2011

Possibly Cham/Ham son of Noah, or one of his decedents.

A “T.H.I.N.K.” Production [The Hamitic Independent Nation Of Kush]

By: Marcus Allgood © Marcus Allgood 2011 case # 1-736350581

[ Kush in the Quran] The name Kush (Cush) can be found from India to Africa and the Middle East.

They were the founders of many great civilizations including ancient Egypt. And they have a significant presence in scriptures. What does the Quran say about

these ancient people?

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* Noah & Ham: To begin to understand the relationship of Cush or Ham we

must begin with the story of Noah, their progenitor. There is no direct reference to a Cush or Ham in the Quran, but only inferred. However, Islamic scholarship does

have plenty of commentary regarding the matter. According to the Quran (Hud Surah 11:42–43), Noah had another unnamed son who refused to come aboard

the Ark, instead preferring to climb a mountain, where he drowned.

Surah 11:42-43 “So the Ark floated with them on the waves

(towering) like mountains, and Noah called out to his son, who had separated himself (from the rest): "O my son! embark with us, and

be not with the unbelievers!" The son replied: "I will betake myself to some mountain: it will save me from the water." Noah said: "This

day nothing can save, from the command of Allah, any but those on whom He hath mercy! "And the waves came between them, and the

son was among those overwhelmed in the Flood.”

Some Islamic commentators say his name was either Yam (HAM) or Kan'an

(Canaan)1. These scholars rely heavily on tradition (ahadiths) which may have

been influenced by Jewish or Sumerian traditions. Kan‘an (Canaan) is unlikely the

son drowned in Surah 11:42-43, because he was not born until after the flood

according to the Biblical Narrative, where this name is mentioned. And if Noah‘s

son Ham (Yam) died, according to one another account, then the Kushite line

would have come from Shem or Japheth, or a possible 4th genetic line, thus

linking them all to the original Black stock of ALL NATIONS, most likely from a

single Black-Negro root, namely Noah (Ziusudra) himself, the last king the Black-

heads2 of Sumer. This would negate the Biblical “3-sons racial theory” where all

mankind descended from Shem, Ham, and Japheth, if Ham was destroyed.

The Biblical narrative’s world-wide deluge (Ge.7:21) have been seriously

questioned because there is indication that the deluge of Noah may have been a localized flood and not worldwide3 4. The Holy Quran seems to indicate a localized

flood also. There is Islamic scholarship that agrees with this notion too5 6. The Quran has laid stress on this point in its earliest revelation, speaking of Noah in

chapter 71, which opens with the statement that “We sent Noah to his people,” and ends with the statement that Noah’s people rejected him and “because of 1 This was observed as early as 1734, in George Sale's Commentary on the Quran.

2 The Sumerians referred to themselves as ùĝ saĝ gíg-ga, phonetically uŋ saŋ giga, literally meaning "the black-headed people". See - W.

Hallo, W. Simpson (1971). The Ancient Near East. New York: Harcourt, Brace, Jovanovich. p. 28. 3 Reference the Ryan-Pitman Theory, which argues for a catastrophic deluge about 5600 BC from the Mediterranean Sea into the Black

Sea. 4 'Noah's Flood' Not Rooted in Reality, After All?" National Geographic News, February 6, 2009. Reported that the flooding might have

been "quite mild". 5 Dr. Maurice Bucaille in his book, The Bible, the Qur'an & Science

6 Maulana Muhammad Ali’s Translation of the Holy Quran, pg 461, note 42a in regards to Surah 11:40-43

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their wrongs they were drowned” (71:25). All references to Noah lay stress on this

point, viz., that only Noah’s people who opposed the truth, persecuted Noah, and planned against his life, were drowned. The Biblical story was an attempt to

explain the surrounding populations in and around the Mesopotamia region and their origins (then the only known “WORLD” to the Hebrews). And further, there

are other cultures that have no documentation of this world flood. The ancient Magians7 8, for example, have no knowledge of the Flood9. They say: “Our rule

continued uninterrupted since the age of Jayumart- who they say is identical with Adam. It was inherited by consecutive rulers to the time of

Feroz b. Yazdjard b. Shahriyar.” They (also) say: “If (the story of the Flood) were sound, the pedigrees of the people would have been disrupted and

their rule dissolved.” Some of them (Magians) acknowledge the Flood and assume that it took place in the time of Babil, and nearby regions, whereas the

descendants of Jayumart had their dwellings in the East, and the Flood did not reach them.

The only details of any importance about Noah (in the Quran) are contained in the 11th chapter, which speaks of the making of an ark, Noah’s embarking on it, and

how it ultimately rested on the Judi (Qur'an 11:44), one of the mountains which divide Armenia on the south from Mesopotamia, and adds an incident about a son

of Noah who was also drowned because he was “the doer of other than good deeds” (11:46). A very short notice of him, contained in 29:14-15, adds that he

remained among his people possibly 950 years10. In Surah 66:10, his wife is mentioned along with Lot’s wife as having acted treacherously towards him.

The Hamitic Sumerians referred to Noah as Ziusudra of Shuruppak (grain distribution city), the last king of Sumer prior to the deluge. The line following

Ziusudra in WB-62 (Sumerian king list) reads: “Then the flood swept over.” The next line reads: “After the flood swept over, kingship descended from

heaven; the kingship was in Kish.” The city of Kish (KUSH) flourished in the Early Dynastic period soon after an archaeologically attested river flood in

Shuruppak (modern Tell Fara, Iraq) and various other Sumerian cities. This however, negates any curse of Ham, or Cannon for that matter, that the Bible

negatively attributes to the Black nations alleged ancestor, which has undertones of racism in the Biblical account.

7 According to Robert Charles Zaehner, "we hear of Magi not only in Persia, Parthia, Bactria, Chorasmia, Aria, Media, and among the

Sakas, but also in non-Iranian lands like Samaria, Ethiopia, and Egypt. Their influence was also widespread throughout Asia Minor. It is, therefore, quite likely that the sacerdotal caste of the Magi was distinct from the Median tribe of the same name."See: Zaehner, Robert Charles (1961), The Dawn and Twilight of Zoroastrianism, New York: MacMillan, p. 163. 8 The Quranic word مجوس Arabic majusya ,(Quran 22:17) ال

9 History of al-Tabari [State University of New York Press; Albany, NY 1989], p. 369

10 Noah lived to be actually 83 years old, if the 950 years of age is derived from the Sumerian SHE–GUR number system designed for

counting volumes of grain (Shuruppak was a grain distribution city); thus converted tens of years to hundreds, years to tens of years, tenths of years to years, which seemingly inflated the ages at death. See article: “Analysis of the Numbers in Genesis 5, By Robert M. Best”, May 2009

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THE HAMITIC AND SEMITIC LANGUAGE CONNECTION:

An early Arabic work known as Kitab al-Magall or the ―Book of Rolls” (part of

Clementine literature) mentions Bouniter, yet another son of Noah, born after the

flood, which allegedly invented astronomy and instructed Nimrod11 12. Nimrod was

the son of Cush and great-grandson of Noah and the king of Shinar. Bouniter,

son of Ham, would have shared a common language and culture in order to be his,

Nimrod's, educator [which means all the sons of Noah come from a single Black-

Negro racial stock and shared a common culture.] If Ham was of a darker hue

then they were all of a darker complexion or within the family of browns.

Even among some Arab traditions claim that the (people of Ad’s) prophet Hud (PBUH) was the first person who spoke Arabic13 while others claimed that Noah

(PBUH) was the first. It was also said that Adam (meaning “Brown” in Arabic) was the first. The implication would mean that the Arabic language is a language of

Black people. There is evidence within the table of nations mentioned in Genesis 10 that they may be the same people due to the similarity in name, and the

comparable corresponding names of some their decedents. It is noteworthy that

some of them, like the Ethiopians and the Canaanites, spoke Semitic, and not Hamitic, languages--Seba (if connected with the Sabeans), Havilah (Yemen), and

Sheba, whose queen visited Solomon. Professor Archibald Sayce, moreover, has pointed out that Caphtor (the original country of the Philistines before their

emigration into Palestine) is the original home of the Phoenicians (Canaanites), who spoke a Semitic language. Once, the Arabian Peninsula was thought to be the

“cradle” of proto-Semitic language, however, there are some scholars that advocate that it originated somewhere in East Africa, probably in the area in

Somalia/Ethiopia14.

Hence a "Biblical Canaan/Ham” needs to be distinguished from the historical

Canaan/Ham (or a "historical Israel" from a "literary" or "Biblical Israel") because the Hebrew Bible contrasts the Canaanites from the nation of Israel, while

historically and archaeologically, the kingdoms of Israel and Judah were a subset

11

Nimrod is thought to be the Assyrian King Tukulti-Ninurta I (1243-1207). See:” Noah’s Flood, In Bible,

Quran, and Mesopotamia Stories” by Munir Ahmed Khan, Pg 15. 12

Enmerkar the founder of Uruk was the original inspiration for Nimrod, because the story of Enmerkar and the Lord of Aratta bears a few similarities to the legend of Nimrod and the Tower of Babel, and because the -KAR in Enmerkar means "hunter". Additionally, Enmerkar is said to have had ziggurats built in both Uruk and Eridu, which Rohl postulates was the

site of the original Babel. See Enmerkar and the lord of Aratta: translation". Etcsl.orinst.ox.ac.uk. Retrieved 2009-11-12. 13

“Ibn Kathir “ Prophets in the Quran: an intro to the Quran & Muslim Exegis- Brannon M Wheeler, pg 65-66 . 14

Arabic Language & Middle East /North African Cultural Studies - by Terri DeYoung, Spring 1999, reference article on http://www.indiana.edu/~arabic/arabic_history.htm

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of Canaanite/Hamitic culture15 16 Therefore, the Hamitic racial strain and the

Shemitic (Semitic) racial strain are but one race. This may explain the Quranic silence on the issue.

How do we account for Semitic languages being spoken of in Hamitic lands and

visa versa? The 20th-century language scholar, Frederick Bodmer17, added:

“Though the Semitic and Hamitic group diverge widely, their kinship is generally recognized. They share more root-words than can be explained by

borrowing; and they have some common grammatical peculiarities.”

Russian scholars and linguists of the 1960s (e.g. V.V Shevoroshkin), concluded that there must have been a single original Mother Tongue. With regard to written

language, scholar Richard Rudgley18 in says:

“It is generally agreed that the earliest known writing comes from the

Ancient Near East and first occurred during the period 3500 to 2800 BC. Expert opinions favour 3100 BC as the most likely time for this major

historical landmark to have taken place. It was in the city of Uruk (in present-day southern Iraq), epicentre of the Sumerian world, that this great

innovation took place. This initial form of writing has been called proto-cuneiform … It was followed shortly afterwards by the Proto-Elamite script in

south-western Iran and, a little later, by Egyptian hieroglyphics. About a thousand years later, writing appeared for the first time in the Indus Valley

civilization”.

Egyptian hieroglyphs are thus seen as a later invention, presumably a development from the pictorial proto- or pre-cuneiform (wedge-shaped) writing of

Sumeria.

