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Can anthropologists study their university campuses? Can there be a new sub discipline like 'Campus Anthropology? Abhijit Guha Teacher at Vidyasagar University

I have been studying my own university campus located 130 kms away from Kolkata city right within a rural area of West Bengal. I have published one paper recently in Anthropological Forum titled "Campus Anthropology: A Case Study from West Bengal, India.'My study is basically ethnographic but I have placed my case study in global context.

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Barry

Barry Bainton

Anthropologist, Life Coach, Business Consultant

Abhijit -- More academic anthropologist should consider studying their institutions, I think they might be surprised by what they find. In 1979, I was working in the Office of V.P. for Research at the University of Arizona. My assignment was to help draft a Manual for Sponsored Research. I was fortunate to have access to a list of faculty and researchers who were applying for and/or had received government and private sector grants. I drew a sample from this list based on the college and departments represented. I was really surprised by the range of understanding and sophistication that was represented among these researchers. There were many different ways that they went about developing their funding request strategies. These difference were reflected in the way they went about seeking funds and the support or lack thereof by their departments. These lessons formed the basis of the manual. The Manual became the guide for sponsored researchers in researching and preparing proposals to sponsors and the grants management process at the University for grants that were funded.

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Abhijit Guha

Teacher at Vidyasagar University

Dear Barry, I am really happy that you supported my cause.I have been residing in a university campus for 27 years have been observing many interesting human affairs centering round the university. During the early 90s I was encouraged by some of my students in Anthropology to look into the problems of land grab by the communist government in West Bengal for the establishment of heavy industries.A peasant movement against the governmental land grab was on its peak.It was just 7 Kms. from my University campus.I went there and began to study land acquisition and finally did my Ph.D on it and published books and papers. During this episode the establishment of my university campus, its boundary walls, security guards and the tribal community around us, everything assumed a new meaning for me.I started to look at my campus and the affairs of my university from a new angle and began to write and speak on it When I browsed the literature, I was surprised to find that no anthropologist has ever studied her/his campus and the interaction of the people around the campus with the university although there is sub discipline named Educational Anthropology! How strange! I decided to start a new sub discipline named "Campus Anthropology"! I encountered skepticism and from within my discipline. I first got an opportunity to speak in an international conference at UWA, Perth, wrote papers which were either rejected or the editor could not find funds to publish book containing my paper on 'Campus Anthropology. At last, after successive reviews my paper got published in Anthropological Forum and 'Campus Anthropology' after a long travel and resistance is in the academic domain .In my own university and also amongst my anthropology colleagues, my views on the campus is not popular and sometime disliked and thought to be 'idealistic' and 'impractical' by many and particularly by the policymakers.Some of the inhabitants around the campus, however, supports me, but my project of developing university-community collaboration through campus anthropology has no taker.It only exists as an academic project.I have uploaded my Campus Anthropology paper in Linkendin, ResearchGate and Academia.edu I would be very happy if you read it.

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Barry

Barry Bainton


Abhjiti - Thanks for the background of your efforts. Could you please send me the links to your papers? In a period when anthropologist and anthropology, at least here in the USA, have turned away from a scientific ethos to an over-emphasis on the humanities and reflectivity, one might think that they would be happy to focus some attention on their own institutions (University, college, department) and the environments in which they survive. But I am afraid that "political correctness" and "feel good ethnocentrism" are the dominant "theoretical" orientation as it applies to anthropological research these days with criticism of government, business, and anyone else for the but their own self-interests..

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Abhijit Guha


Please send your e-mail ID.My e-mail : [email protected]


Barry

Barry Bainton


[email protected]

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Abhijit Guha


Barry, I have sent 4 papers including Campus Anthropology.


Nihal Nicky

Nihal Nicky Muradoglu

Owner, BTYM / ISCC

This is wonderfull what is happening.. please look into prf gordon lippit s books and prof l robert kohls works as well to reinforce your ideas from hypothesis to ...research and proff

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Abhijit Guha


Hi Nihal, Is there anything similar happening in the universities of your country? Pl. send me references of Gordon Lippit and Robert Kohls books/papers.


