Late Palaeolithic settlement pattern in palaeogeographical context of the river valleys in the Koło...

Late Palaeolithic settlement pattern in palaeogeographical context of

the river valleys in the Koło Basin (Central Poland)

Dominik K. Płaza a, Piotr Kittel b, *, Joanna Petera-Zganiacz b, Danuta A. Dzieduszy�nska b,Juliusz Twardy b

a Museum of Archaeology and Ethnography in Ł�od�z, Plac Wolno�sci 14, 91-415 Ł�od�z, Polandb University of Ł�od�z, Faculty of Geographical Sciences, Department of Geomorphology and Palaeogeography, ul. Narutowicza 88, 90-139 Ł�od�z, Poland

a r t i c l e i n f o

Article history:

Available online xxx

Keywords:

Tanged point complex

Sviderian Culture

Camp sites

Settlement natural conditions

River valley palaeogeography

Aller€od/Younger Dryas transition

a b s t r a c t

The palaeogeography of the mid-Warta River valley in the Koło Basin in the Aller€od and Younger Dryas

periods is well recognised. Record of subfossil trees is evidence of the existence of the riparian pine-birch

forest in the valley floor in the Aller€od/Younger Dryas transition and in the early Younger Dryas. In the

late Younger Dryas, the flood activity increased, which resulted in covering the valley floor with a thick

layer of sandy and silty sandy overbank alluvia. Traces of settlement of people of only one archaeological

culture dated to the Late Palaeolithic are recorded in the Koło Basin e i.e. the Tanged Point Complex,

called in Polish territories the Sviderian Culture. The sites are camp sites remnants of hunteregathering

groups of the Aller€od and the Younger Dryas. Most sites are situated on dunes, cover sands or edges and

slopes of river terraces. This paper focuses on the settlement pattern and the raw material distribution

which indicate a highly mobile life-style and significance of human contacts in the Younger Dryas. In the

relatively stable environmental conditions of the late Aller€od and in the very beginning of Younger Dryas,

when the area was covered by forest, the first Tanged Point Complex communities arrived. The forest

landscape was rich in natural resources and suitable for hunting. Later in the Younger Dryas, a climatic

change caused the increase of floods, permafrost reactivation and riparian forest extinction. Human

groups moved away from the area. The occurrence of exotic raw material confirms migration of hunter

groups in the late Younger Dryas in the latitudinal direction. Camp sites were situated on more elevated

inland surfaces of terraces and dunes. Most probably at the end of the Younger Dryas, Sviderian hunters

migrated from the Koło Basin and followed the herds of animals far north. After the stabilization of

environmental conditions, hunters came back to the Koło Basin.

© 2014 Elsevier Ltd and INQUA. All rights reserved.

1. Introduction

Every change in the natural environment influenced the

behaviour of communities, especially taking into consideration the

Late Weichselian decline, when climatic changes were rapid and

involved dynamic transformations of other components of the

environment. The scale of this dynamics does not have an equiva-

lent nowadays. The research presented in the article was carried

out in a very specific area in Central Poland, where large landforms

converge: the WeE oriented WarsaweBerlin ice-marginal

streamway (pradolina) and the north-oriented section of the

Warta River valley. The former is one of the most characteristic

landforms of the Central European Lowland, whereas the latter is

the valley of a medium-scale river, the main tributary of the Oder

River. These landforms constituted trails of migration of the Late

Palaeolithic people. One “road” of the ice-marginal streamway

linked Western and Eastern Europe (Chmielewska, 1978;

Sulgostowska, 2005; Sobkowiak-Tabaka, 2011) while the second,

meridional “road” connected the southern area of the Jurassic Flint

outcrops (Cyrek, 1996) with Central Poland and the ice-marginal

streamway. That location was also beneficial due to the possible

existence on this “Palaeolithic road” of the traditional reindeer

migration trail (Baales, 1999) (Fig. 1).

In this paper, data from the archaeological Late Palaeolithic

sites are compared with the records of the Late Weichselian nat-

ural environment, based on the current state of research. The

study includes new archaeological data and sites already recog-

nised. The archaeological research is based on the analysis of the

* Corresponding author.

E-mail addresses: [email protected] (D.K. Płaza), [email protected], pkittel@geo.

uni.lodz.pl (P. Kittel), [email protected] (J. Petera-Zganiacz), [email protected].

lodz.pl (D.A. Dzieduszy�nska), [email protected] (J. Twardy).

Contents lists available at ScienceDirect

Quaternary International

journal homepage: www.elsevier .com/locate/quaint

http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.quaint.2014.09.058

1040-6182/© 2014 Elsevier Ltd and INQUA. All rights reserved.

Quaternary International xxx (2014) 1e15

Please cite this article in press as: Płaza, D.K., et al., Late Palaeolithic settlement pattern in palaeogeographical context of the river valleys in theKoło Basin (Central Poland), Quaternary International (2014), http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.quaint.2014.09.058

mailto:[email protected]








www.sciencedirect.com/science/journal/10406182

http://www.elsevier.com/locate/quaint




A B

200 km

100

200

500

m a.s.l.

Wisła

Warta

Odra

16° 18° 20° 22°

54°

52°

50°

LGM

SAALIAN

ELSTERIAN

Łódź

Warszawa

Kraków

Poznań

Gdańsk

yawce-m mi a alin r eg trr in l se aW Bar -saw

1 2

3 4

5

400 km

1

2

200 km

100

200

500

m a.s.l.

Wis!a

Warta

Odra

16° 18° 20° 22°

54°

52°

50°

Wa ir-

s aae

wc

-B re inrl ti m gar n l s eamway

3

4

1

2 C

Fig. 1. Location of the explored area in relation to the Younger Dryas ice-sheet extent in Europe (A), to the Pleistocene glaciations in Poland (B) and to the flint outcrops and the migration trails of Palaeolithic hunters and reindeer (C). A.

1 e ice-sheet (after Forsstr€om and Punkari, 1997); 2 e outline of the land in the Younger Dryas; 3 e present outline of the land; 4 e country borders; 5 e location of the study area. B. 1 e extents of the ice-sheets (after Marks, 2005); 2 e

location of the study area. C. 1 e location of the study area; 2 e location of chocolate flint outcrops (after Budziszewski, 2008); 3 e location of Jurassic flint outcrops (after Cyrek, 1996); 4 e directions of human and animal migrations

(after Chmielewska, 1978; Cyrek, 1996).

D.K.Płaza

etal./Quatern

ary

Intern

atio

nalxxx

(2014

)1e15

2Please

citethisarticle

inpress

as:

Płaza,D

.K.,e

tal.,La

tePalaeolith

icsettle

mentpatte

rnin

palaeogeographica

lco

ntextoftheriv

ervalle

ysin

the

Koło

Basin

(Centra

lPoland),Quatern

ary

Internatio

nal(2014),http

://dx.doi.o

rg/10.1016/j.q

uaint.2

014.09.058

settlement pattern of Late Palaeolithic communities, especially of

the Tanged Point Complex. As regards the environmental data, the

palaeogeography of the Koło Basin is well known (Fig. 2), partic-

ularly for the Aller€od and Younger Dryas, mainly due to recent

geological, geomorphological and palaeoecological research

(Dzieduszy�nska et al., 2014). The most important findings were

collected from the Ko�zmin Las site. In the studied region, both

archaeology and palaeogeography had great achievements and

provide a basis for reconstructions of both the changes in the

natural environment and the socio-economic adaptation of Late

Palaeolithic hunters.

The objectives of the present study are (1) to determine how

changes in the natural environment of the LateWeichselian decline

influenced the human behaviour; and (2) to detect which elements

of the environment hampered or were conducive to the functioning

of human life. Archaeological research of the Late Palaeolithic

population points to a highly mobile life-style and the significance

of human contacts. It is possible to identify different types of set-

tlement with large complexes of camps where families of hunters

stayed for a longer period and much smaller localities which could

be called seasonal hunting camps where small group of hunters

where hunting for large game. This differentiation was probably

characterized by different social aspects, with the great impact of

natural conditions, such as relief, hydrology, plant cover, and

climate.

2. Geographical and geomorphological setting

The study area is located in the lowland part of Central Poland

(Fig. 1A). It is situated in the middle section of the Warta River

valley, where the valley expands to 8 km in width. In the northern

part of this widening it connects with the Ner River valley. The

morphological elements of these valleys are extensive and hardly

distinguishable there. The lower segment of the Ner River and the

studied part of the Warta River valley use the WarsaweBerlin ice-

marginal streamway. According to the geographical regionalization

of Poland by Kondracki (2002), the described terrain belongs to the

Koło Basin mesoregion.

During the Quaternary, the area was covered by ice sheets

several times. The Quaternary sequence is dominated by sediments

of glacigenic origin: till horizons of different ages, glaciofluvial and

glaciolacustrine series, as well as fluvial gravel, sand, and silt.

In the explored area, the last ice cover was during the Saalian

Glacial Stage (Fig.1B). TheWeichselian Stagewas an ice-free period,

and the closest position of the ice sheet front, about 20 km, dates

from the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM). Therefore, during the entire

Weichselian the environment of the study area remained under

periglacial conditions. The area was dominated by morphogenetic

processes taking place in fluvial environments, mostly during the

MIS 3 (Middle Weichselian) and MIS 2 (Late Weichselian).

The discussed extended valley zone between the Warta and Ner

Rivers is incised into a Saalian morainal plateau and a fluvioglacial

plain intermingled with morainal hillocks and kames. This zone is

terminated in the west by an elevated undulating morainal plateau

with end-morainal hillocks and in the east by a flat morainal

plateau which forms the steep slope of the right bank of the Ner

valley.

