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KINDS OF TRANSLATION &

KINDS OF TEXT

KINDS OF TRANSLATION AND TEXT

KINDS OF TRANSLATION

1. Word-for-word translation

2. Literal translation

3. Communicative/ dynamic/ idiomatic translation

4. Free translation/adaptation/”Unfaithful” translation??

The comparison


Literal Translation

Aku ingin berdansa denganmu

I want to dance with you

Suaramu begitu indah

Your voice is so beautiful



Ada sejumlah anak laki-laki sedang menunggu di luar

There are a number of boys waiting outside

Dia tidak percaya kalau hantu itu adaHe doesn’t believe that ghosts exist

Suharto telah meninggal dunia dengan tenangSuharto has peacefully passed away

Bersatu kita teguh, bercerai kita runtuhUnited we stand, divided we fall.


Saya tidak tahu bagaimana dengan orang lain, tapi ketika saya masih muda dan berumur 20-an, saya

takut pada pernikahan.I don’t know with other people, but when I was young and about

20’s, I was afraid of marriage.

Kami bangsa Indonesia dengan ini menyatakan kemerdekaan Indonesia.

We the people of Indonesia herewith to proclaim the independence of Indonesia


Pemindahan penduduk asli Amerika dari bagian timur Sungai Mussissipi pertama kali diusulkan

Presiden Thomas Jefferson.The relocation of the American natives from eastern Mississipi

River was firstly proposed by President Thomas Jefferson.

Burung laut Artik pernah lama berada di urutan teratas sebagai burung dengan jarak migrasi

terpanjang.Artic seagulls (sea-birds) have long been on the top rank as the

bird with the longest distance of migration.


Communicative/ Dynamic/ Idiomatic(Communicative : Newmark) (Dynamic : Nida) (Idiomatic :

Larsen)

Omong-omongBy the way

Tidak bisa!Nggak mungkinlah!

No way!

Yang benar sajaGive me a break


Sangat baik!Never better!

Ini hal yang sangat gampang. It’s a piece of cake.

Awas kaca!Glass. Don’t touch!

Fragile!

Ayo, ambil keputusan bung!Tetapkan pilihanmu!Make up your mind man!


Aquos, unmistakably JapaneseAquos, produk Jepang yang sempurna

Untuk saat ini namaku tak perlu kusebutI don’t think I have to mention my name right know.

My name is not important right now.

Pamannya adalah warga bantengHis uncle is the member of PDIP


COMPARING LITERAL TRANSLATION WITH COMMUNICATIVE-DYNAMIC-IDIOMATIC

When do we use literal translation? When do we use communicative or dynamic translation?


When literal translation is strongly suggested.

You are what you read.

Kamu adalah apa yang kamu baca.(literal)

Apa yang kamu baca itu akan menunjukkan siapa dirimu sebenarnya.

(communicative)


When communicative & dynamic translationis strongly suggested and highly recommended

It’s a piece of cakeIni sepotong kue

Ini hal yang sangat gampang

Awas kaca!Beware of glass!

Glass. Don’t touch!


Aquos, unmistakably JapaneseAquos, produk Jepang yang tak bisa salah.

Aquos, produk Jepang yang sempurna

Untuk saat ini namaku tak perlu kusebut For this time my name is not necessary to mention

I don’t think I have to mention my name right knowMy name is not important right now.

Pamanya adalah anggota bantengHis uncle is the member of buffalo

His uncle is the member of PDIP


“It is not easy to consistently translate idiomatically. A translator may express some parts of his translation (words, phrases, clauses, sentences) in very natural forms (idiomatic, dynamic, communicative),

and then in other parts fall back into a literal form” (Larsen, 1984: 17)

(Italic letter is addition)


A paragraph

Sentence 1 Sentence 2

Sentence 3 Sentence 4

Sentence 5

(Sentence 1)translated by literal translation

(Sentence 2)translated by communicative/ dyn/ idio

(sentence 3)translated by literal

(Sentence 5)Translated by communicative/ dynamic/ idiomatic

(Sentence 4)translated by literal

Free translationFree Translation, also known as a Adaptation, is a procedure whereby the translator replaces a term with cultural connotations, where those connotations are restricted to readers of the original language text, with a term with corresponding cultural connotations that would be familiar to readers of the translated text.

E.g: “to play truant”(membolos), “to kick something around” (membahas), “different pond, different fish” (lain ladang , lain ilalang” and “Killing two birds with one stone”( menyelam sambil minum air).

For example, in the Belgian comic book The Adventures of Tintin, is translated as Snowy in English,Bobbie in Dutch, Kuttus in Bengali, and Struppi in German; likewise the

The French novel 99 Francs was delocalized when translated. The English version took place in London, instead of Paris.

Adaptation is often used when translating poetry, works of theatre, and advertising.