Abhijit Guha


To make the discussion more concrete, I post the abstract of my paper below. Anthropological Forum, 2013 Vol. 23, No. 2, 158–177, http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00664677.2013.779230 Campus Anthropology: A Case Study from West Bengal, India Abhijit Guha In this ethnographic account, I attempt to write an anthropological narrative of my own university located in a district town of the West Bengal state in India about 130 kilometres from Kolkata, the capital of the state. My account does not come under thesub-discipline of ‘Educational Anthropology’ in which formal education is studied bythe anthropologists as yet another process of the transmission of culture. My point ofdeparture entails viewing the physical and the cultural space named‘university campus’by situating the case study of Vidyasagar University in a theoretical and global context. The anthropological subjects in the cultural space labelled as‘campus’ range from the Vice-Chancellors to the indigenous tribal people who were viewed as‘encroachers’ by the university community, while the latter looked at the campus as part of their traditional village common land. Ironically, the aims and objectives of my university was to build up research and teaching towards the development of the tribal and the underprivileged people of the region in which the university is located. The case of my university and comparative cases of Columbia, Pennsylvania and Marquette Universities definitely differ in scale, but they also share one common point: expansion of a campus and its effect on the local community in the context of the ideals and objectives of university as a social institution. The empirical scenario demands the emergence of the new sub-discipline named‘campus anthropology’.

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Nihal Nicky


Owner, BTYM / ISCC

http://www.youtube.com/watch_popup?v=mWhD5bc6Fmg&vq=large i know you all there would like this heavenly play vidio


polly

polly jackson`

--

I love the idea of campus anthropology, hope the Berkeley campus will be included in a study....how about Catholic colleges? How about the anthropology of Las Vegas, or the anthropology of Mormonism? Or the anthropology of hospitals, airlines, airports,fisherman in Alaska....Maybe these have been done, I've been out of the field for almost 50 years....Good luck on your endeavors.


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Anek

Anek Sankhyan

President at Palaeo Research Society

Abhijit. Very good. Campus anthropology is a good idea and opens up a new study dimension and new scope for anthropological researches. But, I am inclined to add all types of institutions to make the subject more broad-based so that even non-university anthropologists study their own institutions. So, why not to call it "Anthropology of Institutions"?


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Anek

Anek Sankhyan


Further, my suggestion is that university anthropologists should study non-university institutions, and of the latter study those of the university. This would avoid personal/internal biases quite likely to emerge out and may take political./ conflicting turns. Anthropology of Institutions would be a better guide and a sort of assessment report and would help in maintaining transparency and encourage insiders to work positively to reform the image of their institutions.


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Abhijit Guha


Yes, Polly there can be anthropology of everything related with humans and there have been many anthropologies on anything but not on campuses of universities and that struck me. Well, Anek, universities are institutions and anthropologists used the term in a more inclusive sense as social entities comprising (I) norms,(ii) roles and (iii)patterned behaviour. Universities have all these but anthropologists have studied almost all kinds of institutions except their own habitat! Furthermore, university campuses have a unique history and existence as centres of production of new knowledge and anthropology has a unique niche in this campus. The campus of a school, a college or a hospital is different from a university campus. A cross-cultural comparison of university campuses, I believe, may reveal generalities which would again be unique among other campuses and institutions. A sub discipline named 'Anthropology of institutions' may include 'Campus Anthropology' but we should not forget the uniqueness of University as a sociocultural institution and if it displaces local and indigenous people through expansion it should not be equated with displacements caused by dams, industries, highways and shopping malls.


Abhijit Guha


To add more materials in the discussion on campus anthropology I post below extracts from Michael Cernea's recent letter to me on my paper on Campus Anthropology. Inbox : Read Mail [ Back to Inbox ] Printable Format | Show full Headers From: Michael Cernea <[email protected]> | Add to Address book |This is spam

