament also debated a number of Council and Commission statements on: the outcome ofthe EU-China summit of 1 April 2022, the ongoing hearings under Article 7(1) TEU regarding respect for EU values inPoland and Hungary, violations of the right to seek asylum and non-refoulement in the EU Member States, the SixthAssessment Report of the United Nations Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), the urgent need toadopt the minimum tax directive, the situation of marginalised Roma communities in the EU, and mental health. In anadjustment to the structure of the plenary agenda, question time with the Commission has been reintroduced.Members questioned President Ursula von der Leyen on progress on the Commission's political priorities over the pasttwo years. Members then questioned Josep Borrell, High Representative of the Union for Foreign Affairs and SecurityPolicy/Vice-President of the Commission (HR/VP), on the EU's security and Strategic Compass. Another debate withthe HR/VP focused on the situation in Afghanistan, in particular the women's rights situation. Several debates andvotes on legislative files also took place, including on the Schengen evaluation mechanism.

Em síntese EN

Multilingualism: The language of the European UnionTipo de publicação Briefing

Data 08-04-2022Autor KATSAROVA Ivana

Domínio de intervenção Cultura | EducaçãoPalavra-chave língua europeia | língua oficial | multilinguismo | política linguística

Resumo Some 7 000 languages are spoken globally today. However, half of the world's population shares just six nativelanguages, and some 90 % of all languages may be replaced by dominant ones by the end of the century. Theharmonious co-existence of 24 official languages is one of the most distinctive features of the European project.Multilingualism is not only an expression of the EU countries' cultural identities, it also helps preserve democracy,transparency and accountability. No legislation can enter into force until it has been translated into all official languagesand published in the Official Journal of the EU. Crucially, the provisions relating to the EU language regime can only bechanged by a unanimous vote in the Council of the EU. The EU is committed to promoting language learning but haslimited influence over educational and language policies, as these are the responsibility of the individual EU countries.In 2016, over one third (35.4 %) of adults in the EU-28 did not know any foreign languages. A similar proportion (35.2%) declared that they knew one foreign language, while just over one fifth (21 %) said they knew two foreignlanguages. The European Parliament is committed to ensuring the highest possible degree of multilingualism in itswork. Based on the 24 official languages that constitute the public face of the EU, the total number of linguisticcombinations rises to 552, since each language can be translated into the 23 others. Currently, over 600 staffemployed in translation and over 270 in interpreting take care of the translation and interpretation needs of the 705Members of the European Parliament. Internally, the EU institutions mostly use just three working languages: English,French and German. The overall cost for delivering translation and interpreting services in the EU institutions is around€1 billion per year, which represents less than 1 % of the EU budget or just over €2 per citizen. Following the successof the European Year of Languages (2001), the Council of Europe designated 26 September as the European Day ofLanguages. This is an update of a briefing published in 2019.

Briefing EN

Strengthening citizens' participation: How the European Parliament is responding to citizens' expectationsTipo de publicação Briefing

Data 08-04-2022Autor DEL MONTE Micaela | KOTANIDIS Silvia

Domínio de intervenção DemocraciaResumo Aiming to forge a closer relationship between EU citizens and the EU integration project, the Conference on the Future

of Europe gave 800 citizens gathered in four panels the opportunity to discuss and formulate recommendations for theEU institutions to follow up. Debated in both the conference plenary and the conference working groups, theserecommendations are intended to permeate the whole discussion within the conference. With Panel 2 having issuedthe first set of recommendations in December 2021, the debate has begun, with a focus on how to meet citizens'expectations. It will also discuss how to take the EU project forward in a way that is supported by the variousinstitutions involved in the conference, including representatives of Member States and EU institutions, and membersof national parliaments. A closer look at these recommendations reveals that some of the citizens' panelrecommendations address matters that have already been tackled by European Parliament resolutions. Others arequite close to positions and ideas expressed by Parliament in other ways. This briefing focuses on recommendationswhich propose enhanced public participation in the European project, through consultations, petitions, Europeancitizens' initiatives and referendums. This is the second in a series of briefings looking at citizens' recommendations inthe context of the Conference on the Future of Europe. The first looked at recommendations with an institutionalimpact, i.e. ways to reform the EU's institutional set-up, improve the EU decision-making process, achieve closercooperation among Member States and strengthen Parliament's prerogatives.

Briefing EN

21-04-2022 Fonte : © União Europeia, 2022 - PE 8

Russia’s war on Ukraine in international law and human rights bodies: Bringing institutions back inTipo de publicação Briefing

Data 08-04-2022Autor LERCH Marika

Domínio de intervenção Assuntos Externos | Democracia | Direitos Humanos | Governação MundialResumo In the midst of war, human rights and international law institutions have responded with unprecedented speed to the

unfolding crisis, not least due to the strong engagement of the Ukraine government in multilateral fora. While theseinstitutions can deliver little immediate relief for Ukraine citizens, the initiatives have important political functions: theyshow the political and legal alternatives to the logic of war chosen by the Russian government; they contribute toformalising international consensus and providing independent legal assessments of the attack; and, most importantly,they prepare the ground to ensure accountability for crimes committed in the context of the war. .

Briefing EN

Economic repercussions of Russia’s war on Ukraine – Weekly Digest 8 April 2022Tipo de publicação Análise aprofundada

Data 08-04-2022Autor DE LEMOS PEIXOTO SAMUEL | GRIGAITE KRISTINA | MAGNUS Marcel | PACHECO DIAS CRISTINA SOFIA |

TURCU OVIDIU IONUT | VERBEKEN Dirk | ZORPIDIS ANDREAS | ZSITNAK ALEXANDRADomínio de intervenção Assuntos Económicos e Monetários

Resumo This paper provides a summary of recent economic, financial and budgetary decisions and developments followingPresident Vladimir Putin’s decision of 24 February to start a military attack against Ukraine. It includes recentinformation relating to the EU sanctions regime, policies supporting energy, economic and financial resilience in theEU, including the coordination of national economic and fiscal measures, and economic estimates for EU MemberStates. It also highlights policy recommendations made in the public domain to mitigate any adverse economic,financial and social effects and to support economic recovery in the EU and the Euro Area.

Análise aprofundada EN

European political parties and the European Council: A pattern of ever closer coordination?Tipo de publicação Estudo

Data 08-04-2022Autor DRACHENBERG Ralf

Domínio de intervenção Democracia | Democracia na UE, Direito Institucional e Direito ParlamentarResumo The role of the European political parties, often under-estimated in the past, has increased significantly over the years.

Today, they are important coordinators within the EU political system, carrying out a variety of activities that can beclassified conceptually as ‘vertical’, ‘horizontal’ and ‘diagonal’ coordination. This EPRS study explores the growing'politicisation' of the European Council and the increased coordination role which European political parties appear toplay in the context of the European Council. The parties’ main coordination activities are clearly their respective 'pre-summits', held just ahead of European Council meetings. These pre-summits serve multiple purposes for the parties –including coordinating positions for the imminent European Council discussions, long-term strategising,communication, socialising and networking – with the importance of each varying between the different parties. A casestudy looking at the nomination of the EU’s new institutional leadership in 2019 illustrates the importance of theEuropean political parties’ role in coordinating between EU leaders in the European Council.

Estudo EN

Improving the quality of public spending in Europe_Social policyTipo de publicação Estudo

Data 07-04-2022Autor JANCOVA LENKA | MULLER KLAUS | NAVARRA Cecilia

Domínio de intervenção Valor Acrescentado EuropeuResumo This study analyses the potential European Union (EU) added value (or untapped cost of non-Europe) in certain areas

of social and labour policy: short-time work schemes, anti-poverty and inequality-reduction measures, and minimumwage regulations. The three areas are closely interlinked, and the study shows the potential relevance of EU action inaddressing the main existing challenges. The quantitative analysis uses the 'budgetary waste rate' approach tomeasure the potential efficiency gains in the selected areas. Finally, the study discusses the channels that could allowthe EU to support these gains and improve social outcomes.

Estudo EN

21-04-2022 Fonte : © União Europeia, 2022 - PE 9

Refugee and asylum systems: EU-US ExplainerTipo de publicação Em síntese

Data 07-04-2022Autor ORAV Anita

Domínio de intervenção Assuntos Externos | Espaço de Liberdade, de Segurança e de JustiçaResumo The refugee and asylum policies of the European Union (EU) and the United States (US) are aligned with the human

rights principles of the 1951 United Nations Convention relating to the Status of Refugees. However, structuralweaknesses in application processes and resettlement programmes have disrupted humanitarian processing, and leftboth EU and US systems battling massive backlogs in applications. The coronavirus pandemic has exacerbated thissituation, hampering the basic provision of international protection globally. Following Russia's invasion of Ukraine,both the EU and US have been looking for ways of helping people fleeing the war.

Em síntese EN

Bosnia and Herzegovina - Electoral and constitutional reforms: Political and legal analysis of the Ljubićcase and related legal decisions

Tipo de publicação BriefingData 07-04-2022

Autor STANICEK BRANISLAVDomínio de intervenção Assuntos Externos

Resumo Stabilisation of the internal political situation in Bosnia and Herzegovina, a country that celebrated the 30th anniversaryof its independence on 1 March 2022 but risks internal implosion, remains a priority for the European Union. To thisend, the President of the European Commission, Ursula von der Leyen, called for ‘urgent progress in the electoral andconstitutional reforms’ that are also important ahead of the general elections scheduled for 2 October 2022. This viewechoed the European Parliament’s resolution on the 2019-2020 Commission reports on Bosnia and Herzegovina,adopted on 24 June 2021, that called on Bosnia’s authorities ‘to resume inclusive negotiations on electoral reforms’,and regretted the ‘reluctance to implement these rulings by eliminating all forms of inequality and discrimination in theelectoral process’. In the context of the current political crisis that is threatening the constitutional settlement in Bosniaand Herzegovina (BiH), an analysis of the Ljubić case (2016) and associated cases, in particular the Sejdić-Finci case(2009) and the Zornić case (2014), can be of great relevance. Such analysis leads to new ways of understanding thecountry at a time of increased international interest in it, not least in the context of international support for its Europeanperspective and for regional cooperation. The Ljubić case’s relationship to other legal decisions by the ConstitutionalCourt of Bosnia and Herzegovina (CC BiH) and the European Court of Human Rights (ECtHR) connects the rights ofconstituent peoples with universal human rights. The analysis of the political and legal context of the CC BiH andECtHR decisions makes it clear that effective implementation of these decisions depends on resolving the internalpolitical stalemate in BiH that currently makes any amendment of the Dayton Constitution an unattainable objective.

Briefing EN

Recovery and Resilience Plans - public documentsTipo de publicação Análise aprofundada

Data 07-04-2022Autor HECSER ADRIANA HAJNALK | PACHECO DIAS CRISTINA SOFIA | TURCU OVIDIU IONUT

Domínio de intervenção Assuntos Económicos e MonetáriosResumo This document provides summarised and tabular information on the Recovery and Resilience Plans. It will be regularly

updated.Análise aprofundada EN

Survey on the role of national parliaments in the implementation of the Recovery and Resilience FacilityTipo de publicação Análise aprofundada

Data 07-04-2022Autor HAGELSTAM Kajus | LEHOFER WOLFGANG | ZOPPÉ Alice | ZSITNAK ALEXANDRA

Domínio de intervenção Assuntos Económicos e Monetários | Semestre EuropeuResumo Parliamentary scrutiny is important to ensure full transparency and accountability and to enhance the democratic

legitimacy, as well as to sense of citizens' ownership of the RRF. This survey aims to keep stock of whether and howEU national parliaments are involved in the implementation of the RRF. This document was prepared by EconomicGovernance Support Unit in view of the INI Report on the Recovery and Resilience Facility

Análise aprofundada EN

21-04-2022 Fonte : © União Europeia, 2022 - PE 10

New EU own resources: possibilities and limitations of steering effects and sectoral policy co-benefitsTipo de publicação Estudo

Data 07-04-2022Autor SCHWARCZ András

Autor externo Margit SCHRATZENSTALLER, Austrian Institute of Economic Research (WIFO) Danuše NERUDOVÁ, MendelUniversity Brno Veronika SOLILOVÁ, Mendel University Brno Mario HOLZNER, Vienna Institute for InternationalEconomic Studies (wiiw) Philipp HEIMBERGER, Vienna Institute for International Economic Studies (wiiw) NikoKORPAR, Vienna Institute for International Economic Studies (wiiw) Ambre MAUCORPS, Vienna Institute forInternational Economic Studies (wiiw) Bernhard MOSHAMMER, Vienna Institute for International Economic Studies(wiiw)

Domínio de intervenção Controlo Orçamental | Democracia na UE, Direito Institucional e Direito Parlamentar | Orçamento | ProgramaçãoResumo This study was prepared at the request of the Budget Committee and assesses the Commission’s recent legislative

proposals for the new own resources included in the interinstitutional roadmap agreed together with theNextGenerationEU programme. These are a plastic-based contribution as well as own resources based on the EUEmission Trading System and a carbon border adjustment mechanism. Also, own resources based on the reallocationof taxation rights on profits of large MNE according to Pillar I. of the OECD/G20 Inclusive Framework on BEPS as wellas the taxation of corporations and financial transactions, as further options stipulated in the IIA roadmap, areanalysed. Finally, the study briefly reviews further own resource options which could create co-benefits and steeringeffects supporting a sustainable, inclusive, green and digital transition.

Estudo EN

The Ukraine war and energy supply [What Think Tanks are thinking]Tipo de publicação Briefing

Data 06-04-2022Autor CESLUK-GRAJEWSKI Marcin

Domínio de intervenção Assuntos Externos | EnergiaResumo Russia’s war on Ukraine has boosted the already high prices of oil and gas in the European Union, posing a question

mark over sustainable deliveries of energy to the bloc. The EU is heavily dependent on Russia for its oil and gas. In2021, two-fifths of the gas Europeans burned came from Russia. More than a quarter of the EU’s imported crude oilcame from the country. The European Commission has announced plans to cut the EU’s dependence on Russian gasby two-thirds this year. Meanwhile, Russia has demanded that it is paid for its gas in roubles, rather than in euros ordollars, as stated in the contracts. The G-7 industrialised countries have dismissed the plan. EU Member States aredivided over including a ban on energy imports from Russia among sanctions imposed on Moscow. Such an embargowould put a squeeze on European households, probably leading to gas rationing. However, it would cut Russia offfrom a major source of the hard currency that it uses in part to finance the war. This note gathers links to the recentpublications and commentaries from international think tanks on the impact of the war on global and European energymarkets. Analyses on the Ukraine war and its implications can be found in a previous edition of the ‘What Think Tanksare Thinking’ series.

Briefing EN

EU-Ukraine trade and investment relations and the impact of Russia’s warTipo de publicação Briefing

Data 06-04-2022Autor IGLER WOLFGANG | KRAMER Lorenz

Domínio de intervenção Comércio internacionalResumo The EU-Ukraine Association Agreement is the main tool for bringing Ukraine and the EU closer together: it promotes

deeper political ties, stronger economic links and the respect for common values. The Agreement was negotiatedbetween 2007 and 2011, signed in 2014, and entered into force on 1 September 2017 after unanimous ratification byEU Member States. The Association Agreement includes a Deep and Comprehensive Free Trade Area (DCFTA)between the EU and Ukraine that has been provisionally applied since 1 January 2016. By 2020, the EU had becomeUkraine’s most important export market and principal source of imports, dwarfing Ukraine’s second partner – China –and placing Russia a distant third. Since the Russian Federation launched its military invasion of Ukraine on 24February 2022, EU-Ukraine trade and investment relations have started to experience constraints, with someEuropean (car) manufacturers reporting disturbances and temporarily halting production due to a lack of Ukrainiancomponents. Ukraine’s future trade prospects will depend not only on its trade partners, but also on rebuilding thephysical damage the country has suffered, and on the status of its ports

Briefing EN

Russia's war on Ukraine: New EU sanctionsTipo de publicação Em síntese

Data 05-04-2022Autor IMMENKAMP Beatrix

Domínio de intervenção Assuntos ExternosResumo Outraged by Moscow's aggressive invasion of Ukraine, EU countries have adopted unprecedentedly tough sanctions

in cooperation with close partners such as the US, Canada and the UK. Although Russia will partially adapt, thesemeasures are expected to cause major disruption and isolate the country from the global economy. This paper updatesa previous 'at a glance' note of 3 March 2022, by Martin Russell.

Em síntese EN

21-04-2022 Fonte : © União Europeia, 2022 - PE 11

Referendums on EU issues: Fostering civic engagementTipo de publicação Análise aprofundada

Data 05-04-2022Autor DEL MONTE Micaela

Domínio de intervenção Democracia na UE, Direito Institucional e Direito ParlamentarResumo Referendums put citizens back at the centre of the political stage. As instruments of direct democracy, they may foster

citizens' involvement and legitimise important decisions. Referendums have been on the rise in Europe and elsewherein the world in recent decades, and have become a recurrent feature of European politics. Despite the increasedinterest in some Member States, however, referendums remain controversial. On the one hand, advocates of directdemocracy stress that referendums can foster citizens' engagement and thereby improve legitimacy and governance.Critics, on the other hand, highlight the fact that voters tend to answer questions other than those on the ballot paper.Some critics, more generally, question the suitability of a binary vote to decide on complex, multidimensional matterswithin the European setting.

Análise aprofundada EN

The European Council in 2020Tipo de publicação Estudo

Data 04-04-2022Autor externo Dinan, Desmond; DG, EPRS

Domínio de intervenção DemocraciaResumo The onset of the coronavirus pandemic in early 2020 affected the work of the European Council in many ways. One

was operational. The European Council switched in March from in-person meetings to video-conferencing. During theyear, the European Council held eight video-conferences and met five times in person. Meeting via video-conference,notably in March-April, during the first wave of the pandemic, and in October-November, during the second wave,allowed the European Council to apply itself immediately to damage control and crisis management. Going beyondimmediate concerns, the European Council addressed the immense challenge of socio-economic recovery. In whatwas by far the most consequential development for the EU in 2020, the Union's Heads of State or Governmentnegotiated a momentous agreement for an ambitious recovery fund linked to the new Multiannual Financial Framework(MFF) for 2021-2027. The complex and contentious negotiations on the MFF and the recovery fund, culminating in anepic special summit in July, will forever be remembered in the history of the European Council. So will the lingeringdispute over rule of law conditionality, which, although in principle resolved by the end of the year with respect to thefinancial package, remained a deeply divisive issue among EU leaders. Despite the pressure of Covid-19 relatedbusiness, EU leaders had to address other issues in 2020, such as climate change and external affairs. Relations withChina, Russia and Turkey, in particular, required the European Council’s attention. So did relations with the UnitedKingdom, which became a third country after it left the Union at the end of January.

Estudo EN

Digital services actTipo de publicação Briefing

Data 04-04-2022Autor MADIEGA Tambiama André

Domínio de intervenção Mercado Interno e União Aduaneira | Proteção dos ConsumidoresPalavra-chave computação na nuvem | comércio eletrónico | difusão da informação | diretiva (UE) | internet | mercado único digital |

prestação de serviços | proposta (UE) | proteção do consumidor | tecnologia digitalResumo The rules governing the provision of digital services in the EU have remained largely unchanged since the adoption of

the e-Commerce Directive in 2000, while digital technologies and business models continue to evolve rapidly and newsocietal challenges are emerging, such as the spread of counterfeit goods, hate speech and disinformation online.Against this backdrop, the European Commission tabled a new legislative proposal on a digital services act inDecember 2020. The proposal aims at amending the e-Commerce Directive and sets out a horizontal framework forcontent moderation of the EU online space. Interinstitutional negotiations between the Commission, the EuropeanParliament and the Council seeking to reach an agreement on a compromise text started in January 2022.Controversial issues currently being discussed by the co legislators include the scope of the new regulation, theenforcement mechanisms proposed, and to what extent targeted advertising and techniques to influence users'behaviour such as 'dark patterns' should be curbed. Second edition. The 'EU Legislation in Progress' briefings areupdated at key stages throughout the legislative procedure.

Briefing EN

21-04-2022 Fonte : © União Europeia, 2022 - PE 12

Unaccompanied migrant children in GreeceTipo de publicação Briefing

Data 04-04-2022Autor MENTZELOPOULOU Maria-Margarita

Domínio de intervenção Espaço de Liberdade, de Segurança e de JustiçaResumo Since the beginning of the migratory crisis in 2015, growing numbers of unaccompanied children have been seeking

protection in Europe. With increased migratory pressure in Greece along the EU's external border with Turkey at thebeginning of 2020, and following the Greek government's official request for support, the European Commissionlaunched a relocation scheme to speed up relocation of unaccompanied minors from the Greek islands to other EUMember States. Human rights organisations had denounced the precarious and difficult conditions in whichunaccompanied minors had been living in the Greek hotspots, calling for structural solutions in the form of moresolidarity and responsibility sharing among EU Member States, and a coordinated, child rights-based approach toaddressing the many gaps in the protection afforded to unaccompanied children arriving in Europe. However, recentlegislative changes in Greece, such as the establishment of the Special Secretariat for the Protection ofUnaccompanied Minors (SSPUAM) and a new relocation scheme, have served to improve the situation ofunaccompanied minors in the country drastically. Measures include the creation of an effective and sustainable childprotection system, better reception conditions, and changes to the accommodation system for unaccompanied minors.At the end of 2020, a new law put an end to the practice of detaining unaccompanied children on the sole grounds thatthey were homeless. This was followed in January 2021 by the introduction of an emergency response mechanismthat offers children support and a safety net. This publication is an update of a briefing of May 2020 by Ingeborg Odink.

Briefing EN

Russia's war on Ukraine: The religious dimensionTipo de publicação Em síntese

Data 01-04-2022Autor O'BEARA FEARGHAS

Domínio de intervenção Assuntos Externos | CulturaResumo Russia's invasion of Ukraine on 24 February 2022 drew attention to the close relationship between Vladimir Putin's

regime and the Russian Orthodox Church. The latter has strongly backed Putin's war and has long providedtheological and ideological justifications for his domestic and international actions. The Church's overtly politicalapproach has contributed to deep divisions within the wider Orthodox world, including a formal split with the UkrainianOrthodox Church, and significant tensions with the Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople.

Em síntese EN

Goods vehicles hired without driversTipo de publicação Briefing

Data 01-04-2022Autor PAPE Marketa

Domínio de intervenção TransportesPalavra-chave aluguer de veículos | Estado-Membro UE | processo legislativo ordinário | proposta (UE) | relatório | transporte de

mercadorias | transporte intra-UE | transporte rodoviárioResumo The current EU rules provide to haulage companies the possibility to use hired vehicles, but also allow Member States

to restrict this. As part of the 2017 road transport mobility package, the European Commission proposed to soften theexisting restrictions and establish a uniform regulatory framework, which would give transport operators across the EUequal access to the market for hired goods vehicles. As co-legislators, the European Parliament and the Council haveagreed new rules in October 2021. Member States will not be allowed to restrict, on their territories, the use of avehicle hired by a haulage company established in another Member State. However, they will still be able to restrict, toa certain degree, the use of vehicles that their own companies hire in another Member State. EU Member States willhave 14 months to adapt their legislation before the rules enter into force. Fourth edition. The 'EU Legislation inProgress' briefings are updated at key stages throughout the legislative procedure.

Briefing EN

21-04-2022 Fonte : © União Europeia, 2022 - PE 13

Understanding EU action on Roma inclusionTipo de publicação Briefing

Data 01-04-2022Autor LECERF Marie

Domínio de intervenção Questões de Género, Igualdade e DiversidadePalavra-chave acção da UE | Ciganos | discriminação racial | discriminação étnica | exclusão social | integração social | relatório |

sociedade civilResumo The Roma are Europe's largest ethnic minority. Out of an estimated total of 10 to12 million Roma in Europe as a

whole, some 6 million live in the European Union (EU), most of whom are citizens of an EU Member State. Asignificant number of Roma people live in very poor socio-economic conditions. The social exclusion, discriminationand segregation they face are mutually reinforcing. Their restricted access to education, and difficulties in entering thelabour market, result in low income and poor health compared with non-Roma people. Since the mid-1990s, theEuropean Union has stressed the need for better Roma inclusion. In 2011, a key EU initiative emerged with theadoption of an EU framework for national Roma integration strategies up to 2020, aimed at tackling the socio-economic exclusion of, and discrimination against, Roma by promoting equal access in four key areas: education,employment, health, and housing. As the framework had come to an end, the Commission adopted 'A union ofequality: EU Roma strategic framework for equality, inclusion and participation' (2021 2030) in early October 2020.Through this new strategy, Member States are invited to tackle the disproportionate impact of the pandemic. In March2021, the Council adopted a recommendation on Roma equality, inclusion and participation, replacing an earlier onefrom 2013. This recommendation encourages Member States to adopt strategic frameworks for the inclusion of Romacommunities. The EU also supports Member States in their duty to improve the lives of all vulnerable people, includingRoma people, through the European structural and investment funds and other funding instruments. Issues relating tothe promotion of democratic values and practices towards Roma, as well as their economic, social and cultural rights,have received particular attention from civil society organisations, while Parliament has been advocating for Romainclusion since the 1990s. This is an update of a Briefing published in May 2021.

Briefing EN

Gender equality in the Recovery and Resilience FacilityTipo de publicação Briefing

Data 01-04-2022Autor SAPALA Magdalena

Domínio de intervenção Assuntos Económicos e Monetários | Orçamento | Questões de Género, Igualdade e DiversidadePalavra-chave ajuda sensível às questões de género | doença por coronavírus | epidemia | igualdade de género | instrumento

financeiro da UE | planeamento nacional | repartição do financiamento da UE | retoma económicaResumo The negative impact of the Covid-19 crisis on women's social and economic situation triggered a debate on the urgent

need for a gender-sensitive policy response to the pandemic. In this context, the establishment of the Recovery andResilience Facility (RRF) – the EU's biggest financial instrument supporting recovery in the Member States – is anopportunity to channel extraordinary resources toward measures that take into account the principles of genderequality. It is also a chance to put into practice the EU's long-standing commitments to mainstream gender acrossdifferent policies and apply gender budgeting principles to EU spending. Offering an overview of how gender equalityhas been built into the RRF Regulation, this briefing explains what was expected from the Member States when theywere preparing their national recovery and resilience plans (NRRPs) as regards gender equality. It also providespractical examples of reforms and investments where gender equality has been taken into account, from the 22NRRPs approved by the end of 2021 (Belgium, Czechia, Denmark, Germany, Estonia, Ireland, Greece, Spain, France,Croatia, Italy, Cyprus, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Austria, Portugal, Romania, Slovenia, Slovakia andFinland). In keeping with the RRF Regulation, all the NRRPs analysed declare gender equality to be a horizontalobjective, to be given consideration in all measures. However, not all Member States have included dedicated reformsor investments addressing gender-related challenges explicitly or indicating women as the main beneficiaries. Ouranalysis shows that the most numerous and innovative measures are present in the plans of Belgium, Spain, Italy andAustria. This is an update of a Briefing published in October 2021.

Briefing EN

Single permit for third-country nationals to reside and work in the EU - Directive 2011/98/EUTipo de publicação Briefing

Data 01-04-2022Autor AHAMAD MADATALI HANNAH NAFIZE

Domínio de intervenção Avaliação da Legislação e das Políticas na Prática | Espaço de Liberdade, de Segurança e de Justiça | Política Social| Valor Acrescentado Europeu

Resumo The Directive 2011/98/EU on a single permit for third-country nationals (non-EU nationals) to reside and work in theEuropean Union (EU) has two main objectives. The first objective is to facilitate the procedure for a third-countrynational to be admitted to work in an EU Member State, by introducing a single application procedure for a combinedwork and residence permit. The second objective is to ensure equal treatment between third-country workers andnationals of the permit issuing Member State, by providing a common set of rights regarding working conditions,education and training, access to goods and services, and social security.

Briefing EN

21-04-2022 Fonte : © União Europeia, 2022 - PE 14

Inflation explained: What lies behind it and what lies ahead?Tipo de publicação Briefing

Data 01-04-2022Autor HOFLMAYR MARTIN

Domínio de intervenção Assuntos Económicos e MonetáriosResumo Understanding inflation dynamics requires an understanding of the underlying concept and how it is measured.

Inflation is defined as a process of continuously rising prices and falling purchasing power. In other words, a generaland broad-based increase in the price of goods and services over an extended period. The main objective of centralbanks is to keep prices stable, to preserve the integrity and purchasing power of people's money. The most commoninflation indicator measures the average change in the price of a basket of consumer goods and services over time.The closest approximation of what people intuitively understand by the term inflation is the change in their cost ofliving. The Harmonised Indicator for Consumer Prices (HICP), against which the European Central Bank (ECB)assesses the achievement of its price stability objective, is based on this concept. Highlighting the principles ofoptionality, gradualism and flexibility in a recent speech, ECB President Christine Lagarde reflected upon the currentuncertainty. After several years of inflation rates significantly below the inflation target, the ECB is now facingconsumer price increases not seen since the launch of the euro. In February 2022, inflation rates hit an annual rate of5.9 % in the euro area and 6.2 % in the EU. The Russian war on Ukraine is now likely to cause inflation to increasefurther, with underlying price pressure broadening and lingering supply-side bottlenecks. The ECB's monetary policydecision of March 2022 confirmed the previously announced acceleration of monetary tightening, reflecting concernregarding second-round effects and inflation expectations becoming unanchored (when long-run inflation expectationsdiffer significantly from a central bank's inflation target). These concerns outweigh uncertainty over the economic falloutfrom Russia's war and its economic consequences. To react to rising prices, the ECB has therefore prepared theconditions for policy rate increases once asset purchases end.

Briefing EN

Russia's war on Ukraine: Speeches by Ukraine's President to the European Parliament and nationalparliaments

Tipo de publicação BriefingData 01-04-2022

Autor DEL MONTE MicaelaDomínio de intervenção Democracia na UE, Direito Institucional e Direito Parlamentar

Resumo On 24 February 2022, Russia's invasion of Ukraine threw the international status quo into disarray by violating thecountry's sovereignty and integrity. Since then, over 1 000 civilian casualties have been reported and over 3.8 millionpeople have been forced to flee the country. Many others are displaced within Ukraine's borders, while civilianinfrastructure, including hospitals, schools, roads and buildings, is being targeted by Russian military action. Theshelling of civilians and the alleged use of chemical and/or biological weapons by Russian military forces have spurredthe international community to accuse Russia of war crimes, genocide and crimes against humanity. Against thisbackdrop, Ukraine's President, Volodymyr Zelenskyy has been addressing parliaments around the world to plead thecause of the Ukrainian people and ask for both military and humanitarian help. He began by addressing the EuropeanParliament, before continuing with many others, both in Europe and further afield. The latest in a line of historicalleaders mobilising rhetoric in times of war, Zelenskyy's speeches have each been tailor-made to their specific audienceand have been consistent in reminding policy-makers around the world of the humanitarian tragedy unfolding as aresult of the war and of the Ukrainian people's military needs. Taking a look at speeches given by Zelenskyy to theEuropean Parliament and several national parliaments between 1 and 24 March 2022, in the month after Russiainvaded Ukraine, this briefing summarises the Ukrainian president's main messages and offers some thoughts aboutthe narrative used by Zelenskyy to keep Russia's war on Ukraine at the top of national and international agendas.

Briefing EN

Question time in the European Parliament and in selected national parliamentsTipo de publicação Análise aprofundada

Data 01-04-2022Autor DIAZ CREGO Maria

Domínio de intervenção Democracia na UE, Direito Institucional e Direito ParlamentarResumo This paper looks at the evolution of the European Parliament's question time since its introduction in 1973 to the

present day. It tracks this evolution through successive reforms and examines the reasons why question time wasdiscontinued in January 2013. In looking at how question time is designed in selected Member States and in the UnitedKingdom, this paper also highlights the various elements that may have an impact on the dynamics of question time.

Análise aprofundada EN

Third-country participation in EU defenceTipo de publicação Em síntese

Data 31-03-2022Autor LAZAROU Eleni

Domínio de intervenção Assuntos Externos | Segurança e DefesaResumo Cooperation with third countries is embedded in several dimensions of EU security and defence policy. The Strategic

Compass, adopted in March 2022, dedicates one of its main sections to the role of partnerships.Em síntese EN

21-04-2022 Fonte : © União Europeia, 2022 - PE 15

International Court of Justice preliminary decision in Ukraine v Russia (2022)Tipo de publicação Em síntese

Data 31-03-2022Autor ZAMFIR Ionel

Autor externo Lerch, MarikaDomínio de intervenção Assuntos Externos

Resumo On 16 March 2022, after a fast-track procedure, the International Court of Justice ordered provisional measures in theUkraine v Russia case. In bringing the case, Ukraine argued that Russia had wrongfully claimed a genocide in Ukraineto justify its invasion. Russia, meanwhile, rejected the Court's jurisdiction. Given the lack of evidence for Russia'sgenocide allegations, and the principle that any action to prevent genocide must be taken in good faith and in line withinternational law, the Court called on Russia to suspend military operations immediately.

Em síntese EN

Policy Departments’ Monthly Highlights - April 2022Tipo de publicação Em síntese

Data 31-03-2022Domínio de intervenção Agricultura e Desenvolvimento Rural | Ajuda Humanitária e Desenvolvimento | Assuntos Económicos e Monetários |

Direitos Humanos | Emprego | Fiscalidade | Orçamento | Petições ao Parlamento Europeu | TransportesResumo The Monthly Highlights publication provides an overview, at a glance, of the on-going work of the policy departments,

including a selection of the latest and forthcoming publications, and a list of future events.Em síntese EN

Revision of the market stability reserve for the EU emissions trading system: Fit for 55 packageTipo de publicação Briefing

Data 31-03-2022Autor MORGADO SIMOES HENRIQUE ANDRE

Domínio de intervenção AmbienteResumo The proposal to revise the market stability reserve (MSR) for the EU emissions trading system (ETS) consists of

prolonging its current parameters. Under the current rules, the intake rate of allowances to the MSR and the minimumallowances placed in the reserve have been doubled until the end of 2023, to allow for a quick removal of surplus EUETS allowances. The proposal is aimed at maintaining the current doubled intake rate (24 %) and minimum number ofallowances placed in the reserve (200 million) until 31 December 2030, the end of Phase IV of the EU ETS. InParliament, the file has been assigned to the Committee on the Environment, Public Health and Food Safety (ENVI).The committee adopted its report on 15 March 2022, with 65 votes in favour, 20 against and one abstention. TheCouncil is currently debating the proposal. Its December 2021 progress report notes delegations' differing views.Second edition. 'EU legislation in progress' briefings are updated at key stages throughout the legislative procedure.

Briefing EN

EU-China ties and Russia’s war on Ukraine [What Think Tanks are thinking]Tipo de publicação Briefing

Data 31-03-2022Autor CESLUK-GRAJEWSKI Marcin

Domínio de intervenção Assuntos ExternosResumo EU officials say that the 23rd summit between the European Union and China on Friday 1 April will focus on Russia’s

war on Ukraine, the engagement of the international community to support Ukraine, the dramatic humanitarian crisiscreated by the conflict, its destabilising nature for the international order and its inherent global impact. The meeting, tobe conducted by video-conference, is also expected to discuss bilateral issues and areas of shared interest, such asclimate change, biodiversity and health, as well as ways to ensure a more balanced and reciprocal trade relationship.The EU is also likely to urge China to end its trade ban on imports from Lithuania, which followed the country’sdecision to open a de facto Taiwan embassy in its capital. In recent years, China has become more of a rival for theEU than a declared strategic partner. This note gathers links to the recent publications and commentaries from manyinternational think tanks on EU-China relations, the country’s attitude to the war on Ukraine and its policies on otherissues. Analyses on the war and its implications can be found in a previous edition of the ‘What Think Tanks areThinking’ series.

Briefing EN

21-04-2022 Fonte : © União Europeia, 2022 - PE 16

China-Russia relations: A quantum leap?Tipo de publicação Briefing

Data 31-03-2022Autor JOCHHEIM Ulrich

Domínio de intervenção Assuntos ExternosResumo Hours before the Beijing Winter Olympics officially opened on 4 February 2022, Chinese President Xi Jinping had a

long meeting with Russian President Vladimir Putin. In the joint statement issued after the meeting, the Chinese leaderfor the first time voiced his country's outright opposition to NATO enlargement and support for Russia's 'proposals tocreate long-term legally binding security guarantees' in Europe. This stance might be seen as the culmination of arelationship, formed in 1992, between the newly proclaimed Russian Federation and a China that had just startedemerging from the stupor following the Tiananmen Square massacre. This relationship has seen major shifts since1992. At the outset, China's population was greater than Russia's and both countries had a very similar level of GDP.Nowadays, thanks to China's exceptional growth performance, its economy is more than eight times bigger thanRussia's. Similarly, trade with Russia is not of major importance to China in terms of value. However, the high share ofraw materials (including food) in Russian exports and the transfer of Russian military technology are of strategicimportance to China in these relations. Since 2012, the relationship has evolved into an informal alliance in the face ofwhat both countries consider a rising threat from the West to their regimes. At present, China's response to Russia'sfull-scale invasion of Ukraine seems to be more favourable to Russia than it was in 2014 when Russia annexedCrimea. China has been critical of NATO's enlargement to central and eastern Europe, and less insistent about respectfor the territorial integrity of nations – something that it has traditionally upheld in light of the 'open Taiwan question'.On 30 March, Russian Foreign Minister Sergey Lavrov met his Chinese counterpart Wang Yi in China to discuss thebilateral relationship. Experts posit that China is likely to support the kind of solution to the Ukraine war that would bethe least likely to challenge the power monopoly of the Chinese Communist Party.

Briefing EN

The six policy priorities of the von der Leyen Commission: State of play as the Commission approachesmid-term

Tipo de publicação Análise aprofundadaData 31-03-2022

Autor BASSOT EtienneDomínio de intervenção Ambiente | Assuntos Económicos e Monetários | Assuntos Externos | Democracia | Democracia na UE, Direito

Institucional e Direito Parlamentar | Indústria | Saúde PúblicaResumo This EPRS paper analyses progress in attaining the policy agenda set out by Ursula von der Leyen, President of the

European Commission, and her College of Commissioners when they took office in December 2019. It looks inparticular at the state of play in respect of delivery on the six key priorities asserted at that time. Concretely, EPRSfinds that, following the March 2022 EP plenary sessions and European Council meeting, of the over 500 initiativesforeshadowed by the von der Leyen Commission on taking office or since (504), more than half have already beensubmitted (288). Of these, almost half have already been adopted (135), while the great majority of the remainder areeither proceeding normally through the legislative process (113) or are close to adoption (11). Conversely, a certainnumber are proceeding very slowly or are currently blocked (29).

Análise aprofundada EN

Values on the retreat? The role of values in the EU’s external policiesTipo de publicação Estudo

Data 31-03-2022Autor DAMEN Mario

Domínio de intervenção Ajuda Humanitária e Desenvolvimento | Assuntos Externos | Comércio internacional | Democracia | Direitointernacional público | Direitos Humanos | Governação Mundial | Segurança e Defesa

Resumo There is a general perception in Western countries that the role of values as a foreign policy driver is currently on thedecline. This study in the series ‘global trends in external policies’ seeks to contribute to the debate by investigatingwhat is meant by ‘values’, whether their importance is on the wane and, if so, how this manifests itself, and how theEuropean Union (EU) can respond to these trends. The broad concept of values has therefore been split into fivecategories. Socio-cultural values are implicit drivers of foreign policy. In the case of the EU, these are characterised bydiversity. ‘Political values’ is used as a term to describe the fundamental principles of political and public action,defining the relationship between the state and its citizens. For the EU, these are often referred to as the triad ofhuman rights, democracy and the rule of law. Economic values characterise the nature of the prevailing economicsystem in a country. The EU advocates a social market economy. The term ‘Earth values’ refers to the inclusion ofenvironmental considerations in external policies. The EU has become a leader in promoting sustainability. Resultingfrom the preceding four are ‘international order values’, which characterise the overall international outlook of actors.The EU’s international order value is ‘principled pragmatism’. This study compares the EU’s values with those of fourreference countries: the US, Turkey, Russia and China. The US in the West comes closest to many of the EU’s values,but does not overlap completely. Turkey and Russia are in the EU’s Eastern neighbourhood and increasingly disagreewith the EU on values. Chinese values overlap least with the EU’s values. The study confirms a decline in the influenceof the political values preferred by the EU. This decline appears to correspond to a clear West-East spectrum.However, the study also notes an opposite trend of increasing influence of Earth values. For these, a Eurocentricspectrum appears more adequate. For economic values, the definition of trends depends on benchmarks andmethodology. The international order notion of ‘principled pragmatism’ has been extended to ‘EU strategic autonomy’.Values are often considered as part of EU strategic autonomy and some policies, such as EU accession or tradepolicy, incorporate them. A values-based approach to external policies should differentiate according to the partnercountry and the value category concerned. Whereas cooperation on political values does not appear to be fruitful withcertain countries, continued efforts on economic or Earth values may still be possible. The study explores what such adifferentiated approach could mean for the four reference countries in the near future. Such an approach should alsotake into account the differing perceptions of partner countries. Although positive avenues of cooperation on, forexample, Earth values are still possible, geopolitical tensions, partly rooted in differing values, are overshadowing thispath.

Estudo EN

21-04-2022 Fonte : © União Europeia, 2022 - PE 17

Identifying Patterns of Fraud with EU Funds under Shared Management - Similarities and Differencesbetween Member States

Tipo de publicação EstudoData 31-03-2022

Autor CALATOZZOLO RitaAutor externo Jack MALAN, Ivan BOSCH CHEN, Marta GUASP TESCHENDORFF and Elias NACER Centre for Strategy &

Evaluation Services (CSES).Domínio de intervenção Controlo Orçamental | Orçamento | Programação

Resumo This study examines the extent and nature of fraud in EU funds under shared management. It then examines themeasures currently being implemented at the EU level and by Member States to help tackle the problem. A number ofgood practices are identified. The study concludes with recommendations to help strengthen the effort to reduce fraudin EU funds under shared management. This document was prepared for the Policy Department at the request of theBudgetary Control Committee.

Estudo EN

Anexo 1 EN

Green Bonds: An assessment of the proposed EU Green Bonds Standard and its potential to preventgreenwashing

Tipo de publicação EstudoData 31-03-2022

Autor externo Dr. Nikolai BADENHOOPDomínio de intervenção Ambiente | Aprovação da Legislação pelo PE e pelo Conselho | Assuntos Bancários e Financeiros | Assuntos

Económicos e MonetáriosResumo This study analyses the Commission proposal for a Regulation on European green bonds. It compares the proposal

with existing EU legislation on sustainable finance and financial regulation and contextualises it in the EU green bondmarket. The assessment covers key regulatory aims, advantages of voluntary and mandatory options, different typesof sustainable bonds, alignment with the Taxonomy Regulation, corporate and sovereign bonds, transparencyrequirements, review and supervision, enforcement and sanctions, and international aspects. On each aspect itprovides policy recommendations to the co-legislators. This document was provided by the Policy Department forEconomic, Scientific and Quality of Life Policies at the request of the committee on Economic and Monetary Affairs(ECON).

Estudo EN

Improving urgency procedures and crisis preparedness within the European Parliament and EUinstitutions

Tipo de publicação EstudoData 31-03-2022

Autor externo MAURER AndreasDomínio de intervenção Aprovação da Legislação pelo PE e pelo Conselho | Avaliação da Legislação e das Políticas na Prática | Democracia |

Democracia na UE, Direito Institucional e Direito Parlamentar | Direito da UE: Ordenamento Jurídico e Atos JurídicosResumo This study, commissioned by the European Parliament's Policy Department for Citizens' Rights and Constitutional

Affairs at the request of the AFCO Committee, analyses the obstacles to democratic, transparent and efficientdecision-making in urgency situations at the EU level, with a specific focus on the European Parliament. It provides asystematic overview of Parliament’s role and functions as well as the interinstitutional cooperation during recent crisissituations and concludes with proposals on how to improve the existing set-up and Parliament’s internal procedures.

Estudo EN

Russia's war on Ukraine: The EU's financing of military assistance to UkraineTipo de publicação Em síntese

Data 30-03-2022Autor BILQUIN Bruno | IMMENKAMP Beatrix

Domínio de intervenção Assuntos Externos | Segurança e DefesaResumo In an unprecedented and unanimous reaction to the Russian war on Ukraine that began on 24 February 2022, the EU

swiftly decided to provide €500 million, and then rapidly a further €500 million, from the European Peace Facility tofund and coordinate EU military assistance and to deliver military (including lethal) equipment to Ukraine. The Councilhad already agreed €31 million for non-lethal assistance to Ukraine on 2 December 2021. For the first time in itshistory, the EU is now using a dedicated, although off-budget, tool to finance – but not to deliver, with that responsibilityfalling on Member States alone – lethal military equipment for a third country. This is an update of an 'At a glance' notepublished on 11 March 2022.

Em síntese EN

21-04-2022 Fonte : © União Europeia, 2022 - PE 18

Trans-European energy infrastructureTipo de publicação Em síntese

Data 30-03-2022Autor WILSON Alex Benjamin

Domínio de intervenção EnergiaResumo During the April 2022 plenary session, Parliament will be voting on the text of a revised TEN-E Regulation, agreed in

trilogue negotiations in late 2021. The TEN-E Regulation outlines rules for projects of common interest (PCIs) inenergy infrastructure. PCIs are priority projects that either greatly benefit the single market or improve security ofsupply in the EU; some are eligible for EU funding. The revised TEN-E Regulation would require PCIs to meet strongerenvironmental sustainability criteria, and would exclude gas and oil infrastructure from future PCI lists.

Em síntese ES, DE, EN, FR, IT, PL

Revision of the market stability reserve for the EU emissions trading systemTipo de publicação Em síntese

Data 30-03-2022Autor MORGADO SIMOES HENRIQUE ANDRE

Domínio de intervenção AmbienteResumo Part of a broader revision targeting the EU emissions trading system (ETS), the proposal to revise the market stability

reserve (MSR) for the ETS consists of prolonging its current parameters, and is the first legislative proposal from the'Fit for 55' package to be voted in plenary. Under the current rules, the intake rate of allowances to the MSR and theminimum allowances placed in the reserve have been doubled until the end of 2023, to allow for a quick removal ofsurplus EU ETS allowances. The proposal aims to maintain the current doubled intake rate (24 %) and minimumnumber of allowances placed in the reserve (200 million) until 31 December 2030, the end of Phase IV of the EU ETS.

Em síntese ES, DE, EN, FR, IT, PL

Use of vehicles hired without drivers for the carriage of goods by roadTipo de publicação Em síntese

Data 30-03-2022Autor PAPE Marketa

Domínio de intervenção TransportesResumo Under the current EU rules, haulage companies can use hired vehicles, but Member States can also restrict this. In

2017, the European Commission proposed to soften these restrictions. During its April plenary session, the EuropeanParliament will consider in second reading the adapted rules agreed with the Council. These would give transportoperators more flexibility while maintaining some restrictions.

Em síntese ES, DE, EN, FR, IT, PL

Data governance actTipo de publicação Em síntese

Data 30-03-2022Autor MILDEBRATH Hendrik Alexander

Domínio de intervenção Espaço de Liberdade, de Segurança e de JustiçaResumo Seeking to unlock the socio-economic potential of data, while preserving European rights and values, the EU is

breaking new ground with its data governance act. The first of a set of measures announced in the EuropeanCommission's strategy for data, the act is designed to facilitate voluntary data sharing across the EU and betweensectors, by strengthening mechanisms that increase data availability and foster trust in intermediaries. During its Aprilplenary session, the European Parliament is due to vote at first reading on the final text resulting from interinstitutionalnegotiations.

Em síntese ES, DE, EN, FR, IT, PL

Amending budget 1/2022: Adjustment of the multiannual financial frameworkTipo de publicação Em síntese

Data 30-03-2022Autor MAZUR Sidonia

Domínio de intervenção OrçamentoResumo Draft amending budget 1/2022 (DAB 1/2022) aims to strengthen the 2022 EU budget with a transfer of over €12 billion

in commitment appropriations from the 2021 EU budget. The transfer concerns eight funds under shared managementunder Headings 2a, 3, 4 and 5 of the multiannual financial framework (MFF). The MFF ceilings for 2022-2025 arefurther adjusted following the delay in adopting the legal bases.

Em síntese ES, DE, EN, FR, IT, PL

21-04-2022 Fonte : © União Europeia, 2022 - PE 19

Parliament's guidelines for the 2023 EU budget: Section III – European CommissionTipo de publicação Em síntese

Data 30-03-2022Autor MAZUR Sidonia

Domínio de intervenção OrçamentoResumo The 2023 EU budget will be the third under the multiannual financial framework (MFF) for 2021 to 2027. It is also the

last year of the EU recovery instrument (Next Generation EU), which is planned to run from 2021 to 2023. TheEuropean Parliament contributes to the preparation of proposals for the forthcoming year's budget for the EuropeanUnion through the adoption of its 'guidelines'. The draft guidelines, as adopted by the Committee on Budgets on 16March 2022, outline Parliament's goals for the Union's 2023 budget, with the overarching priority of recovering from thecoronavirus crisis and facing geopolitical challenges. Parliament is expected to adopt its guidelines during the Aprilplenary session, ahead of the Commission's adoption of its proposal of the draft 2023 budget, scheduled for earlyJune.

Em síntese ES, DE, EN, FR, IT, PL

Tunisia: Political situation ahead of the constitutional referendumTipo de publicação Em síntese

Data 29-03-2022Autor STANICEK BRANISLAV

Domínio de intervenção Assuntos ExternosResumo The complex political and economic transition following Tunisia's 2011 revolution and subsequent regime change has

left Tunisia experiencing a protracted economic downturn over the past 10 years. The country has also been affectedby instability and conflict in the region, in particular in neighbouring Libya. Economic growth has been subdued andunemployment persistently high (16.6 %), with much higher rates among women and young people. The dissolution ofthe government and the Assembly of People's Representatives by President Kaïs Saïed in July 2021 was supposedlydesigned to tackle corruption and general dissatisfaction with political elites. A constitutional referendum is due to takeplace in July 2022, a year to the day after Saïed seized broad powers in a move his opponents have called a coup.There is an expectation that this referendum, and the parliamentary elections to follow at the end of the year, willaddress the socio-economic and political concerns of a population deeply disenchanted with the politicalestablishment.

Em síntese EN

Transparency and targeting of political advertisingTipo de publicação Briefing

Data 29-03-2022Autor ZANDERSONE Laura

Domínio de intervenção Avaliação do Impacto ex-anteResumo The proposal on political advertising aims to require online platforms to also provide information about the political

affiliation and on the funding of the ads. Binding EU harmonised rules on political advertising will help companies,especially the SMEs, to enter the internal market of cross-border advertising services, as well as promote transparencyof political ads.

Briefing EN

Close cooperation for bank supervision: The cases of Bulgaria and CroatiTipo de publicação Análise aprofundada

Data 29-03-2022Autor externo Zsolt DARVAS, Catarina MARTIN

Domínio de intervenção Assuntos Bancários e Financeiros | Assuntos Económicos e MonetáriosResumo This briefing paper investigates the practice of close cooperation and examines the banking system performance in

Bulgaria and Croatia. The factors that could pose risks to Bulgarian and Croatian banks are identified.Análise aprofundada EN

21-04-2022 Fonte : © União Europeia, 2022 - PE 20

Le droit à la santé, une perspective de droit comparé - BelgiqueTipo de publicação Estudo

Data 29-03-2022Autor externo Prof. Dr Christian BEHRENDT, professeur ordinaire à l’Université de Liège et à la Katholieke Universiteit Leuven

Domínio de intervenção Aprovação da Legislação pelo PE e pelo Conselho | Assuntos Externos | Avaliação da Legislação e das Políticas naPrática | Coronavírus | Democracia | Democracia na UE, Direito Institucional e Direito Parlamentar | Direito da UE:Ordenamento Jurídico e Atos Jurídicos | Direito internacional público | Direitos Humanos | Espaço de Liberdade, deSegurança e de Justiça | Saúde Pública | Transposição e Aplicação da Legislação

Resumo Ce document s’intègre dans une série d’études visant à présenter le droit à la santé dans différents ordres juridiques,et ce dans une perspective de droit comparé. La présente étude est pour sa part consacrée à la protection de la santéen Belgique. Le droit à la protection de la santé a été introduit dans la Constitution belge en 1994 et, à l’heure actuelle,ses contours ne sont pas encore précisément déterminés – à ceci près qu’il est clair qu’il s’agit d’un droit à laprotection de la santé, et non un droit à la santé à proprement parler. Il revêt une dimension collective (c’est laprotection de la santé publique) ainsi qu’une dimension individuelle (chacun a droit à la protection de la meilleure santépossible). Dans le contexte de la crise sanitaire lié au COVID-19, la protection de la santé (en particulier dans sadimension collective) a justifié des restrictions à d’autres droits. Après une brève introduction consacrée aux premièresoccurrences de législations relatives à la protection de la santé, sont analysées la législation et la jurisprudenceactuelles en la matière. Nous terminons cette étude par une présentation de certains conflits normatifs qui peuventsurgir entre la protection de la santé et d’autres droits fondamentaux.

Estudo FR

Revision of the Industrial Emissions Directive and update of the European Pollutant Release and TransferRegister (E-PRTR)

Tipo de publicação BriefingData 28-03-2022

Autor KARAMFILOVA EkaterinaDomínio de intervenção Ambiente

Resumo Industrial pollution is regulated by the EU directive on industrial emissions (IED). It lays down rules designed toprevent, or, if impracticable, to reduce emissions into air, water and land and to prevent the generation of waste, inorder to achieve a high level of protection of the environment taken as a whole. The European Pollutant Release andTransfer Register (E-PRTR) ensures public access to data on emissions from major industrial activities. The ex-postevaluations of the directive and the regulation setting the register show they are generally performing well in practice.However, there are implementation issues, including inconsistences between the directive and the register. Thisbriefing presents findings of publicly available sources on the implementation of both pieces of EU law and thus aimsat informing their upcoming revision in the context of European Green Deal, in which Parliament will be a co-legislators.

Briefing EN

Outcome of the meetings of EU leaders, 24-25 March 2022Tipo de publicação Briefing

Data 28-03-2022Autor DRACHENBERG Ralf

Domínio de intervenção Energia | Saúde Pública | Segurança e Defesa | Semestre EuropeuResumo Russia's war on Ukraine and the linked issue of energy security constituted the clear focus of the European Council

meeting held on 24 25 March 2022. The meeting included a joint session with the President of the United States ofAmerica, Joe Biden, and it formed part of a trilogy of summit meetings in Brussels (NATO, G7 and EU) demonstratingWestern unity in support of Ukraine and in response to President Vladimir Putin's unacceptable violation ofinternational law. The main outcomes of the meeting were: i) the creation of a new Ukraine Solidarity Trust Fund; ii) avoluntary EU joint purchasing scheme for gas, similar to that put in place for coronavirus vaccines; and iii) theendorsement of the new EU 'Strategic Compass'. However, no further steps were taken with regard to Ukraine's EUmembership application, no common EU approach was found to address increased energy prices and no furthersanctions were imposed on Russia at this stage, despite calls by some EU leaders for energy and/or transport bans. Ingeneral, the conclusions reiterated, or built further upon, the Versailles Declaration of 11 March. Important elementsincluded the need to further reduce the EU's strategic dependence in energy and other sensitive areas, notably criticalraw materials, semi-conductors, health, digital and food security. The meeting also saw Charles Michel re-elected asPresident of the European Council for a second term of 30 months.

Briefing EN

Public hearing with A. Enria, Chair of the ECB Supervisory Board - 31 March 2022Tipo de publicação Briefing

Data 28-03-2022Autor GRIGAITE KRISTINA | MAGNUS Marcel

Domínio de intervenção Assuntos Económicos e MonetáriosResumo This note is prepared in view of a regular public hearing with the Chair of the Supervisory Board of the European

Central Bank (ECB), Andrea Enria, which will take place on 31 March 2022. The briefing addresses: 1) the ECB’srecent report on Disclosure of Climate risks, 2) the ECB’s presentation on banks’ exposures to Russia, 3) the waiver ofbank transfer costs to support people in the Ukraine, 4) the ECB’s presentation of Aggregated Results of theSupervisory Review and Evaluation Process (SREP), 5) the situation reflected in the ECB’ Supervisory BankingStatistics for the third quarter 2021, 6) the ECB’s feedback to the EP’s Banking Union INI report, and 7) a summary ofexternal briefing papers on banking supervision in Croatia and Bulgaria.

Briefing EN

21-04-2022 Fonte : © União Europeia, 2022 - PE 21

The Economic Reconstruction of Belarus: Next Steps after a Democratic TransitionTipo de publicação Estudo

Data 28-03-2022Autor externo Christopher A. HARTWELL; Kateryna BORNUKOVA; Dzmitry KRUK; Benedikt ZOLLER-RYDZEK

Domínio de intervenção Assuntos Externos | DemocraciaResumo The economic performance of Belarus has been unimpressive ever since the fall of the Soviet Union, due mainly to the

country’s lack of serious structural reforms. This study examines the consequences of this benign neglect should ademocratic transition occur and attempts to understand the assistance that may be required to help Belarussuccessfully transform. Unlike the transformations which began in Central Europe during 1989, though, Belarus’potential transition is complicated by immense Russian pressure. Hence, the provision of much needed assistance willbe highly dependent upon Russia’s stance towards a democratic transfer of power. This study examines its possibleresponses to understand how the EU can best be involved in the long-delayed Belarusian transformation and also howmuch assistance may be required.

Estudo EN

Association agreement between the EU and Georgia - European Implementation Assessment (update)Tipo de publicação Estudo

Data 25-03-2022Autor AHAMAD MADATALI HANNAH NAFIZE | JANSEN Talander Hugo

Autor externo Delcour, LaureDomínio de intervenção Ajuda Humanitária e Desenvolvimento | Assuntos Externos | Avaliação da Legislação e das Políticas na Prática |

Comércio internacional | Democracia na UE, Direito Institucional e Direito Parlamentar | Direitos Humanos | ValorAcrescentado Europeu

Resumo In November 2021, the European Parliament's Committee on Foreign Affairs (AFET) requested an own-initiativeannual report on the implementation of the association agreement between the EU and Georgia (2021/2236(INI)).Sven Mikser (S&D, Estonia) is the appointed rapporteur. The Ex-Post Evaluation Unit (EVAL) within the EuropeanParliamentary Research Service (EPRS) has prepared this European implementation assessment (EIA) to accompanythe scrutiny work of AFET. This EIA is an update of a European implementation assessment on the associationagreement between the EU and Georgia, prepared by the EPRS in April 2020.

Estudo EN

Plenary round-up - March II 2022Tipo de publicação Em síntese

Data 25-03-2022Autor FERGUSON CLARE | SOCHACKA KATARZYNA

Domínio de intervenção Democracia na UE, Direito Institucional e Direito ParlamentarResumo With the war in Ukraine high on Parliament's agenda, the highlight of the March II 2022 plenary session in Brussels

was a formal address by Justin Trudeau, Prime Minister of Canada. Members held a debate with the Council and theEuropean Commission on the need for an urgent EU action plan to ensure food security inside and outside the EU, inthe light of the Russian invasion of Ukraine. They also debated the power of the proposed joint European action tosecure more affordable, reliable and sustainable energy. Turning to the 'Suisse Secrets' scandal, Members debatedhow to encourage anti-money-laundering standards in third countries. Members also discussed the outcome of theEuropean Council meeting in Paris on 10 March 2022, and the preparations for the 24 25 March 2022 meeting.Several legislative files were adopted, inter alia on roaming charges; the cohesion action for the presence of refugeesin Europe and use of funds under the Asylum, Migration and Integration Fund (AMIF) Regulation, both in light of thewar in Ukraine; and on the Status Agreement between the EU and Moldova on Frontex operations.

Em síntese EN

Organised crime in Europe: Emerging trends and policy challengesTipo de publicação Em síntese

Data 25-03-2022Autor NOONAN EAMONN

Domínio de intervenção Espaço de Liberdade, de Segurança e de JustiçaResumo Serious and organised crime inflict huge costs on both the EU economy and society. Organised crime is an

increasingly dynamic and complex phenomenon, as it has become more interconnected, transnational and digital. TheCovid-19 pandemic has led to an increase in cybercrime, fraud and counterfeiting. Police and judicial actions and theeffective implementation of existing EU instruments are critical in tackling this challenge. New strategies to disrupt thebusiness models and structures of criminal organisations will also benefit from an integrated approach, recognising thesocio-economic, technological and geopolitical dimensions of the problem.

Em síntese EN

21-04-2022 Fonte : © União Europeia, 2022 - PE 22

Russia's war on Ukraine: Implications for EU commodity imports from RussiaTipo de publicação Em síntese

Data 25-03-2022Autor RAGONNAUD Guillaume | SZCZEPANSKI Marcin

Domínio de intervenção Comércio internacionalResumo Russia is a major global commodity producer and exporter. The country's invasion of Ukraine has already pushed

commodity prices to historically high levels, and could also lead to commodity shortages. This situation may causeconsiderable economic damage, with far-reaching consequences for EU industry.

Em síntese EN

Inflation in the wake of coronavirus and war [What Think Tanks are thinking]Tipo de publicação Briefing

Data 25-03-2022Autor CESLUK-GRAJEWSKI Marcin

Domínio de intervenção Assuntos Económicos e Monetários | Assuntos Externos | CoronavírusResumo Inflation has reached the highest level in decades in the European Union, United States and many other countries, with

the Ukraine conflict adding upward pressure on prices of energy and food. The Russian invasion has intensified thealready near-record growth of consumer prices resulting from the coronavirus pandemic and broken supply-chains.The war has sharply curbed supply of energy, wheat and other products from Russia and Ukraine, their majorproducers. The countries' exports look set to dwindle further if the war continues and the EU imposes a ban on itsmassive gas and oil imports from Russia, adding to the already strict sanctions on Moscow. Some central banks havesignalled that they will further increase interest rates, and 'stagflation', or high inflation coupled with economicstagnation, could follow. Before the invasion, many experts had expected rapid price growth to be temporary. Now,they believe inflation could become more entrenched, further squeezing households' real income in coming months.This note gathers links to the recent publications and commentaries from many international think tanks on resurgentinflation. Analyses on the war and its implications can be found in a previous edition of the 'What Think Tanks areThinking' series.

Briefing EN

Economic repercussions of Russia’s war on Ukraine – Weekly DigestTipo de publicação Análise aprofundada

Data 25-03-2022Autor DE LEMOS PEIXOTO SAMUEL | GRIGAITE KRISTINA | HAGELSTAM Kajus | MAGNUS Marcel | PACHECO DIAS

CRISTINA SOFIADomínio de intervenção Assuntos Económicos e Monetários

Resumo This paper provides a summary of recent economic, financial and budgetary decisions and developments followingPresident Vladimir Putin’s decision of 24 February to start a military attack against Ukraine. Furthermore, it aims toprovide the latest information on EU sanctions adopted so far. It also highlights related policy recommendations madein the public domain to mitigate adverse economic, financial and social effects and to support economic recovery in theEU and the Euro Area.

Análise aprofundada EN

Counterterrorism policies, measures and tools in the EUTipo de publicação Estudo

Data 25-03-2022Autor externo Dr. Julia BURCHETT, Université Libre de Bruxelles Prof. Anne WEYEMBERGH, Université Libre de Bruxelles In

collaboration with Georgia THEODORAKAKOU, Intern, Centre de droit européen, Université Libre de BruxelleDomínio de intervenção Aprovação da Legislação pelo PE e pelo Conselho | Direito da UE: Ordenamento Jurídico e Atos Jurídicos | Espaço

de Liberdade, de Segurança e de JustiçaResumo This study, commissioned by the European Parliament’s Policy Department for Citizens’ Rights and Constitutional

Affairs at the request of the LIBE Committee, aims to provide background information and policy recommendationsconcerning the impact and effectiveness of the counterterrorism policies, measures and tools in the EU. Besides amapping of the evolution of the EU counter-terrorism policy architecture, this study assesses the impact andeffectiveness of the EU counterterrorism policy by focusing on key policy areas. On the basis of the mapping exerciseand the examination of the areas covered by this study, the research team has provided recommendations that couldinform future policy developments.

