Januay 17, 1991 625 - EEA Data Portal

APPENDIX E (HEALT AND SAFETY PLAN)

320S. MDLESEX AVE IUEMEDFOR, MSSA-UETTIS

Prepared for:

Januay 17, 1991

625

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Section No. Title Page No.

REPORT ORGANIZATION

Table of Contents

List of Tables ivList of Figures v

1.0 INTRODUCTION 1-1

1.1 Scope and Applicability of the Site

Health and Safety Plan 1-11.2 Site Background 1-3

1.3 Objectives of the Work Plan 1-3

1.4 Personnel Requirements 1-3

1.5 Visitors 1-51.6 Definitions 1-5

2.0 KEY PERSONNELIIDENTIFICATION OF HEALTHAND SAFETY PERSONNEL 2-1

2.1 Key Personnel 2-1

3.0 TASK/OPERATION SAFETY AND HEALTH RISK

ANALYSIS 3-1

3.1 Identification of Potential Hazards 3-1

3.2 Task Risk Analysis 3-13.3 Inspections and Evaluations by the Site

Safety Officer 3-5

3.4 Perimeter Air Monitoring 3-53.5 Drilling Hazards 3-53.6 Sampling Hazards 3-8

3.7 Miscellaneous Hazards 3-103.8 Unanticipated Hazards 3-10

3.9 General Safety Procedures 3-11

3.10 Procedures for Weather-Related Problems 3-113.10.1 Heat Related Illness 3-11

3.10.2 Cold Related Illness 3-11

i

TABLE OF CONTENTS (Cont'd)


4.0 PERSONNEL TRAINING REQUIREMENTS 4-1

4.1 Training 4-14.2 Training and Briefing Topics for Site

Activities 4-1

5.0 PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT TO BE USED 5-1

5.1 Personal Protection 5-15.2 Levels of Personal Protection 5-15.3 Reassessment of Protection Program 5-45.4 Work Mission Duration 5-4

5.5 Chemical Resistance and Integrity ofProtective Material 5-6

5.6 Inspection of Protective Equipment 5-6

5.7 Specific Levels of Protection Plannedfor the Site 5-10

6.0 MEDICAL SURVEILLANCE REQUIREMENTS 6-1

6.1 Medical Monitoring 6-16.2 Periodic Monitoring 6-16.3 Exposure/Injury/Medical Support 6-2

7.0 FREQUENCY AND TYPES OF PERSONNEL AIRMONITORING/SAMPLING 7-1

7.1 Continuous Air Monitoring 7-1

8.0 SITE CONTROL MEASURES 8-1

8.1 Secure Zone 8-18.2 Site Communication Plan 8-18.3 Medical Assistance/Emergency Contacts 8-48.4 Medical Emergency Response 8-58.5 Required Emergency Contacts 8-5

9.0 DECONTAMINATION PLAN 9-1

9.1 Standard Operating Procedures 9-19.2 Levels of Decontamination Required

for Personnel 9-1

10.0 EMERGENCY/DISASTER CONTINGENCY PLAN 10-1

10.1 Pre-Emergency Planning 10-110.2 Personnel Roles and Lines of Authority 10-1

ii

TABLE OF CONTENTS (Cont'd)


10.3 Emergency Recognition and Prevention 10-1

10.4 Evacuation Routes and Procedures 10-3

10.5 Incident Reporting 10-3

10.6 Emergency Medical Treatment Procedures 10-4

10.7 Fire or Explosion 10-4

10.8 Spill and Leaks 10-4

10.9 Emergency Equipment and Facilities 10-5

11.0 CONFINED SPACE ENTRY PROCEDURES 11-1

Addendums

I Material Safety Data Sheets

2 Equipment Calibration Procedures

3 Decontamination Procedures

iii

r

LIST OF TABLES

Table No..

1-1

3-1

3-2

5-1

iv

Title

List of Tasks

Compounds of Interest and OSHAPermissible Exposure Limits

Hazard Analysis for Work Tasks

Description of Levels of PersonnelProtective Equipment and WorkActivities

Odor Threshold Limit Values for the

Compounds of Interest

Clothing Materials Chemical Protection

by Generic Class

Glove Materials - Comparative Chemical

Resistance

Sample PPE Inspection Checklists

Emergency Recognition/Control Measures

5-2

5-3

5-4

5-5

10-2

Page No.

1-4

3-2

3-3

5-2

5-5

5-7

5-8

5-11

10-2

LIST OF FIGURES

Figure No.

1-1

3-1

4-1

8-1

8-2

9-1

9-2

9-3

Title

Site Plan

Personnel Protection Daily Log

Acknowledgement

Typical Work Area Layout Secure Areas

Visitor Sign in Sheet

Minimum Decontamination LayoutLevel C Protection

Maximum Decontamination Layout

Level C Protection

Minimum Decontamination Layout

Levels A & B Protection

V

Page No.

1-2

3-6

4-2

8-2

8-3

9-2

9-3

9-4

1.0 INTRODUCTION

1.1 SCOPE AND APPLICABILITY OF THE SITE HEALTH AND SAFETY PLAN

The scope of this Health and Safety Plan (HASP) is to identify, evaluate, and

control potential safety and health hazards, as well as to provide emergency

response to accidents during field operations involving the site investigation

at the General Electric (GE) Medford Property, 320 Middlesex Avenue, Medford,

Massachusetts (see Figure 1-1). Objectives of this HASP include the

following:

" The identification and evaluation of potential hazards.

* The definition of levels of protection required for certain work

activities.

* The establishment and implementation of secure work zones.

* The evaluation and implementation of worker protective measures.

* The formulation of emergency action plans.

* The assurance of medical monitoring.

* The implementation of personnel training.

a The design and implementation of decontamination procedures.

* The enforcement of appropriate record keeping.

The ECKENFELDER INC. and contractor personnel covered by the Health and Safety

Plan include those individuals working at the site who have potential for

exposure to hazardous waste, hazardous substances, or a combination of these

1-1

.- . . .. c 3 it r AlI

FIGURE I-1BASE MAP, USGS TOPOGRAPHIC MAP

BOSTON NORTH QUADRANGLE SITE LOCATION MAP

G.E. AIRCRAFT ENGINESMEDFORD PROPERTY

MEDFORD ,MASSACHUSETTS

ECKENFELDER Nashvil3ennemcc

INC. Mahwah,NcwJcrey

1-2

I

materials. This HASP complies with the requirements of the Occupational

Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) Standards as stated in 29 CFR 1910

with emphasis on subsection 1910.120 (Hazardous Waste Operations and Emergency

Response), 1910.1000 (Air Contaminants) and 1910.1200 (Hazard Communication,

Right-to-Know Law), 1904 (Recording and Reporting Occupational Injuries and

Illnesses), 1990 (Identification, Classification and Regulation of Potential

Occupational Carcinogens), applicable portions of Section 1926 (Safety and

Health Regulations for Construction), and any other federal or state statutes

or regulations that may be determined applicable. Amendments to this Plan

will be made as the contaminant profile information is updated, a change in

work status or task is made, or as regulatory requirements dictate. Any

changes to the Plan will be brought to the attention of those covered under

the Plan through additional training.

1.2 SITE BACKGROUND

A thorough site background description has been included in the Work Plan

(December 1990). As future data are generated, they will be reviewed and this

Health and Safety Plan changed accordingly.

1.3 OBJECTIVES OF THE WORK PLAN

The investigations to be conducted as part of the site investigation have been

identified and discussed in detail in the Work Plan. The site investigation

work has been divided into eight individual tasks as summarized on Table 1-1.

1.4 PERSONNEL REQUIREMENTS

To promote safe work practices, no activity will be conducted by an individual

employee working alone. At least two persons will be present at the site

during each of the field tasks identified on Table 1-1. For field tasks, such

as well development and monitoring well installation, it is anticipated that

at least one ECKENFELDER INC. employee and one to two employees of the

drilling company will be present at the site at all times.

1-3

TABLE 1-1

LIST OF TASKS

1. Site Investigation Report

*2. Monitoring Well Installation

*3. Well Development*4. Groundwater Sampling

*5. Soil Borings and Sampling6. Sample Analysis

*7. In Situ Permeability Tests

*8. Indoor/Outdoor Air Sampling

*Tasks containing field components.

1-4

1.5 VISITORS

Visitors to the Secure Zone will comply with medical and training requirements

as described in Section 6.0 and Entry/Exit Procedures as described in

Section 8.0 of this HASP.

1.6 DEFINITIONS

As used in the HASP, the following terms have been defined:

" "Active Operations" - Activities resulting in disturbance of soil,

buildings, or equipment at a work area.

" "Authorized Personnel" - Any person, such as task-specific personnel,

project personnel, oversight personnel, contractors, and consultants

whose presence is authorized at the Project Site by General Electric.

" "Contractor/Consultant" - Any person or firm, retained or hired by

General Electric, to carry out and/or supervise any portion of the

activities conducted at the Project Site.

" "Exclusion Zone" - The area in which all personnel entering must be

directly involved in the ongoing work, have designated personal

protective equipment (PPE), and meet training and medical monitoring

requirements. The exclusion zone will be defined by an approximate

25 ft radius around the work area, which will be suitably marked.

" "MSDS" - Material Safety Data Sheets, which provide information on the

physical, chemical, and hazardous properties of chemical compounds.

" "Oversight Personnel" - Any person, designated by the State, Federal

Government, or General Electric who is assigned to carry out oversight

work.

1-5

* "PPM" - Parts per million; expressed as PPM(v) for gases and vapors.

" "Project Personnel" - Any person or contractor, assigned by General

Electric, its consultants, or its contractors to carry out work at the

Project Site (e.g., Project Director, Project Manager, etc.).

" "Project Health and Safety Officer" - The designated person

responsible for overall implementation of the Health and Safety Plan.

* "Project Site" - The area defined by a specific project Work Plan, as

well as contiguous areas to which access is required for the execution

of the field tasks which may be set forth in a Work Plan.

" "Site Safety Officer" - The person(s) designated by General Electric,

or the contractor/consultant who is responsible for supervising the

Health and Safety Plan.

" "Support Zone" - The area outside the exclusion zone that is

considered clean for the purpose of the Health and Safety Plan. It is

used for transfer of equipment and materials (i.e., support) into the

secure area.

" "Task-Specific Site Personnel" - Any person or contractor assigned by

General Electric and/or its consultants/contractors to carry out work

at the Project site.

" "Secure Zone" - The area within a radius of approximately 50 ft

established from the center of the work area (e.g. drilling site) and

indicated by a visible surface device.

1-6

2.0 KEY PERSONNEL/IDENTIFICATION OF HEALTH AND SAFETY PERSONNEL

2.1 KEY PERSONNEL

The corporate Health and Safety Officer for this project will be

Jane E. Lyons, CSP, of ECKENFELDER INC. In this capacity, Ms. Lyons will

oversee compliance with applicable health and safety regulations. Under

Ms. Lyons' direction, day-to-day site safety activities will be overseen by

the designated site safety officer. Safety is affected by the actions of all

involved parties or organizations. For this reason, the following list of key

personnel and their organizations have been identified.

RESPONSIBILITY

Project Director

Project H&S Officer

Site Safety Officer

Alternate Site

Safety Officer

Site Contact/

Coordinator

AFFILIATION

ECKENFELDER INC.

ECKENFELDER INC.

ECKENFELDER INC.

ECKENFELDER INC.

General Electric

NAME

B.K. Panagrahi

Jane E. Lyons

Ben Perkins

Jennifer Higgins

Allyson Boulerice

* The Project Director is responsible for the overall

completion of the project.

PHONE NUMBER

201-529-0800

615-255-2288

716-232-5380

716-232-5380

617-594-9110

direction and

" The Project Manager is responsible for the direction and coordination

of the field investigation activities.

2-1

" The Project Health and Safety Officer's responsibilities are to ensure

that the health and Safety Plan is properly implemented, maintained,

and to identify any hazards which are not discussed in the plan.

* The Site Safety Officer is responsible for the dissemination of all

information contained in the Plan to the workers on site, and in the

absence of the Project Health and Safety Officer from the site, will

fulfill the obligations of the Project Health and Safety Officer.

This includes attendance at Site Safety meetings, conducting site

training sessions, reporting all incidents which happen to personnel

under his supervision, and the timely submission of required forms.

* The Alternate Site Safety Officer is responsible for fulfilling health

and safety duties in the absence of the Site Safety Officer.

" The Site Contact is responsible for the education of site workers in

all General Electric safety procedures and equipment not specifically

discussed in this Plan.

2-2

3.0 TASK/OPERATION SAFETY AND HEALTH RISK ANALYSIS

3.1 IDENTIFICATION OF POTENTIAL HAZARDS

The potential routes of exposure to the chemical compounds found at the site

include inhalation, skin absorption and ingestion.

Compounds that may pose a potential hazard have been determined. Much data

exists from previous investigations. Table 3-1 lists an inventory of these

compounds and the Permissible Exposure Limits (PEL) established by the

Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA), and Threshold Limit

Values (TLV) as published by the American Conference of Governmental

Industrial Hygienists.

The potential routes of exposure for the chemicals listed in Table 3-1 include

inhalation, skin absorption, and ingestion. Site personnel will be informed

of these risks and appropriate monitoring and personal protective

equipment (PPE) will be utilized. Material safety information for the

compounds of interest (Addendum 1) will be maintained on site for ready

reference by personnel and medical staff, should it be necessary.

Exposure limits for the compounds of interest (Table 3-1) were developed from

OSHA 29 CFR 1910.1000 (Air Contaminants) and reflect the final rule values.

3.2 TASK RISK ANALYSIS

A risk analysis for each field task identified by the HASP has been conducted.

Most planned activities are associated with monitoring well installation,

well development, groundwater sampling, soil borings and sampling, and slug

tests. Table 3-2 provides a summary of tasks planned for the site with

hazards and protective measures anticipated for each. However,

3-1

TABLE 3-1

COMPOUNDS OF INTEREST AND

OSHA PERMISSIBLE EXPOSURE LIMITS

PELb STELd

TWA TWA TLVe

Compounds CAS No-a ppm(v) mg/m3c ppm(v) mg/m

3c ppm(v) mg/m 3

c

2-Butanone (MEK) 78-93-3 200 590 300 BB5 200 590

Carbon tetrachloride 56-23-5 2 12.6 -- -- 5 319

1,1-Dichloroethane 75-34-3 100 400 -- -- 200 810

1,l-Dichloroethene 75-35-4 1 4 -- -- 5 20

1,2-Dichloroethene 540-59-0 200 790 -- -- 200 793

Methyl chloride 74-87-3 50 105 100 210 50 1039

Toluene 108-80-3 100 575 150 560 100 377

1,1,1-Trichloroethane

(methyl chloroform) 71-55-6 350 1,900 450 2,450 350 1,910

aChemical Abstracts Service Number.

bpermissable Exposure Limit; Time Weighted Average (B hr day, 40 hr week); ppm unless otherwise indicated;

concentrations expressed in air; ppm (v): part per million of substance in air by volume.

Cag/m3: milligrams of substance per cubic meter of air.

dShort Term Exposure Limit; 15 minute durstion of exposure not to be exceeded any time during the day.

eTLV: Threshold Limit Value es published by the Association of Governmental Industrial Hygienists

(1990-1991),

f(C): Ceiling Value - the concentration that should not be exceeded during any part of the working

exposure.9(s): Skin designation.

3-2

TABLE 3-2

HAZARD ANALYSIS FOR WORK TASKS

Prevention of Contingency

Activity/Task Hazard Hazard Action

Monitoring Well Inhalation of or direct contact Appropriate personal Decontamination;

Installation with contaminants protective equipment; first aid

air monitoring

Injury from drilling rig or other Trained operators;

heavy equipment; weather related hard hats; caution

exposure, overhead clearance limits in vicinity of

equipment, caution

for overhead clearance

Wsll Development Inhalation of or direct contact Appropriate personal Decontamination;

with contaminants; weather related protective equipment; first aid

exposure air monitoring

Groundwater Inhalation of or direct contact Appropriate personal Decontamination;

Sampling with contaminants; weather related protective equipment; first aid

exposure air monitoring

Soil Borings Inhalation of or direct contact Appropriate personal Decontamination;

and Sampling with contaminants; weather related protective equipment; first aid

exposure; overhead clearance limits air monitoring, caution

for overhead clearance

In Situ Inhalation of or direct contact Appropriate personal Decontamination;

Permeability with contaminants; weather related protective equipment; first aid

Tests exposure air monitoring

3-3

6.0 MEDICAL SURVEILLANCE REQUIREMENTS

6.1 MEDICAL MONITORING

Medical monitoring will be performed for all personnel working in a Secure

Zone. Fitness to use respiratory protection will have been conducted within

the last year. The medical monitoring physical will serve as either the

baseline for new employees or as the annual physical for existing employees.

The examination will have been conducted by a licensed physician who will

maintain permanent records of all examinations and tests. Medical monitoring

should meet or exceed regulatory compliance issues pursuant to

OSHA 29 CFR 1910.94, .120, .134 and .0110 through .1045.

Included within these regulatory issues are the determination by a physician

that an individual being examined is physically able to use an air purifying

respirator and is able to perform the work defined within the specific job

description. The capability of an individual to perform the specified work

will be determined from examinations that will include:

" Complete medical and work histories

" Physical examination

* Pulmonary function test (FVC and FEV1)

* Chest x-ray every two years or earlier if required

" ECG (Electrocardiogram)

* Eye examination and visual acuity

" Audiometry

" Urinalysis

" Blood chemistry (hematology, serum analyses, heavy metals toxicology)

6.2 PERIODIC MONITORING

All personnel are required to have obtained a medical physical within the last

12 months. This period may be shortened if the physician or the Health and

6-1

Safety officer believe a shorter interval is appropriate. The physician

performing the physical will insure the physical fulfills the requirements of

29 CFR 1910.120(f). Documentation attesting to current medical monitoring

compliance may be maintained on site by the Site Safety Officer.

6.3 EXPOSURE/IINJURY/MEDICAL SUPPORT

All personnel covered by this HASP must report and are encouraged to seek

medical attention and physical testing following an injury or possible

exposure above established exposure levels.

6-2

7.0 FREQUENCY AND TYPES OF PERSONAL AIR MONITORING(SAMPLING

The purpose of air monitoring is to identify and quantify airborne

contaminants in order to verify and determine the level of personal protection

required. Initial screening for identification is generally qualitative.

Subsequent testing is typically required to quantify concentrations.

Continuous air monitoring will be used in secure areas to identify airborne

contaminants using direct reading instruments: e.g., HNU.

7.1 CONTINUOUS AIR MONITORING

Continuous air monitoring will be conducted at each Secure Zone using

the HNU and Draeger tubes, as necessary. Background HNU readings will be

obtained once each morning after calibration and following lunch. The

background reading will be taken in an area removed and upwind of the site.

The action levels for the HNU and the Draeger tubes, contained in Table 5-1

are as follows:

a <1 ppm above background - Level D.

" >1 ppm above background - Modified Level D, take Draeger tube readings

immediately, and, if the PELs on Table 3-1 are exceeded go to Level C

with respirator for organic vapors.

* <50 ppm above background and Draeger tube reading <PEL's - Level D.

* >50 ppm or <200 ppm above background and Draeger tube reading <PEL's -

Level C.

* 200 ppm or more - Level B with SCBA.