To: Abhijit Guha <[email protected]> Subject: Comments on your paper , suggestions, questions Date: Sun, 22 Sep 2013 01:53:31 IST Dear Abhijit Your article on Campuses built on land grabbed from small farmers is very correct, not only good but also unique in the literature so far, to my knowledge. You are right that I didn’t myself write yet about this kind of displacement, but I don’t pretend to be able to cover all the infinite aspects and types of unjust displacement. While I studied many project cases to base my work on, I focused mostly, as you know on writing innovative policies (that could serve as examples for multiplying policies in other institutions and countries), and on developing theoretical frameworks. Now, you created an example which I will be glad to praise and reference! Let me now contribute another major example to your portfolio of relevant cases: It refers to a world reputed American University which also tried recently to grab private land by using state power, but was rebuked and lost. Feel free to use this example when you revisit your topic, or when you may republish your study in a volume.. It's about the Columbia University in New York, hallowed as a citadel of science and learning; and there are other examples too The case is described in several press articles that you may find on Google searching for Columbia University eminent domain. A trove of information! Columbia wanted tu use an adjacent area of 17 acres to creat for itself a satellite Campus. They purchased most of the land from their private owners (a correct approach), but a relatively small group refused. Columbia appealed to the State, and a court ordered the State to proceed with eminent domain procedure against the remaining small owners. The owners appealed the decision and won on Appeal . The New York appeals court ruled that the state could not use eminent domain on behalf of Columbia University to obtain parts of a 17-acre site in Upper Manhattan, thus setting back the plans for a

satellite campus. Thus government power to forcibly acquire property and transfer it to another private entity like Columbia was recently limited in a legal manner. Columbia is not a State University and it was compelled to redesign its satellite Campus around the plots they could not acquire through a "willing seller, willing buyer" process. Does this case help your argument? Best wishes, Michael -- Michael M. Cernea NR Senior Fellow Brookings Institution, Washington DC (301)320-5579


Leo

Leo Leriche

Educator

They would probably become very unpopular with university administrators if they exposed some of the activities secretly engaged in. The best of times to do such studies would have been during the compus strikes following the Kent State killings in 1970. Campuses have been quiet since then , even during the war in Iraq. Perhaps because conscription no longer existed and college age students were not directly threatened. Such studies could prove risky jobwise unless they only skimmed the surface and did not upset anyone in power.


Anek

Anek Sankhyan


Abhiji, I do not wish to contest for the common denominator as "Anthropology of Institutions" vis-a-vis 'Campus Anthropology'. Further, I share with Leo the risk involved at least in studying the own Anthropology Department. So, I suggested an alternative in my second post above.


Barry

Barry Bainton


Anek -- I think you have a good point here suggesting "Anthropology of Institutions" as the broader subject with "Campus Anthropology" as a subset. The growth and spread of institutions such as the university both physically and institutionally is a very important force in today's world. The university is but one of the institutions that "preys" upon its surrounding environment both as the source of the growth and as the instrument of other institutions to achieve their goals. I am thinking here of local government here in the USA using local zoning and eminent domain laws to condemn private property in order to create areas for economic development that would increase the value of the land and the tax collection for the local government while forcing out the local residents. Universities are but one type of institution. On campus, the various special interests compete for resources and power. It is here where I see an Anthropology of the Campus would have a real value to understanding the changing nature of the university as a social and cultural institution. Here in the USA such issues include the role of sports vs education, the use of tenured vs adjunct faculty on the student success or departmental success, etc. ABhiji has a very good point by drawing our attention to being self-reflective of our roles as both anthropologists and as agents of the institutions we serve.



Nihal Nicky


Owner, BTYM / ISCC

40 years ago .. we focussed to nations as big groups ..now one university can be as big as one state .. certainly every group institution corporation creates their own culture wheather they are aware of it like it or not.. mirroring themselves .. this work will help NNM



Abhijit Guha


Not only the study of university campuses which often expand at the cost of the common pool resources of the tribals(Vidyasagar University) or displace the blacks in the name of gentrification(Columbia University), studies on displacement and land grab by the state had also been a risky affair all through.But that did not prevent the anthropologists to undertake studies on displacement.In fact many anthropological studies have often challenged those who were/are in power.Should that be a reason for not studying campuses? In fact if you read my paper on campus anthropology, you will find the case of an American university at Wisconsin (Marquette) in which anthropological studies(done by interdisciplinary teams) on the underprivileged neighbours led to better university-community interactions.Examples are also found in India, in a university of South India(Manomanium Sundarnar) which has no boundary wall and the university departments collaborate in research with local people for the benefit of the community, which led to the sanction of a

number of UGC and DST projects for the departments.Alas, no anthropologist has yet studied these positive developments.So, campus anthropology, if done from a developmental perspective aimed towards the benefit of the local people(ironically the mandated objective of many universities) may lead to better anthropologies.Rabindranath Tagore exactly wished that through the establishment of Viswa Bharati university and which at present and again ironocally has displaced the tribals around the campus through expansion.Should the Anthropologists remain silent?