Estudo EN

21-04-2022 Fonte : © União Europeia, 2022 - PE 23

Before the war: Russia's economic indicators and trade with EUTipo de publicação Em síntese

Data 24-03-2022Autor MACSAI GYORGYI

Autor externo Tkalec, IgorDomínio de intervenção Assuntos Económicos e Monetários | Comércio internacional

Palavra-chave corrupção | dívida pública | estatística do emprego | estatísticas comerciais | estatísticas económicas | exportação(UE) | importação (UE) | investimento estrangeiro | produto interno bruto | Rússia | situação económica | taxa decâmbio | trabalho feminino

Resumo The data in this infographic illustrate the extent of trade between the EU and Russia in the years up to the latterlaunching its war on Ukraine, as well as the state of Russia’s economy more generally in the same period. This is anupdate of an infographic originally drafted by Martin Russell and Giulio Sabbati in May 2016.

Em síntese EN

Russia's war on Ukraine: The situation of Ukraine's childrenTipo de publicação Em síntese

Data 24-03-2022Autor DEL MONTE Micaela | MENTZELOPOULOU Maria-Margarita

Domínio de intervenção Espaço de Liberdade, de Segurança e de JustiçaResumo Russia's invasion of Ukraine has forced hundreds of thousands of people, mostly women and children, to flee the

country and seek shelter in neighbouring countries. Ukraine's civilian population is being subjected to shelling andviolence, while outside Ukraine's borders, the international humanitarian community has quickly mobilised to providesupport. As the humanitarian situation deteriorates, children are particularly vulnerable.

Em síntese EN

Sustainable aviation fuelsTipo de publicação Em síntese

Data 24-03-2022Autor CLAROS GIMENO Eulalia | SOONE Jaan

Domínio de intervenção TransportesResumo As part of the fit for 55 package to make the EU's policies fit for the EU's climate targets, on 14 July 2021, the

European Commission presented a proposal to increase the production and use of sustainable fuels in aviation, alsoknown as the ReFuelEU Aviation initiative. In the draft regulation, the Commission proposes placing obligations on fuelsuppliers to distribute sustainable aviation fuels (SAFs) and growing the share of SAFs (including synthetic aviationfuels, also known as renewable fuels of non-biological origin (RFNBOs)) over time. This infographic offers a briefoverview of the targets set by the Commission, types of fuels considered in the proposal, and their sustainability,market readiness, feedstock availability, production pathways and production cost projections. More information on theproposal is available in the related EPRS EU legislation in progress briefing, PE 698.900.

Em síntese EN

The future of climate migrationTipo de publicação Em síntese

Data 24-03-2022Autor NOONAN EAMONN

Domínio de intervenção Ambiente | Política SocialResumo Climate change is threatening to displace millions of people, creating new migrant flows also across borders. The EU

has a leading role in reducing global warming, mitigating its effects, improving knowledge about consequences forvulnerable populations, and working with partners to build resilience. Success depends not just on adopting forward-looking strategies, but also on adequate resources and effective implementation.

Em síntese EN

Digital Services Act & Digital Markets Act - Collection of studies for the IMCO committeeTipo de publicação Briefing

Data 24-03-2022Autor KAISER KEVIN PAUL | RATCLIFF Christina

Domínio de intervenção Aprovação da Legislação pelo PE e pelo Conselho | Mercado Interno e União Aduaneira | Proteção dos ConsumidoresResumo This collection of studies presents expert studies and workshop proceedings related to relevant topics of the DSA and

the DMA, focusing on opportunities and challenges for the digital single market and consumer protection. The studiesresult from the ongoing interest of the IMCO committee in improving the functioning of the digital single market anddeveloping e-commerce rules based on scientific evidence and expertise.

Briefing EN

21-04-2022 Fonte : © União Europeia, 2022 - PE 24

Stronger economy, social justice, jobs, education, culture, sport, digital transformation | Citizens’recommendations and the EU context: Panel 1 of the Conference on the Future of Europe

Tipo de publicação EstudoData 24-03-2022

Autor AMANATIDIS Georgios | ANGERER Jost | BLUMENTHAL DAVID | CIUCCI MATTEO | DANESI SARA | DAVOLIAlessandro | ISKRA Katarzyna Anna | KENNEDY AOIFE | MARZOCCHI Ottavio | MILT Kristiina | PRUTSCH MarkusJosef | SASSE LINA SOPHIE JULIE | SOFSKY FABIAN

Domínio de intervenção Agricultura e Desenvolvimento Rural | Ambiente | Assuntos Bancários e Financeiros | Assuntos Económicos eMonetários | Coronavírus | Cultura | Democracia na UE, Direito Institucional e Direito Parlamentar | DesenvolvimentoRegional | Direito Contratual, Direito Comercial e Direito Empresarial | Direito da Propriedade Intelectual | Direito eregulamentação da concorrência | Direito internacional privado e cooperação judicial em matéria civil | Emprego |Energia | Espaço de Liberdade, de Segurança e de Justiça | Fiscalidade | Indústria | Mercado Interno e UniãoAduaneira | Pescas | Petições ao Parlamento Europeu | Política de Investigação | Política Social | Proteção dosConsumidores | Questões de Género, Igualdade e Diversidade | Saúde Pública | Segurança Alimentar | Transportes |Turismo

Resumo The European Parliament, the Council and the European Commission have committed to listen to Europeans and tofollow up, within their sphere of competences, on the recommendations made. In this framework, four EuropeanCitizens’ Panels have been organized to allow citizens to jointly think about the future they want for the EuropeanUnion •Panel 1 - "Stronger economy, social justice, jobs, education, culture, sport, digital transformation" •Panel 2 -"EU democracy, values, rights, rule of law, security" •Panel 3 - "Climate change, environment, health" •Panel 4 - "EUin the world, migration" This publication presents the recommendations that emerged from the citizens’ Panel 1 on‘Stronger economy, social justice, jobs, education, culture, sport, digital transformation’, along with backgroundinformation on the European Parliament’s positions and the EU’s activities related to the recommendations. Thispaper has been produced at the request of Guy Verhofstadt, chair, on behalf of the European Parliament's delegationto the Conference on the Future of Europe.

Estudo EN

What if machines made fairer decisions than humans?Tipo de publicação Em síntese

Data 23-03-2022Autor GARCIA HIGUERA ANDRES

Domínio de intervenção Democracia | Direitos Humanos | Indústria | Política de Investigação | Proteção dos ConsumidoresResumo Automated decision-making by systems that use machine learning to dynamically improve performance are still seen

as lacking the 'human perspective' and flexibility to adapt to the particular nuances of specific cases. But perhaps, asthey lack the 'cunning' to hide their biases, automated systems actually make fairer decisions than do humans, whenthese decisions are based on data that have been properly curated.

Em síntese EN

Multimédia What if machines made fairer decisions than humans?

Strengthening Europol's mandateTipo de publicação Briefing

Data 23-03-2022Autor VORONOVA Sofija

Domínio de intervenção Espaço de Liberdade, de Segurança e de JustiçaPalavra-chave Europol | funcionamento institucional | inovação | investigação e desenvolvimento | megadados | proposta (UE) |

proteção dos dados | relatórioResumo On 9 December 2020, along with its counter-terrorism agenda, the European Commission adopted a proposal for a

regulation to reinforce the mandate of Europol, the EU law enforcement cooperation agency. The proposed regulationaims principally at rendering Europol's cooperation with private parties more effective; responding to the agency's 'bigdata challenge', by providing a legal basis for processing large and complex datasets, including personal data of datasubjects not related to a crime; and reinforcing Europol's role in relation to research and innovation for lawenforcement. The legislative proposal, which would amend the existing Europol Regulation (EU) 2016/794, isaccompanied by another legislative proposal to modify Regulation (EU) 2018/1862 on the Schengen informationsystem (SIS), to allow Europol to issue alerts in SIS under a new category. On 1 February 2022, the EuropeanParliament and the Council reached a provisional agreement on the proposal for a regulation, which now needs to beformally adopted by the co-legislators. Second edition of a Briefing originally drafted by Carmen-Cristina Cîrlig. The 'EULegislation in Progress' briefings are updated at key stages throughout the legislative procedure.

Briefing EN

21-04-2022 Fonte : © União Europeia, 2022 - PE 25

Review of the capital requirements frameworkTipo de publicação Briefing

Data 23-03-2022Autor KRAMER Esther

Domínio de intervenção Avaliação do Impacto ex-anteResumo The IA follows a clear intervention logic, with objectives and options deriving from the problems to tackle. It is

transparent about limitations and uses estimates with the appropriate caution. The range of options is predeterminedby the outstanding Basel III standards, which the IA prefers to implement with adjustments reflecting specificities of theEU banking sector and potential consequences of the Covid-19 crisis. The qualitative assessment is complemented byselective pertinent quantification. The IA’s focus is on economic impacts for banks, with limited consideration of socialor environmental effects and little differentiation of effects on banks’ customers. Macroeconomic impacts and effectson SMEs and on the competitiveness of EU banks are assessed only for the preferred options in an annex.

Briefing EN

Amending the rules governing the statute and funding of European political parties (recast)Tipo de publicação Briefing

Data 23-03-2022Autor ANGLMAYER Irmgard

Domínio de intervenção Avaliação do Impacto ex-ante | Democracia na UE, Direito Institucional e Direito ParlamentarResumo Ahead of the 2024 European elections, the European Commission has presented a proposal to amend Regulation

1141/2014 governing the statute and funding of European political parties (EUPPs) and foundations. The proposedamendments concern, inter alia, the funding provisions, transparency requirements and enforcement of the rules. Thisbriefing examines the quality of the supporting impact assessment (IA), which outlines the problems encountered inapplying the regulation, as identified in recent EU-level reports and through stakeholder input. The range of policyoptions presented in the IA to address the identified shortcomings is rather limited, although under each option, and foreach problem, several alternative measures are considered. Elements of the parallel initiative on political advertising -also part of the European democracy action plan - were integrated into the amending EUPP proposal; however, the IAremains vague on the link between these two initiatives.

Briefing EN

EU economic developments and projectionsTipo de publicação Briefing

Data 23-03-2022Autor GRIGAITE KRISTINA | VEGA BORDELL Javier María

Domínio de intervenção Assuntos Económicos e Monetários | CoronavírusPalavra-chave crise monetária | estatística da UE | Eurostat | inflação | política fiscal | política monetária única | previsão económica |

produto interno bruto | retoma económica | situação económicaResumo This briefing provides a summary of the recent economic developments in the EU Member States and gives an

overview of relevant economic projections forecasted by major international and EU institutionsBriefing EN

The ECB’s close cooperation on supervising banks in Bulgaria and CroatiaTipo de publicação Análise aprofundada

Data 23-03-2022Autor externo Thorsten BECK, Brunella BRUNO

Domínio de intervenção Assuntos Bancários e Financeiros | Assuntos Económicos e MonetáriosResumo The close cooperation arrangement for Bulgaria and Croatia poses challenges for the ECB that we discuss in terms of

existing and emerging risks and vulnerabilities in the two banking sectors. The focus is on three risk areas: moneylaundering, climate change risk, and geopolitical tensions related to the Russia-Ukraine conflict. The high political andeconomic uncertainty arising from this conflict requires a reassessment of existing risks (such as credit and sovereignrisks) and sources of new risks. These risk drivers are intertwined and can affect supervised entities through existingvulnerabilities at the bank as well as at the country level, primarily poor asset quality and the weak institutionalframework.

Análise aprofundada EN

21-04-2022 Fonte : © União Europeia, 2022 - PE 26

Charles Michel as President of the European CouncilTipo de publicação Briefing

Data 22-03-2022Autor DRACHENBERG Ralf

Domínio de intervenção DemocraciaResumo Charles Michel's (first) term as European Council President comes to an end on 30 May 2022. In advance of his

potential re-election by EU Heads of State or Government to that function, this paper looks at his activities during thecourse of his 30-month mandate to date, with a special focus on the institutional and inter-institutional dimension of hisrole. In practice, the coronavirus pandemic has dictated the agenda of the European Council from almost the beginningof Mr Michel's time in office. The resulting need to concentrate on ‘crisis management’ provided him, as it had hispredecessors, with the opportunity to show leadership, applying a careful balance between the role of facilitator andthat of agenda-setter. Despite the challenging circumstances he has faced, Mr Michel has managed to make his markon the European Council's agenda, notably on external relations, championing the concept of ‘strategic autonomy’. Hedemonstrated strong activism both prior to and after the outbreak of the war in Ukraine, playing an important role inEuropean Union mobilisation to support the country. He has also adjusted the European Council's working methods, inparticular with the use of video-conferences of small groups of EU leaders to better prepare full European Councilmeetings. Cooperation between the European Council President and the European Parliament has increased incomparison to previous years, particularly regarding activities not required of the President by the Treaties. Mr Michelhas also innovated in communications, notably through a newsletter aimed at EU citizens.

Briefing EN

Current membership of the European Council March 2022Tipo de publicação Em síntese

Data 22-03-2022Autor DRACHENBERG Ralf

Domínio de intervenção DemocraciaResumo The European Council consists of the 27 Heads of State or Government of the EU Member States, who are voting

members, together with the President of the European Council and the President of the European Commission, whohave no vote (Article 15(2) TEU). The chart shows the current members, the national office they hold and their politicalaffiliation, as well as the year their membership of the institution began. This publication is updated periodically toreflect changes in the European Council's membership.

Em síntese EN

Construction products Regulation: Revision of Regulation (EU) No 305/2011Tipo de publicação Briefing

Data 22-03-2022Autor TENHUNEN Susanna

Domínio de intervenção Mercado Interno e União AduaneiraResumo Designed to improve the free movement of construction products in the EU internal market, the Construction Products

Regulation (CPR) lays down harmonised conditions for the marketing of those products, provides a framework for acommon technical language to assess their performance and sets out provisions on the use of CE marking. TheCommission is planning to issue a proposal for a revision of the CPR by the end of March. The revision is expected toaddress the regulation's suboptimal performance and implementation difficulties revealed in the implementation andevaluation reports. The sustainability goals set in the Green Deal and circular economy action plan give further causeto revise the CPR. The construction sector has high potential for circularity and could therefore play an important rolein the transition towards a resource efficient economy built on a regenerative growth model. In a recent resolution onthe revision of the CPR, the European Parliament welcomed the goals of the circular economy action plan and calledfor an ambitious revision of the CPR. The recommendations made by the European Parliament have some points incommon with those of other EU institutions and stakeholders, such as those underscoring the importance of afunctioning harmonisation system and a comprehensive common technical language, the need for sustainability criteriafor construction products and enhanced clarity of CE marking, and the need for more effective market surveillance.

Briefing EN

Outlook for the European Council meeting of 24-25 March 2022Tipo de publicação Briefing

Data 22-03-2022Autor ANGHEL Suzana Elena | DRACHENBERG Ralf

Domínio de intervenção Energia | Saúde Pública | Segurança e Defesa | Semestre EuropeuResumo On 24-25 March 2022, EU Heads of State or Government will meet for the third time in five weeks. In the presence of

the United States President, Joe Biden, they will discuss developments in and support for Ukraine, in the context of theunprovoked Russian invasion of the country. Building on their Versailles Declaration of 10-11 March, EU leaders willtake further steps aimed at strengthening European sovereignty in the field of security, defence and energy security.As regards security and defence, the European Council will endorse the EU Strategic Compass, call for itsimplementation, and give further guidelines for the deepening of European defence cooperation. With respect toenergy, EU leaders will consider means to counter the current spike in energy prices, consider gas storage capacitiesand planning in view of the next winter and resume discussions on phasing out EU dependence on Russian fossilfuels. Furthermore, the European Council will take stock of coordination efforts in response to the Covid-19 pandemic,appraise the European Semester, and review initiatives designed to build a more robust economic base and reducethe EU's strategic dependence in the most sensitive areas. Under external relations, items on the agenda will includethe preparation of the forthcoming EU-China Summit and the political crisis in Bosnia and Herzegovina. The EuropeanCouncil will be followed by a Euro Summit meeting on 25 March.

Briefing EN

21-04-2022 Fonte : © União Europeia, 2022 - PE 27

Temporary Protection DirectiveTipo de publicação Briefing

Data 22-03-2022Autor LUYTEN KATRIEN

Domínio de intervenção Espaço de Liberdade, de Segurança e de JustiçaResumo Following Russia's invasion of Ukraine in February 2022, over 3.4 million people have already been forced to seek

refuge, mostly in neighbouring countries. The European Commission estimates that Russia aggression may havedisplaced up to 6.5 million people. In response, the European Union swiftly decided to grant EU-wide temporaryprotection to people arriving from Ukraine. The EU Temporary Protection Directive (Directive 2001/55/EC) enables EUMember States to move rapidly to offer protection and rights to people in need of immediate protection and to avoidoverwhelming national asylum systems in cases of mass arrivals of displaced persons. Although invoked several timesin the past, the directive has never been activated before. Russia's military aggression prompted a unanimous decisionin the Council to grant temporary protection (for an initial period of one year) to people fleeing the war in Ukraine. Thistemporary protection may be extended automatically by two six-monthly periods, for a maximum of another year. TheEU's decision to grant temporary protection has been widely welcomed and the directive is considered the mostappropriate instrument under the current exceptional circumstances. There are, however, still many open questions asto its practical implementation in the EU Member States. The scale of the arrivals entails many immediate as well aslonger-term challenges. On the other hand, and in spite of accusations of double standards in favour of 'white' or ethnicEuropean refugees, the demonstrations of EU-wide solidarity with the Ukrainian people raise hopes for concreteprogress on overall reform of the EU's migration and asylum rules. At the time of writing, the conflict has alreadycaused civilian casualties and the destruction of hospitals, schools and other civilian infrastructure, creating ahumanitarian catastrophe both within Ukraine and beyond its borders.

Briefing EN

EU in the world / Migration Citizens’ recommendations and the EU context: Panel 4 of the Conference onthe Future of Europe

Tipo de publicação EstudoData 22-03-2022

Autor AMANATIDIS Georgios | APICELLA CAROLINA | CIUCCI MATTEO | HEEZEN JOHANNES | IGLER WOLFGANG |ISKRA Katarzyna Anna | KONLE-SEIDL REGINA ANNA | KURRER CHRISTIAN MARTIN | LEGRAND Jérôme |MALOVEC Michal | MARTINELLO BARBARA | MARZOCCHI Ottavio | PADURARIU Claudia-Amelia | PAVY Eeva |RIEDER ANNA-SABINE | SOFSKY FABIAN | SOKOLSKA INA

Domínio de intervenção Ajuda Humanitária e Desenvolvimento | Assuntos Externos | Comércio internacional | Democracia | Direitointernacional público | Direitos Humanos | Governação Mundial | Segurança e Defesa

Resumo As part of the Conference on the Future of Europe, 800 citizens debated their ideas for the European Union in fourthematic panels. The citizens involved in Panel 4 considered the possibilities for two related themes: the EU in theworld and migration. This publication presents their recommendations, as well as a selection of related EuropeanParliament resolutions and EU legislation, funding programmes and other activities. These background elements arenot exhaustive, but have been selected to provide contextual material. For some wide-ranging recommendations, thebackground material focuses on the most prominent aspects of the proposal. This paper was requested by GuyVerhofstadt, the Chair of the European Parliament’s delegation to the Conference on the Future of Europe, on behalfof the delegation.

Estudo EN

Russia's war on Ukraine: Russia ceases to be a member of the Council of EuropeTipo de publicação Em síntese

Data 21-03-2022Autor DEL MONTE Micaela

Domínio de intervenção Democracia na UE, Direito Institucional e Direito ParlamentarResumo The military invasion of Ukraine by the Russian Federation has pushed hundreds of thousands of people to flee the

country and seek shelter in neighbouring countries. With each passing hour, the humanitarian situation is deterioratingboth within and outside the country. Several Ukrainian cities have reportedly lost access to water, heating, electricityand basic supplies, while the civilian population is subject to shelling and violence. While outside Ukraine's borders, theinternational humanitarian community has quickly mobilised to provide support, the conflict has caused civiliancasualties and destruction of hospitals, schools and other civilian infrastructure. This is an update of an 'At a glance'note published on 8 March 2022.

Em síntese EN

Macro-financial assistance to MoldovaTipo de publicação Em síntese

Data 21-03-2022Autor STANICEK BRANISLAV

Domínio de intervenção Assuntos ExternosResumo Following a request by Moldova (19 November 2021), the European Commission adopted on 4 January 2022 a

proposal for disbursing up to €150 million in new macro-financial assistance (MFA) to the country, of which up to €30million in grants and up to €120 million in medium-term loans at favourable financing conditions. The EuropeanParliament is due to vote on the proposal during its second March plenary session.

Em síntese ES, DE, EN, FR, IT, PL

21-04-2022 Fonte : © União Europeia, 2022 - PE 28

Pilot regime on distributed ledger technology market infrastructureTipo de publicação Em síntese

Data 21-03-2022Autor HOFLMAYR MARTIN

Domínio de intervenção Assuntos Bancários e Financeiros | Assuntos Económicos e MonetáriosResumo The European Parliament is due to vote on a trilogue agreement on the proposal for a pilot regime for market

infrastructure, which will establish a scheme to trade and settle transactions of financial instruments in crypto-assetform. The regime follows the ‘sandbox’ approach that allows for temporary derogations from some specificrequirements. This way, the development of solutions for the trading and settlement of transactions in crypto-assetsshould be encouraged, while preserving a high level of financial stability, transparency and market integrity andavoiding regulatory arbitrage and loopholes.

Em síntese ES, DE, EN, FR, IT, PL

Protecting EU funds against oligarchic structuresTipo de publicação Em síntese

Data 21-03-2022Autor KOWALD KAROLINE

Domínio de intervenção Controlo OrçamentalResumo The European Union's 2021 2027 multiannual financial framework (MFF) and the Next Generation EU recovery

instruments provide financial resources amounting to €1.8 trillion. However, the EU can only achieve the ambitiousobjectives of these budgetary instruments if its financial interests are better protected. Parliament's Budgetary Control(CONT) Committee has adopted an own-initiative report highlighting the risk of fraud and conflict of interest arisingfrom the increasing presence of oligarchic structures in the EU in recent years.

Em síntese ES, DE, EN, FR, IT, PL

Recast of the EU Roaming RegulationTipo de publicação Em síntese

Data 21-03-2022Autor Niestadt Maria

Domínio de intervenção Direito da UE: Ordenamento Jurídico e Atos JurídicosResumo To ensure that consumers can continue to 'roam' in other Member States without additional charges, the European

Commission proposed on 24 February 2021 to recast the current Roaming Regulation. The new regulation wouldextend the 'roam like at home' regime for 10 years until 2032. The European Parliament is expected to vote in plenaryin March on the agreement reached in interinstitutional negotiations.

Em síntese ES, DE, EN, FR, IT, PL

Russia's war on Ukraine: A gender-sensitive humanitarian responseTipo de publicação Em síntese

Data 21-03-2022Autor SHREEVES Rosamund

Domínio de intervenção Questões de Género, Igualdade e DiversidadeResumo Even – or especially – in complex, emergency situations, a gender perspective is vital in order to take into account the

specific needs of women and men and the different risks to which they are exposed. Humanitarian actors are callingfor a gender-sensitive response to the Ukraine crisis, to help tackle barriers to accessing vital services, addressincreased risks of gender-based violence and facilitate the reception and integration of refugees.

Em síntese EN

Investigation into the potential of artificial intelligence in the digital ageTipo de publicação Em síntese

Data 21-03-2022Autor Niestadt Maria

Domínio de intervenção Mercado Interno e União AduaneiraResumo As a general-purpose technology, artificial intelligence (AI) has the potential to change our lives. It could bring many

benefits, from increasing farming efficiency to helping to fight climate change and making transport safer, cleaner andmore efficient. However, AI also generates a number of issues, such as opaque decision-making, discrimination, orintrusion into our private lives. To investigate these challenges and to analyse the impact of AI on the EU economy, theEuropean Parliament decided in June 2020 to set up a special committee. The special committee on artificialintelligence in a digital age (AIDA) is expected to vote on its final report on 22 March 2022.

Em síntese EN

21-04-2022 Fonte : © União Europeia, 2022 - PE 29

The digital euro: policy implications and perspectivesTipo de publicação Em síntese

Data 21-03-2022Autor RAKIC Drazen

Domínio de intervenção Assuntos Bancários e Financeiros | Assuntos Económicos e MonetáriosResumo AAG of the study identifies the fundamental rationale for a possible issuance of a digital euro: to preserve the role of

public money in a digital economy. It outlines the policy options, trade-offs as well as design issues that its creationwould raise. This document was provided by the Policy Department for Economic, Scientific and Quality of LifePolicies at the request of the committee on Economic and Monetary Affairs (ECON)

Em síntese EN

Access to justice in environmental matters: Amending the Aarhus RegulationTipo de publicação Briefing

Data 21-03-2022Autor HALLEUX Vivienne

Domínio de intervenção AmbientePalavra-chave acesso à informação | acesso à justiça | comunicação de dados | convenção internacional | direito do ambiente |

política do ambiente da UE | proposta (UE) | regulamento (UE) | transparência do processo de decisão | vigilância doambiente

Resumo The European Union is party to the Aarhus Convention on access to information, public participation in decision-making and access to justice in environmental matters. The Aarhus Regulation applies the Convention's provisions toEU institutions and bodies. In 2017, the Aarhus Convention Compliance Committee, reviewing implementation by theparties, found that the EU fails to comply with its obligations under Article 9, paragraphs 3 and 4 of the conventionconcerning access to justice by members of the public. To address this non-compliance issue, on 14 October 2020 theEuropean Commission put forward a legislative proposal to amend the Aarhus Regulation. The Council and Parliamentadopted their positions on 17 December 2020 and 20 May 2021, respectively. Interinstitutional negotiations, launchedon 4 June 2021, concluded on 12 July with a provisional agreement. Parliament approved the agreed text on 5October 2021. The regulation was published in the Official Journal on 8 October 2021, and entered into force on 28October 2021. Fourth edition. The 'EU Legislation in Progress' briefings are updated at key stages throughout thelegislative procedure.

Briefing EN

ReFuelEU Aviation initiative: Sustainable aviation fuels and the fit for 55 packageTipo de publicação Briefing

Data 21-03-2022Autor SOONE Jaan

Domínio de intervenção TransportesResumo On 14 July 2021, the European Commission presented a package of proposals to make the EU's climate, energy, land

use, transport and taxation policies fit for reducing net greenhouse gas emissions by at least 55 % by 2030, comparedwith 1990 levels – the fit for 55 package. The package includes a proposal to ensure a level playing field forsustainable air transport, also known as the ReFuelEU Aviation initiative. In the draft regulation, the Commissionproposes obligations on fuel suppliers to distribute sustainable aviation fuels (SAF), with an increasing share of SAF(including synthetic aviation fuels, commonly known as e-fuels) over time, in order to increase the uptake of SAF byairlines and thereby reduce emissions from aviation. The proposal also includes obligations on airlines to limit theuptake of jet fuel before departing from EU airports to what is needed for safe operation of flights, with the aim ofensuring a level playing field for airlines and airports, and avoiding additional emissions related to extra weight ofaircraft carrying excessive amounts of fuel. In the European Parliament, the file has been referred to the Committee onTransport and Tourism as lead committee. The Committee on the Environment, Public Health and Food Safety and theCommittee on Industry, Research and Energy are associated under Rule 57. Second edition. The 'EU Legislation inProgress' briefings are updated at key stages throughout the legislative procedure.

Briefing EN

Latest analyses of Russia’s war on Ukraine [What Think Tanks are thinking]Tipo de publicação Briefing

Data 21-03-2022Autor CESLUK-GRAJEWSKI Marcin

Domínio de intervenção Assuntos ExternosResumo Russia’s armed forces have increased their bombardment and shelling of Ukrainian cities, stepping up the war

launched on 24 February. However, new talks between Moscow and Kiev about a future status for Ukraine outsideNATO have raised hopes about a possible breakthrough in the biggest military conflict in Europe since World War II.Ukrainian President Volodymyr Zelenskiy has renewed calls on NATO to establish a ‘no-fly zone’ over Ukraine.Instead, the West has imposed tough sanctions against Russia, and many companies are withdrawing from thecountry, pushing it towards a default, emptying its shops and sending the rouble into freefall. Russian PresidentVladimir Putin said on 16 March that Russia was ready to discuss Ukraine's neutrality, but added that Moscow wouldstill achieve the goals of its military operation. Ukraine says it is willing to negotiate to end the war but will not surrenderor accept Russian ultimatums. This note gathers links to the recent publications and commentaries from manyinternational think tanks on Russia’s war on Ukraine, its implications for the two countries, for the European Union andfor the whole world. Earlier analyses of the implications of the war can be found in a previous edition of the ‘What ThinkTanks are Thinking’ series.

Briefing EN

21-04-2022 Fonte : © União Europeia, 2022 - PE 30

Revision of the EU's Waste Shipment RegulationTipo de publicação Briefing

Data 21-03-2022Autor HALLEUX Vivienne

Domínio de intervenção AmbienteResumo On 17 November 2021, the European Commission tabled a proposal to revise EU rules governing shipments of waste.

The proposed regulation aims at easing shipments of waste for reuse and recycling in the EU, to support the transitionto a circular economy; ensuring that waste exported from the EU is managed in an environmentally sound manner inthe destination countries; and stepping up enforcement to counteract illegal shipments of waste. While supporting theproposed streamlining and digitalisation of procedures, stakeholders have stressed the need for significantimprovements to ensure that the new regulation fulfils its objectives, in particular as regards exports of waste. Theproposal is now in the hands of the co-legislators. In the European Parliament, the Committee on the Environment,Public Health and Food Safety (ENVI), responsible for the file, plans to consider its rapporteur's draft report in May2022. First edition. The 'EU Legislation in Progress' briefings are updated at key stages throughout the legislativeprocedure.

Briefing EN

EU Taxonomy: Complementary delegated act covering nuclear and gasTipo de publicação Briefing

Data 21-03-2022Autor CHAILLET GAELLE CHARLOTTE | DIAS FERNANDES LUCIE | HONNEFELDER Stephanie

Domínio de intervenção Ambiente | Assuntos Bancários e FinanceirosResumo This briefing has been prepared to support the parliamentary scrutiny of the delegated act (DA) amending Delegated

Regulation (EU) 2021/2139 (‘Climate delegated act’) as regards economic activities in certain energy sectors andDelegated Regulation (EU) 2021/2178 (‘Disclosure delegated act’) as regards specific public disclosures for thoseeconomic activities. In accordance with the empowerments set out in Articles 10(3) and 11(3) of the TaxonomyRegulation , the Commission shall adopt a DA to establish technical screening criteria (TSC) determining theconditions under which an economic activity qualifies as contributing substantially to climate change adaptation ormitigation. In addition, the Commission is empowered to adopt a DA on disclosure obligations under Article 8(4).

Briefing EN

Deployment of alternative fuels infrastructure: Fit for 55 packageTipo de publicação Briefing

Data 18-03-2022Autor SOONE Jaan

Domínio de intervenção TransportesPalavra-chave carburante | combustível | infraestrutura do transporte | neutralidade carbónica | proposta (UE) | recursos energéticos |

rede transeuropeia | veículo elétricoResumo On 14 July 2021, the European Commission presented a package of proposals to equip the EU's climate, energy, land

use, transport and taxation policies to reduce net greenhouse gas emissions by at least 55 % by 2030, compared with1990 levels – the 'fit for 55' package. The package includes a proposal to revise the 2014 directive on alternative fuelsinfrastructure and turn it into a regulation. In the draft regulation, the Commission proposes binding targets for electricvehicle charging points and hydrogen refuelling points, electric charging for stationary aircraft at airports and on-shorepower supply for ships at ports. It also contains provisions for EU Member States to ensure coverage of refuellingpoints for liquefied natural gas (LNG) dedicated to heavy-duty vehicles, and LNG refuelling points in maritime ports. Inthe European Parliament, the file has been referred to the Committee on Transport and Tourism. Second edition. The'EU Legislation in Progress' briefings are updated at key stages throughout the legislative procedure.

Briefing EN

Institutional Protection Schemes – What are their differences, strengths, weaknesses, and track records?Tipo de publicação Análise aprofundada

Data 18-03-2022Autor externo Harry HUIZINGA

Domínio de intervenção Assuntos Bancários e Financeiros | Assuntos Económicos e MonetáriosResumo This paper documents the relevance of Institutional Protection Schemes (IPSs) in the European banking market, and it

discusses some drawbacks of the current practice of recognizing some IPSs as a deposit guarantee scheme as wellas possible options for regulatory reform.

Análise aprofundada EN

21-04-2022 Fonte : © União Europeia, 2022 - PE 31

Economic repercussions of Russia’s war on Ukraine – Weekly DigestTipo de publicação Análise aprofundada

Data 18-03-2022Domínio de intervenção Assuntos Económicos e Monetários

Resumo This paper provides a summary of recent economic, financial and budgetary decisions and developments followingPresident Vladimir Putin’s decision of 24 February to start a military attack against Ukraine. Furthermore, in includes adescription of the EU sanctions adopted so far. It also highlights related policy recommendations made in the publicdomain to mitigate any adverse economic, financial and social effects and to support economic recovery in the EU andthe Euro Area.

Análise aprofundada EN

Russia's war on Ukraine: Ukrainian students in the EUTipo de publicação Em síntese

Data 17-03-2022Autor KATSAROVA Ivana

Domínio de intervenção Assuntos Externos | EducaçãoResumo Russia's invasion of Ukraine on 24 February 2022 has caused vast displacement of people within the country as well

as across the EU borders. While the annexation of Crimea had a negative impact on the country's education system,recent events have added additional strain. Outbound student mobility was already substantial in recent years, but ithas accelerated even further since the Crimean conflict began . After doubling from some 25 000 to nearly 50 000between 2007 and 2014, the number of Ukrainian students abroad has since skyrocketed by another 54 % to around78 000 in 2019.

Em síntese EN

Russia's war on Ukraine: EU-Ukraine trade in agri-food productsTipo de publicação Em síntese

Data 17-03-2022Autor SABBATI Giulio | VINCI CLAUDIA

Domínio de intervenção Agricultura e Desenvolvimento Rural | Comércio internacionalResumo Up until the 2022 Russian invasion, Ukraine was exporting more than 40 % of its goods to the EU, making the EU the

country's leading trading partner. The principal goods imported by the EU were raw materials, chemical products andmachinery. With regard to the agri-food sector, Ukraine supplied almost half of the cereals and vegetable oils and aquarter of the poultry meat imported to Europe. While the full impact of the Russian invasion on Ukraine's agri-foodtrade has still to be assessed, some possible scenarios have already emerged.

Em síntese EN

Research for TRAN Committee - Relaunching transport and tourism in the EU after COVID-19 - Part VI -Public transport

Tipo de publicação Em sínteseData 17-03-2022

Autor DEBYSER Ariane | LECARTE Jacques | PERNICE DavideDomínio de intervenção Avaliação da Legislação e das Políticas na Prática | Transportes | Turismo

Resumo This At a glance note summarises the study on Relaunching transport and tourism in the EU after COVID-19: Publictransport

Em síntese EN

21-04-2022 Fonte : © União Europeia, 2022 - PE 32

EU international procurement instrumentTipo de publicação Briefing

Data 17-03-2022Autor SZCZEPANSKI Marcin

Domínio de intervenção Comércio internacionalPalavra-chave acordo comercial (UE) | acordo sobre contratos públicos | adjudicação por contrato | apresentação de propostas a

concurso | contratação pública | mercado internacional | OCDE | Organização Mundial do Comércio | país terceiro |proposta (UE)

Resumo Government procurement forms an important part of national economies. The EU has opened up its publicprocurement markets to third countries to a large degree, while many other economies have had limited appetite toliberalise market access. In 2012, the European Commission tabled a proposal for an international procurementinstrument (IPI). The IPI would give the EU leverage in negotiating the reciprocal opening of public procurementmarkets in third countries. The Commission revised the proposal in 2016, taking on board some recommendationsfrom the Council and the European Parliament. However, the revised proposal did not advance owing to differences inMember States' positions. In 2019, discussions in the Council gathered new momentum in the context of a growingrecognition of the need to level the playing field in international trade. In June 2021, the Council adopted a negotiatingmandate that added the threat of market exclusion to the price adjustment mechanism. The Parliament adopted itsposition on the revised IPI proposal in December 2021, modifying its design, scope and application. The triloguesconcluded successfully on 14 March 2022. Third edition of a briefing, the previous editions of which were drafted byJana Titievskaia. The 'EU Legislation in Progress' briefings are updated at key stages throughout the legislativeprocedure.

Briefing EN

Amending the European Long-Term Investment Funds (ELTIFs) RegulationTipo de publicação Briefing

Data 17-03-2022Autor DELIVORIAS Angelos

Domínio de intervenção Assuntos Económicos e MonetáriosResumo European long-term investment funds (ELTIFs) invest on a long-term basis in infrastructure projects, real estate and

SMEs, among others. While the legislative framework – the ELTIF Regulation – for these funds was adopted six yearsago, their market remains small. For this reason, the Commission has proposed amending the ELTIF Regulation tomake it more appealing to investors. The key mulled changes involve differentiating between ELTIFs marketed toprofessional investors and those to which retail investors can have access; removing barriers to retail investor accessto ELTIFs; and establishing an optional liquidity window mechanism for redemptions, for cases where investors needto exit early. The file is currently under review by the co-legislators. Within the European Parliament, it has beenassigned to the Committee on Economic and Monetary Affairs. The draft report is expected soon. First edition. The 'EULegislation in Progress' briefings are updated at key stages throughout the legislative procedure.

Briefing EN

Privacy and security aspects of 5G technologyTipo de publicação Estudo

Data 17-03-2022Autor externo DG, EPRS

Domínio de intervenção Ambiente | Proteção dos Consumidores | Saúde PúblicaResumo This study describes two main dimensions of 5G technology, i.e. privacy and security. This research paper focuses on

the analysis of cybersecurity risks and threats, privacy challenges and 5G technology opportunities at EU level andworldwide, as well as the relationship between cybersecurity risks and privacy issues. The methodological frameworkfor this assessment of the impact of 5G technology is built on three pillars: (i) a document-based analysis; (ii) a parallelanalysis with stakeholder involvement; and (iii) a selection of relevant case studies. The complexity of the 5Gecosystem, where new use cases are constantly emerging, also led the authors to assess the prospects of using new5G-enabled technologies, such as the internet-of-things, robotics and AI. Moreover, policy options are defined and putforward for consideration by the European Parliament's Committees on Legal Affairs, Internal Market and ConsumerProtection, Civil Liberties, Justice and Home Affairs, and the Subcommittee on Security and Defence, as well as byother EU institutions and the Member States.

Estudo EN

Anexo 1 EN

The Added Value of the Recovery and Resilience FacilityTipo de publicação Estudo

Data 17-03-2022Autor externo C.Hartwell, J.Hagemejer, A.Pechcińska, G.Dragan, M.Sass, K.Staehr

Domínio de intervenção Assuntos Económicos e MonetáriosResumo This study examines the value added by the Recovery and Resilience Facility (RRF) funding in four specific countries:

Estonia, Hungary, Poland, and Romania. Focusing on each country’s national plans for utilising the funding, we identifywhere national plans may have generated value added and where additional work is needed to make RRF fundingmore effective.

Estudo EN

21-04-2022 Fonte : © União Europeia, 2022 - PE 33

Assessment of recent anti-tax avoidance and evasion measures (ATAD & DAC 6)Tipo de publicação Estudo

Data 17-03-2022Autor VERBEKEN Dirk

Autor externo Werner HASLEHNER and Katerina PANTAZATOUDomínio de intervenção Assuntos Bancários e Financeiros | Fiscalidade

Resumo This study aims to provide an overview of the recently implemented anti-tax avoidance and evasion measures, notablythe ATAD and DAC 6. It reviews the implementation of these directives across different Member States and assessesthe problems that arise with regard to the interpretation of some of the directives’ provisions. This document wasprovided by the Policy Department for Economic, Scientific and Quality of Life Policies at the request of the Economicand Monetary Affairs Subcommittee on tax matters (FISC).

Estudo EN

Russia's war on Ukraine: The digital dimensionTipo de publicação Em síntese

Data 16-03-2022Autor MADIEGA Tambiama André

Domínio de intervenção Assuntos ExternosResumo While Russia deploys cyber warfare and disinformation strategies in its war on Ukraine, social platforms, and

telecommunication, media and internet operators are playing an important role in relaying information on the war andshaping public opinion. The EU has taken a number of immediate, practical, measures to support Ukraine, and iscontemplating further action to build the resilience of its communications infrastructures, strengthen cybersecurity andcounter disinformation.

Em síntese EN

Distortive foreign subsidies regulation: A level playing-field for the single marketTipo de publicação Briefing

Data 16-03-2022Autor SZCZEPANSKI Marcin

Domínio de intervenção Assuntos Externos | Comércio internacionalPalavra-chave ajuda às empresas | capital estrangeiro | contratação pública | fiscalização do mercado | investimento estrangeiro |

mercado único | país terceiro | política de concorrência da UE | proposta (UE) | relatório | restrição de concorrênciaResumo Public financing of enterprises, which has been on the rise globally, can have a distortive effect on competitive

markets. In response to this trend, in May 2021 the European Commission published a proposal for a regulation totackle foreign subsidies with a distortive effect on the EU single market. Under the proposal, the Commission wouldinvestigate subsidies granted by non-EU public authorities to companies operating on the single market and applycountervailing measures, should these subsidies be found to be distortive. It would use three tools: two are notification-based, allowing it to investigate foreign subsidies in companies' mergers and acquisitions, and to investigate the bids inlarge public procurement procedures involving third-country government support. The acquirer or bidder would have togive ex-ante notification of external financial contribution. The third would enable the Commission to investigate othermarket situations. The rapporteur published his draft report in December 2021, and members of the INTA committeetabled amendments to that in February 2022. Second edition. The 'EU Legislation in Progress' briefings are updated atkey stages throughout the legislative procedure.

Briefing EN

Revision of Regulation (EC) 1005/2009 on substances depleting the ozone layerTipo de publicação Briefing

Data 16-03-2022Autor KARAMFILOVA Ekaterina

Domínio de intervenção AmbienteResumo The depletion of the ozone layer affects negatively both humans and the natural environment. It is provoked by

chemicals known as 'ozone depleting substances' (ODSs), which are also potent greenhouse gases. They have beensubject to legal regulation at international level for several decades (the Vienna Convention and its Montreal Protocol,adopted in the second half of the 1980s under UN auspices). EU has always spearheaded global efforts in the field ofODSs, adopting its first rules in the early 1980s and later addressing them specifically through Regulation (EC)1005/2009. The ex-post evaluation of the implementation of the regulation published at the end of 2019 shows thatoverall performance matches expectations and that the regulation is thus fit for purpose, despite some aspects in needof improvement. A Commission proposal for revision of the regulation is expected in the spring of 2022. Thisimplementation appraisal presents findings on the implementation of the regulation.

Briefing EN

21-04-2022 Fonte : © União Europeia, 2022 - PE 34

Understanding COVAX: The EU's role in vaccinating the world against Covid-19Tipo de publicação Briefing

Data 16-03-2022Autor PICHON Eric

Domínio de intervenção Ajuda Humanitária e Desenvolvimento | Assuntos Externos | Saúde PúblicaResumo In the face of the Covid-19 pandemic, 'nobody is safe until everybody is safe'. On this basis, the EU, along with the

World Health Organization (WHO) and other public and private partners, set up a global initiative to facilitate thedevelopment, production and global distribution of Covid-19 vaccines. COVAX was initially designed to pool funds andvaccine doses in order to ensure an equitable distribution between all participating economies until all of them –higher- and lower-income alike – reached a threshold of 20 % of their populations vaccinated. The COVAX mechanismdoes not, however, prevent high-income economies from striking bilateral agreements with vaccine manufacturers orselected beneficiary countries. In this context, self-financing economies have secured several times more vaccinedoses than their populations need, widening the vaccine supply gap for poorer economies. The EU and participatingMember States have contributed nearly a third of COVAX funding, however, as is the case for most donors, theirvaccine donations have fallen short of the levels needed. The new rise in cases shows that 'vaccine nationalism' is nota viable policy. The European Parliament has welcomed the EU's participation in COVAX and expects the Commissionto publish an assessment of this participation. To achieve the objective of immunising 70 % of the world population bymid-2022, the WHO has called on the EU, other donors and manufacturers to deliver on their pledges. In parallel, theplan is to develop vaccine manufacturing capacities in lower income economies, and devise a fair solution for sharingCovid-19-related knowledge and patents.

Briefing EN

How are we coping with the pandemic? Mental health and resilience amid the Covid-19 pandemic in theEU

Tipo de publicação EstudoData 16-03-2022

Autor externo DG, EPRSDomínio de intervenção Saúde Pública

Resumo This report reviews the existing scientific evidence regarding the mental health of different population groups amid theCovid 19 pandemic in the European Union (EU) and its influential factors. Since the beginning of the pandemic, therehas been extensive research on the psychosocial and mental health consequences, showing negative effectsespecially in the general population compared to before. On the other hand, there is also evidence of resilientresponses as the pandemic progressed – that is, the maintenance or recovery of mental health. However, thesefindings are limited to the first wave or shortly thereafter. No reliable conclusions regarding the mental health impact ofCovid 19 policy responses – containment and support measures – are possible. Several risk factors were identified,with a need for more research on protective factors. Finally, the study outlines a set of relevant policy options toaddress the mental health challenges during the Covid 19 pandemic and similar future situations.

Estudo EN

Anexo 1 EN

Anexo 2 EN

Anexo 3 EN

Outcome of the informal European Council in Versailles on 10-11 March 2022Tipo de publicação Briefing

Data 15-03-2022Autor ANGHEL Suzana Elena

Domínio de intervenção Assuntos Económicos e Monetários | Energia | Segurança e DefesaResumo At the informal European Council of 10-11 March 2022, EU leaders adopted the Versailles declaration condemning the

‘unprovoked and unjustified’ Russian military aggression against Ukraine. They set strategic guidelines for security anddefence, energy and economic and financial affairs.

Briefing EN

Revision of the trans-European transport network guidelinesTipo de publicação Briefing

Data 15-03-2022Autor PAPE Marketa

Domínio de intervenção Desenvolvimento Regional | TransportesResumo To support its economy, provide mobility for people and goods and ensure connectivity of all regions while also limiting

negative impacts on climate and environment, the EU has been building a multimodal transport network across itsterritory: the trans-European transport network (TEN T). The TEN T policy is based on 2013 Union guidelines thatdefined the technical requirements for the planned transport infrastructure and the network layout. Networkconstruction is also supported through EU funding, including the dedicated Connecting Europe Facility programme.Having evaluated the progress in TEN T implementation, the European Commission put forward revised TEN Tguidelines in December 2021, to ensure sustainable connectivity through a reliable and high-quality infrastructurenetwork, aligned with the objectives of the European Green Deal. As co-legislators, the European Parliament and theCouncil will have to agree on the final form of the proposed regulation. In the Parliament, the Committee on Transportand Tourism will lead the file. First edition. The 'EU Legislation in Progress' briefings are updated at key stagesthroughout the legislative procedure.

Briefing EN

21-04-2022 Fonte : © União Europeia, 2022 - PE 35

Reforming the European Union: How Parliament is responding to citizens' expectationsTipo de publicação Briefing

Data 15-03-2022Autor DIAZ CREGO Maria | KOTANIDIS Silvia

Domínio de intervenção Democracia na UE, Direito Institucional e Direito ParlamentarResumo The Conference on the Future of Europe was designed to give the general public a say about their vision for the EU,

by means of a multilingual digital platform and citizens' panels. The panels are transnational forums, gathering citizensfrom the EU Member States to discuss their vision for the future of the Union and make recommendations on how theEU could be improved. The resulting proposals are diverse but constructive. They include interesting, sometimesambitious, suggestions for the future and in many respects are geared towards building a more efficient, integratedUnion that is closer to its citizens. This briefing focuses on the recommendations made by Panel 2 (Europeandemocracy / values, rights, rule of law and security), and recommendations uploaded onto the multilingual digitalplatform (under European democracy). The latter are predominantly constitutional and institutional in nature andtherefore tackle broader issues, such as reform of the EU institutional set-up, improvements to the EU decision-makingprocess, closer cooperation among Member States and a stronger European Parliament. In many respects, theoverview given in this briefing shows how Parliament has been very active in making proposals and endorsingchanges in almost all the fields where citizens have expressed the need for the EU to take action. While the citizens'panels have been an interesting and innovative exercise in participatory democracy, the outcome of the conferencehas still to take shape, and will be captured in a final report to be issued when its work ends in spring 2022. This is thefirst in a series of briefings that will look at citizens' expectations and recommendations in the context of theConference on the Future of Europe, and the European Parliament's response.

Briefing EN

Les principes d’égalité et de non-discrimination, une perspective de droit comparé - SuisseTipo de publicação Estudo

Data 15-03-2022Autor externo Dr. Nula FREI, Universität Freiburg

Domínio de intervenção Assuntos Externos | Avaliação da Legislação e das Políticas na Prática | Democracia | Democracia na UE, DireitoInstitucional e Direito Parlamentar | Direito da UE: Ordenamento Jurídico e Atos Jurídicos | Direito internacionalpúblico | Direitos Humanos | Espaço de Liberdade, de Segurança e de Justiça | Questões de Género, Igualdade eDiversidade | Transposição e Aplicação da Legislação

Resumo Ce document fait partie d'une série d’études qui, sous l'angle du droit comparé, entend présenter les principesd’égalité et de non-discrimination dans différents États. Après avoir présenté la législation et la jurisprudenceapplicables, l'auteure examine le contenu, les limites et la possible évolution de ces principes. La présente étude portesur la Suisse. La Suisse a inscrit l’égalité juridique et la non-discrimination dans la Constitution fédérale ainsi que dansplusieurs lois spéciales, qui se concentrent chacune sur des motifs de discrimination et des domaines juridiquesspécifiques. Ceux-ci sont étudiés dans le présent document. La troisième section reprend l’importante jurisprudencedu Tribunal fédéral suisse. La quatrième section analyse le cadre juridique suisse de manière critique et présente seslacunes ainsi que les réformes actuelles et à venir. Le présent document est la version en français de l’étudeoriginairement publiée par la Bibliothèque de droit comparé en allemand en octobre 2020. Cette version met à jour laversion antérieure par le biais des notes de l’éditeur.

Estudo FR

Russia's war on Ukraine: Implications for EU transportTipo de publicação Em síntese

Data 14-03-2022Autor PAPE Marketa

Domínio de intervenção TransportesResumo In response to Russia’s unjustified invasion of Ukraine, the European Union has adopted unprecedented new

sanctions. These included a ban of all Russian aircraft from its airspace, to which Russia reacted by banning all EUairlines from its skies. While the full weight of these decisions is only starting to be felt, the implications of the conflictfor EU transport are much larger and include steep increases in fuel prices, interruptions to supply chains and the needto ensure the safe return of stranded drivers and seafarers, already problematic due to Covid-19.

Em síntese EN

Extension of the EU Digital Covid CertificateTipo de publicação Em síntese

Data 14-03-2022Autor Niestadt Maria

Domínio de intervenção Saúde Pública | TurismoResumo Given the continuation of the Covid-19 pandemic and of certain travel restrictions within the EU, the European

Commission has proposed to extend the EU Digital Covid Certificate (EUDCC) regulations by one year, until 30 June2023. The Commission also proposed some limited amendments to the regulations.

Em síntese EN

21-04-2022 Fonte : © União Europeia, 2022 - PE 36

Denmark's National Recovery and Resilience Plan: Latest state of playTipo de publicação Briefing

Data 14-03-2022Autor JENSEN LISELOTTE

Domínio de intervenção OrçamentoResumo In absolute figures, the Danish National Recovery and Resilience Plan (NRRP) is the sixth smallest national plan (or

third smallest as a share of gross domestic product, GDP) under the unprecedented EU response to the crisistriggered by the coronavirus pandemic. To date, Denmark has decided not to request any loan, and its Recovery andResilience Facility (RRF) allocation therefore consists solely of a non-repayable grant (see figure below). Denmark isset to receive the maximum allocation of €1 551.4 million from the RRF, which corresponds to 0.2 % of the entire RRFand to 0.5 % of Denmark’s 2019 GDP. The country’s NRRP amounts to €1 615 million, which means that Denmark willadd €63.6 million in national funding towards the total resources of the plan. According to Article 18 of the RRFRegulation, measures under the NRRPs are to be completed by 2026. Following the Council’s approval of the plan,Denmark received €201 million in pre-financing in September 2021. Subsequent payments, to be distributed over sixinstalments, will depend on achieving milestones and targets identified in relation to RRF implementation. The Danishplan is centred around reforms and investments early in the period, and the last instalment is planned for June 2026.The European Parliament, which was a major advocate for the creation of a common EU recovery instrument,participates in interinstitutional fora for cooperation and discussion on its implementation and scrutinises the work ofthe European Commission.

Briefing DA, EN

Legal issues surrounding compulsory Covid-19 vaccinationTipo de publicação Briefing

Data 14-03-2022Autor DE GROOT DAVID ARMAND JACQUES GERA | DIAZ CREGO Maria | DUMBRAVA Costica | KOTANIDIS Silvia |

MENTZELOPOULOU Maria-MargaritaDomínio de intervenção Coronavírus | Direitos Humanos | Espaço de Liberdade, de Segurança e de Justiça

Resumo The authorisation of the first Covid-19 vaccines by the European Commission in December 2020 dovetailed with EUMember States' efforts to roll out mass vaccination campaigns to halt the spread of the coronavirus. Amid risingnumbers of Covid-19 cases and fears surrounding what might be the impact of the Omicron variant, those efforts wererenewed at the end of 2021, including the roll-out of booster doses and vaccines for children. However, despiteprogress in some Member States, as of March 2022, only 72 % of the EU population is fully vaccinated (primarycourse). Low vaccination rates have sparked debates around how to increase vaccine uptake. On 1 December 2021,European Commission President Ursula von der Leyen said it was time for the EU to 'think about mandatoryvaccination'. Two weeks later, the European Council reiterated the 'vital importance of vaccination in the fight againstthe pandemic', suggesting the need to step up vaccination campaigns and address vaccine hesitancy. Although thereis no common approach to mandatory vaccination against Covid-19 at EU level, some Member States are trying toincrease vaccine uptake among their populations by making vaccination compulsory. For the time being, only threeMember States are imposing a vaccination mandate on all adults (Austria) or on specific age groups (Greece andItaly), although Austria has just decided to postpone the application of the obligation. Other Member States requirecertain categories of workers, e.g. in healthcare or public services, to get vaccinated so as to be able to continueexercising their professional activities (Germany, Greece, France, Italy, Latvia and Hungary), or allow employers toimpose such a mandate on their employees (Estonia and, until 6 March 2022, Hungary). Finally, in some otherMember States, access to certain public spaces is only possible for those fully vaccinated or having recovered fromCovid-19 (Germany, France, Italy and Latvia). This briefing looks at the experiences of selected Member Statesimposing compulsory vaccination for Covid-19 and analyses the EU legal framework applicable to those national rules.It has been written with the contribution of the Directorate for Legislative Acts within the Directorate-General for thePresidency.

Briefing EN

Czechia's National Recovery and Resilience Plan: Latest state of playTipo de publicação Briefing

Data 14-03-2022Autor PAPE Marketa

Domínio de intervenção OrçamentoResumo To benefit from the Recovery and Resilience Facility (RRF), the unprecedented EU response to the crisis triggered by

the coronavirus pandemic, Czechia has decided to use the grant component of its national allocation, withoutrequesting loans. The targeted resources total €7 036 million and represent 1 % of the entire RRF. They amount to 3.1% of the country’s gross domestic product (GDP) in 2019 (the RRF being 5.2 % of EU-27 GDP in 2019). To receivethis support, Czechia has prepared a National Recovery and Resilience Plan (NRRP), a broad programme of reformsand investments that seeks to underpin the recovery of the Czech economy, while advancing the green and digitaltransition and addressing a number of existing structural weaknesses. In addition to the EU support, Czechia hasincluded in its plan a subset of reforms and investments equal to €449 million, which, while integrated into the structureof the plan, are not included in the RRF financing and will be financed from national resources. Measures under theplan are to be completed by 2026. Following the Council’s approval, Czechia has received €915 million in pre-financing, equivalent to 13 % of its total financial allocation. The next payments, divided into nine six-monthlyinstalments, will depend on progress in implementing the plan. The European Parliament, which was a strongadvocate for a common EU recovery instrument, participates in interinstitutional cooperation and discussions on itsimplementation and scrutinises the work of the European Commission.

Briefing CS, EN

21-04-2022 Fonte : © União Europeia, 2022 - PE 37

Malta's National Recovery and Resilience Plan: Latest state of playTipo de publicação Briefing

Data 14-03-2022Autor LILYANOVA Velina

Domínio de intervenção OrçamentoResumo Malta's National Recovery and Resilience Plan (NRRP) has a total value of €344.9 million. However, under the EU's

Recovery and Resilience Facility (RRF), which is at the core of the EU's innovative Next Generation EU instrument,Malta is expected to receive around €316.4 million, slightly below the value of the plan, and entirely in grants. Maltahas not requested any loans so far. Under the RRF Regulation, the option to request loan support of up to 6.8 % of2019 gross national income is available until 31 August 2023. Whereas in nominal terms, Malta has the secondsmallest allocation after Luxembourg, in terms of RRF grants per capita, it ranks higher: the value of Malta's grantsunder the RRF equals approximately 2.3 % of its 2019 gross domestic product (GDP), less than the average for theEU overall (in comparison, the RRF equals 5.2 % of EU-27 GDP in 2019). In December 2021, Malta received €41.1million in pre-financing. The Maltese plan takes into consideration the Council's 2019 and 2020 country-specificrecommendations, and aligns with both national economic and investment plans and funding under EU cohesion policyprogrammes for the 2021-2027 period. The overall objective is to contribute to a sustainable, equitable, green anddigital recovery. In particular, the plan aims to digitalise small and medium-sized enterprises and the publicadministration, promote sustainable public transport and electric vehicles, and step-up the fight against moneylaundering. It embraces the green and digital transitions – major common European challenges – and envisages 53.8% of the total allocation for climate objectives, while 25.5 % will contribute to the digital target. The share of theallocation dedicated to the green transition makes Malta's NRRP one of the greenest. The European Parliamentparticipates in interinstitutional forums for cooperation and discussion on the implementation of the RRF, andscrutinises the work of the European Commission.

Briefing EN, MT

Fit for 55 package: Reducing methane emissions in the energy sectorTipo de publicação Briefing

Data 14-03-2022Autor MORGADO SIMOES HENRIQUE ANDRE

Domínio de intervenção Ambiente | EnergiaResumo On 15 December 2021, the Commission presented a proposal to regulate methane emissions reductions in the energy

sector. The proposal is part of the second batch of proposals in the 'fit for 55' package, aiming to align EU climate andenergy laws with the EU Climate Law's 2030 target. The proposal aims to address gaps in current legislation: thoserelating to methane emissions from upstream exploration and the production of oil and fossil gas, but also those fromthe gathering and processing of fossil gas, the transmission, distribution and underground storage of gas, and liquidgas terminals operating with fossil and/or renewable methane. The proposal furthermore introduces provisions onmethane emissions from coal mines and those originating from outside the EU in relation to importer informationrequirements, the methane transparency database and the methane-emitters monitoring tool. Similarly, it sets outrequirements for methane emissions reduction, monitoring and reporting, leak detection and repair, and limits toventing and flaring. In Parliament, the proposal was referred to the Committee on the Environment, Public Health andFood Safety (ENVI), with the rapporteur still to be appointed. First edition. The 'EU Legislation in Progress' briefingsare updated at key stages throughout the legislative procedure.

Briefing EN

Plenary round-up - March I 2022Tipo de publicação Em síntese

Data 11-03-2022Autor FERGUSON CLARE | SOCHACKA KATARZYNA

Domínio de intervenção Democracia na UE, Direito Institucional e Direito ParlamentarResumo As the March I 2022 plenary session in Strasbourg took place just two weeks after Russia launched its war on Ukraine,

security and economic issues were high on the agenda. Members held a debate with Kaja Kallas, Prime Minister ofEstonia, on the EU's role in a changing world and the security situation in Europe, and debated Council andCommission statements on the deterioration of the situation of refugees fleeing Ukraine. Celebrating InternationalWomen's Day, Members heard an address by Ukrainian author, Oksana Zabuzhko. Members also debated a numberof other Commission statements: on the situation in Bosnia and Herzegovina; on transparency and standards in publicaccess requests; on the need for EU action on sustainable textiles and on chronic kidney disease. Members approvedthe establishment of three temporary committees: a special committee on Covid 19; an inquiry committee on the use ofPegasus and equivalent surveillance spyware; and the continuation for a second one-year term of the work of theSpecial Committee on Foreign Interference in all Democratic Processes in the EU, including Disinformation (INGE).Several debates and votes on legislative files took place, inter alia on the European Semester, batteries and batterywaste and the general Union environment action programme to 2030.

Em síntese EN

Towards a greener, fairer recovery: Perspectives from the 2021 ESPAS ConferenceTipo de publicação Em síntese

Data 11-03-2022Autor NOONAN EAMONN

Domínio de intervenção Ambiente | Assuntos Bancários e Financeiros | Política SocialResumo The modalities of financing the green transition, the need to maintain social justice, and the particular challenges facing

Africa were among the themes addressed in a wide ranging discussion on how to 'build back better', at the 2021ESPAS conference.

Em síntese EN

21-04-2022 Fonte : © União Europeia, 2022 - PE 38

Common Fisheries Policy: A timeline of key developmentsTipo de publicação Em síntese

Data 11-03-2022Autor POPESCU Irina

Domínio de intervenção PescasResumo The functioning of the EU's Common Fisheries Policy (CFP) is currently being evaluated. The European Commission

is assessing how to improve its implementation and will present a report by the end of 2022. This infographic sets outmajor legislation and policy developments that have shaped the current CFP framework.

Em síntese EN

Parlamento Europeu: factos e númerosTipo de publicação Briefing

Data 11-03-2022Autor SABBATI Giulio

Domínio de intervenção Democracia na UE, Direito Institucional e Direito ParlamentarResumo O presente briefing, publicado pelo Serviço de Estudos do Parlamento Europeu, destinase a fornecer factos e

números fundamentais sobre o Parlamento. Analisa a atual legislatura (julho de 2019 a junho de 2024) e as anterioresoito legislaturas de cinco anos, desde a introdução das eleições por sufrágio direto em junho de 1979. Nas páginasseguintes encontrará vários tipos de gráficos, que: • ilustram a composição do Parlamento Europeu na atualidade e nopassado; • dão conta do aumento do número de partidos representados no PE e a evolução dos grupos políticos; •indicam a idade dos deputados e demonstram o aumento do número de mulheres no Parlamento; • explicam ossistemas eleitorais utilizados pelos EstadosMembros nas eleições para o Parlamento Europeu; • demonstram como aparticipação nas eleições europeias evoluiu ao longo do tempo e variou entre os EstadosMembros; • resumem otrabalho do Parlamento na atual e nas anteriores legislaturas de cinco anos; • descrevem a composição dascomissões, delegações e órgãos de direção do Parlamento; • explicam o papel legislativo do Parlamento e a suainteração com a Comissão Europeia. O briefing é atualizado regularmente durante o período 20192024, de forma aincluir os mais recentes desenvolvimentos.

Briefing BG, ES, CS, DA, DE, ET, EL, EN, FR, GA, HR, IT, LV, LT, HU, MT, NL, PL, PT, RO, SK, SL, FI, SV

Recast EU Regulation on Gas and Hydrogen NetworksTipo de publicação Briefing

Data 11-03-2022Autor WILSON Alex Benjamin

Domínio de intervenção EnergiaResumo On 15 December 2021, the European Commission adopted a legislative proposal to recast the 2009 EU Gas

Regulation, as part of the hydrogen and decarbonised gas markets package. This reflects the EU's growing climateambitions, outlined in the European Green Deal and its 'Fit for 55' package. The Commission's legislative proposalaims to support the decarbonisation of the energy sector by ramping up the production of renewable gases andhydrogen across the EU, and facilitating their integration in existing or new gas networks. It would create an EUlegislative framework for hydrogen networks, comparable to those that already exist for natural gas and electricity. Itwould also oblige existing natural gas infrastructure to integrate a higher share of hydrogen and renewable gases, bymeans of high tariff discounts; provisions to facilitate blending of hydrogen with natural gas and renewable gases; andgreater EU cooperation on gas quality and storage. The Commission's legislative proposal likewise includes a targetedrevision of the 2017 Security of Gas Supply Regulation. This aims to foster greater regional cooperation on gasstorage, facilitate the (voluntary) joint procurement of strategic stocks, and encourages Member States to takemeasures to address the growing risk of cyber-attacks on EU energy networks. First edition. The 'EU Legislation inProgress' briefings are updated at key stages throughout the legislative procedure.