In addition, the idea of a long-standing connection between Mesopotamia (ancient

Kush) and Egypt is strengthened by the linguistic similarities between the two cultures. In his earlier work Legend, David Rohl wrote:

15

Tubb, Jonathan N. (1998), "Canaanites" (British Museum People of the Past), p. 16 16

Mark Smith in "The Early History of God: Yahweh and Other Deities of Ancient Israel" states "Despite the long regnant model that the Canaanites and Israelites were people of fundamentally different culture, archaeological data now casts doubt on this view. The material culture of the region exhibits numerous common points between Israelites and Canaanites in the Iron I period (ca. 1200–1000 BC). The record would suggest that the Israelite culture largely overlapped with and derived from Canaanite culture... In short, Israelite culture was largely Canaanite in nature. Given the information available, one cannot maintain a radical cultural separation between Canaanites and Israelites for the Iron I period." (pp6–7).Smith, Mark (2002) "The Early History of God: Yahweh and Other Deities of Ancient Israel" (Eerdman's) 17

The Loom of Language, Geo. Allen & Unwin Ltd, London, 1944, p. 420ff. 18

Lost Civilisations of the Stone Age (Arrow Books, UK, 1999), Richard Rudgley , p. 48

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“[T]here are clear indications, based on detailed comparative linguistic

studies, that ancient Egyptian was influenced by the Semitic languages of Mesopotamia. Indeed, it seems that the two languages stem from a

single original mother tongue. The point at which the two separated from each other is hard to pinpoint but there is no doubt that it was way back in

the distant past.”

As the great Semiticist, William Foxwell Albright19, wrote in 1970:

If a language community splits into two or more groups which are subsequently and immediately isolated from one another, the language of

each group will continue to evolve. But because there is no fixed direction for linguistic change, these languages will gradually diverge from one

another in both form and content, until, after a suitable time, they will have become quite distinct. … Although Egyptian is not to be placed within the

Semitic family, there are few grammatical features which can be considered

alien to that group. A close genetic relationship is thus indicated and accepted; only on details is there a divergence of scholarly opinion. We do

not only have the vocabulary of Mesopotamia and Egypt to consider but also the basic structure of the two language groups. Although less obvious to a

non-specialist, the rules of language are a better indicator of a common linguistic origin … and a good number of Egyptian words can be traced

back to Semitic originals. However, one crucial little word is very important to our discussion of the origins of the pharaonic state. The concept

of maat, ‘divine truth’ or ‘cosmic order’ is fundamental to Egyptian royal theology … The word maat is again a feminine word which carries an

unpronounced ‘t’ ending and we would therefore expect it to be pronounced something like ‘ma’ or ‘mua’. It is interesting to note that the Sumerian word

for the elements of cosmic order is me.

This linguistic clue aside, the greater part of the Egyptian vocabulary

appears to be native to the Nile valley and may be of African -- what we call Hamitic -- origins. This would be consistent with the idea that the

Nakada II newcomers had initially spent an intermediate period in a third geographical location where they adopted new terms from the local

inhabitants which better described their more exotic environment. One such African location may have been Punt. Some of the migrators could then have

moved on up into the Nile valley where again they would have quickly adapted to their new home by readily incorporating elements of vocabulary

from the local population. Indeed, as a minority group, they would undoubtedly have been forced to adopt the local tongue in order to

communicate with the majority. This whole process may have spanned

19

[Albright & Lambdin, ‘The Evidence of Language’ in CAH I:1,1970, pp. 124,133]

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several generations, by which time the original mother-tongue of the

migrating clan would have become submerged, only surfacing as a small percentage of the total haraonic vocabulary. …

Ancient Egyptian is classified within the Hamito-Semitic (Afro-Asiatic) group

of languages which include Berber, Tuareg and Cushitic. The latter is spoken by the indigenous folk who live in the geographical territory of modern Sudan

and Ethiopia. … Thus ‘Cushitic’ was spoken by the descendants of Cush and the broader term ‘Hamitic’, used for the languages of north-east Africa,

is derived from Ham … (op. cit., pp. 323-326)

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* Sabians: There is some confusion about the Quranic (Sabians ) and ‘the

Sabaeans’ ( ون س أي as-Saba’iyūn), from Seba (son of , ال

Cush)20, which mentions them getting their reward in paradise.21 The Sabians believed to "belong to the prophet

Noah". They have been connected with both Yemen and Eritrea. Although there is some debate if the Quranic

Sabians and Cushite Sabeans are the same, there are some similarities to the Sabaeans which can not be

ignored:

1.) Similarity in name: (Sabians (Arabic: )), the Sabaeans’ (Arabic: ون س أي as- Saba’iyūn).Although ال

one begins with Sheen and the other with Sad, this minor difference can be attributed to translation from the

Southern Semetic language in Yemen to Arabic. In Marmaduke Pickthall’s translation of the Quran, he

attributes the Sabians to the Cushitic Sabaeans22. The etymology of the root word 'Sabi'un' points to origins

either in the Syriac or Mandaic word 'Sabian', and suggest that the Mandaean religion originated with Sabeans who came under the influence of

early Hellenic Sabian missionaries, but preferred their own priesthood.

2.) The Sabians’ Holy book was called the Zabur (Psalms)23 24 and the Cushite

Sabaeans wrote in a ancient script called the Zabur, a branch of the Proto-

Sinaitic alphabet25

3.) Both come from Yemen.26 Lempriere's Classical Dictionary refers to a town

of Saba in Arabia; Sabachus or Sabacon, a king of Ethiopia; Sabaei, a people 20

Seba was the eldest son of Cush, according to Genesis 10:7 . 21

Quran 2:62, Quran 5:69, Quran 22:17 22 “THE MEANING OF THE GLORIOUS QURAN” by Mohammed Marmaduke Pickthall, Hyderabad-Deccan :

Government Central Press [1938]; Surah 2:62, 5:69, 22:17 23

Abul ‘Ailya said: “The Sabis are a sect of people of the Scripture who recite the Zaboor.” 24

Abu Hanifah (d.767 AD) who is the founder of the Hanafite School of Islamic Law wrote: "The Sabians read Zaboor and are between Judaism and Christianity." 25

(see, e.g., Ryckmans, J., Müller, W. W., and ‛Abdallah, Yu., Textes du Yémen Antique inscrits sur bois. Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium, 1994 (Publications de l'Institut Orientaliste de Louvain, 43)). 26

Stuart Munro-Hay, Aksum: An African Civilization of Late Antiquity, 1991.

"Bronze man" found in Al Bayda' (ancient Nashqum, Sheba kingdom). 6th-5th century BCE. Louvre Museum.

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of Arabia; Sabatha a town of Arabia now known as Sana'a or Sabota; and

the town of Sabatra in Syria. These are all clues of where Saba was located originally.

Bible scholars variously label the Sabaeans as Sheba or Seba (Sabaeans could

possibly refer to both Sheba and Seba). The island of Meroë near Ethiopia was known as Suba; we have the Suab tribe in Sudan; the Isubu Bantu tribe; Wa-

Siba eastern Bantu; the Sebunga district and Sebakwe river in southern Africa. In addition we have the Sobat river in Ethiopia and Wabe Shebele stream. The New

Bible Dictionary notes the similarity of the names Seba and Sheba (both

descendants of Cush), which indicates a close relationship between them. Strabo mentions a town called Sabai and a harbor called Saba on the Red Sea coast of

southern Arabia. The only difference is in the spelling of the two names in Hebrew is Seb a' (Seba), and Seba (Sheba). Strong's Exhaustive Concordance,

under "Seba" says: "See also Sabaeans; Sheba". Certain scriptures indicate that some descendants of Seba lived with Raamah's son, Sheba. David writes in the

book of Psalms indicating that these two related nations will repent of their national sins like all peoples need to and serve God:

"The kings of Sheba and Seba offer gifts." - Psalm 72:10

The Prophet Muhammad (PBUH) and his followers were thought to be these

Cushitic Sabians27 28, following the Din (Deen/Way) of Noah (Nuh), and followed five daily prayers29, had the same declaration of faith La ilahah il Allah (there is no

god but Allah)30, and also fasted for 30 days31. The Quran mentions the Zabur as a

27

Abd al-Rahman ‘ibn Zayd (d. 798 AD) wrote: "The Sābi'ūn say that their religion is a religion to itself and they live near Mosul (jazirat al-mawsil) and believe in only one God." He also wrote that they have: "… no cult though their main belief is “La ilaha il Allah”." He also remarked that: "the Sābi'ūn did not believe in the Prophet Mohammed (in the same way as his followers did), yet the polytheists were known to say of the Prophets and his companions “these are the Sabians” comparing them to them." 28

Wahb ‘ibn Munabbih (d 728-732 AD), who was originally from Iran, wrote: "The Sabians believe 'La ilaha il Allāh' but they do not have canonical law." 29

Qatadah ‘ibn Di’amah (d736 AD) wrote: "The Sabians worship angels, read Zaboor, pray five ritual prayers." 30

Abd al-Rahman ‘ibn ‘Zayd (d.798 AD) wrote: "The polytheists used to say of the prophet and his companions ‘these are the Sabians’ comparing them to them, because the Sabians who live Jaziartal-Mawsil (today known as Iraq) would say ‘La ilaha ila Allah’." 31

Churton, Tobias. The Golden Builders: Alchemists, Rosicrucians, and the First Freemasons. New York: Barnes and Noble, 2002. p. 26

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Holy book32. Islam, Muhammad’s religion, is likely a reformation of this ancient

Cushitic sect33.

32

Qur'an, Sura 4 (An-Nisa), ayah 163, Qur'an, Sura 17 (Al-Isra), ayah 55, Qur'an, sura 21 (Al-Anbiya), ayah 105 33

W. St. Clair-Tisdall (W.St. Clair Tisdal, The Sources of Islam, The Orgins of the Koran, pp.236-237)

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* The Queendom of Sheba: The Qur'an speaks of a Queen of Sheba,

although not mentioned by name, but Arab

sources name her Bilqis. The Qur'anic narrative has Solomon getting reports of a

kingdom ruled by a queen whose people worship the sun34. He sends a message

inviting her to the worship of Allah (God). She replied with a gift after consulting her

people. The gift offends Solomon and he started to make preparations for war. The

Queen of Sheba then decides to meet

Solomon. Upon discovering that the Queen

is coming to meet him, Solomon asked his people if anyone can bring the throne of the Queen before she arrives. One of the

Jinn under the control of Solomon proposed that he will bring it before Solomon rises from his seat. One who had knowledge of the "Book" proposed to bring him

the throne of Bilqis 'in the twinkling of an eye' and accomplished that immediately

(27:40). The queen arrives at his court, is shown her throne and asked: does your throne look like this? She replied: (It is) as though it were it. When she enters his

crystal palace she accepts Abrahamic monotheism and the worship of God alone. In the Hebrew Bible, a tradition of the history of nations is preserved in Genesis

10. In Genesis 10:7 there is a reference to Sheba, the son of Raamah, the son of Cush, the son of Ham, son of Noah. In Genesis 10:26-29 there is a reference to

another person named Sheba, listed along with Almodad, Sheleph, Hazarmaveth, Jerah, Hadoram, Uzal, Diklah, Obal, Abimael, Ophir, Havilah, and Jobab as the

descendants of Joktan, the son of Eber, the son of Shelah, the son of Arphaxad, the descendant of Shem, another son of Noah.