Barry

Barry Bainton


Abhijit -- There are many issues such as you have described both on the institutional level (university/community/government/private sector level) and the on-campus level of departments and programs that have outreach efforts to recruit students to providing services to the local community while providing real life training for students. In today's global economy we also have the impact of the multinational university (real physical and electronic internet). How is this exportation of university services impacting the host country institutions and competition for students? Is this a form of cultural imperialism? So many questions with policy implications and just ripe for the picking by anthropologists and anthropology.



Mel

Mel Weiss

Independent Higher Education Professional

The "study of universities" might also include studies of university faculty. I have explored that world of my discipline (Anthropology) . "Why are professors not always best or good teachers? What might that tell you about research & publication? How do professors (and students) behave at regional and national conventions? How do departments treat and evaluate prospective colleagues? My writings are usually sarcastic, humourous, and possibly "off the wall". Of course I was a tenured full professor and had the freedom to express my inane thoughts.Some of my ramblings were expressed in the "TO WIT" column of the Amerrican Anthropologist Newsletter. Of course the newsletter no longer carries that column. Too bad!


Barry

Barry Bainton


Such studies would fit well into the reflexive paradigm that has its following among today's anthropologists, at least some of them.


Nihal Nicky


Owner, BTYM / ISCC

i am going to an international event .. one of the leader is teaching at thunderbird bus iness mng school , the other one is the president of the same school ,will be the honor speaker.. i wonder if they are aware that we are sneeking bridging connecting

antropology into bussmng education .. UK already using antropologists for production departments ... do you think we need to write a proper short paper and we send them to all bus mng universiities and thinkthanks and ngo s and corporates


Abhijit Guha


Yes, Barry, you have raised a very important issue.In India many universities are mainly suffering from three crises: (i) shortage of public finds from the government,(ii) political influence and (iii)corruption at the university itself. The universities are attempting to meet the financial crisis through privatization, earning money by running distance mode of learning and starting self-financing courses. The results are usually bad for the quality of education.The universities have not yet been able to develop any means to meet the 2nd and 3rd crises. In my state, i.e. in West Bengal the anti-left government which has come to power for more than one year enacted a new law to free the universities from the influence of political parties but politicization of the campus continues and the power of bureaucracy increases as predicted by the famous American Sociologist Edward Shils. How all these are shaping up in the context of globalization or glocalization should come under the purview of Campus Anthropology.


John Michael

John Michael Norvell

Instructor, Anthropology at University of La Verne

Davydd Greenwood has been working on an anthropology of the university for a number of years: http://anthropology.cornell.edu/faculty/Davydd-Greenwood.cfm. And then there is Pierre Bourdieu and "Homo Academicus", of course. So, not a new idea, but one well worth a lot more attention.


Mohammad

Mohammad Aref

Assistant Professor

Dear Abhijit Guha,Thank you so much for your discussion, I read your writings and scientific interest . And comments of our colleagues prof Barry, Nihal, Mel, Anek, Leo, and John.But I must say, that does not happen this model of research at our universities.All the best,Aref


Anek

Anek Sankhyan


Abhijit- I read the comments of various discussants and your reactions. 'Campus anthropology' is a good catch word- though I also hinted at 'anthropology of institutions'. Yes, anthropologists can expand or confine their study universes. We also have 'urban anthropology'. Some how i feel why not to call it 'campus sociology' instead of 'campus anthropology'- but being a physical anthropologist i am not sure- you may be more correct. Why i feel so is because we may see more a sociological set up in the universities rather than anthropological; anthropologists are known traditionally studying the well defined societal groups, tribes, etc. We find nothing of the sort in a university campus.