The major elements of the valleys are remnants of erosional

terraces of the WarsaweBerlin ice-marginal streamway and two

alluvial terraces from the Weichselian. The Middle Weichselian

high terrace is preserved fragmentarily. The larger part of the valley

is occupied by a low terrace of Late Weichselian age. The terrace

became morphologically expressed in the Holocene and stands

1e2 m above the present valley floor. It is cut by numerous chan-

nels developed in three generations, from the Younger Dryas on-

wards (Forysiak, 2005). The system of those channels, nowadays

dry, provide evidence of a multichannel style of the Warta River

before the regulation. The low terrace, especially on the east side of

the valley, is covered with Late Weichselian and Holocene dunes.

3. Weichselian Lateglacial palaeogeography of the area

Global climatic changes of the Weichselian Lateglacial left a

considerable imprint on the European landscape. Morphological

reaction of particular sedimentary systems in extraglacial areas is

well-known and well-documented in archives from e.g. the

Netherlands and Poland (e.g. Kasse, 1995; Koster, 1995; Turkowska,

1995; Starkel et al., 2007).

The coldest period of the Weichselian (LGM) in fluvial systems

resulted in the deposition of extensive alluvial plains in a braided-

river environment. In the European Lowland, the timing of the shift

from a braided to meandering channel drainage pattern depended

mostly on local conditions (Starkel and Gebica, 1995;

Vandenberghe, 2002, 2003; Starkel et al., 2007). The Late Weich-

selian evolution of the Warta River valley was recognized to the

greatest extent in two sections: (1) in the vicinity of �Srem near

Pozna�n (Kozarski and Rotnicki, 1977; Kozarski, 1983; Gonera and

Kozarski, 1987; Kozarski et al., 1988; Rotnicki, 1991;

Vandenberghe et al., 1994; Bohncke et al., 1995) and (2) in the vi-

cinity of Ko�zmin in the Koło Basin (Turkowska et al., 2000, 2004;

Petera, 2002; Forysiak, 2005; Dzieduszy�nska et al., 2014), situated

Fig. 2. Explored area in relation to sites which provide palaeoenvironmental records. 1

e rivers; 2 e palaeoenvironmental records: a e peatbog (after Forysiak et al., 2010), b

e dunes (after Krajewski, 1977), c e subfossil forest in floodplain environment (after

Dzieduszy�nska et al., 2014); 3 e location of the study area.

D.K. Płaza et al. / Quaternary International xxx (2014) 1e15 3


more than 100 kmwest of �Srem. It is assumed that the river during

the Aller€od was meandering, but for the Younger Dryas a multi-

channel pattern was typical. Evidence of the initiation of the

multichannel system of the Warta River in the Koło Basin dating to

the Aller€odeYounger Dryas transition have been described by

Turkowska et al. (2000, 2004). However, it has been convincingly

demonstrated by Kozarski and Rotnicki (1977), Kozarski (1983),

Kozarski et al. (1988), Vandenberghe et al. (1994) and Bohncke

et al. (1995), that the lower section of the Warta River was

meandering during the Younger Dryas. The results of detailed

research at the Ko�zmin Las site provide a record of possible accu-

mulation of sediments of a multichannel river system after ca.

11,700 cal. BP (Dzieduszy�nska et al., 2014).

Weichselian Lateglacial palaeogeography of the study area is

known from a few sites with palaeoclimatic record located in the

study area or in the vicinity. Preliminary biogenic data are available

from the Ner-Zawada peatbog (Fig. 2) and indicate the origin of the

depression as resulting from thermokarst processes (Forysiak et al.,

2010) and permafrost degradation. Geomorphological and sedi-

mentological properties of dunes in the terraces of the War-

saweBerlin ice-marginal streamway (Ro�sle Nowe, Kraski and

Wojciech�ow) and uplands (Borki Lipkowskie) (Fig. 2), provide es-

timates of wind speeds and directions. Strong W and SW winds

dominated, up to 9 m/s (Krajewski, 1977; Nowaczyk, 1986). These

estimates, based on the internal dune structure, were supported in

European climatic model simulations (Isarin, 1997; Isarin and

Renssen, 1999). The environmental history of the study area of

the Aller€od to Younger Dryas time has been reconstructed at

Ko�zmin Las (Fig. 2) from multi-proxy research, including the

analysis of: pollen, macrofossils, Cladocera, Chironomidae,

dendrochronological studies, palaeopedological studies, and

radiocarbon dating (Dzieduszy�nska et al., 2011, 2014; Kittel et al.,

2012).

For the Aller€od time, Ko�zmin Las reveals a sequence of terrestrial

events, which took place in the floodplain of the Koło Basin. Stable

conditions in the floodplain during the Aller€od are expressed by the

formation of a peat soil (Jankowski et al., 2013), but especially by

the existence “in situ” of a pine forest (Dzieduszy�nska et al., 2011,

2014; Kittel et al., 2012). Remains of trees of a former riparian

forest have been recorded over an area of at least 40 km2 by

geological mapping, while a detailed study undertaken in the test

pit at Ko�zmin Las site noted an assemblage of collapsed trunks with

preserved bark, and stumps with well-preserved root systems and

branches. The forest existence at the site is in agreement with

dominant dense pine-birch forest during the Aller€od in Central

Poland (Madeyska, 1998) and also with climatic inferences from

nearby sites based on pollen data and Chironomid records, sug-

gesting the mean July air temperature was up to 17 �C (Tobolski,

1998; Wasylikowa, 1999; Pł�ociennik et al., 2011).

The general trend to cooling in the Younger Dryas period in the

Koło Basin is reflected in a drop of summer temperature to

14e15.6 �C as inferred from a Chironomid record (on a combined

NorwegianeSwiss data set) (Dzieduszy�nska et al., 2014); pollen

palaeoclimate data from nearby sites indicate that summer tem-

perature declined to 10e13 �C (Ralska-Jasiewiczowa et al., 1998;

Tobolski, 1998; Wasylikowa, 1999). Geological evidence, such as

flat-bottomed involutions recorded at Ko�zmin Las, do not exclude

local permafrost reactivation (Dzieduszy�nska and Petera-Zganiacz,

2012). Narrow annual tree-rings and morphological properties of

subfossil tree remains are a source of information for the increas-

ingly severe conditions (Dzieduszy�nska et al., 2014).

The Younger Dryas environmental conditions were distinctly

marked by launching of morphogenetic processes expressed by an

intensification of fluvial processes. Initial water-logging of the for-

est community, followed by intense floods as registered in the

depositional sequence of the Ko�zmin Las site and over the area of

several square kilometres, led to destruction of the forest and its

final burial. According to radiocarbon dating of the tree trunks and

dendrological and dendrochronological analysis, a dense forest was

growing over the Koło Basin floodplain between 13,000 and

12,600 cal. BP. Thus, it probably existed for about 140 years at the

very end of the Aller€od and persisted in the Younger Dryas (Kittel

et al., 2012; Dzieduszy�nska et al., 2014). The river valley provided

a refuge for the forest during the time of expansion of open habitats

in Central Poland (Madeyska and Kozłowski, 1995; Madeyska,

1998).

The dynamics in the fluvial environment at the end of the

Younger Dryas resulted in the formation of a multichannel pattern

as an anabranching type 2 according to the Nanson and Knighton

(1996) classification, which expanded across the whole valley floor

of the Warta River (Turkowska et al., 2000, 2004). Individual river

channels of this system were straight and separated with stable,

sandy islands (Petera, 2002; Forysiak, 2005). The results of

radiocarbon dating of organic unit in the Ko�zmin Las site define

the period of the formation of a multichannel pattern for the

Younger Dryas/Holocene transition or the beginning of the

Holocene.

4. Human existence in Polish Lowlands during the Late

Weichselian

The issue of development of Late Palaeolithic communities in

the Oder River catchment (including the Koło Basin) has been

recently tackled by Sobkowiak-Tabaka (2011). During the Weich-

selian Lateglacial, the first human occurrence is linked with the

Hamburgian Culture. From thewestern part of the Polish Lowlands,

approximately 20 sites with these artefacts are known, and at least

two, Rzuch�ow 24 and Cichmiana 2, are situated in the Koło Basin.

These sites are related to the western European Late Magdalenian

population, with classic Creswell assemblages (Sobkowiak-Tabaka,

2011). The lateglacial context of Northern Europe suggests that

the Hamburgian appeared at ca. 16,000 and existed to ca.

13,450 cal. BP (Burdukiewicz, 1999; Grimm and Weber, 2008).

The next population documented in the Polish Lowlands and

also in western Europe (Schild, 1984; Derese et al., 2012) is the so-

called Federmesser group or Arch Backed Piece technocomplex

(Schild et al., 2011), named after the most popular tool or weapon

“curved backed knife” or “backed pieces”. The existence of these

communities coincides with the Aller€od period around

13,700e12,700 cal. BP. In the studied area there are no traces of

clear Federmesser Culture sites. Only a few backed points are

recorded at Cichmiana site 2 (Sobkowiak-Tabaka, 2011). This sug-

gests that this region was either not so important for the Fee-

dermesser communities, or the Arch Backed Pieces sites are yet

undiscovered because they are covered with younger (Younger

Dryas) deposits of fluvial and/or aeolian origin.