Briefing EN

EU directive on gas and hydrogen networksTipo de publicação Briefing

Data 11-03-2022Autor WILSON Alex Benjamin

Domínio de intervenção EnergiaResumo On 15 December 2021, the European Commission adopted a legislative proposal to recast the 2009 EU Gas Directive,

as part of the proposed hydrogen and decarbonised gas markets package. This reflects the EU's growing climateambitions, set out in the European Green Deal and its 'Fit for 55' package. The Commission's proposal aims to supportthe decarbonisation of the energy sector by ramping up the production of renewable gases and hydrogen, andfacilitating their integration in EU energy networks. The recast directive would become a core component of a new EUlegislative framework for hydrogen networks, comparable to those that already exist for natural gas and electricity. TheCommission's proposal would refine the principles of the existing Gas Directive and fully extend their scope to coverhydrogen networks. This includes an important set of consumer rights, provisions relating to transmission anddistribution system operators (including their unbundling), third-party access and integrated network planning, andindependent regulatory authorities. In the Parliament, the file was attributed to the Committee on Industry, Researchand Energy (ITRE), which appointed Jens Geier (S&D, Germany) as rapporteur on 7 February 2022. First edition. The'EU Legislation in Progress' briefings are updated at key stages throughout the legislative procedure.

Briefing EN

21-04-2022 Fonte : © União Europeia, 2022 - PE 39

EU economic and financial developments: Weekly Picks - 11 March 2022Tipo de publicação Briefing

Data 11-03-2022Autor HAGELSTAM Kajus | MAGNUS Marcel | PACHECO DIAS CRISTINA SOFIA | TURCU OVIDIU IONUT | ZORPIDIS

ANDREAS | ZSITNAK ALEXANDRADomínio de intervenção Assuntos Económicos e Monetários

Resumo This paper provides a summary of recent analyses of the economic, financial and budgetary developments in the EUand the Euro, notably following the Russian invasion in Ukraine and the outbreak of the war. It also highlights relatedpolicy recommendations made in the public domain to mitigate any adverse effects and support sustainable recovery.

Briefing EN

Review clauses in EU legislation adopted during the eighth Parliamentary term (2014-2019) - A RollingCheck-List

Tipo de publicação EstudoData 11-03-2022

Autor KIENDL KRISTO IVANADomínio de intervenção Aprovação da Legislação pelo PE e pelo Conselho | Avaliação da Legislação e das Políticas na Prática | Transposição

e Aplicação da LegislaçãoResumo Reviews of existing legislation provide an evidence-based assessment of the performance of policies and legislation.

Review findings support political decision-making and inform the design of possible future revisions. The systematicreview of legislation has become a key policy-making tool at the EU level, most notably in the context of the EU's betterregulation agenda. This publication creates a single point of access to all review clauses contained in legislative actsthat were adopted during the eighth parliamentary term (2014 2019). The list draws on publicly available information,increasing its accessibility by bringing all review clauses together in one coherent format. The complete dataset ofreview clauses is preceded by an initial analysis that places review clauses within the broader better law-makingcontext, and by an analysis of the main features of review clauses in our dataset, reflecting the choices of the co-legislators during the eighth parliamentary term.

Estudo EN

Role and election of the President of the European Council: Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ)Tipo de publicação Briefing

Data 10-03-2022Autor DRACHENBERG Ralf

Domínio de intervenção Democracia | Democracia na UE, Direito Institucional e Direito ParlamentarResumo The first term of Charles Michel, the incumbent European Council President comes to an end on 31 May 2022. Based

on previous examples, the (re-)election of the European Council President for the period July 2022 to November 2024is expected to be taken at the last formal European Council meeting before the end of the current mandate. Thisbriefing provides answers to some of the most Frequently Asked Questions regarding the office of European CouncilPresident, notably the role of the position and the election process. It also provides concrete examples from themandates of the three different office holders to date.

Briefing EN

Victims of terrorismTipo de publicação Em síntese

Data 10-03-2022Autor LUYTEN KATRIEN

Domínio de intervenção Espaço de Liberdade, de Segurança e de JustiçaPalavra-chave ajuda às vítimas | combate ao crime | comissão PE | cooperação transfronteiriça | diretiva (UE) | diretiva CE | espaço

de liberdade, segurança e justiça | gestão de crises | indemnização | intercâmbio de informação | resolução PE |terrorismo

Resumo On 11 March, Europe commemorates all those who lost their lives or loved ones to terror. The European Day ofRemembrance of Victims of Terrorism was inaugurated after the 2004 Madrid bombings. Protection of victims ofterrorism is an essential part of the EU's efforts to address all dimensions of the terrorist threat. In response to thewave of attacks that have hit Europe in recent years, the rules and sanctions related to terrorist activities have beenstrengthened. Moreover, action at EU level nowadays ensures better protection of and support to victims of terrorism –regardless of what nationality they are and where in the EU they were attacked. This is an update of an 'at a glance'note by François Théron with Selene González Díaz, published in March 2019.

Em síntese EN

21-04-2022 Fonte : © União Europeia, 2022 - PE 40

The impact of influencers on advertising and consumer protection in the Single Market (At A Glance -Study In Focus)

Tipo de publicação Em sínteseData 10-03-2022

Autor externo Frithjof MICHAELSEN (VVA Brussels) (Lead author) Luena COLLINI (VVA Brussels) (Lead author) Cécile JACOB(VVA Brussels) Dr Catalina GOANTA (Utrecht University) Dr Sara Elisa KETTNER (ConPolicy Institute) Dr SophieBISHOP (University of Sheffield) Dr Pierre HAUSEMER (VVA Brussels) Prof Dr Christian THORUN (ConPolicyInstitute) Dr Sevil YESILOGLU (London College of Communication)

Domínio de intervenção Aprovação da Legislação pelo PE e pelo Conselho | Mercado Interno e União Aduaneira | Proteção dos Consumidores| Transposição e Aplicação da Legislação

Resumo Influencer marketing as part of the advertising industry has grown significantly in recent years, becoming one of themost popular and effective forms of online advertising. The fast-growing market of influencers comes with potentialrisks for consumers and creates several challenges for regulators. This study provides information and analysis on theimpact of influencers on advertising and consumer protection in the Internal Market, identifies best practices andmakes recommendations for future action. This document was provided by the Policy Department for Economic,Scientific and Quality of Life Policies at the request of the committee on Internal Market and Consumer Protection(IMCO).

Em síntese EN

Italy's National Recovery and Resilience Plan: Latest state of playTipo de publicação Briefing

Data 10-03-2022Autor D'ALFONSO Alessandro

Domínio de intervenção Assuntos Económicos e Monetários | OrçamentoResumo In absolute figures, Italy’s Recovery and Resilience Plan is the largest national plan under the unprecedented EU

response to the crisis triggered by the coronavirus pandemic. Italy has decided to use its entire national allocationunder the Recovery and Resilience Facility (RRF), including its loan component. Totalling €191.5 billion, theseresources represent 26.5 % of the entire RRF, equal to 10.7 % of the country’s gross domestic product (GDP) in 2019(the RRF being 5.2 % of EU-27 GDP in 2019). In addition, Italy has earmarked national resources worth €30.6 billion tofurther strengthen a vast programme of reforms and investments that aims to promote the recovery of the Italianeconomy, while addressing a number of structural weaknesses as well as pursuing major objectives such as the greentransition and the digital transformation. Measures under the plan are to be completed by 2026. Following the Council’sapproval of the plan, Italy received €24.9 billion pre-financing in August 2021. Further payments, in 10 instalmentseach for grants and loans, will depend on progress in implementing the plan. In December 2021, Italy submitted a firstpayment request worth €21 billion in grant and loan instalments. On 28 February 2022, the European Commissionendorsed a positive preliminary assessment of this request. The European Parliament, which was a major advocate forthe creation of a common EU recovery instrument, participates in interinstitutional fora for cooperation and discussionon its implementation and scrutinises the work of the European Commission. This briefing is one in a series coveringall EU Member States. Third edition. The ‘NGEU delivery’ briefings are updated at key stages throughout the lifecycleof the plans.

Briefing EN, IT

France's National Recovery and Resilience Plan: Latest state of playTipo de publicação Briefing

Data 10-03-2022Autor RAGONNAUD Guillaume

Domínio de intervenção Coronavírus | OrçamentoResumo France's National Recovery and Resilience Plan (NRRP) is a subpart of 'France Relance', a larger recovery strategy

adopted by France at national level, worth €100 billion in total (4.1 % of France's gross domestic product (GDP) in2019). The implementation of France's NRRP will be supported by €39.4 billion in grants under the Recovery andResilience Facility (RRF). France has decided to use its entire national allocation for grants and not to request loans.The resources allocated to France represent 5.4 % of the entire RRF resources for the EU, and 1.6 % of the country'sGDP in 2019 (the RRF representing 5.2 % of EU-27 GDP in 2019). Measures under the plan are to be completed by2026. Following the Council's approval of its RRP in July 2021, France received €5.1 billion in pre-financing in August2021 (13 % of France's financial allocation). The next payments, in five yearly instalments, will depend on progress inimplementing the plan. The European Parliament, which was a major advocate for the creation of a common EUrecovery instrument, participates in interinstitutional fora for cooperation and discussion on its implementation andscrutinises the work of the European Commission. This briefing is one in a series covering all EU Member States.Second edition. The 'NGEU delivery' briefings are updated at key stages throughout the lifecycle of the plans.

Briefing EN, FR

21-04-2022 Fonte : © União Europeia, 2022 - PE 41

Proposed anti-coercion instrumentTipo de publicação Briefing

Data 10-03-2022Autor SZCZEPANSKI Marcin

Domínio de intervenção Comércio internacionalResumo It is widely held that geopolitical tensions in the world are on the rise. One of the clear indicators of this phenomenon is

the increasing use of economic tools for the pursuit of strategic and geopolitical aims. This can take the form ofcoercion exerted by one country on another through trade or investment restrictions to interfere with their sovereignchoices. In response to the EU and its Member States becoming the target of deliberate economic coercion in recentyears, on 8 December 2021 the Commission published a proposal for the adoption of an anti-coercion instrument (ACI)that would allow the EU to better respond to such challenges on a global scale. While the new framework is primarilydesigned to deter economic coercive action through dialogue and engagement, it also allows – as a last resort – toretaliate with countermeasures comprising a wide range of trade, investment and funding restrictions. While there isbroad support for creating a legislative tool to address the growing problem of economic coercion, opinions are dividedas regards the severity of countermeasures and the manner of establishing when they should kick in. Within theEuropean Parliament, the file has been assigned to the Committee on International Trade (INTA). A draft report isexpected to be published in April. First edition. The 'EU Legislation in Progress' briefings are updated at key stagesthroughout the legislative procedure.

Briefing EN

EU strategic autonomy in the context of Russia’s war on Ukraine [What Think Tanks are thinking]Tipo de publicação Briefing

Data 10-03-2022Autor CESLUK-GRAJEWSKI Marcin

Domínio de intervenção Assuntos Externos | Democracia na UE, Direito Institucional e Direito Parlamentar | Segurança e DefesaResumo Many politicians and analysts have been arguing in recent years that, being highly vulnerable to external shocks, the

European Union should boost its ‘strategic autonomy’ and/or develop a higher degree of ‘European sovereignty’.These concepts encompass a greater potential for independence, self-reliance and resilience in a wide range of fields– such as defence, security and trade, as well as in industrial, digital, economic, migration and health policies. Russia’smilitary offensive in Ukraine gives this issue great urgency. In energy, the European Commission has now publishedplans to cut EU dependency on Russian gas by two-thirds this year and end its reliance on Russian supplies of the fuelwell before 2030. And the debate is moving on to ideas and projects involving significantly more integration, solidarityand stronger joint security and defence. The EU’s strategic compass, a medium-term defence and security strategy, isbeing quickly updated to take into account the biggest armed conflict in Europe since World War II. This note offerslinks to recent commentaries, studies and reports from international think tanks on the European issues related toEuropean strategic autonomy and sovereignty.

Briefing EN

Public hearing with Elke König, Chair of the Single Resolution Board - 14 March 2022Tipo de publicação Briefing

Data 10-03-2022Autor GRIGAITE KRISTINA | MAGNUS Marcel | PACHECO DIAS CRISTINA SOFIA | SLOCOCK OLIVER

Domínio de intervenção Assuntos Bancários e Financeiros | Assuntos Económicos e MonetáriosResumo This note is prepared in view of an ordinary public hearing with the Chair of the Single Resolution Board (SRB), Elke

König, which will take place on 14 March 2022. This briefing (1) addresses mainly the situation of Sberbank Europethat has been declared failing-or-likely-to-fail, giving background information (i) on the bank, (ii) the process, (iii) theactions taken, (iv) the public interest assessments made, and (v) the implications for deposit guarantee schemes. Inview of the current situation, this briefing (2) also summarises some information on the European banks’ exposures toRussia and Ukraine, as well as (3) some information on Russian banks operating in Europe.

Briefing EN

Russia's war on Ukraine: International reactionsTipo de publicação Em síntese

Data 09-03-2022Autor PARRY Matthew | ZAMFIR Ionel

Domínio de intervenção Assuntos ExternosResumo International condemnation of Moscow's war on Ukraine has reached far beyond Europe, as evidenced by

overwhelming support for a United Nations (UN) resolution condemning the invasion. Several countries have gonefurther and joined the EU in adopting sanctions against Russia or sending military aid to Ukraine.

Em síntese EN

21-04-2022 Fonte : © União Europeia, 2022 - PE 42

'Foreign agents' and 'undesirables': Russian civil society in danger of extinction?Tipo de publicação Briefing

Data 08-03-2022Autor RUSSELL Martin

Domínio de intervenção Assuntos ExternosResumo After a period of relative freedom in the 1990s allowed the emergence of civic activism in Russia, repression has now

come full circle. Under Vladimir Putin's power vertical, space for independent voices has narrowed. Like the politicalopposition and the media, civil society is now increasingly subordinate to the state. Repressive legislation hasgradually circumscribed the activities of non-governmental organisations (NGOs). As part of a more general drive toexclude external influences after a wave of post-election protests in 2011, in 2012 Russia adopted a Foreign AgentLaw, whose scope since then has been progressively expanded to include media and individual activists as well asNGOs. A second Undesirable Organisations Law from 2015 excludes numerous international NGOs from the country.While the Foreign Agent Law does not actually ban Russian NGOs from receiving foreign support, it makes it muchharder for them to operate and has forced many to close down. The number of organisations concerned is relativelysmall, but it includes many of the country's most prominent activists. Vaguely worded legislation puts large swathes ofcivil society at risk of falling foul of the law, a significant deterrent to activism. Repressive legislation has created adivide between officially tolerated 'social' NGOs, whose activities and values are more closely aligned with theKremlin's agenda, and 'political' NGOs. Conditions for the latter have become increasingly hostile, leaving little roomfor political activism.

Briefing EN

Recovery and Resilience Plans: stakeholders’ viewsTipo de publicação Análise aprofundada

Data 08-03-2022Autor LEHOFER WOLFGANG | PACHECO DIAS CRISTINA SOFIA | TEIXEIRA DA CUNHA INES

Domínio de intervenção Assuntos Económicos e MonetáriosPalavra-chave consulta pública | doença por coronavírus | empréstimo concedido pela UE | epidemia | Estado-Membro UE | relatório

| repartição do financiamento da UE | retoma económicaResumo This paper aims to support the scrutiny of the national Recovery and Resilience Plans and its implementation by

providing an overview of EU stakeholders, other relevant institutions and bodies’ assessments/opinions related tothese plans, including specific monitoring activities by think tanks and civil society organisations. Furthermore, itincludes a summary of the Commission assessments of the overall involvement of stakeholders in the recovery andresilience plans. The paper will be regularly updated.

Análise aprofundada EN

Les principes d’égalité et de non-discrimination, une perspective de droit comparé - AllemagneTipo de publicação Estudo

Data 08-03-2022Autor externo Prof. Dr. Franz REIMER, Justus-Liebig-Universität Gießen

Domínio de intervenção Assuntos Externos | Avaliação da Legislação e das Políticas na Prática | Democracia | Democracia na UE, DireitoInstitucional e Direito Parlamentar | Direito da UE: Ordenamento Jurídico e Atos Jurídicos | Direito internacionalpúblico | Direitos Humanos | Espaço de Liberdade, de Segurança e de Justiça | Questões de Género, Igualdade eDiversidade | Transposição e Aplicação da Legislação

Resumo Ce document s’intègre dans une série d’études qui, en adoptant une perspective de droit comparé, visant à faire uneprésentation des principes d’égalité et de non-discrimination dans différents ordres juridiques. Après une explication dela législation et de la jurisprudence d’application, le contenu, les limites et la possible évolution de ces principes y sontexaminés. La présente étude a pour objet le cas de l’Allemagne. En Allemagne, les principes d’égalité et de non-discrimination sont principalement inscrits dans l’article 3 de la Loi fondamentale (Grundgesetz), en tant que droitsfondamentaux, sous la forme du principe général d’égalité (paragraphe 1) et de deux garanties spécifiques(paragraphes 2 et 3). La Cour constitutionnelle fédérale a progressivement concrétisé et appliqué ces droits. Depuislors de nombreuses lois ont détaillé les principes d’égalité de façon conforme à la Constitution, par exemple en droitprivé la loi générale sur l’égalité de traitement (AGG, l’Allgemeines Gleichbehandlungsgesetz). Le présent documentest la version en français de l’étude originairement publiée par la Bibliothèque de droit comparé en allemand enoctobre 2020. Cette version met à jour la version antérieure par le biais des notes de l’éditeur.

Estudo FR

Women working in transportTipo de publicação Em síntese

Data 07-03-2022Autor SMIT-JACOBS KARIN

Domínio de intervenção Questões de Género, Igualdade e Diversidade | TransportesResumo International Women's Day on 8 March 2022 marks an occasion to reflect on the position of women as workers in the

EU transport sector. Women only represent on average around 16 % (2020) of total employees in the differenttransport sectors and modes (land, water and air). In view of growing labour shortages in this important economicsector, worsened by the coronavirus pandemic, this share needs to increase, according to experts.

Em síntese EN

21-04-2022 Fonte : © União Europeia, 2022 - PE 43

EU-Russia trade in agri-food productsTipo de publicação Em síntese

Data 07-03-2022Autor VINCI CLAUDIA

Domínio de intervenção Agricultura e Desenvolvimento Rural | Comércio internacionalResumo Up until Russia's invasion of Ukraine in February 2022, the EU and Russia were important trade partners trading in a

wide variety of goods, including agri-food products. Russia was the fifth largest importer of EU goods in 2020, despitethe disruption of trade relations caused by the first Ukraine crisis in 2014. Furthermore, Russia is a major globalexporter of several commodities, including sunflower oil, wheat and barley.

Em síntese EN

Implementation of macro-regional strategiesTipo de publicação Briefing

Data 07-03-2022Autor VAN LIEROP Christiaan

Domínio de intervenção Desenvolvimento RegionalPalavra-chave coesão económica e social | cooperação regional | Estado-Membro UE | financiamento da UE | geografia regional |

instrumento europeu de vizinhança e parceria | mar Báltico | mar Jónico | política regional da UE | TransdanúbiaCentral

Resumo While each macro-regional strategy is unique in terms of the countries it brings together and the scope of its policies,they all share a common aim: to ensure a coordinated approach to issues that are best tackled together. Building onthe success of the pioneering 2009 European Union strategy for the Baltic Sea region, this form of cooperation hassince become firmly embedded in the EU's institutional framework, with four strategies now in place, covering 19Member States and 10 non-EU countries. Every two years, the European Commission publishes a report to assess theimplementation of the macro-regional strategies, most recently in 2020. With the views of stakeholders and otherplayers helping to complete the picture, it is possible to identify a number of challenges common to all macro-regionalstrategies in areas such as governance, funding, political commitment and the need to be more results oriented. Thishas helped focus discussions on the future role of macro-regional strategies within the post-2020 cohesion policyframework. Introducing a number of measures to strengthen macro-regional cooperation and increase alignmentbetween funding and macro-regional strategy priorities, the post-2020 cohesion policy architecture has the potential toestablish closer links between Interreg programmes and macro-regional strategies and to facilitate the embeddingprocess, whose importance has been brought into even sharper focus in view of the reduction in the Interreg budgetfor 2021 2027. Yet with countries currently focusing much of their attention on their recovery and resilience plans andthe conflict in Ukraine, many Member States have still not presented their cohesion investment plans to the EuropeanCommission, raising fears that valuable cohesion funding could be lost as a result, which could have seriousconsequences for the future implementation of macro-regional cooperation. Organised from 7 to 11 March 2022, andproviding an opportunity for macro-regional strategy stakeholders from across the EU to engage with EU institutionsand raise awareness of macro-regional cooperation, the EU's third macro-regional week could arguably not have comeat a better time. This is a further update to a 2017 briefing, the previous edition of which dates from February 2020.

Briefing EN

Revision of the eIDAS Regulation: Findings on its implementation and applicationTipo de publicação Briefing

Data 07-03-2022Autor TENHUNEN Susanna

Domínio de intervenção Avaliação da Legislação e das Políticas na PráticaResumo The European Commission’s proposal (June 2021) for a European Digital Identity Framework would provide a trusted

and secure way to authenticate and share qualified data attributes online through a ‘digital wallet’ ensured by MemberStates and allowing transactions across the EU. If put into effect, it would aim to achieve the target set in Europe’s‘Path to the Digital Decade’, which envisages 80 % of EU citizens using digital ID by 2030. It would also execute theEuropean Council’s vision and explicit request for EU-wide secure public electronic identification (eID), which wouldinclude interoperable digital signatures and give EU citizens control over their online identity and related data. TheCommission proposal amends and updates the existing eIDAS Regulation by responding to the challenges raised byits structural shortcomings and limited implementation and to technological developments since its adoption in 2014.The findings of the ex-post evaluation of the eIDAS Regulation shed light on the various limitations preventing thecurrent act from reaching its full potential, while the ex-ante impact assessment of the amending proposal examinesthe different options, their estimated impact, and the reasoning behind the preferred option. Together, they establishthe context for the eIDAS revision, the pitfalls that need to be overcome, and targets. EU institutions have largelywelcomed the Commission proposal in terms of its objectives and concept. However, concerns remain, notably when itcomes to finding the right scope for the act, defining the roles and liabilities of various public and private sector actors,ensuring high data protection, and building an inclusive system that leaves no one behind.

Briefing EN

21-04-2022 Fonte : © União Europeia, 2022 - PE 44

Implementation of the Stability and Growth Pact under pandemic timesTipo de publicação Análise aprofundada

Data 07-03-2022Autor DE LEMOS PEIXOTO SAMUEL | HAGELSTAM Kajus

Domínio de intervenção Assuntos Económicos e MonetáriosResumo This document provides an overview of key developments under the preventive and corrective arms of the Stability

and Growth Pact on the basis of the latest Commission and Council decisions and recommendations in the frameworkof the Stability and Growth Pact and the latest European Commission economic forecasts. This document is regularlyupdated. This version is an update on a version published in December 2021.

Análise aprofundada EN

Towards a revision of the Regulation on the statute and funding of European political parties andfoundations

Tipo de publicação EstudoData 07-03-2022

Autor externo Edoardo BRESSANELLI, Sant’Anna School of Advanced Studies, PisaDomínio de intervenção Aprovação da Legislação pelo PE e pelo Conselho | Democracia na UE, Direito Institucional e Direito Parlamentar |

Direito da UE: Ordenamento Jurídico e Atos JurídicosResumo This study, commissioned by the European Parliament’s Policy Department for Citizens’ Rights and Constitutional

Affairs at the request of the AFCO Committee, provides an in-depth analysis of the key proposed changes toRegulation 1141/2014 on the statute and funding of European political parties and foundations. It assesses the extentto which the reformed regulation strengthens, as per art. 10(4) TEU, the capacity of Europarties to contribute toforming a European political awareness and expressing the will of EU citizens.

Estudo EN

Russia's war on Ukraine: Assisting Ukrainians at the EU's bordersTipo de publicação Em síntese

Data 04-03-2022Autor DUMBRAVA Costica

Domínio de intervenção Espaço de Liberdade, de Segurança e de JustiçaResumo Russia's military invasion of Ukraine has already pushed over a million people to seek refuge in neighbouring

countries. The EU and its Member States have strongly condemned the aggression and mobilised to aid Ukraine. TheEU has also adopted measures to help people, mostly women and children, fleeing Russian aggression, whileensuring proper management of the EU's external borders. These measures include a proposal to grant EU-widetemporary protection to people arriving from Ukraine, guidelines to assist border guards carrying out checks at the EU-Ukraine borders, and support from specialised EU agencies.

Em síntese XL, EN

Russia's war on Ukraine: Cutting certain Russian banks off from SWIFTTipo de publicação Em síntese

Data 04-03-2022Autor BOEHM Lasse | STAMEGNA CARLA

Domínio de intervenção Assuntos Bancários e Financeiros | Assuntos ExternosResumo As a system for standardised payment instructions and messaging services, SWIFT has become the basis for most

global financial transactions. On 2 March 2022, the Council decided to cut seven Russian banks from the SWIFTnetwork, as part of a wider sanctions package, including sanctions against Russia's central bank.

Em síntese EN

US Congress and trade policy tackling ChinaTipo de publicação Em síntese

Data 04-03-2022Autor GRIEGER Gisela

Domínio de intervenção Assuntos Externos | Comércio internacionalResumo In the first year of the 117th US Congress (2021-2022), members of both the House and the Senate saw an urgent

need both for a trade policy offensive specifically for the Indo-Pacific region to maintain US leadership in settinginternational standards and norms, and for an upgrade of defensive trade policy tools to address China's unfair tradepractices. Congressional initiatives have coincided with debates in the European Parliament on the EU's Indo-Pacificstrategy and on legislative proposals set to expand the EU's toolbox of autonomous trade measures.

Em síntese EN

21-04-2022 Fonte : © União Europeia, 2022 - PE 45

Russia's war on Ukraine: EU budget responseTipo de publicação Em síntese

Data 04-03-2022Autor MAZUR Sidonia

Domínio de intervenção OrçamentoResumo While Ukraine has received considerable support from the EU and European financial institutions since 2014, Russia's

invasion of Ukraine, launched on 24 February 2022, has triggered a historic and twofold mobilisation of EU funds – forhumanitarian action and military support. The European Commission has announced over €500 million in financing forhumanitarian aid and the Council has decided to use the off-budget European Peace Facility (EPF) to assist Ukrainewith €500 million in military aid. For the first time, the EU will direct its funds, €450 million, towards purchasing lethalweapons for a country at war, through the EPF. Should this funding prove insufficient, however, further mobilisation ofthe EU budget might be necessary. In its 1 March 2022 resolution, the European Parliament announced that it expectsthe EU and EU Member States 'to activate any EU budget instruments available'.

Em síntese EN

Russia's war on Ukraine: Military balance of powerTipo de publicação Em síntese

Data 04-03-2022Autor PRZETACZNIK Jakub

Domínio de intervenção Assuntos Externos | Segurança e DefesaResumo Although Russia's invasion of Ukraine began on 24 February 2022, it was preceded by long and repetitive military

build-ups at the border, as well as by joint Russian-Belarusian military exercises on Belarusian territory. While Ukrainedefends its territory with a much more motivated army, it is nevertheless smaller than and not as well equipped as theRussian forces. Military aid is being provided by EU Member States and other like-minded countries, including theUnited States, Canada and United Kingdom.

Em síntese EN

New EU regulatory framework for batteries: Setting sustainability requirementsTipo de publicação Briefing

Data 04-03-2022Autor HALLEUX Vivienne

Domínio de intervenção Ambiente | Aprovação da Legislação pelo PE e pelo Conselho | Mercado Interno e União AduaneiraResumo Given the important role they play in the roll-out of zero-emission mobility and the storage of intermittent renewable

energy, batteries are a crucial element in the EU's transition to a climate neutral economy. The proposal presented bythe European Commission is designed to modernise the EU's regulatory framework for batteries in order to secure thesustainability and competitiveness of battery value chains. It would introduce mandatory requirements on sustainability(such as carbon footprint rules, minimum recycled content, performance and durability criteria), safety and labelling forthe marketing and putting into service of batteries, and requirements for end-of-life management. The proposal alsoincludes due diligence obligations for economic operators as regards the sourcing of raw materials. In the EuropeanParliament, the Committee on the Environment, Public Health and Food Safety (ENVI) adopted its report on 10February 2022. The report is expected to be voted at the March I plenary session, and would constitute Parliament'smandate for interinstitutional negotiations. The French Presidency of the Council aims to reach agreement on ageneral approach at the Environment Council on 17 March 2022. Third edition. The 'EU Legislation in Progress'briefings are updated at key stages throughout the legislative procedure.

Briefing EN

Russia's war on Ukraine: New EU sanctionsTipo de publicação Em síntese

Data 03-03-2022Autor RUSSELL Martin

Domínio de intervenção Assuntos ExternosResumo Outraged by Moscow's invasion of Ukraine, EU countries have adopted unprecedentedly tough sanctions, in

cooperation with partners such as the US, Canada and the UK. Although Russia will partially adapt, these measuresare expected to cause major disruption and isolate the country from the global economy.

Em síntese EN

Policy Departments’ Monthly Highlights - March 2022Tipo de publicação Em síntese

Data 03-03-2022Domínio de intervenção Assuntos Externos | Controlo Orçamental | Democracia | Democracia na UE, Direito Institucional e Direito Parlamentar

| Desenvolvimento Regional | Espaço de Liberdade, de Segurança e de Justiça | Mercado Interno e União Aduaneira |Orçamento | Política Social | Proteção dos Consumidores

Resumo The Monthly Highlights publication provides an overview, at a glance, of the on-going work of the policy departments,including a selection of the latest and forthcoming publications, and a list of future events.

Em síntese EN

21-04-2022 Fonte : © União Europeia, 2022 - PE 46

Recovery and Resilience Dialogue with the European Commission - 7 March 2022Tipo de publicação Análise aprofundada

Data 03-03-2022Autor GRIGAITE KRISTINA | LEHOFER WOLFGANG | PACHECO DIAS CRISTINA SOFIA | ZOPPÉ Alice

Domínio de intervenção Assuntos Económicos e Monetários | CoronavírusResumo Executive Vice-President Dombrovskis and Commissioner Gentiloni have been invited to the fifth Recovery and

Resilience Dialogue under the Recovery and Resilience Facility Regulation. This briefing first presents a state of playof the Recovery and Resilience Plans, and looks at the first payment requests submitted, transparency onimplementation of the plans, control and audit systems and the recent European Court of Justice rule of law decisions.It then focuses on the financing side of the Facility. The following section highlights the relationship of the Facility withthe European Semester and provides information on areas where challenges identified in the country specificrecommendations are still not fully addressed. Furthermore, the briefing provides summaries of a number of EGOVpapers relating to the Recovery and Resilience Facility.

Análise aprofundada EN

Citizenship and residence by investment schemesTipo de publicação Em síntese

Data 02-03-2022Autor DE GROOT DAVID ARMAND JACQUES GERA

Domínio de intervenção Espaço de Liberdade, de Segurança e de JustiçaResumo During its first March plenary session, Parliament is expected to vote on a report on citizenship and residence by

investment schemes. The report calls on the Commission to submit legislative proposals to phase out citizenshipschemes and regulate residence schemes, and makes multiple specific proposals to that end.

Em síntese ES, DE, EN, FR, IT, PL

The shrinking space for civil society in EuropeTipo de publicação Em síntese

Data 02-03-2022Autor DEL MONTE Micaela

Domínio de intervenção Democracia na UE, Direito Institucional e Direito ParlamentarResumo During its first March 2022 plenary session, Parliament is due to vote on an own-initiative report of the Committee on

Civil Liberties, Justice and Home Affairs (LIBE), advocating new measures to protect and boost civil societyorganisations' participation in the democratic life of the European Union. Acknowledging the contribution civil societyorganisations (CSOs) make to promoting the EU values enshrined in Article 2 of the Treaty on European Union (TEU),and in particular fundamental rights, the report recognises the challenges CSOs are facing, not least in the aftermath ofthe Covid-19 pandemic.

Em síntese ES, DE, EN, FR, IT, PL

The role of culture, education, media and sport in the fight against racismTipo de publicação Em síntese

Data 02-03-2022Autor KATSAROVA Ivana

Domínio de intervenção Cultura | EducaçãoResumo Discrimination based on racial and ethnic origin is still widespread in the EU. Action to combat racism, xenophobia,

antisemitism and related intolerance rests on an established legal framework dating back more than two decades. Thisincludes the Racial Equality Directive and the Council Framework Decision on Racism and Xenophobia.

Em síntese ES, DE, EN, FR, IT, PL

Foreign interference in EU democratic processesTipo de publicação Em síntese

Data 02-03-2022Autor RUSSELL Martin

Domínio de intervenção Assuntos ExternosResumo The European Parliament is expected to vote in March on a report on external attempts to influence elections and

other democratic processes in EU countries. The report, prepared by the Special Committee on Foreign Interference(INGE), summarises the EU's main vulnerabilities and recommends steps to address them.

Em síntese ES, DE, EN, FR, IT, PL

21-04-2022 Fonte : © União Europeia, 2022 - PE 47

Gender equality in EU external policies: GAP IIITipo de publicação Em síntese

Data 02-03-2022Autor ZAMFIR Ionel

Domínio de intervenção Assuntos ExternosResumo During its March session, the European Parliament is expected to vote on a report on the EU's 2020 action plan to

promote gender equality in the world. The report, prepared jointly by Parliament's Committees on Development(DEVE) and on Women's Rights and Gender Equality (FEMM) welcomes the EU action plan, but outlines severalareas in which the EU needs to do more, not least given the negative impact of the pandemic.

Em síntese ES, DE, EN, FR, IT, PL

Regional economic accounts for agricultureTipo de publicação Em síntese

Data 02-03-2022Autor ROSSI Rachele

Domínio de intervenção Agricultura e Desenvolvimento RuralResumo Over the years, the EU has built a statistical system that allows better informed policy-making and more effective policy

implementation. As part of a broad process to modernise agricultural statistics, the proposed revision of the regulationon economic accounts for agriculture would formalise the reporting of regional agricultural data. Parliament is expectedto vote on the first-reading report during its March I plenary session.

Em síntese ES, DE, EN, FR, IT, PL

Eighth Environment Action ProgrammeTipo de publicação Em síntese

Data 02-03-2022Autor YOUGOVA Dessislava

Domínio de intervenção AmbienteResumo The eighth Environment Action Programme (EAP) has been designed to provide a framework for the overall

development of EU environmental policy and to guide policy-making by identifying priorities and goals for the 2021-2030 period. The aim is to achieve the EU 2050 vision: 'living well, within planetary boundaries'. A provisionalagreement on the legislative proposal was reached in trilogue on 2 December 2021, and is due to be voted on byParliament at first reading. The debate is scheduled for plenary in March.

Em síntese ES, DE, EN, FR, IT, PL

A new EU regulatory framework for batteriesTipo de publicação Em síntese

Data 02-03-2022Autor HALLEUX Vivienne

Domínio de intervenção Ambiente | EnergiaResumo Batteries are critical to the EU's clean energy transition. In December 2020, the European Commission tabled a

proposal to modernise the regulatory framework for batteries and secure the sustainability and competitiveness of EUbattery value chains. The proposed new rules cover batteries' full lifecycle, from design to disposal. During its March Iplenary session, Parliament is expected to debate and vote on the report on the proposal adopted by the Committeeon the Environment, Public Health and Food Safety (ENVI). This would then become Parliament's position for triloguenegotiations with the Council.

Em síntese ES, DE, EN, FR, IT, PL

US approach to research cooperation with ChinaTipo de publicação Em síntese

Data 02-03-2022Autor GRIEGER Gisela

Domínio de intervenção Política de InvestigaçãoResumo China's meteoric economic and military rise, authoritarian political system and non-market economic model, and

growing US-China strategic competition, have had a significant impact on how bilateral research ties are perceived inthe US, and on how the US Congress and the Trump and Biden administrations have shaped the US researchecosystem in response to China's 'Thousand Talents' programme.

Em síntese EN

21-04-2022 Fonte : © União Europeia, 2022 - PE 48

Fit for 55 package: revising the EU Emissions Trading System as regards aviationTipo de publicação Briefing

Data 02-03-2022Autor VETTORAZZI STEFANO

Domínio de intervenção Avaliação do Impacto ex-anteResumo The IA identifies three problems that need to be tackled, but the analysis regarding how to promote broad and effective

participation by states in CORSIA would have benefited from further explanation. The section of the report dealing withthe objectives seems less than comprehensive and insufficiently developed. While the options considered appear to besufficiently broad, a clear and transparent ranking based on the various elements considered is missing. The IAappears to reflect a satisfactory analysis of the main impacts of the retained options. The indicators proposed do notappear fully convincing in measuring the success of the initiative. The stakeholders' preferred option for implementingCORSIA is different from the one selected by the IA. Overall, the reasoning of the IA appears to be well grounded, andthe IA appears to have addressed most of the RSB's comments. Finally, the proposal envisages an increase in theshare of auctioned allowances that does not correspond to any of the retained options

Briefing EN

Maternity and paternity leave in the EUTipo de publicação Em síntese

Data 01-03-2022Autor JURVISTE Ulla | LECERF Marie

Domínio de intervenção Emprego | Política Social | Questões de Género, Igualdade e DiversidadeResumo This infographic aims to present the current maternity and paternity leave situation in EU Member States. Most EU

countries also grant an additional period of parental leave, but parental leave is not covered in this infographic.Em síntese EN

US Congress approach to US-Taiwan relationsTipo de publicação Em síntese

Data 01-03-2022Autor GRIEGER Gisela

Domínio de intervenção Assuntos ExternosResumo The first year of the 117th US Congress (2021-2022) under a 'unified government', where President Biden's party

holds a majority of Democrats in the House of Representatives and the Senate, saw strong bipartisan support forshaping closer security, economic and political ties with Taiwan. Perceived as a vibrant democracy, worth protecting tosecure peace and security in the Indo-Pacific region, the Biden administration invited Taiwan to the 2021 US Summitfor Democracy, defining shared values rather than statehood as the criterion for participation. However, like the Trumpexecutive, Biden's administration has not delivered on Congress's call to start talks with Taiwan on a free tradeagreement, but has embraced an alternative framework for engagement.

Em síntese EN

Russia's war on Ukraine: Implications for EU energy supplyTipo de publicação Em síntese

Data 01-03-2022Autor BOEHM Lasse

Domínio de intervenção EnergiaResumo Russia is the largest exporter of oil, natural gas and coal to the EU. Already before the crisis, natural gas prices had

increased significantly. The current crisis is likely to have a major impact on price levels in Europe. The EU will need tosee how to increase its energy independence, using some of the building blocks of the Green Deal.

Em síntese EN

Urban areas in the post Covid-19 era: challenges and future pathwaysTipo de publicação Em síntese

Data 01-03-2022Autor VAN LIEROP Christiaan

Domínio de intervenção Desenvolvimento RegionalResumo With around 75 % of EU citizens living in urban areas, many of the policy challenges facing the EU have a

disproportionate impact on its cities, a trend that has been exacerbated by the pandemic. While EU funds under theRecovery and Resilience Facility can help support cities, stakeholders have called for greater local and regionalinvolvement in the process and for a new focus on cohesion funding. A resolution on challenges for urban areas in thepost-Covid-19 era was adopted during Parliament's February 2022 plenary session.

Em síntese EN

21-04-2022 Fonte : © União Europeia, 2022 - PE 49

War in Ukraine [What Think Tanks are thinking]Tipo de publicação Briefing

Data 01-03-2022Autor CESLUK-GRAJEWSKI Marcin

Domínio de intervenção Assuntos Externos | Segurança e DefesaResumo Russia invaded Ukraine on 24 February, launching the biggest military offensive in Europe since World War II.

Moscow's incursion into the territory of its south-western neighbour and attempts to capture major cities – notably Kyiv,the capital – have met with firm resistance, thwarting President Vladimir Putin's reported plans for a quick conquestand installation of a subservient government. The United States, the European Union and many other countries haveimposed harsh sanctions on Russia, including attempting to cut some Russian banks off from international paymentssystems and limiting the Russian central bank's access to financial markets, as well as launching trade curbs, assetsfreezes and other restrictions. Many NATO countries have promised to deliver weapons to support Ukrainian fighters.For the first time, the EU has announced plans to send military equipment to a third country. Putin has moved Russia'snuclear force on to 'special alert', sparking fear and renewed condemnation across the world. Hundreds of thousandshave already fled Ukraine to escape the war. This note gathers links to the recent publications and commentaries frommany international think tanks on Russia's attack on Ukraine. Reports from before the invasion can be found in aprevious item of the 'What think tanks are thinking' series.

Briefing EN

Lithuania's National Recovery and Resilience Plan: Latest state of playTipo de publicação Briefing

Data 01-03-2022Autor SAULNIER JEROME LEON

Domínio de intervenção Assuntos Económicos e Monetários | OrçamentoResumo Lithuania's National Recovery and Resilience Plan (NRRP) sets out the package of reforms and investment measures

designed by the country in the context of the EU response to the crisis triggered by the coronavirus pandemic. Inabsolute figures, Lithuania has decided to use its full grant allocation of €2 224 million under the Recovery andResilience Facility (RRF), while declining to avail of the loan component. These resources represent 0.3 % of the entireRRF, equal to 4.6 % of the country's gross domestic product (GDP) in 2019 (the RRF being 5.2 % of EU-27 GDP in2019). In addition, Lithuania is naturally pursuing national reforms and investments that aim to further promote thedynamism of its economy, while addressing a number of structural weaknesses. It is also pursuing major objectivessuch as convergence towards higher standards of living, the green transition and the digital transformation. Measuresunder the NRRP are to be completed by 2026. Following the Council's approval of the plan, Lithuania received €289million pre-financing in August 2021. The next payments, in nine six-monthly instalments, will depend on progress inimplementing the plan. The European Parliament, which was a major advocate for the creation of a common EUrecovery instrument, participates in interinstitutional forums for cooperation and discussion on its implementation andscrutinises the work of the European Commission. First edition. The 'NGEU delivery' briefings are updated at keystages throughout the lifecycle of the plans.

Briefing EN, LT

Após a pandemia: o potencial de uma política de igualdade de género ambiciosaTipo de publicação Em síntese

Data 28-02-2022Autor SHREEVES Rosamund

Domínio de intervenção Questões de Género, Igualdade e DiversidadeResumo O Dia Internacional da Mulher será, uma vez mais, ensombrado pela pandemia de coronavírus, que veio expor e

exacerbar as desigualdades de género existentes. Para assinalar a ocasião, a Comissão dos Direitos das Mulheres eda Igualdade dos Géneros (FEMM) do Parlamento organizará uma reunião com os parlamentos nacionais em 3 demarço de 2022, a fim de explorar o potencial das políticas de recuperação sensíveis às questões de género,destacando as questões inter relacionadas do trabalho de prestação de cuidados não remunerado, do teletrabalho edo bem estar.

Em síntese BG, ES, CS, DA, DE, ET, EL, EN, FR, GA, HR, IT, LV, LT, HU, MT, NL, PL, PT, RO, SK, SL, FI, SV

Outcome of the meetings of EU leaders on 17-18 February 2022Tipo de publicação Em síntese

Data 28-02-2022Autor ANGHEL Suzana Elena

Domínio de intervenção Assuntos ExternosResumo On 17-18 February 2022, EU Heads of State or Government met for an informal European Council to discuss the

Russia-Ukraine crisis and for a summit with African Union (AU) leaders with the aim to renew the existing partnership.Em síntese EN

21-04-2022 Fonte : © União Europeia, 2022 - PE 50

Occupational safety and health: Adjusting provisions in the light of COVID-19Tipo de publicação Em síntese

Data 28-02-2022Autor externo Maxime MOULAC, Panagiota PAVLOU and Laura VONA

Domínio de intervenção Emprego | Programação | Saúde PúblicaResumo The outbreak of COVID-19 has had a marked impact on workplaces and reshaped working conditions in the EU. The

study explores the impact of COVID-19 on the occupational safety and health of European workers. It presents areview of the measures adopted by 10 selected Member States and an evaluation of the preparedness of theEuropean OSH legal framework for pandemic crises. Based on these findings, the study presents conclusions andpolicy recommendations.

Em síntese EN

The New EFSD+ and the EIB’s External Lending MandateTipo de publicação Em síntese

Data 28-02-2022Autor externo JErik LUNDSGAARDE, María-Luisa SÁNCHEZ-BARRUECO, Andreea HANCU BUDUI

Domínio de intervenção Controlo Orçamental | OrçamentoResumo This study provides an overview of the EFSD+, a core part of the NDICI-Global Europe Instrument. The study situates

the EFSD+ in the context of previous EU experiences with the use of blended finance and guarantees to addressexternal action objectives, focusing on the EIB’s External Lending Mandate (ELM) and the European Fund forSustainable Development (EFSD). The study examines key challenges related to the accountability and performanceof these instruments to inform oversight of EFSD+ implementation.

Em síntese EN

Outcome of the special European Council meeting of 24 February 2022Tipo de publicação Briefing

Data 28-02-2022Autor ANGHEL Suzana Elena

Domínio de intervenção Assuntos ExternosResumo On 24 February 2022, at a special European Council meeting following Russia's invasion of Ukraine, EU leaders

delivered a message of unity and determination, acknowledging 'the European aspirations and the European choice ofUkraine' and reiterating the EU's support to the territorial integrity of the country. They condemned Russia's continuedviolation of international law, and stressed that Russia 'will be held accountable for its actions'. EU leaders alsoapproved politically a new package of sanctions, which 'bites but does not deter'. Key restrictions linked to gas supplyand to access to the SWIFT payment system, a measure supported by the European Parliament, did not find aconsensus. The EU institutions were also asked to prepare a new set of 'individual and economic sanctions' targetedat Belarus.

Briefing EN

EU international investment policy: Looking aheadTipo de publicação Briefing

Data 28-02-2022Autor HALLAK ISSAM

Domínio de intervenção Assuntos Externos | Comércio internacional | Direito internacional públicoResumo The Lisbon Treaty entered into force in 2009, providing the European Union (EU) with exclusive competence in the

area of 'direct investment', as part of the common commercial policy. This covers the conclusion of internationalinvestment agreements (IIAs), which typically aim to protect and/or liberalise foreign direct investment. Since then, theEU has ratified protection IIAs (or provisions in trade agreements) with Canada, Singapore and Vietnam. Early on,concerns were raised as to the specific EU competence. Opinions requested from the Court of Justice of the EU(CJEU) established that the EU had neither exclusive competence in portfolio international investments (which, unlikedirect investments, provide limited control over a firm) nor in the investor-state dispute settlement (ISDS) mechanism –two domains covered by EU protection IIAs. EU Member State approval on these provisions was therefore needed.Moreover, to tackle stakeholders' general misgivings about the ISDS system – currently based on arbitral tribunals andperceived by some as insufficiently transparent and predictable – the EU is actively contributing to the multilateral talksto reform the current system, the objective being to establish a fully fledged 'multilateral investment court' with anappeal tribunal and its own judges. Furthermore, EU Member States have protection IIAs with other Member States inplace (intra-EU IIAs), which envisage arbitral ISDS mechanisms. However, the CJEU ruled in 2018 that arbitraldecisions between Member States are incompatible with EU law, and most Member States have agreed to terminatetheir intra-EU IIAs, raising major stakeholder concerns; the European Commission has launched an initiative toaddress these with a proposal for a regulation. Finally, for security reasons, the EU has also implemented EU- anddomestic-level mechanisms to screen, coordinate and exchange information about direct investment entering the EU.The European Parliament is preparing an own-initiative report on EU international investment policy.

Briefing EN

21-04-2022 Fonte : © União Europeia, 2022 - PE 51

Renewed EU Strategy for the Danube Region (EUSDR)Tipo de publicação Briefing

Data 28-02-2022Autor D'AMBROGIO Enrico | VAN LIEROP Christiaan

Domínio de intervenção Desenvolvimento RegionalResumo Spanning a prominent geopolitical area between Germany's Black Forest and the Black Sea, the EU strategy for the

Danube region (EUSDR) is the largest and most diverse among the four EU macro-regional strategies (MRS). Itstarted its existence in 2010, was overhauled in 2020, and covers 14 EU and non-EU countries. It is structured aroundfour pillars: connecting the region; protecting the environment; building prosperity; and strengthening the region.Similar to the other macro-regional strategies, the EUSDR does not have its own budget. Its implementation dependson the mobilisation of funds from other relevant sources (EU, national, regional, private) and on well-coordinated use ofavailable funding instruments at different levels. The principle of embedding the MRS priorities within the 2021-2027national/regional EU funding programmes, in particular the European structural and investment funds (ESI), is gainingprominence. The EUSDR faces a number of issues. Large dissimilarities persist both between and within the EUSDRcountries, further exacerbated by the economic difficulties linked to the coronavirus pandemic. A shortage of funding, agap in the alignment of funds and weak political commitment among the countries involved also pose difficulties for thestrategy's implementation. Furthermore, these countries have to contend with broader global challenges such as thepost-pandemic recovery, climate change and the digital transition, all of which have the potential to divert theirattention away from their efforts to improve EUSDR implementation. With several Ukrainian regions participating in theDanube MRS, the impact of the rapidly unfolding conflict in the country remains unclear. Despite the many positivenew elements introduced by the EUSDR's revised action plan and the post-2020 cohesion policy framework, it remainsto be seen how efficient they will be in addressing the core challenges facing the EUSDR.

Briefing EN

Finland's National Recovery and Resilience Plan: Latest state of playTipo de publicação Briefing

Data 28-02-2022Autor PARRY Matthew | TENHUNEN Susanna

Domínio de intervenção OrçamentoResumo Finland's €2 085 million National Recovery and Resilience Plan (NRRP) makes use of the grants component of the

country's national allocation under the Recovery and Resilience Facility (RRF), with no contribution from the loancomponent. The share of the NRRP equals 0.9 % of Finland's gross domestic product (GDP) in 2019 and represents atotal of 0.3 % of the entire RRF. In this respect, Finland's plan is relatively big compared to Member States ofcomparable population size and economy, such as Denmark (€1 500 million in grants). Finland has allocated 50.4 % ofits national plan to the green transition, in the service of its ambition to achieve carbon neutrality by 2035, while digitalexpenditure accounts for 27.1 % of the overall resources in the plan. Thus, Finland exceeds the minimum allocationsrequired by the RRF Regulation, which are 37 % for the green transition and 20 % for digital transformation. TheSustainable Growth Programme for Finland presents the NRRP and is financed by the Next Generation EU (NGEU)recovery instrument. Finland received its first payment of about €271 million in pre-financing, representing 13 % of itsplan, on 21 January 2022; the next payments, in six instalments, will depend on progress in implementing the plan.The total amount of grants under the RRF is subject to revision in June 2022, which might affect the final amountallocated to Finland. In addition to the RRF, Finland's plan draws on other EU funding instruments, such as theConnecting Europe Facility, to finance a cross-border electricity transmission project in partnership with Sweden insupport of the green transition RRF pillar; the Digital Europe and Horizon Europe programmes, to support initiativesunder the digitalisation pillar; and the European Social Fund and European Regional Development Fund for theeconomic cohesion pillar. The European Parliament, which was a major advocate for the creation of a common EUrecovery instrument, participates in interinstitutional fora for cooperation and discussion on its implementation andscrutinises the work of the European Commission. This briefing is one in a series covering all EU Member States.

Briefing EN, FI

Budgetary transfers in the EP in 2021 - still in the wake of the crisisTipo de publicação Briefing

Data 28-02-2022Autor FRANKE Michaela

Domínio de intervenção Controlo Orçamental | OrçamentoResumo This briefing analyses transfers in the EP's budget during 2021. It differentiates between transfers that were directly or

indirectly linked to the EP's response to the COVID-19 crisis and those that dealt with other, unrelated, needs,including the EP’s building policy. A comparison between the main tendencies observed in 2020 and 2021 sheds lighton how COVID-19 impacted budget implementation in both years touched by the crisis so far.

Briefing EN

21-04-2022 Fonte : © União Europeia, 2022 - PE 52

Strong bicameralism: Pressures for change in inter-institutional legislative negotiations in the EU, theUSA, and Germany

Tipo de publicação Análise aprofundadaData 28-02-2022

Domínio de intervenção Assuntos Externos | Avaliação da Legislação e das Políticas na Prática | Democracia na UE, Direito Institucional eDireito Parlamentar

Resumo EPRS invites leading experts and commentators to share their thinking and insights on important features of theEuropean Union as a political and economic system. In this paper, Gijs Jan Brandsma, Associate Professor atRadboud University, Nijmegen, and Christilla Roederer-Rynning, Professor at the University of Southern Denmark,reflect on the means for finding agreement between the two chambers in bicameral legislatures, taking as case studiesGermany and the United States as well as the European Union, exploring how they operate and looking at pressuresfor reform.

Análise aprofundada EN

European democracy / Values and rights, rule of law, security - Citizens' recommendations and the EUcontext: Panel 2 of the Conference on the Future of Europe

Tipo de publicação EstudoData 28-02-2022

Domínio de intervenção Democracia | Democracia na UE, Direito Institucional e Direito ParlamentarResumo In the framework of the Conference on the Future of Europe, four European citizens' panels have discussed the

development of European integration in broad subject areas. For each of the 39 recommendations put forward byEuropean Citizens' Panel 2: European democracy / Values and rights, rule of law, security, the present paper sets outa selection of the most recent and relevant European Parliament resolutions on the matter and looks at existing EUlegislation and other EU funding programmes, supporting and coordinating actions. However, this paper is notintended to serve as an exhaustive list of all European Parliament resolutions and EU-level action in the area, butrather aims at feeding debate and discussion during the Conference plenary.

Estudo EN

Climate change, environment and health - Citizens' recommendations and the EU context: Panel 3 of theConference on the Future of Europe

Tipo de publicação EstudoData 28-02-2022

Domínio de intervenção AmbienteResumo In the framework of the Conference on the Future of Europe, four European Citizens' Panels have discussed the

development of European integration in broad subject areas. For each of the 51 recommendations put forward byEuropean Citizens' Panel 3: Climate change, environment and health, the present paper sets out a selection of themost recent and relevant European Parliament resolutions on the matter and looks at existing EU legislation and otherEU funding programmes, supporting and coordinating actions. However, this paper is not intended to serve as anexhaustive list of all European Parliament resolutions and EU-level action in the area, but rather aims at feedingdebate and discussion during the Conference plenary.

Estudo EN

The Council: A second chamber for the European Union?Tipo de publicação Estudo

Data 28-02-2022Autor externo Garcia Roca, Francisco Javier; DG, EPRS; Bustos Gisbert, Rafael; García Vitoria, Ignacio

Domínio de intervenção Democracia na UE, Direito Institucional e Direito ParlamentarResumo The Conference on the Future of Europe is an opportunity to reflect on the Union's democratic foundations, including

the legislative role of the Council of the European Union (EU) and its relations with the European Parliament. Is itpertinent to reform the Council, either by reinforcing its parliamentary features or by transforming it into a Senate or aSecond Chamber? Would such a change enhance the democratic legitimacy of the EU decision-making process? Toanswer these questions, this study looks at three connected issues in detail. First, it analyses the role of secondchambers in the integration process of sovereign states in broader political entities (higher polity). Second, it examinesthe different bicameral systems (composition, powers, and functions), particularly in the EU Member States, but also inother models that may help as a reference. Third, it explores proposals to reform the Council put forward by leadingpolitical and academic figures. The study aims at providing a set of tools that may serve as inspiration should calls totransform this key EU institution be followed, and suggests three reform scenarios, using the instruments found inexisting parliamentary and federal systems.

Estudo EN

21-04-2022 Fonte : © União Europeia, 2022 - PE 53

Research for AGRI Committee - The Future of the European Farming Model: Socio-economic andterritorial implications of the decline in the number of farms and farmers in the EU

Tipo de publicação EstudoData 28-02-2022

Autor externo Mailin GAUPP-BERGHAUSEN; Bernd SCHUH; Arndt MÜNCH; Manon BADOUIX; Kinga HAT; Sanja BRKANOVIC;Thomas DAX; Ingrid MACHOLD; Karin SCHROLL; Luka JUVANČIČ; Emil ERJAVEC; Ilona RAC; Ana NOVAK

Domínio de intervenção Agricultura e Desenvolvimento Rural | Avaliação da Legislação e das Políticas na PráticaResumo This study provides an overview of the effect of the decline in the number of farms across the EU on the European

farming model (EFM), which is built around the notion of multifunctionality and provision of public goods by agriculture.It concludes that in order to foster sustainability and resilience, the EFM and policy must embrace the emergingdiversity of farmer profiles and stimulate socially desirable adaptive strategies that preserve the multifunctionality offarming.

Estudo EN

Occupational safety and health: Adjusting provisions in the light of COVID-19Tipo de publicação Estudo

Data 28-02-2022Autor externo Maxime MOULAC, Panagiota PAVLOU and Laura VONA

Domínio de intervenção Coronavírus | Emprego | Programação | Saúde PúblicaResumo The outbreak of COVID-19 has had a marked impact on workplaces and reshaped working conditions in the EU. The

study explores the impact of COVID-19 on the occupational safety and health of European workers. It presents areview of the measures adopted by 10 selected Member States and an evaluation of the preparedness of theEuropean OSH legal framework for pandemic crises. Based on these findings, the study presents conclusions andpolicy recommendations.

Estudo EN

Comprehensive sexuality education: why is it important?Tipo de publicação Estudo

Data 28-02-2022Autor externo Kristien Michielsen, Olena Ivanova

Domínio de intervenção Educação | Questões de Género, Igualdade e DiversidadeResumo This study, commissioned by the European Parliament’s Policy Department for Citizens’ Rights and Constitutional

Affairs at the request of the FEMM Committee, examines the importance of sexuality education as an integral part ofsexual and reproductive health and rights of children and young people in the EU. The study presents evidence for theeffectiveness of sexuality education and its importance to achieve gender equality, to prevent gender-based violenceand to improve health and well-being of young people. It provides an overview of the legal and policy frameworks anddescribes commitments made by the EU and EU Member States regarding sexuality education. Further, it examinesthe status of sexuality education in the EU and barriers to its successful implementation. The study concludes withrecommendations for the EU institutions and Member States aimed at structurally improving the situation of sexualityeducation in the EU.

Estudo EN

Síntese DE, EN, FR

THE NEXT REVISION OF THE FINANCIAL REGULATION AND THE EU BUDGET GALAXY How tosafeguard and strengthen budgetary principles and parliamentary oversight?

Tipo de publicação EstudoData 28-02-2022

Autor DELASNERIE AlixAutor externo Iain Begg, CEPS; Giacomo Benedetto, CEPS; Daina Belicka, Central and Southern Europe Centre of Excellence;

Francesco Corti, CEPS; Jorge Nuñez Ferrer, CEPS; Eulalia Rubio, Institut Jacques Delors Notre EuropeDomínio de intervenção Controlo Orçamental | Democracia na UE, Direito Institucional e Direito Parlamentar | Orçamento | Programação

Resumo Over the last two decades, the combined effect of multiple crises and low Multi-Annual Financial Framework (MFF)ceilings has led to the emergence of a ‘galaxy’ of EU funds and instruments with variable participation of MemberStates and a diverse range of decision-making and accountability procedures. This study analyses the impacts on theEU governance and the ability of the European Parliament to fulfil its duties and considers that reforms are needed toensure the EU budget and financial rules reflect the realities the EU faces.

Estudo EN

21-04-2022 Fonte : © União Europeia, 2022 - PE 54

The New EFSD+ and the EIB’s External Lending MandateTipo de publicação Estudo

Data 28-02-2022Autor externo Erik LUNDSGAARDE, María-Luisa SÁNCHEZ-BARRUECO, Andreea HANCU BUDUI

Domínio de intervenção Controlo Orçamental | OrçamentoResumo This study provides an overview of the EFSD+, a core part of the NDICI-Global Europe Instrument. The study situates

the EFSD+ in the context of previous EU experiences with the use of blended finance and guarantees to addressexternal action objectives, focusing on the EIB’s External Lending Mandate (ELM) and the European Fund forSustainable Development (EFSD). The study examines key challenges related to the accountability and performanceof these instruments to inform oversight of EFSD+ implementation.

Estudo EN

Domestic use of EU Digital Covid CertificatesTipo de publicação Briefing

Data 25-02-2022Autor CLAROS GIMENO Eulalia | Niestadt Maria

Domínio de intervenção Saúde Pública | TurismoResumo Just before summer 2021, the EU adopted in record time (see timeline below) two regulations on the EU Digital Covid

Certificate (EUDCC). The certificate with a QR code shows if a person has been vaccinated, tested negative orrecovered from Covid-19. It is free of charge, available on paper or on a smartphone, and valid in all EU MemberStates. The two regulations apply from 1 July 2021 to 30 June 2022. Currently, 35 non-EU countries have signed abilateral agreement with the EU, to accept each other’s Covid-19 certificates. The aim of the EUDCC is to facilitatesafe cross-border movement during the Covid-19 pandemic. Member States remain free to use it for other purposes,according to national law. They can also not require it at all. In February 2022, the Commission presented a proposalto extend its use by one year, while making some amendments (e.g. to accept more types of tests). This overviewshows which Member States are using the EUDCC for purposes other than cross-border travel (data as of 22 February2022). It indicates where and from whom it is required, as well as which proofs are accepted. Some countries use adifferent name for the certificate: e.g. CovidCheck, SafePass, Corona/health pass(port). In all Member States, theEUDCC is accepted, but not all accept the three types of certificates: vaccination, test and recovery.

Briefing EN

Les principes d’égalité et de non-discrimination, une perspective de droit comparé - CanadaTipo de publicação Estudo

Data 25-02-2022Autor externo Professor Colleen SHEPPARD, Faculty of Law, McGill University

Domínio de intervenção Assuntos Externos | Avaliação da Legislação e das Políticas na Prática | Democracia | Democracia na UE, DireitoInstitucional e Direito Parlamentar | Direito da UE: Ordenamento Jurídico e Atos Jurídicos | Direito internacionalpúblico | Direitos Humanos | Espaço de Liberdade, de Segurança e de Justiça | Questões de Género, Igualdade eDiversidade | Transposição e Aplicação da Legislação

Resumo Ce document s’intègre dans une série d’études qui, avec une perspective de droit comparé, visent à faire uneprésentation des principes d’égalité et de non-discrimination dans différents États. La présente étude a pour objetl’examen des sources de droit, ainsi que la jurisprudence en matière d’égalité et de non-discrimination au Canada. Ledroit contemporain en matière d’égalité est le résultat de l’histoire des discriminations tant publiques que privées auCanada. Les lois protégeant l’égalité et la non-discrimination sont apparues après la Seconde Guerre mondiale et ontété étendues et consolidées dans les années 1960 et 1970. Les réformes constitutionnelles entreprises dans lesannées 1980 ont permis d’inscrire l’égalité dans la Charte canadienne des droits et libertés. Depuis lors, lajurisprudence en matière d’égalité a élargi l’interprétation de la discrimination pour inclure les discriminations directes,indirectes et systémiques. Les tribunaux ont rejeté l’égalité formelle afin d’englober des notions plus larges liées àl’égalité réelle dans l’interprétation des protections constitutionnelles. Malgré les progrès accomplis pour renforcer lesprincipes et protections en matière d’égalité et de non-discrimination au cours des dernières décennies, la mise enœuvre juste et efficace de leurs promesses reste un défi pressant pour le Canada. Le présent document est la versionen français de l’étude originairement publiée par la Bibliothèque de droit comparé en anglais en novembre 2020. Cetteversion met à jour la version antérieure par le biais des notes de l’éditeur.