Barry

Barry Bainton


Based on research I carried out some years ago at the University of Arizona for the VP for Research, I found that an anthropological perspective was quite appropriate to understanding not only the formal structure of the university bureaucracy but also the informal structure of the research community in each of the disciplines and their respective worldviews. Further, the environments in which they competed for research funding I found that the university is an ecological system with many "tribes" or "species" existing within an academic environment which in turn exists in a larger ecological system of consumers and funders of academic products and services. Anthropology is holistic and not bound by a formal analysis of the social structure. We are trained to look beneath the formal and map the social and ideational networks that make up the complex that we call the university.


Nihal Nicky


Owner, BTYM / ISCC

its the cornell ...


Anek

Anek Sankhyan


Barry- your remarks are fine as you consider "the university is an ecological system with many "tribes" or "species" existing within an academic environment". But, it is an 'unnatural and very recent set up where "tribes" or "species" are created by the administration and the academic enclave mostly as local/ regional players and a few international. it is a good interesting experiment to study this enclave, but what models would work and how deep you can go to find concrete results- you know better.


Suchita

Suchita Tripathi

Asst. Professor at GGV, Central University

Respected Abhijit sir, Your idea of new discipline 'Campus Anthropology' is very good and it will open new doors for the study of educational institutions within the campus. The study of socio-cultural environment of campus, culture-contact (between peoples of different places,religions, castes,tribes,subjects, ages,etc.) in statuses of student, teachers and non-teachers at one place, cultural change,student-teacher interaction, personality development, administration and its impact on teachers and non-teachers, job stress,pressure of higher officers will give new directions to the young anthropologists.But I think that 'campus anthropology' doesn't mean for anthropological studies of university campuses only. There may be other campuses like hospital campus, a school campus or a college or an institute's campus etc. which can be studied within 'Campus anthropology'. What I think is, to study a university campus only,the term 'Anthropology of University Campus' or 'Anthropology of Universities' or Anthropology of Educational Institutions should be more appropriate.


Farough

Farough Amin Mozaffari

Member of Faculty at University of Tabriz - Academic Leadership

Dear Abhijit ,Thank you very much for your scientific interest, What is the differences between your work and Tony Becher work on Academic culture and tribes.pls let me have your study manscript . [email protected]


Douglas

Douglas Day

Folklorist, ethnographer, curator, musician

Check out your "plain sister" discipline of folklore. Folklorists in academia have ALWAY collected (or had their students collect" campus lore. As folklorists have gotten far beyond the emphasis on "items" to the "process"--performance theory, identity theory--these "collecting projects" (founded on sound ethnographic principles and techniques) have gotten more complex. Years ago I chided an instructor of sociolinguistics on her colleagues' reliance on college students, grad students and faculty (and, to a lesser degree, support staff) as "informants" for developing general sociolinguistic "rules." The selection pool was FAR too narrow, too white, suburban or urban, too male, too upper middle-class, too college-educated to be representative of anything besides that narrow slice. Another branch of folklore and folklife studies is called "organizational folklore." These folks study institutions, corporations, sodalities, and so on, and I'd be amazed if there weren't studies of the University as an organization. Try UCLA's folklore studies, for example. See Alan Dundes and Barry Tolkein.



David

David Long

Science Education | Education Research | Ethnography

There is a rich community of a dozen or two anthropologists who study higher education, who meet at the AAA, Council of Anthropology and Education, division on Post-Secondary Education. Many or close to all have published ehtnographies of institutions, or the goings on within them. Please feel free to join us at this coming AAA in Chicago. Or email me directly at [email protected]. We have a helpful bibliography available of the work down in this area.



Abhijit Guha


I am overwhelmed by the comments, observations and opinions already expressed on the theme of Campus Anthropology.I think I should clarify my position in the light of the discussion which is going on. First, the idea of studying my university campus arose in my mind somewhat accidentally.I observed that portions of the boundary wall of our university campus was broken when I first took my residence in the campus.I asked my university security persons.They told me that the wall was broken by the villagers who lived just outside our campus.Then after someday, I asked one villager who was a rickshaw puller about the broken walls.He did not admit that they broke it but began to narrate how they used to use our campus land as a 'village commons' before my university was established.I continued talking with him and also observed villagers grazing their cattle in our campus land.