Draeger tubes will be used to aid in the identification of organic vapor based

upon HNU readings above 1 ppm(v), as follows:

" carbon tetrachloride >2 ppm(v)

" 1,1-dichloroethene >1 ppm(v)

7-1

During all well construction activities conducted in Level C required

activities, a combustible gas/oxygen monitor will be used to measure the

percentage of the combustible gasloxygen present in the breathing zone. An

indication of combustible gas at 10 percent of the lower explosive limit in

the breathing zone, will cause work to cease immediately and all personnel

will be evacuated to a safe area. Oxygen levels taken in the Secure Zone

below 19.5 percent will require SCBA. Above 25 percent oxygen in the Secure

Zone, all activities will be suspended because of fire hazard. If any of the

above conditions exist, work should cease, evacuate the area and call the

Corporate Health and Safety Officer and the Project Manager.

Specification sheets for all the monitoring equipment will be maintained

within their shipping or storage containers. Included will be methods for

calibration, operation, trouble-shooting, and minor repair. Availability of

the specification sheets will be monitored by the Site Safety Officer. Any

deficiencies or operating problems with monitoring equipment will be made

known to the Project Health and Safety Officer. All continuous monitoring

equipment will be serviced and batteries placed on charge, as they are

required. A maintenance log will be maintained for monitoring equipment and

any major discrepancy or operating malfunction must be brought to the

attention of the Project Health and Safety Officer within 24 hrs.

7-2

8.0 SITE CONTROL MEASURES

8.I SECURE ZONE

Access into Secure Zones will be established at a 50 ft radius and indicated

by one or more visible surface devices if the plant is not locked to keep

unauthorized personnel out of the area (Figure 8-1). The Site Safety Officer

will insure the integrity of the secured areas throughout the work day. Plant

activities requiring personnel access to a Secure Zone will be coordinated

between General Electric and the ECKENFELDER INC. Site Safety Officer. Should

access control be required during the night time hours, the Site Safety

Officer, through General Electric, will insure the arrangements for security.

All personnel entering the plant are required to have read this Health and

Safety Plan, to sign the entry/exit log (Figure 8-2), and to adhere to the

Plan requirements while in the vicinity.

Visitors must have their own National Institute of Occupational Safety and

Health (NIOSH) approved safety equipment or they will be denied entry to the

work site.

8.2 SITE COMMUNICATION PLAN

Successful communications between field teams and contact with personnel in

the Support Zone is essential. The following communication systems will be

available within Secure Zones:

" Normal verbal communication

A Hand signals as follows:

Signal Definition

Hands clutching throat Out of air/cannot breath

Hands on top of head Need assistance

Thumbs up OK/I am alright/I understand

Thumbs down No/Negative

Arms waving upright Send backup support

Grip partners wrist Exit area immediately

8-1

CLEAN WATERSUPPLY TANK-

NOTE:

THE CONTAMINANT REDUCTION ZONE WILL INCLUDEA PORTABLE EMERGENCY EYEWASH,FIRST AID KIT,HAND WASH,TOWELS/WIPE CLOTHS AND FIREEXTINGUISHER (IF NOT HOUSED ON THE DRILLING RIG)

1.

- FIBER DRUMS -SOLIDS DISPOSAL

LUGGER - LIQUIDSDISPOSAL

WASH BIN

TYPICAL WORK AREA LAYOUTSECURE AREAS

FIGURE 8-1

ECKENFELDERINC.

Nai;NEnn

8-2

FlGURE 8-2

8-3

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8.3 MEDICAL ASSISTANCEEMERGENCY CONTACTS

In the event of personnel exposure, accident, injury, or fire at the

General Electric's closed Medford Property facility, the following general

accident and emergency response procedures are to be followed by all personnel

working under this Health and Safety Plan.

Should an emergency requiring evacuation (subsequent to a decision by the Site

Safety Officer) occur, ECKENFELDER INC. and contractor personnel will evacuate

the area to a location established by the ECKENFELDER INC. Site Safety Officer.

These locations will be located upwind of the predominant wind flow and be

designated on a daily basis to reflect the daily wind direction. All

designated locations will be a safe distance from the area in which the

emergency occurred and be explained during the initial site safety briefing.

Following the evacuation, the Site Safety Officer will initiate a head count

to insure all personnel who entered the site have successfully been evacuated.

Any discrepancies will be brought to the immediate attention of the Site

Coordinator and/or the responding emergency service(s).

The supervisor on scene should, as soon as possible notify his/her immediate

supervisor, the Site Safety Officer, or call and explain that an emergency

incident has or is occurring. Individuals so notified should, as the

circumstances indicate, contact as appropriate the following to obtain

emergency assistance:

Phone

Medford Police Department 617-391-6404

Medford Fire Department 617-396-9400

Medford Disaster Emergency Service 617-395-3160

Malden Hospital 617-322-7560

8-4

Activities that may require responsive actions to mitigate an emergency

situation shall be handled by the Site Contact/Coordinator for the General

Electric Medford Property.

8.4 MEDICAL EMERGENCY RESPONSE

The Malden Hospital at Hospital Road, Malden, Massachusetts is the closest

medical facility for emergency assistance. The hospital may be reached by

following Middlesex Avenue North to Central Avenue. Follow Central Avenue

West to Fellsway. Follow Fellsway North to Route 60. Turn right (north) to

light. Turn left and follow Blue "H" signs.

8.5 REQUIRED EMERGENCY CONTACTS

The following persons, departments or organizations must be contacted when an

emergency occurs. The Site Safety Officer shall, as time permits, insure

these contacts are made and report to the ECKENFELDER INC. Project Manager of

this activity.

Phone

Office Home

* General Electric Personnel

Allyson Boulerice

Site Contact/Coordinator

* ECKENFELDER INC.

B.K. Panigrahi

Ben Perkins

Jane Lyons

Jennifer Higgins

617-594-9110

201-529-0800 914-469-5357

716-232-5380 716-482-6078

615-255-2288 615-822-8046

716-232-5380 716-482-6073

8-5

9.0 DECONTAMINATION PLAN

9.1 STANDARD OPERATING PROCEDURES

Decontamination (DECON) is the physical process of removal of contaminant or

potential contaminants from personnel and equipment. Personal decontamination

for this HASP will primarily consist of periodic disposal of outer protective

clothing in containers established within Secure Areas designated by the Site

Health and Safety Officer. Those items for disposal will be collected in a

plastic-lined container and disposed of in a proper manner established by

General Electric. Personal DECON stations will be established within each

Contamination Reduction Zone. Designated D econ Stations for decontaminating

equipment will be established prior to the start of site activities.

9.2 LEVELS OF DECONTAMINATION REQUIRED FOR PERSONNEL

Personnel working in a Secure Zone will be required to wear Level D PPE.

However, Level C or B could be required based upon air monitoring. Level D

will be the minimum required for persons that may be assisting in

decontamination. A Decontamination Area will be established in each Secure

Zone as typically shown in Figure 8-1.

The procedure for Level D decontamination will be:

* Step 1 - Removal of outer boots.

* Step 2 - Removal of outer gloves.

* Step 3 - Removal of Tyvek@ clothing.

* Step 4 - Removal of inner gloves.

The decontamination procedures for Level C and Level B are shown in

Figures 9-1, 9-2, and 9-3. In an emergency, the primary concern is to prevent

the loss of life or severe injury to site personnel. Should immediate medical

attention be required to save a life, decontamination should be delayed until

the victim is stabilized. However, if decontamination can be performed

without interfering with first aid or life saving techniques, or should a

9-1

REDRESS: BOOT COVERSAND OUTER GLOVES

UI DECONMISOLUTIONI-

WATER 0- I C

EOUlPMENTDROP

A

WIND DIRECTION

20

200

CARTRIDGER CANISTERMANGE-OVER REMOVE

BOOTS/ GLOVESAND

OUTER GARMENTSI FOR DISPOSALAND OFF SITE

DECONTAMINATION I

CANz|( 10 GALLON)

CAN32 GALLON )

FIGURE 9-1

MINIMUM DECONTAMINATION LAYOUTLEVEL C PROTECTION

ECKEN FELDERINC. M.I11 dI. Ncw.)frn-qc%

9-2

PLASTICSHEET

EXCLUSIONZONE BOOT COVER

OUTER GLOVE TAPE &REMOYAL REMOVAL GLOVE WASH SEGREGATED

EOUPMENTDROP

HOTLINE

CANISTER ORMASK CHANGE ANDREDRESS-BOOT COVER/OUTER GLOVES

CONTAMINATIONREDUCTION

ZONE

F1ELDWASH

SUIT/ SAFETYBOOT WASH

SUIT/SAFETYBOOT RINSE

SAFETY BOOTREMOVAL

SPLASH SUITREMOVAL

INNER GLOVEWASH

INNER GLOVERINSE

FACE PIECEREMOVAL

INNER GLOVEREMOVAL

INNER CLOTHINGREMOVAL CONTAMINATION

CONTROL LINE

REDRESS

SUPPORTZONE

FIGURE 9-2

MAXIMUM DECONTAMINATION LAYOUTLEVEL C PROTECTION

*NasheiDizjinnesseeMahwah.New jersey

ECKENFELDERINC

9-3

REDRESS BOOT COVERSAND OUTER GLOVES

wI DECONEiSOLUTION

1 WAT ER

I

TANKCHANGE-OVER

WIND DIRECTION

20

20

REMOVEBOOTS/ GLOVES

ANDOUTER GARMENTS

I FOR DISPOSALAND OFF SITE.

DECONTAMINATION'

WI( CAN10 GALLON)

CA N32 GALLON I

FIGURE 9-3

MINIMUM DECONTAMINATION LAYOUTLEVELS A & B PROTECTION

ECKENFELDERINC.

Nashvilk 1,TennscMa'"*h, Ne Jcrm,

9-4

EQUIPMENTDROP

PLASTICSHEET

worker be contaminated with a extremely toxic or corrosive material that has

the potential to cause severe injury or loss of life, decontamination must be

performed immediately. If an emergency due to heat-related illness develops,

protective clothing should be removed from the individual to reduce heat

stress. During an emergency, provision should also be made for protecting

medical personnel and disposing of contaminated clothing and equipment.

Additional detailed decontamination information is contained in Addendum 2.

9-5

10.0 EMERGENCY/DISASTER CONTINGENCY PLAN

10.1 PRE-EMERGENCY PLANNING

Table 10-1 identifies the potentially hazardous conditions that may be

associated with specific task activities. The Emergency/Disaster Contingency

Plan will be reviewed and revised as necessary by the Site Safety Officer.

10.2 PERSONNEL ROLES AND LINES OF AUTHORITY

The Site Safety Officer has the primary responsibility for coordinating

response to emergencies on the project site. It is the responsibility of

anyone observing an emergency situation to notify the Site Safety Officer. In

case the Site Safety Officer cannot be reached immediately, the person

observing the emergency can contact any of the following emergency services,

as necessary:

Phone

Medford Police Department 617-391-6404

Medford Fire Department 617-396-9400

Medford Disaster Emergency Service 617-395-3160

Malden Hospital 617-322-7560

10.3 EMERGENCY RECOGNITION AND PREVENTION

Table 10-1 and Section 3.0 provide a listing of chemical and physical hazards

that may be encountered. Additional hazards as a direct result of site

activities are listed in Table 10-1 with prevention and control

techniques/mechanisms. Personnel working in Secure Zones will be familiar

with the techniques of hazard recognition from preassignment training and from

site-specific briefings. The Site Safety Officer is responsible for insuring

that preventive devices and equipment are available to Secure Zone personnel.

10-1

TABLE 10-1

EMERGENCY RECOGNITION/CONTROL MEASURES

Specific Condition: Prevention:

Hazard Location Control

Fire/Explosion Bore hole; well head; An alarm systemgasoline fueled equipment Fire inspections

Fire extinguisher

Air Release Well head; seal opening Water spray; foam,with on site material alarm system;

evacuation routes

Spill Drill cuttings; Berms; dikes;groundwater; DECON sorbent materials;solvents and contaminated foamswater/residues; wellhead; DECON station;staging area

10-2

10.4 EVACUATION ROUTES AND PROCEDURES

Should an emergency requiring evacuation occur, all personnel will evacuate

the area to a location pre-established by the Site Safety Officer. These

locations will be located, marked and will be 250 ft upwind of the Secure Area.

Following the evacuation, the Site Safety Officer will initiate a head count

to insure all personnel who entered the Secure Zone have successfully been

evacuated.

In the event of an emergency which necessitates an evacuation of the Secure

Zone, the following alarm procedure will be implemented:

* Three loud blasts on the vehicle horn - personnel will be expected to

proceed to the designated evacuation area and will remain in the area

until a re-entry to the Secure Zone is authorized.

10.5 INCIDENT REPORTING

Following an accident or incident, an incident report will be completed by a

responsible individual at the scene. Information in the incident report will

include, at a minimum, the following items:

* Name(s) of individuals involved or witnesses

* Date and time

* Exact location

* Description of incident

" Type of exposure suspected or nature of injury

* Nature of emergency response actions

" Corrective measures taken to prevent repeat of the incident

10-3

Lil incident reports will be filed with the General Electric Project Manager

and ECKENFELDER INC. Corporate Health and Safety Officer.

Further, in the event of a hazardous material spill or chemical release above

the reportable quantity, the appropriate Federal and State agencies will be

notified. Notification will be made through the General Electric Project

Manager.

10.6 EMERGENCY MEDICAL TREATMENT PROCEDURES

Any individual who becomes ill or is injured while working within the

exclusion zone must be decontaminated to the maximum extent possible. Should

the injury or illness be minor in nature, full DECON will be administered

prior to transport to a medical facility. If the individual's conditions is

serious, a partial DECON should be completed (i.e., complete clothing removal

and redressing in clean overalls or wrap the individual in a blanket). First

aid should be administered while awaiting an ambulance or paramedic. All

injuries and illnesses will be reported immediately as described

in Section 10.2. Any vehicle used to transport contaminated or potentially

contaminated personnel will be decontaminated as necessary.

10.7 FIRE OR EXPLOSION

In the event of a fire or explosion, the Site Safety Officer

and General Electric Project Contact should be notified immediately.

10.8 SPILL AND LEAKS

Personnel will report any spills or leaks to the Site Safety Officer and the

General Electric Site Contact. Should a spill or leak occur which is a threat

to human health or a release to environment (air, water or soil), the person

observing the spill will:

10-4

- e Evacuate or request an evacuation of any persons at risk.

* Inform General Electric Site Contact supervisor and/or Site Safety

Officer immediately.

* Locate the source of the spillage and stop the flow if it can be done

safely.

* Begin containment and recovery of the spilled materials utilizing

appropriate response methodology and PPE, only if safe to do so.

10.9 EMERGENCY EQUIPMENT AND FACILITIES

The following equipment will be available at a Secure Zone:

* First aid kit

* Fire extinguisher.

* Portable eye wash

a Emergency water supply (10 gal minimum)

10-5

11.0 CONFINED SPACE ENTRY PROCEDURES

A confined space provides the potential for unusually high concentrations of

potential contaminants, explosive atmospheres, limited visibility and

restricted movement. This section will establish requirements for safe entry,

work and exit from confined spaces. Additional information regarding confined

space entry can be found in 29 CFR 1926.21, 1910 and National Institute of

Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) publication 80-106.

A Confined Space is defined as a space or work area not designed or intended

for normal human occupancy, having limited means of egress and poor natural

ventilation. A confined space may also include a structure (buildings or

rooms) which has a limited means of egress. A permit is required to enter a

confined space. Confined space entries are not authorized nor anticipated

under this HASP. All work tasks to which this HASP applies will occur outside

any area that may be considered to be a confined space.

11-1

I:

3 ADDENDUM 1

MATERIAL SAFETY DATA SHEETS

I

)OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH GUIDELINE FOR

2-BUTANONE

INTRODUCTION

This guideline summarizes pertinent information about2-butanone for workers, employers, and occupational safety

and health professionals who may need such information to

conduct effective occupational safety and health programs.

Recommendations may be superseded by new developmentsin these fields; therefore, readers are advised to regard these

recommendations as general guidelines.

SUBSTANCE IDENTIFICATION

* Formula: C4H,O* Structure: 0

CH ,-C-CH2-CH,

* Synonyms: Ethyl methyl ketone, MEK, methyl ethyl ketone

* Identifiers: CAS 78-93-3; RTECS EL6475000; DOT 1193,label required: "Flammable Liquid"

e Appearance and odor: Clear and colorless liquid with anodor like acetone

CHEMICAL AND PHYSICAL PROPERTIES

e Physical data1. Molecular weight: 72.122. Boiling point (at 760 mmHg): 79.6*C (175*F)3. Specific gravity (water = 1): 0.8064. Vapor density (air = 1 at boiling point of 2-butanone): 2.55. Melting point: -86.5 *C (-123.7 *F)6. Vapor pressure at 20 *C (68*F): 70 mmHg; at 25 'C (77F),100 mmHg7. Solubility in water, g/100 g water at 20'C (68*F): 25.68. Evaporation rate (butyl acetate = 1): 5.79. Saturation concentration (approximate) at 20*C(68*F): 10.2% (102,000 ppm); at 25C (77*), 13.2% (132,00ppm)10. Ionization potential: 9.48 eV

e Reactivity1. Incompatibilities: Strong oxidizing agents2. Hazardous decomposition products: Toxic vapors and gases(e.g., formaldehyde and carbon monoxide) may be releasedin a fire involving 2-butanone.

* Flammability1. Flash point: -9"C (16F) (closed cup)2. Autoignition temperature: 515.5'C (959*F)3. Flammable limits in air, % by volume: Lower, 2: upper. 104. Extinguishan: Carbon dioxide. dry chemicals, or alcoholfoam5. Class IB Flammable Liquid (29 CFR 1910.106), Flamma-bility Rating 3 (NFPA)* Warning properties1. Odor threshold: 5 ppm2. Eye irritation levels: 200-350 ppm3. Evaluation of warning properties for respirator selection:Because of its odor, 2-butanone can be detected below the Na-tional Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH)recommended exposure limit (REL); thus, it is treated as achemical with adequate warning properties.

EXPOSURE LIMITS

The current Occupational Safety and Health Administration(OSHA) permissible exposure limit (PEL) for 2-butanone is200 parts of 2-butanone per million parts of air (ppm) 1590 ml-ligrams of 2-butanone per cubic meter of air (mg/ms)] as a time-weighted average (TWA) concentration over an S-hour work-shift. The NIOSH REL is 200 ppm (590 mg/m 3) as a TWA forup to a 10-hour workshift, 40-hour workweek. The AmericanConference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH)threshold limit value (TLV*) is 200 ppm (590 mg/m) as aTWA for a normal 8-hour workday and a 40-hour workweek;the ACGIH short-term exposure limit (STEL) is 300 ppm (885mg/rn) (Table 1).

Table 1.-Occupational exposurelimits for 2-butanone

Exposure limits

ppm mg/m3

OSHA PEL TWA 200 590NIOSH REL TWA 200 590ACGIH TLV TWA 200 590

STEL 300 885

III)IIII

IIrI 2-Butanone *1

U.S. DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICESPublic Health Service Centers for Disease ControlNational Institute for Occupational Safety and Health

Division of Standards Development and Technology Transfer

1988

IIU

mine the average exposure level. Air samples should be takenin the worker's breathing zone (air that most nearly representsthat inhaled by the worker).

* MethodSampling and analysis may be performed by collecting2-butanone vapors with charcoal tubes followed by desorptionwith carbon disulfide and analysis by gas chromatography. De-tector tubes or other direct-reading devices calibrated to meas-ure 2-butanone may also be used if available. A detailedsampling and analytical method for 2-butanone may be foundin the NIOSH Manual of Analytical Methods (method num-ber 2500).

PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT

Chemical protective clothing (CPC) should be selected afterutilizing available performance data, consulting with themanufacturer, and then evaluating the clothing under actual useconditions.

Workers should be provided with and required to use CPC'gloves, face shicids (8-inch minimum), and other appropriateprotective clothing necessary to prevent skin contact with2-butanone.

Workers should be provided with and required to use splash-proof goggles where 2-butanone may come in contact with theeyes.

SANITATION

Clothing which is contaminated with 2-butanone should be re-moved immediately and placed in closed containers for storageuntil it can be discarded or until provision is made for theremoval of 2-butanone from the clothing. If the clothing is tobe laundered or cleaned, the person performing the operationshould be informed of 2-butanone's hazardous properties.

Change and shower rooms should be provided with separatelocker facilities for street and work clothes.

Skin that becomes contaminated with 2-butanone should bepromptly washed with soap and water.

The storage, preparation, dispensing, or consumption of foodor beverages, the storage or application of cosmetics, thestorage or smoking of tobacco or other smoking materials, orthe storage or use of products for chewing should be prohibit-ed in work areas.

Workers who handle 2-butanone should wash their faces,hands, and forearms thoroughly with soap and water beforeeating, smoking, or using toilet facilities.

COMMON OPERATIONS AND CONTROLS

Common operations in which exposure to 2-butanone may oc-cur and control methods which may be effective in each caseare listed in Table 2.

EMERGENCY FIRST AID PROCEDURES

In the event of an emergency, remove the victim from furtherexposure, send for medical assistance, and initiate emergen-cy procedures.

* Eye exposureWhere there is any possibility of a worker's eyes being exposedto 2-butanone, an eye-wash fountain should be provided with-in the immediate work area for emergency use.

If 2-butanone gets into the eyes, flush them immediately withlarge amounts of water for 15 minutes, lifting the lower and up-per lids occasionally. Get medical attention as soon as possi-ble. Contact lenses should not be worn when working with thischemical.

e Skin exposureWhere there is any possibility of a worker's body being exposedto 2-butanone, facilities for quick drenching of the body shouldbe provided within the immediate work area for emergency use.

If 2-butanone gets on the skin, wash it immediately with soapand water. If 2-butanone penetrates the clothing, remove theclothing immediately and wash the skin with soap and water.Get medical attention promptly.

2-Butanone 3

Table 2.-Operations and methods ofcontrol for 2-butanone

Operations Controls

During spray application of Local exhaust ventilation.vinyl and acrylic coatings; personal protective equip-during mixing of dye solu- menttions; during use in labora-tories

During surface spreading Local exhaust ventilationand coating of nitrocelluloseand vinyl resins; duringmixing, batching, and pack-aging of surface coatingpreparations; during forceddrying of furniture finishes:during dewaxing; duringuse as a chemical inter-mediate

During use in the applica- Dilution ventilation, per-tion of adhesives for artifi- sonal protective equipmentcial leather

During preparatory formu- Personal protective equip-lations of lacquers; during mentsponge or brush applicationof solvent for cleaning oper-ations; during mixing ofwaterproofing compounds

I

3)

1988

)

Health, Education, and Welfare, Public Health Service, Centerfor Disease Control. National Institute forOccupational Safetyand Health, DHEW (NIOSH) Publication No. 77-173, Cincin-nati, 1977.

Levy, B.S., and Wegman. D.H. (eds.): Occupational Health:Recognizing and Preventing Work-Related Disease, Little,Brown and Company, Boston, 1983.a National Fire Protection Association: Fire Protection Guideon Hazardous Materials (7th ed. 6th printing), Quincy, Mas-sachusetts, 1978.a National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, U.S.Department of Health. Education, and Welfare, Public HealthService, Center for Disease Control: Criteria for a Recom-mended Standard . . .Occupational Exposure to Ketones,

DHEW (NIOSH) Publication No. 78-173, Cincinnati, 1978.* National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, U.S.Department of Health and Human Services, Public HealthService, Centers for Disease Control: NIOSH ManualofAna-lytical Methods (3rd ed., Vol. 1), Eller, P.M. (ed.), DHHS(NIOSH) Publication No. 84-100, Cincinnati, 1984.e National Institute forOccupational Safety and Health, U.S.Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health

)

2-Butanone 5

Service, Centers for Disease Control: Registry of Toxic Effectsof Chemical Substances (Microfiche Edition). Sweet, DV., andLewis, R.J. (eds.), Cincinnati, April 1985.* Proctor, N.H., and Hughes, J.P.: Chemical Hazards of theWorkplace, J.B. Lippincott Company, Philadelphia, 1978.* Rom, W. N. (ed.): Enironmental and Occupational Medi-cine, Little, Brown and Company, Boston, 1983.e Rothstein, M.A.: Medical Screening of Wrkers, Bureau ofNational Affairs, Washington. DC, 1984.e Rutstein, D.D., Mullan, R.J., Frazier, T.M., Halperin,VE., Melius. J.M.. and Sestito, J.P.: "Sentinel Health Events

(Occupational): A Basis for Physician Recognition and Pub-lic Health Surveillance," American Journal ofPublic Health,73:1054-1062, 1983.* Scientific Assembly on Environmental and OccupationalHealth: "Evaluation of Impairment/Disability Secondary toRespiratory Disease," American Review of Respiratory Dis-eases, 126:945-951, 1982.a Scientific Assembly on Environmental and OccupationalHealth: "Surveillance for Respiratory Hazards in the Occupa-tional Setting," American Review of Respiratory Diseases,126:952-956, 1982.

1988

Occupational Health Guideline forCarbon Tetrachloride*

INTRODUCTION

This guideline is intended as a source of information foremployees, employers, physicians, industrial hygienists,and other occupational health professionals who mayhave a need for such information. It does not attempt topresent all data; rather, it presents pertinent informationand data in summary form.


" Formula: CCLI" Synonyms: Tetrachloromethanee Appearance and odor: Colorless liquid with an ether-like odor.

PERMISSIBLE EXPOSURE LIMIT (PEL)

The current OSHA standard for carbon tetrachloride is10 parts of carbon tetrachloride per million parts of air(ppm) averaged over an eight-hour work shift, with anacceptable ceiling concentration of 25 ppm and a maxi-mum allowable peak of 200 ppm for up to 5 minutes in

any four-hour period. NIOSH has recommended thatthe permissible exposure limit be reduced to a ceilinglevel of 2 ppm averaged over a one-hour period, andthat carbon tetrachloride be regulated as an occupation-al carcinogen. The NIOSH Criteria Document forCarbon Tetrachloride should be consulted for moredetailed information.

HEALTH HAZARD INFORMATION

e Routes of exposureCarbon tetrachloride can affect the body if it is inhaled,if it comes in contact with the eyes or skin, or if it isswallowed. It may be absorbed through the skin.- Effects of overexposure. Short-term Exposure: Exposure to carbon tetrachlo-

ride may cause drowsiness, dizziness, incoordination,and unconsciousness. Delayed effects from short-termoverexposure include damage to the heart, liver, and

kidneys. Symptoms of liver damage include yellowjaundice and dark urine. Eye contact with liquid carbontetrachloride causes burning and intense irritation.2. Long-term Exposure: Prolonged or repeated exposuremay cause liver and kidney damage. Repeated or pro-

longed contact of the liquid with the skin may causeskin irritation.3. Reporting Signs and Symptoms: A physician should becontacted if anyone develops any signs or symptomsand suspects that they are caused by exposure to carbontetrachloride.- Recommended medical surveillanceThe following medical procedures should be madeavailable to each employee who is exposed to carbontetrachloride at potentially hazardous levels:1. Initial Medical Examination:

-A complete history and physical examination: The

purpose is to detect pre-existing conditions that mightplace the exposed employee at increased risk, and toestablish a baseline for future health monitoring. Exami-

nation of liver and kidneys should be stressed. The skinand eyes should be examined for evidence of chronicdisorders.

-Liver function tests: Carbon tetrachloride causesliver damage. A profile of liver function should be

obtained using a medically acceptable array of bio-chemical tests.

-Urinalysis: Since kidney damage has also been

observed from exposure, a urinalysis should be obtainedto include at a minimum specific gravity, albumin,glucose, and a microscopic on centrifuged sediment.2. Periodic Medical Examination: The aforementionedmedical examinations should be repeated on an annualbasis.- Summary of toxicologyCarbon tetrachloride vapor is a narcotic and causessevere damage to the liver and kidneys. In animals theprimary damage from intoxication is to the liver, but inhumans the majority of fatalities have been the result ofrenal injury with secondary cardiac failure. In humans,liver damage occurs more often after ingestion of the

These recommendations reflect good industrial hygiene and medical surveillance practices and their implementation will

assist in achieving an effective occupational health program. However, they may not be sufficient to achieve compliancewith all requirements of OSHA regulations.


U.S. DEPARTMENT OF LABOROccupational Safety and Health Administration

September 1978 I

NIOSH Manual of Analytical Methods. 2nd Ed., Vol. 3,1977, available from the Government Printing Office,Washington, D.C. 20402 (GPO No. 017-033-00261-4).

}RESPIRATORS

e Good industrial hygiene practices recommend thatengineering controls be used to reduce environmentalconcentrations to the permissible exposure level. How-ever, there are some exceptions where respirators maybe used to control exposure. Respirators may be usedwhen engineering and work practice controls are nottechnically feasible, when such controls are in theprocess of being installed, or when they fail and need tobe supplemented. Respirators may also be used foroperations which require entry into tanks or closedvessels, and in emergency situations. If the use ofrespirators is necessary, the only respirators permittedare those that have been approved by the Mine Safetyand Health Administration (formerly Mining Enforce-ment and Safety Administration) or by the NationalInstitute for Occupational Safety and Health.- In addition to respirator selection, a complete respira-tory protection program should be instituted whichincludes regular training, maintenance, inspection,cleaning, and evaluation.


* Employees should be provided with and required touse impervious clothing, gloves, face shields (eight-inchminimum), and other appropriate protective clothingnecessary to prevent repeated or prolonged skin contactwith liquid carbon tetrachloride.- Clothing wet with liquid carbon tetrachloride shouldbe placed in closed containers for storage until it can bediscarded or until provision is made for the removal ofcarbon tetrachloride from the clothing. If the clothing isto be laundered or otherwise cleaned to remove thecarbon tetrachloride, the person performing the oper-ation should be informed of carbon tetrachloride'shazardous properties.* Non-impervious clothing which becomes contami-nated with liquid carbon tetrachloride should be re-moved promptly and not reworn until the carbontetrachloride is removed from the clothing.e Employees should be provided with and required touse splash-proof safety goggles where liquid carbontetrachloride may contact the eyes.

SAN ITATION

- Skin that becomes wet with liquid carbon tetrachlo-ride should be promptly washed or showered with soapor mild detergent and water to remove any carbontetrachloride.e Eating and smoking should not be permitted in areaswhere carbon tetrachloride is handled, processed, orstored.

* Employees who handle liquid carbon tetrachlorideshould wash their hands thoroughly with soap or milddetergent and water before eating or smoking.a Areas in which exposure to carbon tetrachloride canoccur should be identified by signs or other appropriatemeans, and access to these areas should be limited toauthorized persons.


The following list includes some common operations inwhich exposure to carbon tetrachloride may occur and

control methods which may be effective in each case:

Operation

Use in manufacture offluorocarbons foraerosols, refrigerants,and fire extinguishants

Use as an agriculturalgrain fumigant andpesticide

Use in polymertechnology as reactionmedium, catalyst, chaintransfer agent, andsolvent for resins; inorganic synthesis forchlorination of organiccompounds in soapperfumery andinsecticide industries

Use as an industrialsolvent for rubbercements, cable andsemiconductormanufacture,separation of xyleneisomers as componentsto reduce flammability

Use as a laboratorysolvent

Use in metal recoveryand catalystregeneration

Controls

Material substitutionprocess enclosure;local exhaustventilation; personalprotective equipment

Material substitution;personal protectiveequipment

Process enclosure;local exhaust ventilation

Material substitution;process enclosure:local exhaustventilation; personalprotective equipment

Material substitution;personal protectiveequipment

Process encisoure;local exhaust ventilation


In the event of an emergency, institute first aid proce-dures and send for first aid or medical assistance.- Eye ExposureIf carbon tetrachloride gets into the eyes, wash eyesimmediately with large amounts of water, lifting thelower and upper lids occasionally. If irritation is present

Carbon Tetrachloride 3September 1978

* SPECIAL NOTE

The International Agency for Research on Cancer(IARC) has evaluated the data on this chemical and hasconcluded that it causes cancer. See JARC Monographson the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risk of Chemicals toMan, Volume 1, 1972.

RESPIRATORY PROTECTION FOR CARBON TETRACHLORIDE

Condition Minimum Respiratory Protection*

Required Above 10 ppm

Vapor Concentration

100 ppm or less Any supplied-air respirator.

Any self-contained breathing apparatus.

300 ppm or less Any supplied-air respirator with a full facepiece, helmet, or hood.

Any self-contained breathing apparatus with a full facepiece.

Greater than 300 ppm or Self-contained breathing apparatus with a full facepiece operated in pressure-entry and escape from demand or other positive pressure mode.unknown concentrations

A combination respirator which includes a Type C supplied-air respirator with afull facepiece operated in pressure-demand or other positive pressure or continu-ous-flow mode and an auxiliary self-contained breathing apparatus operated inpressure-demand or other positive pressure mode.

Fire Fighting Self-contained breathing apparatus with a full facepiece operated in pressure-demand or other positive pressure mode.

Escape Any gas mask providing protection against organic vapors.

Any escape self-contained breathing apparatus.

*Only NIOSH-approved or MSHA-approved equipment should be used.

Carbon Tetrachloride 5

I

september 1978

406/3/9 mA2tRDOU5COt ion3 RECORD* 64

0. ADMINISTRATIVE INFORMATION

HAZARDOUS SUBSTANCES DATABANKNUMBER - HSN

LAST REVISION DATE - DATE

RECORD LENGTH - RLENLAST EDITLAST RELEASEDATE CREATED

REVIEW DATE - RVDT

UPDATE HISTORY - UPDT(1)

I UPDATE HISTORY - UPDT(2)



I SUBSTANCE IDENTIFCAT1ON

NAME OF SUBSTANCE - NAME

CAS REGISTRY NUMBER - RN

RELATED HSDB RECORDS - RELT(1)

RELATED HSD? RECORDS - RELT(a)

SYNONYMS - SY (1)

SYNONYMS -

SYNONYMS -

SYNONYMS -

SYNONYMS -

SY (2)

SY(3)

SY (4)

SY(5)

SYNONYMS - SY(s)

Suk7SIANCES DATABANK1 - Full Displv- 1,1-DICHLOROETHANE

830505

7421111/16/88 by KFG12/09/88 by LS

ND

SRP review on 09/15/87

Field Update on 05/05/89, 1 fieldadded/edited/deleted.

recgE: I

Complete Update on 12/09/88, 2 fieldsadded,edited/deleted.

Complete Update on ?9/26/88, 37 fieldsadded/edited/deleted.

Complete Update or 02/15/85

1,1-DICHLOROETHANE

75-34-3

65 [1,2-DICHLOROETHANE]

123 [1,1,2,2-TETRACHLOROETHANE2 (Precursor)

Asymmetrical dichloroethaneENIOSH DSHA. OCCUPAT HEALTH GUIDE CHEMHAZARDS. 1981] ** PEER REVIEWED **

1,1-DICHLOORETHAAN (DUTCH)** PEER REVIEWED **

1,1-DICHLORPETHAN (GERMAN)** PEER REVIEWED **

i ll-DICHLORETHANE ** PEER REVIEWED **

1,1-DICLOROETAND (ITALIAN)** PEER REVIEWED **

AETHYLIDENCHLORID (GERMAN)** PEER REVIEWED **

.@8/3/69

1-* -SBSTANCE IDENTIFICATION (continued)

SYNONYMS - SY(7)

SYNONYMS - SY(5)

SYNONYMS - SY(9)

SYNONYMS - SY'(10)

SYNONYMS - SY(11)

SYNONYMS - SY(12)

SYNONYMS - SY(13)

MOLECULAR FORMULA - MF

WISWESSER LINE NOTATION - WLN

RTECS NUMBER - RTEC

OHM-TADS NUMBER - OHMN

SHIPPING NAME/NUMBER -DOT/UN/NA/IMCO - SHPN(1)

SHIPPING NAME/NUMBER -DOT/UN/NA/IMCD - SHPN(2)

STCC NUMEER - STCC(1)

EPA HAZARDOUS WASTE NUMBER -HAZN(1)

CHLORURE D'ETHYLIDENE (FRENCH)** PEER REVIEWED **

CLORURO DI ETILIDENE (ITALIAN)** PEER REVIEWED **

ETHANE, 1,1-DICHLORO- ** PEER REVIEWED **

ETHYLIDENE CHLORIDE * PEER REVIEWED v*

ETHYLIDENE DICHLORIDE +* PEER REVIEWED *

NCI-C04535 ** PEER REVIEWED **

Alpha Alpha dichloroethaneECITATION SRPJ ** PEER REVIEWED **

C2-HA-Cl2 ** PEER REVIEWED **

ND

NIOSH/KI01750100

ND

UN 236E; 1,1-Dichloroethane

IMO 3.2; l,1-Dichloroethane

ND

U076; A toxic waste when a discardedcommercial chemical product ormanufacturing chemical intermediate or anoff-specification commercial chemicaloroduct or a manu facturing chemical

intermediate.

ASSOCIATED CHEMICALS - ASCH(1) ND

MANUFACTURING/USE INFORMATION

METHODS OF MANUFACTURING -MMFG(1)

BY DIRECT CHLORINATION OF ETHANE; A SIDEPRODUCT IN THE MANUFPACTURE OF CHLORAL;FROM ETHYLENE AND CHLORINE DY TREATMENTWITH CALCIUM CHLORIDE[BROWNING. TOX & METAP INDUS SOLV 1965p 247 ** QC REVIEWED **

HAZARDOUS SUBSTANCES DATABANKDEticn 1 - Full Display

REEORD#- 64 - 1,i-DICHLORDETHP~NiE (cortarued)

Page: a

/H3/4K9JUab SUtbIHN.L0 V

Option 1 - Full DisRECORDm 64 - 1,1-DICHLORDETHA

3 . MANUFACTURING/USE INFORMATION (continued)

METHODS OF MANUFACTURING - PREPD BY THEMMFG(E) ACETALDEHYDE

[MERCK INDEX** QC REVIE

METHODS OF MANUFACTURING - REPCTION OFMMFG(3) CHLORIDE IN

FERRIC, OR ZS ECSRiJ ** PE

IMPURITIES - IMP(1)

FORMULATIONS/PREPARATIONS -

FORM(1)

MANUFACTURERS - MFS(1)

MANUFACTURERS - MFS()


OTHER MANUFACTURINGINFORMATION - OMIN(a)

MAJOR USES - USE(a)

oI "D" %I\

playNE (continued)

ACTION OF PCLS ON

10TH ED 1983 p 55E]WED **

HYDROGEN CHLORIDE WITH VINYLTHE PRESENCE OF AN ALUMINUM,INC CHLORIDE CATALYSTER REVIEWED **

Reagent grade 99.7% pure with thefollowing impurities: ethyl chloride 0.02%;butylene oxide 0.08e; trichloroethylene

0.08%; ethylene dichloride 0.01%; unknown0.14%, (expressed as volume percentage byweight of sample).