Estudo FR

21-04-2022 Fonte : © União Europeia, 2022 - PE 55

HERA, the EU's new Health Emergency Preparedness and Response AuthorityTipo de publicação Briefing

Data 24-02-2022Autor EVROUX CLEMENT THIERRY

Domínio de intervenção Ambiente | Política de InvestigaçãoResumo The outbreak of the coronavirus pandemic exposed the weaknesses in the EU's preparedness and planning capacities

as well as its lack of funding, with much of the EU's initial response being on an ad-hoc basis. Coordination andcooperation between EU Member States was initially often difficult, and took time to get established and startfunctioning in a structured way. The EU's Health Emergency Preparedness and Response Authority (HERA) wasestablished by a Commission decision of 16 September 2021, as part of the European health union initiative that alsoincludes legislative proposals reinforcing the roles and mandates of the European Centre for Disease Prevention andControl and the European Medicines Agency. Set up within the European Commission and endowed with €6 billionfrom the EU's long-term budget, the 2021-2027 multiannual financial framework, HERA is expected to strengthen EUhealth security coordination during the preparedness phase, shorten crisis response times, and reinforce the EU'soverall health emergency preparedness and response architecture. While the creation of HERA has been welcomedby European stakeholders active in research, innovation and healthcare, they stress their preference for inclusivegovernance, and the need to harness the activities so that they reflect the public good dimension of HERAinvestments. Since HERA is a European Commission entity and not an EU agency, the European Parliament's role,and in particular that of its relevant committees, in assessing and monitoring HERA's effectiveness and efficiency hasyet to be defined.

Briefing EN

Canada's Parliament and other political institutionsTipo de publicação Briefing

Data 24-02-2022Autor PARRY Matthew

Domínio de intervenção Assuntos ExternosResumo The contemporary federal state of Canada was formed in 1867, when the Province of Canada merged through

confederation with two other British colonies in North America, New Brunswick and Nova Scotia. Canada's 1867constitution sets out the rules by which the country is governed and divides government responsibilities into threeseparate branches: parliament, executive and judiciary. In addition to being a federation, Canada is also arepresentative democracy and a constitutional monarchy. Queen Elizabeth, who resides in the United Kingdom (UK),is Canada's head of state. Canada's system of government is modelled on the UK's Westminster system. Canada'sfederal parliament, made up of the Queen and the two houses of Parliament, is both the legislature and the source ofexecutive power: in the tradition of 'responsible government', government ministers are responsible and accountable toparliament, and must answer to it for their actions. There are three levels of government within Canada: federal,provincial and territorial, and the local levels. Under Canada's federal system, the powers of government are dividedbetween the federal level and the 10 provincial governments, with federal responsibility for the three territories de factodevolved to them. The Supreme Court of Canada is the highest court in the judicial system. Canada's political systemas a federal constitutional monarchy and its Westminster-style democracy resembles that of Australia. Accordingly, thisbriefing is similar in structure to the February 2020 EPRS briefing 'Australia's Parliament and other political institutions'.

Briefing EN

An ambitious future for Europe's women after COVID-19: mental load, gender equality in teleworking andunpaid care work after the pandemic

Tipo de publicação BriefingData 24-02-2022

Autor FERNANDEZ LOPEZ LAURA | SCHONARD MartinaDomínio de intervenção Questões de Género, Igualdade e Diversidade

Resumo The COVID-19 pandemic and its associated economic crisis have impacted women differently than men in theEuropean Union. Even if gender issues have never been so high-up in the European political agenda, the effects of theCOVID-19 crisis are putting in jeopardy the progress achieved in the past decade in terms on the reduction of genderinequalities in European member states. The effects of the COVID-19 sanitary crisis have also served to highlight theneed for member states to develop proactive – rather than reactive – gender mainstreaming policies. This year’sInternational Women’s Day is a perfect opportunity to look back on the past EU initiatives and reflect how to addressthe future, post-COVID- 19, challenges.

Briefing DE, EN, FR

21-04-2022 Fonte : © União Europeia, 2022 - PE 56

Les principes d’égalité et de non-discrimination, une perspective de droit comparé - États-Unisd’Amérique

Tipo de publicação EstudoData 24-02-2022

Autor externo Elizabeth L. OSBORNE, Law Library of Congress, United States Library of CongressDomínio de intervenção Assuntos Externos | Avaliação da Legislação e das Políticas na Prática | Democracia | Democracia na UE, Direito

Institucional e Direito Parlamentar | Direito da UE: Ordenamento Jurídico e Atos Jurídicos | Direito internacionalpúblico | Direitos Humanos | Espaço de Liberdade, de Segurança e de Justiça | Questões de Género, Igualdade eDiversidade | Transposição e Aplicação da Legislação

Resumo Ce document fait partie d'une série d’études qui vise à examiner, dans une perspective de droit comparé, la manièredont les principes d’égalité et de non-discrimination ont été établis et sont appliqués dans un grand nombre desystèmes juridiques du monde entier. La présente étude porte sur les principes d’égalité et de non-discrimination dansle système juridique fédéral des États-Unis. Elle présente un bref historique de l’évolution des principes d’égalité et denon-discrimination dans le droit fédéral des États-Unis et les événements majeurs qui ont renforcé ces principes. Elleanalyse de manière détaillée le droit constitutionnel, législatif et jurisprudentiel en ce qui concerne ces principes et meten lumière les limites actuelles des principes d’égalité et de non-discrimination et celles qui pourraient apparaître àl'avenir à partir de trois exemples : 1) l'action positive dans l’enseignement supérieur ; 2) le « charcutage électoral » àvisée raciale et à visée partisane ; et 3) la discrimination fondée sur l’orientation sexuelle et l’identité de genre dans leslieux publics. Le présent document est la version en français de l’étude originairement publiée par la Bibliothèque dedroit comparé en anglais en mars 2021. Cette version met à jour la version antérieure par le biais des notes del’éditeur.

Estudo FR

New EU forest strategy for 2030Tipo de publicação Em síntese

Data 22-02-2022Autor CAPRILE ANNA

Domínio de intervenção Agricultura e Desenvolvimento RuralResumo In July 2021, the European Commission adopted its communication on the new EU forest strategy for 2030, pursuing

the biodiversity and climate neutrality objectives enshrined in the European Green Deal and the EU biodiversitystrategy for 2030. The strategy aims to improve the quantity and quality of EU multi-functional forests, by reversingnegative trends and increasing their resilience against the high uncertainty brought about by climate change. Thestrategy has sparked heated debate amongst various stakeholders and policy-makers.

Em síntese EN

Recent Studies on Artificial IntelligenceTipo de publicação Em síntese

Data 22-02-2022Autor CIUCCI MATTEO | SOFSKY FABIAN

Domínio de intervenção Política de Investigação | ProgramaçãoResumo DG IPOL Policy Department for Economic, Scientific and Quality of Life Policies published the following documents to

assist the Special Committee on Artificial Intelligence in a Digital Age (AIDA) in its parliamentary work.Em síntese EN

'Fit for 55' package: Revising the Regulation on land use, land-use change and forestry (LULUCF)Tipo de publicação Briefing

Data 22-02-2022Autor VIKOLAINEN Vera

Domínio de intervenção Ambiente | Avaliação do Impacto ex-anteResumo This briefing provides an initial analysis of the strengths and weaknesses of the European Commission’s impact

assessment (IA) accompanying the proposal to amend the land use, land use change and forestry (LULUCF)Regulation (EU) 2018/841. Despite the effort involved, the IA contains a number of shortcoming that significantly limitits potential to usefully inform policy-making. The impacts of the preferred option, its costs and benefits remain unclear,despite the estimates provided in the IA. Moreover, the baseline used in this IA does not appear to be dynamic orharmonised with the 'fit for 55' package, while one of the options does not appear to be a real alternative. Finally, theproposal does not seem to follow the recommendations of the IA, which suggests that relatively less ambitiousLULUCF targets under Option 2 combined with ESR-LULUCF flexibility would be more coherent if the ESR targets aresignificantly raised (which is the preferred option in the ESR IA and the proposal for ESR revision).

Briefing EN

21-04-2022 Fonte : © União Europeia, 2022 - PE 57

PETI Fact-finding visit to Mar Menor, Spain - 23 - 25 February 2022Tipo de publicação Briefing

Data 22-02-2022Autor FERNANDEZ LOPEZ LAURA | HEEZEN JOHANNES

Domínio de intervenção Ambiente | Petições ao Parlamento EuropeuResumo The PETI Committee decided to organise a fact-finding visit to the Mar Menor in the Murcia Region in Spain. Over the

years, the PETI Committee has received a significant number of petitions on the pollution and deterioration of theenvironmental conditions of the Mar Menor. The aim of the mission is to visit the affected areas, hear the petitioners,and investigate and discuss the subject matter of the petitions with the regional and local authorities, as well as withthe Spanish competent authorities, scientists, representatives of social, business and trade union organisations.

Briefing EN

Transport trends in national recovery and resilience plansTipo de publicação Briefing

Data 21-02-2022Autor PAPE Marketa

Domínio de intervenção TransportesPalavra-chave ajuda à modernização | consequências económicas | doença por coronavírus | economia verde | epidemia |

investimento da UE | organização dos transportes | política dos transportes | repartição do financiamento da UE |retoma económica

Resumo To address the consequences of the coronavirus pandemic, the EU has put in place an unprecedented temporaryrecovery instrument, Next Generation EU (NGEU). Its main spending tool is the Recovery and Resilience Facility,worth €723.8 billion (in current prices). While EU countries differ both in terms of their pre-coronavirus situations and interms of Covid-19-related impacts, they can all seize the opportunity to kick-start their economies with this financialinjection. To access funding under the facility, EU countries have had to preparef their recovery and resilience plans inline with a number of requirements, such as earmarking a certain minimum share for investment in the green anddigital transitions. The plans have to be endorsed by the European Commission and approved by the Council. ByJanuary 2022, 70 % of the plans had been approved. While governments are receiving their first allocations of fundingand a full analysis is still out of reach, it has been possible to get an initial glimpse of the plans' contents. This briefingaims to give a flavour of the elements that EU countries want to take up to revive their transport and mobility systems.As all the projects financed have to be implemented by 2026, careful consideration has been needed to determinewhat is feasible and how it can fit in with long-term national greening efforts. Most governments want to invest inmodern trains, clean vehicles and recharging infrastructure as well as improving public transport. While digitalisation isalready significantly present across all transport modes, strategies for reducing car use and promoting active mobilityare taking hold only gradually. While the planned reforms and investments combine many elements and varyconsiderably, their collective completion could bring a step change towards a clean and modern European transport.This is an update of a Briefing published in October 2021.

Briefing EN

Equal pay for equal work between men and women: Pay transparency and enforcement mechanismsTipo de publicação Briefing

Data 21-02-2022Autor LECERF Marie

Domínio de intervenção Questões de Género, Igualdade e DiversidadeResumo Equal pay for equal work is one of the European Union's founding principles, enshrined in Article 157 of the Treaty on

the Functioning of the European Union (TFEU). However, the implementation and enforcement of this principle remaina challenge. Due to a lack of pay transparency, pay discrimination often goes undetected and victims face difficulties inmaking a claim for redress. On 4 March 2021, the European Commission adopted a legislative proposal on bindingpay transparency measures. The proposed directive to strengthen the application of the principle of equal pay for equalwork or work of equal value between men and women through pay transparency and enforcement mechanismsfocuses on measures to ensure pay transparency, and better access to justice for victims of pay discrimination. TheCouncil agreed its approach on the proposal on 6 December 2021. On 7 September 2021, the co-rapporteurs from theEuropean Parliament's Committee on Women's Rights and Gender Equality (FEMM) and Committee on Employmentand Social Affairs (EMPL), jointly responsible for the file, presented their draft report. On 15 November 2021, the jointcommittee took stock of the 1 090 amendments tabled. A negotiating position will be agreed after the joint committeevote on the draft report, expected in March 2022. First edition. The 'EU Legislation in Progress' briefings are updated atkey stages throughout the legislative procedure.

Briefing DE, EN, FR

Multimédia Equal pay for equal work between men and women: Pay transparency and enforcement mechanisms

21-04-2022 Fonte : © União Europeia, 2022 - PE 58

EU taxonomy: Delegated acts on climate, and nuclear and gasTipo de publicação Briefing

Data 21-02-2022Autor SPINACI STEFANO

Domínio de intervenção Ambiente | Assuntos Económicos e MonetáriosResumo The EU's commitment to the objectives of the Paris Agreement, and the ambitious European Green Deal, require

significant investment. It is estimated that hundreds of billions of euros are needed in the current decade to reach thecarbon reduction targets. The EU taxonomy is a classification system that aims to channel public and privateinvestment into environmentally sustainable economic activities in order to achieve environmental objectives, such asthose in the fight against climate change. It establishes a dynamic list of economic activities considered to beenvironmentally sustainable, provided they contribute substantially to at least one environmental objective and do notsignificantly harm any other. The European Commission claims that such a common understanding of what constitutesenvironmentally sustainable investment can facilitate the funding of the transition to a more sustainable economy bybringing clarity to investors, avoiding market fragmentation and reducing the risk of greenwashing. While the basiclegal act for the taxonomy is already in force, the process of establishing detailed criteria on how to classify activitiesas green is ongoing. A first delegated act on reporting obligations of companies was adopted on 6 July 2021. Thefocus of this briefing is the two delegated acts determining which activities should be considered as sustainable andcontributing to the fight against climate change, and be reported as such. The first climate delegated act came intoforce on 1 January 2022, establishing criteria for activities helping to mitigate or adapt to climate change. Activities inthe nuclear and gas sectors are the subject of a complementary delegated act proposed by the European Commissionon 2 February 2022.

Briefing EN

Multimédia EU taxonomy: Delegated acts on climate, and nuclear and gas

Research for TRAN Committee: Relaunching transport and tourism in the EU after COVID-19 - Part VI:Public Transport

Tipo de publicação EstudoData 21-02-2022

Autor externo Giacomo LOZZI, Ivo CRÉ, Carolina RAMOSDomínio de intervenção Avaliação da Legislação e das Políticas na Prática | Coronavírus | Transportes | Turismo

Resumo This thematic briefing provides the European Parliament’s Committee on Transport and Tourism (TRAN) with anoverview of the repercussions of the COVID-19 pandemic on the public transport sector, as well as policyrecommendations to address the challenges emerging from the crisis.

Estudo EN

Síntese ES, DE, EN, FR, IT

The Commission 2021 Rule of Law Report and the EU Monitoring and Enforcement of Article 2 TEUValues

Tipo de publicação EstudoData 21-02-2022

Autor externo PECH Laurent, BARD PetraDomínio de intervenção Avaliação da Legislação e das Políticas na Prática | Democracia na UE, Direito Institucional e Direito Parlamentar |

Espaço de Liberdade, de Segurança e de Justiça | Questões de Género, Igualdade e Diversidade | Transposição eAplicação da Legislação

Resumo This study, commissioned by the European Parliament’s Policy Department for Citizens’ Rights and ConstitutionalAffairs at the request of the LIBE and AFCO Committees, offers a comprehensive and critical assessment of theEuropean Commission’s Annual Rule of Law Report. It does so in a broad and holistic manner by assessing this newmonitoring tool in light of the EU’s Article 2 TEU monitoring and enforcement architecture. Multiple recommendationsare offered in order to remedy the serious gaps and weaknesses identified in this study.

Estudo EN

Plenary round-up – February 2022Tipo de publicação Em síntese

Data 18-02-2022Autor FERGUSON CLARE | SOCHACKA KATARZYNA

Domínio de intervenção Democracia na UE, Direito Institucional e Direito ParlamentarResumo The February 2022 plenary session in Strasbourg took place at a time of considerable international tension. Members

debated statements by the High Representative of the Union for Foreign Affairs and Security Policy/Vice-President ofthe Commission, Josep Borrell (HR/VP), on EU-Russia relations, European security and Russia's military threatagainst Ukraine. Parliament debated Council and Commission statements on the cyber-surveillance of politicians,prosecutors, lawyers and journalists, and others in EU Member States. Members also debated the HR/VPs statementon EU-Africa relations, and in a formal sitting, heard an address by Iván Duque Márquez, President of Colombia. Adebate was held on the consequences of the European Court of Justice ruling on rule of law conditionality. Parliamentcelebrated the 20th anniversary of the euro, in the presence of Christine Lagarde, President of the European CentralBank.

Em síntese EN

21-04-2022 Fonte : © União Europeia, 2022 - PE 59

European defence and security [What Think Tanks are thinking]Tipo de publicação Briefing

Data 18-02-2022Autor CESLUK-GRAJEWSKI Marcin

Domínio de intervenção Segurança e DefesaResumo Russia’s military build-up around Ukraine, as well as fears of an armed conflict between the two countries, have

highlighted the importance of the on-going debate about how to strengthen the European Union’s Common Securityand Defence Policy (CSDP). On 17 February, the European Parliament adopted resolutions calling for a moreambitious CSDP, to counter threats such as terrorism, cyber-attacks, exploitation of migration for political purposes,and foreign interference. The Parliament has also welcomed the work of governments on the Strategic Compass, along-term plan for the EU to become a better provider of security, to act faster and more decisively to protect EUvalues and interests, and to contribute to international peace. The adoption of the Compass would also help the EU toachieve a stronger degree of strategic autonomy. This note gathers links to the recent publications and commentariesfrom many international think tanks on European defence and security. Recent reports on the Ukrainian crisis can befound in a previous item from the ‘What think tanks are thinking’ series.

Briefing EN

‘Fit for 55’ package: Fuel EU MaritimeTipo de publicação Briefing

Data 18-02-2022Autor TUOMINEN ULLA-MARI

Domínio de intervenção Ambiente | Energia | TransportesResumo The impact assessment (IA) supporting the proposal 'Fuel EU Maritime' provides a qualitative and quantitative

analysis, which is based on sound and recent data. It also explains some uncertainties in the analysis of impacts. TheIA presents a well-evidenced problem definition and a sufficiently broad range of policy options. The quality of the IA isweakened by some inconsistencies in the comparison of options. In addition, the IA does not assess to what extentSMEs are effected of this proposal and the stakeholders' views on the fully fledged options are not indicated. It can benoted also that the open public consultation period does not meet the 12 week-requirement.

Briefing EN

Japan: Economic indicators and trade with EUTipo de publicação Em síntese

Data 17-02-2022Autor MACSAI GYORGYI

Autor externo Tkalec, IgorDomínio de intervenção Assuntos Económicos e Monetários | Assuntos Externos | Comércio internacional

Palavra-chave comércio internacional | desemprego | estatística | importação (UE) | indicador económico | indústria de serviços |Japão | produto interno bruto | programa-quadro de IDT | trabalho feminino

Resumo The economies of Japan and of the EU followed similar trends in 2020, a year marked by the Covid-19 pandemic. Botheconomies faced shrinking GDP, growing unemployment, rising public debt, while inflation stayed moderate and theexchange rate remained stable. Although there was a fallback in trade between the two blocks, the EU ranked as thirdon the list of top trade partners of Japan (trade in goods), while the latter was the seventh biggest trade partner of theEU. Mechanical appliances and electrical equipment constitute the main export and import products, followed byvehicles and aircraft.

Em síntese EN

Research for REGI Committee - The impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic on EU cohesion and EUcohesion policy - Part I: Overview and first analysis

Tipo de publicação Em sínteseData 17-02-2022

Autor KOŁODZIEJSKI Marek | LECARTE JacquesDomínio de intervenção Avaliação da Legislação e das Políticas na Prática | Desenvolvimento Regional

Resumo The COVID-19 pandemic was a major shock deeply impacting people, enterprises, public authorities, municipalitiesand regions. In many regards the pandemic has accelerated fragmentation between societal groups and betweenplaces. Many of the pandemic impacts highlight the risks of increasing inequalities. The worst and most direct impactshave been avoided by swift policy actions. In this context Cohesion Policy played an important role.

Em síntese EN

21-04-2022 Fonte : © União Europeia, 2022 - PE 60

Belgium's National Recovery and Resilience Plan: Latest state of playTipo de publicação Briefing

Data 17-02-2022Autor HALLAK ISSAM

Domínio de intervenção OrçamentoResumo The Recovery and Resilience Facility (RRF) of the European Union (EU) is the core component of Next Generation

EU, a temporary recovery instrument which allows the Commission to raise funds to help the economic and socialrecovery after the coronavirus pandemic. By promoting the sustainable and inclusive recovery that ensures the greenand digital transitions make progress, the RRF is consistent with the Commission's priorities. Belgium has decided touse its entire grant allocation under the RRF and, with a total amount of €5 924 million. Belgium's National Recoveryand Resilience Plan (NRRP) ranks 14th among the NRRPs in absolute budget value. Belgium's NRRP is entirelyfunded through non-repayable grants, which represent 0.8 % of the entire RRF and 1.24 % of Belgium's grossdomestic product (GDP) in 2019. The measures envisaged by the Belgian NRRP should be completed by 2026.Following the Council's approval of the plan, Belgium received €770 million (13 %) of pre-financing in August 2021.The next 10 instalments will depend on 210 intermediate milestones and targets in the implementation of the plan. TheEuropean Parliament, which was a major advocate for the creation of a common EU recovery instrument, participatesin interinstitutional fora for cooperation and discussion on its implementation and scrutinises the work of the EuropeanCommission. This briefing is one in a series covering all EU Member States. First edition. The 'NGEU delivery'briefings are updated at key stages throughout the lifecycle of the plans.

Briefing EN, FR, NL

Western sanctions and Russia: What are they? Do they work?Tipo de publicação Análise aprofundada

Data 17-02-2022Autor RUSSELL Martin

Domínio de intervenção Assuntos ExternosResumo In 2014, the EU and the US adopted sanctions against Russia after it annexed Crimea. Since then, they have added

various other restrictive measures, responding to Russia's use of illegal chemical weapons, cyber-attacks and humanrights abuses. With concerns that Moscow is planning another attack against Ukraine, Western countries are nowconsidering tough new measures. Ukraine-related economic sanctions in particular have had a significant impact onnot only the companies and sectors directly targeted but also the Russian economy as a whole. Sanctions have notpersuaded Russia to change its behaviour, but they may have had a deterrent effect.

Análise aprofundada EN

Overview of how major economies have responded to the Covid-19 pandemicTipo de publicação Estudo

Data 17-02-2022Autor externo Volker Wieland

Domínio de intervenção Assuntos Bancários e Financeiros | Assuntos Económicos e Monetários | CoronavírusResumo This study aims to assess how major economies were affected by the Covid-19 pandemic, in particular with respect to

economic growth and public debt sustainability. It reviews the heterogeneity of policy measures taken, and aims toidentify best practices. A special focus is placed on the euro area and its largest Member States. Principles andpractices for ensuring sustained growth and sustainable public finances are discussed.

Estudo EN

Impacts of the EU-UK Trade and Cooperation Agreement on fisheries and aquaculture in the EU - Fishingopportunities aspects

Tipo de publicação Em sínteseData 16-02-2022

Autor BREUER Marcus Ernst Gerhard | LECARTE JacquesDomínio de intervenção Avaliação da Legislação e das Políticas na Prática | Pescas

Resumo This At a Glance note is the third in a series of three, prepared for a PECH Committee Workshop. It reviews thepotential impacts of the EU-UK Trade and Cooperation Agreement on the fishing opportunities aspects for the EUfishing industry in 2021 and 2025.

Em síntese EN

21-04-2022 Fonte : © União Europeia, 2022 - PE 61

Turkey’s foreign policy and its consequences for the EUTipo de publicação Análise aprofundada

Data 16-02-2022Autor externo Ilke TOYGÜR; Funda TEKIN; Eduard SOLER i LECHA; Nicholas DANFORTH

Domínio de intervenção Assuntos ExternosResumo The present impasse in EU-Turkey relations is attributed by Europeans to Turkey’s democratic backsliding and

increasingly unilateral foreign policy. This, however, cannot be considered separately from the current state ofinstitutional affairs and blurring of frameworks obstructing EU-Turkey cooperation in foreign and security policy. Thisstudy takes these elements into consideration while introducing different frameworks of Turkey-EU relations, namelyTurkey as: (i) a candidate for accession; (ii) a key partner in economy and trade; as well as (ii) a strategic partner. Thestudy then focuses on the overall dynamics of Turkish foreign policy-making, its relations with historical allies andapproach to theatres of power in its neighbourhood. To understand better the consequences of Turkish policies forEuropean security, the study assesses the country’s key recent foreign policy principles, such as the ‘strategic-depthdoctrine’ and the ‘blue homeland doctrine’ as well as the situation in three Mediterranean hotspots. A short evaluationof the presidential system’s impact on foreign policy and the country’s relations with the United States are alsoincluded. The analysis ends with an overlook to the future and policy recommendations for decision-makers in Europe.

Análise aprofundada EN

The impact of influencers on advertising and consumer protection in the Single MarketTipo de publicação Estudo

Data 16-02-2022Autor externo Frithjof MICHAELSEN (VVA Brussels) (Lead author) Luena COLLINI (VVA Brussels) (Lead author) Cécile JACOB

(VVA Brussels) Dr Catalina GOANTA (Utrecht University) Dr Sara Elisa KETTNER (ConPolicy Institute) Dr SophieBISHOP (University of Sheffield) Dr Pierre HAUSEMER (VVA Brussels) Prof Dr Christian THORUN (ConPolicyInstitute) Dr Sevil YESILOGLU (London College of Communication)

Domínio de intervenção Aprovação da Legislação pelo PE e pelo Conselho | Mercado Interno e União Aduaneira | Proteção dos Consumidores| Transposição e Aplicação da Legislação

Resumo Influencer marketing as part of the advertising industry has grown significantly in recent years, becoming one of themost popular and effective forms of online advertising. The fast-growing market of influencers comes with potentialrisks for consumers and creates several challenges for regulators. This study provides information and analysis on theimpact of influencers on advertising and consumer protection in the Internal Market, identifies best practices andmakes recommendations for future action. This document was provided by the Policy Department for Economic,Scientific and Quality of Life Policies at the request of the committee on Internal Market and Consumer Protection(IMCO).

Estudo EN

Fair and simpler taxation supporting the recovery strategyTipo de publicação Briefing

Data 15-02-2022Autor SAULNIER JEROME LEON

Domínio de intervenção Valor Acrescentado EuropeuResumo Two European Added Value Assessments (EAVAs) studies on Value Added Tax (VAT) and Corporate Income Tax

(CIT) for the European Parliament's subcommittee on Tax Matters (FISC), identified the gaps in EU legislation in theseareas and evaluated the European added value of various policy options to address these gaps.

Briefing EN

Report on the Harmonisation of EU Environmental LawTipo de publicação Estudo

Data 15-02-2022Autor externo Lorenzo Squintani

Domínio de intervenção Ambiente | Avaliação da Legislação e das Políticas na Prática | Direito da UE: Ordenamento Jurídico e Atos JurídicosResumo This study analyses the clarity and adaptability of EU environmental law and how these could be improved by means

of regulatory options, by looking at four core EU environmental directives, in the field of water, air, nature and waste.Recommendations are made to improve the effectiveness of environmental law in European Union The research hasbeen prepared at the request of the European Parliament’s Policy Department for Citizens’ Rights and ConstitutionalAffairs as asked by the Committee on Petitions (PETI).

Estudo EN

21-04-2022 Fonte : © União Europeia, 2022 - PE 62

Revision of the Eurovignette DirectiveTipo de publicação Briefing

Data 14-02-2022Autor PAPE Marketa

Domínio de intervenção Fiscalidade | TransportesPalavra-chave Estado-Membro UE | estudo de impacto | imposto por eixo | imposto sobre veículos | infraestrutura do transporte |

portagem | processo legislativo ordinário | proposta (UE) | rede transeuropeia | veículo de carga | veículo motorizadoResumo The European Parliament and the Council as co-legislators have agreed on changes to Directive 1999/62/EC on the

charging of heavy goods vehicles for the use of certain infrastructures (known as the Eurovignette Directive). Vignettesfor heavy goods vehicles will have to be phased out across the core trans-European transport network from 2030 andreplaced by distance-based charges (tolls). With a number of other changes, this should help make road pricing fairerand more efficient. The European Commission put forward a legislative proposal to amend the directive in May 2017as part of its first 'mobility package', seeking to modernise mobility and transport. The aim of the proposal was to moveaway from a time-based model of charging (vignettes) to a distance-based one – that better reflects the polluter-paysand user-pays principles – and to include other vehicles. In Parliament, the Committee on Transport and Tourism(TRAN) took the lead. Parliament adopted its first-reading position in October 2018, without agreement with theCouncil. After the 2019 European elections, Giuseppe Ferrandino (S&D, Italy) took over as rapporteur. The Counciladopted its position in December 2020. Interinstitutional negotiations in the first half of 2021 paved the way for anagreement, subsequently approved formally by both the Council and the Parliament. Fifth edition of a briefing originallydrafted by Ariane Debyser and updated by Damiano Scordamaglia. The 'EU Legislation in Progress' briefings areupdated at key stages throughout the legislative procedure.

Briefing EN

EU space policy: Boosting EU competitiveness and accelerating the twin ecological and digital transitionTipo de publicação Briefing

Data 14-02-2022Autor EVROUX CLEMENT THIERRY

Domínio de intervenção Ambiente | Indústria | Política de InvestigaçãoResumo Over the past decade, space has gained increasing importance as an economic sector offering opportunities for

established and emerging markets. Space policies and their applications have also gained in political relevance due totheir capacity to tackle global challenges, such as the climate and biodiversity crises, but also due to the growingreliance of the EU economy and society on space infrastructure, services and data. Pursuant to Article 189 of theTreaty on the Functioning of the European Union (TFEU), space is a shared competence of the EU and its MemberStates. EU space policy has two overarching goals: on the one hand, promoting scientific and industrialcompetitiveness with a view to nurturing EU spatial ecosystems and ensuring EU autonomy in space; on the other,increasingly harnessing space investments and services to address key EU political priorities such as the EuropeanGreen Deal and the Digital Decade. This briefing focuses on the state of play in regard to the EU's space economy,while also examining the EU's reliance on space services. Specifically, it highlights the relevance of the EU in theglobal space market and looks at the ways the EU could boost its use of space data and services to deliver on its mainpolitical priorities.

Briefing EN

Multimédia EU space policy: Boosting EU competitiveness and accelerating the twin ecological and digital transition

The Ukrainian crisis: Military threats and diplomacy [What Think Tanks are thinking]Tipo de publicação Briefing

Data 14-02-2022Autor CESLUK-GRAJEWSKI Marcin

Domínio de intervenção Assuntos ExternosResumo Russia continues to strengthen its military presence around the Ukrainian border, despite intensive diplomatic activity

to ward off a feared armed conflict between the countries. Russia has amassed more than 100 000 troops, as well asships, aircraft, rocket launchers and other heavy weaponry near Ukraine, prompting some politicians and analysts tosay that war may be imminent. Others believe Russian President Vladimir Putin is still playing a diplomatic game,aimed, among other goals, at bringing Ukraine into Russia’s sphere of influence. The United States, the EuropeanUnion and other countries have threatened severe sanctions against Russia should it start new hostilities, following itsannexation of Crimea in 2014 and the destabilisation of some eastern Ukrainian provinces. This note gathers links torecent publications and commentaries from many international think tanks on the crisis and its implications forneighbouring countries, the European Union and global geopolitics. More reports on the issue can be found in aprevious item from the ‘What think tanks are thinking’ series.

Briefing EN

Policy Departments’ Monthly Highlights - February 2022Tipo de publicação Em síntese

Data 11-02-2022Domínio de intervenção Ambiente | Controlo Orçamental | Democracia | Direitos Humanos | Educação | Espaço de Liberdade, de Segurança e

de Justiça | Indústria | Orçamento | Pescas | Questões de Género, Igualdade e Diversidade | TransportesResumo The Monthly Highlights publication provides an overview, at a glance, of the on-going work of the policy departments,

including a selection of the latest and forthcoming publications, and a list of future events.Em síntese EN

21-04-2022 Fonte : © União Europeia, 2022 - PE 63

A common charger for electronic devices: Revision of the Radio Equipment DirectiveTipo de publicação Briefing

Data 11-02-2022Autor SAJN Nikolina

Domínio de intervenção Mercado Interno e União Aduaneira | Proteção dos ConsumidoresPalavra-chave acumulador elétrico | autorização de venda | harmonização das normas | material de telecomunicações | norma de

comercialização | norma europeia | norma técnica | proposta (UE) | telefone móvelResumo On 23 September 2021, the European Commission adopted a legislative proposal to amend the 2014 Radio

Equipment Directive, as a first step towards mandating a common charger for mobile phones and other small portabledevices. Under the proposal, these devices would have to be equipped with a USB Type-C receptacle that can becharged with cables compatible with USB Type C, and to incorporate the USB Power Delivery communication protocol.Consumers would have an option to buy devices with or without a charger (unbundling). The proposal would go handin hand with an initiative on the eco-design of external power supplies, so that the receptacle and the communicationprotocol for both ends of charger cables would be harmonised. The Council adopted its negotiating mandate on 26January 2022. Its main request is introducing a pictogram indicating unbundling and a label specifying chargingcapabilities of a device. In the European Parliament, a draft report put forward by the rapporteur on 11 January 2022also proposes improving consumer information through an unbundling graphic and a label on charging characteristicsof a device, as well as extending the scope of the directive to a wider range of devices and requiring the Commissionto harmonise wireless chargers by 2025. Second edition. The 'EU Legislation in Progress' briefings are updated at keystages throughout the legislative procedure.

Briefing EN

Multimédia A common charger for electronic devices: Revision of the Radio Equipment Directive

Understanding the EU's approach to a new partnership with AfricaTipo de publicação Briefing

Data 11-02-2022Autor PICHON Eric

Domínio de intervenção Ajuda Humanitária e Desenvolvimento | Assuntos ExternosResumo Africa has been put at the core of the Commission's geopolitical work programme and of the French Presidency of the

Council of the EU. In February 2022, a summit between EU and African Heads of State and Government will discussways to build a new and comprehensive partnership, based on five pillars put forward by the EU: green transition andenergy access, digital transformation, sustainable growth and jobs, peace and governance, and migration and mobility.Although the proposal mainly builds on existing frameworks, its high profile and clear commitment to the African Union(AU) make it an important milestone in an effort for a deeper relationship and strengthened partnership in multilateralfora, initiated several years ago. In order to preserve its own economic and security interests in the face of increasedgeopolitical competition, the EU intends to continue to be an important player on the African continent. The EU and theAU have converging interests in a number of areas, such as the fight against climate change and the promotion of asustainable, job-creating African economy. However, they still have to find common ground on migration, securitymanagement, and fundamental values. The comprehensiveness of the proposed strategy is challenged by the gapsand overlaps of the current variable-geometry partnerships. The coronavirus outbreak delayed the adoption of acommon strategy. At the same time, it clearly highlighted the need to strengthen the links between the two continentsin order to tackle the most urgent global issues. Measures to fight the current pandemic and to prevent future oneshave reframed the priorities and will give new impetus to partnerships in areas such as health, the fight against climatechange, and promoting the digital transformation. This briefing updates 'Towards a new EU strategy with Africa',published in June 2020.

Briefing EN

La société civile et le futur accord entre l'Union européenne et les pays d'Afrique, des Caraïbes et duPacifique

Tipo de publicação BriefingData 11-02-2022

Autor PICHON EricDomínio de intervenção Ajuda Humanitária e Desenvolvimento | Assuntos Externos

Resumo Près d'un cinquième de la population mondiale est concerné par le partenariat entre l'Union européenne (UE) et 78pays d'Afrique subsaharienne, des Caraïbes et du Pacifique (ACP). Les organisations de la société civile ont suiviavec intérêt les négociations qui ont abouti en avril 2021 à la proposition d'un nouvel accord entre l'UE etl'Organisation des États ACP. Cet accord négocié couvre des champs de première importance pour la société civile,tels que les droits de l'homme, les enjeux climatiques, le développement durable, la paix et la sécurité. Le textenégocié reconnait l'importance de renforcer les capacités, d'informer et de consulter les organisations de la sociétécivile afin qu'elles participent à la mise en œuvre de la coopération ACP-UE dans leur domaine d'action. Cependant, lenouvel accord laissera aux futures institutions du partenariat le soin de décider des structures et mécanismes quipourraient contribuer à l'expression de la société civile. Le Parlement européen a regretté que les organisations de lasociété civile aient été peu impliquées dans l'élaboration des politiques ou le suivi des activités du partenariat actuel. Ilsoutient leur souhait d'être associées à l'élaboration et à la mise en place des politiques qui découleront du futuraccord.

Briefing FR

21-04-2022 Fonte : © União Europeia, 2022 - PE 64

Common chargers – Revision of the Radio Equipment DirectiveTipo de publicação Briefing

Data 11-02-2022Autor DALLI HUBERT

Domínio de intervenção Avaliação do Impacto ex-anteResumo The Commission is proposing a new directive on consumer credits to amend the Radio Equipment Directive by

introducing provisions regarding common mobile phone chargers. This initial appraisal of the Commission’s impactassessment accompanying the proposal finds that the impact assessment appears to provide a comprehensiveassessment, based on a sound evidence base, of the impacts of the policy options, though the assessment wouldhave benefited from a more thorough discussion of the alignment of the initiative with the proportionality principle andthe impacts accruing to SMEs.

Briefing EN

Implementation of the common foreign and security policy (CFSP)Tipo de publicação Em síntese

Data 10-02-2022Autor LAZAROU Eleni

Domínio de intervenção Assuntos ExternosResumo The EU's common foreign and security policy (CFSP) is the basis for the Union's external action, including the

promotion of EU values internationally. The 2021 annual report of the Committee for Foreign Affairs on theimplementation of the CFSP names five areas that play a central role in the EU's external action: strengtheningmultilateral partnerships; improving decision-making and making use of the EU's soft and hard powers alike;interlinking the EU's external and internal actions; developing regional strategies; and fostering the parliamentarydimension of CFSP. Parliament will vote on the report during its February 2022 plenary session.

Em síntese ES, DE, EN, FR, IT, PL

On-farm animal welfare: Implementation of EU lawTipo de publicação Em síntese

Data 10-02-2022Autor ROJEK Beata

Domínio de intervenção Agricultura e Desenvolvimento RuralResumo Animal welfare is an increasingly important issue for citizens, farmers and policy-makers. While European Union (EU)

legislation sets high standards in this regard, assessment of its implementation shows that weaknesses persist incertain areas. The European Parliament's Committee on Agriculture and Rural Development (AGRI) has prepared areport on the implementation of EU legislation regulating animal welfare on the farm. A vote on the report is expectedduring the February 2022 plenary session.

Em síntese ES, DE, EN, FR, IT, PL

Strengthening Europe in the fight against cancerTipo de publicação Em síntese

Data 10-02-2022Autor AMAND-EECKHOUT Laurence

Domínio de intervenção Saúde PúblicaResumo During the February plenary session, Parliament is expected to debate the final report of its Special Committee on

Beating Cancer, and vote on a series of recommendations, calling for specific policy measures in this crucial area ofpublic health.

Em síntese ES, DE, EN, FR, IT, PL

Protecting workers against carcinogens and mutagens: Fourth proposalTipo de publicação Em síntese

Data 10-02-2022Autor AMAND-EECKHOUT Laurence

Domínio de intervenção Política Social | Saúde PúblicaResumo The Carcinogens and Mutagens Directive is being updated for the fourth time, as part of the fight against cancer and to

protect the health of workers in a number of industries. A trilogue agreement on the proposal sets new exposure limitsfor a range of hazardous substances. The European Parliament is expected to vote on the provisional agreementduring its plenary session in February.

Em síntese ES, DE, EN, FR, IT, PL

21-04-2022 Fonte : © União Europeia, 2022 - PE 65

A statute for European cross-border associations and non-profit organisationsTipo de publicação Em síntese

Data 10-02-2022Autor DEL MONTE Micaela

Domínio de intervenção Democracia | Democracia na UE, Direito Institucional e Direito ParlamentarResumo During the February 2022 plenary session, Parliament is due to vote on a legislative-initiative report calling on the

Commission to put forward a directive on common measures for non-profit organisations (NPOs) and also a regulationestablishing a statute for European cross-border associations and non-profit organisations. The proposal recognisesthat while NPOs are an integral part of the EU economy, they face multiple legal and administrative challenges whenattempting to operate across borders. It maintains that minimum EU standards and the possibility to acquire a legalpersonality would help NPOs overcome these barriers.

Em síntese ES, DE, EN, FR, IT, PL

EU strategy for offshore renewable energyTipo de publicação Em síntese

Data 10-02-2022Autor WILSON Alex Benjamin

Domínio de intervenção EnergiaResumo During the February 2022 plenary session, Parliament is due to vote on an own-initiative report on the EU offshore

renewable energy strategy, as prepared and adopted by the Committee on Industry, Research and Energy. Thisconstitutes Parliament's response to the Commission's strategy paper on the subject, adopted in November 2020 aspart of the European Green Deal.

Em síntese ES, DE, EN, FR, IT, PL

Taking stock of EU action on human rights and democracy in the worldTipo de publicação Em síntese

Data 10-02-2022Autor ZAMFIR Ionel

Domínio de intervenção Direitos HumanosResumo The European Parliament is expected to adopt its yearly resolution on the EU's annual report on human rights and

democracy in the world during its February 2022 plenary session. The report, approved by the Council of the EU inJune 2021, focuses on the challenges human rights and democracy faced across in the world in 2020, and on the EUresponse, in the context of rising authoritarianism and democratic decline, exacerbated by the coronavirus pandemic.

Em síntese ES, DE, EN, FR, IT, PL

Annual report on the common security and defence policy (CSDP)Tipo de publicação Em síntese

Data 10-02-2022Autor LAZAROU Eleni

Domínio de intervenção Segurança e DefesaResumo The EU's common security and defence policy (CSDP) is the main framework through which the Member States work

together to address conflicts and crises and strengthen international peace. During the February 2022 plenary session,the European Parliament will vote on its 2021 annual report on implementation of the CSDP. The report, adopted bythe Committee on Foreign Affairs (AFET), focuses on the development of the EU's security and defence doctrinethrough the Strategic Compass, CSDP missions and operations, crisis management, resilience, capabilities,partnerships and parliamentary oversight of CSDP.

Em síntese ES, DE, EN, FR, IT, PL

Implementation of the Toy Safety DirectiveTipo de publicação Em síntese

Data 10-02-2022Autor SAJN Nikolina

Domínio de intervenção Proteção dos ConsumidoresResumo The 2009 Toy Safety Directive has been protecting children in the EU for more than 10 years, imposing some of the

world's strictest requirements on toys, in particular concerning hazardous chemicals. As the European Commissionprepares to update the directive, the European Parliament's Committee on the Internal Market and ConsumerProtection has examined the directive's implementation and proposed ways to amend it. Parliament is expected to voteon the committee's own initiative report during its February plenary session.

Em síntese ES, DE, EN, FR, IT, PL

21-04-2022 Fonte : © União Europeia, 2022 - PE 66

Charging of heavy goods vehicles for the use of certain infrastructuresTipo de publicação Em síntese

Data 10-02-2022Autor PAPE Marketa

Domínio de intervenção TransportesResumo In 2017, as part of a mobility package aimed at making road transport more sustainable, the European Commission

proposed to review the Eurovignette Directive and adapt the rules on charging heavy goods vehicles. Parliament isexpected to vote during its February plenary session on the agreement reached in trilogue.

Em síntese ES, DE, EN, FR, IT, PL

Situation in Colombia ahead of crucial electionsTipo de publicação Em síntese

Data 10-02-2022Autor BILQUIN Bruno

Domínio de intervenção Assuntos ExternosResumo Some five years after the conclusion of the peace agreement between the Colombian government and the

Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia (FARC), the political, economic, health and general situation in the countryremains fragile, with a divided society, drugs-fuelled conflicts and weak governance. 2022 will be a key electoral year,while economic recovery from the coronavirus pandemic remains a challenge. The President of Colombia, Iván DuqueMárquez, is set to address the European Parliament during the February plenary session.

Em síntese ES, DE, EN, FR, IT, PL

CO2 emission standards for new cars and vans: 'Fit for 55' packageTipo de publicação Briefing

Data 10-02-2022Autor ERBACH Gregor

Domínio de intervenção AmbienteResumo On 14 July 2021, as part of the 'fit for 55' package, the Commission presented a legislative proposal for a revision of

the Regulation setting CO2 emission performance standards for passenger cars and light commercial vehicles (vans).To raise the contribution of the road transport sector to the EU's climate targets, the proposal sets more ambitious2030 targets for reducing the CO2 emissions of new cars and vans and allows only zero-emission vehicles from 2035.In the European Parliament, the proposal has been referred to the Committee on Environment, Public Health and FoodSafety (ENVI). Jan Huitema (Renew, the Netherlands), who was appointed as rapporteur, presented his draft report on8 December 2021. First edition. The 'EU Legislation in Progress' briefings are updated at key stages throughout thelegislative procedure.

Briefing EN

Media environment in BelarusTipo de publicação Briefing

Data 10-02-2022Autor PRZETACZNIK Jakub

Domínio de intervenção Assuntos Externos | Direitos HumanosResumo The media situation in Belarus has never been easy. With Aliaksandr Lukashenka being elected president of the

country for the first time in 1994, the necessary reforms to provide media freedom have never materialised. Instead,over the years various laws have lessened the rights of independent journalists and imposed limits on both traditionaland electronic media. Following the August 2020 presidential election, which ignited a brutal crackdown against thedemocratic opposition, the situation has worsened. Harassment, a hijacking, and politically motivated jail terms, bothshort and long, intimidate Belarusians who want to exchange ideas, report wrongdoing or fight for freedom ofexpression and freedom for the country. In January 2022, the Belarusian Association of Journalists confirmed thepresence of at least 32 journalists in Belarusian jails. On the positive side, new electronic media cannot be bannedeffectively and absolutely. While the regime slowly expands its presence on the internet, Belarusians trust independentmedia more and use it more eagerly. However, society’s distancing of itself from traditional state-controlled media isincreasingly met with an angry reaction from the state apparatus, which in turn further tightens related laws. TheEuropean Union, and the European Parliament in particular, actively support independent media and civil society inBelarus, and the Council of the EU and the Parliament both address the challenges to media freedom in the country.Financial help is also provided to Belarus and was even increased at the end of 2021, with priority areas of supportincluding ‘systematically repressed’ independent media.

Briefing EN

21-04-2022 Fonte : © União Europeia, 2022 - PE 67

Improving the working conditions of platform workersTipo de publicação Briefing

Data 10-02-2022Autor KISS Monika

Domínio de intervenção EmpregoResumo Platform work is an umbrella concept covering a heterogeneous group of economic activities completed through a

digital platform. As platform workers' rights are not enshrined in EU labour law, this increasingly leads to problemsrelated to various aspects of their work (working conditions, healthcare, unemployment, pensions) and humandevelopment (education, training, recognition of skills). To remedy this situation, the European Commission hassubmitted a proposal for a directive aimed at improving the working conditions of platform workers, clarifying theiremployment status and supporting the sustainable growth of digital labour platforms in the EU. First edition. The 'EULegislation in Progress' briefings are updated at key stages throughout the legislative procedure.

Briefing EN

Economic Dialogue with the other EU Institutions under the European Semester Cycles during the 9thlegislative term - State of play February 2022

Tipo de publicação BriefingData 10-02-2022

Autor HAGELSTAM KajusDomínio de intervenção Assuntos Bancários e Financeiros | Assuntos Económicos e Monetários | Coronavírus | Semestre Europeu

Palavra-chave Comissão Europeia | comissão PE | Conselho da União Europeia | cooperação interinstitucional (UE) | Eurogrupo(zona euro) | governação económica (UE) | Semestre Europeu

Resumo This document provides an overview of Economic Dialogues with the other institutions of the European Union that hastaken place in the competent committee(s) of the European Parliament since September 2019 under the EuropeanSemester for economic policy coordination. It also lists the Recovery and Resilience Dialogues with the EuropeanCommission as undertaken by the competent committee(s) since the entry of force of the Recovery and ResilienceFacility in 2021. It also includes an overview of the respective legal bases for these dialogues.

Briefing EN

Limits on exposure to carcinogens and mutagens at work: Fourth proposalTipo de publicação Briefing

Data 09-02-2022Autor AMAND-EECKHOUT Laurence

Domínio de intervenção Política Social | Saúde PúblicaPalavra-chave doença profissional | saúde e higiene no trabalho | substância cancerígena

Resumo In September 2020, as part of the fight against cancer and to protect the health of workers in a number of industries,the European Commission proposed to amend the Carcinogens and Mutagens Directive (Directive 2004/37/EC),expanding its scope and including and/or revising occupational exposure limit values for a number of cancer- ormutation-causing chemical agents. The initiative is proceeding in steps and has now become a continuous process.Following on from three previous legislative amendments, which covered a total of 26 priority chemical agents, thefourth proposal addresses an additional three. On 16 December 2021, after interinstitutional negotiations, the Counciland the European Parliament reached a provisional agreement on the proposal. The agreed text was endorsed byCoreper, for the Council, on 22 December 2021 and then approved by Parliament's Committee on Employment andSocial Affairs on 25 January 2022. Under the agreement, workers will benefit from greater protection, owing to thesetting of exposure limits for acrylonitrile and nickel compounds and the lowering of the limits for benzene. The scopeof the proposed directive would include reprotoxic substances (which have adverse effects on reproduction and cancause impaired fertility or infertility). Workers who deal with hazardous medicinal products would receive better trainingon how to handle them safely. A vote in plenary is expected in February 2022. Third edition. The 'EU Legislation inProgress' briefings are updated at key stages throughout the legislative procedure.

Briefing EN

21-04-2022 Fonte : © União Europeia, 2022 - PE 68

Digital markets actTipo de publicação Briefing

Data 09-02-2022Autor MADIEGA Tambiama André

Domínio de intervenção Mercado Interno e União AduaneiraPalavra-chave bens e serviços | comércio eletrónico | dados pessoais | direito da concorrência | economia digital | mercado único

digital | prestação de serviços | proposta (UE) | proteção do consumidor | proteção dos dadosResumo In December 2020, the European Commission published a proposal for a regulation on contestable and fair markets in

the digital sector, otherwise referred to as the digital markets act (DMA). The proposed legislation lays downharmonised rules aimed at regulating the behaviour of digital platforms acting as gatekeepers between business usersand their customers in the European Union (EU). This approach entails a shift from ex-post anti-trust intervention to ex-ante regulation, and would enshrine within EU law a set of ex-ante rules that would radically change how large digitalplatforms are allowed to operate in the EU. The Council and the European Parliament agreed their positions on theDMA proposal in November and December 2021, respectively. While endorsing the proposal, both institutions adopteda number of amendments to the Commission's text. Trilogue negotiations aiming to reach a compromise text began inJanuary 2022. Second edition. The 'EU Legislation in Progress' briefings are updated at key stages throughout thelegislative procedure.

Briefing EN

Multimédia Digital markets act

Child migrants: Irregular entry and asylumTipo de publicação Briefing

Data 09-02-2022Autor DIAZ CREGO Maria | MACSAI GYORGYI

Domínio de intervenção Espaço de Liberdade, de Segurança e de JustiçaResumo The number of migrant children has been rising globally since the turn of the century. According to estimates by the

United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs, in 2020, 35.5million children were living outside theircountry of birth, 11.5 million more than in 2000. Child migration takes many forms, from regular family reunification toforced and traumatic migration. This infographic focuses exclusively on forced and irregular movements of migrantchildren to the EU.

Briefing EN

EGOV 2021 Annual Activity ReportTipo de publicação Análise aprofundada

Data 09-02-2022Autor BOLDI DONELLA | GRIGAITE KRISTINA

Domínio de intervenção Assuntos Bancários e Financeiros | Assuntos Económicos e MonetáriosResumo This activity report covers the year 2021 and presents an overview of the expertise provided by the Unit in the area of

recovery and resilience facility, economic governance and banking union in view of supporting the related scrutinyactivities in the competent committee(s).

Análise aprofundada EN

Country Specific Recommendations and Recovery and Resilience Plans - Thematic overview on climateand green transition related issues

Tipo de publicação EstudoData 09-02-2022

Autor GRIGAITE KRISTINA | PACHECO DIAS CRISTINA SOFIA | TEIXEIRA DA CUNHA INESDomínio de intervenção Assuntos Económicos e Monetários

Resumo Based on Commission’s assessments of national Recovery and Resilience Plans, this paper outlines how 2019 and2020 Country Specific Recommendations covering climate and green transition related issues are being addressed innational plans. It also compiles the Commission’s assessment on how Member States’ national plans contribute to thegreen transition. The paper will be updated once new relevant information is available.

Estudo EN

21-04-2022 Fonte : © União Europeia, 2022 - PE 69

Australia's strategic view of the Indo PacificTipo de publicação Briefing

Data 08-02-2022Autor PARRY Matthew

Domínio de intervenção Assuntos ExternosResumo Australia, which is bordered to its west by the Indian Ocean and to the east by the Pacific Ocean, and lies in close

proximity to members of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) to its north, can be described as acentral Indo-Pacific state. Since 2012, the idea of the Indo-Pacific has become a point of reference for Australiangovernments to define the country's foreign and security policy interests. Throughout the post-war period, Australia hassought to meet its conventional security needs primarily by way of its mutual defence pact with the United States (US),the 1951 Australia, New Zealand and United States Security Treaty (ANZUS), as well as the 'Five Eyes' signalsintelligence sharing agreement with the US, the United Kingdom (UK), Canada and New Zealand. In turn, the latter isunderpinned by the 1946 United Kingdom-United States of America Agreement (UKUSA). In terms of its tradeinterests, however, Australia has looked increasingly to markets in Asia and proportionally less to traditional Westernallies. As China has risen and grown more assertive, setting up a strategic rivalry with the US and its regional partners,Australia has begun to find it harder to insulate its commercial interests from regional geopolitical tensions. Therecently forged 'AUKUS' security and technology partnership with the US and the UK reflects both the pace ofgeopolitical change in the Indo-Pacific and the enduring centrality of the US to Australia's defence strategy. Havinginitially determined that the lack of a domestic civil nuclear industry precluded the use of superior nuclear propulsiontechnology in Australia's submarine fleet, the current government has re-assessed its security strategy and re-calibrated its defence procurement arrangements, with potentially far-reaching diplomatic implications.

Briefing EN

Inland waterway transport in the EUTipo de publicação Briefing

Data 08-02-2022Autor SMIT-JACOBS KARIN

Domínio de intervenção TransportesResumo Inland waterway transport (IWT) is one of the most CO2-efficient transport modes per tonne of goods carried, using

only 17 % of the energy needed by often-congested road transport and 50 % of rail transport. The sector already playsan important economic role in transporting both goods and passengers in Europe. However, it has an untappedpotential for increasing its capacity, which warrants the renewed attention it has recently attracted, in the light ofsustainable development. Despite support from the side of the European Union and at national levels, the modal shareof inland navigation in the overall EU transport sector has long remained more or less stable at 6 %. During the Covid19 crisis, the sector lost a little of its share to the benefit of road transport. To reduce CO2 emissions from EUtransport, the European Commission is seeking to increase the shift of freight transport to rail and inland shipping. Bothrecent Commission strategies – the European Green Deal and the Sustainable and Smart Mobility Strategy – reflectthis intention, and outline the steps needed to achieve an increased use of IWT, as well as of short sea shipping. Toplay its role to the full, the sector has to overcome important challenges and become digital, greener and resilient. Nextto new or adapted rules, this will require substantial and additional investment into modern infrastructure, digitaltechnologies and greener vessels, as well as a qualified workforce to ensure the sector's future development. Thisbriefing provides an insight into recent EU policy developments related to inland navigation and includes the views ofthe European Parliament and the main sectoral stakeholders. In addition, it looks at existing financial support from theEU, the new NAIADES III support programme, and offers a short outlook for future reform of and changes to the EU'sIWT network.

Briefing EN

US-Russia relations: Geopolitical, security, economic and human dimensionsTipo de publicação Briefing

Data 08-02-2022Autor RUSSELL Martin

Domínio de intervenção Assuntos ExternosResumo After a period of détente, tensions are rising between the two former Cold War enemies again. Fundamental

differences were already apparent during the Yeltsin years and have increasingly strained relations since 2000, underVladimir Putin. There are few issues that Washington and Moscow agree on, but none is more divisive than Ukraine.Russia is determined to prevent further NATO expansion into post-Soviet eastern Europe, which it still sees as a bufferzone vital to its security and as a sphere of influence. Since late 2021, there are signs that Russia is planning renewedaggression against Kyiv; the US has promised a robust response if that happens. Both sides are likely to avoid directconflict at all costs. Russia is not the military superpower that the Soviet Union was, but it is still a formidableadversary. Most of the bilateral arms control agreements that helped to maintain the fragile military balance have nowgone, but talks launched at the first Biden-Putin summit in June 2021 aim at maintaining strategic stability. Economicsplay a much lesser role in US-Russia relations than geopolitics. Trade and investment between the two countries arelimited, and since 2014, they have been constrained by sanctions. Washington's economic superiority gives it a certainamount of leverage over Moscow; however, the Russian economy has proved more resilient to US restrictions thanmight have been expected. People-to-people contacts could help mitigate geopolitical tensions, but there is littleinteraction. Few Russians travel, study or work in the US, and the same applies vice-versa. Surveys show thatdiplomatic tensions are reflected in the generally negative views that Americans and Russians have of each other'scountries. This is an update of a Briefing published in October 2018.

Briefing EN

21-04-2022 Fonte : © União Europeia, 2022 - PE 70

Social Economy in SpainTipo de publicação Briefing

Data 08-02-2022Autor KONLE-SEIDL REGINA ANNA

Domínio de intervenção Emprego | Política SocialResumo The concept of the "social economy" has gained attention and momentum in recent years although the degree of

recognition varies largely from one Member State to another.Spain is an example where the social economy benefitsfrom wide recognition. It is the first European country to enact a law on the social economy concept in 2011. In view ofthe EMPL delegation visit to Madrid, this briefing elaborates first on the concept applied in the SEAP - presented by theCommission on 9 December 2021 - and on the historical development of the social economy concept across Europe.The second part of the briefing focusses on social economy’s historical and legal evolution in Spain. Key aspects ofimplementation of legal provisions in practice are presented and discussed. Inter alia, we look at factors which eitherenable or constrain the proper development of the Spanish social economy sector and draw some conclusions forcreating a European social economy framework.

Briefing EN

Understanding EU policy on firearms traffickingTipo de publicação Briefing

Data 07-02-2022Autor NEVILLE ANN

Domínio de intervenção Espaço de Liberdade, de Segurança e de JustiçaResumo Precise figures about the numbers of illegal firearms in the European Union (EU) are lacking, but several indicators

point to their widespread availability and accessibility. According to the Small Arms Survey, over half of the estimatedtotal number of firearms held by civilians in the EU in 2017 were unlicensed. While most of these citizens had nocriminal intentions, their illicit firearms could be used for self-harm or domestic violence, or end up in the hands ofcriminals or terrorists. Most criminals and terrorists have more sophisticated ways to get hold of illicit firearms. Theycan be trafficked from source countries, diverted from legal supply chains, illegally manufactured or assembled in theEU, converted from legally available weapons, or sourced on the internet. Firearms seizures suggest that the EU illicitfirearms market is made up mostly of shotguns, pistols and rifles, with converted or convertible weapons alsofrequently appearing. Illicit firearms trafficking is driven by criminal demand, with organised crime groups that engagein firearms trafficking also involved in other forms of criminality. The EU considers illicit firearms a key crime threatprecisely because they are used in many crimes and terrorist attacks. Even people who lack extensive criminalconnections can access illicit firearms due to increased online trafficking and the availability of easy to convertweapons. The EU is actively involved in addressing the threat posed by illegal firearms by means of legislative andpolicy measures, and provides operational assistance to the Member States in the fight against firearms trafficking.The EU is also active in the international fight against firearms trafficking, working closely with the United Nations (UN)in its work to combat the proliferation of small arms and light weapons and engaging in the UN’s global firearmsprogramme. Although the export of arms remains a national competence, the EU has defined common rules governingthe control of exports of military technology and equipment and works actively with third countries that are viewed assource or transit countries for illicit firearms.

Briefing EN

Multimédia Understanding EU policy on firearms trafficking

Horizon Europe research and innovation missions: State of playTipo de publicação Briefing

Data 07-02-2022Autor EVROUX CLEMENT THIERRY

Domínio de intervenção Ambiente | Energia | Política de Investigação | Saúde Pública | Segurança AlimentarResumo Following the adoption of the United Nations sustainable development goals in 2015, research and innovation

investment strategies worldwide are increasingly geared towards the twin green and digital transitions, in a bid toreinforce the impact of public investments in science and technology by improving their capacity to pool resources andrally various actors, including citizens, behind a specific goal (also known as 'directionality'). Horizon Europe, the 9thEU framework programme for research and innovation (2021-2027), establishes five 'missions' to be achieved by2030. These are the EU's long-term, cross-cutting research priorities, namely: adaptation to climate change; cancer –improving the lives of more than 3 million people; restore our oceans and waters; 100 climate-neutral and smart cities;and a soil deal for Europe. On 29 September 2021, the European Commission presented a communication in which itset out the missions' goals by 2030, and outlines their early implementation phase from 2021 to 2023 throughdedicated calls for funding adopted and published through Horizon Europe. The missions echo calls from theEuropean Parliament to support transnational cooperation in research and innovation through EU investment. The fivemission goals cut across the EU's political priorities, including the Europe's Beating Cancer plan and the EuropeanGreen Deal. The initiative's progress is followed by several of Parliament's committees. Research and innovationactors across Europe have welcomed the missions as important enablers of the twin digital and ecological transitions.

Briefing EN

21-04-2022 Fonte : © União Europeia, 2022 - PE 71

What is new in the Commission's 2021 Better Regulation Guidelines?Tipo de publicação Briefing

Data 04-02-2022Autor ANGLMAYER Irmgard | VETTORAZZI STEFANO

Domínio de intervenção Avaliação da Legislação e das Políticas na Prática | Avaliação do Impacto ex-ante | Direito da UE: OrdenamentoJurídico e Atos Jurídicos

Resumo This briefing examines the revised Better Regulation guidelines and toolbox the European Commission presented inNovember 2021, which translate the Commission’s communication ‘Joining forces to make better laws’ into practice.Compared to the previous edition, many tools and principles are just validated and adjusted, such as the three pillarsof ex-ante impact assessment, ex-post evaluation and stakeholder consultation, or the evaluate-first principle. Twomajor innovations stand out: the introduction of a new 'one in, one out' approach and the mainstreaming of strategicforesight in policy-making. The former aims at offsetting new administrative burdens (i.e. costs resulting fromadministrative requirements contained in legal acts by reducing an equivalent amount of existing burden on businessesand citizens. The latter aims at generating more resilient and future-proof policies by anticipating trends, risks andemerging issues, in particular in areas that are subject to rapid change.

Briefing EN

Zero tolerance for female genital mutilationTipo de publicação Em síntese

Data 04-02-2022Autor SHREEVES Rosamund

Domínio de intervenção Questões de Género, Igualdade e DiversidadePalavra-chave competência dos Estados-Membros | direito de asilo | direito à integridade física | direitos da criança | direitos da

mulher | igualdade de género | mutilação sexual | saúde genésica | violênciaResumo The European Union (EU) is committed to working collectively to eradicate female genital mutilation (FGM), as part of

broader efforts to combat all forms of violence against women and girls, and to supporting the efforts of its MemberStates in this field. The European Commission has undertaken to assess EU efforts to combat FGM every year, on oraround 6 February – the International Day of Zero Tolerance for Female Genital Mutilation. This publication is a furtherupdate of an 'at a glance' note originally published in January 2015.

Em síntese EN

What if we killed all microorganisms in our bodies?Tipo de publicação Em síntese

Data 04-02-2022Autor QUAGLIO Gianluca

Domínio de intervenção Agricultura e Desenvolvimento Rural | Proteção dos Consumidores | Saúde Pública | Segurança AlimentarResumo Scientific evidence indicates that beneficial microorganisms (that live in nearly ubiquitous communities called

microbiota) are an essential component of human health, and could be a new frontier for personalised medicine to fightnon-communicable diseases and improve human health. For their potential benefits to reach society, the EU shouldconsider standardisation, protocols, and a regulatory framework to support research and innovation.

Em síntese EN

Multimédia What if we killed all microorganisms in our bodies?