KINDS OF TEXT (BASED ON THE FUNCTION)

EXPRESSIVE TEXT

INFORMATIVE TEXT

(Pro)VOCATIVE TEXT


EXPRESSIVE FUNCTIONEmphasizing : author centered, personal use, self-oriented, creative, subjective, etcUsed in : poetry, speech, novel, drama, popular writing, etc.Translation : mostly dynamic & communicative translation

INFORMATIVE FUNCTION Emphasizing : the content the text, extra-linguistic information, etcUsed in : news, reports, agreement, academic writing, science and technology, etcTranslation : literal & dynamic/ communicative

(Pro)VOCATIVE FUNCTION

Emphasizing : the readership, persuade readers to act as expected by the author/ writer, etcUsed in : advertising, propaganda, campaign, announcement, instruction, regulation, etc.Translation : mostly literal

COLLOCATION

COLLOCATION

DEFINITION

Semantically arbitrary restrictions which do not follow logically from the propositional meaning of a word

(Baker, 1992: 47)

Habitual co-occurrence of individual lexical items(Newmark, 1988)

Kolokasi merupakan kombinasi tetap beberapa kata dimana makna masing-masing kata pembentuknya pada dasarnya

dipertahankan(Simatupang, 1999: 57)

COLLOCATION

Example: verb and noun

The verb “pay” collocates with noun:

“attention” in “to pay attention”“respect” in “to pay respect”“visit” in “to pay a visit”

COLLOCATION

COMMON COLLOCATION

• verb plus noun• noun plus adjective• noun plus noun• verb plus adverb

COLLOCATION

The verb “deliver” collocates with noun:

speech in “to deliver a speech” news in “to deliver news” blow in “to deliver a blow” verdict in “to deliver a verdict” baby in “to deliver a baby”

COLLOCATION

When two words collocate, the relationship can hold between all or several of their various forms, combined in any grammatically acceptable order. (Baker, 1992: 47)

“achieve” and “aim”

achieving aimsaims having been achieved

achievable aimsthe achievement of an aim

COLLOCATION

COLLOCATION AND TRANSLATION

Where there is an accepted collocation in the source language, the translator must find and use its equivalent in the target language if it exists.

COLLOCATION

verb and noun

SOURCE TEXT

- melakukan perjalanan- membantu kelahiran- melakukan kunjungan- menghasilkan uang- menciptakan perdamaian- memandu orketra- minum obat- makan waktu- melakukan usaha

TRANSLATION BASED ON

LITERAL MEANING

TRANSLATION BASED ON

COLLOCATION

- do a trip- assist a baby-birth- do a visit- generate money- create peace- guide an orchestra- drink medicine- eat time- do a effort

- make a trip- deliver a baby- pay a visit- make (earn) money- make peace- conduct an orchestra- take medicine- take time- make an effort

Verb plus Noun Source Text Translation based

on Literal Meaning

Translation based on Collocation

Meaning 1.mengalami

kecelakaan2.mengejar bus3.memberikan putusan4.mencurahkan

perhatian5.menyampaikan

pidato6.pencipta

perdamaian 7.pecahnya perang 8.meletusnya perang 9.dampak rumahkaca 10.penyakit mental

COLLOCATION

verb plus noun

- mengalami kecelakaan- mengejar bus- memberikan putusan- mencurahkan perhatian- menyampaikan pidato- etc

- experience an accident- pursue a bus- give a verdict- give attention- present a speech- etc

- have an accident- catch a bus- deliver a verdict- pay attention- deliver a speech- etc

COLLOCATION

NOUN PLUS NOUN

• pencipta perdamaian

• pecahnya perang

• meletusnya perang

• dampak rumahkaca

• penyakit mental

• etc

peace-creator

the break of war

the eruption of war

greenhouse impact

mental disease

etc

peace-maker

the outbreak of war

the outbreak of war

greenhouse-effect

mental illness

etc

COLLOCATION

NOUN AND ADJECTIVE

tinggi

tall man high mountain

COLLOCATION

lebat

dense forest ---------- heavy/ hard rain

tebal

thick wood ---------- dense fog

cepat

quick response --- fast car --- rapid progress

COLLOCATIONrusak

broken chair damaged item

jauh

far sight long distance

kuat

strong motivation powerful engine

COLLOCATION

VERB AND ADVERB

sangat

highly recommend - strongly suggest

etc

COLLOCATION In corpus linguistics, collocation defines a sequence of words or terms that co-occur more often than would be expected by chance. An example of a phraseological collocation (from Michael Halliday) is the expression of strong tea. While the same meaning could be conveyed by the roughly equivalent *powerful tea, this expression is considered incorrect by English speakers. Conversely, the corresponding expression for computer, powerful computers is preferred over *strong computers.

collocations should not be confused with idioms although both are similar in that there is a degree of meaning present in the collocation or idiom that is not entirely compositional. With idioms, the meaning is completely non-compositional whereas collocations are mostly compositional.

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