Anthropological Analysis of the Baden Culture in the

Carpathian Basin

Kitti KöhlerArchaeological Institute, Hungarian Academy of

Sciences

Sites with analysed anthropological finds of the

Baden culture in the Carpathian Basin

Budakalász-Luppa csárda436 Late Copper Age 436 Late Copper Age

gravesgraves 355 inhumations355 inhumations

(317 single, 34 (317 single, 34 double, 4 double, 4 triple triple burials)burials)

70 cremations70 cremations 11 symbolic 11 symbolic gravesgraves

During the present During the present anthropological analysis anthropological analysis the skeletal remains of the skeletal remains of 352 inhumated and 56 352 inhumated and 56 cremated burials were cremated burials were studied.studied.

Distribution of buried individuals according to age and sex at Budakalász-Luppa csárda

Age groups

? Male Female Total

         0-1 20 - - 20 4,90%Infans I. 71 - - 71 17,40%Infans II.

51 - - 51 12,50%

Juvenis 15 2 11 28 6,90%Adultus 7 37 61 105 25,70%Maturus 6 37 42 85 20,80%Senilis 7 13 13 33 8,10%? 15 - - 15 3,70%  192 89 127 408 100,00

%

Distribution of adult individuals according to sex

Budakalász (present study)N=216

41%

59%

m ales fem ales

Alsóném edi (NEM ESKÉRI 1951)N=34

67%

33%

m ales fem ales

Balatonőszöd (ZO FFM ANN 2004)N=22

36%

64%

m ales fem ales

Baden culture (present study)N=374

46%

54%

m ales fem ales

13

1 2

16

5

1

5

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

16

Infans I. Infans II. Juvenis Adultus M aturus Senilis ?

Alsóném edi(N=43)

11

86

10,59

0,5 00

2

4

6

8

10

12

Infans I. Infans II. Juvenis Adultus M aturus Senilis ?

Balatonőszöd(N=45)

97

51

28

105

85

33

15

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

Infans I. Infans II. Juvenis Adultus M aturus Senilis ?

Budakalász(N=408)

121

6338

143,5

106

36,5 36

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

160

Infans I. Infans II. Juvenis Adultus M aturus Senilis ?

Baden Culture(N=544)

Distribution of buried individuals according to age

The taxonomic analysis of the population of the Baden culture

J. Nemeskéri (1951)J. Nemeskéri (1951)3 basic components in the cemetery of Alsónémedi:3 basic components in the cemetery of Alsónémedi:

1. Mediterranid and Cromagnoid components;1. Mediterranid and Cromagnoid components;2. Mediterranid variants with brachymorphic 2. Mediterranid variants with brachymorphic

components;components;3. Brachycephal elements.3. Brachycephal elements.

J. Nemeskéri (1956)J. Nemeskéri (1956)Gracile Mediterranid type > Atlanto-Mediterranid type + Gracile Mediterranid type > Atlanto-Mediterranid type + Bracymorphic elementsBracymorphic elements

J. Nemeskéri (1961)J. Nemeskéri (1961)The proportion of the brachycephalic elements increased The proportion of the brachycephalic elements increased significantly in the period of the Baden culture.significantly in the period of the Baden culture.

with planoccipital profilewith planoccipital profile with with curvoccipital profilecurvoccipital profile

(East-Alpine)(East-Alpine) (West-Alpine)(West-Alpine)

Skull of a juvenile male buried in Grave 94. Mediterranid type.

Skull of a mature female buried in Grave 389/A. Mediterranid type.

Budakalász-Luppa csárda

Skull of an adult male buried in Grave 104. Mediterranid + Alpine type.

Skull of an adult/mature male buried in Grave 412. Alpine type.

Budakalász-Luppa csárda

Proportion of the brachymorphic type in the Bodrogkeresztúr and Baden

cultures

Baden culture (present study)N=113

43%

42%

15%

dolichocran m esocran brachycran

Bodrogkeresztúr culture (ZO FFM ANN 1992)

N=28

82%

14% 4%

dolichocran m esocran brachycran

The Penrose biostatistical analysis

The Penrose distance analysis consists of the statistical comparison of the mean metric values of cranial series.

The result of such an analysis indicates with one number the generalised distance in size and shape of various cranial series (CR

2 values).

The smaller this (CR2) value, the greater the similarity

between the series.

In the case of results with a significance limit of 0.1 to 0.5 %, we may assume the similarity or relatedness of the compared series.

The Penrose biostatistical analysis of the Baden culture

I. Schwidetzky (1967)Due to the large chronological and geographical scope the obtained results are difficult to evaluate.

Zs. Zoffmann (1987-1988; 1992)The Baden culture has no Penrose connections with

other Neolithic and Copper Age series from the Carpatian Basin.