The European Peace Facility: A new tool in actionTipo de publicação Em síntese

Data 04-02-2022Autor externo Bilquin, Bruno

Domínio de intervenção Assuntos Externos | Segurança e DefesaResumo The European Peace Facility (EPF) has been operational since 1 July 2021. This off-EU budget instrument finances

operations with military implications (previously financed by the Athena mechanism and the African Peace Facility),and provides support to the EU partner countries' armies with infrastructure, training and equipment, including withlethal weapons. So far, it has funded operations in places as diverse as the Western Balkans, the EasternNeighbourhood, in particular Ukraine, and sub-Saharan Africa. As stated in the Strategic Compass process, the EUaims to strengthen its crisis management role, with the EPF playing a crucial role in this process.

Em síntese EN

Impacts of the EU-UK Trade and Cooperation Agreement on fisheries and aquaculture in the EU - Tradeaspects

Tipo de publicação Em sínteseData 04-02-2022

Autor LECARTE Jacques | MILT KristiinaDomínio de intervenção Avaliação da Legislação e das Políticas na Prática | Pescas

Resumo This At a Glance note is the second in a series of three, prepared for a PECH Committee Workshop. It provides a shortoverview of an analysis of the trade aspects of the EU-UK TCA relating to fisheries.

Em síntese EN

21-04-2022 Fonte : © União Europeia, 2022 - PE 72

Economic Dialogue with the European Commission on EU Fiscal Surveillance - 7 February 2022Tipo de publicação Análise aprofundada

Data 04-02-2022Autor DE LEMOS PEIXOTO SAMUEL | GRIGAITE KRISTINA | MAGNUS Marcel | PACHECO DIAS CRISTINA SOFIA |

ZOPPÉ AliceDomínio de intervenção Assuntos Económicos e Monetários

Resumo Executive Vice-President Dombrovskis and Commissioner Gentiloni have been invited to an Economic Dialogue on thefiscal part of the 2022 European Semester autumn package adopted by the Commission in November 2021. The fiscalelements of the package include the Commission Opinions on euro area 2022 Draft Budgetary Plans, the fiscal policyrecommendation for the euro area and some elements of the 2022 Alert Mechanism Report. In March 2020, thegeneral escape clause of the Stability and Growth Pact was activated and the Commission and the Council areexpected to de-activate it as of 2023. This briefing addresses the following subjects: (1) Economic situation; (2)Surveillance of national fiscal policies; (3) Surveillance of macroeconomic imbalances (fiscal aspects); (4)Implementation of the Recovery and Resilience Facility; and (5) Review of the EU economic governance framework.

Análise aprofundada EN

Research for PECH committee: Workshop on impacts of the EU-UK Trade and Cooperation Agreementon fisheries and aquaculture in the EU - Part III: Fishing opportunities aspects

Tipo de publicação EstudoData 04-02-2022

Autor externo F&S: Benoît CAILLART; MR&A: Pavel SALZDomínio de intervenção Avaliação da Legislação e das Políticas na Prática | Pescas

Resumo This study is the third in a series of three, commissioned for a PECH Committee Workshop. It reviews the potentialimpacts of the EU-UK Trade and Cooperation Agreement (TCA) on the fishing opportunities aspects for the EU fishingindustry in 2021 and 2025. An EU-wide assessment is complemented with two case studies on the Netherlands andFrance. In 2021, the adjustments of fishing opportunities for biological reasons for certain stocks had more impactsthan the quota transfers foreseen by the EU-UK TCA. Several specific fleets are impacted by the EU-UK TCA.

Estudo EN

Síntese ES, DE, EN, FR, IT

EU-Ukraine relations and the security situation in the countryTipo de publicação Briefing

Data 03-02-2022Autor PRZETACZNIK Jakub

Domínio de intervenção Assuntos ExternosResumo Since the beginning of 2021, Ukraine has struggled with Russia's attempts to further destabilise the country and

intensify tensions in Europe's east, including through repetitive military build-ups along Ukraine's borders. Russia'smost recent threatening troop manoeuvres, together with its unsupportable security demands, met with a unitedresponse from Western countries, making it clear that a very high price will be paid if Russia attacks Ukraine. The EUand its institutions, including the European Parliament, have been clear in their response to Russia's aggression onUkrainian territory. The EU does not recognise the illegal annexation of Crimea and regularly calls on Russia to de-escalate and withdraw its forces, and urges Moscow and Russian-backed separatists in eastern Ukraine to adhere tothe ceasefire agreement. Currently the situation remains very volatile. Relations between the European Union andUkraine continue to be shaped by the 2014 Association Agreement, which includes the Deep and Comprehensive FreeTrade Area. The long-term relationship between the EU and Ukraine covers a broad range of areas including trade,providing assistance to the country's health sector, support for the country's reform agenda, and support for the fightagainst hybrid attacks against Ukraine that have been perpetrated by Russia ever since Ukraine made its firm pro-European choice in 2014. Russia decided to respond aggressively to the Revolution of Dignity – a revolution whosemain aim was the signature of the Association Agreement – and immediately after the change of power in Ukraine in2014 it annexed Crimea and moved to actively support Donbas separatists. Intensive fighting in Donbas in 2014 andearly 2015 led to the Minsk agreements, but limited progress in implementing the agreements on the Russian sidehave led to the prolongation of Western sanctions against Russia. Russia continues its bullying policy towards Ukrainewith a wide range of instruments, including disinformation, blackmail and cyber-attacks.

Briefing EN

21-04-2022 Fonte : © União Europeia, 2022 - PE 73

Rights of third-country nationals who are long-term residents in the EU - Directive 2003/109/ECTipo de publicação Briefing

Data 02-02-2022Autor AHAMAD MADATALI HANNAH NAFIZE

Domínio de intervenção Avaliação da Legislação e das Políticas na Prática | Espaço de Liberdade, de Segurança e de JustiçaResumo Directive 2003/109/EC (the Long-term Residents Directive, or LTRD) sets out the conditions under which a non-EU

citizen ('third-country national') who has legally and continuously resided in a European Union (EU) Member State forat least five years can acquire 'EU long-term resident status'. This residence status is permanent, grants theseindividuals equal treatment rights with EU citizens in several areas, ensures reinforced protection against expulsion,and gives them the (conditional) possibility to move and reside in other Member States. In 2019, the EuropeanCommission published its second implementation report on the directive. It also finalised a fitness check on EU legalmigration legislation evaluating the effectiveness, coherence, and grounds for improvement of the existing EU laws inthe field. These reports found shortcomings both in the EU legal migration framework and in the directive itself. Thelimitations identified mainly concerned the implementation of legislation by EU Member States. The subsequentEuropean Commission proposals under the 2020 new pact on migration and asylum seek to address theseshortcomings by, for instance, revising the LTRD. The LTRD is currently under-used, as most Member States continueto issue almost exclusively national long-term residence permits. Many third-country nationals who could benefit fromthe rights of the EU status do not have access to it. The Commission has received numerous complaints from citizens,and has launched several infringement procedures pursuing legal action against EU Member States. The revision ofthe LTRD aims to improve the directive's implementation and functioning by establishing a 'true EU long-termresidence status' – with a particular focus on strengthening long-term residents' right to move and work in otherMember States (intra-EU mobility).

Briefing EN

Phase out of the crisis support measuresTipo de publicação Estudo

Data 02-02-2022Autor externo Evi PAPPA, Eugenia VELLA

Domínio de intervenção Assuntos Económicos e Monetários | CoronavírusResumo A new database on exceptional fiscal spending adopted during the COVID-19 crisis is presented for 14 EU countries.

The composition and evolution of fiscal measures differ across countries. We analyse (a) whether national economiccharacteristics determined the type of fiscal response adopted and (b) how the different fiscal measures affected themacroeconomic outcomes and consumer confidence. We assess whether measures have been sufficiently targetedand make recommendations as to which adjustments should be made as the crisis subsides.

Estudo EN

Revision of the Energy Performance of Buildings Directive: Fit for 55 packageTipo de publicação Briefing

Data 01-02-2022Autor WILSON Alex Benjamin

Domínio de intervenção EnergiaResumo On 15 December 2021, the European Commission adopted a major revision (recast) of the Energy Performance of

Buildings Directive (EPBD), as part of the ‘Fit for 55’ package. The latter consists of several legislative proposals tomeet the new EU objective of a minimum 55 % reduction in greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions by 2030 compared to1990. It is a core part of the European Green Deal, which aims to set the EU firmly on the path towards net zero GHGemissions (climate neutrality) by 2050. The recast EPBD aims to accelerate building renovation rates, reduce GHGemissions and energy consumption, and promote the uptake of renewable energy in buildings. It would introduce anew EU definition of a ‘zero emissions building’, applicable to all new buildings from 2027 and to all renovatedbuildings from 2030. Zero-emissions buildings would need to factor in their life-cycle global warming potential. Therecast EPBD would accelerate energy-efficient renovations in the worst performing 15 % of EU buildings, and wouldset minimum energy performance standards. In due course, every building would need to achieve at least a Class E ona revised A-G scale of energy performance certificates (EPCs). EPCs would be included in linked national databases.Other provisions introduce building renovation passports and a smart readiness indicator, end subsidies for fossil fuelboilers, and make building automation and control systems more widespread. The file has been referred to theCommittee on Industry, Research and Energy (ITRE), which will in due course appoint a rapporteur, who will producea draft report. First edition. The 'EU Legislation in Progress' briefings are updated at key stages throughout thelegislative procedure.

Briefing EN

21-04-2022 Fonte : © União Europeia, 2022 - PE 74

Ensuring the rights of EU citizens against politically motivated Red NoticesTipo de publicação Estudo

Data 01-02-2022Autor externo Rasmus H. Wandall

Domínio de intervenção Aprovação da Legislação pelo PE e pelo Conselho | Avaliação da Legislação e das Políticas na Prática | Democracia |Democracia na UE, Direito Institucional e Direito Parlamentar | Direito da UE: Ordenamento Jurídico e Atos Jurídicos |Direito internacional público | Direitos Humanos | Espaço de Liberdade, de Segurança e de Justiça | Petições aoParlamento Europeu

Resumo This paper, commissioned by the European Parliament’s Policy Department for Citizens’ Rights and ConstitutionalAffairs at the request of the Committee on Civil Liberties, Justice and Home Affairs, analyses Interpol’s system of RedNotices and the EU-based mechanisms to safeguard citizens against political abuse of Interpol’s system. Recentreforms of Interpol are significant but many problems remain unaddressed. The paper discusses existing and possibleplatforms, including the European Search Portal, as ways to ensure a more effective enforcement of EU-based legallimits and fundamental rights on a European level.

Estudo EN

European Council Conclusions: A Rolling Check-list of commitments to dateTipo de publicação Estudo

Data 31-01-2022Autor ANGHEL Suzana Elena | DRACHENBERG Ralf | KROZSER Anna | TORPEY REBECCA MARY

Domínio de intervenção Democracia na UE, Direito Institucional e Direito ParlamentarResumo Since June 2014, the European Council Oversight Unit within the European Parliamentary Research Service (EPRS),

the European Parliament's in-house research service and think-tank, has been monitoring and analysing the EuropeanCouncil's delivery on commitments made in the conclusions of its meetings. This overview of European Councilconclusions is the latest edition of the Rolling Check-List, which has been published regularly by the European CouncilOversight Unit since 2014. It is designed to review the degree of progress in achieving the goals that the EuropeanCouncil has set itself and to assist the Parliament in exercising its important oversight role in this field.

Estudo EN

Research for TRAN Committee − The future of transport in the context of the Recovery Plan - overviewbriefing

Tipo de publicação Em sínteseData 31-01-2022

Autor DEBYSER Ariane | LECARTE Jacques | PERNICE DavideDomínio de intervenção Coronavírus | Transportes | Turismo

Resumo This At a glance note summarises the study on The future of transport in the context of the Recovery Plan - overviewbriefing

Em síntese EN

Security challenges at the EU’s eastern border: which role for CSDP?Tipo de publicação Análise aprofundada

Data 31-01-2022Autor externo Tracey GERMAN, Andriy TYUSHKA

Domínio de intervenção Segurança e DefesaResumo This in-depth analysis examines the nature and scope of enduring and emerging threats to the security of the EU and

its Member States, and the challenges to its Eastern Partnership policy, from both the EaP’s protracted conflicts andinstability in Belarus. It assesses the EU’s engagement with these conflicts and addresses the potential role of theCommon Security and Defence Policy (CSDP), including (but not solely) missions and operations. Finally, it explorespotential avenues for future co¬operation between the EU and its EaP partners on security and defence (includingunder the PESCO+, EPF, and EDF frameworks).

Análise aprofundada EN

21-04-2022 Fonte : © União Europeia, 2022 - PE 75

Recommendation on the economic policy of the euro area - February 2022Tipo de publicação Análise aprofundada

Data 31-01-2022Autor GRIGAITE KRISTINA | PACHECO DIAS CRISTINA SOFIA | TEIXEIRA DA CUNHA INES

Domínio de intervenção Assuntos Económicos e Monetários | CoronavírusPalavra-chave convergência económica | cooperação económica | estabilidade financeira | estratégia de crescimento da UE | política

fiscal | recomendação (UE) | retoma económica | Semestre Europeu | zona euroResumo This note looks at the 2022 recommendation on the economic policies of the euro area proposed by the Commission

and agreed by the Council. It also provides an overview of the follow up of the 2021 recommendations, making use ofpublic information and based on proxies such as on how the Eurogroup has integrated euro area recommendations’concerns in their “thematic discussions” and work programmes. In addition, the note provides a review of the euro arearecommendations from an institutional perspective and includes broad comparisons to earlier recommendations, inorder to illustrate how policy concerns have evolved over time. This note will be updated in light of relevantdevelopments.

Análise aprofundada EN

Moving from Broad to Targeted Pandemic Fiscal SupportTipo de publicação Análise aprofundada

Data 31-01-2022Autor externo Friedrich HEINEMANN

Domínio de intervenção Agricultura e Desenvolvimento Rural | Assuntos Económicos e Monetários | CoronavírusResumo This paper conceptualizes an appropriate path for fiscal policy starting from the early phase of the pandemic up to the

final transition to a post-pandemic new normal. Using this yardstick, it assesses the initial fiscal response of MemberStates. It exploits fiscal projections and programme data to analyse the adjustment to the economic recovery. For loanguarantees and short-time work schemes, it identifies programme-specific parameters that improve target precisionand identifies examples of different programme designs, while highlighting their respective advantages anddisadvantages.

Análise aprofundada EN

Economic Dialogue with the President of the Eurogroup - 2 February 2022Tipo de publicação Análise aprofundada

Data 31-01-2022Autor GRIGAITE KRISTINA | LEHOFER WOLFGANG | MAGNUS Marcel | PACHECO DIAS CRISTINA SOFIA | TEIXEIRA

DA CUNHA INES | ZOPPÉ AliceDomínio de intervenção Assuntos Económicos e Monetários

Resumo Paschal Donohoe is attending his third Economic Dialogue in the ECON Committee since being elected as Presidentof the Eurogroup in July 2020. His previous Economic Dialogue took place on 21 June 2021. This briefing covers thefollowing issues: the Eurogroup work programme (Section 1); Economic situation and developments (Section 2); EuroArea Recommendation (Section 3); European Semester Cycle (Section 4); Recovery and Resilience Facility (Section5); and Completing EMU governance (Section 6)). For an overview of the role of the President of the Eurogroup,please see Briefing: The role (and accountability) of the President of the Eurogroup.

Análise aprofundada EN

What to expect from inflation expectations: theory, empirics and policy issuesTipo de publicação Análise aprofundada

Data 31-01-2022Autor externo Luigi BONATTI, Andrea FRACASSO, Roberto TAMBORINI

Domínio de intervenção Assuntos Bancários e Financeiros | Assuntos Económicos e MonetáriosResumo We examine the role of inflation expectations in conditioning monetary policy, addressing three of its facets. The first

concerns the channels through which inflation expectations impinge upon actual inflation, and their policy implications.The second facet regards the technical and empirical issues involved in keeping track of inflation expectations formonetary policy purposes. The final facet is an assessment of inflation expectations vis-à-vis the current upsurge ofinflation, wondering whether, after being unanchored on the downside, can now become unanchored on the upside.This paper was provided by the Policy Department for Economic, Scientific and Quality of Life Policies at the request ofthe committee on Economic and Monetary Affairs (ECON) ahead of the Monetary Dialogue with the ECB President on.

Análise aprofundada EN

21-04-2022 Fonte : © União Europeia, 2022 - PE 76

ECB communication and its post-pandemic challengesTipo de publicação Análise aprofundada

Data 31-01-2022Autor externo Manuela MOSCHELLA and Davide ROMELLI

Domínio de intervenção Assuntos Bancários e Financeiros | Assuntos Económicos e MonetáriosResumo The ECB considers communication a critical instrument in its policy toolkit. Since its creation, the ECB has devoted

significant attention to the mechanisms through which it conveys to the public information relevant to its decision-making and ensures its accountability. This policy briefing assesses whether existing ECB communication practisesare adequate to continue ensuring the effectiveness and accountability of monetary policy in light of the recent andupcoming challenges that the ECB confronts. This paper was provided by the Policy Department for Economic,Scientific and Quality of Life Policies at the request of the committee on Economic and Monetary Affairs (ECON) aheadof the Monetary Dialogue with the ECB President on 7 February 2022.

Análise aprofundada EN

Should rising inflation expectations concern the ECB?Tipo de publicação Análise aprofundada

Data 31-01-2022Autor externo Karl WHELAN

Domínio de intervenção Assuntos Económicos e MonetáriosResumo This paper discusses theory and evidence on inflation expectations. While near-term measures of expected inflation in

the euro area have increased, forecasters and financial markets expect inflation to decline back to the ECB’s target bylater this year. The paper provides some sceptical arguments in relation to the prominence given to measure ofinflation expectations in monetary policy circles. This paper was provided by the Policy Department for Economic,Scientific and Quality of Life Policies at the request of the committee on Economic and Monetary Affairs (ECON) aheadof the Monetary Dialogue with the ECB President on 7 February 2022.

Análise aprofundada EN

Inflation expectations: quo vadis?Tipo de publicação Análise aprofundada

Data 31-01-2022Autor externo Joscha BECKMANN, Klaus-Jürgen GERN, Nils JANNSEN, Nils SONNENBERG, Ulrich STOLZENBURG

Domínio de intervenção Assuntos Económicos e MonetáriosResumo Against the backdrop of the recent surge in inflation, we discuss available measures of inflation expectations and

implications for monetary policy in the euro area. While long-term expectations are currently still in line with the ECB’sinflation target, the risk of a further rise increases should actual inflation remain high for an extended period of time. Ifexpectations de-anchor the ECB may face difficult trade-offs. This paper was provided by the Policy Department forEconomic, Scientific and Quality of Life Policies at the request of the committee on Economic and Monetary Affairs(ECON) ahead of the Monetary Dialogue with the ECB President on 7 February 2022.

Análise aprofundada EN

Inflation expectations: models and measuresTipo de publicação Análise aprofundada

Data 31-01-2022Autor externo Cinzia ALCIDI, Daniel GROS, Farzaneh SHAMSFAKHR

Domínio de intervenção Assuntos Económicos e MonetáriosResumo Inflation expectations are key inputs into monetary policy, but they also represent one of the most difficult variables to

measure. Inflation expectations are particularly difficult to pin down in a low inflation environment in which importantrelative prices experience large changes. The available measures of inflation expectations differ widely across differentsources and could be used at most as an additional element in monetary policy decisions, but not as a target. Thispaper was provided by the Policy Department for Economic, Scientific and Quality of Life Policies at the request of thecommittee on Economic and Monetary Affairs (ECON) ahead of the Monetary Dialogue with the ECB President on 7February 2022.

Análise aprofundada EN

Inflation expectations in the euro area: trends and policy considerationsTipo de publicação Análise aprofundada

Data 31-01-2022Autor externo Christophe BLOT, Caroline BOZOU, Jérôme CREEL

Domínio de intervenção Assuntos Bancários e Financeiros | Assuntos Económicos e MonetáriosResumo Most economic decisions of economic agents are based upon expectations of inflation. Inflation expectations play an

important role for the determination of inflation and the transmission of monetary policy. They are not observable andare inferred from alternative indicators. We show that all these measures generally fail to predict inflation. We alsoassess their anchoring and show that long-term expectations are better anchored to the inflation target than inflationexpectations at shorter horizons. This paper was provided by the Policy Department for Economic, Scientific andQuality of Life Policies at the request of the committee on Economic and Monetary Affairs (ECON) ahead of theMonetary Dialogue with the ECB President on 7 February 2022.

Análise aprofundada EN

21-04-2022 Fonte : © União Europeia, 2022 - PE 77

Harmful Practices and Competition in the Area of Personal Income and Wealth TaxationTipo de publicação Análise aprofundada

Data 31-01-2022Autor VERBEKEN Dirk

Autor externo David GSTREIN, Elena HEROLD, and Florian NEUMEIERResumo Economic globalisation and integration led to an increase in the mobility of taxpayers and aggravated tax competition

in the area of personal income and wealth taxation. This study sheds light on the two main instruments used tocompete for mobile taxpayers – (top) tax rates and preferential tax arrangements. In addition, this study reviews theevidence on tax-induced mobility. This document was provided by the Policy Department for Economic, Scientific andQuality of Life Policies at the request of the Economic and Monetary Affairs Subcommittee on tax matters (FISC).

Análise aprofundada EN

Communication is not just talkingTipo de publicação Análise aprofundada

Data 31-01-2022Autor externo Charles WYPLOSZ

Domínio de intervenção Assuntos Económicos e MonetáriosResumo Central bank communication has been developed over the last decades. Much has been learned over time, revealing

both the complexity and usefulness of communication. This is an area where there is room for significantimprovements. Most of the possible improvements question the way the ECB operates. Only seeking to better talk willnot be enough to meet this important challenge. This paper was provided by the Policy Department for Economic,Scientific and Quality of Life Policies at the request of the committee on Economic and Monetary Affairs (ECON) aheadof the Monetary Dialogue with the ECB President on 7 February 2022.

Análise aprofundada EN

Economic and Budgetary Outlook for the European Union 2022Tipo de publicação Estudo

Data 31-01-2022Autor D'ALFONSO Alessandro | DELIVORIAS Angelos | HOFLMAYR MARTIN | KOWALD KAROLINE | PARI MARIANNA |

SAPALA MagdalenaDomínio de intervenção Assuntos Económicos e Monetários

Resumo Offering an overview of the economic and budgetary situation in the EU and beyond, and summarising the maineconomic indicators in the EU and euro area and their two-year trends, this study is the sixth in an annual series of'Outlooks' produced by the European Parliamentary Research Service (EPRS). In seven chapters, the authors of thepublication explain and analyse the EU annual budget and give an overview of its headings for 2022, all within thewider budgetary context of the EU’s post-2020 Multiannual Financial Framework (MFF) and the Next Generation EU(NGEU) recovery fund. This year's special 'economic focus' puts the spotlight on some aspects of the ongoingeconomic recovery– namely, fiscal and monetary matters, labour issues and environmental choices – and aims to givea flavour of the discussion expected in the coming months.

Estudo EN

El derecho a la salud, una perspectiva de Derecho Comparado: MéxicoTipo de publicação Estudo

Data 31-01-2022Domínio de intervenção Avaliação da Legislação e das Políticas na Prática | Saúde Pública

Resumo Este documento se integra en una serie de estudios que, desde una perspectiva de Derecho Comparado, tienen comoobjeto analizar el derecho a la salud en diferentes ordenamientos jurídicos. Tras la explicación de la normativa y lajurisprudencia de aplicación, se examinan el contenido, los límites y la posible evolución de dicho derecho. El presenteestudio tiene por objeto el caso de México. Se encuentra divido en cuatro apartados. En el primero se desarrolla, porun lado, una cronología de las crisis sanitarias en México desde la época prehispánica hasta la crisis global deCOVID-19. Por otro lado, también se incluye un desarrollo del derecho a la salud en el ordenamiento jurídicomexicano. En el segundo apartado se analiza la normativa que es aplicable al derecho a la salud tanto a nivel federalcomo local (normatividad de las 32 entidades federativas). En el tercer apartado se analiza la jurisprudencia másrelevante sobre la materia de la Suprema Corte de Justicia de la Nación (SCJN), en su calidad de tribunalconstitucional, destacando los siguientes aspectos: protección de la salud de personas con VIH/SIDA; protección de lasalud mental; protección de la salud de menores; protección de la salud de menores frente al derecho a la religión delos padres; prohibición de esterilización “consentida” a menores de edad; protección a la salud sexual y reproductivade menores de edad; consentimiento informado; reconocimiento de las aseguradoras de salud como autoridadesfrente a personas con discapacidad; uso lúdico de la marihuana; interrupción legal del embarazo; despenalización delaborto; esterilización no consentida, y objeción de conciencia. En el cuarto apartado se desarrolla el concepto ycontenido del derecho a la salud en el contexto mexicano, así como sus contornos y límites con respecto de otrosderechos humanos.

Estudo ES

21-04-2022 Fonte : © União Europeia, 2022 - PE 78

Communication in monetary policyTipo de publicação Estudo

Data 31-01-2022Autor externo Rosa M. Lastra, Sara Dietz

Domínio de intervenção Assuntos Bancários e Financeiros | Assuntos Económicos e MonetáriosResumo This paper examines the importance of communication of monetary policy in the light of the complex challenges

central banks face post GFC in their role as ‘crisis managers’, confronting financial stability concerns, the economicconsequences of the COVID pandemic and the risks arising from climate change and unsustainable activities.Effective central bank communication becomes ever more critical in order to preserve credibility and legitimacy. Suchcommunication is an important component of accountability. This paper does not deal with the supervisory function ofthe ECB; the focus is the monetary policy of the ECB. This paper was provided by the Policy Department forEconomic, Scientific and Quality of Life Policies at the request of the committee on Economic and Monetary Affairs(ECON) ahead of the Monetary Dialogue with the ECB President on 7 February 2022.

Estudo EN

Inflation expectations in the euro area: post-pandemic trends and policy implicationsTipo de publicação Estudo

Data 31-01-2022Autor externo Joscha BECKMANN, Klaus-Jürgen GERN, Nils JANNSEN, Nils SONNENBERG, Ulrich STOLZENBURG, Luigi

BONATTI, Andrea FRACASSO, Roberto TAMBORINI, Christophe BLOT, Caroline BOZOU, Jérôme CREEL, CinziaALCIDI, Daniel GROS, Farzaneh SHAMSFAKHR , Karl WHELAN

Domínio de intervenção Assuntos Bancários e Financeiros | Assuntos Económicos e MonetáriosResumo Central banks attach great importance to inflation expectations. Households’ and firms’ expectations about the future

path of inflation affect wage and price setting as well as consumption and investment decisions. Financial marketparticipants’ expectations are relevant because they influence financial prices and financing conditions. Inflationexpectations “anchored” around the inflation target are seen as a pre-condition for maintaining price stability andcredibility of the central bank. Starting in 2021, after a long period of low inflation, the euro area has been experiencingabove-target inflation. How will this affect economic agents’ perceptions about future inflation? Five papers wereprepared by the ECON Committee’s Monetary Expert Panel, explaining the role of inflation expectations in monetarypolicy and challenges of measuring expectations, as well as policy implications and risks of unanchoring of inflationexpectations due to the COVID-19 crisis. This publication is provided by Policy Department A for the Committee onEconomic and Monetary Affairs (ECON), ahead of the Monetary Dialogue with ECB President on 7 February 2022.

Estudo EN

Identification and assessment of existing and draft EU legislation in the digital fieldTipo de publicação Estudo

Data 31-01-2022Autor externo C. CODAGNONE, G. LIVA, T. RODRIGUEZ DE LAS HERAS BALLELL

Domínio de intervenção Política de Investigação | ProgramaçãoResumo This study aims to deliver to the AIDA committee an overview of all existing and planned EU legislation in the digital

field, together with an assessment of the interactions amongst these pieces of legislation. The analysis of theinterplay between the legal acts, which regulate the development, placing on the market, and use of AI systems, orother AI-related aspects, has revealed intended or inadvertent regulatory gaps that should be addressed. Thisdocument was provided by the Policy Department for Economic, Scientific and Quality of Life Policies at the request ofthe special committee on Artificial Intelligence in a Digital Age (AIDA).

Estudo EN

Communication, complexity and credibility of monetary policyTipo de publicação Estudo

Data 31-01-2022Autor externo Rosa M. LASTRA, Sara DIETZ, Manuela MOSCHELLA, Davide ROMELLI, Charles WYPLOSZ

Domínio de intervenção Assuntos Bancários e Financeiros | Assuntos Económicos e MonetáriosResumo With growing complexity of monetary policy following the global financial crisis, communication gradually became

mission-critical for central banks in order to preserve legitimacy and credibility. The public, legislators and financialmarket participants each require a different type and channel of communication. Looking forward, the aftermath of theCOVID-19 crisis will bring considerable challenges for the European Central Bank (ECB)’s communication andaccountability in the context of the complex and uncertain future interplay between price stability, financial stability andpublic debt sustainability in the euro area. Three papers were prepared by the ECON Committee’s Monetary ExpertPanel on this topic. This publication is provided by Policy Department A for the Committee on Economic andMonetary Affairs (ECON), ahead of the Monetary Dialogue with ECB President on 7 February 2022.

Estudo EN

21-04-2022 Fonte : © União Europeia, 2022 - PE 79

'Fit for 55' legislative package: Deployment of alternative fuels infrastructureTipo de publicação Briefing

Data 28-01-2022Autor NAVARRA Cecilia

Domínio de intervenção Avaliação do Impacto ex-anteResumo The present IA supports the proposal for a Regulation on the deployment of alternative fuels infrastructure. It seems

quite robust especially in the connection between problem analysis, specific objectives, and measures proposed, andin the quantitative analysis. Still it is complex and not fully accessible to a non-expert reader and it lacks clarity andexhaustive explanations in some points.

Briefing EN

Aviation's contribution to European Union climate action: Revision of EU ETS as regards aviationTipo de publicação Briefing

Data 28-01-2022Autor JENSEN LISELOTTE

Domínio de intervenção Ambiente | Energia | TransportesResumo As part of the 'Fit for 55' package, the Commission is proposing a revision to the EU's emissions trading system (ETS)

as regards carbon dioxide emissions from aviation. The proposal seeks to ensure that the sector contributes to theEU's climate targets through increased auctioning of allowances, with an end to free allowances from 2027, and byapplying the linear reduction of aviation allowances. The proposal will also integrate, into the revised ETS, theInternational Civil Aviation Organization's agreed global market-based Carbon Offsetting and Reduction Scheme forInternational Aviation (CORSIA) and apply it to international flights departing from or arriving at an airport inside theEuropean Economic Area (EEA). For domestic flights in the Member States or flights within the EEA, the ETS wouldcontinue to apply. In the European Parliament, the file has been referred to the Committee on Environment, PublicHealth and Food Safety (ENVI), where the rapporteur, Sunčana Glavak (EPP, Croatia), has published her draft report.First edition. The 'EU Legislation in Progress' briefings are updated at key stages throughout the legislative procedure.

Briefing EN

Multimédia Revision of EU ETS as regards aviation: 'Fit for 55' package

Research for TRAN Committee: Relaunching transport and tourism in the EU after COVID-19 - Part V -Freight transport

Tipo de publicação Em sínteseData 28-01-2022

Autor DEBYSER Ariane | LECARTE Jacques | PERNICE DavideDomínio de intervenção Coronavírus | Transportes | Turismo

Resumo This At a glance note summarises the study on Relaunching transport and tourism in the EU after COVID-19: Freighttransport

Em síntese EN

Revaluation of working conditions and wages for essential workersTipo de publicação Em síntese

Data 28-01-2022Autor externo Manuela SAMEK LODOVICI, Elena FERRARI, Emma PALADINO, Flavia PESCE, Nicoletta TORCHIO and

Alessandra CRIPPADomínio de intervenção Coronavírus | Emprego | Política Social

Resumo The study explores the working conditions and risks faced by essential frontline workers in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic, with a focus on women and migrant workers in low-paid frontline occupations. The study also providesan overview of the main legislative and policy measures adopted at EU and national level to support essential workersin order to identify possible policy actions to revaluate these occupations. The analysis is based on the triangulationof data and information resulting from a review of academic literature and policy documents and from field work,including semi-structured interviews and a web survey targeted at EU and national stakeholders, and five country casestudies (Denmark, Germany, Ireland, Italy, and Romania).

Em síntese EN

21-04-2022 Fonte : © União Europeia, 2022 - PE 80

Understanding EU data protection policyTipo de publicação Briefing

Data 28-01-2022Autor MILDEBRATH Hendrik Alexander

Domínio de intervenção Espaço de Liberdade, de Segurança e de JustiçaResumo The datafication of everyday life and data scandals have made the protection of personal information an increasingly

important social, legal and political matter for the EU. In recent years, awareness of data rights and expectations forEU action in this area have both grown considerably. The right to privacy and the right to protection of personal dataare both enshrined in the Charter of Fundamental Rights of the EU and in the EU Treaties. The entry into force of theLisbon Treaty in 2009 gave the Charter the same legal value as the Treaties and abolished the pillar structure,providing a stronger basis for a more effective and comprehensive EU data protection regime. In 2012, the EuropeanCommission launched an ambitious reform to modernise the EU data protection framework. In 2016, the co-legislatorsadopted the EU's most prominent data protection legislation – the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) – andthe Law Enforcement Directive. The framework overhaul also included adopting an updated Regulation on DataProtection in the EU institutions and reforming the e-Privacy Directive, which is currently the subject of negotiationbetween the co-legislators. The European Parliament has played a key role in these reforms, both as co-legislator andauthor of own-initiative reports and resolutions seeking to guarantee a high level of data protection for EU citizens. TheEuropean Court of Justice plays a crucial role in developing the EU data protection framework through case law. In thecoming years, challenges in the area of data protection will include balancing compliance and data needs of emergingtechnologies, equipping data protection authorities with sufficient resources to fulfil their tasks, mitigating complianceburdens for small and medium-sized enterprises, taming digital surveillance and further clarifying requirements of validconsent. This is an updated edition of a briefing written by Sofija Voronova in May 2020.

Briefing EN

Review of the EU ETS: 'Fit for 55' packageTipo de publicação Briefing

Data 27-01-2022Autor ERBACH Gregor

Domínio de intervenção AmbienteResumo As part of the 'Fit for 55' package, the Commission presented a legislative proposal to review the EU Emissions

Trading System (ETS). The aim of the review is to align the EU ETS Directive with the EU target set out in theEuropean Climate Law to reduce net greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions by 55 % by 2030, compared to 1990 levels. Tothis end, the amount of emission allowances would be reduced, fewer allowances would be allocated for free, and theETS would be extended to maritime transport. This would reduce emissions in the ETS sectors by 61 % by 2030,compared to 2005. A separate new emissions trading system would be established for fuel distribution for roadtransport and buildings. The Innovation Fund and the Modernisation Fund would be enlarged, and Member Stateswould be obliged to spend all of their ETS revenues on climate action. In the European Parliament, the proposal hasbeen referred to the Committee on Environment, Public Health and Food Safety (ENVI), which has appointed PeterLiese (EPP, Germany) as rapporteur. First edition. The 'EU Legislation in Progress' briefings are updated at key stagesthroughout the legislative procedure.

Briefing EN

Multimédia Review of the EU ETS: 'Fit for 55' package

‘Fit for 55’: Revision of the EU Emissions Trading SystemTipo de publicação Briefing

Data 27-01-2022Autor VETTORAZZI STEFANO

Domínio de intervenção Avaliação do Impacto ex-anteResumo The IA identifies in a clear manner the problems, which are clearly linked to the objectives of the initiative, as well as

their likely evolution without intervention. The range of options considered seems to reveal an intended path of action,namely the upward revision of the ETS ambition, in line with the political determination already laid out in the 2030CTP. The IA does seem to provide a good account of the key impacts of the retained options, while taking into accountSMEs and suggesting measures to address the social or distributional impacts of carbon pricing. However, not allpolicy options or supporting elements were assessed individually and the IA does not systematically contemplate theimpacts of a scenario more reliant on carbon pricing, nor the interplay between policy areas. The IA’s reasoning issupported by various sources which appear to provide a reliable basis for analysis and which are, overall, dulyreferenced, with the exception of supporting work concerning carbon leakage; however, for most models, theuncertainties and limitations were only vaguely indicated. Overall, the IA does seem to have addressed most of theRSB’s recommendations. The proposal appears to be consistent with the IA’s analysis, although the Commission’sintention to increase the Modernisation Fund share is not assessed under the retained options. Moreover, the choicesregarding the market stability reserve and the Innovation Fund (both left by the IA to be decided politically) do notcorrespond to any of the options assessed in the IA.

Briefing EN

21-04-2022 Fonte : © União Europeia, 2022 - PE 81

US approach to preventing imports of goods made using forced labourTipo de publicação Em síntese

Data 27-01-2022Autor GRIEGER Gisela

Domínio de intervenção Comércio internacional | Direitos HumanosResumo In recent years, the US has taken a range of steps to strengthen US legislation and enforcement practice from a

human rights, trade and foreign policy perspective in the fight against the widespread use of forced labour in theincreasingly complex global supply chains of the 21st century. A prominent example is the Uyghur Forced LabourPrevention Act of 2021. It bans imports from the Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region (XUAR) in the north-west ofChina, except where importers can rebut the presumption that all goods from this region are made with forced labour.Enforcing the law can put businesses between a rock and a hard place, given the XUAR's central role in a host ofglobal supply chains and Chinese retaliation and economic coercion.

Em síntese EN

The role (and accountability) of the President of the EurogroupTipo de publicação Briefing

Data 27-01-2022Autor HAGELSTAM Kajus | LEHOFER WOLFGANG | PACHECO DIAS CRISTINA SOFIA

Domínio de intervenção Assuntos Bancários e Financeiros | Assuntos Económicos e MonetáriosPalavra-chave Eurogrupo (zona euro) | governação | Parlamento Europeu | Provedor de Justiça Europeu | transparência do processo

de decisão | União Económica e MonetáriaResumo This note provides an overview of the role and mandate of the Eurogroup and the role and accountability of its

President, including the procedures for his/her appointment. In addition, this note refers to the debate around thetransparency of Eurogroup proceedings. The paper will be updated in light of relevant developments.

Briefing EN

Digital transformation - Cost of Non-EuropeTipo de publicação Estudo

Data 27-01-2022Autor FERNANDES MEENAKSHI | JANCOVA LENKA | LOMBA NIOMBO

Domínio de intervenção IndústriaResumo Europe is in the midst of a digital revolution that is transforming our approach to work and communication and building

significant potential to improve living standards and economic output. With the potential to drastically change theeconomy and society, digital transformation can bring both promising developments and challenges. There is widevariation in advances in digital transformation both within the European Union and between Member States. To thisend, the European Union and its Member States are developing and adopting policies targeted at boosting digitaltransformation. This Cost of Non-Europe study analyses the status quo in digital transformation in the European Unionand identifies gaps and barriers hampering the full potential of the digital transformation. Based on this examination,the cost of non-Europe is analysed qualitatively and quantitatively using a computable general equilibrium model. Theestimated cost of non-Europe is already substantial in 2021, at €315 billion, and would continue to grow increasinglyover time, reaching up to €1.3 trillion by 2033. The study proceeds to identify three broad policy options for EU actionthat would address the identified gaps and barriers to some extent and thus generate benefits for businesses andsociety.

Estudo EN

Research for TRAN Committee - Future of transport in the context of the Recovery Plan - overviewbriefing

Tipo de publicação EstudoData 27-01-2022

Autor externo Ivo HINDRIKS, Maria RODRIGUES, Daina BELICKA, Dace KRUPENKPO, Georges FUCHSDomínio de intervenção Coronavírus | Transportes | Turismo

Resumo This Overview Briefing provides the European Parliament’s Committee on Transport and Tourism (TRAN) with anoverview of the EU policy priorities in the field of transport and the Recovery Plan’s funding opportunities for thetransport sector.

Estudo EN

Síntese ES, DE, EN, FR, IT

21-04-2022 Fonte : © União Europeia, 2022 - PE 82

Research for PECH committee: Workshop on impacts of the EU-UK Trade and Cooperation Agreementon fisheries and aquaculture in the EU - Part II: Trade aspects

Tipo de publicação EstudoData 27-01-2022

Autor externo Wageningen Economic Research: Heleen BARTELINGS, Ph.D., Senior Scientist, International Policy ZuzanaSMEETS KŘĺSTKOVÁ, Ph.D., Senior Researcher, International Policy, Assistant Professor, Czech University of LifeSciences in Prague

Domínio de intervenção Avaliação da Legislação e das Políticas na Prática | PescasResumo This study is the second research paper in a series of three, commissioned for a PECH Committee Workshop. It

applied the MAGNET model to quantify the impact of the EU-UK TCA on fish related sectors. The results shownegative impacts on trade, production and consumption of fisheries and aquaculture products for both parties. For theEU, the biggest losses are found in the fish processing sector. The overall impact is driven by increased trade costswhereas the impact of a reduced total allowable catches is rather limited.

Estudo EN

Síntese ES, DE, EN, FR, IT

Holocaust denial in criminal law: Legal frameworks in selected EU Member StatesTipo de publicação Briefing

Data 26-01-2022Autor BAKOWSKI Piotr

Domínio de intervenção Espaço de Liberdade, de Segurança e de JustiçaPalavra-chave análise comparativa | Convenção Europeia dos Direitos do Homem | crime contra a humanidade | direito comparado |

direito penal | discriminação étnica | Estado-Membro UE | racismo | xenofobiaResumo The Holocaust ('Shoah' in Hebrew) – the state-sponsored, systematic persecution and mass murder of Jews, whom

the Nazi regime and its collaborators sought to annihilate along with other persecuted groups, such as Roma and Sinti– took place in Europe. It is therefore not surprising that a trend to address negationism – i.e. unfounded theoriesquestioning certain historical events – by means of criminal law, originated in Europe. With time, the scope ofcriminalisation has been extended to cover not only the Shoah, but also other internationally recognised crimes. Suchprohibition is, however, not without controversy as it may interfere with fundamental rights, such as freedom ofexpression and academic freedom. The Council of Europe has played a major role in addressing Holocaust denial, inparticular through the case law of the European Court of Human Rights pertaining to the limits of freedom ofexpression. The Court has consistently excluded negationism from the protection of the European Convention onHuman Rights, pointing to the antisemitic nature of the prohibited statements and qualifying them as abuse of rights. Inthe European Union (EU), a 2008 Framework Decision on racism and xenophobia sought to align national legislationon historical denialism. Yet, national laws still differ in many respects, such as the definition of offences and the rangeof historical events, the memory of which they serve to protect. This Briefing looks at criminal provisions in 17 selectedEU Member States: Belgium, Czechia, Germany, Greece, Spain, France, Italy, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Hungary,Netherlands, Austria, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovenia and Slovakia. It attempts to identify the main elements ofthe criminal conduct and of the corresponding punishment. The following EPRS policy analysists have contributed tothe country analyses: Piotr Bąkowski (Poland), Carmen-Cristina Cirlig (Romania), David De Groot (Netherlands),Micaela Del Monte (Luxembourg and Portugal), Angelos Delivorias (Greece), Fabiana Fracanzino (Spain and Italy),Fruzsina Fuzesi (Hungary), Vilma Karvelyte-Shetty (Lithuania), Karoline Kowald (Austria), Katrien Luyten (Belgium),Hendrik Mildebrath (Germany), Marketa Pape (Czechia), Anja Radjenovic (Slovenia), Branislav Stanicek (Slovakia),and Sofija Voronova (France). This is an update of a Briefing published in September 2021.

Briefing EN

SDG 2 – zero hunger, and EU action against hunger and malnutritionTipo de publicação Briefing

Data 26-01-2022Autor CAPRILE ANNA | PICHON Eric

Domínio de intervenção Agricultura e Desenvolvimento Rural | Ajuda Humanitária e DesenvolvimentoResumo At least one of the 17 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) set by the United Nations (UN) will be missed in 2030 –

SDG 2 – 'zero hunger' – also endangering the accomplishment of the rest of the SDG goals under Agenda 2030.Hunger and malnutrition are rising dramatically across the world, a trend aggravated by the pandemic. In 2020, 811million people in the world were facing hunger, the highest level since 2014, and 3 billion people were without accessto a healthy diet. The fight against hunger and malnutrition has been the focus of two global summits, namely the UNFood Systems Summit (September 2021), which committed to a deep reform of global food systems, and the Nutritionfor Growth Summit (December 2021), which saw the biggest pledge since 2013. In the EU itself, considered one of themost food-secure regions in the world, nearly 7 million people were already experiencing severe food insecurity beforethe pandemic, and malnutrition is on the rise, as demonstrated by obesity and pre-obesity prevalence rates. SDG 2aims not only at achieving food security but also at improving nutrition and promoting sustainable agriculture. Theseobjectives have been mainstreamed in the recently reformed common agricultural policy and the 'farm to fork' andbiodiversity strategies. In developing countries, the EU is strongly committed to achieving SDG 2. The EU institutionsand Member States, which collectively provide more than half of official development assistance worldwide, havereaffirmed this commitment in the new European 'consensus on development'. Alongside development aid, the EU hasseveral levers at its disposal to act on food insecurity causes, such as security and defence missions andcomprehensive strategies in conflict areas, as well as substantial research capacities. The fact that its internal policies,in particular agricultural, climate and trade policies, have a spill-over effect on other food systems in the world, inparticular in poorer countries, also make the EU a significant player.

Briefing EN

21-04-2022 Fonte : © União Europeia, 2022 - PE 83

‘Assessing the political dialogue and cooperation pillar of the EU-Mercosur Association Agreement:towards a bi-regional strategic partnership?’

Tipo de publicação Análise aprofundadaData 26-01-2022

Autor externo Andres MalamudDomínio de intervenção Assuntos Externos | Comércio internacional

Resumo On 28 June 2019, the European Union and Mercosur reached a political agreement to establish an interregional tradeagreement as ‘part of a wider Association Agreement between the two regions’. The European Commission andMercosur member states went on to publish a summary of the negotiating results, while both sides started the processof legal revision. Meanwhile, the European External Action Service and Mercosur representatives were negotiating thepolitical dialogue and cooperation part of the Association Agreement, which was completed one year later, on 18 June2020, and has not been published. The present report is about the latter document, to which the author has beengranted confidential access: it scrutinises its content, compares it to previous and similar agreements, analyses itsprospects of ratification and impact – with a special focus on Brazil – and assesses its potential to cement ameaningful EU-Mercosur strategic partnership. The study is enriched by direct, off-the-record interviews as well aspublic documents and analyses. Its originality resides in the consideration of informal practices, besides and beyondformal frameworks, to estimate the odds of ratification and implementation of the agreement.

Análise aprofundada EN

The Commission proposal on reforming the Generalised Scheme of Tariff Preferences: analysis of humanrights incentives and conditionalities

Tipo de publicação Análise aprofundadaData 26-01-2022

Autor externo Guillaume VAN DER LOODomínio de intervenção Assuntos Externos | Comércio internacional | Direitos Humanos

Resumo This study looks at the European Commission’s proposal for a new GSP Regulation from human rights andsustainable development perspectives. It focuses on proposed changes to the conditionality provisions with their linkedmonitoring and dialogue processes that aim to promote human rights, sustainable development and good governancein the beneficiary countries. The Commission’s proposal is not revolutionary as it foresees retention of the threeexisting arrangements (Standard GSP, GSP+ and EBA). However, a limited set of targeted amendments wereintroduced not only to improve this scheme’s response to the evolving needs and challenges of GSP countries but alsoto reinforce its human rights, labour, environmental and climate dimensions. This In-Depth Analysis provides a detailedexamination of these proposed changes to the GSP regulation and formulates various recommendations to strengthenthe GSP as a tool for promoting human rights, sustainable development and good governance. It is argued thatpositive conditionality should be extended to Standard GSP beneficiaries based on a differentiated and stagedapproach. Moreover, several innovations and amendments need to be clarified, made more ambitious and legallyenshrined in the GSP Regulation or other legal acts.

Análise aprofundada EN

Il diritto alla salute, una prospettiva di diritto comparato: ItaliaTipo de publicação Estudo

Data 26-01-2022Domínio de intervenção Avaliação da Legislação e das Políticas na Prática | Saúde Pública

Resumo Lo studio fa parte di un progetto più ampio, il cui scopo è quello di analizzare, nella prospettiva del diritto comparato, ledelicate questioni che riguardano il diritto alla salute in diversi Stati ed organizzazioni internazionali. Il suo obiettivo èesaminare la problematica nel contesto specificamente italiano, pur nella consapevolezza dell’importanza delle fontiinternazionali e dell’Unione Europea in materia. A tal fine, dopo l’esposizione di alcuni dati fattuali sul rischio sanitarioin Italia e una breve introduzione di carattere storico generale, sono state prese in esame le vicende normative chehanno interessato il diritto alla salute, nelle sue varie forme, nell’Italia repubblicana. Punto di partenza è stata,ovviamente, la Costituzione, mentre le altre fonti sono state ordinate in ragione del loro tipo. Ampia attenzione è statadedicata alla giurisprudenza. Nell’impossibilità di dare conto di tutto il notevole materiale disponibile, si sonoselezionati alcuni casi particolarmente significativi. Sono stati identificati, infine, i principali nodi problematici cheoccorre tuttora sciogliere, in un contesto globale nel quale la questione della salute s’è fatta terribilmente pressante edelicata.

Estudo IT

21-04-2022 Fonte : © União Europeia, 2022 - PE 84

Roaming Regulation reviewTipo de publicação Briefing

Data 25-01-2022Autor NEGREIRO ACHIAGA Maria Del Mar | Niestadt Maria

Domínio de intervenção IndústriaPalavra-chave fluxo de dados transfronteiriço | itinerância | proposta (UE) | proteção do consumidor | rede de transmissão |

regulamentação das telecomunicações | regulamentação de preços | regulamento (UE) | tarifa das comunicações |telefone móvel

Resumo The Roaming Regulation established the 'roam like at home' (RLAH) rule that mandated the end of retail mobileroaming charges as of 15 June 2017 in all EU Member States and EEA countries. The regulation is currently in forceuntil 30 June 2022. The application of the RLAH rule has been a success, boosting the use of mobile devices whiletravelling to other EU/EEA countries. For instance, the use of data roaming increased 17 times in the summer of 2019compared with the summer preceding the abolition of roaming surcharges. However, in 2020, owing to the pandemic,the number of travellers across the EU decreased along with the need for roaming. Nevertheless, five years after itsimplementation, the Commission needs to review the Roaming Regulation, with a view to extending the roamingmarket rules by 10 years. The Commission is also seeking to continue lowering wholesale roaming charges, improvethe quality of roaming services offered to travellers, and provide access to all available network generations andtechnologies and improved transparency, including free access to emergency services and information on any costincurred accessing value added services, among other things. Within the European Parliament the file has beenallocated to the Committee on Industry, Research and Energy (ITRE). The committee report was adopted on 14October 2021, and the mandate for trilogue negotiations approved in plenary the following week. For its part, theCouncil agreed its position on 16 June 2021. The co-legislators reached a provisional agreement on the text on 9December 2021. According to this agreement, which must now be formally adopted, the RLAH regime will be renewedfor a further 10 years.

Briefing EN

The European Commission’s annual rule of law reports: A new monitoring toolTipo de publicação Briefing

Data 25-01-2022Autor MAŃKO Rafał

Domínio de intervenção Democracia na UE, Direito Institucional e Direito ParlamentarResumo The annual rule of law reports, launched by the Commission in September 2020, are a new addition to the European

institutions’ rule of law toolbox. The exercise can be described as a monitoring tool, as it collects data on the state ofthe rule of law in each of the 27 EU Member States but without drawing legal conclusions or giving specificrecommendations. The second rule of law report was published in July 2021 and the third is expected in 2022, with theannual exercise becoming a permanent mechanism. The methodology adopted by the Commission provides forreporting on four subject areas in all 27 Member States: (i) justice systems; (ii) the anti-corruption framework; (iii)media pluralism; and (iv) other institutional issues related to checks and balances. This methodology underlines theclose involvement of Member States in the preparation of the annual reports and their follow-up. The Member Statesare involved throughout the process by way of: (i) a network of contact persons on the rule of law that meets regularlywith the Commission; (ii) contact persons providing written contributions to the report; (iii) dialogue between theCommission and Member States through the network of contact persons, the group of contact persons on nationaljustice systems, the national contact points on corruption, and bilaterally at political and technical level; (iv) countryvisits; and (v) the opportunity for each Member State to comment on the part of the report concerning them. Thereports have met with some criticism from academics, who draw attention to the purely descriptive, rather thanprescriptive nature of the reports and the lack of concrete follow-up.

Briefing EN

EU carbon border adjustment mechanism: Implications for climate and competitivenessTipo de publicação Briefing

Data 24-01-2022Autor DOBREVA Alina | TITIEVSKAIA Jana

Domínio de intervenção Ambiente | Comércio internacional | IndústriaResumo The EU has implemented the world’s largest carbon-pricing system, the emissions trading system (ETS). While pricing

emissions can encourage industrial decarbonisation, it also risks carbon leakage, whereby EU companies move theirproduction abroad. To date, the EU has mitigated carbon leakage through free allocations to certain industries, but withrising climate ambition and higher carbon prices, the Commission seeks to phase out free allocations. In parallel, anovel carbon border adjustment mechanism (CBAM) would be introduced, requiring EU importers, as of 2026, topurchase certificates equivalent to the weekly EU carbon price. During the transition period, starting in 2023, importerswould be required to report emissions, with a system of monitoring, reporting and verification ensuring accuratereporting of carbon footprints. The CBAM would initially apply to imports in five emissions-intensive sectors deemed atgreater risk of carbon leakage: cement, iron and steel, aluminium, fertilisers, and electricity. The CBAM charge wouldcover imports of these goods from all third countries, except those participating in the ETS or a linked mechanism. TheCBAM aims to contribute to the EU’s climate neutrality objectives, and encourage partner countries to decarbonisetheir production processes by levelling the playing field in carbon pricing between the EU and third-country producers;less developed countries could be supported in their climate transitions. Following publication of the Commissionproposal on the CBAM in July 2020, Parliament referred the file to the Environment Committee. First edition. The ‘EULegislation in Progress’ briefings are updated at key stages throughout the legislative procedure.

Briefing EN

21-04-2022 Fonte : © União Europeia, 2022 - PE 85

How to stress-test EU policies - Building a more resilient Europe for tomorrowTipo de publicação Estudo

Data 24-01-2022Autor FERNANDES MEENAKSHI | HEFLICH ALEKSANDRA

Domínio de intervenção Valor Acrescentado EuropeuResumo Policy-makers are seeking to 'future proof' policies in order to be better prepared for disruptive and unanticipated

events. The application of foresight methods such as stress-testing can help achieve this goal. This study introduces amethodology for the European Parliament to stress-test legislation. The method can be integrated into existing law-making and scrutiny processes in the European Parliament. It draws on lessons learnt and recommendationsstemming from independent research that encompassed a comprehensive review of reports and research studies, andin-depth research on four countries (Finland, the Netherlands, New Zealand and the United Kingdom), as well as apilot-test for three policy areas (robotics and artificial intelligence, information and consultation of workers, andcompetition policy – State aid).

Estudo EN

Plenary round-up – January 2022Tipo de publicação Em síntese

Data 21-01-2022Autor FERGUSON CLARE | SOCHACKA KATARZYNA

Domínio de intervenção Democracia na UE, Direito Institucional e Direito ParlamentarResumo A solemn ceremony was held in Strasbourg to honour the Parliament's late President David Maria Sassoli, who died

the previous week. Following this sad occasion, the main point on the agenda for the January 2022 plenary sessionwas the already scheduled mid-term election of Parliament's President, 14 Vice-Presidents and 5 Quaestors.Parliament also debated the programme of activities of the French Council Presidency, with Emmanuel Macron,President of the French Republic.

Em síntese EN

Cyprus's National Recovery and Resilience Plan: Latest state of playTipo de publicação Briefing

Data 21-01-2022Autor DELIVORIAS Angelos

Domínio de intervenção OrçamentoResumo In absolute figures, Cyprus's National Recovery and Resilience Plan amounts to €1.2 billion. Cyprus decided to use its

allocation under the Recovery and Resilience Facility (RRF) predominantly in grants (€1.005 billion), with €200.3million in loans. These resources represent around 0.2 % of the entire RRF, but are equal to 5.2 % of the country'sgross domestic product (GDP) in 2019 (the RRF being 5.2 % of EU-27 GDP in 2019). They will underpin a vastprogramme of reforms and investments that aims to promote the recovery of the Cypriot economy (Cyprus's GDPdropped by 5.2 % in 2020), while addressing a number of structural weaknesses as well as pursuing major objectivessuch as the green transition and the digital transformation. Measures under Cyprus's plan are to be completed in 2026.Following the Council's approval of the plan, Cyprus received a €157 million pre-financing, disbursed in September2021. The next payments, in ten instalments for grants and four instalments for loans, will depend on progress inimplementing the plan. The European Parliament, which was a major advocate for the creation of a common EUrecovery instrument, participates in interinstitutional fora for cooperation and discussion on its implementation andscrutinises the work of the European Commission. This briefing is one in a series covering all EU Member States. Firstedition. The 'NGEU delivery' briefings are updated at key stages throughout the lifecycle of the plans.

Briefing EL, EN

Estonia's National Recovery and Resilience Plan: Latest state of playTipo de publicação Briefing

Data 21-01-2022Autor Niestadt Maria

Domínio de intervenção OrçamentoResumo Estonia's Recovery and Resilience Plan – one of the last such plans submitted to the European Commission – sets out

the reforms and public investment projects that Estonia intends to implement with the support of the Recovery andResilience Facility (RRF). The RRF is one of the main components of Next Generation EU, an EU instrument tocounter the impact of the coronavirus pandemic. Estonia's plan is one of the smallest in the EU in terms of the totalamount allocated. However, when taking into account its number of inhabitants, the country is a medium-sizedbeneficiary. Initially, Estonia requested €982.5 million in grants (so far, it has not requested RRF loans); the Councilagreed to make €969.3 million available to Estonia, of which the allocation for 2021 and 2022 is €759.5 million and isalready final. However, the remaining amount of money that is available might still change until June 2022, dependingon the updated data on Estonia's gross domestic product (GDP) compared to other EU countries. Estonia's planrepresents 0.1 % of the entire RRF, equal to 3.5 % of the country's GDP in 2019 (the RRF being 5.2 % of EU-27 GDPin 2019). The reforms and investments included in Estonia's plan should be completed by 2026. Its key focus is on thegreen and digital transitions, the resilience and accessibility of the healthcare system, and social inclusion. The plancould increase Estonia's GDP by between 0.8 % and 1.3 % and help to create up to 4 000 additional jobs by 2026. TheCouncil approved Estonia's plan on 25 October 2021. The European Commission disbursed €126 million in pre-financing on 17 December 2021. The next payments, in seven instalments, will depend on progress in implementingthe investments and reforms. The European Parliament, which was a great supporter of the creation of a common EUrecovery instrument, participates in interinstitutional cooperation and discussions on its implementation, and scrutinisesthe work of the European Commission. This briefing is one in a series covering all EU Member States. First edition.The 'NGEU delivery' briefings are updated at key stages throughout the lifecycle of the plans.

Briefing ET, EN

21-04-2022 Fonte : © União Europeia, 2022 - PE 86

Latvia's National Recovery and Resilience Plan: Latest state of playTipo de publicação Briefing

Data 21-01-2022Autor SAULNIER JEROME LEON

Domínio de intervenção Assuntos Económicos e Monetários | OrçamentoResumo Latvia's National Recovery and Resilience Plan (NRRP) sets the package of reforms and investment measures

designed by the country in the context of the European Union (EU) response to the crisis triggered by the coronaviruspandemic. In absolute figures, Latvia has decided to use €1 826 millions of grant allocation under the Recovery andResilience Facility (RRF), while declining to avail of the loan component. These resources represent 0.3 % of the entireRRF, equal to 6 % of the country's gross domestic product (GDP) in 2019 (the RRF being 5.2 % of EU 27 GDP in2019). Through these resources, Latvia is naturally pursuing national reforms and investments that aim to furtherpromote a dynamic Latvian economy, while addressing a number of structural weaknesses. Latvia is also striving toattain major objectives such as convergence towards higher levels of standard of living, the green transition and digitaltransformation. Measures under the current plan are to be completed by 2026. Following the Council's approval of theplan, Latvia received €237 million in pre-financing in September 2021. The next payments, in a total of six instalments,will depend on progress in implementation. The European Parliament, which was a major advocate for the creation ofa common EU recovery instrument, participates in interinstitutional fora for cooperation and discussion on itsimplementation and scrutinises the work of the European Commission. This briefing is one in a series covering all EUMember States. First edition. The 'NGEU delivery' briefings are updated at key stages throughout the lifecycle of theplans.

Briefing EN, LV

Research for REGI, CONT and BUDG Committees - Cohesion Policy Calendar (2021-2027 and 2014-2020 Programming Periods)

Tipo de publicação BriefingData 21-01-2022

Autor HAASE DianaDomínio de intervenção Avaliação da Legislação e das Políticas na Prática | Desenvolvimento Regional

Palavra-chave coesão económica e social | comissão PE | elaboração do direito da UE | política regional da UE | relaçãointerinstitucional (UE)

Resumo The implementation timetable for cohesion policy is defined largely by its legislative framework. In order to be able toplan parliamentary work and exercise systematic scrutiny of policy implementation and of the Commission’s work, it isessential to have an overview of the timing of different steps in policy implementation in the coming years. This type ofbriefing was first published (and subsequently updated) in 2014 covering the 2014-2020 programming period. Thisversion includes the policy actions of the 2021-27 period, while still indicating the last steps of the 2014-20 period. Itincludes a detailed (but non-exhaustive) timetable of policy actions in 2022, together with an overview of major actionsfor the remainder of the programming period, from 2023. Policy actions related to budgetary and budgetary controlaspects are coloured green (for the year 2022).

Briefing EN

The digital euro: policy implications and perspectivesTipo de publicação Estudo

Data 21-01-2022Autor externo Markus K. BRUNNERMEIER, Jean-Pierre LANDAU

Domínio de intervenção Assuntos Bancários e Financeiros | Assuntos Económicos e MonetáriosResumo The study identifies the fundamental rationale for a possible issuance of a digital euro: to preserve the role of public

money in a digital economy. It outlines the policy options, trade-offs as well as design issues that its creation wouldraise. This document was provided by the Policy Department for Economic, Scientific and Quality of Life Policies atthe request of the committee on Economic and Monetary Affairs (ECON).

Estudo EN

Síntese DE, EN, FR

A Conferência sobre o Futuro da EuropaTipo de publicação Em síntese

Data 20-01-2022Autor KOTANIDIS Silvia | SABBATI Giulio

Domínio de intervenção Democracia na UE, Direito Institucional e Direito ParlamentarResumo A Conferência sobre o Futuro da Europa é um exercício com uma dinâmica que parte da base para o topo, permitindo

aos cidadãos europeus exprimirem a sua opinião sobre as futuras políticas e o funcionamento da União. AConferência utiliza instrumentos como a plataforma digital e os painéis de cidadãos, que permitem debater temas deinteresse geral. A presente infografia do EPRS apresenta as estruturas da conferência, o seu modo de funcionamentoe os temas que serão debatidos.

Em síntese BG, ES, CS, DA, DE, ET, EL, EN, FR, GA, HR, IT, LV, LT, HU, MT, NL, PL, PT, RO, SK, SL, FI, SV

21-04-2022 Fonte : © União Europeia, 2022 - PE 87

Post-Brexit fishing quota changes: 2021Tipo de publicação Briefing

Data 20-01-2022Autor POPESCU Irina | SCHOLAERT FREDERIK

Domínio de intervenção PescasResumo From 2021 to 2025, the EU is gradually transferring part of its fishing quota shares to the UK, in line with the EU-UK

Trade and Cooperation Agreement (TCA). In total, 55 shared stocks are concerned, and 60 % of the overall Brexitquota transfer occurred in 2021. This infographic illustrates the EU quota transfer that year for some of the mostaffected fish stocks. The quota transfer in 2021 for the selected stocks totals 62 211 tonnes, with an estimated overallvalue of €103 million.