ECITATION ITC/USEPA; Information Review#209 (Draft) Chloroethanes p.E (1980))

** PEER REVIEWED **

ND

DOW CHEMICAL USA, FREEPORT, TX 77541;PLAQUEMINE, LA 70764 (PRODUCES 1,1,1-TRICHLOROETHANE VIP 1,1-DICHLOROETHANE)ESRI) ** PEER REVIEWED **

PPG INDUSTRIES, INC, CHEMICALS GROUP,INDUST CHEM DIV, LAKE CHARLES, LA 70601(PRODUCES 1,1,1-TRICHLOROETHANE VIA I,!-DICHLOROETHANE)ESRIJ ** PEER REVIEWED **

VULCAN MATERIALS CO, VULCAN CHEMS, DIV,GEISMAR, LA 70734 (PRODUCES 1,1,1-TRICHLOROETHANE VIA 1,1-DICHLOROETHRNE)ESRIJ ** PEER REVIEWED **

ND

AS A SOLVENT FOR PLASTICS, OILS AND FATS;CLEANING AGENT; DEGREASER; IN RUBBERCEMENTING; AS A FUMIGANT AND INSECTICIDESPRAY; IN FABRIC SPREADING; IN FIREEXTINGUISHING; FORMERLY USED AS ANANESTHETICEBROWNING. TOX & METAB INDUS SOLV 1965p 2483 ** PEER REVIEWED **

08/31/69 HAZARDOUS SUBSTANCES DATABANK Page: 4

Option I - Full DisRECORD# 64 - 1,1-DICHLOROETHA

2 MANUFACTURING/USE INFORMATION (continued)

MAJOR USES - USE(S) CHEM INT FORSOLVENTESR1] ** PE

MAJOR USES - USE(3)

MAJOR USES - USE(4)

MAJOR USES - USE(5)

MAJOR USES - USE(6)

CONSUMPTION PATTERNS - CPAT(I)

U.S. PRODUCTION - PROD(1)

U.S. PRODUCTION - PROD(S)


U.S. IMPORTS - IMPT(1)



U.S. EXPORTS - EXPT(U)

U.S. EXPORTS - EXPT(2)


playNE (continued)

1,1,1-TRICHLOROETHANE, A

ER REVIEWED **

Extractant for heat-sensitive subst ances.

LNIOSH OSHA. OOCUPAT HEALTH GUIDE CHEMHAZARDS. 1981 p 33 ** PEER REVIEWED *

Used in the manufacture of vinyl chloride.

[NIOSH OSHA. OCCUPAT HEALTH GUIDE CHEMHAZARDS. 1981 p 3] ** PEER REVIEWED **

Used in manufacture of high vacuum rubber.

ENIOSH OSHA. OCCUPAT HEALTH GUIDE CHEMHAZARDS. 1981 p 33 ** PEER REVIEWED **

Thermal cracking of 1, 1-dichloroethane

produces vinyl chloride at 400-500 deg Cand about 1500 psi.

[CITATION CONSIDINE CHEMICAL AND PROCESSTECHNOL ENCYC 1974 p.2 8 3 ]

** PEER REVIEWED **

NDESRI] ** PEER REVIEWED **

(1977) AT LEAST 4.55X10+?10 G[SRI] ** PEER REVIEWED **

(198E) ND[SRi2 ** PEER REVIEWED **

(1987) ND[CITATIONJ ** PEER REVIEWED **

(1978) ND[SRIJ ** PEER REVIEWED **

(1982) ND[SRI) ** PEER REVIEWED **

(1987) ND[CITATIONJ ** PEER REVIEWED **

(1978) ND[SRI3 ** PEER REVIEWED **

(1982) ND[SRD] ** PEER REVIEWED **

(1987) ND[CITATION] ** PEER REVIEWED **

,t~'bbSr4'N b JHtL--NK I-C0Q

Option I - Full DisplayRECORD# 64 - 1,'-DICHLDRDETHANE (continued)


COLOR/FORM - COFO(I)

COLOR/FORM - CQFO(2)

ODOR - ODOR(1)

ODOR - ODOR(21)

TASTE - TAST(1)

BOILING POINT - SP

MELTING POINT - MP

MOLECULAR WEIGHT - MW

CORROSIVITY - CORR(1)

CRITICPL TEMPERATURE &PRESSURE - CTP(1)

DENSITY/SPECIFIC GRAVITY - DEN

DISSOCIATION CONSTANTS -DSC(1)

HEAT OF COMBUSTION - HTC

OILY LIQUIDEMERCK INDEX. 10TH ED 1983 p 552)

** PEER REVIEWED **

COLORLESS LIDCUID[SAX. DANGER PROPS INDUS MATER. 6THp 1362] ** PEER REVIEWED **

ED 1984

CHLOROFORM-LIKE ODORLMERCK INDEX. 10TH ED 1983 p 552

** PEER REVIEWED **

AROMATIC ETHEREAL ODOR[HAWLEY. CONDENSED CHEM DICTNRY 10TH ED 1981p 438) ** PEER REVIEWED **

SACCHARIN TASTE[HAWLEY. CONDENSED CHEM DICTNRY 10TH ED 1981p 438) ** PEER REVIEWED **

57.3 DEG C e 760 MM HGCWEAST. HDBK CHEM & PHYS 66TH ED 1985-86C-264] ** PEER REVIEWED *

-96.98 DEG C[WEAST. HDBK CHEM & PHYS 66TH ED 1985-86C-264] ** PEER REVIEWED **

98.97EMERCR INDEX. 10TH ED 1983 p 552)** PEER REVIEWED **

... Will attack. some forms of plastics,rubber, and coatings.ENIOSH OSHA. OCCUPAT HEALTH GUIDE CHEMHAZARDS. 1981 p 2] ** PEER REVIEWED **

Critical temperature 502.7 deg F= 261.5deg C= 534.65 K; Critical pressure 734.8psia= 50 atm= 5.065 mn/sq m[CHRIS. HAZARD CHEM DATA VOL. II 1984-5]** PEER REVIEWED **

1. 175 c 20 DEG C/4 DEG C[MERCK INDEX. 10TH ED 1983 p 552)

** PEER REVIEWED **

ND

-4,774 Etu/lb= -2,652 cal/g= -111X10+5 J/kg

08/31/89 HAZARDOUS SUESTANCES DATABANK Page: o

Option I - Full DisplayRECORD# 64 - 1,1-DICHLOROETHANE (continued)

4 - -SAFETY AND HANDLING (continued)

DOT EMERGENCY GUIDELINES -DOT(3)



DOT EMERGENCY GUIDELINES -DOT(E)

Emergency Action: Keep unnecessary peopleaway; isolate hazard area and deny entry.

Stay upwind; keep out of low areas. Self-

contained breathing apparatus (SC&A) and

struct ural firefi ghter' s protective

clothing will provide limited protection.

Isolate for 1/2 mile in all directions if

tank car or truck is involved in fire.

CALL CHEMTREC AT 1-600-414-9300 FOR

EMERGENCY ASSISTANCE. If water pollution

occurs, notify the appropriate authorities.

[DOT. EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK 1987G-27] ** QC REVIEWED **

Fire: Small Fires: Dry chemical, COD,Halon, water spray or standard foam. Large

Fires: Water spray, fog or standard foam

is recommended. Move container from fire

area if you can do it without risk. Cool

containers that are exposed to flames with

water from the side until well after fireis out. Stay away from ends of tanks. For

massive fire in cargo area, use unmannedhose holder or monitor nozzles; if this is

impossible, withdraw from area and letfire burn. Withdraw immediately in case ofrising sound from venting safety device or

any discoloration of tank due to fire.[DOT. EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK 1987G-27J ** QC REVIEWED **

Spill or Leak: Shut off ignition sources;no flares, smoking or flames in hazard

area. Stop leak if you can do it without

risk. Water spray may reduce vapor; but itmay not prevent ignition in closed spaces.

Small Spills: Take up with sand or other

noncombustible absorbent material andplace into containers for later disposal.

Large Spills: Dike far ahead of liquid

spill for later disposal.[DOT. EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK 19876-27] ** QC REVIEWED **

First Aid: Move victim to fresh air and

call emergency medical care; if not

breathing, give artificial respiration; if

breathing is difficult, give oxygen. Incase of contact with material, immediately

.flush eyes with running water for at least15 minutes. Wash skin with soap and water.

I -SAFETY AND H

DOT EMERGENCY EU

I DOT (6) -cont.

* FLAMMABLE PROPE

FIRE POTENTiAL -

NFPA HAZARD CLASNFPA(1)

Option I - Pull DisplayRECORD# 64 - 1, 1-DICHLOROETHANE (continued)

ANDLING (continued)

IDELINES - Remove and isolate contaminated clothingand shoes at the site.[DOT. EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK 19876-27 ** QC REVIEWED **

RTIES - FLAM

FPOT(1) ND

SIFICATION - HEALTH: 2. 2= MATERIALS HAZARDOUS TOHEALTH, BUT AREAS MAY BE ENTERED FREELYWITH FULL-FACED MASK SELF-CONTPINEDBREATHING APPARATUS WHICH PROVIDES EYEPROTECTION.ENFPA. FIRE PROTECT GUIDE HAZARD MATLS 9THED 1986 325M-521 ** PEER REVIEWED **

NFPA HAZARD CLASSIFICATION -NFPA(2)

NFPA HAZARD CLASSIFICATION -NFPA (3)

FLAMMABLE LIMITS - FLMT(1)

FLAMMABLE LIMITS - FLMT(2)

FLASH POINT - FLPT(1)

AUTOIGNITION TEMPERATURE -AUTO

FLAMMABILiTY: 3. 3= MATERIALS WHICH CAN BEIGNITED UNDER ALMOST ALL NORMALTEMPERATURE CONDITIONS. WATER MAY BEINEFFECTIVE BECAUSE OF THE LOW FLASH POINT.[NFPA. FIRE PROTECT GUIDE HAZARD MATLS 9THED 1966 325M-521 ** PEER REVIEWED **

REACTiVITY: 0. 0= MATERIALS WHICH (INTHEMSELVES) ARE NORMALLY STABLE EVEN UNDERFIRE EXPOSURE CONDITiONS & WHICH ARE NOTREACTIVE WITH WATER. NORMAL FIRE FIGHTINGPROCEDURES MAY BE USED.ENFPA. FIRE PROTECT GUIDE HAZARD MATLS 9THED 1986 325M-52] ** PEER REVIEWED **

LOWER: 5.6%ENFPA. FIRE PROTECT GUIDE HAZARD MATLS ?THED 1966 325M-5S) ** PEER REVIEWED **

Lower: 5.9%; Upper: 15.9-.ENIOSH OSHA. OCCUPAT HEALTH GUIDE CHEMHAZARDS. 1981 p 2) ** PEER REVIEWED **

22 Deg F Tag open cupCSAX. DANGER PROPS INDUS MATER. 6TH ED 1984p 1362] ** PEER REVIEWED **

856 DEG F[SAX. DANGER PROPS INDUS MATER. 6TH ED 1984

p 1362) ** PEER REVIEWED **

* FIRE FIGHTING INFORMATION - FIRE

FIRE FIGHTING PROCEDURES -FIRP(1)

WATER MAY BE INEFFECTIVE EXCEPT AS ABLANKET. ALCOHOL FOAM.

-e8/31/89 HkkAtJI . swo.is "a -

Option 1 - Full DisplayRECORD# 64 - 1,1-DICHLORDE7HANE (continued)

4 SAFETY AND HANDLING (continued)

* FIRE FIGHTING INFORMAT1ON - FIRE

FIRE FIGHTING PROCEDURES -FIRP(1)-cont.



INTENSITY OF HEAT - INTH(1)

TOXIC COMBUSTION PRODUCTS -TOXC(1)

OTHER FIRE FIGHTING HAZARDSOFHZ(1)

EXPLOSIVE LIMITS ANDPOTENTIAL - EXPL(1)

EXPLOSIVE LIMITS ANDPOTENTIAL - EXPL(T)

[NFPP. FIRE PROTECT GUIDE HAZARD MATLS 9THED 1986 325M-50J ** PEER REVIEWED **

Carbon dioxide or dry chemicalESPX. DANGER PROPS INDUS MPTER. 6TH ED 1964p 363] ** PEER REVIEWED **

Fire Fighting: Wear self-containedbreathing apparatus with a full facepiece

operated in pressure-demand or otherpositive pressure mode.[NIOSH OSHA. OCCUPPT HEALTH GUIDE CHEMHAZARDS. 1981 p 5) ** PEER REVIEWED **

ND

ND

- ND

LOWER: 5.6 VOL %.[SAX. DANGER PROPS INDUS MATER. 6TH ED 1984

p 1363] ** PEER REVIEWED **

MODERATE, WHEN EXPOSED TO HEAT OR FLPME.[SAX. DANGER PROPS INDUS MPTER. 6TH ED 1984p 1363) ** PEER REVIEWED **

* HAZARDOUS REACTIONS - HAZR

REACTIVITIES &INCOMPATIBILITIES - REAC(1)


DECOMPOSITION - DCMP(1)


DANGEROUS ... CAN REACT VIGOROUSLY WITHOXIDIZING MATERIALS.[sAX. DANGER PROPS INDUS MATER. 6TH ED 1984p 13633 ** PEER REVIEWED **

... Contact with strong caustics willcause formation of flammable and toxicacetaldehyde gas.ENIOSH OSHA. OCCUPAT HEALTH GUIDE CHEMHAZARDS. 1981 p 2) ** PEER REVIEWED **

DANGEROUS; WHEN HEATED TO DECOMPOSITION,IT EMITS HIGHLY TOXIC FUMES OF PHOSGENE.[SAX. DANGER PROPS INDUS MATER. 6TH ED 1984p 1363) ** PEER REVIEWED **

... Vinyl chloride, hydrogen chloride, .and carbon monoxide may be released in a

.~8/32, /69

IL

I4 . SAFETY AND H

* HAZARDOUS REACT

DECOMPOSITION -

POLYMERIZATION

rDTHEPRHAZARDOUS

HAZARDOuS SJBSTANCES DATAbo. NKOption 1 - Full Display

RECORD# 64 - 1,1-DICHLOROETHANE (continued)

ANDLING (continued)

IONS - HAZR

DCMP(2)-cont. fire involving 1,1-dichloroetharne.ENIOSH OSHA. OCCUPAT HEALTH GUIDE CHEMHAZARDS. 1981 p 2 ** PEER REVIEWED *

POLY(1) ND

REACTIONS - ND

OHAZ (1)

* WARNING PROPERTIES - WRNP

ODOR THRESHOLD - ODRT(1)

SKIN. EYE AND RESPIRATORYIRRITATIONS - SERI(1)

120 ppm, 200 ppm; (no 5pecific isomer)

[VERSCHUEREN.HDBK ENVIRON DATA ORG CHEM 1983


... IRRITATING TO THE EYES AND THE

RESPIRATORY TRACT ...[HAMILTON. INDUS TOX 3RD ED 1974 p 284)

** PEER REVIEWED **

* PREVENTIVE MEASURES - PRVN

PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT &CLOTHING - EQUP(1)


AIR-PURIFYING RESPIRATORS MAY OFFER

PROTECTION AGAINST LOWER LEVELS OF

CONTAMINATION ... ONLY IF FITTED WITH ...APPROPRIATE CANISTER OR CARTRIDGE WHEN

ENTERING A TANK ... OPERATOR SHOULD ALSO

WEAR A SAFETY BELT AND LIFELINE WHILE

BEING OBSERVED AND ASSISTED. PERSONS

ENTERING CONTAMINATED ROOMS OR TANKS

SHOULD WEAR A SUPPLIED-AIR RESPIRATOR OR

SELF-CONTAINED RESPIRATORY PROTECTIVE

EQUIPMENT. THE WEARING OF HAND ... AND

CHEMICAL EYE PROTECTION ... ADVISABLE.

/DICHLOROETHANES/[ENCYC OCCUPAT HEALTH & SAFETY 1971 p 386)

** PEER REVIEWED **

Comment - JPH (ORNL) 09/11/86This statement is rot in current EncycOccupat Health & Safety, 1983 edition.

Employees should be provided with &

required to use impervious clothing,gloves, face shields (eight-inch minimum),

and other appropriate protective clothingnecessary to prevent repeated or prolongedskin contact with liquid 1, 1-dichloroethane. ... Employees should be

II

+08/31/69 HAZARDOUS SUBSTANCES DATABANK Page: !3

Option 1 - Full DisplayRECORD* 64 - 1,1-DICHLORDETHANE (continued)

34 SAFETY AND HANDLING (continued)----------------------------------------

* PREVENTIVE MEASURES - PRVN

OTHER PREVENTIVE MEASURES -OPRM (2) -cont.

OTHER PREVENTIVE MEASURES -OPRM(3)



minimized injury or protected the eye. Theeye was afforded more protection from

liquid irritants. /It was/ concluded thatsoft contact lenses do not worsen cornealdamage from strong chemicals and in some

cases could actually protect the eye.Overall, the literature supports thewearing of contact lenses in industrialenvironments as part of the standard eyeprotection, eg face shields; however, more

data are needed to establish the value ofcontact lenses.ECITATION Randolph SA, Zavon MR; 3 OccupMed 29: E37-42 (1987)) ** QC REVIEWED **

... SUBSTITUTION OF LESS IRRITATING

SUBSTANCES ... REDESIGN OF OPERATIONS ...PREVENT CONTACT, PROVISION OF PHYSICALBARRIER AGAINST CONTACT, PROPER WASHINGFACILITIES, WORK CLOTHING AND STORAGEFACILITIES, PROTECTIVE CLOTHING, ANDBARRIER CREAMS. MEDICAL CONTROL ...ESAX. DANGER PROPS INDUS MATER 3RD ED 1968


Comment - JPH (ORNL) 09/11/86Not in current Sax, 6th edition.***** ***-******** ************* ***************

Skin that /comes in contact/ with liquid1,1-dichloroethane should be immediatelywashed, or showered with soap or milddetergent and water to remove any 1,1-dichloroethane.CNIOSH OSHA. OCCUPAT HEALTH GUIDE CHEMHAZARDS. 1981 p 23 ** PEER REVIEWED **

Clothing wet with liquid 1,1-dichloroethane should be placed in closed

containers for storage until it can bediscarded or until provision is made for

the removal of 1,1-dichloroethane from theclothing. If the clothing is to belaundered or otherwise cleaned to remove

the 1,1-dichloroethane, the personperforming the operation should beinformed of 1,1-dichloroethane's hazardousproperties. Any clothing which becomes wetwith liquid 1,1-dichloroethane should beremoved immediately and not reworn until

HAZARDOUS SUBSTANCES DATABANK::tion 1 - Full Display

RECORD# 04 - 2,1-DICHLORDETHANE (continued)

S4 -SAFETY AND HANDLING (continued)

rage: 4+

PREVENTIVE MEPAURES - PRVN

OTHER PREVEN77VE MEASURES -OP3E (5) -Cont.