The last communities which dominated in the Central European

Lowlands during the late Aller€od and Younger Dryas and even until

the beginning of the Preboreal period were of the Tanged Point

Complex. Groups of reindeer hunters with characteristic tools or

weapons such as tanged points spread from the western to eastern

part of the European Lowlands. In Polish territories, the tanged

point usually is in leaf shape, and is associated with the Sviderian

Culture (Kozłowski, 1999). In Western Europe, an equivalent of the

Sviderian Culture is the Ahrensburg Culture, with a different style

of tanged point, without ventral invasive retouch of the stem

(Schild et al., 2011). The chronology of the Tanged Point Complex

covers the latest part of the Aller€od and the Younger Dryas and

possibly even the earliest part of the Preboreal Period (Kobusiewicz,

1999; Sobkowiak-Tabaka, 2011), but the strict chronology of the

D.K. Płaza et al. / Quaternary International xxx (2014) 1e154


beginning and the fall of that complex and the Sviderian Culture are

discussed.

The Tanged Point Complex should probably be divided into two

phases: the older connected with the Bromme Culture, the Lyngby

Culture and the Ahrensburgian Culture dated to the Aller€od and the

younger with the Sviderian Culture in Polish territories dated to the

Younger Dryas (Kozłowski, 1999; Burdukiewicz, 2011; Schild et al.,

2011). The end or disappearance of the Sviderian Culture is also

disputable. There is a theory that these communities stayed in the

Polish Lowland until the early Preboreal (Kobusiewicz, 1999;

Sobkowiak-Tabaka, 2011) and are even connected with the

emerging of new Mesolithic groups. On the other hand, there is a

suggestion that these communities disappeared in Central

Poland in the early Holocene. According to this theory,

reindeer hunters were moving further north following herds of

reindeer (Schild, 2001) and new Mesolithic, forest communities

appeared in abandoned territories, because the first Mesolithic

hunters and gatherers did not know the locations of chocolate

outcrops and did not mine red ochre from Rydno (Schild et al.,

2011).

5. Methods of research

The present researchwas undertaken during the Ko�zmin Las site

exploration as part of the verification of archaeological data known

from the Polish Archaeological Record program. Within the recent

project, the following works were carried out: (1) surface survey of

the closest area of the Ko�zmin Las site with subfossil forest, (2)

surface survey of the Koło Basin on the left side of the Warta River,

and (3) study in the Museum of Konin and in Regional Offices of

Heritage. Only one new site with Late Palaeolithic materials was

discovered. The Late Palaeolithic palaeogeography of the area has

been reconstructed from previous studies, especially: Forysiak et al.

(1999), Turkowska et al. (2000, 2004), Petera (2002), Forysiak

(2005), Kittel et al. (2012) and Dzieduszy�nska et al. (2014). The

current research was completed on the basis of geomorphological

mapping of selected areas with the use of the Eijkelkamp hand

auger and analyses of topographical maps, LiDAR/ALS data, and

aerial photographs.

6. Archaeological data from the Koło Basin

Archaeological research in the studied part of the Koło Basin has

a long history and shows quite an intense settlement pattern dur-

ing the Weichselian Lateglacial (Fig. 3) (Chmielewska, 1978;

Kabaci�nski and Sobkowiak-Tabaka, 2009; Sobkowiak-Tabaka,

2011). The first scientific research in that area was conducted by J.

Sawicka and L. Sawicki in 1925 (Chmielewska, 1978). The second

research team was organized by the Museum of Archaeology and

Ethnography in Ł�od�z by M. Chmielewska and W. Chmielewski.

These scientists, together with J. Trzeciakowski, studied mainly

materials and stratigraphy from two dunes south of Koło, on the left

bank of theWarta River, in the sites of Dobr�ow and Ruszk�ow (Fig. 3;

Table 1). During that research, only surface surveyswere carried out

at most sites. This team also carried out a survey in the area of the

Ner River valley, where a Stone Age site was discovered in

Cichmiana (Chmielewska, 1957, 1978).

Table 1

List of Late Palaeolithic sites from the Koło Basin.

No. Site Location Distance form

Ko�zmin site

Artefacts Objects/spatial

organization

Chronology Literature

1 Jan�ow 22 N 52�7043.2300 E

18�39051.3600

5.28 km 4 flint artefacts,

2 tools

No evidence Aller€od/Younger Dryas e

Sviderian Culture

Kabaci�nski and

Sobkowiak-Tabaka, 2009

2 Jan�ow 21 N 52�7043.2300 E

18�39051.3600

5.35 km 736 flint artefacts 3 flint concentrations Aller€od/Younger Dryas e

Sviderian Culture

Kabaci�nski and


3 Dobr�ow No data More than 8 km Single artefacts Tanged points, retouched

flakes

Aller€od/Younger Dryas e

Sviderian Culture

Chmielewska, 1978

4 Ruszk�ow II No data More than 8 km Single artefacts Single tanged point Aller€od/Younger Dryas e

Sviderian Culture

Chmielewska, 1978

5 Rzuch�ow 24 N 52�705.6200 E

18�43022.1800

5.5 km 458 flint artefacts 2 Hamburgian shouldered

points; 3 flint

concentrations of Sviderian

Culture

B€olling e Hamburgian


Sviderian Culture

Kabaci�nski and


6 Chełmno 4 N 52�6014.5700 E

18�44043.0100

6 km 24 flint artefacts Tools e burins, end-

scrapers one tanged point


Sviderian Culture

Kabaci�nski and


7 Sob�otka 4 N 52�601.100 E

18�45055.1200

6.9 km 6 flint artefacts 4 flint artefacts, 2 blades, 1

truncation, and 1 burin

spall


Sviderian Culture

Kabaci�nski and


8 Cichmiana 5 N 52�5027.2800 E

18�45055.4100

7.73 km 7 flint artefacts 7 flint artefacts, core, 2

burins and tanged point


Sviderian Culture

Kabaci�nski and


9 Cichmiana 1 N 52�5024.3600 E

18�4709.3500

7.75 km 4 flint artefacts 4 flint artefacts, 2 blades, 1

burin and 1 retouched flake


Sviderian Culture

Kabaci�nski and


10 Cichmiana 2 N 52�5013.2500 E

18�47028.3800

8.3 km Numerous flint

artefacts

A few Hamburgian

shouldered points, a few

backed points of

Feddermesser Group, more

than 10 000 Sviderian

Culture flint pieces in 20

flint concetrations

B€olling e Hamburgian;

Aller€od e Feddermesser


Sviderian Culture

Kabaci�nski and


11 Kuczki 14 N 52�0041.400 E

18�45029.3900

9.5 km 7 flint artefacts 1 tanged point and bipolar

blades, surface collection


Sviderian Culture

Chmielewska, 1978

12 Ku�znica

Janiszewska 17

N 52�3013.9200 E

18�4104.9900

2.92 km 1 burin Surface collection Aller€od/Younger Dryas e

Sviderian Culture

13 Ruszk�ow/

Zawadki 4

No data More than 8 km Single artefacts Single tanged points Aller€od/Younger Dryas e

Sviderian Culture

Chmielewska, 1978

14 KołoeDobr�ow No data More than 8 km Single artefacts Single tanged points Aller€od/Younger Dryas e

Sviderian Culture

Chmielewska, 1978



Fig. 3. Configuration of the studied part of the Koło Basin. 1 e contour line; 2 e elevation points; 3 e rivers; 4 e ox-bow lakes; 5 e levees; 6 e location of the geomorphological

sketches of the explored sites; 7 e location of the Late Palaeolithic archaeological sites (number of sites e see Table 1); 8 e location of the Ko�zmin Las site.



The next archaeological excavations were conducted by the

Pozna�n Archaeology Rescue Team from the Institute of Archae-

ology and Ethnology of the Polish Academy of Sciences.

They explored several sites within the large scale Motorway A2

rescue project. Late Palaeolithic finds were discovered at

eight localities. The most important are: Cichmiana 2, Jan�ow 21,

and Rzuch�ow 24 (Fig. 3, Table 1), where blanks and tools

typical of the Late Palaeolithic Sviderian Culture were recorded.

At the mentioned sites the remains of large scale camp sites

from the Late Palaeolithic were found and dated to the late

Aller€od or the Younger Dryas (Kabaci�nski and Sobkowiak-

Tabaka, 2009).

The last Late Palaeolithic archaeological project in that area is

connected with multi-proxy research carried out at the Ko�zmin Las

site (Dzieduszy�nska et al., 2014) on the organic deposits with re-

mains of trees which are remnants of the Aller€od and Younger

Dryas riparian forest. As a result of the survey of the vicinity of the

site, several localities were verified but only at one place, Ku�znica

Janiszewska site 17 (Fig. 3), were Late Palaeolithic flint materials

discovered. In a group of ordinary flakes and waste made mostly of

local erratic flint, one artefact typical of the Late Palaeolithic was

found.

At present, there are at least 14 Late Palaeolithic Sviderian

Culture sites from the studied region. However taking each

separate flint cluster from the sites Cichmiana 2, Rzuch�ow 24 or

Jan�ow 21 as an isolated camp site as well as the evidence of in-

dividual visits of these places by groups of hunters, the number of

incidents of camping increases to nearly 40 at minimum (Schild

et al., 2011).

6.1. Inventory of previous studies

6.1.1. Jan�ow site 22 (Table 1)

The site is located on the edge and a low slope of the isolated

part of the lower terrace of the Warta River valley (Fig. 4). At the

site, multicultural archaeological materials were excavated, but

only 4 flint pieces were connected with Late Palaeolithic hunters.