Sheba, according to both the Hebrew Bible and the Qur'an, place Solomon and the Queen of Sheba as contemporaries. It is generally agreed that Solomon started

ruling c. 970 BCE due to synchronisms with Egyptian and Assyrian historical records.35 Using the archaeological data, biblical chronologists have placed the

reign of Solomon quite precisely at c. 970-930 BCE36. Similar dating is also mentioned in The Jewish Encyclopedia37, The Anchor Bible Dictionary38,

34

This story is from the Quran Surah (27:23) to (27:44). 35

K. A. Kitchen, "How We Know When Solomon Ruled", Biblical Archaeological Review, 2001, Volume 27 (September/October), No. 5, pp. 32-37 and p. 58. 36

K. A. Kitchen, On The Reliability Of The Old Testament, 2003, Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing Company: Michigan, p. 58, p. 61 and p. 83; K. A. Kitchen, Ancient Orient And Old Testament, 1966, The Tyndale Press: London (UK), p. 72, note 58; J. K. Hoffmeier, Israel In Egypt: The Evidence For The Authenticity Of The Exodus Tradition , 1999, Oxford University Press: Oxford (UK), p. 124. 37

"Solomon", The Jewish Encyclopedia, 1905, Volume XI, Funk & Wagnalls Company: London & New York, p. 438.

An Ethiopian fresco of the Queen of Sheba travelling to Solomon.

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Encyclopedia Of The Bible 39,The Eerdmans Bible Dictionary,40 New Bible

Dictionary among others. This makes the Queen of Sheba's reign also in the 10th century BCE.

38

T. Ishida, "Solomon", in D. N. Freedman (Editor-in-Chief), The Anchor Bible Dictionary, 1992, Volume 6, Doubleday: New York, p. 105. The time of Solomon's reign was c. 970-960 to 930-920 BCE. 39

L. Goldberg, "Solomon" in W. A. Elwell (Gen. Ed.), Encyclopedia Of The Bible, 1988, Volume II, Marshall Pickering: London, p. 1975. The time of Solomon's reign was 970-930 BCE. 40

"Solomon" in A. C. Myers (Ed.), The Eerdmans Bible Dictionary, 1987, William B. Eerdmans Publishing Company: Grand Rapids (MI), p. 959. The time of Solomon's reign was c. 970-930 BCE.

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* The People of Ad:

The Cushites were the first inhabitants

of Arabia, i.e. the ancient Arabs are

known in the national traditions by the name of Adites, from their progenitor,

who is called Ad, the grandson of Ham41 via Amalec42 or possibly Adah.

“The old race of Cushites, consisted originally of 12 tribes with the

following designation: Ad, Thamud, Tasm, Djadis, Amlik, Oum, Ayim, Abil,

Djourhoum, Wabar, Jasm, Anten, and Hashen. 43” The Omani epic Kashf al-

Gumma (The End of Doubt) refers to a people of Ad in Dhofar and describes

their involvement in the incense

trade.

Medieval Arab genealogists divided

Arabs into three groups:

"44Ancient Arabs", tribes that had vanished or been destroyed, such as

'Ad 45

and Thamud, often mentioned in

the Qur'an as examples of God's power to destroy wicked peoples,

(although remnants of their people survive today like the Mahra people).

The Adites were destroyed by a storm, according to the Quran and

they were succeeded by the people of Thamud.

"Pure Arabs" of South Arabia,

descending from Qahtan. The Qahtanites (Qahtanis) are said to have migrated to

41

The New Larned history for Ready Reference Reading and Research, 1922citing F. Lenormant, Manual of Ancient History, bk. 7, ch.2. published 1869. 42

The Bombay quarterly magazine and review, Volume 2 43

Pre-Historic Nations or Inquiries Concerning Some of the Great Peoples and Civilizations of Antiquity and their Probable Relation to a still Older Civilization of the Ethiopians or Cushites of Arabia, by John D. Baldwin , 1869, pg 78 44

Prophets in the Quran: an intro to the Quran & Muslim Exegesis, Brannon M Wheeler, pg 65 45

Surah 11:50-57 – The Quran

People of Ad: Iram would seem to have been an ancient 'Ad capital, in southern Arabia. It boasted of lofty architecture ("lofty pillars").

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the land of Yemen following the destruction of the Ma'rib Dam (sadd Ma'rib).Also

called the land of Kush or Cush. The "Arabized Arabs" (musta`ribah) of center and North Arabia, descending from

Ishmael son of Abraham. The Book of Jubilees claims that the sons of Ishmael intermingled with the 6 sons of Keturah from Abraham and their descendants were

called Arabs and Ishmaelites. Even they were referred to as Hamitic46.

The Adites were a Kushitic/Hamitic people. “These Cushites were the first

inhabitants of Arabia, are known in the national traditions by the name of Adites,

from their progenitor, who is called Ad, the grandson of Ham47 48.” It is possible

that the name “Ad” is the matriarchal name of Cush49. According to F.Lenormant,

there were two “People of Ad” the oldest race being from Kush and the other,

called by the Egyptians “the land of Pun”, origins are unknown (possibly a Semitic-

Hamitic hybrid mix). Cheikh Anta Diop in his book “African Origins of Civilization”

states “The Adites, Decedents of Cush from the line of Ham, lived originally

in Arabia. Cheddade (aka King Shaddad ibn Ad), a son of Ad and builder of

the legendary “Earthy Paradise” mentioned in the Koran, belongs to the

Epoch called the first Adites.” Their land was called Adan or Aden (Biblical

Eden)50. It was also known as the Garden of Iram. However, Diop had commented

that the Joktanides (Qahtan) came down from the North conquering original tribes

of Adites basing his belief on modern interpretations of Biblical and Arabian

history. However, F.Lenormant mentions that upon the Joktanite tribes arrival the

Adites were already destroyed51 which is consistent with the Holy Quran which

indicates there was some sort of natural disaster or “act of God” that destroyed

them52.

In Drusilla Dunjee Houston’s book, called “Wonderful Ethiopians of the Ancient Cushite Empire” she also concurs with Francois Lenormant, E. Chevallier, and

Cheikh Anta Diop, in the chapter called “Arabia and her Ancient Races” that the

ancient Adites were a Cushite people. These Adites were probably the people of

46

His mother Hagar was an Egyptian woman (Genesis 16:1-3), and he married and Egyptian woman himself and settled in

Arabia which make him and his decedents very much Kushites. 47

The New Learned history for Ready Reference Reading and Research, 1922 citing F. Lenormant, Manual of Ancient History, bk. 7, ch.2. published 1869. 48

A Manual of the Ancient History of the East to the Commencement of the Median Wars V2, pg 295. By Francois Lenormant, E.

Chevallier 49

Ad from Adah (Genesis 4:20-21), The first wife of Lamech (father of Noah) and the mother of Jabal and Jubal. (Genesis 4:19-23) or (2) the first wife of Esau, the daughter of Elon the Hittite (Genesis 36:2-4). 50

WHEN ARABIA WAS EASTERN ETHIOPIA (Part 4) Revised - by - Dana Marniche

51

A Manual of the Ancient History of the East to the Commencement of the Median Wars V2, pg 297 52

Surah 69:6-10

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the legendary Atlantis or Ad-lantis53. That Atlantis (Ad-lantis) was connected to

ancient Cush there can be little doubt. The Greek Philosopher, Proclus, stated in his works that he could present evidence that Atlantis at one time actually existed.

He cited as his authority THE ETHIOPIAN HISTORTY of MARCELLUS54 55. In referring to Ethiopian history to prove the existence of Atlantis, Proclus plainly

infers that Atlantis was a part of the Cushite Empire.56

A mythological “man from Ad” was “Adapa57” in Babylonian texts whose name was also that of the ancient ruler Ityop of the Abyssinian king lists. In Greek legend

Ethiopais (Ge'ez 58

: ኢትዮጵያ ʾĪtyōṗṗyā),, ‘son of Ethiops’ is a title of

Bacchus/Dionysus59,(Garnier 2006, p, 38.) "They are personified by a monarch to

whom everything is ascribed, and to whom is assigned several centuries of life."60, Ad came from the northeast. "He married a thousand wives, had four

thousand sons, and lived twelve hundred years. His descendants multiplied considerably. After his death his sons Shadid and Shedad

reigned in succession over the Adites. In the time of the latter the people

of Ad were a thousand tribes, each composed of several thousands of men. Great conquests are attributed to Shedad; he subdued, it is said, all

Arabia and Irak (Iraq). The migration of the Canaanites, their establishment in Syria, and the Shepherd invasion of Egypt are, by many

Arab writers, attributed to an expedition of Shedad61." The Persians record that the Zohak, son of Shedad, had a brother named Cush62 63. This is an

indication that they both may have been decadences from Cush. This would negate some Arab accounts that they may have been Semitic and that their

prophet, Hud, descended from Noah via Shem. The name Hud also appears various ancient inscriptions, most commonly in the Hadhramaut. A Palmyrene

inscription, dated to 267-272 C.E., mentions a place or people called "Iyad" and Ptolemy refers to the "Adites"64. Although there is a dispute as to whether the

53

Atlantis, the Antediluvian World, by Ignatius Donnelly, [1882], p. 276 “PART IV.THE MYTHOLOGIES OF THE OLD WORLD A RECOLLECTION OF ATLANTIS.CHAPTER I. TRADITIONS OF ATLANTIS. 54

See: Maynard Shipley’s NEW LIGHT ON PREHISTORIC CULTURES. 55

See: Cory’s ANCIENT FRAGMENTS OF PHOENICIAN, CARTHAGINIAN, BABYLONIAN, EGYPTIAN AND OTHER AUTHORS, London, 1876. 56

James Bramwell’s, LOST ATLANTIS, 1938 57

Adapa , Babylonian Adam, was a mythical figure who unknowingly refused the gift of immortality. Parallels can be drawn to the story

of Genesis, where Adam and Eve are expelled from the Garden of Eden by God, after they ate from the Tree of the knowledge of good and evil, thus losing immortality. 58

Ge'ez (ግዕዝ Gəʿəz), is a script used as an abugida for several languages of Ethiopia and Eritrea but originated in an abjad used to write Ge'ez, now the liturgical language of the Ethiopian and Eritrean Orthodox Church. 59

Garnier, J. (2006). The Worship of the Dead or the Origin of the Pagan Idolatry. 60

("Ancient History of the East," Lenormant and Chevallier, vol. ii., p. 295.) 61

(Lenormant Ibid., p. 296.) 62

Origines: or, Remarks on the origin of several empires, states and ..., Volume 1, By Sir William Drummond, Thomas James Matthias, pg

383 63

A connection of sacred and profane history: from the death of Joshua to the decline of the Kingdom of Israel and Judah, by By Michael

Russell, James Talboys Wheeler Page 8 64

A-Z of Prophets in Islam and Judaism, Brannon M. Wheeler, Hud

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Adites were Cushites or Semites, Arabian tradition affirms that the tribes of Ham,

Shem and Japheth were actually closely related tribes of African affiliation and origination who were originally settled in southwestern and extending to the region

Mecca and Medina. The Term “ARAB” was a term used to describe both the Cushite Arabians and the Semitic Arabians. Some scholars trace the peoples of the

Semitic Arabs to Joktan, who migrated from Northern Arabia. However, early ethnographers, including Josephus65 and Hippolytus66, identified Joktan's sons with

peoples around the Indus river. Drusilla D Houston67 documents these people (of India) as Chushites in the same book mentioned previously, in the chapter called

“The Civilization of India.”