DTHER PREVENTIVE 4EASURES -OPRM(6>

OTHER DREVENTIVE MEASURES -OPRM(7)

OTHER PREVENTIVE MEASURES -OPRM(B)

OTHER PREVENT:VE MEASURES -OPRM(3)

STABILITY/SHELF LIFE - SSL(1)

SHIPMENT METHODS AND

the 1,1-dichloroethane is removed from

clothing.[NIOSH OSHA. DCUPAT HEALTH GUIDE CHEMHAZARDS. :91 p 2] ** PEER REVIEWED **

Resp:rators may also be used for

operations which require entry into tanks

or closed vesselo, and in emergency

situations. 7f the use of respirators is

necessary, the only respirators permitted

n-e those that have been approved by the

Mine Safety and Health Administration

(formerly Miring Enforcement and SafetyAdministrat ion> or by the Nat ional

institute for Occupational Safety and

HenOth.:N:DSH OSHA. OCCUPAT HEALTH GUIDE CHEMHAZARDS. 1981 p 2] ** PEER REVIEWED **

In addition to respirator selection, a

complete respiratory protection program

should be instituted which includesregular training, maintenance, inspection,

cleaning, and evaluation.ENIOSH OSHA, OCCUPAT HEALTH GUIDE CHEMHAZARDS. 1981 p 22 ** PEER REVIEWED **

1,1-DICHLOROETHANE SHOULD NOT BE ALLOWEDTO ENTER A CONFINED SPACE, SUCH AS P

SEWER, BECAUSE OF THE POSSIBILITY OF RN

EXPLDSION. SEWERS DESIGNED TO PRECLUDE THEFORMATION OF EXPLOSIVE CONCN OP 1,1-DICHLDRDETHANE VAPDRS ARE PERMITTED.ENIOSH OSHA. OCCUPAT HEALTH GUIDE CHEMHAZARDS. :931 p 13 ** PEER REVIEWED **

Contaminated protective clothing should be

segregated in such a manner so that there

is no direct personal contact by personnelwho handle, dispose, or clean the

clothing. Quality assurance to ascertain

the completeness of the cleaning

procedures should be implemented before

the decontaminated protect ive clothing isreturned for reuse by the workers.

ECITATION SRPJ ** PEER REVIEWED **

ND

Whenever hazardous materials are to be

05/ 3. /63 hKtLQH tJ o .W , %i'...3 ii oz '. -

4. .SAFETY AND N

SHIPMENT METHODSREGULATIONS -



Option 1 - Full DisplayRECORD# 64 - 1,1-DlCHLORDETHANE (continued)

ANDLING (continued)

AND transported, Title 49 CFR, Transportation,SHIP(1)-cont. Parts 100-180, published by the US Dept of

Transportation, contain the regulatoryrequirements and must be consulted.ECITATION 52 FR 16482 (5/5/87)** PEER REVIEWED **

AND Shipping description: 1,1-dichloroethane,SHIP(S) IMO 3.0, UN 2362. Label(s) required:

Flammable liquid. Acceptable Modes oftransportation: Air, rail, road, and water.ECITATION 52 FR 16570 (5/5/67)]

** PEER REVIEWED *

AND Int'l Air Shipments: Shipping description:SHIP(3) 1,1-dichloroethane, IMO 3.0, UN 2362.

Label (s) required: Flammable liquid.Packaging Instructions: 5.3.305(passenger); 5.3.307 (cargo).[CITATION) ** PEER REVIEWED **

SHIPMENT METHODS ANDREGULATIONS - SHIP(4)

STORAGE CONDITIONS - STRG(1)

CLEANUP METHODS - CLUP(1)

Water shipments: Shipping description: 1,1-dichloroethane, IMO 3.0, UN 2362. Label(s)required: Flammable liquid.[CITATION IMDG; International MaritimeDangerous Goods Code; InternationalMaritime Organization (1586))

** PEER REVIEWED **

MATERIALS WHICH ARE TOXIC AS STORED ORWHICH CAN DECOMPOSE INTO TOXIC COMPONENTS... SHOULD BE STORED IN A COOL WELLVENTILATED PLACE, OUT OF THE DIRECT RAYSOF THE SUN, AWAY FROM AREAS OF HIGH FIREHAZARD, AND SHOULD BE PERIODICALLYINSPECTED. INCOMPATIBLE MATERIALS SHOULDBE ISOLATED ...[SAX. DANGER PROPS INDUS MATER 3RD ED 1968p 755] ** PEER REVIEWED ** ** * ** ** ** ** *** *** ** * ******* ** **** *** * ** * ***

Comment - JPH (ORNL) 09/11/86Not in current Sax, 6th edition.* ** ***** * ***** **** ** *** ******* *** ********

1. REMOVE ALL IGNITION SOURCES. 2.VENTILATE AREA OF SPILL OR LEAK. 3. FORSMALL QUANTITIES, ABSORB ON PAPER TOWELS.EVAPORATE IN A SAFE PLACE (SUCH AS A FUMEHOOD). ALLOW SUFFICIENT TIME FOREVAPORATING VAPORS TO COMPLETELY CLEAR THEHOOD DUCTWORK. BURN THE PAPER IN ASUITABLE LOCATION AWAY FROM COMBUSTIBLE

UOption I - Full Display

RECORD* 64 - 1, 1-DICHLOROETHANE (co'ntirnuecd)

4 SAFETY AND HANDLING (continued)-- -- fl -- - - -- - - - -

CLEANUD METHODS - CLUP(1)-cont. MATERIALS. LARGE QUANTITIES CAN BERECLAIMED OR COLLECTED AND ATOMIZED IN PSUITABLE COMBUSTION CHAMBER EQUIPPED WITHII AN APPROPR1AIE EFFLUENT GAS CLEANINGDEVICE. 1, l-DICHLOROETHANE SHOULD NOT -ALLOWED TO ENTER A CONFINED SPACE, SUCH AS

DICHLOROETHANE VAPORS ARE PERMITTED.[NIOSH OSHA. OCCUPAT HEALTH GUIDE CHEM

HAZARDS. 1981 p 23 ** PEER REVIEWED -,*

I DISPOSAL METHODS - DISP(i) At the time of review, criteria for landtreatmerft or, burial (sansitar-y landfill)dispo:sal pt-act ices are subject toMATERficant Revi sioN. PTiorT toimplementing land disposal of waster-esidue (including waste sludge), consultLuwith envir-onmental r-egulator-y agencies for,guidance on acceptable disposal practices.ECLTATION SRPJ L PEER REVIEWED NA

iiDISPOSAL METHODS -DISPUD) 1, 1-DICHLOROETHANE MAY BE DISPOSED OF BYAOMIZING. IN A SUITABLE COMBUSTION CHAMBEREQUIPPED WITH N APPROPRIATE EFFLUENT SGCLEANING DENVICE.[NIOSH OSHA. OCCUPAT HEALTH GUIDE CHEM

HAZARDS. 1981 p 2] ** PEER REVIEWED **

DI DiSPOSAL METHODS - DItP(3) Potential candidate for liquid injectin

incineration, with a temperature range of650 to 1,600 deg C and a residece time of0.1 to seconds. Also a potentialcandidate for- rotar-y kiln incinser-ationt,with a temiperatur-e range of 8520 to 1600~des C aid a residence time of seconds.Also a potential candidate for fluidized

bed incineration, with a teperature ranceof 450 to 980 deg C and a r-esidence timeor seconds.CCI'ATION USEPA; Enigineer-ing Handbook forHazardous Waste Incineration p. 3 - 1 2 (1981)EPA 68-03-305 ** PEER REVIEWED **

URADIATION LWPITS AND ND

POTNTIL -RPDL(1)

CLAIG EIE

CatioRECORD# 64 - 1,

5 TOXICITY/BIOMEDICAL EFFECTS

TOXICITY SUMMARY - TOXS

TOXIC HgZARD RATING - TXHR()

EMERGENCY MEDICAL TREATMENT -

EMT (1)

ANTIDOTE AND EMERGENCYTREATMENT - ANTR(1)

MEDICAL SURVEILLANCE - MEDS

SI4II

IS

n I - Full Display1-DICHLORGETHANE (continued)

ND

ND

ND

ND

(1) The following medical procedures should bemade available to each employee who is

exposed to 1,1-dichloro-ethane atpotentially hazardous levels: InitialMedical Screening: Employees should bescreened for history of certain medical

conditions which might place the employeeat increased risk from 1,1-dichloroethaneexposure. Skin disease: 1,1-Dichloroethanecan cause derniatitis on prolongedexposure. Person with existing skindisorders may be more susceptible to theeffects of this agent. Liver disease:Although 1,1-dichloroethane is not knownas a liver toxin in humans, the importanceof this organ in the biotransformation anddetoxification of foreign substancesshould be considered before exposingpersons with impaired liver function.Kidney disease: Although 1,1-dichloroethane is not known as a kidneytoxin in humans, the importance of thisoroan in the elimination of toxicsubstances justifies special considerationin those with impaired renal function.Chronic respiratory disease; In personswith impaired pulmonary funct ion,especially those with obstructive airwaydiseases, the breathing of 1,1-dichloroethane might cause exacerbation ofsymptoms due to its irritant properties.Periodic Medical Examination: Any employeedeveloping the above-listed conditionsshould be referred for further medicalexamination.[NIOSH OSHA. OCCUPAT HEALTH GUIDE CHEM

HAZARDS. 1981 p 13 ** PEER REVIEWED **

TOXICITY EXCERPTS - TOX

HUMAN TOXICITY EXCERPTS - Capable of causing anesthesia, ... has

5- TOXICITY/SID

TXICITY EXRPHUMPN TOXIC1TY E

HTOX (1) -cont.

HUMAN TOXICITY E

HTOX(2)

L4c3~/3i / 89 flHL~JLj,~ ~uc3 ~-w~.~n:..:) ~ - - - -

Option 1 - Full DisplayRECORD* 64 - 1, 2-DiCHLDROETHANE (continued)

MEDICAL EFFECTS (continued)

TS - 70XXCERPTS - relatively low capacity to cause liver or

kidney injury even on repeated exposure.EPATTY. INDUS HYG & TOX 3RD ED VOLLA,:B,aC1981-62 P 3483 ** PEER REVIEWED **

XCERPTS - ... IRRITATING TO THE EYES AND THERESPIRATORY TRACT, PRODUCING SALIVATION,SNEEZING, AND COUGHING. IN THOSE FEW CASESOF INTOXICATION ... REPORTED, THEANTICIPATED ANESTHETIC EFFECTS HAVE BEENOBSERVED WITH ASSOCIATED DIZZINESS, NAUSEA& VOMITING. IN SEVERE & FATAL CASESHEPATIC & RENAL INJURY ...EHAMILTON. INDUS TOX 3RD ED 197A p 284)** PEER REVIEWED **

HUMAN TOXICITY EXCERPTS -HTOX (3)

HUMAN TOXICITY EXCERPTS -HTOX(4)

HUMAN TOXICITY EXCERPTS -HTOX(5)

HUMAN TOXICiTY EXCERPTS -HTOX(6)

NON-HUMAN TOXICITY EXCERPTS -NTOX (1)

Repeated or prolonged skin exposure cancause skin burns, scaliness, and rash.[CITPTIDN ITC/USEPA; Information Review#209 (Draft) Chloroethanes p.111 (1980))** PEER REVIEWED **

Laboratory investigations were carried outon E80 workers exposed to vinyl chlorideand dichloroethane. Some hematoloicalindices and liver function were examined.... A new case of vinyl chloride disease

was diagnosed in which the combined effectof vinyl chloride and dichloroethane was

apparent.[CITATION Spasovski M et al; Problemi naHyg i enata 9: 50-8 (1984))** PEER REVIEWED **

1,1-DICHLOROETHPNE (ETHYLIDENE DICHLORIDE)IS ABOUT DNE-HALF AS TOXIC AS 1,2-DICHLOROETHANE.[THIENES. CLIN TOX 5TH ED 1972 p 150)** PEER REVIEWED **

Known to cause liver and kidney damage, aswell central nervous system depression.ECITATION iTC/USEPA; Information Review#209 (Draft) Chloroethanes p. 1 1 1 (1S60))** PEER REVIEWED **

ACUTE. ... ETHYLIDENE CHLORIDE ... LETHAL

DOSE SOMEWHAT GREATER THAN THAT FORETHYLENE DICHLORIDE- 17,500 PPM FOR MICEAS COMPARED WITH ABOUT 9000. ... THE

Option 1 - Full DisplayRECORD# 64 - 1,1-DICHLORDETHANE (continued)

5 TOXICITY/BIOMEDICAL EFFECTS (continued)

* TOXICITY EXCERPTS - TOXNON-HUMAN TOXICITY EXCERPTS -

NTOX(1)-cont.

NON-HUMAN TOXICITY EXCERPTS -

NTOX(2)


NTOX(3)


NTOX(4)


NTOX(5)


NTOX(6)

REVERSE WAS TRUE FOR THEIR AQUEOUS SOLN.

[EROWNING. TOX & METAB INDUS SOLV 1965p 249) ** PEER REVIEWED **

ETHYLIDENE CHLORIDE HAD A GREATERHEMOLYT2C ACTION /ON DEFIBRINATED BLOOD OF

GUINEA PIGS/ THAN ETHYLENE DICHLORIDE, BUT

AGAIN LESS THAN THAT OF CARBONTETRACHLORIDE OR CHLOROFORM.[BROWNING. TOX & META INDUS SOLV 1965p 1251] ** PEER REVIEWED **

... /IT WAS/ FOUND THAT RATS SURVIVED AN 8-

HOUR EXPOSURE TO 4000 PPM BUT WERE KILLED

AT 16,000 PPM.[PATTY. INDUS HYG & TOX 3RD ED VOLSA,2B,2C

1981-82 P 3489) ** PEER REVIEWED **

... RECENT ... CHRONIC STUDIES INDICATE

THAT 1, 1-DICHLOROETHANE HAS LITTLE

CAPACITY FOR CAUSING LIVER DAMAGE

RATS, GUINEA PIGS, RABBITS & DOGS WERE

EXPOSED TO EITHER 500 OR 1000 PPM FOR 7HR/DAY, 5 DAYS/WK, FOR 6 MO. ... STUDIES

SHOWED NO EVIDENCE OF CHANGES ATTRIBUTABLE

TO THE EXPOSURE.[ACGIH. TLVS. ATH ED & SUPPL. 1980 p 130)

** PEER REVIEWED **

EFFECTS OF SUBANESTHETIC CONCN OF 1,1-DICHLOROETHANE ON RAT EMBRYONAL & FETAL

DEVELOPMENT WERE STUDIED. COMPD CAUSED

SOME DEGREE OF RETARDED FETAL DEVELOPMENT,SUCH AS DELAYED OSSIFICATION OF STERNEBRAE.

[CITATION SCHWETZ BA ET AL; TOXICOL APPL

PHARMACOL 28 (3): 452-64 (1974))

** PEER REVIEWED **

WHEN ... FED BY GAVAGE IN THE NCI BIOASSAY

PROGRAM FOR A PERIOD OF 78 WK FOLLOWED BYAN OBSERVATION PERIOD OF 33 WK (RATS) AND

13 WK (MICE), SURVIVAL WAS POOR. THE DOSES

FED WERE VERY HIGH, 764 AND 382 MG/KG/DAYFOR MALE RATS; 950 AND 475 MG/KG/DAY FOR

FEMALE RATS; 2885 AND 1442 MG/KG/DAY FOR

MALE MICE; AND 3331 AND 1665 MG/KG/DAY FORFEMALE MICE. ... THERE WAS NO CONCLUSIVE

EVIDENCE FOR THE CARCINOGENICITY OF 1,1-

DICHLOROETHANE IN OSBORNE-MENDEL RATS OR

B6C3F1 MICE, ALTHOUGH MARGINAL INCR IN

On,,IL_ 9:tr _5 3

.rZO r i , 3 1 ~ 14 *, Z_ - -- L--1

Option 1 - Full DisplayRECORD* 64 - 1,1-DICHLOROETHANE (continued)

5 TOXXClTY/EuIOjMEDICAL EFFECTS (continued)

* TOXICITY EXCERPTS - TOXNON-HUMAN TOXICITY EXCERPTS -

NTDTX (6)-cont.

NON-HUMAN TOXICITY EXCERPTS -NTDX (7)

NON-HUMAN TOXICITY EXCERPTS-NTOX(6)

I NON-HUMPN TOXICITY EXCERPTS -

NTOX(9)

MAMMPRY ADENDCARCINOMAS AND

HEMANGIOSARCOMAS WERE NOTED IN FEMALE RATSAND A STATISTICALLY SIGNIFICANT INCR INTHE INCIDENCE OF ENDOMETRIAL STROMALPOLYPS OCCURRED IN FEMALE MICE.[PATTY. INDUS HYG & TOX 3RD ED VOL2A,aB2C1981-82 p 3490] ** PEER REVIEWED **

The mutagenicity of organic chemicalcontaminants in city water and relatedcompounds were examined by theSalmonel l a/miicrosome test (Ames test ).Trichlorobenzene, 1, 1-dichloroethane, andchlorobenzene were not mutagenic in thepresent test system.LC1TATION No:hmi T et al; Bull Natl InstHyg Sci (103): 60-4 (1986))

** PEER REVIEWED **

... Using isolated rat hepatocytes as amodel system, and electron spin resonancespectroscopy coupled to the spin trappingtechnique as a detection technique, theformation of free radical derivatives wasdemonstrated, both under normoxic as wellas under hypoxic conditions from carbontetrachloride (CC14), chloroform (CHC13),1, 1, 1-tetrachloroethane, and 1, 1, 2, 2-tetrachloroethane. In contrast, freeradical production was only detectableunder hypoxic conditions when 1,2-dibromoethane, 1, 1-dichloroethane, and

1, 2-trichloroethane were added to thehepatocyte suspensions.[CITATION Tomasi A et al; Toxicol Pathol12 (2): 240-6 (1984)] ** PEER REVIEWED **

1, 1, 1-trichloroetharne, methylene chloride(CH2C12), chloroform (CHC13), 1,2-dichloroethane, and 1, 1-dichloroethanesignificantly enhanced transformation ofSyrian hamster embryo cells by SAFadenovirus. ... Incorporation of some ofthese cmpd into liquid cell culture mediumfor cell treatment was either unsuccessfulor produced only a weak enhancementresponse. The methodology to evaluatevolatile and gaseous carcinogens ormutagens is described and can be used toidentify ... the relative hazards of these

Option 1 - Full DisplayRECDRD# 64 - 1,1-DICHLOROETHANE (continued)

5 TOXICITY/BlOMEDICAL EFFECTS (continued)--------------------------------------

* TOXICITY EXCERPTS

NON-HUMAN TOXICITYNTUX (9)-cont.

NON-HUMPN TOXICITYNT0X(10)

- TOXEXCERPTS

EXCERPTS

- agents to human health.

