N I N T H E D I T I O N

CULTURAL ANTHROPOLOGY

Serena NandaJohn Jay College of Criminal Justice,City University of New York

Richard L. WarmsTexas State University–San Marcos

Australia • Brazil • Canada • Mexico • SingaporeSpain • United Kingdom • United States

CULTURAL ANTHROPOLOGY

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N I N T H E D I T I O N

CULTURAL ANTHROPOLOGY

Serena NandaJohn Jay College of Criminal Justice,City University of New York

Richard L. WarmsTexas State University–San Marcos

Australia • Brazil • Canada • Mexico • SingaporeSpain • United Kingdom • United States

Cultural Anthropology, Ninth EditionSerena Nanda and Richard L. Warms

Anthropology Editor: Lin MarshallDevelopment Editor: Sherry SymingtonAssistant Editor: Leata HollowayTechnology Project Manager: Dee Dee ZobianMarketing Manager: Lori Grebe CookMarketing Assistant: Teresa JessenMarketing Communications Manager: Linda YipProject Manager, Editorial Production: Emily SmithCreative Director: Rob HugelArt Director: Maria EpesPrint Buyer: Rebecca Cross

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To the grandchildren: Alexander, Adriana, Charlotte, and Kai

—Serena Nanda

To my wife, Karen Kobylus

—Richard L. Warms

vi

Brief Contents

P A R T O N E

Introduction to Cultural Anthropology

1 Anthropology and Human Diversity 2

2 Human Evolution 26

3 Doing Cultural Anthropology 58

4 The Idea of Culture 84

5 Language 114

P A R T T W O

Families in Society

6 Making a Living 144

7 Economics 174

8 Marriage, Family, and Domestic Groups 204

9 Kinship 234

P A R T T H R E E

Equalities and Inequalities

10 Gender 258

11 Political Organization 284

12 Stratification: Class and Caste 314

13 Stratification: “Race” and Ethnicity 342

P A R T F O U R

Symbols and Meanings

14 Religion 372

15 Creative Expression: Anthropology and the Arts 408

P A R T F I V E

Culture Change

16 Culture Change and the Modern World 436

A P P E N D I X

A Brief Historical Guide to Anthropological Theory 470

vi

Preface xiv

List of Features xxiii

P A R T O N E

Introduction to CulturalAnthropology

1 Anthropology and Human Diversity 2

● EthnographyBody Ritual Among the Nacirema 4

Specialization in Anthropology 7

Cultural Anthropology 7Linguistic Anthropology 8Archaeology 8Physical or Biological Anthropology 10Applied Anthropology 10

● Anthropology Makes a DifferenceMedical Anthropology 12

● Anthropology Makes a DifferenceAbout “Makes a Difference” 14

What We Learn from Anthropology: Understanding Human Differences 14

Ethnocentrism 15

● Global Perspective“Stone Age” Tribes 16

Human Biological Diversity 18The Cultural Construction of Race 18

Anthropological Approaches to Culture 20

Anthropology and Cultural Relativism 20Emic and Etic Approaches to Culture 21Anthropology in a Changing World 21

Summary 22

Key Terms 23

Suggested Readings 24

Online Study Resources 24

vii

Contents

2 Human Evolution 26

Darwin and Natural Selection 28

The Theory of Natural Selection 28Evolution, Politics, and Religion 30

Humans and Our Nearest Relatives 31

Our Shared Ancestor and Common Characteristics 31

● Global PerspectiveDisappearing Primates 32

Primate Social Life 33Tool Use among Primates 34

The Evolution of Humans 35

Naming Names 35

● A Closer LookThere’s Evidence! 36

The Earliest Human Ancestors 36The Australopithecines 38

● EthnographyFossil Hunters 40

Homo Habilis and Homo Rudolfensis 43Homo Erectus 44Homo Sapiens 46

Homo Sapiens Culture 48

● Anthropology Makes a DifferenceForensic Anthropology 50

Human Variation 51

Summary 54

Key Terms 55

Suggested Readings 56

Online Study Resources 57

3 Doing Cultural Anthropology 58

Ethnography and Fieldwork 60

Ethnography in Historical Perspective 61

Franz Boas 62Bronislaw Malinowski 63

viii Contents

Culture Is the Way Human Beings Adapt to the World 102

● EthnographyBuilding a House in NorthwesternThailand 104

Culture Is Constantly Changing 106

● A Closer LookDiffusion: 100% American 108

Rethinking Culture 110

Summary 110

Key Terms 111

Suggested Readings 112

Online Study Resources 113

5 Language 114

Origins and Development of Human Language 116

Characteristics of Human Language 116

● A Closer LookNonhuman Primate Communication 118

Acquiring Language 118

The Structure of Language 122

Phonology 122Morphology 123Syntax 124Semantics: The Lexicon 124

Language and Culture 125

The Ethnography of Communication 125

● EthnographyThe Indian and the “Whiteman” 126

Languages and Dialects 128African-American Vernacular English (AAVE) 130

● Anthropology Makes a DifferenceEbonics 131

The Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis 132

● A Closer LookThe “Genderlects” Controversy 133

Nonverbal Communication 135

Language Change 138

Changing Sounds 138

Changing Directions in Ethnography 63

Postmodernism 63

● EthnographyAn Ethnographic Field Study in India 64

Feminist Anthropology 68

Ethnographic Data and Cross-Cultural Comparisons 69

● Global PerspectiveEthnography 70

Special Issues in Contemporary Ethnography 73

Studying One’s Own Society 73

● Anthropology Makes a DifferenceAnthropologists Study the Use of Illegal Drugs 74

Collaborative Ethnography 77

Ethical Considerations in Fieldwork 78

New Roles for the Ethnographer 78

● A Closer LookThe American Anthropological Association Statement of Ethics 79

Summary 80

Key Terms 81

Suggested Readings 81

Online Study Resources 83

4 The Idea of Culture 84

Defining Culture 86

Culture Is Made Up of Learned Behaviors 88

Culture Is the Way Humans Use Symbols to Organize and Give Meaning to the World 90

● Anthropology Makes a DifferenceCulture and HIV 92

● Global PerspectiveUnderstanding 9/11 96

Culture Is an Integrated System—Or Is It? 98

Culture Is a Shared System of Norms andValues—Or Is It? 99