In Surah 53, verse 50, where it says “he destroyed the ancient Ad”, which seems

to suggest that there were two Ads: the ancient one (which they placed in

southern Arabia) and another Ad (The people of Thamud) that appeared in the

north in the area of the Gulf of Aqaba. Late Muslim scholar and father of

Sociology, Ibn Khaldun (A.D. 1332-1406), claimed that the ancient Adites

occupied the south of Arabia and part of western Africa68.It has been argued that

the Adites were the Cushite Seba69, which involves the settlements of the eldest

son of Cush, and the settlements of the Adites both in Southern Arabia, and the

name Seba is mentioned all over in Yemen70, home of the Adites. Others like, Abu

Ja’far Muhammad ‘ibn al-Tabari (lived 838-922), states that the word sabi is

a personal name derived from Lamech, the father of Noah, and the Sabians took

their name from Lemach. Coincidently, his wife is called “Adah”.

It would also be suggestive to establish an Analogy between the Sheppard

descendants of the sons ‘Adah (Genesis 4:20-21) and the people of Ad, who were

the first descendants of Yemen. Destroyed by a Divine chastisement, similar to the

cities of Pentapolis71 (Genesis 19), the people of Ad are represented in Legend as

a nation of Giants, of the same nature as those mentioned in Genesis 6:472. Adah

65

Hisham Ibn Al-Kalbi, a 19th century Arab historian, states that al-Hind and al-Sind are of Ophir, the son of Joktan.Isidore of Seville (c. 635) had also made Joktan the ancestor of the natives of north-west part of South Asia; his material was based on earlier enumerations made by Jerome and Josephus, who had stated that Joktan's descendants "inhabited from Cophen, an Indian river, and in part of Asia adjoining to it."SEE: p. 1769 A dictionary of the Bible comprising its antiquities, biography, geography, and natural history. by William Smith, John Mee Fuller 66

The chronicle of Hippolytus of Rome (c. 234), existing in numerous Latin and Greek copies, assign Elmodad – Indians to the Joktan in

Genesis 10, similar to Josephus (See: Die Chronik des Hippolytus) 67

Wonderful Ethiopians of the Ancient Cushite Empire, by Drusilla Dunjee Houston, pg 163, Forgotten Books 68

Ibn Khaldun, Kay's edition, quoted by Wilfred Schoff in his comments on The Periplus of the Erythraean Sea, Munshiram Manoharial Publishers Pvt Ltd, 1995, page 142 69

(Caussin, Essai, I, 42 sq.; Renan Langues Semitiques, I, 800) 70

Cyclopaedia of biblical, theological, and ecclesiastical literature, Volume 1, By John McClintock, James Strong. Pg 340 71

In the biblical Holy Land, the word, Pentapolis , occurring in Wisdom, x, 6, designates the region where five cities — Sodom, Gomorrah, Segor (A. V., Zoar), Admah and Zeboim — united to resist the invasion of Chedorlaomer (Genesis, xiv), and of which four were shortly after utterly destroyed. See: Pentapolis". Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Robert Appleton Company. 1913. 72

Beginnings of History 1882,By Francois Lenormant, Pg 213

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had two sons, Jabal (meaning Sheppard) and Jubul (Musician, Rams horn

trumpet). Klein's Etymological dictionary of the Hebrew Language lists a word

written similar to Ethiopia, meaning spindle (with poetic `horn'.)

The name Jabal, descendent of Adah, can even be found among one of the Negro

companions of the Prophet Muhammad who recorded, memorized, and recited the

Quran, served as a Judge, and emissary of the prophet, and his name was

Mu’adh ibn Jabal73. He was also described as a very attractive looking individual

with dark eyes and eyelashes. His teeth were extremely white and his hair was

African in its curliness. Books referring to his physical appearance say that the

onlooker would be stunned by his good looks.

Although Arabic tradition holds that the tribe of 'Ad were the great-grandchildren

of Noah, via Ham or Shem. The Qur'an talks about 'Ad as “successors” after

Noah's people74, with no mention of a Shem, Ham, and Japheth. So it is therefore

possible that Kush, may have been 1st city established by the ancient Adites post

the flood, as the descendants of Adah. Because, according to the Sumerian King’s

list (WB-62), "After the flood had swept over, and the kingship had descended from

heaven, the kingship was in Cush (Kish). A “successor” could be immediate or a few

generation later. However, there is evidence that remnants of Adah’s decedents

survived the flood, since the flood was NOT

universal but local, thus becoming the

founding members of the Kingdom of Cush.

The Sumerian King List also tells us that after the flood, that King Meskiagkasher75 journeyed

from Uruk over the southern sea and came ashore in a mountainous land.

Meskiagkasher left the reign of his country to his successor Enmerkar/Nimrod76 to

become an explorer of the seas. Meskiagkasher name means "he who divides

the land (amongst his followers)". The

ancients and subsequently the writers of the

bible knew him by his hypocoristic pet name Cush (because he was from the Kingdom of Kish.)

73

Narrated Qatadah: I asked Anas Ibn Malik: ‘Who collected the Qur’an at the time of Prophet?’ He replied: ‘Four, all of whom were from the Ansar: Ubay Ibn Ka‘ab, Mu‘adh Ibn Jabal, Zayd Ibn Thabit and Abu Zayd.’ (Bukhari, Kitab Fada’ilu’l-Qur’an) 74

The Qur'an, chapter 7 (Al-A'raf), verse 65-69 75

Sons of Ham Part 1, Copyright ã 2007 Wade Cox & ors, PO Box 369, WODEN ACT 2606, AUSTRALIA. 76

Wouter F. M. Henkelman, "The Birth of Gilgamesh", in Altertum und Mittelmeerraum: die antike Welt diesseits und jenseits der Levante, p. 819.

The voyage of Meskiagkasher/Cush

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We can trace Meskiagkasher/Kush’s journey from Eridu to the sacred island of Dilmun (Bahrain) which had been used as a resting place by Sumerian sea

traders for many centuries. His fleet of ships had then journeyed on into the open ocean and along the southern shore of the Arabian Peninsula to reach the coast of

Africa near the mouth of the Red Sea. There they came ashore in the mountainous land we today call Ethiopia but which was anciently known as Kush. Throughout

their history, the later Egyptians would call the people of the Upper Nile ‘Kushites’, after their eponymous ancestor. During the centuries which followed the initial

arrival of Cush and his fleet, many return journeys would be made by individual ships laden with the produce of Africa. In memory of the great mariner king the

region he came to was also later known as Kush (Cush).

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*The People of Thamud (The Second Adites): The oldest known reference to

Thamud is a 715 BC inscription of the

Assyrian king Sargon II77 which mentions

them as being among the people of eastern and central Arabia subjugated by the

Assyrians. They were also a Cushite people78. They are referred to as "Tamudaei" in the

writings of Aristo of Chios, Ptolemy, and Pliny79. “When the royal authority of 'Ad was

wiped out, their brethren, the Thamud, took over. They were succeeded, in turn, by their

brethren, the Amalekites. The Amalekites were succeeded by their brethren, the

Himyar. The Himyar were succeeded by their brethren, the Tubba's, who belonged to the Himyar. They, likewise, were

succeeded, by the Adhwa'. Then, the Mudar came to power.80”

The Holy Qur'an mentions Thamud in Surah Al-A`raf in the context of several

prophets who warned their people of coming judgment. Thamud is mentioned between the story of 'Ad and that of Lot (Lũt in Arabic), implying that the events

occurred before the time of Lot. Verse 74 says of Thamud, "ye take for yourselves castles in plains, and carve out homes in the mountains". This could refer to the rock-cut tombs of Madāʼin Ṣāliḥ (the Cities of Ṣāliḥ), although

these were actually much later than the time of Lot, during late antiquity. In the

Qur'an, 'Ad and Thamud are generally mentioned together as a matter of context. The verses advise Thamud to take warning from the destruction of 'Ad.

“And to Thamûd (people, We sent) their brother Ṣâlih (Saleh). He said: "O

my people! Worship Allâh! You have no other ilâh (deity) than Him. (Lâ

ilâha ill-allâh: There is no god but Allâh). Indeed there has come to you a clear sign from your Lord. This she-camel of Allâh is a sign unto you; so

you leave her to graze in Allâh's earth, and touch her not with harm, lest a painful torment should seize you. (73) "And remember when He made you

successors after 'Ad (people) and gave you habitations in the land, you build for yourselves palaces in plains, and carve out homes in the

mountains. So remember the graces (bestowed upon you) from Allâh, and do not go about making mischief on the earth." —

77

M. Th. Houtsma et al., eds., E.J. Brill's first encyclopedia of Islam, 1913-1936 78

Wonderful Ethiopians of the Ancient Cushite Empire: Origion of Civilization from Cushites, book 2, pg 89 79

Phillip Hitti, A History of the Arabs, London: Macmillan, 1970, p. 37. 80

Muqaddimah 2:21

Picture of Thamudi dwellings carved into the cliffs at Mada'in Saleh

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This verse suggests some kind of relationship between 'Ad and Thamud, and 'Ad may even have been a part of Thamud's history and culture. Just as Nuh's (Noah’s) people

were seen as the ancestors of 'Ad, it seems 'Ad were seen in a similar relation to Thamud.

The 'Ad were a people living in southern Arabia. Some remains of Thamud were found

in the region where 'Ad had lived, especially around the region where capital city of

the Hadramites, the descendants of 'Ad, stood. A bit further on from the passage quoted above, the Qur'an says,

Then they ham-strung the she-camel, and insolently defied the order of their Lord, saying: "O Ṣâlih! bring about the threats, if thou art a prophet!" (77) So the earthquake (rajfa) took them unawares, and they lay prostrate in their homes in the morning! —

In Surah Al-Qamar it says ….

"Surely We sent upon them [Thamud] a single cry, so they were like the dry fragments of trees which the maker of an enclosure collects."

According to some one hadith, one by `Abd Allah ibn `Umar (ca. 614–693) narrated

that while Muhammad was passing by Thamud's houses on his way to the Battle of Tabouk, he stopped together with the

people there. The people fetched water

from the wells from which the people of Thamud used to drink. They prepared

their dough (for baking) and filled their water skins from it (the water from the

wells). Muhammad ordered them to empty the water skins and give the

prepared dough to the camels. Then he went away with them until they stopped

at the well from which the she-camel (of Salih) used to drink. He warned them

against entering upon the people that had been punished, saying "I fear that

you may be affected by what afflicted them; so do not enter upon them."

Members of Mahra tribe of southeastern Arabia

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The modern 81, descendents of Ad82, extend from Hadramaut to Oman and

are found in Somalia. They had clans named Samudayt (Thamud or Samud) and

Mashek (Mashek is also called Mash in the Bible) and Riyam or Rigam anciently

known from their king Rekem or Arkam, Mahli (Mahli the Korahite?) and Idi. Ibn

Mudjawir and other writers concur that the Mahra, Shahra people and the Ad were

one and the same, that in fact, they were the remnant of the people of Ad after

their destruction and migrated to “the mountains of Zufar and the islands of

Sukutra83”. Dana Marniche84 says that the Berbers were descendants of

Amalekites (Amalek) from Canaan and Himyarite from Yemen both descendants of

“Adites” that had invaded Egypt before 1200 B.C. and “advanced toward the

Maghreb”. She further states: “The Berbers as represented by the Tuareg

especially appear to have called themselves Mashek or Mazigh who are associated

with bringing the camel into Africa. Mashek is still the name of a tribe of the Mahra

of Oman and Hadramaut who also claim an origin in the Yemen.”