Briefing EN

Implementation of the UK Withdrawal Agreement: Financial provisions, citizens' rights and the NorthernIreland Protocol

Tipo de publicação Análise aprofundadaData 20-01-2022

Autor HALLAK ISSAM | MAZUR Sidonia | NEVILLE ANNDomínio de intervenção Direito da UE: Ordenamento Jurídico e Atos Jurídicos

Resumo This EPRS paper analyses the implementation of the UK Withdrawal Agreement in three areas identified by the EU askey to ensuring the UK's orderly exit from the Union: financial settlement, citizens' rights and the Ireland/NorthernIreland Protocol. The citizens' rights provisions contained in Part Two of the Agreement are designed to protect therights of both EU and UK citizens who had exercised free movement and made life choices based on the rights flowingfrom the UK's membership of the EU. The paper focuses on the UK's implementation of the citizens' rights provisionsin the Agreement, along with the rights provided to protected UK citizens under the Agreement. The paper alsodiscusses the Protocol on Ireland/Northern Ireland. While the Protocol aims to safeguard peace on the island ofIreland, it has been contentious in the UK, due to perceived effects on domestic supply chains. The paper discussesthe issues under consideration and EU-UK negotiations to resolve the issues concerned.

Análise aprofundada EN

Economic Dialogue with the European Commission on the launch of the 2022 European Semester cycleTipo de publicação Análise aprofundada

Data 20-01-2022Autor ANGERER Jost | GRIGAITE KRISTINA | LEHOFER WOLFGANG | PACHECO DIAS CRISTINA SOFIA | TEIXEIRA

DA CUNHA INES | ZOPPÉ AliceDomínio de intervenção Assuntos Económicos e Monetários

Resumo Executive Vice-President Dombrovskis and Commissioners Schmit and Gentiloni have been invited to an EconomicDialogue on the launch of the 2022 European Semester, in line with the relevant EU law. This briefing note covers themain elements of the 2022 European Semester Package proposed by the Commission. It gives also an overview of theimplementation of the Recovery and Resilience Facility, the Stability and the Growth Pact, the Macro-economicImbalances Procedure, the Joint Employment Guidelines and of the on-going work to strengthen the governance andthe resilience of the Economic and Monetary Union, notably the review of the EU economic governance framework.

Análise aprofundada EN

Economic Dialogue and Exchange of Views with the President of the Council (ECOFIN)Tipo de publicação Análise aprofundada

Data 20-01-2022Autor ANGERER Jost | GRIGAITE KRISTINA | PACHECO DIAS CRISTINA SOFIA | TEIXEIRA DA CUNHA INES | ZOPPÉ

AliceDomínio de intervenção Assuntos Económicos e Monetários

Resumo Bruno Le Maire, Minister of the Economy, Finance and the Recovery of France, is participating in the ECONCommittee in his capacity of President of the ECOFIN Council during the French Presidency (January-June 2022). Inaccordance with the Treaty of the Union, “Member States shall regard their economic policies as a matter of commonconcern and shall coordinate them within the Council”. This briefing provides an overview of the French presidencypriorities in ECON matters, including the Council’s work relating to the implementation of the European Semester foreconomic coordination, notably the application of the Recovery and Resilience Facility and deepening of the Economicand Monetary Union.

Análise aprofundada EN

21-04-2022 Fonte : © União Europeia, 2022 - PE 88

Revaluation of working conditions and wages for essential workersTipo de publicação Estudo

Data 20-01-2022Autor externo Manuela SAMEK LODOVICI, Elena FERRARI, Emma PALADINO, Flavia PESCE, Nicoletta TORCHIO and

Alessandra CRIPPADomínio de intervenção Coronavírus | Emprego | Política Social

Resumo The study explores the working conditions and risks faced by essential frontline workers in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic, with a focus on women and migrant workers in low-paid frontline occupations. The study also providesan overview of the main legislative and policy measures adopted at EU and national level to support essential workersin order to identify possible policy actions to revaluate these occupations. The analysis is based on the triangulationof data and information resulting from a review of academic literature and policy documents and from field work,including semi-structured interviews and a web survey targeted at EU and national stakeholders, and five country casestudies (Denmark, Germany, Ireland, Italy, and Romania).

Estudo EN

Anexo 1 EN

Anexo 2 EN

Anexo 3 EN

Anexo 4 EN

Anexo 5 EN

Yiddish language and culture and its post-Holocaust fate in EuropeTipo de publicação Briefing

Data 19-01-2022Autor PASIKOWSKA-SCHNASS Magdalena

Domínio de intervenção Cultura | EducaçãoResumo Yiddish is a language once spoken by Jews in an area spreading from Alsace to the Urals, influenced by and

influencing local languages and cultures. It neared extinction in the 20th century when it lost the majority of itsspeakers, mostly – but not only – through the Holocaust. Yiddish is part of European folk culture, contributing to theworks of great writers and musicians and broadening European culture more generally. Successive waves of Jewishmigration provoked by poverty, persecution, pogroms, Stalinism and Nazism, war and all forms of antisemitism, havedrastically reduced the Jewish population across Europe and, with it, the number of Yiddish speakers. The Holocaust –referred to in Yiddish as Khurbn (destruction) – was an ethnic and cultural cleansing process designed to erase anytrace of Jewish life from European culture, including Yiddish, a language perceived as 'bad German'. Some Holocaustsurvivors tried to recreate their pre-war lives and cultivated their language and culture. Others, however, traumatisedby the war, wanted a new beginning, often far from home and their children wanted to fit in and speak the locallanguage. As the use of Yiddish continues to diminish, its speakers are growing older, and its transmission amonggenerations was interrupted, Unesco has put Yiddish on the definitely endangered languages list. However, the fate ofYiddish as a dead or stifled language is not yet sealed. Traditional religious Jewish communities, mostly in Israel, andNorth and South America, but also in Europe, still use Yiddish and contribute to Yiddish culture. Moreover, Yiddish isenjoying a revival as a language and culture among both young secular Jews and the non-Jewish population, andYiddish language and culture courses, studies, and traditional Jewish Klezmer music festivals abound in Europe andbeyond. Whether this will be enough to keep this European heritage alive and what might be the EU's role in bringingthis once vibrant European culture back to life remains to be seen.

Briefing DE, EN, FR

Jewish art collections – Nazi lootingTipo de publicação Briefing

Data 19-01-2022Autor PASIKOWSKA-SCHNASS Magdalena

Domínio de intervenção CulturaResumo When the Nazis grabbed power in Germany, they had clear ideas about what art is. The persecution of Jews allowed

them to seize Jewish property, forbid Jews from running art galleries, push them out of their countries to exile, andsend them to camps and death. All this enabled some prominent Nazis to start their own art collections. However, mostof the looted valuable classical artworks were destined for existing or planned museums. Nazis and their collaboratorslooted art collections and moved them from annexed or occupied countries most often to Germany and Austria. Thishelped trade in looted art flourish not only in Paris but also in the United States. Due to cataloguing needs, storagerequirements and Allied Forces' bombings, looted cultural property was displaced many times and finally moved tocellars and salt caves in southern Germany and Austria. Similar developments took place at the Eastern Front, leadingto double looting. The Soviet army seized art looted by the Nazis in the territories it conquered and occupied, claimingthem as war trophies, and further displaced artworks across the parts of eastern Europe it held. The division ofGermany among the four occupying forces and the establishment of the Iron Curtain further complicated the task oflocating looted art, as catalogues were scattered across the continent. Due to the huge efforts of the liberating armies,works of art found in Western-occupied zones were returned to the countries from which they had been seized. In theirturn, the governments were expected to hand these items over to their rightful owners. However, this did not alwayshappen; owners and their heirs, or the artworks they were searching for, were not always located. More than 50 yearsafter WWII, to address the fact that the owners of many artworks had still not been identified, the internationalcommunity adopted the Washington Principles, the Vilnius Forum Declaration and the Terezin Declaration, as a signalthat progress towards resolving this difficult task requires museum searches and international cooperation. The aim isto help the few Holocaust survivors still alive, or their heirs, retrieve their artworks. Restitution of cultural propertylooted by Nazis and their collaborators is not only an act of justice. It is also a gesture of recognition of the Jewishcontribution to flourishing cultural and artistic life in Europe.

Briefing DE, EN, FR

21-04-2022 Fonte : © União Europeia, 2022 - PE 89

Ireland and Denmark in the EU: Fiftieth anniversary of accessionTipo de publicação Briefing

Data 19-01-2022Autor NEVILLE ANN | PERCHOC Philippe

Domínio de intervenção Democracia na UE, Direito Institucional e Direito ParlamentarResumo This year marks the 50th anniversary of the signing of the accession treaties to the former European Communities by

Ireland and Denmark. The path to membership was not smooth for either country, with their first two applications madein 1961 and 1967, together with the United Kingdom, effectively blocked by French opposition. With a change ofgovernment in France, the six members of the European Communities reaffirmed their agreement to the enlargementof the Communities, and negotiations on membership began with Denmark, Ireland, Norway and the United Kingdom(UK). In Denmark, Ireland and Norway, referendums were held to decide on possible membership. The Danish andIrish people voted 'yes', while citizens in Norway narrowly rejected membership, with 53.5 % voting 'no'. On 1 January1973, Denmark and Ireland (along with the UK) officially became members of the European Communities after morethan a decade of negotiations. Over time, Treaty ratification referendums took place in other countries too, but weremost concentrated in Ireland (7) and Denmark (4). In fact, Ireland remains unique in this sense as the only MemberState that has held a referendum on every major Treaty revision since voting in 1972 to become a member. This wasthe first enlargement of the European Economic Community (EEC), bringing membership from the original six to ninemembers. It also meant that the number of Members of the European Parliament rose from 142 to 198, whichrepresented an increase of nearly 40 %. This paper looks at the background to the decision to seek membership of theEuropean Communities, examining the economic and political conditions that caused Ireland and Denmark to seek tobecome Member States. It also discusses key features of EU membership: for Ireland, the decision to join the euro andits relationship with the Schengen Agreement; and for Denmark, the opt-outs introduced with the advent of theMaastricht Treaty.

Briefing DA, EN, GA

Revision of the Energy Taxation Directive: Fit for 55 packageTipo de publicação Briefing

Data 19-01-2022Autor KARABOYTCHEVA Miroslava Kostova

Domínio de intervenção Assuntos Económicos e MonetáriosResumo The revision of the Energy Taxation Directive (ETD) is part of the 'fit for 55' package. The current ETD (Directive

2003/96/EC) is outdated and out of sync with the EU's climate and energy objectives. It favours the use of fossil fuelsand no longer contributes to the proper functioning of the internal market. The aspects of energy taxation requiringmost urgent revision are the level and structure of minimum rates, replacement of the volume-based approach toenergy taxation with one based on energy content and environmental performance, and the introduction of anindexation mechanism. The effectiveness of the current directive is further limited by outdated coverage of energyproducts, specifically biofuels, and a series of tax differentiations, reductions and exemptions. In July 2021, theCommission presented a proposal for the revision of the Energy Taxation Directive. Its objective is to align the taxationof energy products with EU energy and climate policies by promoting clean technologies, removing outdatedexemptions and reducing rates that de facto encourage the use of fossil fuels. The ETD revision is a consultationprocedure. It requires unanimity in Council, after consulting the European Parliament and the European Economic andSocial Committee. Parliament has assigned the file to the Committee on Economic and Monetary Affairs, whichappointed a rapporteur in September 2021. The ITRE committee is associated with the procedure under Rule 57. Firstedition. 'EU Legislation in Progress' briefings are updated at key stages throughout the legislative procedure.

Briefing EN

‘Fit for 55’ package: Carbon border adjustment mechanismTipo de publicação Briefing

Data 19-01-2022Autor KRAMER Esther

Domínio de intervenção Avaliação do Impacto ex-anteResumo The IA is based on extensive internal and external research and modelling and covers a lot of ground relating to a

variety of potential impacts, both in the main text and the annexes. It is also transparent with regard to the limitationsand uncertainties of the analysis. While not all aspects could be assessed in depth, in the interest of proportionality, theIA considers the relevant impacts of the retained options, with a focus on the industrial sectors that were selected forcoverage; it addresses the electricity sector much more briefly in an annex. Although the definition of the objectiveshas some weaknesses, the intervention logic of the IA is clear. The IA could, though, have highlighted more clearly thetrade-offs between the various options in relation to different stakeholders. Furthermore, to reach non-expert policy-makers the complex and technical analysis could have been made more accessible through additional explanationsand precise links to the ETS revision. At the end, the IA highlights the relevance of political decision-making and‘weighting’ of the criteria it has presented, pointing to the need for coherence with the other initiatives in the ‘Fit for 55’legislative package.

Briefing EN

21-04-2022 Fonte : © União Europeia, 2022 - PE 90

The implementation of the 2030 Agenda’s principles of ‘leaving-no-one-behind’ and ‘addressing the needsof those furthest behind first’ in the EU’s development policy

Tipo de publicação EstudoData 19-01-2022

Autor externo James MACKIE; Gill ALLWOODDomínio de intervenção Ajuda Humanitária e Desenvolvimento | Coronavírus | Questões de Género, Igualdade e Diversidade

Resumo The UN 2030 Agenda and its Sustainable Development Goals includes SDG 10 on Reducing Inequalities as well as acommitment to Leave No-One Behind (LNOB). The European Union (EU) committed itself to achieving these goalsboth internally and, through its new 2017 European Consensus on Development, to support partners in theirachievement worldwide. This study considers what progress the EU has made in addressing inequality, SDG 10 andthe LNOB principle since then. The report undertakes an extensive literature review of the topic noting the importanceof adopting a multidimensional approach that goes beyond financial aspects and looks at multiple sources ofdisadvantage and discrimination. It considers the trends in global poverty and inequality and notes in particular the riseof income and wealth inequality within countries over the last few decades. It also explores the impact of climatechange and the COVID-19 pandemic, both of which are unequally impacting countries around the world, and ongroups and individuals within them. The study identifies a growing international consensus on both the importance ofaddressing inequality and the best policies to adopt. It concludes that the EU has actively participated in this debateand is committed to contributing further. Its policies could usefully be updated and strengthened in the light of COVID-19. The new EU Budget (2021-27) and Team Europe initiative should help with implementation, but mobilising andmaintaining the necessary political will may prove to be the biggest challenge.

Estudo EN

Implementation of the Macroeconomic Imbalance Procedure: State of play January 2022Tipo de publicação Estudo

Data 19-01-2022Autor ZOPPÉ Alice

Domínio de intervenção Assuntos Económicos e MonetáriosResumo This note presents the EU Member States' situation with respect to the Macroeconomic Imbalance Procedure (MIP),

taking into account the most recent assessments and decisions by the European Commission and the Council. Itpresents the relations between the MIP and the Recovery and Resilience Facility, and the MIP in the context of thereview of the EU economic governance. It also gives an overview of relevant positions taken on the MIP by EUinstitutions. A separate EGOV note summarises the Macroeconomic Imbalance Procedure. This document is theupdated version of a previous one.

Estudo EN

Impacts of the EU-UK Trade and Cooperation Agreement on fisheries and aquaculture in the EU - Legalaspects

Tipo de publicação Em sínteseData 18-01-2022

Autor LECARTE Jacques | MILT KristiinaDomínio de intervenção Avaliação da Legislação e das Políticas na Prática | Pescas

Resumo This At a Glance note is the first in a series of three, prepared for a PECH Committee Workshop. It provides a shortoverview of an analysis of the legal aspects of the EU-UK TCA relating to fisheries.

Em síntese EN

Research for REGI Committee - The impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic on EU cohesion and EUcohesion policy - Part I: Overview and first analysis

Tipo de publicação EstudoData 18-01-2022

Autor externo Spatial Foresight: Kai BÖHME, Sabine ZILLMER, Sebastian HANS t33: Dea HRELJA, Alessandro VALENZA, AriannaMORI

Domínio de intervenção Avaliação da Legislação e das Políticas na Prática | Desenvolvimento RegionalResumo The COVID-19 pandemic accelerated fragmentations between societal groups and between places. It risks reinforcing

existing imbalances and inequalities in the EU. The worst and most direct impacts have been avoided by swift policyactions. In this context Cohesion Policy played a role. The swift introduction of new measures to counteract the socio-economic effects of the pandemic were extremely important. To address cohesion challenges lying ahead of us anduse the crisis as a chance for a transition towards a greener and more digital future, Cohesion Policy might need toadjust.

Estudo EN

Síntese ES, DE, EN, FR, IT

21-04-2022 Fonte : © União Europeia, 2022 - PE 91

Parliaments in emergency mode: Lessons learnt after two years of pandemicTipo de publicação Briefing

Data 17-01-2022Autor DIAZ CREGO Maria | MAŃKO Rafał

Domínio de intervenção Democracia na UE, Direito Institucional e Direito ParlamentarResumo The outbreak of the coronavirus pandemic in March 2020 presented parliamentary institutions around the world with a

new and unprecedented scenario. Parliamentary rules of procedure in representative democracies are commonly builtupon the principles of pluralism, deliberation and transparency, aiming to provide an arena in which representatives ofthe people have the opportunity to publicly confront each other's points of view in a free and fair setting. It is, therefore,safe to say that ordinary parliamentary practice and procedures are essentially incompatible with measures seeking tominimise social contacts and discourage − or directly forbid − mass gatherings. As a logical result of the adoption ofthe first restrictive measures aiming to limit the spread of the virus adopted in EU Member States in the first months of2020, parliaments followed suit and implemented specific measures aiming to ensure the continuity of parliamentarybusiness while limiting the spread of the virus and protecting the health of their members and staff. In the early days ofthe pandemic, the European Parliament, together with some other EU national parliaments rushed to digitaliseparliamentary activities in an attempt to ensure that all members could take part in parliamentary proceedings despitethe crisis situation. Some EU national parliaments opted to adopt decisions with a reduced number of members andothers decided to adopt social distancing measures, while at the same time ensuring that all members could continueto take part in parliamentary activities. Nearly two years on from the beginning of the pandemic and with Covid-19infection rates spiking all over Europe due to the Omicron variant, it is time to take stock of the lessons learnt from thishealth crisis from the point of view of parliamentary law. In this vein, this publication updates a previous briefing of April2020 and analyses the modifications in the working methods of the European Parliament and selected EU nationalparliaments throughout the pandemic, aiming to show the advantages, but also the possible drawbacks of the newpractices.

Briefing EN

Partial renewal of members of the European Court of AuditorsTipo de publicação Em síntese

Data 14-01-2022Autor KOWALD KAROLINE

Domínio de intervenção Controlo OrçamentalResumo On 10 January 2022, Parliament's Committee on Budgetary Control (CONT) held a hearing on the partial renewal of

members of the European Court of Auditors (ECA). Subsequently, CONT gave a favourable opinion on threecandidates: Czech nominee Jan Gregor (renewal), Latvian nominee Mihails Kozlovs (renewal) and Slovenian nomineeKristijan Petrovič (new candidate). CONT gave an unfavourable opinion, however, on the renewal of Polish nomineeMarek Opioła's mandate. A plenary vote is scheduled for the January session.

Em síntese EN

Artificial intelligence actTipo de publicação Briefing

Data 14-01-2022Autor MADIEGA Tambiama André

Domínio de intervenção Espaço de Liberdade, de Segurança e de Justiça | Mercado Interno e União AduaneiraPalavra-chave gestão de riscos | inovação | inteligência artificial | nova tecnologia | proposta (UE) | robótica | tecnologia digital

Resumo The European Commission unveiled a new proposal for an EU regulatory framework on artificial intelligence (AI) inApril 2021. The draft AI act is the first ever attempt to enact a horizontal regulation of AI. The proposed legalframework focuses on the specific utilisation of AI systems and associated risks. The Commission proposes toestablish a technology-neutral definition of AI systems in EU law and to lay down a classification for AI systems withdifferent requirements and obligations tailored on a 'risk-based approach'. Some AI systems presenting 'unacceptable'risks would be prohibited. A wide range of 'high-risk' AI systems would be authorised, but subject to a set ofrequirements and obligations to gain access to the EU market. Those AI systems presenting only 'limited risk' would besubject to very light transparency obligations. While generally supporting the Commission's proposal, stakeholders andexperts call for a number of amendments, including revising the definition of AI systems, broadening the list ofprohibited AI systems, strengthening enforcement and redress mechanisms and ensuring proper democratic oversightof the design and implementation of EU AI regulation. First edition. The 'EU Legislation in Progress' briefings areupdated at key stages throughout the legislative procedure.

Briefing EN

Multimédia Artificial intelligence act

21-04-2022 Fonte : © União Europeia, 2022 - PE 92

Spain's National Recovery and Resilience Plan: Latest state of playTipo de publicação Briefing

Data 14-01-2022Autor KARABOYTCHEVA Miroslava Kostova

Domínio de intervenção Assuntos Económicos e Monetários | OrçamentoResumo Spain’s National Recovery and Resilience Plan (NRRP) is one of the biggest financed by the Next Generation EU

(NGEU) recovery instrument. It contains the largest amount, in terms of grants, under the unprecedented EU responseto the crisis caused by the coronavirus pandemic. For the time being, Spain has decided to use its national allocationfor grants under the Recovery and Resilience Facility (RRF). The proposed and approved amount (€69.5 billion)represents 9.6 % of the entire RRF, equal to 5.6 % of the country’s gross domestic product (GDP) in 2019 (the RRFbeing 5.2 % of EU-27 GDP in 2019). In addition, Spain’s general state budgets plan investment of €27 billion, alignedwith the NRRP. The RRF funding will be supplemented by €12.4 billion from the REACT-EU funds, mainly forinvestment in health and education, and by the structural funds set out in the 2021-2027 Multiannual FinancialFramework. Measures under the plan are to be completed by 2026. Following the Council’s approval of the plan on 17August 2021, the European Commission disbursed €9 billion to Spain in pre-financing, equivalent to 13 % of thecountry’s financial allocation under the RRF. The next payments, in eight instalments, will depend on progress inimplementing the plan. The European Parliament, which was a major advocate for the creation of a common EUrecovery instrument and was co-legislator for the adoption of the RRF, participates in the interinstitutional fora forcooperation and discussion on its implementation and in scrutinising the work of the European Commission.

Briefing ES, EN

The quality of traineeships in the EUTipo de publicação Estudo

Data 14-01-2022Autor MULLER KLAUS

Domínio de intervenção Valor Acrescentado EuropeuResumo This European Added Value Assessment, commissioned by the European Parliament's Committee on Employment

and Social Affairs, seeks to provide relevant inputs for the Parliament’s legislative-initiative report, 'Quality traineeshipsin the EU' (2020/2005(INL)). The research paper aims to estimate the European added value of a reinforced 'QualityFramework for Traineeships'. During a traineeship, the trainee can learn things that are useful professionally. However,socio-economic costs can arise if traineeships replace regular employment. Low-quality traineeships do not lead tosignificant productivity gains, and social costs can arise with unpaid traineeships limiting the career opportunities ofthose from disadvantaged backgrounds.

Estudo EN

What if xenotransplantation was the answer to the donor organ shortage?Tipo de publicação Em síntese

Data 13-01-2022Autor QUAGLIO Gianluca

Domínio de intervenção Proteção dos Consumidores | Saúde PúblicaResumo Xenotransplantation, defined as the transplantation of animal derived organs and cells into humans, is currently a very

active focus of research as it overrides some of the obstacles encountered with tissue engineering, such asvascularization and innervation. The resurgence of interest in xenotransplantation is mainly attributed to theimprovement of gene editing techniques (such as CRISPR/Cas9), since genetically engineered animals have beengenerated to overcome organ rejection. However, xenotransplantation also raises multiple biological and ethicalquestions that should be taken into consideration.

Em síntese EN

Multimédia What if xenotransplantation made up for the shortage of organ donation?

Reinforced role for European Medicines AgencyTipo de publicação Em síntese

Data 13-01-2022Autor AMAND-EECKHOUT Laurence

Domínio de intervenção Saúde PúblicaResumo As part of building a European Health Union, as well as in response to the Covid 19 pandemic, the European

Commission proposed in November 2020 to reinforce the European Medicines Agency's role in crisis preparednessand the management of medicines and medical devices. The proposed regulation seeks to better anticipate possibleshortages and to ensure timely development of high-quality medicinal solutions, to allow the EU to react to healthcrises more quickly, efficiently, and in a coordinated manner. The agreement on the proposal reached in triloguenegotiations now needs to be confirmed by the European Parliament.

Em síntese EN

21-04-2022 Fonte : © União Europeia, 2022 - PE 93

Parliament's negotiating position on the digital services actTipo de publicação Em síntese

Data 13-01-2022Autor MADIEGA Tambiama André

Domínio de intervenção Proteção dos ConsumidoresResumo In December 2020, the European Commission published a proposal for a digital services act (DSA) designed to define

clear responsibilities and accountability for digital service providers and promote a transparent and safer onlineenvironment. New rules are proposed to address emerging societal challenges such as the spread of counterfeitgoods, hate speech and disinformation online. The new rules, once adopted, will re-shape the rights and obligations ofdigital service providers, online users, customers and traders in the EU. Parliament is preparing to debate and vote onthe report of the Internal Market and Consumer Protection Committee (IMCO) during its January plenary session. Thiswould then set Parliament's position for trilogue negotiations with the Council on the proposal.

Em síntese EN

Chaos and crackdown in Kazakhstan: What next?Tipo de publicação Em síntese

Data 13-01-2022Autor RUSSELL Martin

Domínio de intervenção Assuntos ExternosResumo Protests erupted in Kazakhstan on 2 January 2022 and quickly span out of control, resulting in multiple deaths and

several days of chaos. Although initially triggered by a fuel price hike, the unrest points to deeper causes of discontent,including poverty, inequality and frustration at the lack of political change. A Russia-led peacekeeping mission hashelped to restore order, but could also compromise Kazakh independence.

Em síntese EN

ANIT inquiry committee concludes its workTipo de publicação Em síntese

Data 13-01-2022Autor VINCI CLAUDIA

Domínio de intervenção Agricultura e Desenvolvimento RuralResumo Council Regulation (EC) No 1/2005 had a positive impact on animal welfare during transport after its entry into force;

however, its implementation is not yet harmonised across the European Union (EU). To investigate its applicationacross Member States and whether the European Commission is enforcing them properly, the European Parliamentset up a Committee of Inquiry on the Protection of Animals during Transport (ANIT) in June 2020, which led to thedrafting of a report and recommendations. A final debate on the report and vote on the draft recommendations arescheduled for the plenary session in January.

Em síntese EN

Labour rights in EU trade agreements: Towards stronger enforcementTipo de publicação Briefing

Data 12-01-2022Autor ZAMFIR Ionel

Domínio de intervenção Comércio internacionalResumo Since 2008, when the European Union introduced elaborate sustainable development provisions into its agreement

with the Cariforum group of states, provisions on labour rights and the environment have become a central part of mostof the EU's subsequent trade agreements, the one with South Korea (2011) being the first to contain a dedicatedchapter. These provisions continue to evolve: for instance, recent agreements with some of the EU's developedpartners, such as Canada and the United Kingdom, now include additional obligations on safety and health at work.The enforcement of these provisions has, however, numerous weak points, as exposed through the extensiveinvolvement of civil society in the monitoring of trade agreements. There have been isolated cases of weakened socialprotection, despite the provisions on sustainable development that seek to prevent this from happening. A moresystematic and broader problem is that some countries have not ratified the relevant International Labour Organization(ILO) conventions and have failed to apply the ILO fundamental principles in their national legislation and practice.Whether the lack of recourse to withdrawal of trade preferences in cases of breaches contributes to the persistence ofthis problem, remains however disputed. The recently concluded dispute settlement procedure with South Korea helpsclarify the legal implications of the relevant provisions contained in this agreement, and possibly in others. The reportdrawn up by the panel handling the dispute highlights the obligations of the parties to apply the ILO fundamentalprinciples irrespective of their impact on trade, but takes a soft approach towards the obligation to ratify outstandingILO conventions. Proposals by Member States and various stakeholders include more precise and effectivemechanisms such as phased tariff reduction linked to compliance with sustainable development objectives. Thepossibility of trade sanctions has not gained traction, as it does not fit well with the EU's emphasis on consultations anddialogue with its trade partners.

Briefing EN

21-04-2022 Fonte : © União Europeia, 2022 - PE 94

Right to repairTipo de publicação Briefing

Data 12-01-2022Autor SAJN Nikolina

Domínio de intervenção Proteção dos ConsumidoresResumo The European Commission has announced the establishment of a 'right to repair', with a view of saving costs for

consumers and facilitating the development of a circular economy. The right to repair may refer to different issues andsituations: repair during the legal guarantee, the right to repair after the legal guarantee has expired, and the right forconsumers to repair products themselves. Rates of repair depend on the type of a product, with the cost of repair beingthe most important reason consumers avoid repair. Research shows that consumers favour products that are easilyrepaired, but their willingness to pay for such products depends on the type of product and the way information on thereparability is presented to them. Currently, EU contract laws give consumers a right to have faulty products repairedduring the legal guarantee, while the new generation of ecodesign rules require the availability of spare parts for acertain time, at least for some products. Repair-related requirements are also present in the rules on the EU Ecolabel.The Commission is now planning a number of initiatives to improve reparability of products, including legislation on theright to repair, on empowering consumers for the green transition, a sustainable products initiative, designrequirements for electronics, and measures making the broader economic context more favourable to repair. TheEuropean Parliament has been in favour of improving consumers' right to repair for over a decade, and has in thisparliamentary term adopted two resolutions that contain a number of concrete proposals to make repairs systematic,cost-efficient and attractive. Consumer organisations and associations advocating for easier repair have called forrules to facilitate repair for non-professionals, and to guarantee consumers access to spare parts and repair manuals.Business organisations favour professional repairs, and have warned that any information requirements should notinfringe on companies' intellectual property.

Briefing EN

Multimédia Right to repair

European green bonds: A standard for Europe, open to the worldTipo de publicação Briefing

Data 12-01-2022Autor SPINACI STEFANO

Domínio de intervenção Assuntos Económicos e MonetáriosResumo Green bonds are committed to financing or re-financing investments, projects, expenditure or assets helping to

address climate and environmental issues. Both governments and companies use them to finance the transition to amore sustainable and low-carbon economy. Since the EIB inaugurated the green bond market in 2007 with its ClimateAwareness Bond, the market has grown very fast, but it still represents only about 3 to 3.5 % of overall bond issuance.The green bond market needs to grow more quickly to achieve the targets in the Paris Agreement. The Commission'sproposal aims to establish an official EU standard for green bonds aligned with the EU taxonomy for sustainableactivities, based on a registration system and supervisory framework for external reviewers of European green bonds.The proposal is currently being examined by the co-legislators. Within the European Parliament, the file has beenassigned to the ECON committee. In the Council, the working party on financial services is meeting to discuss thedossier. First edition. The ‘EU Legislation in Progress’ briefings are updated at key stages throughout the legislativeprocedure.

Briefing EN

Multimédia European green bonds: A standard for Europe, open to the world

New EU scheme of generalised preferencesTipo de publicação Briefing

Data 11-01-2022Autor ZAMFIR Ionel

Domínio de intervenção Comércio internacionalResumo On 21 September 2021, the Commission published its proposal for a new EU scheme of generalised preferences. Two

of the current scheme’s three components are due to expire at the end of 2023, which would deprive developingcountries of a vital opportunity to trade under preferential terms with the EU. Therefore, renewing the scheme appearsto be both a necessity and an opportunity to strengthen its conditionality in the light of lessons learned and theincreased urgency for dealing with the climate. The Commission considers that the scheme has delivered on itsobjectives, and proposes some ‘fine-tuning’. To ensure that its benefits remain broadly shared, it proposes changes tothe economic vulnerability criteria for GSP+ and to the product graduation threshold for Standard GSP. Taking onboard proposals from civil society, but also from the Parliament, the Commission proposes to extend negativeconditionality to environmental and good governance conventions, and to improve monitoring and stakeholders’involvement overall. Civil society organisations and other stakeholders have put forward some more ambitiousproposals, such as making the monitoring fully transparent and rewarding countries that fulfil jointly agreedbenchmarks related to the conventions under the GSP with additional preferences. First edition. The ‘EU Legislation inProgress’ briefings are updated at key stages throughout the legislative procedure.

Briefing EN

21-04-2022 Fonte : © União Europeia, 2022 - PE 95

Democracy and human rights in Latin America: Is democratic erosion gathering pace?Tipo de publicação Briefing

Data 11-01-2022Autor GOMEZ RAMIREZ Enrique

Domínio de intervenção Assuntos Externos | Democracia | Direitos HumanosResumo Since the mid-1980s, Latin America has enjoyed long and broad democratic expansion, and has made considerable

progress with regard to free and fair elections and respect for human rights. As the 'most democratic emerging-marketregion in the world', over 80 % of the Latin American population enjoy democracy, a proportion surpassed only inwestern Europe and North America. Standards vary widely however: while Costa Rica, Uruguay and Chile stand out inall classifications as the most free and democratic, Nicaragua, Venezuela and Cuba remain at the bottom of the table.However, the tide may be turning for this successful 'third democratic wave' in Latin America, as many countries sufferdemocratic erosion or even backsliding. The progressive decline of democratic indicators in the region has beenexacerbated by factors such as the self-interest of the ruling elites or rampant corruption in some countries, and mayhave been accelerated by the Covid 19 pandemic, which has justified the implementation of freedom-restrictingmeasures and has facilitated human rights abuses. The human rights situation in Latin America and the Caribbean hasindeed deteriorated more generally, with an increase in poverty, inequality, violence, and rising migration from theworst affected countries. The EU has contributed to democracy and human rights in the region by sending electionobservation missions, participating in initiatives such as the Colombia peace process and its implementation or in thecreation of the International Contact Group on Venezuela, and financing projects. The European Parliament hasmeanwhile accompanied democratic developments and crises closely through its resolutions, the Sakharov Prize andother initiatives.

Briefing EN

Electing the European Parliament's PresidentTipo de publicação Em síntese

Data 10-01-2022Autor KOTANIDIS Silvia

Domínio de intervenção Democracia na UE, Direito Institucional e Direito ParlamentarResumo At the January 2022 plenary sitting, the European Parliament (EP) is due to elect its 31st President, to hold office for

the second half of the current term, up to the next European elections, following which the new Parliament will elect itsPresident in July 2024. The President has an important and increasingly visible function in the EU institutional andinternational setting, mirroring the influential role of the Parliament as shaper of EU policies and as co-legislator. This isa further update of an ‘at a glance’ note, the most recent edition of which was published in June 2019.

Em síntese ES, DE, EN, FR, IT, PL

Haiti's political and humanitarian crisisTipo de publicação Em síntese

Data 10-01-2022Autor GOMEZ RAMIREZ Enrique

Domínio de intervenção Assuntos ExternosResumo Haiti is currently experiencing one of the most difficult periods in its recent history. Just one month after the

assassination of President Jovenel Moïse on 7 July 2021, a devastating 7.2-magnitude earthquake hit the south-westof the country, affecting over 800 000 people and killing over 2 200. As a result, the national and regional elections(scheduled for 26 September 2021) were postponed indefinitely. At the same time, kidnappings and gang violencehave increased insecurity; and the repatriation of thousands of Haitian citizens who had migrated to neighbouringcountries has complicated the already critical situation. The EU is committed to helping the country through itshumanitarian aid and development cooperation.

Em síntese EN

Ten issues to watch in 2022Tipo de publicação Análise aprofundada

Data 10-01-2022Autor BASSOT Etienne

Domínio de intervenção Agricultura e Desenvolvimento Rural | Ambiente | Assuntos Bancários e Financeiros | Assuntos Económicos eMonetários | Assuntos Externos | Democracia na UE, Direito Institucional e Direito Parlamentar | Indústria | Orçamento| Política de Investigação | Questões de Género, Igualdade e Diversidade | Segurança e Defesa

Resumo This is the sixth edition of an annual EPRS publication aimed at identifying and framing some of the key issues andpolicy areas that have the potential to feature prominently in public debate and on the political agenda of the EuropeanUnion over the coming year. The topics analysed encompass achieving zero greenhouse gas emissions whilemaintaining economic growth, securing supply chains of semiconductors, moving towards sustainable agriculture,ensuring nuclear non proliferation, shaping the economic recovery, striking the right balance in European monetarypolicy, promoting the uptake of connected devices in the EU, harnessing the momentum of the Conference on theFuture of Europe, encouraging a continent where people in all their diversity are equal, and strengthening a Europeandefence union.

Análise aprofundada DE, EN, FR

21-04-2022 Fonte : © União Europeia, 2022 - PE 96

The French Parliament and EU affairsTipo de publicação Briefing

Data 04-01-2022Autor RITTELMEYER Yann-Sven

Domínio de intervenção Democracia na UE, Direito Institucional e Direito ParlamentarResumo The role of the French Parliament has varied under successive French Republics. The Constitution of the Fifth

Republic, adopted in 1958, was amended by referendum in 1962 to establish the direct election of the President byuniversal suffrage. This created a hybrid political regime with some presidential and some parliamentarycharacteristics, sometimes described as a 'semi-presidential regime' or a 'hyper-presidential' regime. The governmentis responsible to Parliament, but contrary to classical parliamentary regimes, the President plays an important role. ThePresident has the power to dissolve the National Assembly (Assemblée nationale). He or she appoints the PrimeMinister, as well as – on the recommendation of the Prime Minister – the other members of the government.Traditionally, the Prime Minister makes the government's programme or a general policy statement an issue of a voteof confidence before the National Assembly. The latter can overthrow the government, but is largely subordinate to theexecutive – consisting of the President and the government placed under the authority of the Prime Minister. In periodsof 'cohabitation', the National Assembly plays a greater role in supporting the Prime Minister, who in this specificconfiguration acts as leader of the majority. Legislative powers are exercised by the two houses, who vote on laws,monitor government action and assess public policy. The National Assembly (Assemblée nationale) is elected for fiveyears by direct universal suffrage. The indirectly elected Senate (Sénat) represents the 'territorial communities of theRepublic' (Article 24 of the Constitution) and shares legislative power with the National Assembly. It embodiescontinuity, as it cannot be dissolved and half of its Members are renewed every three years. However, in cases ofdisagreement, the National Assembly has the final say. This briefing is part of an EPRS series on national parliaments(NPs) and EU affairs. It aims to provide an overview of the way the NPs of EU Member States are structured and howthey process, scrutinise and engage with EU legislation. It also provides information on relevant NP publications.

Briefing EN, FR

Priority dossiers under the French EU Council PresidencyTipo de publicação Briefing

Data 04-01-2022Autor ATTARD LUCIENNE

Domínio de intervenção Democracia na UE, Direito Institucional e Direito ParlamentarResumo France will hold the Presidency of the Council of the EU in the first half of 2022. It will initiate the work of the Trio

Presidency composed of France, Czechia and Sweden. Executive power is exercised by the President of the Republic,who is elected by direct, popular vote, and the Government. The Prime Minister, appointed by the President, togetherwith the Ministers, is answerable to the National Assembly, the lower house of Parliament, and they can be removedby a vote of censure. Parliament consists of the National Assembly and the Senate. The National Assembly is theprincipal parliamentary body, composed of 577 members, who are elected directly for five-year terms. The Presidentialelection will coincide with the French Presidency, in April 2022. France is a founding Member State of the EuropeanUnion, and has already held the rotating Presidency of the Council 13 times. The French President, EmmanuelMacron, will present the political priorities of the Presidency to the European Parliament during the January plenarysession in Strasbourg. While the last French Presidency, in 2008, was characterised by the global financial crisis, theforthcoming one is expected to be dominated by the ongoing Covid pandemic, the cost of energy crisis and theaftermath of Brexit. The French Presidency will very likely give special impetus to the conclusion of the Conference onthe Future of Europe, which should take place in the first half of 2022. The plan is for the Trio Presidency, in its role asmember/observer in the Executive Board of the Conference, to draw on the outcomes of the various activities andcitizens’ recommendations, outline how they define the future of the Union, and start the implementation process.

Briefing EN, FR

Sunset Clauses in International Law and their Consequences for EU LawTipo de publicação Estudo

Data 04-01-2022Autor externo Antonios Kouroutakis

Domínio de intervenção Ambiente | Comércio internacional | Direito Contratual, Direito Comercial e Direito Empresarial | Direito da UE:Ordenamento Jurídico e Atos Jurídicos | Direito internacional público | Energia

Resumo Sunset clauses in International Treaties account for numerous benefits. However, their entrenchment effectdisproportionally burdens future policymakers. This is the case of the Energy Charter Treaty, which poses uniquechallenges for two main reasons. First, compared to other treaties, the ECT contains a 20-year sunset clause. Second,the treaty is a multilateral with a rigid amendment procedure, which empowers the entrenchment effect of that treaty.Within this context, the study explores the policy options to disengage from the ECT and the entrenchment effect of itssunset clauses.

Estudo EN

Síntese ES, DE, EN, FR

21-04-2022 Fonte : © União Europeia, 2022 - PE 97

Handbook on the incompatibilities and immunity of the Members of the European ParliamentTipo de publicação Estudo

Data 31-12-2021Autor PAVY Eeva

Domínio de intervenção Avaliação da Legislação e das Políticas na Prática | Democracia na UE, Direito Institucional e Direito Parlamentar |Direito da UE: Ordenamento Jurídico e Atos Jurídicos

Resumo Upon request by the Committee on Legal Affairs, this handbook, provided by the Policy Department for Citizens’ Rightsand Constitutional Affairs, summarises, in its first part, the EU legal framework on the incompatibilities and immunity ofMembers of the European Parliament. Based on national reports, the second part of the handbook gives an overview,for each EU Member State, of the relevant national provisions on the composition of national governments andparliaments as well as those on national parliamentary immunities. This handbook will be updated regularly based oninformation received; please hold as reference the date of edition.

Estudo DE, EN, FR

RESEARCH FOR TRAN COMMITTEE Relaunching transport and tourism in the EU after COVID-19 -Part V: Freight transport

Tipo de publicação EstudoData 24-12-2021

Autor externo Maria RODRIGUES, Tharsis TEOH, Emilia SANDRI, Edoardo MARCUCCI, Giacomo LOZZI, Valerio GATTADomínio de intervenção Coronavírus | Transportes

Resumo This thematic briefing provides the European Parliament’s Committee on Transport and Tourism (TRAN) with anoverview of the repercussions of the COVID-19 pandemic on EU freight transport, as well as policy recommendationsto address the challenges emerging from the crisis.

Estudo EN

Síntese ES, DE, EN, FR, IT

CAP horizontal regulation: Financing, management and monitoring of the common agricultural policy for2023-2027

Tipo de publicação BriefingData 21-12-2021

Autor ROSSI RacheleDomínio de intervenção Agricultura e Desenvolvimento Rural | Aprovação da Legislação pelo PE e pelo Conselho

Palavra-chave ajuda financeira | ajuda à agricultura | controlo de gestão | desenvolvimento rural | despesa agrícola | FEADER |FEAGA | FEOGA | Política Agrícola Comum | produção agrícola | proposta (UE) | relatório

Resumo As part of the preparation of the EU budget for 2021-2027, the European Commission put forward a new set ofregulations to shape the future EU Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) on 1 June 2018. The proposal for a regulationon the financing, management and monitoring of the CAP provides the legislative framework for adapting the financing,management and monitoring rules to a new CAP delivery model. This seeks to achieve more subsidiarity andsimplification, with greater responsibility given to Member States, a shift from ensuring single transaction compliance tomonitoring system performance in each Member State, and reduced 'red tape', among other things. Following theiradoption in December 2021, the new CAP regulations will apply from 1 January 2023.

Briefing EN

CAP strategic plansTipo de publicação Briefing

Data 21-12-2021Autor ROSSI Rachele

Domínio de intervenção Agricultura e Desenvolvimento Rural | Aprovação da Legislação pelo PE e pelo ConselhoPalavra-chave agricultor | agricultura sustentável | ajuda financeira | ajuda à agricultura | desenvolvimento rural | Política Agrícola

Comum | política para as alterações climáticas | proposta (UE) | proteção do ambiente | regime de pagamento único |setor agrícola | simplificação das formalidades | trocas agrícolas

Resumo The Commission's legislative proposals on the future of the common agricultural policy (CAP) were published on 1June 2018. They comprise three proposals: a regulation setting out rules on support for CAP strategic plans; aregulation on the single common market organisation (CMO) and a horizontal regulation on financing, managing andmonitoring the CAP. The proposal for a regulation on CAP strategic plans introduces a new delivery model, describedby the Commission as a fundamental shift in the CAP, involving a move from compliance towards results andperformance. It includes a new distribution of responsibilities between the EU and Member States. A new planningprocess is proposed that will cover all the CAP measures, previously covered by different regulations and policydesigns. Following its adoption in December 2021, the CAP strategic plans regulation will apply as of 1 January 2023.Fourth edition of a briefing originally drafted by James McEldowney and Patrick Kelly. The 'EU Legislation in Progress'briefings are updated at key stages throughout the legislative procedure.

Briefing EN

21-04-2022 Fonte : © União Europeia, 2022 - PE 98

CAP Amending Regulation (CMO): Amending regulations on the CMO for agricultural products, qualityschemes and measures for remote regions

Tipo de publicação BriefingData 21-12-2021

Autor ROJEK BeataDomínio de intervenção Agricultura e Desenvolvimento Rural | Aprovação da Legislação pelo PE e pelo Conselho | Mercado Interno e União

AduaneiraPalavra-chave denominação de origem | denominação do produto | organização comum de mercado | produto agrícola | rotulagem |

vinhoResumo As part of the work on the EU's 2021-2027 budget, the European Commission proposed a set of regulations with the

aim of reshaping and modernising the EU's common agricultural policy (CAP). Put forward on 1 June 2018, the 'CAPreform package' was finally adopted in December 2021. One of these regulations, the Amending Regulation,introduces changes to rules governing the common market organisation (CMO) in agricultural products (including therules on wine), the EU quality schemes (geographical indications) and the support measures for remote regions. Theaim is to equip agricultural markets and support measures to face new challenges, update provisions, simplifyprocedures and ensure consistency with other regulations on the future CAP. Fourth edition. The 'EU Legislation inProgress' briefings are updated at key stages throughout the legislative procedure.

Briefing EN

European pharmaceutical research and development: Could public infrastructure overcome marketfailures?

Tipo de publicação EstudoData 21-12-2021

Autor externo DG, EPRSDomínio de intervenção Indústria | Mercado Interno e União Aduaneira | Política de Investigação | Programação | Proteção dos Consumidores

| Saúde PúblicaResumo With a focus on research and development in the area of innovative medicines, this study discusses a new European

approach to pharmaceutical policy. After examining the European pharmaceutical sector's features, and the strengthsand weaknesses of the current research and business model, the study explores the need for and the concept of aEuropean infrastructure with a long-term transboundary mission. Any such European medicines infrastructure shouldfocus on threats and areas of research and development that are underinvested under the current business model.More specifically, the study uses an extensive literature review and a targeted survey of international experts fromscience, industry, public health and government institutions, to investigate the feasibility of different options in terms ofthe scope of the mission, and legal, organisational and financial arrangements for establishing such a Europeaninfrastructure. On the basis of their research, the authors present a range of policy options. The most ambitious ofthese considers a Europe-wide public infrastructure equipped with budgetary autonomy and home-grown research anddevelopment capacity. This organisation would be tasked with building a portfolio of new medicines and relatedbiomedical technologies up to the delivery stage, over the course of 30 years, in partnership with third-party researchcentres at national or European level and with companies. It would be the most important global player in biomedicalinnovation in the world.

Estudo EN

Anexo 1 EN

Space MarketTipo de publicação Estudo

Data 21-12-2021Autor externo Mark WHITTLE, Andrew SIKORSKI, James EAGER and Elias NACER

Domínio de intervenção IndústriaResumo This study provides an analysis of the European space market. The market size and structure of the European space

industry is considered, alongside the dynamics of the new space economy. The contribution of the EU spaceprogrammes to fostering the uptake of space data, and the challenges and drivers of maximising synergies betweenthe EU upstream and downstream space sectors are examined. The new Space-based Connectivity Initiative is alsoconsidered. In addition, recommendations by the Court of Auditors to strengthen the efficacy of the newly-integratedEU Space Programme, and to maximise their economic and societal impacts are considered.

Estudo EN

Summit for DemocracyTipo de publicação Em síntese

Data 20-12-2021Autor ZAMFIR Ionel

Domínio de intervenção DemocraciaResumo The Summit for Democracy, a pledge of US President Joe Biden's 2020 electoral campaign, came to fruition on 9 10

December 2021. The first-ever global summit dedicated to harnessing international support for democratic renewallaunched the 2022 'year of action', aimed at fostering resilient democracies worldwide.

Em síntese EN

21-04-2022 Fonte : © União Europeia, 2022 - PE 99

Mental health and well-being in the digital world of work post COVIDTipo de publicação Em síntese

Data 20-12-2021Autor externo Paul VROONHOF and Thomas DE WINTER

Domínio de intervenção Coronavírus | Emprego | Política SocialResumo The proceedings summarise the presentations and discussions that took place during the EMPL workshop held on 2

December 2021 on Mental health and well-being in the digital world of work post COVID. The workshop had fourpresentations, each followed by a Q&A session. The presentations touched upon the cost of poor mental health andthe cost of inaction, digitalisation in the world of work, innovative and practical ways to create a resilient workplace andthe role of legislation at national and EU level. This document was provided by the Policy Department for Economic,Scientific and Quality of Life Policies for the committee on Employment and Social Affairs (EMPL).

Em síntese EN

Proposal for a regulation to fight money laundering and counter terrorist financingTipo de publicação Briefing

Data 20-12-2021Autor BAKOWSKI Piotr

Domínio de intervenção Espaço de Liberdade, de Segurança e de JustiçaResumo On 20 July 2021, the European Commission presented a package of legislative proposals in the area of anti-money-

laundering efforts and countering the financing of terrorism (AML/CFT). The package includes a proposal for aregulation on preventing the use of the financial system for money laundering or terrorist financing. The proposedregulation would be the central element of what is commonly referred to as an EU 'single rulebook' on AML/CFT. Itsdetailed and directly applicable provisions would replace the minimum rules of the EU AML directives currently in force.The package has been adopted in response to repeated calls by the European Parliament and the Council of theEuropean Union to enhance the EU's regulatory framework on AML/CFT. The aim is for the framework to becomemore coherent, keeping in step with technological innovations and related new forms of crime, as well as remaining inline with international standards in the field. In Parliament, the Committees on Economic and Monetary Affairs and onCivil Liberties, Justice and Home Affairs are jointly responsible for the file. First edition. The 'EU Legislation inProgress' briefings are updated at key stages throughout the legislative procedure.

Briefing EN

Multimédia Fighting money laundering and counter terrorist financing

Outcome of the meetings of EU leaders of 16 December 2021Tipo de publicação Briefing

Data 20-12-2021Autor ANGHEL Suzana Elena | DRACHENBERG Ralf

Domínio de intervenção DemocraciaResumo 'The European Council will revert to the issue' or 'reiterates' its view, were probably the most used sentences in the

conclusions issued following the 16 December 2021 meeting of the Heads of State or Government. For many of theissues on the agenda, such as energy, where the geopolitical stakes are high, differences in position remain in theEuropean Council; achieving consensus is therefore part of a longer process. On security and defence, no bigdecisions, but specific guidelines and targeted requests, defined this summit. As regards the discussions on bothCovid-19 and migration, the conclusions mainly include reiterations of previous commitments. Within the broadbouquet of external relations topics, EU leaders warned Russia of 'massive consequences' in case of further militaryescalation in Ukraine. They also denounced the instrumentalisation of migrants and refugees by the Belarusian regimefor political purposes, and called for 'the immediate and unconditional release of all political prisoners'. EU leaders alsoreaffirmed the Union's commitment to cooperation with the Southern Neighbourhood, calling to speed up work on thenew Agenda for the Mediterranean, praised the mediation efforts of the African Union (AU) in Ethiopia, calling for 'anunconditional ceasefire' and dialogue, and prepared for the 17-18 February 2022 EU-AU Summit. President CharlesMichel recalled EU Member States' solidarity when mentioning the unacceptable pressure exerted by China onLithuania. As for the Euro Summit, it called again for the completion of Banking Union and the Capital Markets Union.

Briefing EN

Anti-money-laundering packageTipo de publicação Briefing

Data 20-12-2021Autor GIRARD VERONIQUE

Domínio de intervenção Assuntos Bancários e Financeiros | Assuntos Económicos e Monetários | Avaliação do Impacto ex-ante | Espaço deLiberdade, de Segurança e de Justiça

Resumo The IA covers four Commission proposals on anti-money laundering and countering financing of terrorism. Thislegislative package includes major changes designed to strengthen and tackle shortcomings in the current regulatoryframework, such as the creation of a new AML authority. This briefing analyses the strengths and weaknesses of theimpact assessment accompanying the proposed revisions. The Commission consulted a wide range of stakeholders tosupport the initiative. The IA clearly defines the problem and the objectives that are directly linked to the problemdrivers. However, the IA does not identify any operational objectives that would have facilitated the monitoring of thepreferred options. Moreover, some options could have been refined to be more specific, such as for example on theexact criteria for selecting 'risky entities' subject to direct supervision at EU level. Finally, improvements requested bythe RSB appear to be only partially addressed in the final IA.

Briefing EN

21-04-2022 Fonte : © União Europeia, 2022 - PE 100

Libya: Political situation ahead of electionsTipo de publicação Em síntese

Data 17-12-2021Autor STANICEK BRANISLAV

Domínio de intervenção Assuntos ExternosResumo Since the overthrow of Muammar al-Qaddafi in a 2011 uprising, Libya has been mired in a civil war that has divided the

international community and set several internal factions against one another. The ceasefire proclaimed on 23 October2020 opened a path for a political process wherein an interim government led by Prime Minister Abdul Hamid Dbeibahwas able to lead the country to agreed presidential and parliamentary elections, to be held on 24 December 2021.These elections will be the first since the civil war between the forces of the Government of National Accord and theLibyan National Army began in 2015. The challenge is the growing risks linked to legal processes, security, and thelegitimacy of some leading candidates, among them Dbeibah, Khalifa Haftar and Saif al Islam Muammar al-Qaddafi.

Em síntese EN

Plenary round-up – December 2021Tipo de publicação Em síntese

Data 17-12-2021Autor FERGUSON CLARE | SOCHACKA KATARZYNA

Domínio de intervenção Democracia na UE, Direito Institucional e Direito ParlamentarResumo Due to the deteriorating Covid 19 situation, Members were again able to choose to vote remotely during the December

plenary session in Strasbourg. Parliament nevertheless held a joint debate on the preparation of the European Councilmeeting of 16 17 December 2021 and the EU's response to the global resurgence of Covid 19 and new emergingvariants. Members debated statements by High Representative of the Union for Foreign Affairs and SecurityPolicy/Vice-President of the Commission, Josep Borrell, on the situation in Nicaragua, at the Ukrainian border, and inthe Russian-occupied territories of Ukraine. Members also debated a number of Council and European Commissionstatements, including on: the proposed Council decision on provisional emergency measures on the external borderwith Belarus; the state of play of the Recovery and Resilience Facility, plans to further undermine fundamental rights inPoland; on the EU response to transport poverty; taking stock of the European Year of Rail; the outcome of the GlobalSummit on Nutrition for Growth and increased food insecurity in developing countries; and on an EU ban on the use ofwild animals in circuses. In a formal sitting, Parliament heard an address by Nana Addo Dankwa Akufo-Addo,President of Ghana.

Em síntese EN

Carbon farming | Making agriculture fit for 2030Tipo de publicação Em síntese

Data 16-12-2021Autor externo Hugh McDonald, Ana Frelih-Larsen, Clunie Keenleyside, Anna Lóránt, Laurens Duin, Sarah Pyndt Andersen, Giulia

Costa, Gabrielle Aubert, Nora HillerDomínio de intervenção Agricultura e Desenvolvimento Rural | Ambiente

Resumo Carbon farming refers to sequestering and storing carbon and/or reducing greenhouse gas emissions at farm level. Itoffers significant but uncertain mitigation potential in the EU, can deliver co-benefits to farmers and society, but alsocarries risks that need to be managed. The report identifies opportunities and constraints for carbon farming, optionsfor financing, and open questions that need to be resolved to scale up carbon farming in a way that delivers robustclimate mitigation and European Union Green Deal objectives.

Em síntese ES, DE, EN, FR, IT, PL

The EU and Russia: A fragile neighbourhood [What Think Tanks are thinking]Tipo de publicação Briefing

Data 16-12-2021Autor CESLUK-GRAJEWSKI Marcin

Domínio de intervenção Assuntos ExternosResumo Russia’s military build-up along its border with Ukraine, and its masterminding – alleged by many politicians and

analysts – of the refugee crisis on the borders of Belarus with Poland and Lithuania, have sparked concerns over theimplications of Moscow’s aggressive foreign policy. Russia has amassed nearly 100 000 troops near the Ukrainianborder, provoking renewed fears that Moscow is about to invade, seven years after it annexed the Crimean peninsulaand destabilised the eastern regions of Ukraine. In Belarus, President Alexander Lukashenko, a close ally of RussianPresident Vladimir Putin, has allowed migrants to take flights into the country to purposely transfer them on toBelarus’s borders with neighbouring EU Member States. This note gathers links to recent publications andcommentaries from many international think tanks on Russia’s foreign and security policy and its implications forneighbouring countries, the European Union and global geopolitics.

Briefing EN

21-04-2022 Fonte : © União Europeia, 2022 - PE 101

The 2022 FIFA World Cup in Qatar: Turning the spotlight on workers’ rightsTipo de publicação Briefing

Data 16-12-2021Autor IMMENKAMP Beatrix

Domínio de intervenção Direitos HumanosResumo Enormous natural gas resources have turned Qatar into one of the world's richest countries. The 11 610 km2 nation

currently has the fourth highest GDP per capita in the world. The absolute monarchy's estimated 340 000-350 000citizens benefit from free education, free healthcare, virtually guaranteed – and well paid – employment, and payalmost no taxes. However, the great majority of the emirate’s nearly 3 million inhabitants live in very differentconditions. Qatar has the highest ratio of migrants in the world: 85 % of its population are migrants and 94 % of itsworkforce comes from abroad, mostly from south Asia and Africa. In contrast to the small percentage of expatriatesfrom the West and other Gulf States, Asian and African migrants live and work in harsh conditions. Around 1 millionare employed in construction, and 100 000 are domestic workers. In December 2010, FIFA, world football's governingbody, granted Qatar the right to host the 2022 World Cup, which is scheduled to take place from 21 November to 18December. Expanding on an existing development programme enshrined in the Qatar National Vision 2030, thecountry embarked on an extensive building programme to prepare for the World Cup, involving an estimated 1 millionmigrant workers. However, these preparations placed the spotlight on Qatar’s poor treatment of migrant workers. Inresponse to international pressure, Qatar has introduced important legal changes to improve the situation of theseworkers, which the EU has welcomed. However, according to human rights organisations, the country needs to takefurther steps to stop abuses. Of particular concern is the kafala sponsorship system, which is widely used throughoutthe six Gulf Cooperation Council States and gives disproportionate power to employers, leading to widespread abuseof migrant workers’ rights. Even though Qatar has started to dismantle the kafala system, important elements remain inplace. Moreover, ensuring compliance with more favourable labour laws remains a challenge. Since 2008, theEuropean Parliament has adopted four resolutions addressing the situation of migrant workers in Qatar; it has calledon Qatar to end the 'deplorable situation' of migrant workers and prevent preparations for the 2022 World Cup frombeing 'overshadowed by allegations of forced labour'.

Briefing EN

Towards a new Generalised Scheme of Preferences regulation for developing countriesTipo de publicação Briefing

Data 16-12-2021Autor IOANNIDES Isabelle

Domínio de intervenção Ajuda Humanitária e Desenvolvimento | Assuntos Externos | Avaliação do Impacto ex-ante | Comércio internacional |Direitos Humanos

Resumo The European Commission is proposing a new General Scheme of Preferences regulation to replace the current onethat expires at the end of 2023. This initial appraisal of the Commission’s impact assessment (IA) on the proposal findsthat the IA logically links the problems, their drivers, the objectives and the policy interventions under consideration.However, the IA remains evasive on the impacts of crucial aims of the regulation -- poverty eradication and advancingsustainable development and good governance. Additionally, when presenting pro and con arguments, it is not alwaysapparent where the IA stands on the issues. Moreover, only some of the operational objectives are specific andmeasurable, raising questions as to the feasibility of those that are not. It is also important to note that on productcoverage, a key issue raised in the EP’s 2019 resolution, there seems to be a discrepancy between therecommendations analysed in the external study and their interpretation in the IA.

Briefing EN

Nominations for Members ofthe European Court of AuditorsTipo de publicação Briefing

Data 16-12-2021Autor FRANKE Michaela

Domínio de intervenção Controlo Orçamental | OrçamentoResumo The Policy Department for Budgetary Affairs in the European Parliament (EP) is about to draw up an in-house briefing

on national nomination procedures for Members of the European Court of Auditors (ECA). The purpose of the briefingis to provide relevant information to the Members of the Committee on Budgetary Control (CONT) ahead of hearings ofMembers-designate of the ECA (of which there will be 8 in the course of 2022). In order to develop a betterunderstanding of the national procedures, we are interested to see if and how national chambers are involved in thenomination process.

Briefing EN

Eastern Partnership post-2020 agendaTipo de publicação Análise aprofundada

Data 16-12-2021Autor PRZETACZNIK Jakub | RUSSELL Martin

Domínio de intervenção Assuntos ExternosResumo The geopolitical, economic and security situation in Europe has evolved significantly in the past 12 years since the

Eastern Partnership (EaP) was launched in 2009. Taking into account the pandemic context and the growing pressureon democracies and multilateralism worldwide, an assertive Russia under Vladimir Putin and an increasingly influentialChina, the role and responsibility of the European Union – a major global champion of democracy and multilateralism –in the EaP region are growing. Against this backdrop, the European Commission and the EU High Representativehave put forward a proposal for EaP policy beyond 2020, focused on 'recovery, resilience and reform'. This newagenda was endorsed at the EaP summit, held in Brussels on 15 December 2021.

Análise aprofundada EN, FR

21-04-2022 Fonte : © União Europeia, 2022 - PE 102

Mental health and well-being in the digital world of work post COVID - EMPL Workshop ProceedingsTipo de publicação Análise aprofundada

Data 16-12-2021Autor externo Paul VROONHOF and Thomas DE WINTER

Domínio de intervenção Coronavírus | Emprego | Política SocialResumo These proceedings summarise the presentations and discussions that took place during the EMPL workshop held on 2

December 2021 on Mental health and well-being in the digital world of work post COVID. The workshop had fourpresentations, each followed by a Q&A session. The presentations touched upon the cost of poor mental health andthe cost of inaction, digitalisation in the world of work, innovative and practical ways to create a resilient workplace andthe role of legislation at national and EU level. This document was provided by the Policy Department for Economic,Scientific and Quality of Life Policies for the committee on Employment and Social Affairs (EMPL).

Análise aprofundada EN

Key issues in the European Council: State of play in December 2021Tipo de publicação Estudo

Data 16-12-2021Autor ANGHEL Suzana Elena | DRACHENBERG Ralf | KROZSER Anna | TORPEY REBECCA MARY

Domínio de intervenção DemocraciaResumo The role of the European Council is to 'provide the Union with the necessary impetus for its development' and to define

its 'general political directions and priorities'. Since its creation in 1975, the European Council has exercisedconsiderable influence over the development of the European Union, a process enhanced by its designation as aformal institution of the Union under the Lisbon Treaty in 2009. The European Council Oversight Unit within theEuropean Parliamentary Research Service (EPRS) monitors and analyses the activities, commitments and impact ofthe European Council, so as to maximise parliamentary understanding of the political dynamics of this importantinstitution. This EPRS publication, 'Key issues in the European Council', which is updated every quarter to coincidewith European Council meetings, aims to provide an overview of the institution's activities on major EU issues. Itanalyses twelve broad policy areas, explaining the legal and political background, the main priorities and orientationsdefined by the European Council and the results of its involvement to date, as well as some of the future challenges ineach policy field.