ECITATION Hatch GG et al; Cancer Res 43

(5): 1905-50 (1983) ** PEER REVIEWED **

Eight chlorinated ethanes and 3chlorinated ethylenes were tested in theBAL/c-3T3 cell transformation assay. ...Ch2oroethane, 1,1-dichloroethane, and 1,2-dichloroethane, 1,1, 1,2-hexachloroethane,and tetrachloroethylene were all negativein the assay conducted in the absence of

an exogenous metabolic activation system.Apparently, the BALB/c-3T3 cells possessthe capability to activate some, but not

all, of the chlorinated hydrocarbons whichexhibit species specificity in producing

carcinogenicity in mice but not in rats.[C2TATION Tu As et al; Cancer Lett 28 41):85-92 (1965] **'PEER REVIEWED **

NON-HUMAN TOXICZTY EXCERPTS -NTOX (11)

. . . The present study examines the effecton liver tumor incidence of continuoustreatment of chloroform (600 and 1800mg/1), 1, 1-dichloroethane (1,1-DCE) (835and 2500 mg/1), and 1,2-dichloroethane(835 and 2500 mg/1) administered indrinking water to male DEC3F1 mice using a2-stage (initiation/promotion) treatmentprotocol. Seventy 4-wk-old male BGC3F1mice constituted each treatment group. Ofthese mice, 35 were initiated by treatmentwith diethylnitrosamine (DENA) (10 mg/1l)in the drinking water for 4 wk. Theremaining 35 received deionized drinkingwater. Each group was subsequently treatedwith one of 2 concentrations ofchloroform, 1,1-DCE, or 1,2-dichloroethanein drinking water for 52 wk. An additionalgroup received phenobarbital (PB) (500mg/1) and served as the positive controlfor liver tumor promot ion. Mice weresacrificed after 24 (10 mice) and 52 wk(25 mice) and liver and lung tumors weredetected; however, ... 1,1-dichloroethaneand 1,2-dichloroethane did not affect theincidence or number of liver or lunatumors in the diethylnitrosamine-initiatedanimals. ...ECITATION Klaunig JE et a1; Environ HealthPerspect 69: 89-95 (1986))

** PEER REVIEWED **

Oution 1 - Full Display3 RECORD* 64 - 1,1-DICHLORDETHANE (continued)

5 - TOXICITY/BIOMEDICAL EFFECTS (continued)

* TOXICITY VALUES - TOXV

HUMAN TOXICITY VALUES - NDHTXV (1)

NON-HUMAN TOXICITY VALUES - NDNTXV(1)

ECOTOXICITY VALUES - ETXV(1) ND

NATIONAL TOXICOLOGY PROGRPM NDREPORTS - NTP(1)

IARC SUMMARY AND EVALUATION - NDIARC

TSCA TEST SUBMlSSIONS -

TCAT (1)

TSCP TEST SUBMISSIONS -

TCAT(2)

The ability of 1, 1-dichloroethane toinduce morpholog ical t ransformat ion in theBALB/3T3 mouse cell line (Cell

Transformation Assay) was evaluated. Based

on preliminary clonal toxicity

determinations (exposure time=1 day), 1,1-dichloroethane was tested at

concentrations of 0, 4, 20, 100 and 250ug/mi with cell survival ranging from 117%to 103% of untreated controls. The testcompound did not induce significantlygreater transformat ion frequencies than

controls.[CITATION Arthur D. Little, 2nc.; CellTransformation Assays of 11 ChlorinatedHydrocarbon Analogs. (1983), EPA DocumentNo. 40-8324457, Fiche No. OTS05O9S2 ]

** UNREVIEWED **

The effects of 1,1-dichloroethane were

examined in the mouse hepatocyte primaryculture/DNA repair assay. Based on

preliminary toxicity tests, 1,1-dichloroethane was tested at

concentrations of 1%, 1x10(-1)%, 1xIO(-2)%, 1x10(-3)% and 1x10(-4)% with none of

the concentrations being cytotoxic. Only

the highest concentration tested caused a

significant increase in the unscheduledDNA synthesis over untreated controls.

[CITATION Naylor Dana Institute; DNA

Repair Tests of 11 Chlorinated Hydrocarbon

Analogs. (1983), EPP Document No. 40-8324292, Fiche No. OTS0503403 ]

** UNREVIEWED **

i P /31 / b9 Option 1 - Full Display

RECORD* 64 - 1,1-DICHLOROETHANE (continued)

5 TOXICITY/BIOMEDICAL EFFECTS (continued).--------------------------------------------------

TSCA TEST SUBMISSIONS -TCAT()

TSCA TEST SUDMISSIONS -TCAT(4)

POPULATIONS AT SPECIAL RISK -POPL(1)

The effects of 1, 1-dichloroethane were

examined in the rat hepatocyte primaryculture/DNA repair assay. Based onpreliminary toxicity tests, 1,1-

dichloroethane was tested at

concent rat i ens of 1, 0. 2, 0. 0 1, 1 x 10 (-3)1x10(-) and lxlO(-5)% in DMS0 solventvehicle. None of the concentrations testedwere cytotoxic but the highest twoconcentrations did cause a significant

increase in the unscheduled DNA synthesisover solvent controls (DMSD)ECITATIDN Naylor Dana Institute; DNA

repair Tests of 11 Chlorinated HydrocarbonAnalogs. (1983), EPA Document No. 40-824292, Fiche No. OTS0509403 J

** UNREVIEWED **

The mutagenicity of 1,1-dichloroethane was

evaluated in Salmonella tester strains

TP98, TP00, TP1535 and TA1537 (AmesTest), both in the presence and absence ofadded metabolic activation by Aroclor-

induced rat liver S9 fraction. Based on

preliminary toxicity determinations, 1,1-

dichloroethane caused a positive responsein all the tester strains except TA1537,both with and without metabolicactivation. 1,1-Dichloroethane did not

cause a positive response in strain TA1537

in any of the tests. The evaluations werecompleted using a protocol in which thetest article is usually tested over aminimum of 6 dose levels, the highestnontoxic dose level being 10 mg/plateunless solubility, mutagenicity ortoxicity dictated a lower limit.

ECITATION SRI International;Investigations of the Species Sensitivityand Mechanism of Carcinogenicity of

Halogenated Hydrocarbons. (1984), EPADocument No. 40-8424225, Fiche No.OTS0509408 J ** UNREVIEWED **

... Employees with certian medical

conditions ... skin, kidney, liver, and

obstructive airway diseases ... may be atincreased risk from exposure to 1,1-dichloroethane.ENIOSH DSHA. OCCUPAT HEALTH GUIDE CHEMHAZARDS. 1981 p 1) ** PEER REVIEWED **

I-c - . "-I

Option 1 - Full DisplayRECORD* 64 - 1,1-DICHLORDETHANE (continued)

5.z- TOXICITY/BIOMEDICAL EFFECTS (continued)

* PHARMACOKINETICS - PHMK

ABSORPTION, DISTRIBUTION ANDEXCRETION - PDE(1)

ABSORPTION, DISTRIBUTION ANDEXCRETION - ADE(2)


PBSORPTION, DISTRIBUTION RNDEXCRETION - ADE(4)


... FOLLOWING APPLICATION TO THE SHAVEDABDOMINAL SKIN OF RABBITS PREVENTED FROMINHALING THE SOLVENT BY MEANS OF A MASK.THE EXHALED AIR WAS PASSED INTO PURE

ALCOHOL AND PRESENCE OF HALOGEN TESTED BYFLAMING A COPPER WIRE INTRODUCED INTO IT.

THE HALOGEN HAD BEEN ADSORBED INTO THEBLOOD STREAM. NO DEFINITE METABOLITE WASDETECTED ...

[BROWNING. TOX & METAB INDUS SOLV 1965p 248] ** PEER REVIEWED **

IT IS EXCRETED IN THE EXPIRED AIR OF DOGSFOLLOWING INHALATION EXPOSURE.LPATTY. INDUS HYG & TOX 3RD ED VOL2A,25,2C1981-82 p 3490) ** PEER REVIEWED **

The serum-air partition coefficient of 1,1-dichloroethane (ratio of the concentration

in serum to the concentration of the vapor

in air) had a value of 8. This value was

found to fill an inverse linearcorrelation between the logarithm of thethreshold limit value (TLV) for varioushalogenated hydrocarbons.[CITATION Morgan A et a1; Ann Occup Hyg

15: 273-63 (1972) ** PEER REVIEWED **

Twenty-two percent of an inhalation dose

of (38)C1 1,1-dichloroethane initiallyabsorbed by the lung is exhaled in theexpired air after one hour.EC1TT1ON Morgan A et al; Ann Occup Hyg13: 219-33 (1970)) ** PEER REVIEWED **

1,1-Dichloroethane was covalently bound bymacromolecules of rat and mouse organs invivo after ip injection, in a fashiontypical of weak carcinogens. In vitro

binding of 1,1-dichloroethane to nucleicacids and proteins was mediated by the

liver cytochrome p4 5 0 dependent microsomal

mixed-function oxidase system. Lungmicrosomes were weakly efficient whereaskidney and stomach microsomal fractionswere ineffective. Interaction withmacromolecules the binding was enhanced by

pretreatment with phenobarbitone andsuppressed by 2-diethylaminoethyl-2,2-

t8/ 31/9 HAZARDDJS SUBSTANCES DATABANR -age: caOption 1 - Full Display

RECORD* 64 - 1,1-DICHLORDETHANE (continued)

5 - TOXICITY/BIOMEDICAL EFFECTS (continued)

* PHARMACOKINETICS - PHMKAPSORPTION, DISTRIBUT1ON AND

EXCRETION - ADE(5)-cont.

METABOLISM/METABOLITES -METB(1)

METABOLISM/METABOLITES -METB(2)

METABLISM/METABOLITES -METB(3)

METABOLISM/METPOLITES -

METB(4)

diphenyl valerate. Glutathione (GSH)

and/or cytosol addition to microsomalsy5tems caused a suppression of binding.ECITATION Colacci A et al; Res Commum ChemPathol Pharmacol 49 (2): 243-54 (1985)]

** PEER REVIEWED **

LITTLE IS KNOWN ABOUT METABOLISM ... BUT

... 1,1-HALOGENATED ETHANES COULD BE

EXPECTED TO YIELD ACETIC ACID ...[BROWNING. TOX & METAB INDUS SOLV 1965p 46] ** PEER REVIEWED **

Observed in vitro dechlorination 1,1-dichloroethane by rat liver microsomes.ECITATION Van Dyke RA, Wineman CG; BiochemPharmacol 20: 463-70 (1971))

** PEER REVIEWED **

1,1-Dichloroethane was covalently bound bymacromolecules of rat and mouse organs invivo after ip injection ... Interactionwith macromolecules binding was enhancedby pretreatment with phenobarbital andsuppressed by 2-diethylaminoethyl-2,2-diphenyl valerate. Blutathione and/orcytosol addition to microsomal systemscaused a suppression of binding. Evidentlyglutathione plays a detoxication role in1, 1-dichloroethane metabolism.ECITATION Colacci A et al; Res Commun Chem

PathoI Pharmacol 49 (2): a43-54 (1985)** PEER REVIEWED **

Studies were conducted after chronic oraldosing of BSC3F1 mice and Osborne-Mendelrats with the maximum tolerated dose and1/4 MTD of each cmpd. The extent to whichthe cmpd were metabolized in 48 hr,hepatic protein binding, and urinarymetabol ite patterns were examd. Metabol i sm

of the cmpd (mmoles/kg) was 1.7-10 timesgreater in mice than in rats. Hepaticprotein binding (nanomole equiv bound to 1mg of liver protein) was 1.E-8.S timeshigher in mice than in rats. Thenoncarcinocens 1,1-dichloroethane and

2,1,1-trichloroethane exhibited 2-18 timesmore binding in mice than did the

carcinogens 1,2-dichloroethane and 1,1,2-

HAZARDOUS SUSTANCES DATP&ANK -aga.Ortion ! - Full Display

RECORD# 64 - 1,:-DICHLORoETHANE (continued)

SS TOXICITY/BIOMEDICAL EFFECTS (continued)

* PHARMACOKINETICS - PHMK

ME7TBOLISM/METABDLTTES -METB (A)-cont.

METABOLISM/METPAOLITES -METB(5)

METABOLISM/METABOLITES -METBW6)

trichloroethane. Urinary metabolitepatterns of the cmpd were similar in both

species. The biochem parameters measuredprovided no clue to differentiatecarcinogens from the .noncarc in:gens.ECITATION Mitoma C et al; Drug ChemToxicol 8 (3): 183-94 (1985)K

** PEER REVIEWED **

The susceptibility of polychlorinatedethanes to reductive metab was evaluatedby measuring the amt of each cmpd consumedduring anaerobic incubations with rat

liver microsomes: . .. The dichloroethaneswere not metabolized at a detectable rate.

The electron affinity of the chloroethaneswas determined by measuring electrochemhalf-wave reduction potentials.Chloroethanes with an El/2 of -1.35 V orless neg were reduced readily inmicrosomes while those with an E1/2 equalto or more neg than -1,90 V were not good

substrates for enzymic reduction.Metabolites produced from 1, 1, a, a-tetrachloroethane in vitro were 1,1-dichloroethylene (DCE) and 1,1,2-trichloroethane (TCEA) and the ratio 1,1-

dichloroethane/1, 1, 2-trichloroethane was

approx 25:1. These conversions were

reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide-dependent and were inhibited by air,

carbon monoxide, and metyrapone. In the

presence of SKF 525-P, 1,1-dichloroethanerormat ion was inhibited by 47%. Microsomesfrom untreated or beta-naphthoflavone-treated rats were 70-90% less active thanmicrosomes from phenobarbital-treatedrats. The Rm trate constant) was 0.50 mMand the Vmax (maximum veloicity) was 66nmol/min/mg protein for 1,1-dichloroethaneformation.ECITATION Thompson JA et al; Chem Biolinteract 51 (3): 321-33 (1984)]

** PEER REVIEWED **

The binding of 1,1-dichloroethane (I,1-DCE) to the substrate binding site ofhepatic microsomal cytochrome p450, and

the st imulat ion of hepat ic microsomal

carbon monoxide-inhibitable NADPH

H44z-r<4KJt SUBSTANCES DATABANK rage: ir

Option : - Full Display

RECORD* 64 - 1,1-DICHLDRDETHANE (continued)

5 TOXICITY/BIOMEDICAL EFFECTS (continued)-----------------------* PHARMACOKINETICS - PHMKMETABOLISM/METPBOLITES -

METB (6) -cont.

BIOLOGICAL HALF-LIFE - BHL(1)

MECHANISM OF ACTION - ACTN(1)

I

INTERACTIONS - INTC(1)

16 PHARMACOLOGY

M7NI1MUM FATAL DOSE LEVEL -

I INF

BIONECIESSITY -PION(1)

THERAPEUTIC USES - THER(1)

oxidaticorn by 1,1-dichloroethane and 1,2-

dichloroethane (1, E-DCE) were enhanced by

induction with phercbarbital but rot with

beta-naphthoflIlavOne. Incubation cof the

dichloroethanes with hepatic microsomes

from phenobarbital-treated rats, NADPH-

generating system and EDTA resulted in the

ccnversion of 1, 1-di chloroethane to acet ic

acid, and to a lessor extent to 2,2-dichloroethariol, and probably also mono-and dichloroacetic acid. ... Reaction

mixtures resulted in slight butsignificant losses (13%) of hepaticiicrosomal cytochrome p450. The omission

of dichl orcnethane or the reducednicotinamide adenine dinucleotide-

generating system from incubation mixtureseliminated the above effects, and SKF-5EPA(proadifen hydrochloride) eliminated the

effects. ...[CITATION McCall SN et al; Biochem

Pharmaccl 32 (2): 207-14 (1983)]** PEER REVIEWED **

ND

ND

ND

ND

ETHYLIDENE CHLORIDE WAS ... AT ONE TIME

USED AS AN ANESTHETIC, BUT ALTHOUGH IT HASLESS EFFECT ON THE HEART THAN CHLOROFORM,

IT CAUSED MARKED EXCITATION AND WAS

THEREFORE RELINQUISHED ...[BROWNING. TOX & META? INDUS SOLV 1965p 2483 ** PEER REVIEWED **

DRUG WARNINGS - WARN(1)

DRUG 1DIOSYNCRACIES - IDIO(1)

ND

ND

Option - Full DisplayRECORD* 64 - 1, 1-DICHLDRDE7HANE (corstirrued)

6 PHARMACOLOGY (continued)

DRUG TOLERANCE - TOLR(1) ND

MAXIMUM DRUG DOSE - MXDD ND

7 ENVIRONMENTAL FfTE/EXPOSURE POTENTIAL

ENVIRONMENTAL FATE/EXPOSURE 1,i-Dichloroethane is released into theSUMMARY - ENVS envirnment as fugit ive emi ssions and in

wastewater during its product ion and useas a chemical intermediate and s':lvent. If

released on land, it will be rem:.vedrapidly by volatilization, although it may

also leach into groundwater where its fate

is unknown. Bioconcent rat ion in aquatic

organisms will not be important. Ifreleased in water it will be removed byvolatilization with a half-life of 6-9days, 5-8 days, arid 24-32 hr, respectively

in a typical pond, lake, or river. In theatmosphere, it will degrade (half-life 62days) by reaction with photochemicallyproduced hydroxyl radicals, and it will bescavenged by rain. Human exposure will be

by inhalation to workers and those livingor working near source areas. (SRC)[CITATION) ** PEER REVIEWED **

- POLLUTION SOURCES - POLL

NATURAL OCCURRING SOURCES -NATS(1)

ARTIFICIAL SOURCES - ARTS(1)

1, 1-Dichloroethane does not occur asnatural product(1).ECITATION (1) Konietzko H; Hazard AssessChem Curr Dev 3: 401-48 (1984)]

** PEER REVIEWED **

1,1-Dichloroethane is released as fugitiveemissions during its product ion and use asa chemical intermediate, coupling agent inantiknock gasoline, paint and varnishremover, metal degreaser, and orefloatation aoent(l). Its largestindustrial use is in the production of1, 1, 1-trichloroethane(2). Another sourceof 1, 1-dichloroethane in the environmentis reduction of 1,1,1-trichloroethane to1,1-dichloroethane in groundwater(3).[C2TATION (1) Verschueren K; Handbook ofenvironmental data on organic chemicals.and ed Von Nostrand Reinhold NY p 486(1983) (2) Kirk Othmer; Encycl Chem Tech

Ontion 1 - Full Display3 RECORD# 64 - 1,1-DICHLOROETHANE (continued)

. ENVIRONMENTAL FATE/EXPOSURE POTENTIAL (continued)----------------------------* POLLUTION SOURCES - POLLARTIFICIAL SOURCES - ARTS(1)-cont.



ENVIRONMENTAL FATE - FATE(1)



3rd New York Wiley InterScience 5: 722

(1979) (3) Parsons F, Lage GE; J AmerWater Works Assoc 77: 52-9 (1985)]

** PEER REVIEWED **

One source of chloroethanes in theenvironment may be from "EDC-tars. " EDC-tars (e ethylene dichloride tars) are by-products of vinyl chloride synthesis. Thetotal by-products are about 4% of thevinyl chloride synthesis. In 1974 thisamounted to 800 mil l ion pounds of EDC-t ar./Chloroethanes/ECITATION Jensen S et al; Proc R Soc Lond8 189: 333-46 (1975)) ** PEER REVIEWED **

1,1-dichloroethane is used to anappreciable extent as a solvent, and alarge percentage of this would eventuallyfind its way to the environment.ECITATION ITC/USEPA; Information Review#209 (Draft) Chloroethanes p.21 (1980)2

** PEER REVIEWED **

TERRESTRIAL FATE: If released on soil, 1,1-dichloroethane will be rapidly lost byevaporation. Due to its low adsorptivity,there is a possibility that it will leachinto the groundwater. (SRC)ECITATIONJ ** PEER REVIEWED **

AQUATIC FATE: The volatilization half-lifeof 1,1-dichloroethane from a typical pond,lake, or river is 6-9 days, 5-8 days, and24-32 hr, respectively. This will be theprincipal removal mechanism; adsorption tosediment, biodegradation, and hydrolysisshould be insignificant by comparison.(SRC)ECITATIONJ ** PEER REVIEWED **

ATMOSPHERIC FATE: If released into theatmosphere, 1,1-dichloroethane willdegrade by reaction with photochemicallyproduced hydroxyl radicals (half-life 62days). There will be considerablecispersal before it degrades. 1,1-Dichloroethane is moderately soluble andwill be washed out by rain. (SRC)[CITATIONJ ** PEER REVIEWED **

Cotion 1 - Full DisplayRECORD* 64 - 1,1-DICHLORETHANE (cont

7 ENVIRONMENTAL FATE/EXPOSURE POTENTIAL (continued)


I ENVIRONMENTAL TRANSFORMATIONS -

BIODEGRADATIDN - BIDD(1)

ABIOTIC DEGRADATION - P8BI(1)

Aquatic and Atmospheric Fate:

Chloroethanes are expected to be present

in industrial air and water emissions.They volatilize rapidly from surface waterand persist in urban atmospheres.Hydrolysis and biodegradation are expected

to be slow. /Chloroethanes/ECITATIDN ITC/USEPA ; Information Review#209 (Draft) Chloroethanes p. IV (1980)0]

** PEER REVIEWED **

ENVT

((1) Tabak HH et al; J Water Pollut ContrFed 53: 1503-18 (1981) ( ) Wilson JR et a1;

Devel Indust Microbiol 24: 225-33 (1983)(3) Callahan MA et al; Water- relatedEnviron Fate of 129 Priority Pollut Vol 2.USEPA-440/4-79-029b (1979) (4) SontheimerH; J Amer Water Works Assoc 72: 386-90(1960)0 Halogenated aliphatic hydrocarbonsare generally considered to be resistant

to biodegradation(3). No degradation wasdetected when 1,1-dichloroethane was

incubated with uncontaminated samples of

subsurface material taken from positionsimmediately above and below the water

table at Pickett, OK and Fort Polk, LM(2).5 and 10 ppm 1,1-dichloroethane incubated

with sewage seed for 7 days resulted in 50

and 29% degradation, and 19 and 4%evaporation, respectively(1). Bank

infiltration reduced the conc of

dichloroethanes by 25%(4); biodegradationis suspect as a result to DOC studies;

however, other removal processes were notaddressed.ECIThTIONJ ** PEER REVIEWED **

1,1-Dichloroethane reacts withphotochemically generated hydroxylradicals in the atmosphere with a half-

life of 62 days(1). The 1,1-dichloroethane

in a bulb with air had a half-life of 17

wk when left outdoors(3). HCL and C02 were

formed in the degradation(3). No

information on the hydrolytic half-life of1,1-dichloroethane could by found.