And Charles Foster states that these Mahra people were Cushites85. He states

“Again, while Ramah is written by Ptolemy Marata, Mahrah, seems to be

expressed by him under the corresponding denomination of Marimatha;

by which name he designates the town and port of Merbat or Morebat86, in

Shehr, belonging, with the whole of the incense country, to the people of

Mahrah. But Marimatha, like Marata, is only the anagram of Raamah; and

token, consequently, and proof of Cushite colonization.” Raamah (Hebrew:

,”Ra‛mâh) is a name found in the Bible (Gen. 10:7), meaning "lofty, exalted ,רעמה

and also may mean "thunder", who is first mentioned as the fourth son of Cush,

who is the son of Ham, who is the son of Noah, and later appears as a country

that traded with the Phoenician city-state of Tyre, in Ezekiel 27:22. The Afro-

Arabian Black (Cushite) Mahra people, were the conquerors of Egypt and Spain87,

and the word “MOOR” may be a corruption of the name Mahra by the Europeans.

It was the Moors that were responsible of bring Europe out of the Dark Ages,

teaching them history, art, culture, mathematics, and science.

81

The 1986 New Edition of Encyclopedia of Islam describes the Mahra in Arabia were “of brown complexion with black, often curly hair”. 82

A landscape of pilgrimage and trade in Wadi Masila, Yemen: The case of al-Qisha and Qabr Hud in the Islamic period ...By Lynne S. Newton, University of Minnesota, pg 48-49 83

The Encyclopedia of Islam Vol. 6. C.E. Bosworth et. al. 271,11,15 84

African Moors: The Appearance of the Original Berbers According to European Perceptions – By – Dana Marniche 85

The Historical Geography of Arabia or The Patriarchal Evidences of Revealed Religion Part 1. “Settlements of Cush”.pg 66-69 86

Mahra People may have some correlation to Moabite people as claimed by the Moorish Science Temple. See , Koran Circle 7, CHAPTER XLV, THE DIVINE ORIGIN OF THE ASIATIC NATIONS 87

Islamic History a New Interpretation, by N.A. Shaban, published 1971, Chanbridge University Press, Vol 1, pg 36

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In Latin, the word maurus (plural mauri) means coming from Mauretania, a

Roman province on the northwestern fringe of Africa. In the Medieval Romance

languages (such as Portuguese, Spanish, French, Italian,Romanian), the root

appeared in such forms as mouro, moro, moir, mor and maur. Derivatives are

found in today's versions of the languages. Some derive the word from the ancient

Greek mauros, meaning "dark". The term Mauri, or Mahra, was later used by

European traders and explorers of the 16th to 18th centuries to designate ethnic

Berber and Arab groups speaking the Hassaniya Arabic dialect. Today such groups

inhabit Mauritania and parts of Algeria, western Sahara, Morocco, Niger and Mali

Speakers of European languages have historically designated a number of

associated ethnic groups as "Moors"

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The Prophet Shu’ayb (or Jethro) and the Cushitic Midianite

People:

Shuʿayb, or Shoaib, (Arabic: يب ع ش ; meaning Who

shows the right path), was an ancient Cushite-Midianite prophet, who is mentioned in the Qur'an a total of 11

times88. He is believed to have lived after Abraham, and Muslims believe that he was sent as a prophet to two

communities, namely the Midianites89 and the People of the Wood90. To both the people, Shoaib proclaimed the

faith of Islam and warned the people to end their fraudulent ways. When they did not repent, God

destroyed both the communities91 92. There are disputes within scholarly circles rather Shu’ayb is Moses’ Father-

in-law, Jethro.

Regarding the people he preached to, the Midianites

were an ancient people who occupied territory east of the Jordan River and the Dead Sea, and southward through the desert wilderness of

the Arabia. They reportedly dominated this territory from roughly the twelfth through the tenth centuries B.C.E. In the biblical account, the Midianites were descended from

Midian, a son of Abraham through his third wife Keturah (Genesis 25:1-6). However,

they were also identified as a Cushite people93. And according to scholar Drusilla Dunjee Houston, “We find two distinct families of Midianites, different in location,

character, and race. The Midianites dwelling about the eastern arm of the Red Sea were Cushite. Among those Moses found refuge. He married the daughter of their

priest Jethro. Numbers xii called her a Cushite. These were the decedents from Midian, son of Cush94.“ Yes, Moses married Zipporah, daughter of Jethro and Priest of

Midian, a Cushite woman95 (Exodus 2:21).

88 Brandon M. Wheeler, Historical Dictionary of Prophets in Islam and Judaism, Shuayb, pg. 303 89 Quran 7:85-93 90

Quran 26:176-177 91

Quran 7:85–91 92

Quran 26:189 93

THE HISTORICAL GEOGRAPHY OF ARABIA OR THE PATRIARCHAL EVIDENCES OF REVEALED RELIGION PART ONE, by Charles Foster, pgs 12-13 94

Wonderful Ethiopians of the Ancient Cushite Empire: Origin of Civilization from Cushites, book 2, pg 89 95

Isaac Abarbanel (1437-1509): “She was a Cushite as black as a raven. Zipporah was from Midian and they are Ishmaelites

who are black because of effects of the sun and its heat..”

Moses married Zipporah, daughter of Jethro and Priest of Midian, a Cushite woman.

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[Numbers 12:1] AND MIRIAM AND AARON SPAKE AGAINST MOSES

BECAUSE OF THE ETHIOPIAN WOMAN WHOM HE HAD MARRIED: FOR

HE HAD MARRIED AN ETHIOPIAN [Hebrew: "CUSHIT"] WOMAN.

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Dhul-Qarnayn, a Kushite King:

Surah 18:83-99 of the Holy Quran speaks of a great figure called Dhul-Qarnayn.

There is some speculation that he may be Alexander the Great96 ,because of the

similarities of the Alexander Romances with the

story of Dhul Qarnayn and his affiliation with

Aristotle. However he is disqualified from being this

great king because it is clear that the historical

Alexander the Great was a Greek pagan and a

homosexual, thus could not be the prophet of Islam

because the Quran vehemently denounces these

practices. While others say Dhul-Qarnayn is one of

the Persian Kings like Cyrus or Darius I. While these

are possibilities,(but unlikely because Muhammad

may not have heard of these Persian stories), there

is a third tradition that exist in Arabic literature, but

is often omitted in Quranic commentaries….There is

a Southern Arabian (Ancient Kush) story documented by the Yemenite

traditionalist Wahb ibn Munabbih (?-732 AD), a member of the Tabi‘un97, and was

later incorporated in a book by Ibn Hisham98 (?-833 AD) regarding the history of

the Himyarite99 100 Kushite Kingdom in ancient Yemen. [The name of their great

progenitor, Ham (meaning dusky of dark) and son of Noah (Nuh), is preserved in

the tribal name of Himyarite.] In this Yemenite variation, Dhul-Qarnayn is

identified with an ancient king of Yemen named Tubba'al-Aqran 101 102, rather than

96

Appendix of Maulana Yusuf Ali's (1872–1953 AD) Translation of the Holy Quran "I have not the least doubt that Zul-qarnain is meant to be ALEXANDER THE GREAT, the historic Alexander, and not the legendary Alexander, of whom more presently. My first appointment after graduation was that of lecturer in Greek history. I have studied the details of Alexander's extraordinary personality in Greek historians as well as in modern writers, and have since visited most of the localities connected with his brief but brilliant career." 97

The Tābi‘ūn (Arabic: ال ون "Followers") are the generation of Muslims who were born after the death of the Islamic prophet Muhammad but who were contemporaries of the Sahaba "Companions". As such, they played an important part in the development of Islamic thought and philosophy, and in the political development of the early Caliphate. 98

Cf. also Ibn Hisham, Sirah, I, 12 f “only events dealing with the Tubba"s return from his eastern expedition are

dealt with.” 99

Wonderful Ethiopians of the Ancient Cushite Empire, by Drusilla Dunjee Houston, pg 88, “These Himyaritic Arabians called themselves AEthiopians…” 100

In the 5th century AD, the Himyarites in the south of Arabia were styled by Syrian writers as Cushaeans and Ethiopians. 101

(Ibn Ishaq , Life of Muhammad, p 10-12 , quoting from Tabari 906), the term Dhul Qarnayn appears in a pre Islamic poem by al Tubba

Yeminite Bronze Statue -Kingdom of Sheba 715 BC

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Alexander the Great, and the Arabic tradition parallel’s with the Quranic story of

the building of a Wall against Gog and Magog and his quest for the Water of Life.

The story also mentions that Dhul-Qarnayn (Tubba') visited a castle with glass

walls and visited the Brahmins of India. Other supporters of the Yemeni Dhul-

Qarnayn theory included (the Persian) Biruni in his Āthār al-bāqiyah (يه آث ر ,(ال ق

Asma'i (ا م ی) in his Tarikh al-Arab ("History of Arab" خ and Sirah of ,(ال رب ري

Ibn Hisham, among others.

The people of Tubba’ mentioned in the Quran103 were possibly named after this

great king. The Qur'an mentions these people of Tubba’ along with other

communities that were destroyed by God-Allah.104 The Kushite people of Sheba

are also called the people of Tubba because "Tubba" was used as the title for

Sheba's kings.105Therefore the Kingdom of Tubba is clearly a Cushite nation. Some

Muslim scholars, including Ibn Kathir, related that the People of Tubba were Arabs

from South Arabia106, which was ancient Kush. And according to Sa’id ibn Jubayar,

King Tubba’ was the one that clothed the Ka’bah in Mecca (after circumambulated

around it after hearing that a great prophet named “Ahmad107” would appear from

that city.)108 He also converted Yemen to Judaism. He seems to be the most

befitting as the Quranic Dhul-Qarnayn.

102

Iskandarnamah - A Persian Medieval Alexander-Romance, Translated by Minoo D. Southgate, Columbia University Press, New York, 1978. 103

Quran 44:37 104

Qur'an 50:14 105

Brannon M. Wheeler (2002). Prophets in the Quran: An Introduction to the Quran and Muslim Exegesis. Continuum International Publishing Group. p. 166. ISBN 0826449565. 106

Brannon M. Wheeler. "People of the Well". A-Z of Prophets in Islam and Judaism. 107

Ahmad is a variation of the name Muhammad, who was predicted to come like from the “brethren” of the Jews and a prophet like Moses. Deuteronomy 18:18 108

Prophets of the Quran: An Introduction to the Quran and Muslim exegesus, by Brannon M. Wheeler, pg 167

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Luqman the Kushite:

Luqman ibn Ad109 (also known as Luqman The Wise, Luqmaan, Lukman, and

Luqman al-Hakeem Arabic: قم ن was a Cushite king of Southern Arabia and in ( ل

Africa, who was given wisdom by God (Allah) to judge rightly.

His story is in the old Arabian legends and also in the Quran for

whom Surat Luqman (Arabic: سورة قم ن the thirty-first surah ,( ل

(chapter) of the Qur'an, was named. Luqman (c. 1100 BC),

according to some sources, is believed to be from Africa 110 111.