Second, I also observed how my university authorities were trying to prevent the villagers from using the campus land through various means, viz. rebuilding broken walls, tightening of security systems and also planting trees to create an obstruction in the passage of the villagers. Third, I then searched the history of the establishment of our university.Scanty records were available.But I found and quite surprisingly, that a Cambridge Ph.D in Statistics, Anil Gayen first mooted the proposal of founding our university as a non-traditional one with the aim of catering to the needs of the rural poor, particularly tribals.Professor Gayen's proposal became the legal mandate for our university and was enshrined in our Act.It struck me in the context of what I was observing on the ground everyday. Fourth, I carefully listened and studied the Convocation addresses of the Vice-Chancellors of my university and found the gradual deviation from the mandate over the years. Fifth, meanwhile, I was attracted to study(that too accidentally) the displacement of farmers the expropriation of land for industrialization just 7-8 kms. from my campus.I studied the process in some detail and that became my Ph.D topic.After the completion of my Ph.D, I looked back at my campus again and found a link.It seemed to me that land expropriation in the name of development and establishment of my campus are part of the same global process.Displacement of the underprivileged by the more powerful.I began to write on my campus from an anthropological angle and finally named it "Campus Anthropology"! Three things are important in my approach: (1) the theme of displacement by the physical expansion of a university campus, (2) ideal, objective and motto of universities as age-old institutions and (3) the contradictions between (1) & (2) and the outcomes of the contradictions. I do not think that the French structural Marxists or their American and British followers have ever studied their own university campuses from this angle.The same is true about the studies of Ranajit Guha and his Indian and Western associates under the subaltern school.I have no objection if one calls it "Campus Sociology", or if one wants to include under it anthropological or sociological themes of studying student-teacher relations, racial discrimination,ecology, institutional politics, globalization and glocalization,etc.But I think thrusting of too many things under Campus Anthropology may turn our attention from the three essential features of this approach. For example, Campus Physical Anthropology has no meaning in this context.Or, think about Campus Botany, or Campus Zoology! For me, campus anthropology is not just a catchy phrase, it carries a theme, the theme of displacement of local populations by universities(not yet studied by anthropologists and sociologists studying development caused displacement) and the contradictions between the ideal and practice of universities.I am not saying that all universities have the same story and that offers us the scope to study it comparatively..

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Abhijit Guha


Friends, When I started this discussion I never imagined that anthropologists would join in it in such a lively way.I just copy paste one e-mail from an anthropologist at Addis Ababa University. Inbox : Read Mail [ Back to Inbox ] Printable Format | Show full Headers From: habliye tsegaye <[email protected]> | Add to Address book |This is spam To: "[email protected]" <[email protected]> Subject: a copy of your publication 'Can anthropologists study their university campuses?' Date: Sat, 19 Oct 2013 17:34:11 IST Dear Dr. Abhijit Guha, Greetings to you from Dilu Shaleka in Addis Addis Ababa. I teach anthropology of development and gender studies at Addis Ababa University. I found out about your publication entitled 'Can anthropologists study their university campuses?' on the Anthropology Network. The campus where I teach at is one of the nine campuses , is found in the outskirts the city, and the remotest of all the campuses from the center. We are surrounded by farming communities on all sides but we rarely have contact with the local communities. It has been 18 months since I finished my studies at a university in Japan(Kyoto) and joined this college. Studying the campus-community linkage and how they perceive and influence one another has been an everyday bug of sort since I joined. Reading the title, and then the abstract of your article ignited those disorganized and yet premature thoughts. But, I found out downloading the article requires a subscription by our library system, and we don't have the resources for such. Is there any way you can

help me get a copy of your publication? I will be most grateful for your help, if and where my initial ideas for a similar study here were to materialize, I will be most happy to share them with you. I look forward to hearing from you. Warmest regards, Dilu


Abid

Abid Chaudhry

Incharge, Department of Sociology and Anthropology, PMAS-Arid Agriculture University

Abhijit Guha, this is in fact an amazing idea. The set up where I happen to work, I think really needs this where there are power-struggles among the Faculty of Agriculture, Sciences, and Social Sciences. So far, I have earned an experience in learning, teaching and practicing Anthropology in Pakistan but the public and societal view on Anthropology inhere still remains in infancy. Your innovation inspires me to think of us as well. Looking forward.



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