There are two blades knapped frombipolar core. The first wasmade

from local erratic flint and the other from chocolate flint. The others

two artefacts were defined as retouched flakes made from choco-

late flint (Kabaci�nski and Sobkowiak-Tabaka, 2009). Due to the

characteristic technological features, all were made most probably

by Sviderian Culture hunters during the late Aller€od or the Younger

Dryas (Kabaci�nski and Sobkowiak-Tabaka, 2009). The Late Palae-

olithic artefact could have been redeposited.

6.1.2. Jan�ow 21 (Table 1)

The site is located on the slightly inclined surface of the

erosional part of the lower terrace of the Warta River valley (Fig. 4).

At the site, multicultural archaeological materials were excavated

linkedwith the Late Palaeolithic, Mesolithic, Neolithic and probably

the Bronze Age. Three Late Palaeolithic flint clusters with 736 flint

pieces were discovered, mostly made of local erratic or Baltic flint,

59 made of chocolate flint, and one from radiolarite. The collection

includes cores, flakes, blades and tools and somewaste. The variety

of tools and large collection of cortex flakes with typical late

Palaeolithic features indicates complex remains of workshops

probably connected with Sviderian Culture camp sites dated to

Aller€od/Younger Dryas age (Kabaci�nski and Sobkowiak-Tabaka,

2009).

6.1.3. Dobr�ow, Ruszk�ow/Zawadki 4, Ruszk�ow II, Koło-Dobr�ow

(Table 1)

Archaeologists from the Museum of Archaeology and Ethnog-

raphy in Ł�od�z were collecting flint materials at those sites in the

1930s and 1950s. Only selected blades, tanged points and some

tools (Fig. 5) from these places were recognized as Palaeolithic,

connected with the Sviderian Culture communities. Other flint

materials including ordinary blades, flakes or waste could have

been produced by Palaeolithic, Mesolithic, or even Neolithic people

(Chmielewska, 1978). The sites are located more than 8 km north of

Ko�zmin Las. Nowadays, all of these places are forested and it is

impossible to precisely locate the discussed camp sites. Only the

sites in Dobr�ow have clearly defined locations and are situated on a

dune (Fig. 4).

6.1.4. Rzuch�ow 24 (Table 1)

The site is located on the northern slope of the parabolic dune,

close to the lower terrace surface (Fig. 6). At the site, 458 flint pieces

were discovered in 3 flint clusters. Most of them were made from

local erratic flint but at least 47 were produced from chocolate flint,

which were mostly discovered in cluster 2. The other two clusters

of flint materials contain almost entirely local erratic flint. All three

clusters differ in the structure of debitage and also in a typological

view. Two of them had a strict camp site character and one had a

more complicated function due to the presence of a core and blade

workshop. Flint materials from the site have characteristic Svi-

derian technological bipolar features which suggest dating to the

Aller€od/Younger Dryas (Kabaci�nski and Sobkowiak-Tabaka, 2009).

6.1.5. Chełmno 4 (Table 1)

The site is located on the edge and low slope of the isolated

part of the lower terrace of the Ner River valley (Fig. 6). A large

Fig. 4. Geomorphological sketch of the Jan�ow and Dobr�ow sites surroundings (after

Forysiak, 2005, modified). 1 e hummocky morainal plain; 2 e end-moranic hillocks; 3

e slopes; 4 e alluvial low terrace; 5 e valley floor; 6 e aeolian sand cover; 7 e dunes; 8

e peatlands; 9 e location of the study sites (1-Jan�ow 22, 2-Jan�ow 21, 3-Dobr�ow, 4-

Ruszk�ow II, 14-KołoeDobr�ow; see Table 1).



collection of flint artefacts was recorded at the site but only 24

can be certainly linked with the Late Palaeolithic Sviderian Cul-

ture. Eight pieces were made from local erratic flint, 11 from

chocolate flint, one burin from Jurassic flint, and 4 pieces were

undetermined. In the group of 13 tools, burins dominate; other

finds are infrequent. These are end-scrapers, borers and one

fragment of a tanged point. Due to a small amount of flint pieces

and a mixture with other artefacts, this site shows that Late

Palaeolithic communities were also exploring this part of the

Koło Basin during the Younger Dryas (Kabaci�nski and Sobkowiak-

Tabaka, 2009).

6.1.6. Sob�otka 4 (Table 1)

The site is situated on the edge of the low terrace (Fig. 7). From

that locality only 4 flint pieces were recognized as Late Palaeolithic,

but they could have been fluvially redeposited. Two of them were

defined as blades, one of which is made from erratic and second

from chocolate flint. Both on the positive side have irregular neg-

atives of bipolar exploitation, which suggests that knappers were

using a direct punched technique and extracted these blades from

double platform cores. Two other forms are connected with

exploitation and production of tools. One is a specific tool e trun-

cation, and other is burin spall waste from production of burin both

made from chocolate flint (Kabaci�nski and Sobkowiak-Tabaka,

2009).

6.1.7. Cichmiana 1, 2, 5 (Table 1)

These sites are located on the left bank of the Ner River valley.

Site Cichmiana no. 2 is situated on the surface of the high terrace

covered with aeolian sands (Fig. 7) and in the vicinity of the

large palaeochannel. During the survey in 1954, more than 200

flint pieces were collected, mostly made of local erratic raw

material in two furrowed flint clusters. Over a dozen flint arte-

facts were made of chocolate flint, including several double

platform blade cores, blades, flakes and tools, especially end-

scrapers, burins and tanged points, some of them similar to

the Ahrensburgian tanged point (Fig. 8) (Chmielewska, 1957,

1978).

Archaeological excavation at the site was undertaken in

2000e2005 by the Pozna�n Archaeology Rescue Team. At sites

number 1 and 5, only 11 Late Palaeolithic artefacts were discovered:

double platform blade core, long blades and flake made of local

erratic or imported chocolate flint and some tools including tanged

point, burins, and retouched flake (Kabaci�nski and Sobkowiak-

Tabaka, 2009). It is possible that fluvial redeposition of these ar-

tefacts took place. The most important site is Cichmiana 2 with

Fig. 5. Sviderian flint artefacts from site KołoeDobr�ow (after Chmielewska, 1978; photo W. Pochorecki). 1e5 e tanged points; 6e8 e end-scrapers.



more than 10,000 flint artefacts in 20 flint clusters. It is significant

that a huge amount, at least more than 3000 flint pieces, was made

of raw material imported from the Holy Cross Mountain chocolate

flint. In concentration 4, groups of obsidian artefacts were recorded

(Kabaci�nski and Sobkowiak-Tabaka, 2009). A high number of camps

which were occupied during the Younger Dryas and possibly even

the earliest Preboreal indicates that the area was frequently visited

or sometimes even permanently occupied by the Sviderian Culture

communities in the specific climatic and environmental conditions

of that time (Chmielewska, 1978).

6.1.8. Kuczki 1 (Table 1)

The site was discovered during a survey in 1946 by scientists

from the Museum of Archaeology and Ethnography in Ł�od�z. It is

located on the top and slopes of the parabolic dune surrounded by

the lower terrace of the Warta River valley (Fig. 9). Certainly, one

fragment of Sviderian tanged point and several bipolar blades can

be regarded as Late Palaeolithic. This site shows that Sviderian

hunters were exploring the sandy areas of the Koło Basin

(Chmielewska, 1978).

6.2. Present study: Ku�znica Janiszewska site 17 (Table 1)

Palaeolithic materials at the site were discovered in spring 2010

at the site recognized from the Polish Archaeological Record as a

Roman Period settlement. The site is located on the left bank of the

Janiszewska Struga River. Nowadays it is a small river, which

course has changed as a result of opencast lignite mining, but in

the past it was an element of the multichannel system of the Koło

Basin. The materials were found on a small, isolated fragment of

aeolian sand cover (Fig. 10). Thirty flint pieces made from local

erratic flint and burnt were recorded. Most of them are average

flakes or waste, but at least one long blade, doubled burin certainly

can be connected with the Late Palaeolithic Sviderian Culture from

the Younger Dryas. This doubled burin made on a long bipolar

blade (Fig. 11) has many analogies to Late Palaeolithic sites from

Poland (Schild, 1975).

This tool was made on a typical long narrow blade which was

detached at the early stage of exploitation from the Sviderian

double platform core. At the proximal end it is a burin on truncation

and at the distal end it is a burin on transversal burin facet (Inizan

et al., 1999). It is less than 6 cm in length, nearly 1.5 cm in width,

around 0.6 cm thick, and on both sides has discontinuous

retouched edges. This multifunctional tool has many analogies to

several findings at Palaeolithic sites in Central Poland and even in

the Koło Basin, for example at Cichmiana site 2 (Kabaci�nski and

Sobkowiak-Tabaka, 2009) or at Grabek site 11 in the Szczerc�ow

Basin (Papiernik and Was, 2002).

7. Chronological framework

Direct dating of the settlements of Late Palaeolithic commu-

nities from the Aller€od and the Younger Dryas in sandy areas of the

Polish Lowlands is very hard to obtain. To establish the chrono-

logical background of theWeichselian Lateglacial in the Koło Basin,

the results from nearby sites in Central Poland have to be

considered. Collected dates were divided into two groups: (1)

direct dating of archaeological structures such as hearths or

organic layers in which flint materials were discovered (AC in

Table 2) and (2) geological data collected during geomorphological

research of the vicinity of the excavated Palaeolithic sites (GC in

Table 2). Generally, the radiocarbon age of the Sviderian Culture is

estimated between 11,300 and 10,250 conv. BP, i.e.