However, there are some sources that state that Luqman

belonged to the people of 'Ad and was a king of Yaman

(Yemen). Islamic scholar Maulana Sayyid Suleman Nadvi has

expressed the opinion in the “Ard al-Qar'an” that Luqman was a

descendent of the believers who remained safe with the

Prophet Hud after the destruction of the people of 'Ad by a

Divine torment, and he was one of the kings of Yaman (Yemen)

when it was ruled by the 'Ad. There are many stories about Luqman in Arabic and

Turkish literature and the primary historical sources are the Tafsir ibn Kathir and

Stories of the Qur'an by Ibn Kathir. The Qur'an does not state whether or not

Luqman was a prophet, but some people believe him to be a prophet and thus write

Alayhis salaam (A.S.) with his name.

Perhaps the most famous story told about Luqman is this one. 112Luqman, while he

was still a slave, was summoned by his master and ordered to slaughter a sheep. He did so, and his master said, "Now give me the best part of it." So Luqman removed

the tongue and the heart and prepared them for his master's supper. The next evening he was again summoned by his master and ordered to slaughter a sheep. He

did so, and his master commanded, "Now give me the worst parts." Again Luqman prepared the heart and tongue of the sheep for his master's supper. His master grew

angry and said, "When I ordered you to prepare the best parts of the sheep for me, you gave me the tongue and heart, and now when I order you to give me the worst

parts of the sheep you again serve me the tongue and hear!" Luqman responded:

109

McClintock and Strong Encyclopedia, Electronic Database (Biblesoft) 2000. 110

Ibn Kathir, Hafiz, Tafsir Ibn Kathir, Dar-us-Salam Publications, 2000 (original ~1370) 111

Al-Halawi, Ali Sayed, Stories of the Qur'an by Ibn Kathir, Dar Al-Manarah 112

Aesop of the Arabs , Written by Paul Lunde, pages 2-3 of the March/April 1974 print edition of Saudi Aramco World.

Example of a coin image from ancient Delphi thought by one antiquarian to represent Aesop (aka Luqman).

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"There is nothing better than them when they are good, and nothing worse when

they are bad."

If this last story sounds familiar, it should. The same story is told about Aesop by the Greeks. Both Aesop and Luqman are described as having originally been Abyssinian

and ugly. The story about Luqman and the seven vultures seems to be purely Arab, but both Aesop and Luqman are credited with having composed animal fables. In

Arabic literature, 49 animal fables are attributed to Luqman, all but two identical to fables in the collection of Aesop. It is obvious that either the Greek fables are

translations from the Arabic or that the Arabic fables, are translations from the Greek.

These animal fables were originally of an oriental literary genre hence Aesop and

Luqman are the same person and therefore the source of these tails or they both adapted it from the same Babylonian source. It says much for the basic identity of

Classical and Islamic culture that the story of the tortoise and the hare, the wily fox,

the proud but rather stupid lion are equally at home in Greek and Arabic. No matter how far Eastern and Western cultures have subsequently diverged they both have

their roots in a common East-Mediterranean culture of great antiquity.

In fact, the Greeks' Life of Aesop, a late work by the Byzantine litterateur Planudes, is in reality a version of the Arabic, and earlier the Aramaic, Life of Ahiqar. Ahiqar had a

son, who in Arabic is called either Mathan, Nathan, Baran, or Tharan, who paid no attention to the wise adages of his father, and as a consequence, after holding wild

parties in his father's house, chasing the serving girls (presumably wearing heavy makeup) and ultimately selling state secrets to the Pharaoh, was ordered flayed. This

punishment took place to the accompaniment of sage counsel couched in the form of animal fables and some of these fables later turn up in the collections attributed to

Luqman and Aesop. Even at the end, the son of Luqman, or Aesop, or Ahiqar, had to put up with well-meant admonitions. They were probably harder to bear than the

flaying.

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Jesus with Cushite Ancestry113:

(J)esus descended from the line of Shem; His lineage from Noah through Abraham is shown in Genesis 11:10-27 and Luke 3:34-38 : Noah,Shem, Arphaxad, Cainan, Salah, Eber, Peleg, Reu, Serug, Nahor, Terah, Abram a.k.a Abraham. Jesus is a descendant of Abraham, who came from the Samarian city of Ur of Chaldes, which was a black civilization, like many, if not most, of the societies described in the Bible. The Sumerians referred to themselvesas ùĝ saĝ gíg-ga, phonetically uŋ saŋ giga

, literally meaning "the black- headed people ". Jesus' lineage from Abraham through David is shown in Matthew 1 and Luke 3: Matt 1:[2] Abraham, of Ur

of the Chaldees &; Sarah,Isaac &; Rebekah, Jacob &; Leah, [3] Judah &;Tamar [Canaanite] ,Perez, Hezron, [4] Ram, Amminadab, Nahshon, [5] Salmon &; Rahab [Canaanite], Boaz &; Ruth [Moabite], Obed, [6] Jesse, David &; Bethsheba. Rahab was a contemporary of Joshua, successor to Moses. Seventy Israelites went into captivity in Egypt and during the 400 years the Israelites were in captivity in Egypt they and their descendants intermarried with non-Israelites. (The Israelites were in Egypt 430 years, 400 in captivity.) The group of over 600,000 men plus women and children that left Egypt under Moses was a darkend "mixed multitude". Ethnically, their ancestors were a combination of Hamitic Egyptians and Semitic Israelites. Although the Bible lays out Jesus' ancestors through Shem, it does not mention that His ancestors would have had Hamitic blood from this intermixing, e.g. on their mothers' sides. In other words Jesus has Black ancestry in his Blood. We know that Noah’s son, Ham, was a Negro. Jesus descended from a number of Ham’s ancestors, including Tamar, Rahab, Ruth, Naomi, Bathsheba and Jezebel. The Jews were from the Middle east, mostly in the Iraq region, the seat of ancient Cush, and the people from this region range in color from light brown to blue black. * Jesus was a Cushite black from the perspective that he was brought to Africa when he was a baby (Matthew 2:13-23) and he did not appear to be odd. There were no Caucasians in Egypt or the surrounding areas at the time. Also from the angle that he was a Jew and some Jews are black, and may Jews during Jesus time had some sort of Cushite/Hamitic mixture. The evidence is conclusive. In fact, most of the people mentioned in the Bible were of races of dark complexion. And the region that Jesus

113

From Brochure by Marcus Allgood, called “What if Jesus Was Black?”

This image of Jesus is from a church in Rome, dates from AD 530.

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came from featured only people of the Negroid and Mongoloid races. Thus, modern scholarly opinion refutes the theologians who argued against a black presence in the Bible. But sadly, the past Euro-centrist interpretation of the Bible, which did recognize a black presence in the Bible, was deliberately used by some in the past to justify the subjugation and enslavement of peoples of color. In Islam, Jesus was always known as a Brown man of color (Sahih Bukhari, Vol. 4, Book 55, No. 649), but they do not make a big thing out of it because he is not deified. Some say, however, the color of Jesus is not important as long as he died for our sins. This idea undermines the clear Semitic Biblical teaching that no one can die for another's sin, nor can someone inherit sin, thus disrupting the whole basis for Jesus dying for our sins in the first place ( Deuteronomy 24:16, Ezekiel 18:20, Jeremiah 31:29-30) . If Jesus was the fulfillment of the law and the prophets (Matthew 5:16-18) then he could not violate these laws while fulfilling them. That is why in Islam; God, or any of his prophets are not represented in a physical image or in a picture. Because He begets not nor is he begotten and there is none like unto him (Quran 112:1-4). What are the psychological effects on Black people that worship a White God? To answer this question, we must first understand the importance of religious symbols and rituals in human life and consider the effect of male symbolism of God on women and people of color. According to anthropologist Clifford Geertz, religious symbols shape a cultural ethos, defining the deepest values of a society and the persons in it. Geertz writes "Religion is a system of symbols which act to produce powerful, pervasive, and long-lasting moods and motivations" in the people of a given culture. "Mood" equates to attitude such as awe, trust, and respect, while a "motivation" is the social and political trajectory created by a mood that transforms a Religious symbol system into social and political reality. Symbols have both psychological and political effects, because they create their inner conditions (deep-seated attitudes and feelings) that lead people to feel comfortable with or to accept social and political arrangements that correspond to the symbol system. Religions centered on the worship of a White-male God create "moods “and "motivations" that keep women and people of color in a state of psychological dependence on White men and male authority, while at the same time legitimating the political and social authority of white fathers and sons in the institutions of society. In Islam, God-Allah is neither male nor female, thus subjection and servitude is not to any person, Black or White, Male or Female, but only to God. Try Islam.

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Conclusion:

What is the point of all of this? To understand my context for my approach it was very

important for me during my Afro-centric studies to learn that most, if not all, the civilizations we read about during antiquity were various shades of Black and Brown.

That was important to learn, because most history books lead you to believe that dark skinned folks have made no contribution to any civilization. I believe the Afro-

centric scholars provided a great service to all people by providing ample evidence of

the myth of the eternal slavery and backwardness of Black people. It does amaze me that the same Afro-centric scholars that have gone to great pain to prove the Black

and “African-ness of Arabia” and then turn around and call the Arab Muslims White destroyers of African Civilization. Even in Arab-Middle Eastern traditions they try and

minimize or “White-Wash” the Black presence from their traditions, including their religion of Islam. And claim the only positive contribution was that of Bilal calling the

Ahdan (Muslim call to prayer.) Many of their movies and film, approved by Islamic scholars, about Prophet Muhammad and his time only depict fair skinned Arabs and

show Blacks as slaves. However, Islam is a very ancient Hamitic-Cushitic Religion even predating Muhammad himself.

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I was asked once by a colleague: “without debate, let’s assume the evidence is

conclusive, and we know that all the Arabs were at one point Black, how that informs us of our moral/ethical standard?” To answer this question, we must first understand

the importance of religious symbolism and rituals in human life and consider the effect of racial representation of God’s “chosen people” or his prophet’s, or even how

God is depicted affects us mentally, morally, politically, economically, and ultimately spiritually . 114According to anthropologist Clifford Geertz, religious symbols shape a

“cultural ethos”, defining the deepest values of a society and the persons in it. Geertz writes "Religion is a system of symbols which act to produce powerful, pervasive, and

long-lasting moods and motivations" in the people of a given culture. "Mood" equates to attitudes such as awe, trust, and respect, while a "motivation" is the social and

political trajectory created by a mood that transforms a Religious symbol system into social and political reality. Symbols have both psychological and political effects,

because they create their inner conditions (deep-seated attitudes and feelings) that lead people to feel comfortable with or to accept social and political arrangements

that correspond to the symbol system. In thinking that the TRUE or ORIGINAL ARAB

was BLACK, it forms our moral ethical standard in thinking we were better than slaves, and our history goes beyond America. It puts us back in the driver’s seat,

rather than passengers going along for the joy, going in any direction the proverbial “they” want to take us theologically, politically, morally, or spiritually. In fact, we

brought the concept of God, religion, morality to the world, and were the vanguard of these virtues thus we can escape the bondage of negroism and transcend back to our

proper role as God's original Khalifa, in Adam (meaning brown in Arabic) formed from the Black molded into shape. We are the beginning, it began with us, and ultimately

it will end with us. This is a RACIAL FACT, this is an ARCHELOGICAL FACT, this is GENETIC FACT, this is a MATHEMATICAL FACT, and it is a SPIRITUAL FACT. As the

old adage goes, what goes around must come back around.