The Baden culture has significant Penrose connection with the early population of Anatolia, Greece and East Balkan.

Zs. Zoffmann (2004)Carried out a control of the results of the

earlier analysis, which confirmed her earlier conclusions.

Neolithic and Copper Age series included in the Penrose distance analysis

Carpathian Basin Baden series from the vicinity of Budapest Baden series from around Lake Balaton Baden series of other isolated finds Lepenski Vir culture Starčevo culture Körös+Criş culture Alföld Linear Pottery culture Lengyel culture from South-Transdanubia Lengyel culture from Aszód Lengyel culture from M órágy B.1. Tisza culture Hrtkovci-Gom olava, Vinča culture Tiszapolgár culture Bodrogkeresztúr culture

Central Europe Central European Linear Pottery culture (Jelinek 1973) Bohem ian Corded W are (Chochol 1964) Bruchstedt, Linear Pottery (Bach 1978) Sondershausen, Linear Pottery (Bach 1978) Schönstedt, W alternienburg-Bernburg culture (Bach-Bach 1972) Corded W are from Germ any (Bach 1966) Corded W are from Poland (W iercinski 1973) Złota culture (W iercinski 1973)

Brześć Kujawski, Jordanov culture (Zejm o-Zejm is 1938)

Northeastern-, Eastern-Europe

Volnoje, Dneper-Donets culture (Surnina 1961) Dereivka, Dneper-Donets culture (Zinevič 1967) Vovnigi, Dneper-Donets culture (Zinevič 1967) Dneper-Donets culture (Debec 1973) Bilcze Złote, Tripolye culture (W iercinski 1973) Globular Am phora culture (W iercinski 1973) Tripolye culture (Debec 1973) Fatyanovo culture (Debec 1973) Ochre grave culture (Schwidetzky 1978)

Southeastern-Europe and Anatolia

Cernavoda, Ham angia culture (Necrasov et al. 1982) Cernica, Boian culture (Necrasov 1973) Ruse, Gum elnita culture (Boev 1972) Neolithic and Early Helladic period from G reece (Angel 1944) Nea Nikom edeia (Angel 1973) Copper Age from Central and Eastern Anatolia (Angel 1951) Tepe Hissar II., Chalcolithic (Kurth 1973) Tell es Sultan, Jericho (Keith 1973) Al’Ubaid, Neolithic (Keith 1927)

1.Is there a connection between the population of Budakalász and other series of the Baden culture?

2. Is there a connection between the Baden population of Budakalász and other Neolithic and Copper Age populations of the Carpathian Basin?

3. Is there a connection between the Baden population of Budakalász and other Neolithic and Copper Age populations outside the Carpathian Basin?

Questions

Penrose distance of the Budakalász series from other Neolithic and Copper

Age seriesSeries C R

2 Baden series of isolated finds 0,054 Baden series from around Lake Balaton 0,073 Baden series from the vicinity of Budapest 0,074 Bilcze Złote, Tripolye culture 0,126 Złota culture 0,137 Ruse, Gum elnita culture 0,140 Körös+Criş culture 0,176 Chalkolitikum , M iddle- and East-Anatolia 0,178 Neolithic and E. H. period from G reece 0,194 Cernica, Boian culture 0,203 Funnerbeaker culture from Poland 0,216 Sondershausen, Linear Pottery culture 0,219 Al'Ubaid 0,222 Bruchstedt, Linear Pottery culture 0,226 Schönstedt, W alternienburg-Bernburg culture 0,232 Bodrogkeresztúr culture 0,241 Nea Nikom edeia, neolithic 0,267 Cernavoda, Ham angia culture 0,279 Lengyel culture, South Transdanubia 0,284 Starčevo culture 0,292

Series C R2

Corded W are culture from Poland 0,299 Bohem ian Linear Pottery culture 0,348 Hrtkovci-Gom olava, Vinča-Pločnik culture 0,358 Tisza culture 0,363 Lengyel culture, M órágy B.1. 0,364 Brześć Kujawski, Jordanov culture 0,365 Tiszapolgár culture 0,380 Alföld Linear Pottery culture 0,381 Central European Linear Pottery culture 0,408 Corded W are culture from G erm any 0,432 Tepe Hissar II. chalc. 0,435 Aszód, Lengyel culture 0,437 Globular Am phora culture 0,496 Ochre Grave culture 0,513 Corded W are culture from Poland 0,526 Fatyanovo culture 0,545 Lepenski Vir culture 0,684 Dereivka, Dneper-Donets culture 0,897 Dneper-Donets culture 1,081 Vovnigi, Dneper-Donets culture 1,116 Volnoje, Dneper-Donets culture 1,446

Pathological observations

Thank you for your kind attention!