However, since the half-life for ethyl

chloride is 38 days(2) it is reasonable to

expect that the hydrolytic half-life is

i nued)

Option 1 - Full Display

RECORD* 64 - 1,1-DlCHLOROETHANE (cont


*UENVIRONMNTAL-----------------------

L*ENVIRONMENTAL TRAlNSFORMATIONS - ENYTAIOTIC DEGRADRTION - ABIO(1)-cont.

ENVIRONMENTAL TRANGPORT - ENTP

BIOCONCENTRATION - BIOC(l)

I SOIL ADSORPTION/MOBILITY -KOCKi)

inued)

somewhere in that range(SRC).ECITATION (1) Howard CJ, Evenson KM; JChem Phys 64: 4303-6 (1976) () CallahanMA et al; Water-Related Environ Fate of129 Priority Pollut Vol.11 USEPA-440/4-79-029B (1979) (3) Pearson CR, McConnel 6;Proc Roy Soc London Ser D 189: 305-32(1975) ** PEER REVIEWED **

The bioconcentration factor estimated from1, 1-dichloroethane's water solubility(5500 mg/1(l)) is 1.3(2,SRC), indicatinginsignificant bioconcentration in fish.All of the chloroethanes have anelimination half-life of ( 2 days asmeasured by whole body levels in exposed

bluegills(3).

ECITATION (1) Verschueren K; Handbook of

Environmental Data on Organic Chemicals.2nd ed Von Nostrand Reinhold NY pp 486-7

(1983) (2) Lyman WJ et al; Handbook ofChemical Property Est imat ion Methods.Environmental Behavior of OrganicCompounds. McGraw-Hill NY pp 5.1-5.30(1982) (3) USEPP; AWQC For ChlorinatedEthanes USEPA-440/5-8O-029 (1960)]

** PEER REVIEWED **

The Koc estimated from the water

solubility (5500 mg/1(1)) is 43(2,SRC)indicating little adsorption to soil

organic matter. 1,1-Dichloroethane isreadily leached from materialrepresentative of waste at land disposal

sites(3) and was found in leachate from a

simulated landfill lysimeter used to study

the codisposal of metal plating sludge andmunicipal waste(4).

ECITATION (1) Verschueren K; Handbook of

environmental data on organic chemicals.2nd ed Von Nostrand Reinhold NY pp 486-7(1983) (2) Lyman WJ et al; Handbook ofChemical Property Estimation Methods.Environmental Behavior of OrganicCompounds. McGraw-Hill NY pp 4.1-4.33(1982) (3) Jackson DR et al; Environ Sci

Technol IS: 668-73 (1964) (4) Gould JP et

al; Water Chlorination Environ Impact

6/ 31/89 HALARDOUS SUBSTANCES DATAPANK vage: acOption I - Full Display

RECORD* 64 - 1,1-DICHLOROETHANE (continued)


* ENVIRONMENTAL TRANSPORT - ENTPSOIL ADSORPTION/MOBILITY -

ROC 1) -cont.

VOLATILIZATION FROMWATER/SOIL - VWS(1)

I

I

I

3 * ENVIRONMENTAL CONCENTRATIONS -

WATER CONCENTRPTIONS - WATC(1)

i

Health Eff 4: 5L5-39 (1983))** PEER REVIEWED **

In a laboratory experiment, theevaporative half-life of 1,1-dichloroethane from a st irred beakerfilled to a depth of 6.5 cm was 32.2min(1) which converts to a half-life of8.3 hr at a I m depth. Three values of theoverall liquid transfer coefficient of 1,1-dichlorethane relative to oxygen are0.55(2), 0.62(3), and 0.71(4). Usingvalues for the oxygen transfercoefficients in model waters inconjunction with the experimental relativetransfer coefficients, one estimates thatthe range of volatilization half-lives in

a typical pond, lake, and river to be 6.4-9.4 day, 5.1-7.5 day, and 24-32 hr(4). 1,1-Dichloroethane has a high vapor pressure(160 torr at 20 degC(5)) and lowadsorption to soil and would thereforevolatilize rapidly from soil(SRC).ECITATION (1) Dilling WL; Environ SciTechnol 11: 405-9 (1977) (2) Cadena F etal; J Water Pollut Control Fed 56: 460-3(1984) (3) Matter-Mueller C et al; WaterRes 15: 1271-9 (1981) 44) Smith JH et al;Environ Sci Technol 14: 1332-7 (1980) (5)Verschueren R; Handbook of environmentaldata on organic chemicals. 2nd ed VonNostrand Reinhold NY pp 486-7 (1983))

** PEER REVIEWED **

ENVC

DRINKING WATER: Not detected in drinkingwater of Love Canal residents(1). USGroundwater Supply Survey (954 suppliesderived from aroundwater chosen bothrandomly and on the basis that they maycontain VOC's) - 41 samples positive, 0.6ppb median of positive, 4.2 ppbmaximum(). Bank-filtered tap water fromthe Rhine River in the Netherlands 500ppt, maximum(3). 30 Canadian treatmentplants serving all large centers ofpopulation 5 ppb, mean, 29 ppb, maximum,11% detection frequency in Aug-Sept; (1ppb mean, 10 ppb maximum 4% detection

'08/3a./89 rsJjLsous 0We .4-h\N..ro jti-

Option 1 - Full DisplayRECORD* 64 - 1,1-DICHLDRDETHANE fcontinued)

7 - ENVIRONMENTPL FPTE/EXPOSURE POTENTIAL (continued)

* ENVIRONMENTAL CONCENTRATIONSWATER CONCENTRATIONS - WATC(1)-cArt.

WATER CONCENTRATIONS - WATC(2)

ENVC

frequency in Nov-Dec(4). UK: Detected in Iof 14 water supplies tested - source ofwater was river/lowland reservoir(5).According to federal studies, 18% ofmonitored drinking water wells contained1,1-dichloroethane(6). The highestreported concn in wells was 11.3 ppm whilethe maximum surface concn reported was 0.2ppb(6). Iowa (127 wells from 58 publicwater supplies) 5 wells (4 suppliescontained residues) 1-24 ppb, and 2supplies had positive values in finishedwater(7). Polluted drinking water well inMaine 7 ppb(8). Detected, not quantifiedin 11 of 1000 Wisconsin wells(9).

ECITATION (1) Barkley J et al; Biomed Mass

Spectrom 7: 139-47 (1980) (2) Westrick JJet a1; J Amer Water Works Assoc 76: 52-9(1964) (3) Piet GJ, Morra CF; pp 31-4C inArtificial Groundwater Recharge, Huisman

L, Olsthorn TN eds. Pitman (1983) (4)Otson R et al; J Assoc Off Anal Chem 65:1370-4 (1962) (5) Fielding M et al;Organic Micropollut in Drinking WaterMedmenham, Eng Water Res Cent p 49 TR-159

(1981) (6) Dyksen JE, Hess AF 1II; J AmerWater Works Assoc 74: 394-403 (1982) (7)Kelley RD; Synthetic Organic CompoundsSampling Survey of Public Water Supplies p36 NTIS PBS5-214427 (1985) (8) BurmasterDE; Environ 24: 6-13, 33-36 (1962) (9)

Krill RM, Sonzogni WC; J Amer Water WorksAssoc 78: 70-5 (1986)0 ** PEER REVIEWED **

GROUNDWATER: Potomac-Raritan Magothyaquifer system along the Delaware River in

SW New Jersey (315 wells) 6.6% of wells

positive(1). Not detected (detection limit

1 ppb) in monitoring wells underlying the

Amphenol metal plating plant in BroadviewIL(2). Minnesota: Found in groundwaterunderlying 7 of 13 municipal landfills

with suspected groundwater contamination0.5-1900 ppb but not in 7 others with nosuspected contamination (detection limitnot specified) (3). Groundwater aroundMiami Drum Disposal site (Biscayne Aquifer

- water supply for Dade County, FL) 2.6-14ppb with the higher concn at 13-31 m depthand lower concn at 3 m(4). Detected in

|Lr46 /-/::..4m a o

Option 1 - Full DisplayRECORD* 64 - 1,1-DICHLDROETHANE (continued)


* ENVIRONMENTAL CONCENTRATIONS -

WATER CONCENTRATIONS - WATC(2)-TEnt.

WATER CONCENTRATIONS - WATC(3)

WATER CONCENTRATIONS - WATC (4)

ENVCLove Canal water, sediment, and/or soil

samples(5).

[CITPTION (1) Fusillo TV et al; Ground

Water 23; 354-60 (1985) (2) IT Corporation;Preliminary Site Assess, Broadview,

Illinois Plant, Amphenol Products Div TSCAHealth and Saftey Studies 6D Submissions#878216382 (1965) (3) Sabel GV, Clark TP;Waste Manag Res 2: 119-30 (1984) (4) MyersVB; pp 354-7 in Natl Conf Manag

Uncontrolled Hazard Waste Sites (1983) (5)Hauser TR, Bromberg SM; Environ MonitAssess 2: 249-72 (1982))

** PEER REVIEWED **

SURFACE WATER: Lake Ontario Basin:Detected in Genesse River sample but

absent in Niagara River and open water of

Lake Ontario(l). Ohio River System (1980-81, 6 stations on mainstream and 3 on

tributaries, 4972 samples) 156 (3.1%)positive of which 122 were between 0.1 and

1.0 ppb, 33 between 1.0 and 10 ppb and 1 10 ppb(2). Ohio River System (1976-73, 8stations, 842 samples on mainstream; 2stations, 235 samples on tributaries) 3.9%of samples had detectable levels of 1,1-dichloroethane on mainstream that were <1.0 ppb and 5.3% of samples from thetributaries had detectable levels thatwere < 1.0 ppb and 0.3% that were between1.0 and 10.0 ppb(3). Raw water for 30

Canadian water treatment plants - 2 ppb,mean, 33 ppb max, 19% detection frequencyin Aug-Sept; ( 1.0 ppb mean, 11 ppb max,13% detection frequency in Nov-Dec(4).ECITATION (1) Great Lakes Water QualityBoard; An inventory of Chem SubstancesIdentified in the Great Lakes EcosystemVol.1 pp 195 (1963) (2) Ohio River Valley

Water Sanit Comm; Assessment of Water

Quality Conditions, Ohio River Mainstream1980- 81 (1982) (3) Ohio River ValleyWater Sanit Comm; Assess of Water QualityConditions, Ohio River Mainstream 1976-79

(1980) (4) Otson R et al; J Assoc Off Anal

Chem 65: 1370-4 (1982)] ** PEER REVIEWED **

Drinking water in New Jersey contained 105-

142 ng/1.

Otion 1 - Full Display

RECORD# 64 - 1,1-DICHLOROETHANE (continued)


I-, I - .

* ENVIRONMENTAL CONCENTRATIONS -WATER CONCENTRATIONS - WATC(4)-cont.

EFFLUENTS CONCENTRATIONS -

EFFL(1)

SEDIMENT/SOIL CONCENTRATIONS -SEDS(1)

ENVC[CITATION USEPA: Formulation of aPreliminary Assessment of Halogenated

Organic Compounds in Man and Environmental

Media P.447 (1979) EPP-560/13-9-006]** PEER REVIEWED **

Municipal landfill leachate in Minnesota

and Wisconsin - 9 of 13 positive, 0.5-6300

ppb(1). National Urban Runoff Program in

which 86 samples from 19 cities throughout

the US were analyzed: 4% of samples

positive, 1.5-3 ppb, detected only in Long

Island, NY and Eugene, OR(). Treated

waste water from the following industries

contained 1,1-dichloroethane (industry

(mean concn)): coil coating (10 ppb);

nonferrous metals manufacturing (0.6 ppb);

organic chemical manufacturing/plastics

(9.1 ppb); paint formulation (95 ppb);rubber processing (56 ppb) (3).Additionally, untreated wastewater from

the following industries contained !,1-

dichloroethane (industry (mean concn)

battery manufacturing (10 ppb); metal

finishing (480 ppb); pharmaceutical

manufacturing (13 ppb); and pulp and

paperboard mills (12 ppb) (3). Not detected

in the final effluents of the Los Angeles

City (Hyperion), Orange County, CA (OCSD),

and San Diego City (Point Loma) treatment

plants at a detection limit of 10 ppt(A).Los Angeles County (JWPC') municipal

wastewater (final effluent) 3.5 ppb(4).ECIT7ATION (1) Sabel SV, Clark TP; Waste

Manag Res 2: 119-30 (1984) (2) Cole RH et

al; J Water Pollut Control Fed 56: 898-908(1984) (3) USEPA; Treatsbility Manual ITreatability Data USEPA-600/2-8-001A(1981) (4) Young DR et al; WaterChlorination, Environ Impact Health Eff

&(Book 0): 871-84 (1983)]

** PEER REVIEWED **

Not cetected in bottom sediment of the

Tubmarine outfall recion of the LosAngeles County (JVWCP) municipal

wastewater t-ratment plant at a detection

limit o ?.5 ppb(1). Detected in LoveCaril sediment/soil/water samples(2).:CITATION (1) Young DR et al; Water

pi n 1 - A, f y

RiC '~ -: &4 - :, R-D-CHLOR- -PNE (cont inued)

7 ENVIRONMEN77 FATE/EXPOSURE POT:PL (continued)

*ENVIP E'N-NTAL CONCENTRATIONc. -..SEDIVE /SO:L CONCENTRAT IOCTC -- chl1crinatior, Fry

SEDS ( 1) -cont . 4(Book 2) ;7>-4 (Bron ~SM; Envi-rn.(198E) ** PEER

ATMOSPHFE: CONCENTRATIONS - RURL/REMOTE: USATMC( Southwest Wzigton

V r:l 11;.10 ppt, maxUS1 (101 Samples) 1.1

| r'.uic W a SteF rsoa ; SP SpP10(3). Not detectednf Love Canal r~esidequanitfied in E.Etontorcaric chem--icals an

areMC(

Spectr-cari7:33==A7(

:ITPIN(.at-kmsSi

pp 196 68-02-Z3452 (Isr-v i ron ScJ i ecn noI Gr;imsr-u d, Ra smuss

9. -014-7 (1975)3 *

ANSPHRC CNCENSRA7IONS In Dator Rouge, LPNa

~FISH/CITPDTCNCENTRTEPNS:

no/cu m and in Houst

555 no/cu m, wher-e T

reliminatiy Fessrie

Meda p4714199)EP

PTMOS,0PHERIC CON:ENT ON'S - Manmade so~urces: Oro3 iB (3) croncentration in rur

19174-Februtar-y 1975:CVERSCHUEREN. HDBK ENp 486)] PEER REVI

FOOD SURVEY VPURMS - FOTD U( ND

PLUNT RBN: - PLNT(1 ND

Fl _0 H/S_= 0D CONCENTmRTIpNp - Not detected (deuect

whole inverts, iesh

muscle obtained tom

submarine outfall of

IIAIN(1 akSpctom7:13--

r Impact Health 7ff

983) (2) Hauser TR,

Mornit Asses 2: 249-RFEU EWED **

samples 0 ppt(2).

( 5 ppt ().455 saimples) 61 ppt,imum(2). SOURCE AREAS:ppt, median, 1400 pptai±r surround inrg Kin-ai- i r r,

ite; Edis.n NJ 5.5in air outside homes

nts(l). Detected, not

Rouge, LA where manyd petroleum facilities

ey J et al; Biomed Mass

1980) (2) Erodzinsky

e Organic Chem in theAvailable Data; MenloCentr, SRI Internatl982) (3) Pellizzari ED;

16: 781-5 (1982) (4)en RA; Atmos Environ* PEER REVIEWED **

ir contained T-500on TX air contained T-

= trace.rmulation of ant of Halocenated

Man and EnvironmentalA-560/13-79-006)

und levelal Washinoton Decemberless than 5 ppt.

ViRON DATA ORG CHEM 1983EWED **

ion limit 0.3 ppb) inliver, or shrimp

a station off thethe Los Angeles

a

notion 1 - Full DisplayRECORD* 64 - :,1-DICHLOROETHANE (continued)


S NVIRONMENTAL CONCENTRATIONS

FISH/SEAFOOD CONCENTRATIONS -S FISH (1) -cont,.

ANIMAL CONCENTRATIONS -ANML (1)

MILK CONCENTRATIONS - MILK(1)

DTHER ENVIRONMENTALL CONCENTRATIONS - OEVC(1)

- ENVCCounty (JWPCP) municipal treatment

plant(1). Lake Pontchartrain (New Orleans,Mississippi River delta) 33 ppt, mean in

oysters; ND in clams(2).

!CITATION (1) Young DR et al; Water

Chlorination; Environ Impact Health Eff

4(Book ): 871-84 (1983) (2) Ferrario JB

et a1; Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 34: E46-

55 (1985)0 ** PEER REVIEWED **

ND

ND

ND

* HUMAN ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE - HUEX

PROBABLE ROUTES OF HUMANEXPOSURE - RTEX(1)

PROPABLE ROUTES OF HUMANEXPOSURE - RTEX(2)

AVERAGE DAILY INTAKE - AVDI(1)

PROBABLE EXPOSURES - PBEX(1)

BODY BURDENS - BODY(i)

Humans are exposed to 1, 1-dichloroethane

in ambient air and occupationally via

inhalation. (SRC)

ECITAT1ON) ** PEER REVIEWED *

inhalation; Ingestion; Skin and/or eyecontact

EMACKISON. NIOSH/OSHA GUIDE CHEM HAZARDS

1980 p 83) ** PEER REVIEWED **

AIR !NTAKE: (assume 61 ppt, see also ATMC)

5.0 ug; WATER INTAKE: (assume 0-.6 ppb) 0-1.2 uE; FOOD INTAKE: (insufficientinformation but probably insignificant).(SRC)ECITATION) ** PEER REVIEWED **

NIOSH estimated that approximately 4600

workers in the USA were exposed to 1,1-

dichloroethane(1).