13,000e11,000 cal. BP.

Fig. 7. Geomorphological sketch of the Cichmiana and Sob�otka sites surroundings

(after Forysiak, 2005, modified). 1 e morainal plain; 2 e lower terrace of marginal

valley; 3 e slopes; 4 e alluvial high terrace; 5 e alluvial low terrace; 6 e valley floor; 7

e aeolian sand cover; 8 e valleys of various origin; 9 e location of the study sites (7-

Sob�otka 4, 8-Cichmiana 5, 9-Cichmiana 1, 10-Cichmiana 2; see Table 1).

Ner

Chełmno

Rzuchów

1 km

5

6

1 2 3 4 5

6 7 ( ) 85,6

Fig. 6. Geomorphological sketch of the Rzuch�ow and Chełmno sites surroundings

(after Forysiak, 2005, modified). 1 e morainal plain; 2 e slopes; 3 e alluvial low

terrace; 4 e valley floor; 5 e aeolian sand cover; 6 e dunes; 7 e peatlands; 8 e location

of the study sites (5-Rzuch�ow 24, 6-Chełmno 4; see Table 1).



All sites in Table 2 are from the upper Warta River valley:

Kochlew, Łykowe, Krzecz�ow or Troniny from Zakole Załecza�nskie

(Cyrek, 1996) and Osjak�ow (Niesiołowska, 1971); they are con-

nected with the Tanged Point Complex (Kozłowski, 1999). Other

sites located close to inland lakes or peatbogs, including Wit�ow

(Chmielewska, 1978), Mokracz, and Aleksandr�ow 1 are also con-

nected with the Tanged Point Complex, with the exception of

Wit�ow where numerous Arch Backed Pieces flint clusters were

excavated and 14C-dated at 12,900e12,500 cal. BP (Chmielewska,

1978).

An interesting situation was documented in Aleksandr�ow 1,

wherepeat layers canbe linkedwith sandy layerof thedunewith the

Late Palaeolithic materials of the Sviderian Culture (Niesiołowska-�Sredniowska et al., 2011) dated at 12,800e12,400 cal. BP. A series

of radiocarbondatesof theTangedPointComplexalsocome fromthe

Całowanie site (Table 2) located in the Warsaw Basin in the Vistula

River valley (Schild et al., 1999a,b). In Rydno Quarry, a mine of red

ochre was located in the Late Palaeolithic and during the late

Mesolithic. A long series of dates were made, and more than 20 of

them are linked to the Late Palaeolithic sites (Schild et al., 2011).

8. Natural conditions of the Late Palaeolithic settlement in

the Koło Basin

There are only a few archaeological data of the older part of the

Wechselian Lateglacial connected with the Hamburgian Culture

dated ca. 14,700e14,500 BP (Kabaci�nski and Sobkowiak-Tabaka,

2009). During that time, the Koło Basin valley floor was a vast al-

luvial plain, slightly undulated, left after the Pleniweichselian

braided river. In that area, the dune formation started (Fig. 12A). In

warmer periods, dunes were stabilized and soils developed. The

Aller€od-dated Backed pieces are not numerous and recorded only

at Cichmina 2. Lack of this material has to be explained by natural

covering of that horizon in the studied area with Younger Dryas

and/or Holocene deposits. Possible existence of the Federmesser

population in the neighbourhood supports the discovery of the

Federmesser group materials in the Wit�ow site (Chmielewska,

1978), situated 50 km east of the Koło Basin, also within the area

of the WarsaweBerlin ice-marginal streamway.

From this point of view, the records of the Sviderian Culture of

the last Palaeolithic communities in the Polish Lowlands are very

Table 2

Results of radiocarbon dating from archaeological sites and geological data from Central Poland.

Sample

number

Site Conventional

age. BP

Age cal. 14C BP

prob. 68.2%

Age cal. 14C BP

prob. 95.4%

Location Context Context

description

Cultural term Literature

1 Lod-143 Kochlew 1 10,260 ± 210 12,408e11,625 12,577e11,288 Warta River valley AC Charcoal from

layers with

Palaeolithic

artefacts

Sviderian Culture Cyrek 1996

2 Lod-280 Mokracz 10,260 ± 210 12,408e11,625 12,577e11,288 Dune close to

peatbog

AC Charcoal from

layers with

Palaeolithic

artefacts

Sviderian Culture Niesiołowska-�Sredniowska et al.,

2011

3 Lod-328 Łeg Reczy�nski 10,270 ± 220 12,419e11,624 12,618e11,293 Pilica River valley GC Peat from basal

layer in fossil

riverbed, depth

1.8e1.9 m

Sviderian Culture Kanwiszer and

Trzeciak, 1991

4 Lod-142 Kochlew 1 10,320 ± 220 12,526e11,765 12,673e11,357 Warta River valley GC Peat Sviderian Culture Kanwiszer and

Trzeciak, 1984

5 Lod-148 Łykowe 10,380 ± 220 12,567e11,830 12,705e11,405 Warta River valley GC Hummic sand Sviderian Culture Kanwiszer and

Trzeciak, 1984

Cyrek 1996

6 Lod-939 Grabek 11 10,430 ± 90 12,522e12,150 12,580e12,005 Kras�owka River

valley

GC Peat Sviderian Culture Marosik 2002

7 GrN-5409 Całowanie 10,455 ± 90 12,540e12,169 12,625e12,050 Vistula River valley AC Layer VIa Sviderian Culture Schild et al.,

1999a,b

8 GrN-4966 Całowanie 10,660 ± 100 12,705e12,549 12,747e12,391 Vistula River valley AC Layer VI Sviderian Culture Schild et al.,

1999a,b

9 Lod-589 Aleksandr�ow 1 10,690 ± 180 12,784e12,397 12,987e12,089 Dune close to

peatbog

GC Organic mud Sviderian Culture Niesiołowska-�Sredniowska et al.,

2011

10 Lod-357 Troniny5/3/88 10,710 ± 180 12,795e12,412 13,005e12,111 Warta River valley GC Peat from

geological trench


Trzeciak 1991

11 K-954 Wit�ow 1 10,815 ± 180 12,927e12,567 13,103e12,240 BerlineWarsaw ice

marginal

streamway

GC Organic mud Tanged point

technocomplex

Chmielewska, 1978

12 GrN-5253 Całowanie 10,820 ± 90 12,795e12,668 12,920e12,571 Vistula River valley AC Layer VI Tanged point

technocomplex

Schild et al.,

1999a,b

13 Lod-326 Łeg Reczy�nski 10,950 ± 200 13,034e12,708 13,265e12,531 Pilica River valley AC Peat with buried

soil


Trzeciak 1991

14 Lod-599 Aleksandr�ow 1 11,070 ± 180 13,074e12,764 13,280e12,690 Dune close to

peatbog

GC Organic mud Sviderian Culture Niesiołowska-�Sredniowska et al.,

2011

15 Lod-144 Kochlew 1 11,180 ± 220 13,224e12,809 13,444e12,704 Warta River valley GC Gyttja Tanged point

techocomplex

Cyrek 1996

16 GrN-5410 Całowanie 11,190 ± 65 13,122e13,000 13,195e12,864 Vistula River valley AC Layer Va Tanged point

technocomplex

Schild et al.,

1999a,b

17 Lod-284 Mokracz 11,270 ± 210 13,329e12,905 13,485e12,725 Dune close to

peatbog

AC Charcoal from

second buried soil

Tanged point

technocomplex

Kanwiszer and

Trzeciak 1991;

Niesiołowska 1971

18 Lod-277 Osjak�ow 18/69 11,370 ± 250 13,473e12,993 13,711e12,749 Warta River valley GC Silt with organic

admixture

Tanged point

technocomplex

Kanwiszer and

Trzeciak 1991

AC e archaeological context (dated material from layers with artefacts) GC e geological context (dated sediments according to layers with artefacts).

GC e geological context (dated sediments according to layers with artefacts).



common in the studied area. The beginning of occupation by those

groups is still disputed. The Sviderian Culture settlement began at

the turn of Aller€od and Younger Dryas and persisted later in the

Younger Dryas, as it was dated at several sites in Central Poland

(Table 2), e.g. Całownie (Schild et al., 1999a,b), Kochlew from Zakole

Załecza�nskie (Cyrek, 1996) and Rydno (Schild et al., 2011).

In the Koło Basin, the dynamics of morphogenetic processes was

weak during the Aller€od. The valley floors were overgrown with

pine and birch forest, only some rather small dunes covered with

pine forest varied the landscape of the valleys (Fig. 12B). Undulation

of the surface contributed to the accumulation of organic deposits

in small depressions. At the beginning of the Younger Dryas, the

climate cooling led to a change in the environment, initially by

reconstruction of the plant cover. The forest in the interfluves

thinned out significantly while in the valleys pine forest remained,

as documented in Ko�zmin Las site. Most probably, during the

period 13,000e12,500 cal. BP communities of the Sviderian Culture

were presented in the Koło Basin, occupying small sandy elevations

on the floodplain, dunes or terraces (Fig. 12C). Such sites created

favourable conditions for settlers based on a hunteregatherer

economy.