Our Black Asiatic ancestors have had many triumphs; like the invention of

philosophy, religion, science, and mathematics, and they had many shortcomings which resulted in the end of their civilizations. All nations have an expiration date; no

one lasts forever, except Allah. We have to keep in mind that we should learn from their success and failures.....and do better and be better. If we do not learn from

their successes then we would be reinventing the wheel. And if we do not learn from their failures we are doomed to repeat them. This is a point emphasized in the Quran,

it points to their successes and failures and asks us to reflect on them (Surah 3:137 ,

6:11). Besides; today's Negroes have no sense of history, and knowledge of self

which is required for self determination. Allah made us into (different) tribes and nations so that we may know one another. But how can we know any other people

without knowledge of self and our history. Without knowledge of self you are doomed to assimilate, or emulate another culture or self destruct as a people.

114

See Kush in the Quran: Jesus with Cushite Ancestry

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We stand up and pledge allegiance to a flag that has been unjust to us. Let us call to

something else other then America, let us call our self Kush, Asiatic, Moorish, African, or whatever... Other then American or Black, we will have the most critical eye. But

where is our criticism of USA and Europe? Where is the criticism of the sons of Japheth, this Gentile (JINN-tile) nation of the Gog & Magog, the United Snakes of

America and Europe? We are proud of our government jobs, or working in corporate America... But lack the ambition for self determination and cooperative economics.

Allah made us low so that he may choose us for himself to show the nations of the world his greatness (Surah 7:137). This is the SUNNA (or WAY) OF ALLAH (Surah

33:62). There is a sign from Allah in the story of Israel while they were in Egypt. They never identified themselves as Egyptians, and eventually separated themselves

from their oppressors. This is an Ayah (sign) to you; Black Man and Woman, from Allah, that we should never identify with our oppressors. A sign for our liberation

struggle (Jihad). If you call yourself American, you would be subject to the punishment Allah has in store for America.

What would you do if your father was a criminal and your mother a hore, making the family name synonymous with wrong doing? Do you just change your name and deny

you were even related to them? Or would you do better for yourself, and bring dignity back to the family name? Kush is our family name, thus we should bring dignity back

to this ancient name for Black people. The name Kush is one of the oldest nations on earth, thus in my humble opinion, we should reclaim its legacy and call to our people

to Taqwa (fear of God, Righteousness), and call our people back to greatness. My call is to tawheed (Oneness of God and Divinity), and that eventually we should board

and ride the arc (boat) of truth (and have love for self and our people) or drown in false universalism. Tawheed's natural consequence is for us to be “abdullahs” or

slaves to Allah alone…the natural consequence of being a slave to God-Allah means

we are to be no man’s slave…. which means our goal is to seek independence of mind, body, spirit, individual independence, and a collective independence by belief in

Allah and organizing in ranks politically, financially, and in defense, as if we are a solid cemented structure..... So that our service would be only to Allah. Amen.

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Appendix 1:

The Cushite Genealogy Tree

Adam (Adapa) & Eve | Cain | Irad | Methushael | Lamech & Wife (Adah) >>sons: Jabal (Yabal) and Jubal (Yubal). (Genesis 4:19-23) | | \/ Noah/ Ziusudra (Sumerian King after the flood) \/ | \/ >(Unknown descendants of Adah traveled with tents and live stock into Sothern Arabia as Sheppards/Jabal means “Sheppard”) | \/ Ham \/ Abraham-Black Sumerian>Isaac >Esau (wife Adah)> Eliphaz > >Amalek (son of Elipha> beget Ad | \/ Cush =Meskiagkasher(Sumerian King)>Ad>sons:Shadid,Shedad,& Cush> \/ | >>>>Thamud \/ Seba, Havilah, Sabtah, Raamah, and Sabtecah (Sons of Cush)> Mahra Tribe

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References:

1. This was observed as early as 1734, in George Sale's Commentary on the Quran. 2. The Sumerians referred to themselves as ùĝ saĝ gíg-ga, phonetically uŋ saŋ giga,

literally meaning "the black-headed people". See - W. Hallo, W. Simpson (1971). The Ancient Near East. New York: Harcourt, Brace, Jovanovich. p. 28.

3. Reference the Ryan-Pitman Theory, which argues for a catastrophic deluge about

5600 BC from the Mediterranean Sea into the Black Sea. 4. 'Noah's Flood' Not Rooted in Reality, After All?" National Geographic News, February

6, 2009. Reported that the flooding might have been "quite mild". 5. Dr. Maurice Bucaille in his book, The Bible, the Qur'an & Science 6. Maulana Muhammad Ali’s Translation of the Holy Quran, pg 461, note 42a in

regards to Surah 11:40-43 7. According to Robert Charles Zaehner, "we hear of Magi not only in Persia, Parthia,

Bactria, Chorasmia, Aria, Media, and among the Sakas, but also in non-Iranian lands like Samaria, Ethiopia, and Egypt. Their influence was also widespread throughout Asia Minor. It is, therefore, quite likely that the sacerdotal caste of the

Magi was distinct from the Median tribe of the same name."See: Zaehner, Robert Charles (1961), The Dawn and Twilight of Zoroastrianism, New York: MacMillan, p.

163. 8. The Quranic word مجوس Arabic majusya ,(Quran 22:17) ال

9. History of al-Tabari [State University of New York Press; Albany, NY 1989], p. 369 10.Noah lived to be actually 83 years old, if the 950 years of age is derived from the

Sumerian SHE–GUR number system designed for counting volumes of grain

(Shuruppak was a grain distribution city); thus converted tens of years to hundreds, years to tens of years, tenths of years to years, which seemingly inflated

the ages at death. See article: “Analysis of the Numbers in Genesis 5, By Robert M. Best”, May 2009

11.Nimrod is thought to be the Assyrian King Tukulti-Ninurta I (1243-1207). See:”

Noah’s Flood, In Bible, Quran, and Mesopotamia Stories” by Munir Ahmed Khan, Pg 15.

12.Enmerkar the founder of Uruk was the original inspiration for Nimrod, because the story of Enmerkar and the Lord of Aratta bears a few similarities to the legend of Nimrod and the Tower of Babel, and because the -KAR in Enmerkar means

"hunter". Additionally, Enmerkar is said to have had ziggurats built in both Uruk and Eridu, which Rohl postulates was the site of the original Babel. See Enmerkar

and the lord of Aratta: translation". Etcsl.orinst.ox.ac.uk. Retrieved 2009-11-12. 13. “Ibn Kathir “ Prophets in the Quran: an intro to the Quran & Muslim Exegis-

Brannon M Wheeler, pg 65-66 .

14.Arabic Language & Middle East /North African Cultural Studies - by Terri DeYoung, Spring 1999, reference article on

http://www.indiana.edu/~arabic/arabic_history.htm 15.Tubb, Jonathan N. (1998), "Canaanites" (British Museum People of the Past), p. 16 16.Mark Smith in "The Early History of God: Yahweh and Other Deities of Ancient

Israel" states "Despite the long regnant model that the Canaanites and Israelites were people of fundamentally different culture, archaeological data now casts doubt

on this view. The material culture of the region exhibits numerous common points

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between Israelites and Canaanites in the Iron I period (ca. 1200–1000 BC). The record would suggest that the Israelite culture largely overlapped with and derived

from Canaanite culture... In short, Israelite culture was largely Canaanite in nature. Given the information available, one cannot maintain a radical cultural separation

between Canaanites and Israelites for the Iron I period." (pp6–7).Smith, Mark (2002) "The Early History of God: Yahweh and Other Deities of Ancient Israel" (Eerdman's)

17.The Loom of Language, Geo. Allen & Unwin Ltd, London, 1944, p. 420ff. 18.Lost Civilisations of the Stone Age (Arrow Books, UK, 1999), Richard Rudgley , p.

48 19.[Albright & Lambdin, ‘The Evidence of Language’ in CAH I:1,1970, pp. 124,133] 20.Seba was the eldest son of Cush, according to Genesis 10:7 .

21.Quran 2:62, Quran 5:69, Quran 22:17 22.“THE MEANING OF THE GLORIOUS QURAN” by Mohammed Marmaduke

Pickthall, Hyderabad-Deccan : Government Central Press [1938]; Surah 2:62, 5:69, 22:17

23.Abul ‘Ailya said: “The Sabis are a sect of people of the Scripture who recite the

Zaboor.” 24.Abu Hanifah (d.767 AD) who is the founder of the Hanafite School of Islamic Law

wrote: "The Sabians read Zaboor and are between Judaism and Christianity." 25. (see, e.g., Ryckmans, J., Müller, W. W., and ‛Abdallah, Yu., Textes du Yémen

Antique inscrits sur bois. Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium, 1994 (Publications de l'Institut Orientaliste de Louvain, 43)).

26.Stuart Munro-Hay, Aksum: An African Civilization of Late Antiquity, 1991.

27.Abd al-Rahman ‘ibn Zayd (d. 798 AD) wrote: "The Sābi'ūn say that their religion is a religion to itself and they live near Mosul (jazirat al-mawsil) and believe in only

one God." He also wrote that they have: "… no cult though their main belief is “La ilaha il Allah”." He also remarked that: "the Sābi'ūn did not believe in the Prophet Mohammed (in the same way as his followers did), yet the polytheists were known

to say of the Prophets and his companions “these are the Sabians” comparing them to them."

28.Wahb ‘ibn Munabbih (d 728-732 AD), who was originally from Iran, wrote: "The Sabians believe 'La ilaha il Allāh' but they do not have canonical law."

29.Qatadah ‘ibn Di’amah (d736 AD) wrote: "The Sabians worship angels, read Zaboor,

pray five ritual prayers." 30.Abd al-Rahman ‘ibn ‘Zayd (d.798 AD) wrote: "The polytheists used to say of the

prophet and his companions ‘these are the Sabians’ comparing them to them, because the Sabians who live Jaziartal-Mawsil (today known as Iraq) would say ‘La ilaha ila Allah’."

31.Churton, Tobias. The Golden Builders: Alchemists, Rosicrucians, and the First Freemasons. New York: Barnes and Noble, 2002. p. 26

32.Qur'an, Sura 4 (An-Nisa), ayah 163, Qur'an, Sura 17 (Al-Isra), ayah 55, Qur'an, sura 21 (Al-Anbiya), ayah 105

33. W. St. Clair-Tisdall (W.St. Clair Tisdal, The Sources of Islam, The Orgins of the Koran, pp.236-237)

34.This story is from the Quran Surah (27:23) to (27:44).

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35.K. A. Kitchen, "How We Know When Solomon Ruled", Biblical Archaeological Review, 2001, Volume 27 (September/October), No. 5, pp. 32-37 and p. 58.

36.K. A. Kitchen, On The Reliability Of The Old Testament, 2003, Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing Company: Michigan, p. 58, p. 61 and p. 83; K. A. Kitchen, Ancient

Orient And Old Testament, 1966, The Tyndale Press: London (UK), p. 72, note 58; J. K. Hoffmeier, Israel In Egypt: The Evidence For The Authenticity Of The Exodus Tradition, 1999, Oxford University Press: Oxford (UK), p. 124.

37."Solomon", The Jewish Encyclopedia, 1905, Volume XI, Funk & Wagnalls Company: London & New York, p. 438.

38.T. Ishida, "Solomon", in D. N. Freedman (Editor-in-Chief), The Anchor Bible Dictionary, 1992, Volume 6, Doubleday: New York, p. 105. The time of Solomon's reign was c. 970-960 to 930-920 BCE.