Estudo EN

Key enabling technologies for Europe's technological sovereigntyTipo de publicação Estudo

Data 16-12-2021Autor externo DG, EPRS

Domínio de intervenção Assuntos Externos | Indústria | Política de InvestigaçãoResumo Technological sovereignty has been at the heart of recent political debate in the EU. Interest has only been

strengthened by the Covid-19 pandemic crisis, due to its impact on many value chains. Key enabling technologies(KETs) – advanced manufacturing and materials, life-science technologies, micro/nano-electronics and photonics,artificial intelligence, and security and connectivity technologies – are crucial for an interconnected, digitalised, resilientand healthier European society, as well as being important for the EU's competitiveness and position in the globaleconomy. This STOA study analyses how the EU is performing in developing and protecting ownership and know-howin these critical technologies, especially in comparison with strong global players such as China and the USA. Basedon the challenges identified in the analysis, it discusses policy options for strengthening the EU's technologicalsovereignty in KETs.

Estudo EN

Anexo 1 EN

Person identification, human rights and ethical principles: Rethinking biometrics in the era of artificialintelligence

Tipo de publicação EstudoData 16-12-2021

Autor externo DG, EPRSDomínio de intervenção Política de Investigação

Resumo As the use of biometrics becomes commonplace in the era of artificial intelligence (AI), this study aims to identify theimpact on fundamental rights of current and upcoming developments, and to put forward relevant policy options atEuropean Union (EU) level. Taking as a starting point the proposal for a regulation of the European Parliament and ofthe Council laying down harmonised rules on AI, presented by the European Commission in April 2021, the studyreviews key controversies surrounding what the proposal addresses through the notions of 'remote biometricidentification' (which most notably includes live facial recognition), 'biometric categorisation' and so-called 'emotionrecognition'. Identifying gaps in the proposed approaches to all these issues, the study puts them in the context ofbroader regulatory discussions. More generally, the study stresses that the scope of the current legal approach tobiometric data in EU law, centred on the use of such data for identification purposes, leaves out numerous current andexpected developments that are not centred on the identification of individuals, but nevertheless have a serious impacton their fundamental rights and democracy.

Estudo EN

Anexo EN

21-04-2022 Fonte : © União Europeia, 2022 - PE 103

Moving towards Zero-Emission SteelTipo de publicação Estudo

Data 16-12-2021Autor externo Liliana GUEVARA OPINSKA, Trinomics Marwa MAHMOUD, Trinomics Csinszka BENE, Trinomics Koen

RADEMAEKERS, TrinomicsDomínio de intervenção Energia

Resumo This study is assessing the European steel industry’s possible decarbonisation pathways in light of the EuropeanCommission’s “Fit for 55” package, by evaluating available technology options and the adequacy of available fundingstreams. The paper shows that options based solely on existing production processes have limited potential to achievethe required emission reductions. Full decarbonisation options will require the widespread availability of greenelectricity, hydrogen and/or CCS/CCUS infrastructure. It is important that flexibility in the choice of technologydecarbonisation options is maintained to account for differences in regional characteristics including natural resourcesand infrastructure.

Estudo EN

Women and transportTipo de publicação Estudo

Data 16-12-2021Autor externo Silvia SANSONETTI, FGB SRL SB Eamonn DAVERN, Independent Expert

Domínio de intervenção Questões de Género, Igualdade e Diversidade | TransportesResumo This study, commissioned by the European Parliament’s Policy Department for Citizens’ Rights and Constitutional

Affairs at the request of the FEMM Committee, summarises achievements in gender and transport in the EU in regardto knowledge and policies considering women as transport users and as workers in the transport sector. It introducesthe most recent data and concepts, presents promising practices and provides EU policy indications in the context ofthe European Green Deal to effectively support the enhancement of gender equality in transport.

Estudo EN

Síntese DE, EN, FR

Cross Border Enforcement of Intellectual Property Rights in EUTipo de publicação Estudo

Data 16-12-2021Autor externo Oleksandr BULAYENKO Giancarlo FROSIO Anna LAWRYNOWICZ-DREWEK Natasha MANGAL

Domínio de intervenção Direito da Propriedade IntelectualResumo This study, commissioned by the European Parliament’s Policy Department for Citizens’ Rights and Constitutional

Affairs at the request of the JURI Committee, aims to provide an overview of cross-border enforcement of intellectualproperty rights in the EU with a particular emphasis on copyright and related rights in the online environment. Thestudy provides a detailed analysis of the current situation of cross-border IPR enforcement and formulates variouspolicy recommendations to improve current IPR enforcement options among MS.

Estudo EN

Is Russia planning a new conflict in Ukraine?Tipo de publicação Em síntese

Data 15-12-2021Autor RUSSELL Martin

Domínio de intervenção Assuntos ExternosResumo For the second time in 2021, a massive Russian military build-up and increasingly hostile rhetoric point to a planned

attack on Ukraine. Whereas the previous build-up ended in April with the withdrawal of most troops, this time the signsare more worrying. Russia is demanding a halt to NATO activity in and around Ukraine. The US and the EU arethreatening harsh new sanctions against Russia if the attack goes ahead.

Em síntese EN

International Migrants’ Day – 18 DecemberTipo de publicação Em síntese

Data 15-12-2021Autor ORAV Anita

Domínio de intervenção Espaço de Liberdade, de Segurança e de JustiçaResumo Each year, 18 December is observed as International Migrants' Day. So designated by the United Nations General

Assembly on 4 December 2000, in response to increasing migration in the world, the day aims to draw attention to thehuman rights of migrants and highlight their contribution to our societies.

Em síntese EN

21-04-2022 Fonte : © União Europeia, 2022 - PE 104

Participatory foresight: Preventing an impact gap in the EU's approach to sustainability and resilienceTipo de publicação Briefing

Data 15-12-2021Autor KONONENKO Vadim

Domínio de intervenção Política de Investigação | ProgramaçãoResumo The concepts of 'sustainability' and 'resilience' have been steadily gaining prominence in the EU's political discourse.

Most recently in 2019, the von der Leyen Commission placed the goal of increased sustainability – environmental,social and economic – at the heart of its European Green Deal set of policy initiatives. As the EU achieves higherlevels of sustainability, it will be more resilient, that is, capable of better withstanding a future crisis or shock, whether inthe form of another pandemic, an economic downturn or a climate emergency. By putting sustainability and resilienceat the centre of its strategic foresight framework, the EU can anchor specific policy objectives in broader narrativesabout its future. However, this may also carry a risk of creating an 'impact gap' – a mismatch between citizens' andstakeholders' expectations, on the one hand, and actual outcomes of policies, on the other. This briefing examines howparticipatory foresight can help to address a potential impact gap in the EU's endeavours related to sustainableresilience and strategic autonomy.

Briefing EN

Désarmement, démobilisation, réintégration : Émergence du concept dans la communauté internationaleTipo de publicação Briefing

Data 15-12-2021Autor externo Bilquin, Bruno

Domínio de intervenção Assuntos Externos | Segurança e DefesaResumo La Commission européenne et le Haut représentant de l'Union européenne (UE) devraient adopter le 22 décembre

2021 une communication conjointe sur une approche stratégique de l’UE pour soutenir, dans les pays tiers, ledésarmement, la démobilisation et la réintégration (DDR) des ex-combattants issus de groupes armés rebelles. Il s'agitd'aligner le concept et les programmes DDR sur les défis sécuritaires, géopolitiques et de politique de développementdes pays partenaires, en tenant compte des approches évolutives des autres acteurs majeurs du secteur dans lacommunauté internationale. Parmi ces acteurs, l'ONU paraît incontournable, qui a développé depuis longtemps desapproches DDR et soutient ou pourrait soutenir de nombreux programmes DDR dans le monde. Le concept DDRstratégique de l'UE remontant à 2006, son actualisation s'impose. La nouvelle stratégie DDR devrait aussi permettre àl'UE de renforcer sa crédibilité comme pourvoyeuse de sécurité sur le plan mondial. Dans ses relations avec ses payspartenaires les plus fragiles, dans son voisinage comme au-delà, l'UE se mobilise pour une nouvelle stratégie DDRdes groupes armés qui soit à la hauteur du rôle qu'elle entend assurer, aux côtés de la communauté internationale etde ses alliés comme acteur majeur de pacification et de stabilisation au plan mondial. Le Parlement européen soutientles projets DDR de l'Union et demande que la future stratégie DDR soit cohérente avec les instruments de la politiquede sécurité et de défense commune ainsi qu'avec son aide au développement.

Briefing FR

Emergency measures on migration: Article 78(3) TFEUTipo de publicação Briefing

Data 15-12-2021Autor DEL MONTE Micaela | LUYTEN KATRIEN

Domínio de intervenção Espaço de Liberdade, de Segurança e de JustiçaResumo On 1 December 2021, the Commission proposed a Council decision on emergency measures to help Latvia, Lithuania

and Poland face the complex migratory situation at their respective borders with Belarus. The measures provide for anextension of the registration period for asylum applications; the application of the border asylum procedure to processall asylum claims; reception conditions covering only basic needs; and simplified and quicker national returnprocedures for rejected asylum-seekers. The proposal is based on Article 78(3) of the Treaty on the Functioning of theEU (TFEU), which provides for the adoption of provisional measures in the event of a 'sudden increase of arrivals ofthird-country nationals'. Article 78(3) TFEU was first used during the 2015 migration crisis to help Greece and Italy. Onthe basis of this article and in line with Article 80 TFEU, the Council of the EU at the time adopted binding decisionsproviding for the relocation from these two countries of 160 000 people so as to ensure a fair and balanced distributionof, and sharing of responsibility for, asylum-seekers who were already present in the EU. Despite most Member States'willingness to relocate asylum-seekers, some challenged the Council decision before the Court of Justice of the EU(the Court) or refused to implement the decision. As a result, the Court's jurisprudence helped to clarify the conceptand scope of 'provisional measures' within the meaning of Article 78(3) TFEU. Greece was the first EU Member Stateto unilaterally invoke Article 78(3) TFEU, in response to a sudden increase of arrivals of third-country nationals fromTurkey in March 2020. The Greek emergency legislative act was heavily criticised because Article 78(3) TFEU is notintended to enable Member States to take emergency measures unilaterally. It requires the Council to take a decisionon a Commission proposal and after consulting Parliament. This Briefing expands on and updates an 'at a glance' notefrom March 2020, written by Anja Radjenovic.

Briefing EN

21-04-2022 Fonte : © União Europeia, 2022 - PE 105

'Fit for 55' package: Revision of the Effort-Sharing RegulationTipo de publicação Briefing

Data 15-12-2021Autor KARAMFILOVA Ekaterina

Domínio de intervenção Avaliação do Impacto ex-anteResumo The IA analyses the nature and scale of the problem, which triggers the revision of the Effort Sharing Regulation. While

subsidiarity is suffiicently addressed, the proportionality aspects of the revision are not addressed by the IA. Onegeneral and three specific objectives, clearly deriving from the problem, were set up. Three policy options wereidentified and analysed in detail. The options (and their sub-options) were compared in terms of their potential toachieve the specific objectives, in particular, regarding their scope, environmental integrity, distribution of efforts (interms of fairness and cost-efficiency) and flexibility offered. The options have been analysed mostly for theirenvironmental, economic and administrative impacts. Stakeholder views are abundently used and transparentlyreferenced throughout the analysis of impact. The IA is based on a solid knowledge base combining the use ofqualitative and quantitiave methods.

Briefing EN

The EP’s response to the COVID-19 crisis: budgetary impactTipo de publicação Briefing

Data 15-12-2021Autor FRANKE Michaela

Domínio de intervenção Controlo Orçamental | OrçamentoResumo The EP’s budget is drawn up during the year n-1, with the preparations in its Directorates General already starting in

the last quarter of the year n-2. The budgetary procedure - first inside the EP for the institution’s own budget, then forthe budget of the EU as a whole in the interinstitutional part of the procedure - lasts throughout the year n-1, with anagreement usually reached during the last quarter of year n-1. For example, the preparations for the 2020 budget inthe Directorates General started towards the end of 2018, with the main budgetary process taking place in 2019.

Briefing EN

Research for PECH Committee: Workshop on impacts of the EU-UK Trade and Cooperation Agreementon fisheries and aquaculture in the EU - Part I: Legal aspects

Tipo de publicação EstudoData 15-12-2021

Autor externo University of Hamburg: Dr. Valentin SCHATZ, Post-Doctoral Researcher in Public Law, EU Law and PublicInternational Law, Dr. Alexander PROELSS, Professor of International Law of the Sea and International EnvironmentalLaw, Public International Law and Public Law.

Domínio de intervenção Avaliação da Legislação e das Políticas na Prática | PescasResumo This study is the first research paper in a series of three, commissioned for a PECH Committee Workshop. It provides

an analysis of the legal aspects of the EU-UK TCA relating to fisheries. The analysis covers, inter alia, the scope of thefisheries provisions, conservation and management, fishing opportunities, arrangements on access to waters,arrangements on governance (including provisions on remedial measures, dispute settlement, institutionalarrangements, termination, review and relationship with other agreements), and trade-related provisions with relevancefor fisheries. It concludes with recommendations for the implementation of the fisheries provisions of the EU-UK TCA

Estudo EN

Síntese ES, DE, EN, FR, IT

A universal right to a healthy environmentTipo de publicação Em síntese

Data 14-12-2021Autor ZAMFIR Ionel

Domínio de intervenção Assuntos ExternosResumo A landmark UNHRC resolution has recognised the human right to a safe, clean, healthy and sustainable environment,

endorsing the broad recognition of the link between human rights and the environment. The right to a healthyenvironment is already enshrined in numerous national and regional instruments. Although non-binding, the resolutioncan spur change, with the Council of Europe already taking the first steps in this regard.

Em síntese EN

21-04-2022 Fonte : © União Europeia, 2022 - PE 106

Bronisław Geremek: In search of a united EuropeTipo de publicação Briefing

Data 14-12-2021Autor PASIKOWSKA-SCHNASS Magdalena

Domínio de intervenção Cultura | Democracia na UE, Direito Institucional e Direito ParlamentarResumo From his childhood in the Warsaw Ghetto to his tragic death in a road accident while working at the European

Parliament in 2008, Bronisław Geremek faced many personal, professional and political challenges during a period ofconstant turbulence. A world-renowned historian, he was interested in the poor, the excluded and the marginalisedduring the Middle Ages, mainly working as a researcher at the Sorbonne and Warsaw University. The Soviet army’sinvasion of Czechoslovakia in 1968 marked the start of his political involvement with those opposing the communistregime. He secretly gave history lectures, spoke in defence of workers persecuted following the cost-of-living riots in1976, and went to Gdańsk in August 1980 to support the strike led by Lech Wałęsa. Geremek subsequently becamean adviser to the founder of the Solidarność trade union. His involvement led to his imprisonment following the militarycoup in December 1981 and the loss of his position as a professor, but guaranteed his place in negotiations betweenthe communist regime and the democratic opposition in 1989. As a member of the first semi-democratic parliament inthe Soviet bloc, he subsequently became Foreign Minister and started the negotiations for Poland’s accession to theEuropean Union. He was elected as a Member of the European Parliament in 2004. His research as a historianfocused on Europe as a civilisation, on questions of European identity and integration, and on civil society. Due to hishistorical research, he had a capacity for in-depth analysis that he used in his European political work and involvement.He concluded that a European public space was essential in order to encourage European civic engagement andawareness.

Briefing DE, EN, FR, PL

Climate action in the European Union: Latest state of playTipo de publicação Briefing

Data 14-12-2021Autor JENSEN LISELOTTE

Domínio de intervenção AmbienteResumo At a time when the European Union (EU) is preparing a major revision of its climate and energy framework in line with

the objectives of the European Green Deal and the targets set in the European Climate Law, this briefing looks atoverall progress on climate action. Although the EU met its 2020 targets for reducing greenhouse gases (GHG) andincreasing renewable energy use and energy efficiency in the extraordinary context of the coronavirus crisis, pandemicrecovery led energy consumption and emissions to rebound in 2021. Member States are required to invest 37 % of EURecovery and Resilience Facility Funds on climate objectives. The European Climate Law sets the targets of reducingnet GHG emissions by 'at least' 55 % by 2030, compared with 1990, and achieving climate neutrality by 2050.However, current climate and energy legislation for the 2021-2030 period is still based on a lower 2030 target of 40 %emission reduction, as are Member States' national energy and climate plans (NECPs) for the 2021-2030 period,required by the Governance Regulation. With the 'fit for 55' package presented in July 2021, the Commission is aimingto bring EU climate and energy legislation in line with the new targets. Member States need to update their NECPs byJune 2024.

Briefing EN

Ireland's National Recovery and Resilience Plan: Latest state of playTipo de publicação Briefing

Data 14-12-2021Autor LILYANOVA Velina

Domínio de intervenção OrçamentoResumo Ireland's National Recovery and Resilience Plan (NRRP) is relatively small compared to the plans of most Member

States. In absolute terms and per capita, Ireland has the second smallest allocation (after Luxembourg) under theRecovery and Resilience Facility (RRF) €989 million entirely in grants. So far, it has not requested any loans (themaximum available loan amount is estimated at €18.7 billion). Most of the funds (€914.4 million) are expected to belegally committed by December 2022. A further set of grants (the remaining amount) will be allocated in 2023,depending on economic developments. Ireland has not requested pre-financing; its grants are planned to be disbursedin five instalments. Relative to the size of the Irish economy, its RRF grants are not large: these are equivalent toaround 0.3 % of the country's 2019 GDP, while the total RRF amounts to 5.2 % of 2019 EU-27 GDP. Given also thatspending will be spread over the years up to 2026, the RRF is not expected to have a significant direct impact onIreland's key macroeconomic indicators. The European Commission estimates that it could increase Ireland's GDP by0.3-0.5 % by 2026. А more significant indirect impact is expected from the overall boost to the EU economy and theassociated cross-border spillover effects. The plan's overall objective is to contribute to a sustainable, equitable, greenand digital recovery. It complements the government's broader domestic recovery efforts under the economic recoveryplan, underpinned by the national development plan (NDP) of €165 billion, for 2021-2030. Although the RRF allocationamounts to less than 1 % of the total NDP investment, it will contribute to key reforms and investments. With 41.9 % offunding allocated for climate and 31.5 % for digital measures, the NRRP's16 investment and 9 reform projects will alsofocus on strategic EU priorities. The European Parliament participates in interinstitutional fora for cooperation anddiscussion on the implementation of the RRF, and scrutinises the work of the European Commission.

Briefing EN, GA

21-04-2022 Fonte : © União Europeia, 2022 - PE 107

Germany's National Recovery and Resilience Plan: Latest state of playTipo de publicação Briefing

Data 14-12-2021Autor JOCHHEIM Ulrich | MILDEBRATH Hendrik Alexander

Domínio de intervenção Assuntos Externos | OrçamentoResumo Germany is set to receive €25.6 billion in non-repayable support from the Recovery and Resilience Facility (RRF), the

unprecedented EU response to the crisis triggered by the coronavirus pandemic. This amount corresponds to 3.7 % ofthe entire RRF and to 0.7 % of Germany's 2019 gross domestic product (GDP). The National Recovery and ResiliencePlan (NRRP) for Germany amounts to €27.9 billion (0.81 % of 2019 GDP) and does not include requests for loans.Excluding value-added tax, this corresponds to a net amount of at least €26.5 billion, slightly above the maximumfinancial contribution of €25.6 billion (0.74 % of 2019 GDP) that Germany can expect. For most of the measures,additional funding will also come from national sources. There is a strong focus on the green transition. Measuresrelating to climate protection –including key actions on mobility and housing – reach at least 42 % of the allocation. TheGerman RRP shows an even stronger digital ambition, reaching at least 52 % of the allocation and ranging fromindustry, to education, social policy and healthcare, to public administration. Following Council approval of the plan, theEuropean Commission, on 26 August 2021, disbursed €2.25 billion to Germany in pre-financing, equivalent to 9 % ofthe country's financial allocation under the RRF. (Germany did not ask for a higher share of pre-financing because the€2.25 billion was already reflected in budgetary acts adopted earlier). The remaining 91 % will be paid in fiveinstalments once Germany has satisfactorily fulfilled the milestones and targets identified in relation to RRFimplementation. An amount of €16.3 billion will be available to be legally committed by 31 December 2022. TheEuropean Parliament strongly advocated the establishment of a common EU recovery instrument. Parliamentparticipates in interinstitutional cooperation and discussions on its implementation and scrutinises the EuropeanCommission's work.

Briefing DE, EN

Regulating genome editing: Societal hopes and fearsTipo de publicação Estudo

Data 14-12-2021Autor externo DG, EPRS

Domínio de intervenção Agricultura e Desenvolvimento Rural | Ambiente | Programação | Proteção dos ConsumidoresResumo The purpose of this paper is to inform the committees of the European Parliament about the challenges of genome

editing in the 21st century, and the societal hopes and concerns surrounding its possible implementation to supportEuropean food production. The higher precision of new genetic techniques (NGTs) raises the question of whether theyshould be treated differently or even exempt from the current GMO Directive. NGTs (mainly CRISPR-cas9) are thesubject of controversy, as some believe they will bring improvements to crop production, while others worry aboutpotential problems associated with their use. These concerns were identified through a STOA foresight study, includingan online survey and workshop with stakeholders from diverse fields affected by NGTs. The online survey usedhypothetical policy options to guide stakeholders to identify arguments for and against several potential regulationscenarios, ranging from full regulation to full exemption.

Estudo EN

Revision of the LULUCF Regulation: Strengthening the role of the land use, land-use change and forestrysector in climate action

Tipo de publicação BriefingData 13-12-2021

Autor JENSEN LISELOTTEDomínio de intervenção Ambiente

Resumo To align regulations and policies with the legally binding goals – delivering, by 2030, a 55 % net greenhouse gasemissions reduction compared to 1990, and reaching climate neutrality in Europe by 2050 – on 14 July the EuropeanCommission presented its first proposals under the 'fit for 55' package. One of these proposals involves amendingRegulation (EU) 2018/841 on emissions and removals from land use, land-use change and forestry (the LULUCFRegulation). Among the main changes envisaged are to merge, as of 2030, the LULUCF sector with the non-CO2agricultural sector in a new climate pillar, which would have to achieve climate neutrality by 2035. Moreover, by 2030,LULUCF carbon removals would have to increase to 310 million tonnes of CO2 equivalent (CO2e). For the post-2025period, the Commission would set individual targets for each Member State. The proposal has been referred to theEuropean Parliament's Committee on Environment, Public Health and Food Safety (ENVI), which appointed VilleNiinistö (Greens/EFA, Finland) as rapporteur. First edition. The 'EU Legislation in Progress' briefings are updated atkey stages throughout the legislative procedure.

Briefing EN

21-04-2022 Fonte : © União Europeia, 2022 - PE 108

Fit for 55 package: Recasting the Energy Efficiency DirectiveTipo de publicação Briefing

Data 13-12-2021Autor EISELE Katharina

Domínio de intervenção Ambiente | Avaliação do Impacto ex-ante | EnergiaResumo This briefing provides an initial analysis of the strengths and weaknesses of the Commission’s impact assessment (IA)

accompanying the above-mentioned proposal, submitted on 14 July 2021 and referred to the European Parliament’sCommittee on Industry, Research and Energy (ITRE). The proposal for a recast Energy Efficiency Directive (EED) ispart of the Commission’s ‘Fit for 55’ package that aims to adapt EU law to the new EU objective of a minimum 55 %reduction in greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions by 2030. This objective was laid down in the new European ClimateLaw, adopted in June 2021, which puts the EU on the path to achieving climate neutrality (net zero GHG emissions) by2050. As originally enacted, the EED (Directive 2012/27/EU) established a common framework for promoting energyefficiency to reach the EU’s 20 % energy efficiency target by 2020 (the target was set in the directive itself). The EEDwas amended by Directive (EU) 2018/2002, which set the more ambitious EU goal of improving energy efficiency by atleast 32.5 % by 2030 and extended its validity beyond 2020 to help achieve the new goal.

Briefing EN

Revision of the third energy package for gas: Decarbonising the gas market. Regulation 715/2009/EU andDirective 2009/73/EU

Tipo de publicação BriefingData 13-12-2021

Autor TENHUNEN SusannaDomínio de intervenção Energia

Resumo Decarbonisation of the internal gas market is necessary for attaining the EU's climate target of reducing greenhousegas emission by 55 % by 2030 and reaching net zero emissions by 2050. The revision of the current Gas Regulationand Gas Directive, adopted in 2009 for the natural gas market, is underpinned by the strategies on energy systemintegration and on a hydrogen economy. Introduction of renewable and low-carbon gases to the energy systemrequires a profound transformation of the gas market, as announced in the 2021 Commission work programme and the'fit for 55' package. Different alliances and common projects bringing together regulators, civil society and stakeholdershave quickly emerged to tackle various aspects of this transformation and to open new partnerships. The EuropeanParliament supports the creation of a competitive decarbonised internal energy market. It supports energy efficiencyand encourages decarbonisation primarily through direct electrification using renewable sources. However, it also seesa role for renewable-based fuels for hard-to-abate sectors, such as heavy vehicle transport, aviation, steel and thefertiliser industry. In line with other EU institutions, it considers low-carbon gases as an intermediate solution, andunderlines the importance of taking into account the diversity of national energy systems.

Briefing EN

Key social media risks to democracy: Risks from surveillance, personalisation, disinformation, moderationand microtargeting

Tipo de publicação Análise aprofundadaData 13-12-2021

Autor DUMBRAVA CosticaDomínio de intervenção Democracia

Resumo Whereas social media provide individuals with new opportunities to access information, express opinions, andparticipate in democratic processes, they can also undermine democracy by distorting information, promoting falsestories and facilitating political manipulation. This EPRS paper provides an overview of the key risks social media poseto democracy related to surveillance, personalisation, disinformation, moderation and microtargeting. It also discusseskey approaches to tackling social media risks to democracy in the context of EU policy.

Análise aprofundada DE, EN, FR

Outlook for the meeting of EU leaders on 16 December 2021Tipo de publicação Briefing

Data 10-12-2021Autor DRACHENBERG Ralf

Domínio de intervenção Assuntos Económicos e Monetários | Assuntos Externos | Coronavírus | Democracia | Energia | Espaço de Liberdade,de Segurança e de Justiça | Segurança e Defesa

Resumo The last regular European Council meeting of 2021, on 16 December, will discuss a broad range of topics, notably thecoronavirus pandemic, crisis management and resilience, energy prices, security and defence, migration, and externalrelations. In the context of the worsening epidemiological situation and the emergence of the Omicron variant, EUleaders will address progress in vaccination across the EU and the impact of new restrictions on the single market.They will also discuss international solidarity and ways of ensuring global vaccine coverage. Their debate on securityand defence will probably focus on two intertwined outstanding issues, the Strategic Compass and the forthcomingcooperation declaration with NATO. On migration, EU leaders are expected to review the follow-up to their previouscommitments and address the migration situation in the English Channel. In the external relations field, they will mostlikely discuss the situation in Ukraine and at the Belarus border, the developments in Ethiopia as well as preparationsfor the EU-African Union summit. As the European Council meeting will take place back to back with the EasternPartnership Summit, EU leaders could take stock of the outcome of the latter. The Euro Summit directly after theEuropean Council meeting will focus on the Covid recovery and review progress on the Banking and Capital MarketsUnions

Briefing EN

21-04-2022 Fonte : © União Europeia, 2022 - PE 109

'Fit for 55' legislative package: ReFuel EU AviationTipo de publicação Briefing

Data 10-12-2021Autor TUOMINEN ULLA-MARI

Domínio de intervenção Avaliação do Impacto ex-anteResumo The impact assessment (IA) accompanying Commission's ReFuelEU Aviation proposal provides a qualitative and

quantitative analysis, which is based on sound and recent data. The IA presents clearly described policy options andopenly explains uncertainties in the analysis. However, contrary to the Better Regulation Guidelines, the IA does notassess the impacts on SMEs. In addition, the assessment would have benefited of further clarification in thecomparison of options, the scale of the defined problems, and monitoring and evaluation plans. Moreover, thedescription of stakeholder consultation lacks some transparency.

Briefing EN

The road to energy efficiencyTipo de publicação Estudo

Data 10-12-2021Autor externo Marwa MAHMOUD, Trinomics Nora CHEIKH, Trinomics Ondrej CERNY, Trinomics Frank GERARD, Trinomics

Peter LEMOINE, TrinomicsDomínio de intervenção Energia

Resumo This study provides an analysis of the gaps in EU policies aimed at increasing industrial energy efficiency, anassessment of the ability of the electricity grid to absorb large increases in renewables, and an evaluation of theenergy efficiency potential of the Renovation Wave. Links to the proposed Fit for 55 package are also made for allthree topics.

Estudo EN

O futuro do setor automóvel da UETipo de publicação Estudo

Data 10-12-2021Autor CIUCCI MATTEO | GOUARDERES Frederic

Autor externo David BROWN, Michael FLICKENSCHILD, Caio MAZZIDomínio de intervenção Ambiente | Indústria | Política Social

Resumo O presente estudo fornece uma perspetiva geral independente do panorama da indústria automóvel na UE. Maisespecificamente, o estudo avalia as tendências ecológica e digital que estão atualmente a reformular o setorautomóvel e fornece recomendações atendendo à adequação e à coerência das medidas atuais e futuras da UE. Opresente documento foi elaborado pelo Departamento Temático das Políticas Económicas e Científicas e daQualidade de Vida, a pedido da Comissão da Indústria, da Investigação e da Energia (ITRE).

Estudo PT

European Year of Youth 2022Tipo de publicação Em síntese

Data 09-12-2021Autor JOURDE PERNILLA

Domínio de intervenção Cultura | EducaçãoResumo In her State of the Union address to the Parliament on 15 September 2021, the President of the European

Commission, Ursula von der Leyen, outlined the idea to make 2022 the 'European Year of Youth'. The aim would be tohighlight and mitigate the pandemic's impact on young people's education, employment, social inclusion and mentalhealth. Within a month, the Commission had adopted a formal proposal for a decision. During the December plenarysession, Parliament is expected to vote on adopting the decision establishing the Year.

Em síntese ES, DE, EN, FR, IT, PL

Policy Departments’ Monthly Highlights - December 2021Tipo de publicação Em síntese

Data 09-12-2021Domínio de intervenção Assuntos Externos | Controlo Orçamental | Democracia | Desenvolvimento Regional | Direito da UE: Ordenamento

Jurídico e Atos Jurídicos | Direito internacional privado e cooperação judicial em matéria civil | Direito internacionalpúblico | Emprego | Governação Mundial | Orçamento | Política Social | Questões de Género, Igualdade e Diversidade| Saúde Pública | Transportes

Resumo The Monthly Highlights publication provides an overview, at a glance, of the on-going work of the policy departments,including a selection of the latest and forthcoming publications, and a list of future events.

Em síntese EN

21-04-2022 Fonte : © União Europeia, 2022 - PE 110

Boosting cooperation on health technology assessmentTipo de publicação Briefing

Data 09-12-2021Autor AMAND-EECKHOUT Laurence

Domínio de intervenção Saúde PúblicaPalavra-chave avaliação tecnológica | ciências médicas | cooperação científica | cooperação transfronteiriça | cuidados de saúde |

direitos do doente | inovação | intercâmbio de informação | material médico-cirúrgico | proposta (UE) | saúde públicaResumo The European Commission has proposed a regulation on health technology assessment (HTA). HTA is a research-

based tool that supports decision-making in healthcare by assessing the added value of a given health technologycompared to others. The proposal would provide the basis for permanent EU-level cooperation in four areas. MemberStates would still be responsible for assessing the non-clinical (economic, ethical, social, etc.) aspects of healthtechnology, and for pricing and reimbursement. While Member States could choose to delay participation in the jointwork until three years after the rules enter into force, it would become mandatory after six years. The EuropeanParliament adopted its final position at first reading on 14 February 2019. In the Council, work was carried out underseven consecutive presidencies. On 22 June 2021, the co-legislators reached a provisional agreement ininterinstitutional trilogue negotiations. The Council's Permanent Representatives Committee endorsed the provisionalagreement on 30 June 2021. Parliament's ENVI committee voted in favour of the text on 13 July 2021. The Councilformally adopted its first-reading position on 9 November 2021. On 30 November 2021, ENVI adopted itsrecommendation for second reading, which is to be debated and voted during the December plenary session. Theregulation, once adopted, will start to apply three years after its entry into force. Fifth edition of a briefing originallydrafted by Nicole Scholz. The 'EU Legislation in Progress' briefings are updated at key stages throughout thelegislative procedure.

Briefing EN

Migration: Latest challenges [What Think Tanks are Thinking]Tipo de publicação Briefing

Data 09-12-2021Autor CESLUK-GRAJEWSKI Marcin

Domínio de intervenção Espaço de Liberdade, de Segurança e de JustiçaResumo The current crisis on the Poland–Belarus border and renewed attempts by migrants to cross the Channel from France

to the United Kingdom have put a new spotlight on the dilemma of how the European Union should deal with refugeesescaping repression and poverty in countries such as Iraq, Afghanistan and Syria, and some parts of Africa. InBelarus, authorities have allowed migrants to take flights into the country to purposely transfer them to their borderswith the neighbouring EU Member States of Latvia, Lithuania and Poland. Meanwhile, London and Paris arediscussing ways to clamp down on migrants’ attempts to cross the Channel. The Turkish and Mediterranean migrationroutes from Africa to Italy and Spain also remain active. This note gathers links to the recent publications andcommentaries from many international think tanks on migration in Europe and on debates on how to reform its rules.

Briefing EN

WTO negotiations on fishery subsidiesTipo de publicação Briefing

Data 09-12-2021Autor SCHOLAERT FREDERIK

Domínio de intervenção PescasResumo Accounting for 17 % of the global average per capita intake of animal protein, fisheries products support many people's

livelihoods and make a significant contribution to food security. However, more than a third of world stocks are fishedat biologically unsustainable levels. Economic losses from the depletion of fish stocks are estimated at US$83 billion. Areduction in fishing capacity and effort would contribute to the recovery of stocks, yet many governments of fishingcountries continue to support the sector with harmful fishery subsidies. Subsidies that directly increase fishing capacityand may lead to overfishing are estimated at about US$22 billion worldwide. Although there are no specific global ruleson fisheries subsidies, they are currently governed by the World Trade Organization (WTO) Agreement on Subsidiesand Countervailing Measures. However, subsidy rules in this agreement are geared towards trade distortion asopposed to the adverse effects on the environment. While new fisheries subsidies disciplines have been part of WTO-level negotiations since 2001, the negotiating mandate was rewritten in 2005 with the aim of eliminating subsidies thatcontribute to overcapacity and overfishing, while also taking into account special and differential treatment fordeveloping countries. Negotiations stalled in 2011, but were revived thanks to the 2015 UN sustainable developmentgoals, whereby government leaders committed to ban harmful fisheries subsidies by 2020, including those thatcontribute to illegal, unreported and unregulated fishing. The negotiations have been very difficult because they bringtogether two very different worlds, namely fisheries management and the WTO rules system. More specifically, not allmembers consider certain subsidies to be equally harmful, as views and practices in fisheries management varywidely. On 24 November 2021, a draft agreement was submitted to ministers ahead of the upcoming 12th MinisterialConference (MC12). The text includes a ban on subsidies contributing to overcapacity and overfishing, such assupport for the construction of vessels and for operational costs. A number of exemptions would apply, e.g. for certaindeveloping countries and, important for the EU, where fish stocks are exploited at biologically sustainable levels.MC12, which was set to start on 30 November 2021 and had already been postponed from 2020, was put off againbecause of renewed travel restrictions. New dates have yet to be set.

Briefing EN

21-04-2022 Fonte : © União Europeia, 2022 - PE 111

Recovery and Resilience Plans - Thematic overview on cross-border projectsTipo de publicação Análise aprofundada

Data 09-12-2021Autor GRIGAITE KRISTINA | PACHECO DIAS CRISTINA SOFIA | TEIXEIRA DA CUNHA INES

Domínio de intervenção Assuntos Económicos e MonetáriosResumo This paper compiles and presents available information on cross-border or multi-country projects included in Member

States Recovery and Resilience Plans (RRPs). The paper will be updated once new relevant information is available.Análise aprofundada EN

Recovery and Resilience Dialogue with the European CommissionTipo de publicação Análise aprofundada

Data 09-12-2021Autor ANGERER Jost | GRIGAITE KRISTINA | PACHECO DIAS CRISTINA SOFIA | TEIXEIRA DA CUNHA INES | TURCU

OVIDIU IONUT | ZOPPÉ AliceDomínio de intervenção Assuntos Económicos e Monetários

Resumo BUDG-ECON Committee meeting on 13 December 2021 Executive Vice-President Dombrovskis and CommissionerGentiloni have been invited to the fourth Recovery and Resilience Dialogue under the Recovery and Resilience FacilityRegulation. This briefing first provides an overview of the Recovery and Resilience Plans, presenting observations andfigures based on publicly available information. Further sections deal with the pending assessment of some Recoveryand Resilience Plans; the implementation of the Recovery and Resilience Facility, with a presentation of the financialand loan agreements and of operational arrangements; the assessment of milestones and targets; the provisions ondisbursements and Commission’s delegated acts. The briefing also presents the state of play of disbursements underthe Facility. Furthermore, the briefing provides some information on the regional and euro area dimensions andhighlights the relationship between the Facility and the European Semester going forward. It also refers to other EGOVpapers.

Análise aprofundada EN

Pollution and the spread of Covid-19Tipo de publicação Estudo

Data 09-12-2021Autor externo DG, EPRS

Domínio de intervenção Ambiente | Coronavírus | Programação | Saúde PúblicaResumo Epidemiological studies of Covid-19 have, in most cases, provided inconclusive results to date regarding the role of air

pollution in the transmission of the SARS-CoV-2 virus and the geographical spread of the disease, both regionally andglobally. The present review analysed just under 6 000 articles published up to 31 May 2021, looking at the role ofpollution and air quality factors in the transmission of SARS-CoV-2 and in the geographical differences in Covid-19propagation. A body of evidence shows that chronic and short-term exposure to different fractions of aerosols andtypes of air pollution exacerbates symptoms, affects co-morbidities and increases mortality rates for respiratorydiseases similar to Covid 19, as well as for Covid-19. Although other pathways can contribute, the airborne route islikely to be the dominant mode. There is consistent and increasing evidence that SARS-CoV-2 spreads by airbornetransmission, and it is possible that different variants have different environmental sensitivities. Safer indoorenvironments are required, not only to protect unvaccinated people and those for whom vaccines fail, but also to detervaccine-resistant variants or novel airborne threats that may appear at any time. The public health community,governments and health agencies should act accordingly, referring to this mode as the principal mode of transmissionin their recommendations and statements, enhancing associated research and improving monitoring networks.

Estudo EN

Anexo EN

The potential of hydrogen for decarbonising EU industryTipo de publicação Estudo

Data 09-12-2021Autor externo DG, EPRS

Domínio de intervenção Ambiente | Aprovação da Legislação pelo PE e pelo Conselho | Avaliação da Legislação e das Políticas na Prática |Energia | Política de Investigação | Programação

Resumo Given the vast potential for renewable electricity generation, the production of renewable hydrogen is a promisingoption for the hard-to-decarbonise energy-intensive industry sectors. A growing hydrogen sector will also result in jobcreation and economic growth while fostering innovation and reducing pollution. The European Commission publishedits Hydrogen Strategy in 2020 with the aim of boosting hydrogen use in the EU while promoting the uptake ofrenewable hydrogen production. Recent activities, such as the launch of the European Clean Hydrogen Alliance andthe EU Innovation Fund, the formation of Hydrogen Valleys and the promotion of Important Projects of CommonEuropean Interest (IPCEIs), provide promising first steps to foster a European hydrogen economy. Nevertheless,important policy gaps still need to be addressed. This study takes stock of the current situation with respect to therealisation of the EU Hydrogen Strategy and identifies policy options to address gaps in the current landscape.

Estudo EN

Anexo 1 EN

21-04-2022 Fonte : © União Europeia, 2022 - PE 112

2021 Sakharov Prize laureate: Alexey NavalnyTipo de publicação Em síntese

Data 08-12-2021Autor RUSSELL Martin

Domínio de intervenção Assuntos Externos | Direitos HumanosResumo Respect for fundamental freedoms is a core value of the EU, which it promotes through its external policy. The

European Parliament’s Sakharov Prize honours the work of human rights defenders. With human rights under attack inmany parts of the world, the Prize remains as relevant as ever. This year it is awarded to Russian opposition activistAlexey Navalny, whose brave refusal to be silenced recalls the work of Soviet-era dissidents such as AndreySakharov. The Sakharov Prize will be presented at a ceremony during the European Parliament's December plenarysession, although Navalny himself will be unable to attend due to his being in jail.

Em síntese XL, ES, DE, EN, FR, IT, PL

EU cooperation on health technology assessmentTipo de publicação Em síntese

Data 08-12-2021Autor AMAND-EECKHOUT Laurence

Domínio de intervenção Saúde PúblicaResumo During the December plenary session, the European Parliament is expected to vote at second reading on a European

Commission proposal to strengthen EU-level cooperation among Member States on assessing health technologies.Improved cooperation would profit national health systems and producers of medicines and medical devices, asapproval procedures would be simplified, while also benefiting patients thanks to innovative, safe and effective healthtechnologies becoming available more quickly.

Em síntese ES, DE, EN, FR, IT, PL

Combating gender-based cyber-violenceTipo de publicação Em síntese

Data 08-12-2021Autor SHREEVES Rosamund

Domínio de intervenção Questões de Género, Igualdade e DiversidadeResumo As the world moves online, forms of violence that already affect women and girls disproportionately are following suit,

and digital technologies are enabling them to take on new guises. The EU does not have a legislative framework toaddress this gender-based violence, despite its harmful impacts on individuals, society and democracy. A legislative-initiative report calling for EU legislation to fight gender-based cyber-violence, and provide its victims across the Unionwith equal protection is expected to be put to the vote during Parliament's December 2021 plenary session.

Em síntese ES, DE, EN, FR, IT, PL

Parliament's negotiating position on the digital markets actTipo de publicação Em síntese

Data 08-12-2021Autor MADIEGA Tambiama André

Domínio de intervenção Mercado Interno e União Aduaneira | Proteção dos ConsumidoresResumo In December 2020, the European Commission adopted a proposal for a digital markets act (DMA) designed to ensure

a level playing-field in online markets and regulate the behaviour of digital platforms that act as gatekeepers. TheParliament is now preparing to debate and vote on the Internal Market and Consumer Protection Committee (IMCO)report on the proposed act, during the December 2021 plenary session. The approved text will then becomeParliament's mandate for negotiations with European Union (EU) governments.

Em síntese ES, DE, EN, FR, IT, PL

New guidelines for EU humanitarian actionTipo de publicação Em síntese

Data 08-12-2021Autor PICHON Eric

Domínio de intervenção Ajuda Humanitária e DesenvolvimentoResumo The number of people worldwide needing humanitarian assistance is set to rise to 274 million in 2022, nearly two thirds

more than in 2020. Nowadays, humanitarian crises last on average more than nine years; aid is often insufficient, andhumanitarian law violated more frequently. The European Commission has proposed new ways of working withpartners and other donors around the world to react faster to emergencies and deliver humanitarian aid moreeffectively. An own-initiative report on new guidelines for EU humanitarian action, tabled by the European Parliament'sCommittee on Development, is scheduled for a plenary vote in December.

Em síntese ES, DE, EN, FR, IT, PL

21-04-2022 Fonte : © União Europeia, 2022 - PE 113

A European framework for employee participation rightsTipo de publicação Em síntese

Data 08-12-2021Autor KISS Monika

Domínio de intervenção EmpregoResumo Several European Union (EU) legal instruments support Member States' efforts to ensure employees are informed of

and participate in decision-making processes at work. While European Works Councils (EWCs) provide importantfacilitation of industrial relations, EU-level rules on workers' representation have proven difficult to understand, with asometimes contradictory structure. The European Parliament's Employment and Social Affairs (EMPL) Committee hasdrafted an own-initiative report that seeks to create clarity through proposing a new EU framework in this field.Parliament is expected to consider this report during the December 2021 plenary session.

Em síntese ES, DE, EN, FR, IT, PL

Cooperation in the fight against organised crime in the Western BalkansTipo de publicação Em síntese

Data 08-12-2021Autor STANICEK BRANISLAV

Domínio de intervenção Assuntos ExternosResumo Unequivocal support for the European perspective of Western Balkan countries was reiterated by participants at the

EU-Western Balkans summit in Brdo on 6 October 2021, as well as in the European Commission's October 2021enlargement package reports. Nevertheless, the Commission insists that all countries in the region need to continue toaccelerate and deepen reforms on independence of the judiciary, the fight against corruption, and the fight againsttransnational organised crime. Progress on the rule of law is part of the ‘fundamentals’, that remain open throughoutaccession negotiations, as it is considered essential and will determine the overall pace of the negotiations.International cooperation, such as agreements and joint actions with Europol, Eurojust, and Frontex are crucial as well.The European Parliament is set to vote during the December 2021 plenary session on an own-initiative report oncooperation in the fight against organised crime in the Western Balkans.

Em síntese ES, DE, EN, FR, IT, PL

Building up resilience to cross-border health threats: Moving towards a European health unionTipo de publicação Briefing

Data 08-12-2021Autor AMAND-EECKHOUT Laurence

Domínio de intervenção Coronavírus | Saúde PúblicaPalavra-chave ajuda de emergência | cooperação transfronteiriça | doença por coronavírus | epidemia | epidemiologia | gestão de

crises | intercâmbio de informação | prevenção das doenças | proposta (UE) | saúde públicaResumo On 11 November 2020, the European Commission put forward a proposal for a regulation on serious cross-border

threats to health. In the light of lessons learned from the coronavirus crisis, it aims to strengthen the EU's healthsecurity by revising Decision 1082/2013/EU (the 'Cross-Border Health Threats Decision'). The proposal was presentedin a package that also includes proposals to strengthen the European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control(ECDC) and the European Medicines Agency (EMA), as first steps towards a European health union. Stakeholderswidely welcomed the proposal and the package. The European Parliament has repeatedly called for strongercooperation on health. Parliament's Committee on the Environment, Public Health and Food Safety is responsible forthe file. The Council agreed its position on 23 July 2021. Parliament voted the committee report in plenary on 14September 2021, thereby setting its negotiating mandate and opening the way for interinstitutional negotiations. On 11November 2021, Parliament voted again on the proposal, to update its negotiation mandate to ensure coherencebetween the EU Health Emergency Preparedness and Response Authority (HERA) and the proposed regulation oncross-border health threats. Third edition of a briefing originally drafted by Nicole Scholz. The 'EU Legislation inProgress' briefings are updated at key stages throughout the legislative procedure.

Briefing EN

Multimédia The future of EU borders in times of pandemic

Japan's global vision: Tokyo's evolving foresight practices, Indo-Pacific strategy and EU-partnershipTipo de publicação Briefing

Data 08-12-2021Autor NOONAN EAMONN

Domínio de intervenção Assuntos Externos | ProgramaçãoResumo Since 1970, Japan has developed a world-leading capacity for foresight. At the outset, the focus was on technology

and socio-economic development. Broader geopolitical and security aspects have become more pronounced in thepast decade. Concerns about global political changes have given rise to an enhanced strategic partnership betweenJapan and the European Union. Common challenges include shifts in global economic power, the emergence ofChina, and uncertainties around the United States' international engagement. While Japan and the European Unionhave differing security policy perspectives and capabilities, joint efforts can have a positive impact in areas such asinfrastructure, digital connectivity, overseas development assistance and energy sustainability. A shared vision oncommon challenges and responses is at the heart of the partnership between the European Union and Japan. Jointstrategic foresight activities, building on existing foresight capabilities on each side, could be considered as a means ofupdating and strengthening this shared vision.

Briefing EN

21-04-2022 Fonte : © União Europeia, 2022 - PE 114

Improving the working conditions of platform workers: Pre-legislative synthesis of national, regional andlocal positions on the European Commission's initiative

Tipo de publicação BriefingData 08-12-2021

Autor KISS Monika | RITTELMEYER Yann-SvenDomínio de intervenção Emprego | Política Social | Transportes

Resumo This Briefing forms part of an EPRS series which offers a synthesis of the pre-legislative state-of-play and advanceconsultation on a range of key European Commission priorities during the latter’s five-year term in office. It seeks tosummarise the state of affairs in the relevant policy field, examine how existing policy is working on the ground, andidentify best practice and ideas for the future on the part of governmental organisations at all levels of Europeansystem of multilevel governance. An EPRS analysis of the positions of partner governmental organisations at EU,national, regional and local levels suggests that they would like the following main considerations to be reflected in thediscussion on the working conditions of platform workers: The employment status of platform workers has to beclarified. The binary system (employed or self-employed) is challenged by the specific characteristics of platform workand bogus self-employment. To give some examples, Ireland classifies workers on the basis of a series of tests, whilePortugal enacts a legal presumption that transport sector platform workers are employees. Platform workers have theright to be correctly informed. This can be facilitated by transparency, designated advisory services, informationcampaigns and communication channels among workers. Platforms must protect privacy, share information and datawith relevant (local) authorities, while artificial intelligence-based algorithms should be controlled by a humanapproach. Local and regional authorities are witnessing the negative social consequences of the limited rights ofplatform workers. Social measures should cover the specific needs of these workers in relation to sickness, accident,unemployment, protection at work and pension benefits. More investment should be made in skills development andrelevant training for platform workers. Transferability and certification of competences would, for example, supportcareer development. The asymmetry between national legislation and issues faced locally and regionally can bemitigated by complementary EU action and strong cooperation between the levels of governance. The role of cities inparticular should be acknowledged. Negotiation frameworks and charters, for example, can help all levels share goodpractices and learn about the impact of the measures taken.

Briefing EN

Security and defence in the Indo-Pacific: What is at stake for the EU and its strategy?Tipo de publicação Análise aprofundada

Data 08-12-2021Autor externo •Dr Ramon PACHECO PARDO •Dr Nicola LEVERINGHAUS

Domínio de intervenção Assuntos Externos | Segurança e DefesaResumo The EU published its ‘Joint Communication on the EU strategy for cooperation in the Indo-Pacific’ on 16 September

2021. This Indo-Pacific Strategy lays out five crucial security issues in the region that directly affect the EU’s ownsecurity and prosperity. These are maritime security, nuclear security and non-proliferation, cyber security, trafficking,and terrorism. In order to deal with these security issues, the EU has CSDP missions and the CSDP toolbox at itsdisposal. In fact, the long-standing Operation Atalanta in the Western Indian Ocean is an example of how CSDPmissions can protect EU security interests in the Indo-Pacific. Meanwhile, PESCO, EPF, a more robust cyber policy, orthe recently established Coordinated Maritime Presences are CSDP toolbox components that can also promotesecurity interests in the region. In addition, the EU has a set of partnerships in the Indo-Pacific region that can enhanceits power projection and, consequently, strengthen its security. Through a combination of all these tools, the EU canhave a security and defence presence in a region where core interests are at stake.

Análise aprofundada EN

Implementation of the Stability and Growth Pact under pandemic timesTipo de publicação Análise aprofundada

Data 08-12-2021Autor ANGERER Jost

Domínio de intervenção Assuntos Económicos e Monetários | CoronavírusPalavra-chave doença por coronavírus | epidemia | pacto de estabilidade | previsão económica | relatório

Resumo This document provides an overview of key developments under the preventive and corrective arms of the Stabilityand Growth Pact on the basis of the latest Commission and Council decisions and recommendations in the frameworkof the Stability and Growth Pact and the latest European Commission economic forecasts. This document is regularlyupdated.

Análise aprofundada EN

What if hydrogen could help decarbonise European industry?Tipo de publicação Em síntese

Data 07-12-2021Autor GARCIA HIGUERA ANDRES

Domínio de intervenção Ambiente | Desenvolvimento Regional | Energia | ProgramaçãoResumo The European Union has an ambitious climate strategy and is looking for ways to boost technologies that will make it

possible. Could hydrogen and the deployment of related technology and infrastructure become a decisive factor indecarbonising specific industry sectors?

Em síntese EN

21-04-2022 Fonte : © União Europeia, 2022 - PE 115

Women on Board Policies in Member States and the Effects on Corporate GovernanceTipo de publicação Estudo

Data 07-12-2021Autor externo Anja KIRSCH

Domínio de intervenção Questões de Género, Igualdade e DiversidadeResumo This study, commissioned by the European Parliament’s Policy Department for Citizens’ Rights and Constitutional

Affairs at the request of the JURI Committee, provides an overview of women on board policies in the EU MemberStates. analyses, in more detail, policies and practices as well as their impact on women’s board presentation in Spain,France, Italy, the Netherlands and Germany. The study concludes by recommending a timely adoption of the adoptionof the proposed Directive COM(2012) 614 final of the European Parliament and of the Council on improving the genderbalance among non-executive directors of companies listed on stock exchanges and related measures.

Estudo EN

Síntese ES, DE, FR, IT, PL

Il diritto alla salute, una prospettiva di diritto comparato - Unione europeaTipo de publicação Estudo

Data 06-12-2021Autor externo Prof. Dr. Vincenzo SALVATORE, Università degli Studi dell’Insubria, Varese

Domínio de intervenção Avaliação da Legislação e das Políticas na Prática | Direito da UE: Ordenamento Jurídico e Atos Jurídicos | SaúdePública

Resumo Questo studio fa parte di un progetto più ampio, il cui scopo è quello di analizzare, nella prospettiva del dirittocomparato, il diritto alla salute in diversi Stati ed organizzazioni internazionali. Il presente studio è dedicato all’Unioneeuropea. Nella parte introduttiva dello studio verranno illustrate le disposizioni contenute nelle fonti di diritto primario ederivato in materia di tutela della salute, analizzate anche attraverso la giurisprudenza interpretativa della Corte digiustizia. Si sottolineerà in particolare la natura ancillare della competenza attribuita all’Unione europea rispetto aquella degli Stati membri, nonché come la tutela della salute sia stata, fino ad epoca recente, prevalentementeinvocata come limite alla libertà di circolazione delle persone e delle merci. Tuttavia, si evidenzierà come, al verificarsidi situazioni di emergenza sanitaria, come quella generata dalla recente pandemia, l’Unione europea assuma un ruolopiù incisivo, coordinando le iniziative assunte dagli Stati, maggiormente propensi a tollerare limitazioni di sovranità inambiti tradizionalmente considerati di riservato dominio.

Estudo IT

Revision of Annexes IV and V to the EU Regulation on Persistent Organic PollutantsTipo de publicação Briefing

Data 03-12-2021Autor KARAMFILOVA Ekaterina

Domínio de intervenção AmbienteResumo At the end of October 2021, the European Commission submitted a proposal for the revision of Regulation (EU)

2019/1021 on persistent organic pollutants (POPs), and in particular its Annexes IV and V, which determine how wastecontaining POPs must be treated, i.e. whether waste could be recycled or must be destroyed or irreversiblytransformed. The proposal updates the concentration limits of certain (groups of) POP substances already regulated inAnnexes IV and V of the regulation, and also establishes concentration limits for substances that have not yet beenregulated by these annexes. The proposal thus ensures, on the one hand, implementation of the EU's commitments atinternational level (alignment of the EU legislation with developments at international level in the field of POPs, e.g.under the Stockholm Convention on POPs), and, on the other, alignment of the EU legislation with scientific andtechnical progress. It also aims to achieve an optimal balance between the ambitions of the European Green Deal notably, to ensure that human health and the environment are protected from the adverse effects caused by POPs,while also achieving toxic-free material cycles, more recycling and circularity, and reduced greenhouse gas emissions.The recast of the regulation in 2019 envisaged that Annexes IV and V would be revised following the ordinarylegislative procedure. This briefing presents the findings of publicly accessible sources on the implementation of theEU legislation in terms of its scope and subject to revision.

Briefing EN

Breaking cycles of disadvantage through education: An EU perspectiveTipo de publicação Análise aprofundada

Data 02-12-2021Autor CHIRCOP Denise

Domínio de intervenção EducaçãoResumo This analysis looks at statistics on perpetuated disadvantage in education and training, and studies a number of

contributing factors by looking at evidence from case studies and other research that investigates the development ofeducational systems. It also analyses the extent to which reforms have been possible and the complex reasons behindthem. Finally, it looks at the role of support and cooperation provided at EU level and the position of the EuropeanParliament favouring a lifelong learning approach that is both inclusive and forward looking.

Análise aprofundada DE, EN, FR

21-04-2022 Fonte : © União Europeia, 2022 - PE 116

Central bank digital currencies: Evolution or revolution?Tipo de publicação Briefing

Data 02-12-2021Autor DELIVORIAS Angelos

Domínio de intervenção Assuntos Económicos e MonetáriosResumo Payment systems are of vital importance for today's economies and are the core activity of central banks. To adapt to

recent trends – including the decline in cash usage, the surge in online commerce and contactless forms of payment,and the creation of cryptocurrencies – central banks have, in recent years, explored the possibility of issuing digitalcurrencies themselves. Proponents of central bank digital currencies (CBDCs) note that, among other things, they can:alleviate the problem of concentration of the payments infrastructure; facilitate instantaneous and cheaper execution ofpayments; discourage illicit activity and rein in the shadow economy; spur competition in the payment industry; reducethe problem of banks being ‘too big to fail’; promote financial inclusion; contribute to financial stability; preserve theEU’s sovereignty over transactions; help facilitate monetary policy; and support the international role of the euro.Critics of CBDCs range from those who question the need for such currencies altogether, to those who point out therisks, including the possibility that CBDCs could: amplify the international spillover effects of shocks; curtail theautonomy of less powerful economies in their monetary policy, and even substitute their domestic currency; facilitatetax avoidance or a loss of domestic oversight capabilities; put at risk the variety of payment instruments available tohouseholds; create undesired volatility in exchange rates; and put banks’ deposit bases under threat, with negativeimplications for credit provision and output. The European Central Bank (ECB) is involved in the general discussionabout the design and launch of CBDCs. In October 2020, it published a report on a digital euro, identifying anddiscussing features of and options for a euro-area CBDC. In July 2021, the ECB launched an investigation phase,which should last 2 years and aims to address key issues of design and distribution. The European Parliament, as wellas other stakeholders, is expected to participate actively in this phase.

Briefing EN

Multimédia Central bank digital currencies: Evolution or revolution?

Including the costs of owner-occupied housing in inflation measurementTipo de publicação Briefing

Data 02-12-2021Autor HOFLMAYR MARTIN

Domínio de intervenção Assuntos Económicos e MonetáriosResumo Housing costs make up a significant part of households' final consumption expenditures. However, these costs are

only partially captured by the inflation indicator on which the European Central Bank (ECB) bases its monetary policydecisions. While the costs of paying rent feed into the harmonised index of consumer prices (HICP) – the indicatorused to assess the achievement of the ECB's price stability objective – the costs of living in a home owned by theoccupier do not. Instead, only expenditure for maintenance and minor repairs is currently included. More than twothirds of the EU population live in a home owned by their household. At the same time, house prices surged by 19 %between 2010 and 2019, with particularly large increases in the last 4 years. In its monetary policy strategy review, theECB outlined a roadmap to take owner-occupied housing into account in its inflation target. However, severalconceptual and methodological questions need to be answered, from the measuring approach to the collection ofreliable data at an adequate frequency. Academic research suggests that the inclusion of costs of owner-occupiedhousing in the inflation index would only lead to a marginal deviation in the price measure. However, owing to the oftenprocyclical and volatile nature of such costs, their inclusion does not always drive inflation. Moreover, because of theasynchrony of housing-market cycles, inflation levels would likely be more dispersed across EU Member States onceowner-occupied housing costs are included in the HICP. As a first step, the European Parliament stressed in itsresolution on the ECB's 2020 annual report that the HICP is a 'very narrow concept of inflation measurement' thatunderestimates inflation in the euro area. While stronger methodological harmonisation efforts are needed to establishan augmented HICP, the inclusion of owner-occupied housing costs in the inflation measure would better reflect actualand perceived price dynamics, even though the overall effects are likely to be marginal.

Briefing EN

Single Resolution Board: Accountability arrangements (9th parliamentary term)Tipo de publicação Briefing

Data 02-12-2021Autor MAGNUS Marcel

Domínio de intervenção Assuntos Económicos e MonetáriosPalavra-chave audição pública | controlo financeiro | cooperação interinstitucional (UE) | empresa em dificuldade | nomeação de

membros | Parlamento Europeu | resumo de textos | solvibilidade financeira | União Económica e Monetária | vidainstitucional

Resumo This document provides an overview of public hearings and exchange of views with the Chair of the Single ResolutionBoard (SRB) in the ECON Committee since July 2019. It also provides an overview of all external papers requested bythe ECON Committee by a standing panel of banking experts. Lastly, the annex contains an overview of the respectivelegal bases for these hearings as part of the accountability framework of the SRB. For an overview of public hearingsduring the 8th parliamentary term, please see here.

Briefing EN

21-04-2022 Fonte : © União Europeia, 2022 - PE 117

Single Supervisory Mechanism: Accountability arrangements (9th parliamentary term)Tipo de publicação Briefing

Data 02-12-2021Autor MAGNUS Marcel

Domínio de intervenção Assuntos Económicos e MonetáriosPalavra-chave audição pública | Banco Central Europeu | competência institucional (UE) | estabilidade financeira | instituição

financeira | intervenção financeira | intervenção no mercado | resumo de textos | supervisão financeira | união bancáriada UE

Resumo This document provides an overview of public hearings and exchange of views with the Chair of the European CentralBank (ECB) Supervisory Board in the ECON Committee since July 2019. It also provides an overview of all externalpapers requested by the ECON Committee by a standing panel of banking experts. Lastly, the annex contains anoverview of the respective legal bases for these hearings as part of the accountability framework of the SingleSupervisory Mechanism (SSM). For an overview of public hearings during the 8th parliamentary term, please see here.

Briefing EN

Public finances in Euro Area Member States: Selected indicators - November 2021Tipo de publicação Briefing

Data 02-12-2021Autor TEIXEIRA DA CUNHA INES | ZOPPÉ Alice

Domínio de intervenção Assuntos Económicos e MonetáriosResumo This document presents selected indicators on public finance for the Euro Area Member States and the Euro Area as a

whole. For each indicator, it provides a short explanation and the data sources. The final section presents a shortoverview of the main indicators used by the European and other international institutions to assess debt sustainability.

Briefing EN

The implementation of the 2015 Concluding Observations of the CRPD Committee by the EUTipo de publicação Estudo

Data 02-12-2021Autor externo SMITS J.C.

Domínio de intervenção Avaliação da Legislação e das Políticas na Prática | Educação | Emprego | Petições ao Parlamento Europeu | PolíticaSocial | Questões de Género, Igualdade e Diversidade | Transportes

Resumo This study, commissioned by the European Parliament’s Policy Department for Citizens’ Rights and ConstitutionalAffairs at the request of the Committee on Petitions, examines the level of implementation of the 2015 ConcludingObservations of the CRPD Committee by the EU, in the view of the next monitoring and reporting cycle. It reveals thatwhile some recommendations have been followed up by the EU through its Disability strategies and legislative andpolicy action, important gaps remain, notably in those areas where the EU has limited competences, or politicalsupport is lacking.

Estudo EN

Síntese ES, DE, EN, FR, IT

ASEAN: Economic indicators and trade with EUTipo de publicação Em síntese

Data 01-12-2021Autor MACSAI GYORGYI | SABBATI Giulio

Domínio de intervenção Assuntos Económicos e Monetários | Comércio internacionalResumo The economies of most ASEAN countries contracted due to the turmoil caused by the Covid-19 pandemic in 2020.

Three of them, however, (Brunei, Myanmar/Burma and Vietnam) still managed to grow in terms of GDP, although at amuch slower rate than in previous years. Despite the fact that the value of trade in goods declined by 10 % to €189billion, the ASEAN countries remain an important partner for the EU, collectively representing 5 % of the EU’s overalltrade in 2020, ranking in sixth place after China, USA, APEC members (other than ASEAN), the UK and Switzerland.At the same time the EU is the fourth biggest trade partner of the ASEAN group after China, other APEC members andthe USA. Mechanical appliances, electrical equipment and agri-food make up half of the trade in goods between thetwo blocs, both for exports and on the import side.