In the late part of the Younger Dryas or in beginning of the

Holocene the situation in the valleys changed drastically due to the

intensification of morphogenetic processes, resulting in the

multichannel development and fast aggradation of valley floor

during floods (Fig. 12D). The artefacts from the Aller€od and the

Younger Dryas were probably buried under overbank deposits at

many sites. These conditions were unfavourable for the human

functioning, but there is some evidence of the presence of the

Sviderian Culture representatives during the Younger Dryas in the

Koło Basin. In the Holocene, when the lower terrace was morpho-

logically expressed due to erosion, in the multichannel river

Fig. 8. Sviderian flint artefacts from site Cichmiana 1 (after Chmielewska, 1978; photo W. Pochorecki). 1e2 e double platform cores; 3e5 e tanged points; 6 e burin; 7e9 e end-

scrapers.



environment, in some situations archaeological materials could be

exposed. All sites associated with the low terrace have been

documented on its slopes: Jan�ow 21, 22 (Fig. 4), Chełmno 4 (Fig. 6),

Sob�otka 10 (Fig. 7).

Refuges of riparian forest played an important role for reindeer

and reindeer hunter migrations (Sulgostowska, 2005). This is con-

nected with the location of the studied area in “Palaeolithic junc-

tion” of migration trail where two roads cross. The first in the

meridional direction connects Jurassic flint outcrops and the sec-

ond links western and eastern Europe (Fig. 1C). The hypothesis of

an important role of reindeer for the Sviderian hunters is also

supported in the Koło Basin by traceological analysis of flint ma-

terials. Most of the sites contain a range of tools, which microscopic

analyses demonstrated that were used to hunt large animals such

as reindeer, and then used to process all organic materials including

skin, flash, bone, and antler (Winiarska-Kabaci�nska, 2009). Tradi-

tional following the herds of animals points to a mobile way of life

of the Sviderian hunters (Baales, 1999; Sulgostowska, 2005). This

hypothesis is supported by the evidence of intensive use of exotic

raw material at some of the mentioned sites. The most important

was chocolate flint imported from the Holy CrossMountains, from a

distance of nearly 200 km (Sulgostowska, 1997) probably through

Central Poland (Chmielewska, 1978; Niesiołowska-�Sreniowska

et al., 2011) and especially through the Ner River valley

(Papiernik and Płaza, 2012) or through the WarsaweBerlin ice

marginal valley from the Warsaw Basin. The second raw material

which was used in less intensity was Jurassic flint, probably from

Zakole Załecza�nskie, nearly 120 km away from the studied area in

the upper section of the Warta River valley (Fig. 1C). The most

enigmatic is obsidian from Cichmiana 2 (Kabaci�nski and

Sobkowiak-Tabaka, 2009) which could indicate contacts with

distant territories of Central Europe. All this information indicates

that, although groups of hunters were exploring large territories

during the late Younger Dryas, they repeatedly returned to the Koło

Basin.

9. Discussion

On the basis of multidisciplinary palaeoenvironmental research,

it is possible to reconstruct conditions of human activity in the Koło

Basin in the Late Weichselian. During the late Aller€od and at the

beginning of Younger Dryas, when the first groups of the Sviderian

Culture hunters arrived, a pine-birch forested landscape existed. At

Fig. 9. Geomorphological sketch of the Kuczki site surroundings (after Forysiak, 2005,

modified). 1 e higher terrace of ice-marginal streamway; 2 e lower terrace of ice-

marginal streamway; 3 e alluvial high terrace; 4 e alluvial low terrace; 5 e valley

floor; 6 e aeolian sand cover; 7 e dunes; 8 e location of the study site (11-Kuczki 14;

see Table 1).

Fig. 10. Geomorphological sketch of the Ku�znica Janiszewska site surroundings (after

Forysiak, 2005, modified). 1 e alluvial high terrace; 2 e alluvial low terrace; 3 e valley

floor; 4 e aeolian sand cover; 5 e peatlands, 6 e location of the study site (12-Ku�znica

Janiszewska; see Table 1).

Fig. 11. Sviderian burin from site Ku�znica Janiszewska 17 (photo W. Pochorecki).



Rzuch�ow 24, Cichmiana 1 and possibly Ku�znica Janiszewska 17, a

few artefacts of exotic raw material and some tanged point similar

to the Ahrensburgian complex were recorded. That could be evi-

dence of an early relative chronology of these sites connected with

the Sviderian pioneers in the area. During the end of the Aller€od

and the beginning of the Younger Dryas in the Koło Basin, the

landscapewas optimal for hunters because of a high geodiversity of

the natural environment such as wide forested valley bottoms,

probably deforested dunes as the isolated elevations in the area and

water reservoirs. We may even consider the possibility of seasonal

staying for a longer time by the Sviderian hunters in the Koło Basin

in that period. That suggestion has been forwarded by

Chmielewska (1978) in her a theory that in “favorable conditions

some of Swidry groups could also confine themselves to hunting

locally, without moving far, and the forest reindeer could have played a

significant role”.

In the next few hundred years of the first part of the Younger

Dryas, the hunters could have abandoned the area, as a result of

rapid environmental changes. The main reasons could be a signif-

icant intensification of floods and a gradual extinction of forest

(Dzieduszy�nska et al., 2014). After some time, when environmental

conditions became more stable, the hunters of the Sviderian Cul-

ture could came back and explore sandy, treeless areas of the Koło

Basin again. We can associate most of the sites from the studied

area with that situation, especially these with a significant amount

of chocolate flint which indicate a mobile way of life, known from

other late Younger Dryas sites from Central Poland (Sulgostowska,

2005; Sobkowiak-Tabaka, 2011). All these hunting stations and

base camps were settled on dry aeolian sand covers or dunes and

possibly also on dry terrace surfaces. Thus the specific landscape

with sandy islands surrounded by water reservoirs was rich in

fauna and flora and quite suitable for living and hunting, mainly

during summer.

Observations of strong environmental influence on human

behaviour in this time frame are known from several different lo-

calities in western Europe. For example, the Campine Region in NE

Belgiumwas an area of similar socio-economical situations. In that

region, the older Late Palaeolithic groups connected with the Fed-

ermesser communities existed during the Aller€od. They had long

distance relationships with other areas, even around 200 km

distant. Later in the Younger Dryas the situation changed and the

Ahrensburgian communities appeared. In the Campine Region, two

gaps between the Federmesser group and the Ahrensburian Cul-

ture and between the Palaeolithic and the Early Mesolithic were

observed (Derese et al., 2012). Other examples concern the Central

European Late Palaeolithic communities from the Alpine foothills

and the North European Plain, also strongly influenced by the

Weichselian Lateglacial environmental changes. The authors sug-

gest that changes in the Alpine foothills were not so strong, but in

the transitional zone, similarly to the Koło Basin, from which

reindeer disappeared, a break in human occupation was observed

(Weber et al., 2011).

In a general viewon archaeological data from that period, we are

certain that at the Younger Dryas decline and the beginning of the

Fig. 12. Scheme of the Warta River valley evolution in the Weichselian lateglacial on the Ko�zmin Las latitude (after Petera, 2002, modified). 1 e channels; 2 e sandy overbank

deposits; 3 e sandy-silty overbank deposits; 4 e organic series; 5 e dunes.



Holocene, tanged points lost their importance and were replaced

by smaller microlithic points such as truncation or back blade

(Schild, 1984) as a composite arrow head insert. During the Pre-

boreal Period, long blades as equipment in forest environment

were less important (Terberger, 2006). Lack of clear Preboreal

Mesolithic sites from the Koło Basin indicates that this region could

have been uninhabited in the early Holocene because of intense

flood activity, as documented at Ko�zmin Las site (Dzieduszy�nska

et al., 2014).

10. Conclusions

1. It is possible to identify an intensive exploration of the studied

area only by the Sviderian Culture hunteregathering groups.

2. Only weak signals of the older Late Palaeolithic population of

the Hamburgian Culture and the Federmesser group or the Arch

Back Pieces were recorded.

3. Palaeolithic artefacts were found at Ku�znica Janiszewska site 17,

the closest Late Palaeolithic camp to the Ko�zmin Las site, with

remnants of the subfossil forest from the Aller€od/Younger Dryas

transition.

4. It is possible that the Sviderian Culture co-existed with the ri-

parian pine-birch forest covering the valley floors in the studied

area.

5. On the basis of our results, we can divide the existence of the

Sviderian Culture in the Koło Basin into two separate episodes,

which are linked with climatic and environmental changes

during the Aller€od/Younger Dryas transition and the Younger

Dryas.

6. The first Tanged Point Complex communities could have arrived

at the end of the Aller€od and the beginning of Younger Dryas,

when forest, recorded in the Ko�zmin Las site, was growing in the

floodplain. At that timewe identify flint clusters with not a large

amount of chocolate flint and single flints similar to Ahrens-

burgian inventories.

7. In the first part of the Younger Dryas climatic conditions rapidly

changed and resulted in the increase of floods, strong wind

activity, and permafrost reactivation. All these phenomena

influenced both human activity and animal behaviour. Probable

lack of herds of reindeer could have forced humans to move

away from the studied area, so the disappearance of the Palae-

olithic communities may be correlated with the environmental

factors.

8. The Sviderian hunters reappeared in the Koło Basin in the late

Younger Dryas. Most of the sites, especially those with a large

amount of exotic raw material such as chocolate flint, were

occupied at that time. The occurrence of exotic raw material

confirms migrations of hunter groups in the late Younger Dryas

in the latitudinal direction, probably to theWarsaw Basin and to

chocolate flint and Jurassic flint outcrops.

9. Results of both archaeological and palaeogeographical research

are helpful for the study of the Late Palaeolithic hunters'

behaviour, chronology, and impact of dynamic environment to

Palaeolithic humans.