39.1 L. Goldberg, "Solomon" in W. A. Elwell (Gen. Ed.), Encyclopedia Of The Bible, 1988, Volume II, Marshall Pickering: London, p. 1975. The time of Solomon's reign

was 970-930 BCE. 40."Solomon" in A. C. Myers (Ed.), The Eerdmans Bible Dictionary, 1987, William B.

Eerdmans Publishing Company: Grand Rapids (MI), p. 959. The time of Solomon's

reign was c. 970-930 BCE. 41.The New Larned history for Ready Reference Reading and Research, 1922citing F.

Lenormant, Manual of Ancient History, bk. 7, ch.2. published 1869. 42.The Bombay quarterly magazine and review, Volume 2

43.Pre-Historic Nations or Inquiries Concerning Some of the Great Peoples and Civilizations of Antiquity and their Probable Relation to a still Older Civilization of the Ethiopians or Cushites of Arabia, by John D. Baldwin , 1869, pg 78

44.Prophets in the Quran: an intro to the Quran & Muslim Exegesis, Brannon M Wheeler, pg 65

45.Surah 11:50-57 – The Quran 46.His mother Hagar was an Egyptian woman (Genesis 16:1-3), and he married and

Egyptian woman himself and settled in Arabia which make him and his decedents

very much Kushites. 47.The New Learned history for Ready Reference Reading and Research, 1922 citing F.

Lenormant, Manual of Ancient History, bk. 7, ch.2. published 1869. 48.A Manual of the Ancient History of the East to the Commencement of the Median

Wars V2, pg 295. By Francois Lenormant, E. Chevallier

49.Ad from Adah (Genesis 4:20-21), The first wife of Lamech (father of Noah) and the mother of Jabal and Jubal. (Genesis 4:19-23) or (2) the first wife of Esau, the

daughter of Elon the Hittite (Genesis 36:2-4).

50. WHEN ARABIA WAS EASTERN ETHIOPIA (Part 4) Revised - by - Dana Marniche 51.A Manual of the Ancient History of the East to the Commencement of the Median

Wars V2, pg 297 52.Surah 69:6-10

53. Atlantis, the Antediluvian World, by Ignatius Donnelly, [1882], p. 276 “PART IV.THE MYTHOLOGIES OF THE OLD WORLD A RECOLLECTION OF

ATLANTIS.CHAPTER I. TRADITIONS OF ATLANTIS. 54.See: Maynard Shipley’s NEW LIGHT ON PREHISTORIC CULTURES. 55.See: Cory’s ANCIENT FRAGMENTS OF PHOENICIAN, CARTHAGINIAN, BABYLONIAN,

EGYPTIAN AND OTHER AUTHORS, London, 1876. 56.James Bramwell’s, LOST ATLANTIS, 1938

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57.Adapa , Babylonian Adam, was a mythical figure who unknowingly refused the gift of immortality. Parallels can be drawn to the story of Genesis, where Adam and Eve

are expelled from the Garden of Eden by God, after they ate from the Tree of the knowledge of good and evil, thus losing immortality.

58.Ge'ez (ግዕዝ Gəʿəz), is a script used as an abugida for several languages of Ethiopia

and Eritrea but originated in an abjad used to write Ge'ez, now the liturgical

language of the Ethiopian and Eritrean Orthodox Church. 59.Garnier, J. (2006). The Worship of the Dead or the Origin of the Pagan Idolatry. 60. ("Ancient History of the East," Lenormant and Chevallier, vol. ii., p. 295.)

61. (Lenormant Ibid., p. 296.) 62.Origines: or, Remarks on the origin of several empires, states and ..., Volume 1, By

Sir William Drummond, Thomas James Matthias, pg 383 63.A connection of sacred and profane history: from the death of Joshua to the decline

of the Kingdom of Israel and Judah, by By Michael Russell, James Talboys Wheeler Page 8

64.A-Z of Prophets in Islam and Judaism, Brannon M. Wheeler, Hud

65.Hisham Ibn Al-Kalbi, a 19th century Arab historian, states that al-Hind and al-Sind are of Ophir, the son of Joktan.Isidore of Seville (c. 635) had also made Joktan the

ancestor of the natives of north-west part of South Asia; his material was based on earlier enumerations made by Jerome and Josephus, who had stated that Joktan's descendants "inhabited from Cophen, an Indian river, and in part of Asia adjoining

to it."SEE: p. 1769 A dictionary of the Bible comprising its antiquities, biography, geography, and natural history. by William Smith, John Mee Fuller

66.The chronicle of Hippolytus of Rome (c. 234), existing in numerous Latin and Greek copies, assign Elmodad – Indians to the Joktan in Genesis 10, similar to Josephus (See: Die Chronik des Hippolytus)

67.Wonderful Ethiopians of the Ancient Cushite Empire, by Drusilla Dunjee Houston, pg 163, Forgotten Books

68.Ibn Khaldun, Kay's edition, quoted by Wilfred Schoff in his comments on The Periplus of the Erythraean Sea, Munshiram Manoharial Publishers Pvt Ltd, 1995, page 142

69. (Caussin, Essai, I, 42 sq.; Renan Langues Semitiques, I, 800) 70.Cyclopaedia of biblical, theological, and ecclesiastical literature, Volume 1, By John

McClintock, James Strong. Pg 340 71.In the biblical Holy Land, the word, Pentapolis , occurring in Wisdom, x, 6,

designates the region where five cities — Sodom, Gomorrah, Segor (A. V., Zoar),

Admah and Zeboim — united to resist the invasion of Chedorlaomer (Genesis, xiv), and of which four were shortly after utterly destroyed. See: Pentapolis". Catholic

Encyclopedia. New York: Robert Appleton Company. 1913. 72.Beginnings of History 1882,By Francois Lenormant, Pg 213 73.Narrated Qatadah: I asked Anas Ibn Malik: ‘Who collected the Qur’an at the time of

Prophet?’ He replied: ‘Four, all of whom were from the Ansar: Ubay Ibn Ka‘ab, Mu‘adh Ibn Jabal, Zayd Ibn Thabit and Abu Zayd.’ (Bukhari, Kitab Fada’ilu’l-Qur’an)

74.The Qur'an, chapter 7 (Al-A'raf), verse 65-69 75. Sons of Ham Part 1, Copyright ã 2007 Wade Cox & ors, PO Box 369,

WODEN ACT 2606, AUSTRALIA.

76.Wouter F. M. Henkelman, "The Birth of Gilgamesh", in Altertum und Mittelmeerraum: die antike Welt diesseits und jenseits der Levante, p. 819.

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77.M. Th. Houtsma et al., eds., E.J. Brill's first encyclopedia of Islam, 1913-1936 78.Wonderful Ethiopians of the Ancient Cushite Empire: Origion of Civilization from

Cushites, book 2, pg 89 79.Phillip Hitti, A History of the Arabs, London: Macmillan, 1970, p. 37.

80.Muqaddimah 2:21 81.The 1986 New Edition of Encyclopedia of Islam describes the Mahra in Arabia were

“of brown complexion with black, often curly hair”.

82. A landscape of pilgrimage and trade in Wadi Masila, Yemen: The case of al-Qisha and Qabr Hud in the Islamic period ...By Lynne S. Newton,

University of Minnesota, pg 48-49 83.The Encyclopedia of Islam Vol. 6. C.E. Bosworth et. al. 271,11,15 84.African Moors: The Appearance of the Original Berbers According to European

Perceptions – By – Dana Marniche 85.The Historical Geography of Arabia or The Patriarchal Evidences of Revealed

Religion Part 1. “Settlements of Cush”.pg 66-69 86. Koran Circle 7, CHAPTER XLV, THE DIVINE ORIGIN OF THE ASIATIC NATIONS

87.Islamic History a New Interpretation, by N.A. Shaban, published 1971, Chanbridge

University Press, Vol 1, pg 36 88.Brandon M. Wheeler, Historical Dictionary of Prophets in Islam and Judaism,

Shuayb, pg. 303 89.Quran 7:85-93 90.Quran 26:176-177

91.Quran 7:85–91 92.Quran 26:189

93.THE HISTORICAL GEOGRAPHY OF ARABIA OR THE PATRIARCHAL EVIDENCES OF REVEALED RELIGION PART ONE, by Charles Foster, pgs 12-13

94.Wonderful Ethiopians of the Ancient Cushite Empire: Origin of Civilization from

Cushites, book 2, pg 89 95.Isaac Abarbanel (1437-1509): “She was a Cushite as black as a raven. Zipporah

was from Midian and they are Ishmaelites who are black because of effects of the sun and its heat..”

96.Appendix of Maulana Yusuf Ali's (1872–1953 AD) Translation of the Holy Quran "I

have not the least doubt that Zul-qarnain is meant to be ALEXANDER THE GREAT, the historic Alexander, and not the legendary Alexander, of whom more

presently. My first appointment after graduation was that of lecturer in Greek history. I have studied the details of Alexander's extraordinary personality in Greek historians as well as in modern writers, and have since visited most of the localities

connected with his brief but brilliant career." 97.The Tābi‘ūn (Arabic: ال ون "Followers") are the generation of Muslims who were

born after the death of the Islamic prophet Muhammad but who were contemporaries of the Sahaba "Companions". As such, they played an important

part in the development of Islamic thought and philosophy, and in the political development of the early Caliphate.

98.Cf. also Ibn Hisham, Sirah, I, 12 f “only events dealing with the Tubba"s return

from his eastern expedition are dealt with.” 99.Wonderful Ethiopians of the Ancient Cushite Empire, by Drusilla Dunjee Houston, pg

88, “These Himyaritic Arabians called themselves AEthiopians…”

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100. In the 5th century AD, the Himyarites in the south of Arabia were styled by Syrian writers as Cushaeans and Ethiopians.

101. (Ibn Ishaq , Life of Muhammad, p 10-12 , quoting from Tabari 906), the term Dhul Qarnayn appears in a pre Islamic poem by al Tubba

102. Iskandarnamah - A Persian Medieval Alexander-Romance, Translated by Minoo D. Southgate, Columbia University Press, New York, 1978.

103. Quran 44:37

104. Qur'an 50:14 105. Brannon M. Wheeler (2002). Prophets in the Quran: An Introduction to the

Quran and Muslim Exegesis. Continuum International Publishing Group. p. 166. ISBN 0826449565.

106. Brannon M. Wheeler. "People of the Well". A-Z of Prophets in Islam and

Judaism. 107. Ahmad is a variation of the name Muhammad, who was predicted to come

like from the “brethren” of the Jews and a prophet like Moses. Deuteronomy 18:18

108. Prophets of the Quran: An Introduction to the Quran and Muslim exegesus,

by Brannon M. Wheeler, pg 167 109. McClintock and Strong Encyclopedia, Electronic Database (Biblesoft) 2000.

110. Ibn Kathir, Hafiz, Tafsir Ibn Kathir, Dar-us-Salam Publications, 2000 (original ~1370)

111. Al-Halawi, Ali Sayed, Stories of the Qur'an by Ibn Kathir, Dar Al-Manarah 112. Aesop of the Arabs , Written by Paul Lunde, pages 2-3 of the March/April

1974 print edition of Saudi Aramco World.

113. From Brochure by Marcus Allgood, called “What if Jesus Was Black?”

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