Em síntese EN

21-04-2022 Fonte : © União Europeia, 2022 - PE 118

The NIS2 Directive: A high common level of cybersecurity in the EUTipo de publicação Briefing

Data 01-12-2021Autor NEGREIRO ACHIAGA Maria Del Mar

Domínio de intervenção IndústriaPalavra-chave Agência da União Europeia para a Cibersegurança | consulta pública | criminalidade informática | diretiva (UE) |

estudo de impacto | guerra de informação | proposta (UE) | proteção dos dados | segurança da informação |segurança das infraestruturas críticas | segurança europeia

Resumo The Network and Information Security (NIS) Directive is the first piece of EU-wide legislation on cybersecurity, and itsspecific aim was to achieve a high common level of cybersecurity across the Member States. While it increased theMember States' cybersecurity capabilities, its implementation proved difficult, resulting in fragmentation at differentlevels across the internal market. To respond to the growing threats posed with digitalisation and the surge in cyber-attacks, the Commission has submitted a proposal to replace the NIS Directive and thereby strengthen the securityrequirements, address the security of supply chains, streamline reporting obligations, and introduce more stringentsupervisory measures and stricter enforcement requirements, including harmonised sanctions across the EU. Theproposed expansion of the scope covered by the NIS2, by effectively obliging more entities and sectors to takemeasures, would assist in increasing the level of cybersecurity in Europe in the longer term. Within the EuropeanParliament, the file has been assigned to the Committee on Industry, Research and Energy. The committee adoptedits report on 28 October 2021, as well as a mandate to enter into interinstitutional negotiations.

Briefing EN

Towards a joint Western alternative to the Belt and Road Initiative?Tipo de publicação Briefing

Data 01-12-2021Autor GRIEGER Gisela

Domínio de intervenção Assuntos Externos | Governação MundialResumo Since the People's Republic of China (PRC) launched its Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) in 2013, President Xi Jinping's

signature foreign policy project has drawn widespread criticism, including for challenging the traditional model ofmultilateral infrastructure financing. Western-led bilateral and plurilateral infrastructure and connectivity initiativesdesigned as alternatives have remained fragmented and have been dwarfed in scope and scale by a geographicallyand thematically rapidly expanding BRI, which has thrived on an attractive brand and a streamlined authoritarian one-stop-shop project management system. In contrast to Japan, it has taken the EU and the US years to respond withseparate regional strategies reflecting their distinct geopolitical outlook and economic relations with the PRC. Themanifold implications of the PRC's use of physical and digital infrastructure projects as a foreign policy tool to expandits sphere of influence both across the world and within international organisations have been widely under-estimated.At their 2021 G7 Summit, however, leaders from Canada, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, the UK and the US agreedon a global 'values-driven, high-standard and transparent infrastructure partnership', known as the 'Build Back BetterWorld' (B3W) initiative, which echoes US President Joe Biden's 2020 'Build Back Better' campaign trail slogan. It is thefirst collective attempt of major democracies to craft a sustainable and targeted alternative to the BRI and to addressthe challenges it poses to the rules-based international order. It seeks to help fill, by 2035, an infrastructure gap in lowand medium-income countries estimated at US$40+ trillion, by leveraging public development finance to mobiliseuntapped private-sector funds. Trends in the flows of global private infrastructure investment suggest that the initiativewill face opportunities and challenges. The European Parliament's 2021 resolution on connectivity and EU-Asiarelations calls for an EU global connectivity strategy as an extension of the 2018 Europe-Asia connectivity strategy, inorder to strengthen the EU's role as a geopolitical and geo-economic actor with a single narrative, and to broadenpartnerships with democracies across the world that share the EU's fundamental values.

Briefing EN

21-04-2022 Fonte : © União Europeia, 2022 - PE 119

EU action plan for the social economy: Pre-legislative synthesis of national, regional and local positionson the European Commission's initiative

Tipo de publicação BriefingData 01-12-2021

Autor COLLOVA Claudio | MILOTAY NoraDomínio de intervenção Política Social

Resumo This Briefing forms part of an EPRS series which offers a synthesis of the pre-legislative state-of-play and advanceconsultation on a range of key European Commission priorities during the latter's five-year term in office. It seeks tosummarise the state of affairs in the relevant policy field, examine how existing policy is working on the ground, andidentify best practice and ideas for the future on the part of governmental organisations at all levels of Europeansystem of multilevel governance. An EPRS analysis of the positions of partner organisations at European Union (EU),national, regional and local levels suggests that they would like the following main considerations to be reflected in thediscussion on the forthcoming European action plan for the social economy. There is broad consensus that access tofinance requires diversified funding options and that synergies should be established between regional, national andEU funds. Funding under Next Generation EU has the potential to be a positive game-changer for the social economyin Europe. When it comes to framework conditions, the need to increase the visibility of the social economy is widelyrecognised. Public authorities particularly suggest visualising the impact of social economy enterprises and setting upan online platform where social actors can interact. Access to markets could benefit from strengthening the business-to-government channel. Regional governmental organisations advocate stronger inter-regional cooperation within theEU. As an example of good practice, the European Committee of the Regions identifies the social economy thematicplatform under the smart specialisation strategy, which comprises seven regions in six Member States. According topublic authorities, some tools, the European social economy regions (ESER) scheme for example, could be furtherpromoted to strengthen the global dimension of the EU's neighbourhood policy. There is also further potential to link upwith the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) and the United Nations (UN). Somegovernmental organisations signalled their intention to invest in new technologies, such as cloud computing, big data,blockchain and robotisation. Finally, new business models could be created by paying attention to cross-cutting issuessuch as gender equality and the ability of the social economy to find solutions adapted to rural areas. Overall, thesocial economy is seen as a way to solve local problems, including employment, inclusion, care and education, with abottom-up approach.

Briefing EN

The misuse of social media platforms and other communication channels by authoritarian regimes:Lessons learned

Tipo de publicação Análise aprofundadaData 01-12-2021

Autor externo Lukas ANDRIUKAITIS, Jakub KALENSKY, Simin KARGAR, Elene PANCHULIDZE, Joanna SMĘTEK, AnastasVANGELI

Domínio de intervenção Coronavírus | Democracia | Democracia na UE, Direito Institucional e Direito Parlamentar | Direitos Humanos | Espaçode Liberdade, de Segurança e de Justiça | Questões de Género, Igualdade e Diversidade

Resumo Disinformation has continued to spread in recent years, receiving a significant boost during the COVID-19 pandemicand constituting one of the most pressing threats for democratic countries. Authoritarian regimes have played their partin the proliferation of manipulated content, particularly disinformation. This paper analyses recent instances of themisuse of social media platforms and other communication channels perpetrated by authoritarian regimes in Iran,China, and Russia to influence the public opinion and democratic processes in Yemen and Syria, Taiwan, andGeorgia, respectively, focusing on disinformation in particular. The authors draw lessons for the EU in relation to theactors involved, highlighting the impact of disinformation, the disparity of resources between perpetrators andresponders, and the importance of independent media and a whole-of-society approach. By juxtaposing localexperiences with analysis of EU instruments, the authors arrive at a set of recommendations, which highlight the needto: focus on various disinformation perpetrators beyond Russia; support independent media and civil society initiatives;collect comparable data within the EU; develop mechanisms targeting perpetrators and increasing the cost of engagingin disinformation; develop proactive and pre-emptive campaigns against disinformation; and increase coordination andcooperation within the EU around the issue of disinformation.

Análise aprofundada EN

World AIDS Day 2021: 1 DecemberTipo de publicação Em síntese

Data 30-11-2021Autor AMAND-EECKHOUT Laurence

Domínio de intervenção Saúde PúblicaResumo World AIDS Day, proclaimed by the United Nations in 1988, takes place each year on 1 December. The aim is to raise

awareness, fight prejudice, encourage progress in prevention, and improve treatment around the world. Althoughinfection with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is preventable, significant HIV transmission remains achallenge to EU Member States' health systems. This year's theme 'End inequalities. End AIDS.' underlines the urgentneed to tackle economic, social and cultural inequalities in order to end AIDS by 2030.

Em síntese DE, EN, FR

21-04-2022 Fonte : © União Europeia, 2022 - PE 120

Valéry Giscard d'Estaing: The optimist of the European integration processTipo de publicação Briefing

Data 30-11-2021Autor PERCHOC Philippe

Domínio de intervenção Democracia na UE, Direito Institucional e Direito ParlamentarPalavra-chave chefe de Estado | cronologia | França | história da Europa | movimento europeu | personalidade histórica |

personalidade política | promoção da ideia europeia | Sistema Monetário Europeu | união monetáriaResumo Valéry Giscard d'Estaing was one of Europe's leading figures in the generation which came after that of the founding

fathers. He was close to Jean Monnet, but he himself said that his main source of inspiration was Robert Schuman.For both Schuman and Valéry Giscard d'Estaing, their relationship with Germany was a thread running through theirlives. Valéry Giscard d'Estaing was born in Koblenz, Germany, where his father had been posted in the Frenchadministration after the First World War. Giscard d'Estaing was involved in the liberation of Paris at a very young ageand then in military operations at the end of the Second World War. After studying engineering, he chose a career inpublic administration, going on to be an economic adviser in various post-war French governments. He was laterelected as an MP in Auvergne, where his family had roots, and was then appointed Secretary of State for Finance atthe very young age of 32. He held various ministerial positions in this field, moving in European circles and spendingtime with colleagues from other European Community Member States. Elected French President in 1974, he favoureda policy of economic and social liberalism. His main accomplishments came in the areas of women's, young people'sand disabled persons' rights. At international level, he drew on the support of the German Chancellor, Helmut Schmidt,to develop political and monetary initiatives. Defeated in the 1981 elections, he continued his political career atregional, national and European level. He carried on working to bring about monetary union and develop the Franco-German partnership, before chairing the Convention on the Future of Europe, which culminated in the drafting of theConstitutional Treaty. Despite his disappointment at the rejection of that treaty, he continued to serve Europe until theend of his life.

Briefing DE, EN, FR

Prospects for EU economic recovery [What Think Tanks are thinking]Tipo de publicação Briefing

Data 30-11-2021Autor CESLUK-GRAJEWSKI Marcin

Domínio de intervenção Assuntos Económicos e Monetários | Saúde PúblicaPalavra-chave doença por coronavírus | epidemia | grupo de reflexão | previsão económica | publicação | recessão económica |

retoma económicaResumo Uncertainty is growing over the recovery of the European economy from the recession generated by the Covid-19

pandemic. The European Commission has painted an optimistic growth scenario in its most recent forecast, with theeconomy expected to expand by 5 per cent and 4.3 per cent in 2021 and 2022 respectively. However, an increasingnumber of analysts see the potential for growth dampened by new restrictions in the run-up to Christmas this yeargiven a fourth/fifth wave of the pandemic currently gripping Europe, compounded by the discovery of a new variant ofthe coronavirus. Higher inflation, partly resulting from high energy prices and disrupted supply chains, is also seen as athreat to the economy of the euro area and the wider EU, as are high public debt levels in many countries. This notegathers links to recent publications and commentaries from many international think tanks on the state of the Europeaneconomy and on debates on how to reform it.

Briefing EN

Rights of women and gender equality with regard to pay, treatment at work, labour market and careeropportunities in Iceland

Tipo de publicação BriefingData 30-11-2021

Autor FERNANDEZ LOPEZ LAURA | SCHONARD MartinaDomínio de intervenção Questões de Género, Igualdade e Diversidade

Resumo The Republic of Iceland is one of the smallest European countries, with a population of 370,000 inhabitants in 2021 . Itis an island state and its official language is Icelandic. Historically, geographically and politically, Iceland is connectedto the Scandinavian countries and is part of the Nordic countries, but does not belong to the EU. Iceland is a part of theEEA Agreement, which enables the country to enjoy the benefits of the EU’s single market without the full privilegesand responsibilities of EU membership. The country is also a member of the Council of Europe and the OSCE.

Briefing EN

21-04-2022 Fonte : © União Europeia, 2022 - PE 121

The European Council in 2019Tipo de publicação Estudo

Data 30-11-2021Autor WORUM ASTRID

Autor externo Dinan, DesmondDomínio de intervenção Democracia

Resumo The year 2019 provided a respite for the European Council from crisis management, but was not without majorchallenges. Three stood out: the Spitzenkandidaten process for selecting the next President of the EuropeanCommission; Brexit, which unexpectedly remained on the agenda of the European Council throughout the year; andpolicy towards climate change. The European Council had mixed feelings about the Spitzenkandidaten process, withone of its leading members being adamantly opposed. That set the stage for a bruising battle, which culminated in anepic special summit, lasting from 30 June to 2 July. None of the transnational parties’ lead candidates received theEuropean Council’s nomination. Instead, the European Council nominated a relative outsider, Ursula von der Leyen,as part of a package of appointments to leading EU positions, the cleverness of which managed to overcomedifferences among national leaders. Meanwhile, the inability of the UK government to win parliamentary support for theWithdrawal Agreement obliged the UK to request extensions of the deadline. Much to its surprise, the EuropeanCouncil met in the Article 50 format on four occasions in 2019, the last one being on 13 December, to discusspreparations for the negotiations on future EU-UK relations after the UK’s eventual departure, which happened on 31January 2020. Climate was another issue to the fore in 2019, as the European Council sought to reach unanimity on acommitment by the EU to cut net carbon emissions to zero by 2050. Failure to reach unanimity, during difficultnegotiations at the December summit, was seen as a setback for the new President of the European Council, CharlesMichel, who was attending his first meeting of the institution in that capacity.

Estudo EN

Trade aspects of the EU-Mercosur Association AgreementTipo de publicação Estudo

Data 30-11-2021Autor externo Jan Hagemejer, Andreas Maurer, Bettina Rudloff, Peter-Tobias Stoll, Stephen Woolcock, Andréia Costa Vieira,

Kristina Mensah, Katarzyna SidłoDomínio de intervenção Comércio internacional

Resumo In this study we analyse the provisions of the EU-Mercosur trade agreement (EUMETA) in its form presented by theEuropean Commission. Our analysis covers the potential macroeconomic effects of the agreement that are based onthe analysis of the extent of trade liberalisation through the lens of a computable general simulation model, as well asmore detailed analysis of trade structure, tariff structure, non-tariff protection and the trade-related provisions of theagreement including trade in services and government procurement. Moreover, we analyse the institutional provisionsof the EU-Mercosur Association agreement (EUMEAA) in relation to the positioning of the European Parliament andcivil society. We place a special focus on the agri-food sector and some selected sensitive subsectors. The quantitativeassessments are amended by qualitative analysis, in particular with regard to the trade and sustainable developmentchapter of the agreement, issues related to food security and an overview of existing approaches on sustainabledevelopment in the Mercosur countries.

Estudo EN

Envisioning International Justice: what role for the ICC?Tipo de publicação Estudo

Data 30-11-2021Autor externo Olympia BEKOU, Triestino MARINIELLO, Yvonne MCDERMOTT

Domínio de intervenção Assuntos Externos | Direito internacional público | Direitos Humanos | Governação MundialResumo The workshop discussed future scenarios for the International Criminal Court (ICC) and the EU’s engagement with the

court. Against the background of an ongoing review of the Court and the Rome Statute system, the workshop wasorganised upon the request of the European Parliament’s Subcommittee for Human Rights, and followed theappointment of a new ICC Prosecutor. Speakers identified key challenges for the Court, including: the unstable andfragmented political support by states; the mismatch between resources and growing demands for legal action,requiring difficult and well justified choices by the Prosecutor; allegations of bias and of politicisation; and the need foreffective communication with victims and affected communities. The workshop underscored the central role of the EUin upholding the ICC as a central pillar of the multilateral system, but drew also attention to complementary avenues foraccountability, such as the use of universal jurisdiction. This report brings together the background briefings preparedby law experts for the workshop and a summary of the debate with Members, academics, civil society experts and EUrepresentatives.

Estudo EN

Carbon farming | Making agriculture fit for 2030Tipo de publicação Estudo

Data 30-11-2021Autor externo Hugh McDonald, Ana Frelih-Larsen, Clunie Keenleyside, Anna Lóránt, Laurens Duin, Sarah Pyndt Andersen, Giulia

Costa, Gabrielle Aubert, Nora HillerDomínio de intervenção Ambiente

Resumo Carbon farming refers to sequestering and storing carbon and/or reducing greenhouse gas emissions at farm level. Itoffers significant but uncertain mitigation potential in the EU, can deliver co-benefits to farmers and society, but alsocarries risks that need to be managed. The report identifies opportunities and constraints for carbon farming, optionsfor financing, and open questions that need to be resolved to scale up carbon farming in a way that delivers robustclimate mitigation and European Union Green Deal objectives.

Estudo EN

21-04-2022 Fonte : © União Europeia, 2022 - PE 122

EU and US clean energy innovation policy: EU-US ExplainerTipo de publicação Em síntese

Data 29-11-2021Autor JENSEN LISELOTTE

Autor externo European Parliament Liaison Office in Washington DCDomínio de intervenção Energia

Resumo Achieving climate neutrality may depend on a few technologies: The International Energy Agency scenario for net zeroby 2070 predicts that half of the emissions reductions depend on low-carbon hydrogen, carbon capture, utilisation andstorage (CCUS), bioenergy, and electrification of end-use sectors such as heating and transport. Further investment inresearch and development (R&D) is essential for helping commercialise these technologies. Yet energy sector R&Dspending is stymied by high capital costs, long development timelines, and scarce opportunities for demonstration andde-risking. This drives away venture capital funds, which invested US$1 billion in US energy companies in 2019,compared to US$20 billion in healthcare and US$70 billion in information technology (IT) companies. Moreover, only asmall share of private clean energy investment supports innovative companies, with the majority financing maturetechnologies like wind and solar. In fact, solar is mature today largely thanks to R&D, which was the most importantdriver of cost reductions from 1980 to 2012, more decisive than economies of scale or 'learning by doing'. As the EUand USA increasingly recognise the potential locked in breakthrough, clean-energy technologies, they are upgradingtheir innovation journey with a focus on market deployment.

Em síntese EN

'Fit for 55' legislative package: Strengthening the CO2 emission performance standards for newpassenger cars and new light commercial vehicles

Tipo de publicação BriefingData 29-11-2021

Autor VIKOLAINEN VeraDomínio de intervenção Avaliação do Impacto ex-ante

Palavra-chave automóvel | gás de efeito de estufa | luta contra a poluição | neutralidade carbónica | norma ambiental | poluiçãoautomóvel | proposta (UE) | veículo ligeiro | veículo motorizado

Resumo The IA undertakes a quantitative assessment of the economic, social and environmental impacts of strengthening theCO2 targets for cars and vans, using modelling tools with proven track record in supporting EU policy-making. Itidentifies and quantifies the costs and benefits of the combination of preferred options and qualitatively describesindirect costs and benefits. Despite the related considerable effort, the IA seems to define the problem at a ratheraggregated level and does not provide further details as to which consumers, which parts of the value chain in whichMember States are affected and at what scale. Furthermore, the IA does not explain how the CTP scenarios - whichdefine the level of ambition increase for light- and heavy duty vehicles broadly as 'low', 'medium' or 'high' - resulted inthe CO2 emission target levels for 2035 and 2040.

Briefing EN

Public hearing with Elke König, Chair of the Single Resolution Board ECON on 1 December 2021Tipo de publicação Briefing

Data 29-11-2021Autor DIAS BORGES FARRAJOTA CATARINA | GRIGAITE KRISTINA | MAGNUS Marcel | SLOCOCK OLIVER | TEIXEIRA

DA CUNHA INESDomínio de intervenção Assuntos Bancários e Financeiros | Assuntos Económicos e Monetários

Palavra-chave audição pública | autoridade nacional competente | banco | controlo bancário | cooperação institucional | estabilidadefinanceira | instituição comunitária | país terceiro | reservas | solvibilidade financeira | supervisão financeira | uniãobancária da UE

Resumo This note is prepared in view of an ordinary public hearing with the Chair of the Single Resolution Board (SRB), ElkeKönig, which will take place on 1 December 2021. This briefing addresses the following topics: (i) cooperation withother authorities, (ii) home/host authorities and the issue of internal MREL, (iii) evolution of MREL stock and shortfalls,(iv) contributions to the Single Resolution Fund, and (v) summaries of external papers on the status quo ofimpediments to resolvability.

Briefing EN

Impediments to resolvability – what is the status quoTipo de publicação Estudo

Data 29-11-2021Autor externo Christos V. GORTSOS

Domínio de intervenção Assuntos Bancários e Financeiros | Assuntos Económicos e MonetáriosResumo This study develops on the status quo in relation to the assessment of resolvability of credit institutions and banking

groups in the Banking Union and the removal of substantive impediments to their resolvability under the EU legalframework governing banking resolution, as in force, taking due account of the policies developed in that respect bythe Single Resolution Board within the Single Resolution Mechanism.

Estudo EN

21-04-2022 Fonte : © União Europeia, 2022 - PE 123

Plenary round-up – November II 2021Tipo de publicação Em síntese

Data 26-11-2021Autor FERGUSON CLARE | SOCHACKA KATARZYNA

Domínio de intervenção Democracia na UE, Direito Institucional e Direito ParlamentarResumo Due to the deteriorating Covid 19 situation, the November II plenary session in Strasbourg was again organised with

the possibility for Members to vote remotely. Parliament debated a number of Council and European Commissionstatements, including on: coordination of Member States' coronavirus measures; police violence against Roma people;preparation of the 12th World Trade Organization Ministerial Conference; state of the Energy Union; a European actionplan against rare diseases; and on international port congestion and increased transport costs. Members also debatedthe conclusions of the European Council meeting of 21 22 October 2021, and heard Council and Commissionstatements on the situation in Bosnia and Herzegovina. Parliament adopted several resolutions and legislative acts,inter alia on a European strategy for critical raw materials, EU sports policy, and on a pharmaceutical strategy forEurope.

Em síntese EN

Strategic Compass: Towards adoptionTipo de publicação Em síntese

Data 26-11-2021Autor LAZAROU Eleni

Domínio de intervenção Assuntos ExternosResumo On 15 November 2021, High Representative of the Union for Foreign Affairs and Security Policy/Vice-President of the

Commission (HR/VP) Josep Borrell presented the draft European Union (EU) 'Strategic Compass'. Amidst geopoliticalcompetition, rising threats, accelerated technological development, climate crisis and global instability, the compassaims to facilitate a 'common sense of purpose' in Union security and defence, strengthen action, deepen partnerships,and stimulate innovation. On 30 November 2021, Parliament's Subcommittee on Security and Defence (SEDE) willhold an exchange of views on the state of play of the Strategic Compass.

Em síntese EN

European Commission Work Programme for 2022Tipo de publicação Briefing

Data 25-11-2021Autor HAHNKAMPER-VANDENBULCKE Nora | VETTORAZZI STEFANO

Domínio de intervenção Democracia na UE, Direito Institucional e Direito ParlamentarPalavra-chave Comissão Europeia | democracia | mercado único digital | neutralidade carbónica | papel internacional da UE |

programa de ação | promoção da ideia europeiaResumo On 19 October 2021, the European Commission presented its work programme for 2022 (CWP 2022), setting out its

legislative and non-legislative intentions for 2022. The CWP 2022 perpetuates the CWP 2021's twofold ambition (i.e. torecover from the pandemic and to boost the Commission's transformative agenda). A special emphasis is put onhelping the Union emerge stronger and more resilient. This should be achieved by implementing the measures agreedover the last year, and through additional investments and reforms in order to 'accelerate the twin green and digitaltransitions, and build a fairer, more resilient and more cohesive society'. The briefing is intended as a backgroundoverview for parliamentary committees, explaining the CWP 2022’s structure and key aspects, and providinginformation on two types of EPRS publications of interest with a view to the upcoming legislative proposals: initialappraisals of Commission impact assessments and implementation appraisals.

Briefing EN

21-04-2022 Fonte : © União Europeia, 2022 - PE 124

Resilience of global supply chains: Challenges and solutionsTipo de publicação Briefing

Data 25-11-2021Autor SZCZEPANSKI Marcin

Domínio de intervenção Comércio internacionalPalavra-chave acordo comercial (UE) | autoabastecimento | cadeia de abastecimento | comércio internacional | cooperação

internacional | doença por coronavírus | economia em transição | epidemia | globalização | país terceiro | segurança deabastecimento

Resumo The growing importance of global supply chains has fundamentally changed the way the global economy and goodsmanufacturing are organised. While trade conducted through global supply chains has fallen somewhat as a share oftotal trade since the 2008-2010 global financial and economic crisis, more than two-thirds of international trade stillinvolves transactions made possible by such chains. The EU is profoundly involved in these production chains, moreso than most other countries, and significantly more than both the United States and China. The pandemic disruptedmany supply chains at its outbreak, and the subsequent economic recovery, the strongest on record, led to enormousfurther strain on the global supply system; surging demand, coupled with shortages of workers, ships, containers, aircargo space and clogged ports, created a 'perfect storm'. Supply chain bottlenecks are starting to weigh on theeconomic recovery, slowing growth and leading to delays, holding back the manufacturing sector and fuelling inflation.The EU had recognised its strategic dependence on some foreign inputs even before the pandemic, and had started toseek ways to increase its autonomy – a quest which has been accelerated by the impact of the coronavirus. Toimprove the resilience of supply chains, the EU is applying a policy mix that aims to increase domestic capacity,diversify suppliers and support the multilateral rules-based trade environment; it has also enhanced its cooperationwith the US on supply chains. Other like-minded countries apply a similar policy mix, focusing on supporting reshoringor nearshoring. While this situation is not ideal, global supply chains are hard to reconfigure, and increasing theirresilience is a time-consuming and costly process. Moreover, most experts predict that reshoring or nearshoring will beof limited importance. With time, though, resilience may improve through international cooperation, diversification andthe accelerated uptake of digital technologies.

Briefing EN

Multimédia Resilience of global supply chains: Challenges and solutions

European Parliament scrutiny of FrontexTipo de publicação Briefing

Data 25-11-2021Autor DEL MONTE Micaela | LUYTEN KATRIEN

Domínio de intervenção Democracia na UE, Direito Institucional e Direito Parlamentar | Espaço de Liberdade, de Segurança e de JustiçaPalavra-chave afastamento | controlo fronteiriço | direitos do indivíduo | fronteira externa da UE | Frontex | política migratória da UE

Resumo Regulation (EU) 2019/1896 transformed Frontex into the European Border and Coast Guard Agency, and gave theEuropean Parliament a range of tools affording it oversight of the agency's activities. In addition to budgetarydischarge, these include an obligation for the agency to provide information to the Parliament, a key role for theParliament in appointing the agency's executive director, and attendance on invitation by a Parliament expert atFrontex management board meetings. These tools effectively make the Parliament the key player in terms ofdemocratic oversight of the agency. In 2020, amidst allegations of Frontex's possible involvement in pushbacks andviolations of fundamental rights by Member States' authorities at the EU's external borders, the Parliament'sCommittee on Civil Liberties, Justice and Home Affairs (LIBE) decided to investigate the allegations. The Parliamentused both ex-ante and ex-post accountability instruments, as part of which it asked questions demanding oral andwritten answers, requested the Frontex executive director to appear before the LIBE committee to answer Members'questions, and decided to postpone the discharge of Frontex' accounts in respect of the financial year 2019 (dischargewas subsequently given in October 2021). In January 2021, LIBE decided to step up its action and established theFrontex Scrutiny Working Group (FSWG) to monitor all aspects of the functioning of the agency, including compliancewith fundamental rights, and transparency and accountability towards Parliament. The FSWG conducted a fact-findinginvestigation, collected evidence and presented its final report in July 2021. While the report 'did not find evidence onthe direct performance of pushbacks and/or collective expulsions by Frontex in the serious incident cases that could beexamined', it found 'serious shortcomings'. This briefing looks at the accountability mechanisms at Parliament'sdisposal and how they have been used to ensure that migrants' fundamental rights are respected and upheld at theEU's external borders.

Briefing EN

A framework for foresight intelligence - Part 2: Online stakeholder engagementTipo de publicação Análise aprofundada

Data 25-11-2021Autor GARCIA HIGUERA ANDRES

Domínio de intervenção Agricultura e Desenvolvimento Rural | Educação | Política de Investigação | Política Social | Proteção dosConsumidores

Resumo The second part of the STOA study, 'A framework for technology foresight intelligence', this report deals with horizonstakeholder engagement for the strategic and practical purposes of the STOA Panel's activities. It analyses onlineengagement methods and tools and their suitability for brainstorming meetings, and for technology assessment andforesight projects. To gain insight and experience in the use of online methods and tools for engagement, these wereimplemented in one ongoing STOA project. For this purpose, STOA selected a typical foresight study, investigating acomplex issue that is the subject of controversy: gene-editing techniques for the future of farming in Europe. Expertsfrom the Danish Board of Technology Foundation guided the STOA team in setting up and running the procedure forthis project. This paper assesses the efficiency of online alternatives for foresight brainstorming meetings withcolleagues, MEPs, experts and selected stakeholders. These alternatives include traditional surveys (to ascertainsocietal concerns about possible future technological developments) and simple variants of Delphi-type surveys.

Análise aprofundada EN

21-04-2022 Fonte : © União Europeia, 2022 - PE 125

A framework for foresight intelligence - Part 1: Horizon scanning tailored to STOA's needsTipo de publicação Estudo

Data 25-11-2021Autor VAN WOENSEL Lieve

Domínio de intervenção Agricultura e Desenvolvimento Rural | Ambiente | Educação | Energia | Política de Investigação | Proteção dosConsumidores | Segurança Alimentar | Transportes

Resumo The first part of the STOA study 'A framework for technology foresight intelligence', this report includes a set of fivehorizon-scanning reports or 'radars', built with the resources of Futures Platform and covering several areas, includingthe world after Covid-19, disruptive futures, the Green Deal, food, and geoengineering. Horizon scanning is a disciplinethat could be harnessed to inform the future activities of the Panel for the Future of Science and Technology (STOA) atboth strategic and practical levels. However, as STOA does not have the working structure, human resources orexpertise necessary for continuous scanning, for the horizon scans in this study it used Futures Platform. FuturesPlatform is a professional trends knowledge platform that collects and analyses information on phenomena such astechnology, trends and signals, using AI-based tools and a team of foresight experts to anticipate future developments.These trends and signals were used to build a set of trend radars with a view to testing the feasibility of adding horizonscanning activities to STOA's methodological toolbox.

Estudo EN

El derecho a la salud, una perspectiva de Derecho Comparado: ArgentinaTipo de publicação Estudo

Data 25-11-2021Domínio de intervenção Avaliação da Legislação e das Políticas na Prática | Saúde Pública

Resumo Este documento se integra en una serie de estudios que, desde una perspectiva de Derecho Comparado, tienen comoobjeto analizar el derecho a la salud en diferentes ordenamientos jurídicos. Tras la explicación de la normativa y lajurisprudencia de aplicación, se examinan el contenido, los límites y la posible evolución de dicho derecho. El presenteestudio tiene por objeto el caso de Argentina. El Derecho a la Salud en Argentina es un derecho humano inserto en laconciencia colectiva como un valor social, sin embargo, la dimensión normativa contrasta con la realidad de unsistema de salud fragmentario e inequitativo, originado por la organización federal del Estado (el Estado nacional juntoa 24 entidades federadas) y la multiplicidad de sujetos al servicio de salud en tensión entre una matriz prestacionalprivada-mercantilista, financiada por intermediarios, y otra pública-estatal solidaria, universal y gratuita.

Estudo ES

Research for TRAN Committee: Relaunching transport and tourism in the EU after COVID-19 - Tourismsector

Tipo de publicação Em sínteseData 24-11-2021

Autor DEBYSER Ariane | LECARTE Jacques | PERNICE DavideDomínio de intervenção Coronavírus | Transportes | Turismo

Resumo This At a glance note summarises the study on Relaunching transport and tourism in the EU after COVID-19: Tourismsector

Em síntese EN

Research for TRAN Committee - Alternative fuels infrastructure for heavy-duty vehicles - final studyTipo de publicação Em síntese

Data 24-11-2021Autor DEBYSER Ariane | LECARTE Jacques | PERNICE Davide

Domínio de intervenção Ambiente | TransportesResumo This At a glance note summarises the study on Alternative fuels infrastructure for heavy-duty vehicles.

Em síntese EN

21-04-2022 Fonte : © União Europeia, 2022 - PE 126

Violence against women in the EU: State of playTipo de publicação Briefing

Data 24-11-2021Autor SHREEVES Rosamund

Domínio de intervenção Questões de Género, Igualdade e DiversidadePalavra-chave ajuda às vítimas | convenção internacional | desigualdade social | direitos da mulher | direitos humanos | discriminação

sexual | doença por coronavírus | epidemia | igualdade de género | mulher | violência doméstica | violência sexualResumo Violence against women is a violation of human rights and a form of gender-based discrimination. Rooted in

inequalities between men and women, it takes many forms. Estimates of the scale of the problem are alarming. Suchviolence has a major impact on victims and imposes a significant cost burden on society. The instruments put in placeby the United Nations and Council of Europe, including the latter's 'Istanbul Convention', to which the EU plans toaccede, are benchmarks in efforts to combat violence against women. The EU is tackling the problem in various ways,but has no binding instrument designed specifically to protect women from violence. Although there are similaritiesbetween national policies to combat violence against women, the Member States have adopted different approachesto the problem. Parliament's efforts have focused on strengthening EU policy in the area. Parliament has repeatedlycalled for a European Union strategy to counter violence against women, including a legally binding instrument.Stakeholders have expressed a range of concerns, including regarding the impact of the coronavirus pandemic andthe related need to expand and adapt support for victims, and have highlighted the need for a comprehensive EUpolitical framework on eliminating violence against women. They have also launched new initiatives of their own. Thisis a further update of an earlier briefing by Anna Dimitrova-Stull, of February 2014. The most recent previous editionwas from November 2020.

Briefing EN

Understanding EU policies for persons with disabilitiesTipo de publicação Briefing

Data 24-11-2021Autor LECERF Marie

Domínio de intervenção Questões de Género, Igualdade e DiversidadePalavra-chave assistência a inválidos | deficiente | discriminação fundada na deficiência | doença por coronavírus | epidemia |

estatísticas da saúde | igualdade de tratamento | recolha de dados | trabalhador com deficiênciaResumo Both the EU and its Member States have signed the UN Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities, and use

its definition of disability as a common reference at EU level. Bearing in mind that there is no other harmoniseddefinition of disability in the EU, and that there is a wide variety of statistical surveys in terms of questions asked andpopulation surveyed, a complete statistical assessment of disability in the EU does not yet exist. However, the annualEurostat statistics on income and living conditions survey reveals that, in Europe, the prevalence of disability is higheramong female, older and less educated respondents. Furthermore, studies show that the coronavirus pandemic hasaffected people with disabilities disproportionately more than others. The EU combats all forms of discriminationalongside and in support of its Member States. To improve the situation of disabled people, it has introduced a seriesof initiatives, programmes and strategies over a number of decades. The European Parliament has been highly activein the bid to end all forms of discrimination against disabled people since the start of the 1980s. In 1997, Article 13 ofthe European Community Treaty, introduced by the Treaty of Amsterdam, (now Article 19 of the Treaty on theFunctioning of the EU) on the human right not to suffer from discrimination on the grounds, in particular, of disability,paved the way for a genuine disability policy. The first step in this regard was the adoption of a 2001-2006 actionprogramme to combat discrimination. Later, the 2010-2020 European disability strategy sought to enable disabledpeople to exercise their rights and participate fully in society and the economy. A new 2021-2030 strategy,incorporating the lessons learned from its predecessor, seeks to ensure that all persons with disabilities in the EU,regardless of their sex, racial or ethnic origin, religion or belief, age or sexual orientation enjoy their human rights; haveequal access to participation in society and the economy; are able to decide where, how and with whom they live;move freely in the EU regardless of their support needs and, no longer experience discrimination.

Briefing EN

Revising the Effort-Sharing Regulation for 2021-2030: 'Fit for 55' packageTipo de publicação Briefing

Data 24-11-2021Autor YOUGOVA Dessislava

Domínio de intervenção AmbientePalavra-chave adaptação às alterações climáticas | controlo da poluição | estratégia da UE | gás de efeito de estufa | licença de

emissão da UE | neutralidade carbónica | proposta (UE) | vigilância do ambienteResumo The EU's effort-sharing legislation covers greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions in sectors not included in the EU

emissions trading system. A wide range of sources account for these emissions, such as petrol and diesel used forroad transport, energy used for heating and cooling in buildings, animal digestion and fertilisers used in agriculture,waste treatment, and small industries. To cut the emissions in these sectors, the EU effort-sharing legislationestablishes binding targets and sets up annual emissions allocations for each Member State for the 2013-2020 and2021-2030 periods. On 14 July 2021, the European Commission submitted a proposal on a regulation amending thebinding annual emissions reductions by Member States from 2021 to 2030. It reviews the collective and nationaltargets set up in the Effort-Sharing Regulation (ESR). The proposal is part of the 'fit for 55' package, which aims toadapt EU climate and energy legislation to the new EU objective of an at least 55 % reduction in net GHG emissionsby 2030 compared to 1990, in accordance with the recent European Climate Law. In order to contribute to the newclimate ambition, sectors covered by the ESR should achieve a collective reduction of 40 % in their emissions by 2030compared to 2005. The file has been referred to the European Parliament's Committee on Environment, Public Healthand Food Safety (ENVI). Initial debates have been held and a draft report is being prepared. First edition. The 'EULegislation in Progress' briefings are updated at key stages throughout the legislative procedure.

Briefing EN

21-04-2022 Fonte : © União Europeia, 2022 - PE 127

El derecho a la salud, una perspectiva de Derecho Comparado: EspañaTipo de publicação Estudo

Data 24-11-2021Domínio de intervenção Avaliação da Legislação e das Políticas na Prática | Saúde Pública

Resumo Este documento se integra en una serie de estudios que, desde una perspectiva de Derecho Comparado, tienen comoobjeto analizar el derecho a la salud en diferentes ordenamientos jurídicos. Tras la explicación de la normativa y lajurisprudencia de aplicación, se examinan el contenido, los límites y la posible evolución de dicho derecho. El presentetrabajo examina la naturaleza y evolución del derecho a la salud en el ordenamiento jurídico español, consagrado enel artículo 43 de la Constitución española. A tal fin, el trabajo examina en primer lugar su origen histórico en Derechoespañol, así como su desarrollo en el ordenamiento jurídico positivo y en la doctrina jurisprudencial del TC.Posteriormente, se propone un concepto del derecho en el ordenamiento español, se analiza su relación de conflictocon otros derechos fundamentales y, en fin, se abordan las posibles “áreas grises” cohonestadas con el mismo. Eltrabajo concluye analizando el estatus de protección del derecho en nuestro ordenamiento, así como los principalesretos de futuro a que se enfrenta en las próximas décadas.

Estudo ES

EU-Belarus relations: State of play - Human rights situationTipo de publicação Briefing

Data 23-11-2021Autor PRZETACZNIK Jakub | RUSSELL Martin

Domínio de intervenção Assuntos ExternosPalavra-chave Bielorrússia | chefe de Estado | democratização | eleição presidencial | medida restritiva da UE | migração ilegal |

movimento de defesa dos direitos do homem | regime autoritário | repressão | Rússia | sanção económica | sançãointernacional

Resumo Over the summer and autumn of 2021, in what is increasingly viewed as a hybrid warfare tactic aimed at destabilisingEurope, Aliaksandr Lukashenka's Belarussian regime has instrumentalised migrants, manipulating the organisation offlights from the Middle East to Minsk and deliberately orchestrating migrants' onward travel to the EU-Belarus border.With weather conditions endangering migrants' lives, the situation has also led to serious humanitarian consequences.This activity – which many argue also aims at distracting attention from the worsening situation of freedom in thecountry, with attacks against independent society, journalists and electronic media users – is only the latest in a stringof events underlining deteriorating EU relations with Belarus. The Lukashenka regime has been isolated since thefalsified presidential elections of August 2020, and the brutal crackdown against peacefully protesting Belarusians.Instead of embracing dialogue with the democratic opposition and wider Belarusian society, Lukashenka choseanother path, involving continued brutal repression of the country's citizens. The worsening human rights situation andhijacking of Ryanair flight FR 4978, in June 2021, provoked a response from the EU. This includes a ban on Belarusianair carriers landing in or overflying the EU, a major extension of the list of people and entities already subject tosanctions, and the introduction of sanctions on key sectors of the Belarusian economy. The European Parliament playsan active part in shaping this EU response. Parliament does not recognise Lukashenka's presidency and has spokenout on human rights abuses in Belarus. Awarded Parliament's 2020 Sakharov Prize, the Belarusian democraticopposition is frequently invited to speak for the Belarusian people in the European Parliament. Following the recentdevelopments, Sviatlana Tsikhanouskaya will make a formal address to the European Parliament in plenary session,on 24 November 2021. This Briefing updates a previous edition, published in July 2021.

Briefing EN

The Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN): The EU's strategic partner in AsiaTipo de publicação Briefing

Data 23-11-2021Autor RUSSELL Martin

Domínio de intervenção Assuntos ExternosPalavra-chave ANASE | cooperação cultural | cooperação económica | cooperação internacional | cooperação política | manutenção

da paz | parceria internacional da UE | países da ANASE | relações internacionais | segurança regionalResumo Founded in 1967, the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) is often compared with the EU. Both

organisations brought together former adversaries and successfully resolved tensions through cooperation, helping tobring peace and prosperity to their regions. However, the EU and ASEAN operate in very different ways. ASEAN is astrictly intergovernmental organisation in which decisions are based on consensus. While this approach has made itdifficult for south-east Asian countries to achieve the same level of integration as the EU, it has also enabled ASEAN toaccommodate huge disparities among its 10 member states. In 2003, south-east Asian leaders decided to takecooperation to another level by setting up an ASEAN Community. To this end, they adopted a charter in 2007, thoughwithout fundamentally changing the nature of the organisation's decision-making or giving it stronger institutions. Thecommunity has three pillars: political-security, economic, and socio-cultural. ASEAN's impact has been uneven. Theorganisation is an effective platform for cooperation between its member states and the wider Indo-Pacific region, butits goal of promoting peaceful cooperation is undermined by growing geopolitical tensions, especially in the SouthChina Sea. There has been significant economic integration, even if the goal of an EU-style single market is a longway off. On the other hand, south-east Asians still perceive ASEAN as an elite project with little impact on their dailylives. EU-ASEAN relations span four decades and have steadily deepened, building on common values as well asbooming trade and investment. In 2020, the two sides upgraded to a strategic partnership. This Briefing updates aprevious one, published in November 2020.

Briefing EN

21-04-2022 Fonte : © União Europeia, 2022 - PE 128

COP26 climate change conference: OutcomesTipo de publicação Em síntese

Data 22-11-2021Autor JENSEN LISELOTTE

Domínio de intervenção Ambiente | Energia | Indústria | TransportesResumo Following prolonged talks, the 26th Conference of the Parties ended late on 13 November 2021. With countries'

nationally determined contributions (NDC) ahead of the event leading to an estimated 2.7°C warming towards the endof the century, the host, the United Kingdom, set the goal to keep a limit of 1.5°C warming within reach.

Em síntese EN

The public sector loan facility under the Just Transition MechanismTipo de publicação Briefing

Data 22-11-2021Autor MAZUR Sidonia

Domínio de intervenção Assuntos Económicos e Monetários | OrçamentoPalavra-chave ajuda da UE | ajuda regional | alteração climática | desenvolvimento regional | economia circular | economia verde |

empresa pública | empréstimo concedido pela UE | política do ambiente da UE | proposta (UE)Resumo The public sector loan facility (PSLF) is the third pillar of the Just Transition Mechanism (JTM), along with the Just

Transition Fund and just transition scheme under Invest EU. The facility consists of a grant and a loan component.With the contribution of €1.525 billion for the grant component from the Union budget (including assigned revenues)and EIB lending of €10 billion from its own resources, the aim is for the public sector loan facility to mobilise between€25 and 30 billion in public investment over the 2021-2027 period. Funding will be available to all Member States,while focusing on the regions with the biggest transition challenges. In the European Parliament, the Committee onBudgets (BUDG) and the Committee on Economic and Monetary Affairs (ECON) had joint responsibility for this file.Their report was adopted at a joint sitting of the two committees on 16 October 2020. The provisional agreement onthe proposal reached after trilogue negotiations with the Council was confirmed in plenary session of the Parliament on24 June 2021. The Council adoption followed on 13 July, the Regulation was then signed on 14 July and published inthe Official Journal on 30 July 2021. Second edition of a Briefing originally drafted by Christiaan Van Lierop andSidonia Mazur. The 'EU Legislation in Progress' briefings are updated at key stages throughout the legislativeprocedure.

Briefing EN

Multimédia The public sector loan facility under the Just Transition Mechanism

Stablecoins: Private-sector quest for cryptostabilityTipo de publicação Briefing

Data 22-11-2021Autor DELIVORIAS Angelos

Domínio de intervenção Assuntos Económicos e MonetáriosPalavra-chave empresa privada | estabilidade financeira | informatização | moeda eletrónica | moeda virtual | risco financeiro |

sistema de pagamentoResumo In just over a decade, the payment industry has seen the launch of cryptocurrencies and their explosive growth, driven

by progress in digital technology applications. However, owing to a range of factors, not least their significant volatility,cryptocurrencies have not been adopted on a massive scale, but instead are used largely for speculative purposes.Both national authorities and the private sector have attempted to tackle volatility. The private sector's answer wasstablecoins, that is, cryptocurrencies that aim to keep a stable value relative to a specified asset, or a pool of assets.There are currently three means by which stablecoins achieve this: legal assets, crypto-assets and algorithms. Theuse of stablecoins may enhance financial inclusion, both in developed and developing markets, and might boostoverseas payments in general and remittances in particular. Stablecoins may also have a positive impact oninternational trade, and may contribute to the development of global payment arrangements. There are potentialeconomic risks, however, stemming either from stablecoins' legal characterisation or from governance matters or thecoins' operational resilience. Further concerns are that stablecoins may be used for money laundering or terroristfinancing activities, that consumers may not be adequately protected, and that stablecoins may impede monetarypolicy or propagate financial shocks and generate financial contagion. To tackle these issues, national authorities inmajor economies are taking two complementary approaches: having central banks establish central bank digitalcurrencies ('public stablecoins') and regulating stablecoin use. In the EU, the centrepiece is the European Commissionproposal for a regulation on markets in crypto-assets, adopted in September 2020 and currently under review by theco-legislators – the European Parliament and the Council.

Briefing EN

21-04-2022 Fonte : © União Europeia, 2022 - PE 129

Femicide, its causes and recent trends: What do we know?Tipo de publicação Briefing

Data 22-11-2021Autor externo Consuelo, CORRADI

Domínio de intervenção Direitos Humanos | Questões de Género, Igualdade e DiversidadePalavra-chave condição feminina | direitos cívicos | direitos da mulher | discriminação sexual | homicídio | mulher | violência

doméstica | violência sexualResumo Femicide is a violation of the basic human rights to life, liberty and personal security, as well as an obstacle to social

and economic development. The term indicates the act of intentionally killing a female person, either woman or girl,because of her gender, and it is the end-result of combined risk factors existing at the level of the individual,interpersonal relations, community and society. This crime displays three prominent characteristics: women aredisproportionately killed by men; victims have previously experienced non-lethal violence; the rate at which women arekilled tends to remain steady over time. Estimates indicate that 87 000 women were intentionally killed in 2017, but theexact number is unknown and suspected to be higher. The COVID-19 pandemic has worsened the situation andreduced access to services. Femicide’s classification differs according to context, but most significantly includes:killing by an intimate partner or family member; honour, dowry and witch-hunting deaths; femicide-suicide; pre- andpost-natal excess female mortality; infanticide; and deliberate neglect, rooted in a preference for sons over daughters.Collecting accurate data is a strategic goal and necessary to facilitate the design of effective policies.

Briefing EN

Preventing, protecting, providing access to justice: How can states respond to femicide?Tipo de publicação Briefing

Data 22-11-2021Autor externo Tamsin BRADLEY

Domínio de intervenção Direitos Humanos | Questões de Género, Igualdade e DiversidadePalavra-chave acesso à justiça | condição feminina | direitos da mulher | discriminação sexual | estudo comparativo | homicídio |

igualdade de género | mulher | violência sexualResumo Growing awareness of femicide has not universally translated into effective policy and programming. Though

legislation relating to gender-based violence and/or femicide exists in many countries, both persist. A combined social,cultural, political and economic approach situates femicide prevention and responses at various levels, includingchanges in individual behaviour. Using the term ‘femicide’ more frequently at international forums is crucial not only tofocus attention on the gendered nature of violence but also to act as a call for action. Situational studies reveal thatpolitical will to end femicide differs from country to country. Femicide together with the patriarchal norms and misogynythat precipitate it are not just extra-EU problems. Rather, they are of global concern, demanding a global response; innon-EU countries this response is often dependent on donor funding. We now know more than ever what works toreverse patterns of violence. These patterns can be broken by developing the capacity of women’s organisations andstrengthening global feminist movements that work with national and local activist networks. Additionally, engagingmen and boys in this process of transformation is vital if we are to address violence against women and girls andultimately end femicide.

Briefing EN

Adoption of the European Union's 2022 BudgetTipo de publicação Em síntese

Data 19-11-2021Autor MAZUR Sidonia

Domínio de intervenção OrçamentoResumo During the November II plenary session, the European Parliament is due to adopt the European Union's general

budget for 2022. In practice, Parliament will vote on the provisional agreement reached on 15 November 2021 duringthe budgetary conciliation between Parliament and the Council. If agreed, commitment appropriations for 2022 willamount to €169.5 billion and payments to €170.6 billion. The negotiations also reached agreement on Amending LetterNo 1 to the 2022 budget (AL 1/2022) and draft amending budgets 5 and 6 to the 2021 budget (DAB 5/2021 and DAB6/2021). The annual budgetary negotiations this year took place in the dynamic context of the Covid 19 pandemic,climate debates and humanitarian crises.

Em síntese EN

The Istanbul Convention: A tool for combating violence against women and girlsTipo de publicação Em síntese

Data 19-11-2021Autor JURVISTE Ulla | SHREEVES Rosamund

Domínio de intervenção Questões de Género, Igualdade e DiversidadeResumo The Council of Europe Convention on preventing and combating violence against women and domestic violence

(Istanbul Convention) is the first instrument in Europe to set legally binding standards specifically to prevent gender-based violence, protect victims of violence and punish perpetrators. EU accession to the Istanbul Convention is one ofthe priorities in the EU 2020-2025 gender equality strategy. The EU signed the Convention in June 2017. Accessionnow requires a Council Decision and prior consent by the European Parliament. Parliament adopted an interimresolution in September 2017 and continues to review progress.

Em síntese EN

Multimédia Combating gender-based violence at EU level

21-04-2022 Fonte : © União Europeia, 2022 - PE 130

Revision of Regulation (EU) 913/2010 concerning a European rail network for competitive freightTipo de publicação Briefing

Data 19-11-2021Autor BACIAN Izabela Cristina

Domínio de intervenção Aprovação da Legislação pelo PE e pelo Conselho | TransportesPalavra-chave Acordo de Paris sobre Alterações Climáticas | gás de efeito de estufa | infraestrutura do transporte | método de

avaliação | neutralidade carbónica | política comum dos transportes | rede de transporte | rede ferroviária |regulamento (UE) | transporte de mercadorias

Resumo Boosting rail freight transport is an essential pillar of the European Union's long-term policy to make transport moresustainable by cutting greenhouse gas emissions and decarbonising the sector. However, rail freight transport hasfaced numerous barriers in its development, and its growth is held back by its lack of competitiveness with othermodes of transport such as road transport. Regulation (EU) 913/2010 was designed to facilitate rail freight transportacross the EU rail network, through the creation of rail freight corridors, but the potential of those corridors has notbeen fully exploited. While the regulation was conducive to enhanced cooperation across borders, its implementationdid not lead to an increase in rail freight transport along the corridors, with insufficient coordination on trafficmanagement and infrastructure works. Against this backdrop, the Commission has launched a two-step revisionprocess for Regulation (EU) 913/2010. The first step consists of a limited revision, in conjunction with a revision of theTrans-European Transport Network Regulation, focused on aspects of geographical alignment, governance andinvestment planning. The second step will be a wider revision leading to a recast proposal scheduled for the lastquarter of 2022.

Briefing EN

Fit for 55 package: Energy from renewable sourcesTipo de publicação Briefing

Data 19-11-2021Autor DALLI HUBERT

Domínio de intervenção Ambiente | Avaliação do Impacto ex-ante | Energia | IndústriaPalavra-chave consumo de energia | energia renovável | estudo de impacto | política energética da UE | produção de energia |

proposta (UE) | recurso renovável | redução das emissões de gases | rendimento energéticoResumo The Commission is proposing a new directive to amend the 2018 directive on the promotion of energy from renewable

sources. This initial appraisal of the Commission’s impact assessment on the proposal finds that the impactassessment draws a clear logic between the problems, their drivers, the objectives and the policy interventions underconsideration. However, the the vast amount of work which must have gone into such an assessment is to someextent impaired by the inconsistent, unclear presentation of options and the equivocal identification of preferredoptions. Also, the IA is not clear as to how it ultimately settles on the specific target of 40%. While the IA was clearly anextremely complex exercise and appears to be based on reliable data, analysis and modelling, different choices as toits organisation and presentation would have likely considerably improved the IA’s clarity and readability and its abilityto support the policy choices made in the proposal.

Briefing EN

Alternative fuel vehicle infrastructure and fleets: State of playTipo de publicação Briefing

Data 19-11-2021Autor SOONE Jaan

Domínio de intervenção TransportesPalavra-chave alteração climática | autocarro | combustível | infraestrutura do transporte | poluição automóvel | recursos energéticos |

redução das emissões de gases | veículo de carga | veículo motorizado | veículo não poluenteResumo In December 2019 the European Commission published a communication on the Green Deal, in which it outlined its

priorities to transform the EU into a resource-efficient and competitive economy and to meet the EU's climatecommitments. Subsequently, in line with the Green Deal, the European Climate Law was adopted in July 2021, settingin law the EU target for 2030 of reducing greenhouse gas emissions by at least 55 % compared with 1990 levels. Todeliver the targets agreed in the European Climate Law, the Commission adopted a set of legislative proposals knownas the 'Fit for 55' package on 14 July 2021. To speed up emissions reductions in transport, the package includesproposals to tighten the emissions trading scheme and widen its scope, proposals to increase the use of alternativefuels in aviation and shipping, stricter CO2 emissions standards for road vehicles, and a proposal to amend theAlternative Fuels Infrastructure Directive (AFID) and transform it into a regulation. This briefing provides a snapshot ofthe current state of play in alternative fuels recharging and refuelling points, and in the number of alternative fuelvehicles in circulation in EU countries. Since the adoption of the AFID in 2014, infrastructure deployment for thevarious alternative fuels in road transport has grown, however differences persist between Member States. Similarly,the uptake of alternatively fuelled vehicles differs between Member States, and petrol and diesel engines continue todominate vehicle fleets. Nonetheless, the market for electric vehicles has strongly matured, and the market forhydrogen fuel cell vehicles has also developed. The market for natural gas and liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) vehiclesis mature and has seen slow growth, but vehicles have remained concentrated in a few Member States. The briefingalso summarises recent projections for future take-up of these vehicles. See also the EPRS 'EU Legislation inprogress' briefing on the revision of the Directive on the Deployment of Alternative Fuels Infrastructure (AFID).

Briefing EN

21-04-2022 Fonte : © União Europeia, 2022 - PE 131

Sustainability provisions in EU free trade agreements: Review of the European Commission action planTipo de publicação Briefing

Data 19-11-2021Autor TITIEVSKAIA Jana

Domínio de intervenção Assuntos ExternosPalavra-chave acordo comercial (UE) | acordo de comércio livre | Coreia do Sul | desenvolvimento sustentável | negociação de

acordo (UE) | parceiro social | país terceiro | política para as alterações climáticas | ratificação de acordo | resoluçãode diferendos | sociedade civil | transparência do processo de decisão

Resumo Sustainability-related provisions are a key part of international trade negotiations. Since the free trade agreement(FTA) signed with South Korea in 2009, EU trade deals each include dedicated trade and sustainable development(TSD) chapters encompassing issues such as environment, labour rights, climate change and responsible businessconduct. In an effort to step up implementation and enforcement of these chapters, in 2018 the Commission publisheda non-paper setting out a 15-point action plan. In the new trade strategy, the 2021 Trade Policy Review, theCommission signalled the early launch of a review of the action plan and held an exchange of views with the EuropeanParliament in July 2021. Parliament has long been an advocate for stronger enforcement and implementation of TSDcommitments. In the three years since the action plan's launch, the Commission – in cooperation with Member States,EU institutions, stakeholders and international organisations – has advanced on many of the proposed actions. Forinstance, EU funding was mobilised to support civil society engagement and responsible business conduct. Assertiveenforcement of TSD commitments materialised in the form of a concluded dispute with South Korea on labour issues.The establishment of the EU chief trade enforcement officer has strengthened the Commission's enforcementcapabilities. Provisions on climate change, including a reference to the Paris Agreement, and widened labourprovisions are all part of recent trade negotiations. However, the action suggesting extending the scope of civil societyinput beyond the TSD chapters to trade agreements as a whole has so far mainly only been reflected in the Trade andCooperation Agreement between the EU und the United Kingdom. Meanwhile, the objective of early ratification of thefundamental International Labour Organization conventions continues to be challenging with many partner countries.

Briefing EN

Research for TRAN Committee: Relaunching transport and tourism in the EU after COVID-19 - Tourismsector

Tipo de publicação EstudoData 19-11-2021

Autor externo Ljubica KNEZEVIC CVELBAR, Maria RODRIGUES, Tharsis TEOH, Barbara ANTONUCCI, Nicole CUTRUFO, LidiaMARONGIU

Domínio de intervenção Agricultura e Desenvolvimento Rural | Coronavírus | Transportes | TurismoResumo This thematic briefing provides the European Parliament’s Committee on Transport and Tourism (TRAN) with an

overview of the repercussions of the COVID-19 pandemic on the tourism sector, as well as policy recommendations toaddress the challenges emerging from the crisis.

Estudo EN

Síntese ES, DE, EN, FR, IT

Kyrgyz political landscape ahead of electionsTipo de publicação Em síntese

Data 18-11-2021Autor RUSSELL Martin

Domínio de intervenção Assuntos ExternosResumo Kyrgyzstan is the most democratic but also the least stable of the former Soviet Central Asian republics. The most

recent upheaval resulted in the cancellation of the October 2020 parliamentary elections. New elections scheduled forNovember 2021 are likely to consolidate the position of Sadyr Japarov, the country's new president. A controversialnew constitution raises concerns over the future of Kyrgyz democracy.

Em síntese EN

21-04-2022 Fonte : © União Europeia, 2022 - PE 132

Revision of the TEN-E Regulation: EU guidelines for new energy infrastructureTipo de publicação Briefing

Data 18-11-2021Autor WILSON Alex Benjamin

Domínio de intervenção Aprovação da Legislação pelo PE e pelo Conselho | EnergiaPalavra-chave cooperação energética | distribuição de eletricidade | distribuição de gás | energia renovável | neutralidade carbónica |

projeto de interesse comum | rede energética | rede transeuropeia | regulamento (UE) | revisão da leiResumo On 15 December 2020, the European Commission adopted a proposal to revise the 2013 regulation on trans-

European networks in energy (TEN-E). This proposal is currently the subject of interinstitutional 'trilogue' negotiations,which started after both the European Parliament (October 2021) and the Council of the EU (June 2021) had adoptedformal negotiating positions. The 2013 TEN-E Regulation sets out EU guidelines for cross-border energy infrastructure,and outlines the process for selecting projects of common interest (PCI). PCIs are infrastructure projects consideredessential for delivering on EU objectives in the energy field, including improved interconnection between nationalmarkets, greater competitiveness, security of supply, and promotion of renewable energy sources. The list of PCIs isupdated every two years. Certain PCI projects are eligible for EU financing from the Connecting Europe Facility (CEF).The revised TEN-E Regulation would align closely with the climate neutrality objectives of the European Green Deal:supporting energy infrastructure that consolidates new and existing clean energy technologies, and ending policy andfinancial support for fossil fuel projects. The latter would no longer be included on PCI lists and therefore unable toreceive CEF funding.

Briefing EN

United Nations Food Systems Summit 2021: Process, challenges and the way forwardTipo de publicação Briefing

Data 18-11-2021Autor CAPRILE ANNA

Domínio de intervenção Agricultura e Desenvolvimento Rural | Ajuda Humanitária e Desenvolvimento | Segurança AlimentarPalavra-chave cimeira | Conferência ONU | consumo alimentar | hábito alimentar | nutrição | produção alimentar

Resumo The culmination of two years' preparatory work and worldwide mobilisation events, the United Nations Food SystemsSummit took place on 23 September 2021. The idea behind the summit, initiated by United Nations Secretary-GeneralAntónio Guterres, was to start a process of transforming the way the world produces, consumes and thinks about food– as a crucial step in progressing on all 17 sustainable development goals (SDGs). The summit was announced inOctober 2019 – before the Covid 19 pandemic became a hunger crisis in many parts of the world – and the stakeshave since risen acutely, bringing a new sense of urgency and creating an opportunity to boost the level of reformambition for global food systems. More than 150 countries took part in the event, which took place entirely on line,wrapping up a process that has generated a remarkable level of mobilisation and public debate through multipleplatforms. Although the summit revealed ample consensus on the need for a radical reform of food systems, it alsoevidenced profound divergences as to how to approach the daunting tasks ahead. A follow-up mechanism has beendesigned to advance the national and global transformative actions announced at the summit, and the United NationsSecretary-General will convene a global stock-taking meeting every two years to measure progress. This briefingupdates an earlier edition, published in September 2021 ahead of the Summit.

Briefing EN

The United Kingdom's possible re-joining of the 2007 Lugano ConventionTipo de publicação Briefing

Data 18-11-2021Autor MAŃKO Rafał

Domínio de intervenção Direito da UE: Ordenamento Jurídico e Atos JurídicosPalavra-chave adesão a um acordo | conflito de competências | convenção internacional | cooperação judiciária civil na UE | direito

internacional privado | execução de sentença | PTU do Reino Unido | Reino Unido | retirada da UEResumo The 2007 Lugano Convention is an international treaty that regulates the free movement of court judgments in civil

cases between the Member States of the EU, on one hand, and the three EFTA states (Switzerland, Norway andIceland), on the other. The convention effectively extends the regime of quasi-automatic recognition and enforcementof judgments that was applicable between EU Member States at the time under the Brussels I Regulation (No44/2001). Whereas the EU rules currently in force regulating the free movement of judgments in civil cases betweenthe EU Member States – the 2012 Brussels I-bis Regulation (1215/2012) – bring about an even higher level ofintegration and presume, therefore, a very high level of mutual trust between the national judiciaries of the MemberStates, relations between the EU and EFTA Member States remain at the level of integration prescribed in 2001 by theBrussels I Regulation. Following the expiry of the transition period provided for by the Withdrawal Agreement betweenthe United Kingdom (UK) and the EU, the UK is no longer bound by either the Brussels I-bis Regulation or the 2007Lugano Convention. Given the fact that the latter is open not only to EU and EFTA Member States, but also explicitlyto third countries, the UK has made a bid to re-join the Lugano Convention. For a third country to become part of thislegal regime, all parties to the convention must give their explicit consent. Whereas this has been the case withSwitzerland, Norway and Iceland, the European Commission, acting on behalf of the EU as a party to the 2007 LuganoConvention, has indicated that it is not prepared to grant such consent, effectively blocking – for the moment – theUK's reintegration within the Lugano regime of mutual recognition of civil judgments. For the Commission, accession tothe Lugano regime is bound up with the notion of close economic integration with the EU, presupposing a high level ofmutual trust. Participation in the Lugano system should not therefore be offered to any third country that is not part ofthe internal market.

Briefing EN

21-04-2022 Fonte : © União Europeia, 2022 - PE 133

Decarbonisation of EnergyTipo de publicação Estudo

Data 18-11-2021Autor externo Georg ZACHMANN et al., Bruegel

Domínio de intervenção Energia | IndústriaResumo Decarbonising the energy system requires a fundamental transformation in the way societies provide, transport and

consume energy. Disagreement exists over how this system should look in 2050. The large-scale expansion of low-carbon electricity, phase-out of unabated fossil fuels, and widespread direct electrification are uncontroversial. In morecontroversial areas, like the deployment of hydrogen and synthetic methane, policy should forcefully explore optionsand be willing to accept and learn from failures. This report discusses concrete policy options for doing so. Thisdocument was provided by the Policy Department for Economic, Scientific and Quality of Life Policies at the request ofthe committee on Industry, Research and Energy (ITRE).

Estudo EN, IT

21-04-2022 Fonte : © União Europeia, 2022 - PE 134