Acknowledgements

The research is financially supported by a grant from the Na-

tional Science Centre, No N N306 788240 “Palaeogeographical

conditions of existence and destruction of the Late Weichselian

forest in the Warta River Valley (the Koło Basin)”. The authors

would like to thank the local government of the Brudzew

Commune Office for their help and support during our fieldwork.

We also thank the anonymous reviewers for very valuable

comments.

References

Baales, M., 1999. Economy and seasonality in the Ahrensburgian. In: Kozłowski, S.K.,

Gurba, J., Zaliznyak, L. (Eds.), Tanged Points Cultures in Europe. Read at theInternational Archaeological Symposium Lublin, September, 13e16, 1993,

pp. 64e75.

Bohncke, S., Kasse, C., Vandenberghe, J., 1995. Climate induced environmentalchanges during the Vistulian Lateglacial at _Zabinko, Poland. Quaestiones Geo-

graphicae 43e64. Spec. Issue 4.Budziszewski, J., 2008. Stan bada�n nad wystepowaniem i pradziejowa eksploatacja

krzemieni czekoladowych. In: Borkowski, W., Libera, J., Sałaci�nska, B.,Sałaci�nski, S. (Eds.), Krzemie�n Czekoladowy w Pradziejach, Materiały z kon-

ferencji w Oro�nsku 08-10.10.2003, Studia nad gospodarka surowcami krze-

miennymi w pradziejach, t. 7, pp. 33e106. Warszawa-Lublin.Burdukiewicz, J.M., 1999. Concerning chronology of the Hamburgian Culture. Folia

Quaternaria 70, 12e146.Burdukiewicz, J.M., 2011. Late Glacial hunteregatherer reactions to the Younger

Dryas cooling event in the southern and eastern Baltic regions of Europe.

Quaternary International 242, 302e312.Chmielewska, M., 1957. Stanowisko mezolityczne w Cichamianie w pow. kolskim.

Prace i Materiały Muzeum Archeologicznego i Etnograficznego w Łodzi. SeriaArcheologiczna 2, 5e12.

Chmielewska, M., 1978. P�o�zny paleolit pradoliny warszawskoeberli�nskiej. Wrocławe Warszawa e Krak�ow e Gda�nsk, 276 pp.

Cyrek, K., 1996. Osadnictwo schyłkowopaleolityczne w Zakolu Załecza�nskim doliny

Warty. Ł�od�z, 194 pp.Derese, C., Vandenberghe, D.A.G., Van Gils, M., Mees, F.E., Paulissen, E., Van den

haute, P., 2012. Final Palaeolithic settlements of the Campine region (NEBelgium) in their environmental context: optical age constraints. Quaternary

International 251, 7e21.

Dzieduszy�nska, D., Kittel, P., Petera-Zganiacz, J., Brooks, S.J., Korze�n, K., Krapiec, M.,Pawłowski, D., Płaza, D.K., Pł�ociennik, M., Stachowicz-Rybka, R., Twardy, J., 2014.

Environmental influence on forest development and decline in the Warta RiverValley (Central Poland) during the Late Weichselian. Quaternary International

324, 99e114. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.quaint.2013.07.017.

Dzieduszy�nska, D., Petera-Zganiacz, J., 2012. Geologic position of the Younger Dryassubfossil forest in the Warta River Valley, central Poland. Bulletin of the

Geological Society of Finland 84, 69e79.Dzieduszy�nska, D., Petera-Zganiacz, J., Krapiec, M., 2011. The age of the subfossil

trunk horizon in deposits of the Warta River valley (central Poland) based on14C datings. Geochronometria 38, 334e340.

Forsstr€om, L., Punkari, M., 1997. Initiation of the Last Glaciation in Northern Europe.

Quaternary Science Reviews 16, 1197e1215.Forysiak, J., 2005. Rozw�oj doliny Warty miedzy Burzeninem a Dobrowem po zlo-

dowaceniu warty. Acta Geographica Lodziensia 90, 116 pp.Forysiak, J., Miotk-Szpiganowicz, G., Petera, J., 1999. Geologic setting and palyno-

logic examination of the Vistulian sediments at Ko�zmin near Turek, central

Poland. Geological Quarterly 43 (1), 85e98.Forysiak, J., Obremska, M., Pawłowski, D., Kittel, P., 2010. Late Vistulian and Holo-

cene changes in the Ner river valley in light of geological and palaeoecologicaldata from the Ner-Zawada peatland. Geologija 52 (1e4), 25e33.

Gonera, P., Kozarski, S., 1987. River channel changes and rough paleodischarge es-timates for the Warta River, West-Central Poland. Geografiska Annaler 69A,

163e171.

Grimm, S.B., Weber, M.J., 2008. The chronological framework of the Hamburgian inthe light of old and new 14C dates. Quartar 55, 17e40.

Inizan, M.L., Reduron-Ballinger, M., Roche, H., Tixier, J., 1999. Technology and Ter-minology of Knapped Stone. CREP, Nanterre, p. 189.

Isarin, R.F.B., 1997. Permafrost distribution and temperatures in Europe during the

Younger Dryas. Permafrost and Periglacial Processes 8, 313e333.Isarin, R.F.B., Renssen, H., 1999. Reconstructing and modelling late Weichselian

climates: the Younger Dryas in Europe as a case study. Earth Science Reviews48, 1e38.

Jankowski, M., Budek, A., Dzieduszy�nska, D., Kittel, P., Petera-Zganiacz, J., Twardy, J.,2013. Paleopedological interpretation of the soil sequence and buried forest

remains at the Ko�zmin Las site in Central Poland. In: Bronnikova, M.A.,

Sycheva, S.A., Makeev, A.O. (Eds.), Paleosols, Pedosediments and LandscapeMorphology as Environmental Archives, Materials of the XIIth International

Symposium and Field Workshop on Paleopedology (ISFWP), Kursk, RussiaAugust 10 e15, 2013, Moscow, Kursk, p. 27.

Kabaci�nski, J., Sobkowiak-Tabaka, I., 2009. P�o�zny paleolit i mezolit basenu�srodkowej Warty, t. 1. Ratownicze Badania Archeologiczne Instytutu Arche-ologii i Etnologii PAN e Oddział w Poznaniu, Pozna�n, 527 pp.

Kanwiszer, A., Trzeciak, P., 1984. Lodz radiocarbon dates I. Radiocarbon 26 (1),111e126.

Kanwiszer, A., Trzeciak, P., 1991. Lodz radiocarbon dates III. Radiocarbon 33 (1),115e130.

Kasse, C., 1995. Younger Dryas cooling and fluvial response (Maas River, the

Netherlands). Geologie en Mijnbouw 74, 251e256.Kittel, P., Petera-Zganiacz, J., Dzieduszy�nska, D., Twardy, J., Krapiec, M., Bijak, Sz,

Bronisz, K., Zasada, M., Płaza, D., 2012. Badania „kopalnego lasu” ze schyłkuvistulianu w dolinie Warty (Kotlina Kolska, �srodkowa Polska). Studia i Materiały

Centrum Edukacji Przyrodniczo-Le�snej 1 (30), 238e245.



http://refhub.elsevier.com/S1040-6182(14)00716-2/sref1











































































































































Kobusiewicz, M., 1999. Tanged point cultures of greater Poland 25 years from the

first approach. In: Kozłowski, S.K., Gurba, J., Zaliznyak, L. (Eds.), Tanged PointsCultures in Europe. Read at the International Archaeological Symposium Lublin,

September, 13e16, 1993, pp. 110e120.Kondracki, J., 2002. Geografia regionalna Polski. PWN, Warszawa.

Koster, E.A., 1995. Progress in cold-climate aeolian research. Quaestiones Geo-

graphicae 155e163. Special Issue 4.Kozarski, S., 1983. River channel changes in the middle reach of the Warta valley,

Great Poland Lowland. Quaternary Study in Poland 4, 159e169.Kozarski, S., Rotnicki, K., 1977. Valley floor and changes of river channel pattern in

the Polish Plain during the Late Würm and Holocene. Quaestiones Geo-graphicae 4, 51e93.

Kozarski, S., Gonera, P., Antczak, B., 1988. Valley floor development and palae-

ohydrological changes: the Late Vistulian and Holocene history of the WartaRiver (Poland). In: Lang, G., Schlüchter, Ch (Eds.), Lake, Mire and River Envi-

ronments during the Last 15,000 Years. A. A. Balkema, Rotterdam, pp. 185e203.Kozłowski, S.K., 1999. The tanged points complex. In: Kozłowski, S.K., Gurba, J.,

Zaliznyak, L. (Eds.), Tanged Points Cultures in Europe. Read at the International

Archaeological Symposium Lublin, September, 13e16, 1993, pp. 28e35.Krajewski, K., 1977. P�o�znoplejstoce�nskie i holoce�nskie procesy wydmotw�orcze w

pradolinie warszawsko-berli�nskiej. Acta Geographica Lodziensia 39, 87 pp.Madeyska, T., 1998. Zr�o _znicowanie ro�slinno�sci Polski u schyłku ostatniego zlodo-

wacenia. Studia Geologica Polonica 113, 137e180.

Madeyska, T., Kozłowski, S.K., 1995. Human settlement and palaenvironmentalchanges in Poland 20,000e8,000 years ago. Biuletyn Peryglacjalny 34, 103e123.

Marks, L., 2005. Pleistocene glacial limits in the territory of Poland. Przeglad Geo-logiczny 53, 988e993.

Marosik, P., 2002. Ukształtowanie terenu i warunki geologiczne na stanowiskuarcheologicznym nr 11 w Grabku oraz na obszarze przyległym w dnie doliny

Kras�owki. In: Grygiel, R. (Ed.), Wyniki ratowniczych bada�nwykopaliskowych na

terenie odkrywki „Szczerc�ow” KWB „Bełchat�ow” S.A. na stanowisku nr 11 wGrabku, gm. Szczerc�ow, woj. ł�odzkie, Ł�od�z, pp. 9e23.

Nanson, G.C., Knighton, A.D., 1996. Anabranching Rivers: their cause, character andclassification. Earth Surface Processes and Landforms 21, 217e239.

Niesiołowska, E., 1971. Sprawozdanie z dotychczasowych bada�n na stanowisku 3 w

Osjakowie pow. In: Seria Archeologiczna, vol. 18. Wielu�n, Prace i MateriałyMuzeum Archeologicznego i Etnograficznego w Łodzi, pp. 77e92.

Niesiołowska-�Sreniowska, E., Płaza, D.K., Marosik, P., Balwierz, Z., 2011. Obozowiskaze starszej i �srodkowej epoki kamienia na stanowisku 1 w Aleksandrowie

Ł�odzkim w kontek�scie analizy �srodowiska naturalnego. Ł�od�z, 179 pp.Nowaczyk, B., 1986. The Age of Dunes, Their Structural Properties against Atmo-

spheric Circulation Pattern during the Late Vistulian and Holocene. In: Seria

Geogr, vol. 28. Adam Mickiewicz Univ. Press, Pozna�n, 245 pp.Papiernik, P., Płaza, D.K., 2012. Materiały krzemienne ze stanowiska 3 a e c w

Lutomiersku Kozi�owkach. In: Grygiel, R. (Ed.), Lutomiersk e Kozi�owki stano-wisko 3 a e c, pow. pabianicki woj. ł�odzkie, Wielokulturowy zesp�oł osadniczy

od schyłki paleolitu po okres nowo _zytny, pp. 39e52.

Papiernik, P., Was, M., 2002. Osadnictwo p�o�znopaleolityczne. In: Grygiel, R. (Ed.),Wyniki ratowniczych bada�n wykopaliskowych na terenie odkrywki

„Szczerc�ow” KWB „Bełchat�ow” S.A. na stanowisku nr 11 w Grabku, gm.Szczerc�ow, woj. ł�odzkie, Ł�od�z, pp. 33e74.

Petera, J., 2002. Vistulia�nskie osady dolinne w basenie uniejowskim i ich wymowapaleogeograficzna. Acta Geographica Lodziensia 83, 174 pp.

Pł�ociennik, M., Self, A., Birks, H.J.B., Brooks, S.J., 2011. Chironomidae (Insecta:

Diptera) succession in _Zabieniec bog and its palaeo-lake (Central Poland)through the Late Weichselian and Holocene. Paleogeography Palaeoclimatology

Palaeoecology 307, 150e167.Ralska-Jasiewiczowa, M., Goslar, T., Madeyska, T., Starkel, L. (Eds.), 1998. Lake

Go�scia _z, Central Poland. A Monographic Study. Part 1. W. Szafer Institute of

Botany, Polish Academy of Science, Krak�ow, 340 pp.Rotnicki, K., 1991. Retrodiction of palaeodischarges of meandering and sinuous al-

luvial rivers and its palaeohydroclimatic implications. In: Starkel, L.,Gregory, K.J., Thornes, J.B. (Eds.), Temperate Paleohydrology. Wiley and Sons,

Chichester, pp. 431e472.Schild, R., 1975. P�o�zny paleolit. In: Chmielewski, W., Hensel, W. (Eds.), Prahistoria

ziem polskich, Paleolit i mezolit, Wrocław eWarszawa e Krak�ow e Gda�nsk, t. 1,

pp. 195e338.

Schild, R., 1984. Terminal Palaeolithic of the North European Plain. A review of lost

chances, potential and hopes. Advances in World Archaeology 3, 193e274.Schild, R., 2001. The reason why it is likely that the early Mesolithic population in

Poland was not aboriginal. In: Ginter, B., Drobniewicz, B., Kazior, B., Nowak, M.,Połtowicz, M. (Eds.), Problemy epoki kamienia na obszarze starego �swiata,

pp. 229e233. Ksiega Jubileuszowa dedykowana Profesorowi Januszowi K.

Kozłowskiemu, Krak�ow.Schild, R., Pazdur, M.,F., Vogel, J.C., 1999a. Radiochronology of the tanged point

technocomplex in Poland. In: Kozłowski, S.K., Gurba, J., Zaliznyak, L. (Eds.),Tanged Points Cultures in Europe. Read at the International Archaeological

Symposium Lublin, September, 13e16, 1993, pp. 13e15.Schild, R., Tobolski, K., Kubiak-Martens, L., Pazdur, M.F., Pazdur, A., Vogel, J.C.,

Stafford, T., 1999b. Stratigraphy, palaeoecology and radiochronology of the site

of Całowanie. Folia Quaternaria 70, 239e268.Schild, R., Kr�olik, H., Tomaszewski, A.J., Ciepielewska, E., 2011. Rydno. A Stone Age

Red Ochre Quarry and Socioeconomic Center. A Century of Research. Warsaw,467 pp.

Sobkowiak-Tabaka, I., 2011. Społeczno�sci p�o�znego paleolitu w dorzeczu Odry.

Pozna�n, 416 pp.Starkel, L., Gebica, P., 1995. Evolution of river valleys in southern Poland during the

PleistoceneeHolocene transition. Biuletyn Peryglacjalny 34, 175e190.Starkel, L., Gebica, P., Superson, J., 2007. Last GlacialeInterglacial cycle in the evo-

lution of river valleys in southern and central Poland. Quaternary Science Re-

views 26, 2924e2936.Sulgostowska, Z., 1997. The phenomenon of chocolate flint distribution on the North

European Plain during the Final Palaeolithic. In: Schild, R., Sulgostowska, Z.(Eds.), Man and Flint, pp. 313e318.

Sulgostowska, Z., 2005. Kontakty społeczno�sci p�o�zno paleolitycznych i mezoli-tycznych miedzy Odra, D�zwina i g�ornym Dniestrem. Warszawa, 344 pp.

Terberger, T., 2006. From the first humans to the Mesolithic hunters in the Northern

German lowlands: current results and trends. In: Møller Hansen, K., BuckPedersen, K. (Eds.), Across the Western Baltic: Proceedings of the Archaeolog-

ical Conference “The Prehistory and Early Medieval Period in the WesternBaltic” in Vordingborg, South Zealand, Denmark, March 27thee29th, 2003.

Sydsjællands Museums Publikationer, Vordingborg, Denmark, pp. 23e56.

Tobolski, K., 1998. In: Paleoekologiczne studium p�o�znoglacjalnych osad�ow JezioraLednica w Imiołkach (Lednicki Park Krajobrazowy). Biblioteka Studi�ow Led-

nickich, vol. IV. Homini, Bydgoszcz, 80 pp.Turkowska, K., 1995. Recognition of valleys evolution during the Pleistoce-

neeHolocene transition in non-glaciated regions of Polish Lowlands. BiuletynPeryglacjalny 34, 209e227.

Turkowska, K., Forysiak, J., Petera, J., Miotk-Szpiganowicz, G., 2000. Morfogeneza

powierzchni Kotliny Kolskiej w okolicach Ko�zmina. Acta Geographica Lod-ziensia 78, 98e134.

Turkowska, K., Forysiak, J., Petera, J., Miotk-Szpiganowicz, G., 2004. A Warta Riversystem during the Younger Dryas in the Koło Basin (Middle Poland). Quaes-

tiones Geographicae 23, 83e107.

Vandenberghe, J., 2002. The relations between climate and river processes, land-forms and deposits during the Quaternary. Quaternary International 91, 17e23.

Vandenberghe, J., 2003. Climate forcing of fluvial system development: an evolu-tion of ideas. Quaternary Science Reviews 22, 2053e2060.

Vandenberghe, J., Kasse, C., Bohncke, S., Kozarski, S., 1994. Climate-related riveractivity at the WeichselianeHolocene transition: a comparative study of the

Warta and Maas rivers. Terra Nova 6, 476e485.

Wasylikowa, K., 1999. Przemiany ro�slinno�sci jako odbicie proces�ow wydmotw�orc-zych i osadniczych w młodszym dryasie i holocenie na stanowisku arche-

ologicznym w Witowie koło Łeczycy. In: Prace i Materiały MuzeumArcheologicznego i Etnograficznego w Łodzi. Seria Archeologiczna, vol. 41,

pp. 43e79.

Weber, M.-J., Grimm, S.B., Baales, M., 2011. Between warm and cold: impact of theYounger Dryas on human behaviour in Central Europe. Quaternary Interna-

tional 242, 277e301.Winiarska-Kabaci�nska, M., 2009. Analiza funkcjonalna materiał�ow krzemiennych

ze stanowiska 2 w Cichmianie (Aut 441). In: Kabaci�nski, J., Sobkowiak-Tabaka, I.(Eds.), P�o�zny paleolit i mezolit basenu �srodkowej Warty, t. 1. Ratownicze

Badania Archeologiczne Instytutu Archeologii i Etnologii PAN Oddział w Poz-

naniu, Pozna�n, pp. 379e453.












































































































































































































































































Late Palaeolithic settlement pattern in palaeogeographical context of the river valleys in the Koło...

Documents

Transcript of Late Palaeolithic settlement pattern in palaeogeographical context of the river valleys in the Koło...