[CITATION (1) Konietzko H; Hazardous

Assess Chem Curr Dev 3: 401-8 (1964))

** PEER REVIEWED **

Trace of 1,1-dichloroethane was found in

exhaled air from 1 of 9 Love Canalresidents tested(1). Trace of 1,1-dichloroethane was found on breath of 8

healthy volunteers(2).

ECITATION (1) Barcley J et al; Biomed Mass

-08/31/89


* HUMAN ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE - HUEX

BODY BURDENS - BODY(1)-cort. Spectrom 7: 139-47 (1980) (2) Conkle JP et

al; Arch Environ Health 30: 290-5 (1975))* PEER REVIEWED **

I8 EXPOSURE STANDARDS AND REGULPTIONS----------------------------------------------

IMMEDITELY DANGEROUS TO LIFE

OR HEALTH-IDLH(1)

ACCEPTAPLE DAILY INTAKES -

ADI (1)

PLLOWABLE TOLERANCES - ATOL(1)

* DCCUPATIONAL PERMISSIBLE LEVELS

DSHA STANDARDS - DSHA(1)

NILDSH RECOMMEINDATIONS-NREC(1)

THRESHOLD LIMIT VALUES -

TLV(1)

OTHER OCCUPATIONALPERMISSIBLE LEVELS - DDPL(1)

OTHER STANDARDS AND REGULATIONS

WPTER STANDARDS - WETD(1)

ATMOSPHERIC STANDARDS -ASTD(1)

4000 ppm[NIOSH. NIDSH POCKET GUIDE CHEM HAZ 2ND PRT

1967 P 96) ** OC REVIEWED **

N D

ND

- OPL

Meets criteria for OSHA medical records

rule.CI7ATION £9 CFR 1910.20 47/1/87)]

** PEER REVIEWED **

Time Weighted Avg (TWA) 200 ppm, 810 mgcu

m; Short Term Exposure Limit (STEL) 250

ppm, 1010 m;/cu m (1987-88)EACGIH. TLVs 1987-88 p 18]** QC REVIEWED **

ND

- DREG

The clean water act of 1377 requires theEPA administrator to publish ambient waterquality criteria for the pollutant 1,1-

dichloroethane listed under section 307.The criteria are to be used as effluent

guidelines as required under Section 301

of the act and will also be used undersection 3001 of the Resource Conservation

and Recovery Act (RCRA).CITATION 40 CFR 129 (1965)]

** PEER REVIEWED **

ND

ND

rtr n 4rL'uUb pb'Lkb H t- L3 a"irj i

Option : - Full DisplayRECORD* 64 - 1, 1 -DICHLDROETHANE (cont i nued)

Option 1 - Full DisplayRECORD* 64 - !,l-DICHLOROETHANE (c

B EXPOSURE STPNDPRDS AND REGULATIONS (continued)

------------------ ------------------* THER STANDARDS AND REGULATIONS - DREG

SOIL STANDARDS - SSDM(1) ND

CERCLA REPORTADLE QUANT1ITES - Persons in chargeCERC(1)ae required t n

Response Centerthere is a releashazardous substanor greater than i1,000 lb or 454 ktelephone number8802; In the Wash(202) 426-2675. Twhen notification40 CFR 30a.6 (see[CITATION 50 FR

** PEER REVIEWED

iSuR REVU1RENIENT- TSCP(1) EPA has publishedfinal rule whichcontaminant leveltrihalomethanes (dichloroethane/ ippb (40 CFR 68624apply ... to watecomrimunities of 75systems serving 1years.ECITATION USEPA;p.36 (1980) EPA-5

** PEER REVIEWED

it RCRP REQUIREMENTS -RCRP() As stipulated indichlorethane, asproduct or manufaintermediate or acommercial chemicmranufacturing chebecomes a waste,according to Fedehazardous waste ras a hazardous wecontaminated soilresulting from thinto water or onGenerators or smawaste may qualifyfrom hazardous we

[CITATION 53 FR** PEER REVIEWED

ont i nued)

of vessels or facilitiesotify the NationalNRC) immediately, whene of this designatedce, in an amount equal tots reportable quart ity ofg. The toll freeof the NRC is (800) 424-ington metropolitan areahe rule for determining

is required is stated insection IV. D.3.b).13456 (4/4/85)3

* *

(November 2, 1979) aestablishes a maximumfor total

THMs) /including 1,1-n drinking water of 100). This requirement willr systems serving,000 or more and to0,000-75,000 in four

Subst Risk Notice, 8(e)60/11-80-020]

**

40 CFR 261.33, when 1,1-a commercial chemical

cturing chemicaln, off-specificational product or amical intermediate,it must be managedral and/or Stateeoulations. Also definedste is any residue,, water, or other debrise cleanup of a spill,dry land, of this waste.ll quantities of thisfor partial exclusion

ste regulations (see 40

13382 (4/22/88)]**

Opt ion 1 - Full Display

Aft RECORD* 64 - a,1-DIIHLRDETHANE (continued)

9 MONITORING AND ANALYSIS METHO

ANALYTIC LABORATORY METHODS -

ALPE (3) -cont.

ANALYTC LABORATORY METHODS -

ALPD(4)

ANALYTIC LABORATORY METHODS -

ALAB(5)

DS (continued)

6 deg/min to final temperature of E20 degC. This method has a detection limit of0.07 ug/l and an overall precision of 0.14

times the average recovery + 0. 94, over a

working range of 8. 0 to 500 ug/1.

LCITATION 40 CFR 136 (7/1/87))

** PEER REVIEWED **

Method 624: A purge and trap gas

chromatographic/mass spectrometry methodfor the analysis of 1,2.dichloroethane in

municipal and industrial discharges,consists of a glass column, 6 ft x 0.1 in,packed with Carbopack B (60/80 mesh)

coated with 1% SP-1000, with the detectionperformed by the mass spectrometer, and

helium as the carrier gas at a flow rate

of 30 ml/min, is an EPA approved method. A

sample injection volume of 2 to 5 ul is

suggested, the column temperature is held

isothermal at 45 deg C for 3 minutes and

then programmed at 8 deg/min to a final

temperature of 520 deg C. This method hasa detection limit of 4.7 u9/l and anoverall precision of 0.36 times theaverage recovery + 0.47, over a working

range of 5 to 600 ug/l.[CITATION 40 CFR 136 (7/1/87)]

** PEER REVZEWED **

A gas chromatographic method usinghydrogen-air flame ionization detectionfor the analysis of 1, 1-dichloroethane,consists of a stainless steel column, 3 m

x 3 mm, packed with Supelcoport (80/100mesh) coated with 10% SP-1000, with helium

or nitrogen as the carrier gas at a flowrate of 30 m1/min, is an NIOSH approvedmethod. Desorption is done with 1 mlcarbon disulfide, and a sample injection

volume of 5 a is suggested. The column

temperature is 50 deg C, injectortemperature is 100 deg C, and the detector

temp is 175 deg C. This method has anestimated detection limit of 0.01mg/sample and a relative standarddeviation of 0.057, over a working rangeof 40 to 1215 mg/cu M.[NIOSH MANUAL ANALY METH. VOL1-7 1977-PRESENT 1003-1-93 ** PEER REVIEWED **

Method 8010: Halogenated VolatileANALYTIC LABORATORY METHODS -

8/6? 3/HAZARDOUS SUbSTANU= Ji ,Option I - Full Displ

RECORD# 64 - 1, 1-DICHLOROETHANE

9 MONITORINS AND ANALYSIS METHODS (continued)

ANALYTIC LABORATORY METHODS - Organics. ForALAB (6) -cont. a representati

is collected iscrew-cap VGAfaced siliconeas well as conwith air, mustfilled per samseparate plast

storage. Samplinjection or pchromatographywith a halogen

temperature prchromatographcompounds. ColI.D. stainlesspacked with 1%60/60 mesh orft by 0.1-in Icolumn packedoctane on Poraor equivalent.conditions, 1,detection limirecovery range11.5-25.5 ug/1standard devia[CITATION USEEvaluating Sol

** PEER REVIE

ANALYTIC LABORATORY METHODS - Method 6240: GI ALA? (7) Spectrometry f6240 can be us

organic commpopoints below 2approximatelythat are insolwater, includiVolatile waterincluded in thhowever, for t

quartitation ltimes higher befficiency. Thcompounds thatGC column packlightly coated

0. 1-in ID alasCarbopack-B (6

This gas chrom

HoiNKay

(cont i nued)

the analysis of solid waste,ve sample (solid or liquid)

n a standard 40 ml glassvial equipped with a Teflon-septum. Sample agitation,

tamination of the samplebe avoided. Two vials are

ple location, then placed inic bags for shipment andes may be analyzed by direct

urge-and-trap using gaswith detection achieved

-specific detector. Aogram is used in the gasto separate the organicumn 1 is an S-ft by 0. 1-in

steel or glass columnSP-1000 on Carbopack-B

equivalent. Column 2 is a 6-

.D. stainless steel or class

with chemically bonded n-sil-C 100/120 mesh (Durapak)

Under the prescribed1-dichloroethane has at of 0.07 ug/l, an averageor four measurements of

, and a limit for thetion of 5.5 ug/l.PA; Test Methods forid Waste SW-846 (1986)JWED **

as Chromatography/Massor Volatile Or-canics Method

ed to quantify most volatileunds that have boiling00 C [vapor pressure isequal to mmHa @ 25 CJ anduble or slightly soluble in

ng the title compound.-soluble compounds can beis analytical technique,he more soluble compounds,imits are approximately ten

ecause of poor purginge method is also limited to

elute as sharp peaks from a

ed with graphitized carbonwith a carbowax [6-ft by

s, packed with 1% SP-1000 on0/80 mesh) or equivalant].atography/mass spectrometry

-I = , _

L.19 MONITORING AND ANALYSIS METHE

-----------------------------------

ANALYTIC LABORATORY METHODS -ALAB(7)-cont.

ANALYTIC LAPORPTORY METHODS -ALAB(8)

ANALYTIC LABORATORY METHODS -ALAP(9)

DS (continued)

method is based on a purge-and-trapprocedure. The practical quantitationlimit (PQL) for Method 8240 for anindividual compound is approximately 5ug/kg (wet weight) for wastes and 5 ug/1for ground water. PQLs will beproportionately hi gher for sample extractsand samples that require dilution orreduced sample size to avoid saturation ofthe detector. A representative sample(solid or liquid) is collected in astandard 40 ml glass screw-cap VOA vialequipped with a Teflon-faced siliconeseptum. Sample agitation, as well ascontamination of the sample with air, mustbe avoided. Two vials are filled persample location, then placed in separateplastic bags for shipment and storage.Under the prescribed conditions, 1,1-dichloroethane has an average recoveryrange for four samples of 1A. 2-28. 4 ug/1with a limit for the standard deviation of5.1 ug/1 and retention time not given.ECITATION USEPA; Test Methods forEvaluating Solid Waste SW-846 (1986))

** PEER REVIEWED **

Three instruments were evaluated /foraccuracy under conditions of highhumidity/: the flame ionization detector(FID) was a Century OVA-128 and thephotoionization detectors (PID) where aHNU P1-101 (10.2 eV) and an AID-580 (11.8eV). The organic vapors tested werehexane, 1,1-dichloroethane, chloroform,trichloroethylene, perchloroethylene,benzene, toluene and chlorobenzene.Relative humidity was varied from 0 to90%. The response of the flame ionizationdetector was practically independent ofhumidity. The photoionization detectorswere found unsuitable for quantitativesampling of organic vapors in high-humidity atmospheres.[CITATION Barsky JB et al; Am Indus HygAssoc J 46 (1): 9-14 (1985))

** PEER REVIEWED **

Method is described for the time-weight-average concentration determination of 23volatile component permeation through asilicone polycarbonate membrane and

Option I - Full DisplayRECORD# 64 - 1,1-DICHLOROETHANE (continued)

L/43/49 HAZARDOUS SUBSTANULmb &d4Nc re. ,Option 1 - Full Display

RECDRDs 64 - 1,1-DICHLOROETHANE (continued)

9 MONITORING AND ANALYSIS METHODS (continued)

PNPLYTIC LABORATORY METHODS - Organics. For the analysis of solid waste,ALAB(6)-cont.a representative sample (solid or liquid)S is collected in a standar-d 40 nil glass

screw-cap VOA vial equipped with a Teflon-faced silicone septumn. Sample agitation,as well as corntamxriatioi of the sampleI with air, miust be avoided. Two vials atrefilled per, sample location, then, placed inseparate plastic bags for shipment aidstorage. Samples may be analyzed by directinjectioct or purge-and-trap using gaschrecatography, with detection achievedwith a halogen-specific detector. Atemperature program is used in the gaschromatograph to separate the organiccompounds. Column 1 is an a-ft by 0.1-ireI.D. stainless steel or glass columnpacked with 1% SP-1000 on Carbopck-B0/60 mesh or equivalent. Column 2 is a 6-

ft by 0.1-in I.D. stainless steel or glasscolumn packed with chemically bonded ni-octane on Porasil-C 100/120 mesh (Durapak)or equivalent. Under the prescribedconditions, 1,1-dichloroethane has adetection limit of 0.07 ug/l, an averagerecovery range of four measurements of11.5-25.5 ug/l, and a limit for thestandard deviation of 5.5 ug/l.tCITATION USEPA; Test Methods forEvaluating Solid Waste SW-846 (1986))

** PEER REVIEWED **

NALY71C LABCORATORY METHODS - Method 6240: Gas Chromatography/Mass- ALAB(7) Spectrometry for Volatile Droanics Method

8240 can be used to quantify most volatileorganic commpounds that have boilingpoints below 200 C [vapor pressure isapproximately equal to mrmHg 0 25 C) andthat are insoluble or slightly soluble inwater, including the title compound.Volatile water-soluble compounds can beincluded in this analytical technique,however, for the more soluble compounds,quantitation limits are approximately tentimes higher because of poor purgingefficiency. The method is also limited tocompounds that elute as sharp peaks from aGC column packed with graphitized carbonlightly coated with a carbowax [6-ft by0.1-in D glass, packed with 1% SP-1000 onCarbopack-B (60/80 mesh) or equivalant].This gas chromatography/mass spectrometry

1,

"v. I' J.'. 1t . -1.j. . J . f I t1" .. . u jt- cl- 1 NCP k I - " -1

Option 1 - Full DisplayRECORD# 64 - 1,1-DICHLORDETHANE (continued)

MONITORING AND ANALYSIS METHODS (continued)--------------------------ANALYTIC LABORATORY METHODS -

ALAPB(7)-cont.

ANALYTIC LABORATORY METHODS -ALAP(8)

ANALYTIC LABORATORY METHODS -ALAB(9)

method is based on a purge-and-trapprocedure. The practical quantitationlimit (POL) for Method 8240 for anindividual compound is approximately 5ug/kg (wet weight) for wastes and 5 ug/I

for around water. PQLs will beproportionately higher for sample extractsand samples that require dilution orreduced sample size to avoid saturation ofthe detector. A representative sample(solid or liquid) is collected in astandard 40 ml glass screw-cap VOA vialequipped with a Teflon-faced siliconeseptum. Sample agitation, as well ascontamination of the sample with air, mustbe avoided. Two vials are filled persample location, then placed in separateplastic bags for shipment and storage.Under the prescribed conditions, 1,1-dichloroethane has an average recoveryrange for four samples of 14.2-28.4 ug/lwith a limit for the standard deviation of5.1 ug/l and retention time not given.[CITATION USEPA; Test Methods forEvaluating Solid Waste SW-846 (1986))** PEER REVIEWED **

Three instruments were evaluated /foraccuracy under conditions of highhumidity/: the flame ionization detector(FID) was a Century OVA-128 and thephotoionization detectors (PID) where aHNU PI-101 (10.2 eV) and an AID-580 (11.8eV). The organic vapors tested werehexane, 1,1-dichloroethane, chloroform,trichloroethylene, perchloroethylene,benzene, toluene and chlorobenzene.Relative humidity was varied from 0 to90%. The response of the flame ionizationdetector was practically independent ofhumidity. The photoionization detectorswere found unsuitable for quantitativesampling of organic vapors in high-humidity atmospheres.ECITATION Barsky JB et al; Am Indus HygAssoc J 46 (1): 9-14 (1985))** PEER REVIEWED **

Method is described for the time-weight-average concentration determination of 23volatile component permeation through asilicone polycarbonate membrane and

8/31/89 HAZARDOUS SUBSTANCES DATABANKQotion 1 - Full Display

RECORD# 64 - 1,1-DCHLORDETHANE (continued)

9 MONITORING AND ANALYSIS METHODS (continued)

ANALYT7C LABORPTORY METHODS -ALAB(9)-cont.

ANALYTIC LAPORATORY METHODS -

ALAB(10)

CLINICAL LABORATORY METHODS -CLABC1)

wage: 04

absorption onto charcoal contained withinthe sampling device. Analysis consists ofdesorption of the -volatile components withcarbon disulfide and then separation andquantification by capillary column gaschromatography. Linear relationship existsbetween the amount of a volatile organiccomponent collected and the product of thetime of exposure of the sampling device tothe sampling environment and theconcentration of the component in thesampling environment, for the rangesinvestigated. Temperature is the onlyother external factor which has been shownto affect the rate of permeation, thoughthe change in the permeation constant hasbeen shown to be approximately linear witha slope of about 0.4. Precision andaccuracy compare favorably with the purgeand trap method. ...LCITATION Blanchard RD, Hardy JK; AnalChem 57 (12): 2349-51 (1985))

** PEER REVIEWED **

Three portable, direct-reading instrumentswere tested to evaluate their ability todetect industrial organic vapors in highhumidity atmospheres. The instrumentsincluded 2 photoionization detectors (10.2and 11.8 eV), and an organic vaporanalyzer with a flame ionization detector.The organic vapors used were hexanes, 1,1-dichloroethane, ch2oroform,trichloroethylene, perchloroethylene,benzene, toluene and chlorobenzene.Relatively impervious gas bags were usedto contain atmospheres of low (zero) andhigh (90%) relative humidities forcomparisons. The response of the organicvapor analyzer was pratically independentof humidity. The responses of thephotoionization detectors were influencedby high humidity even through the 10.2 eVlamp did not detect water vapor itself.The photoionization detectors wereadjudged to be unsuitable for quantitativesampling of humid confined spaces. ...ECITATION Barsky JB et al; Am Ind HygAssoc 3 46 (1): 9-14 (1985))

** PEER REVIEWED **

ND

-Cit 4~/

I10 PDDITIONPL REFERENCES

I--

SPECIAL REPORTS - RPTS(1)


1 SPECIPL REPORTS - RPTS(3)

SPECIAL REPDRTS -

SPECIAL REPORTS -

SPECIAL REPORTS -

RPTS (4)

RPTS (5)

RPTS (6)


TEST STATUS - TEST(1)

PRIOR HISTORY OF ACCIDENTS -HIST(I)

Toxicology Review: Amer Indust Hyg AssocJour 40: A46 (1979)

Toxicology Review: National TechnicalInformation Service PBES-182809

ITC/USEPA; Information Review *209 (Draft)Chloroethanes (1980)

NCI Eioassay of 1,1-Dichloroethane forPossible Carcinogenicity DHEW Publ No(NIH) 78-1316 (1978)

Elskamp DM W; Report MBL-1981-14 PD62-182809 (1981)

Hermens J et al; Aquat Toxicol 5 (2):

54 (1984). Quantitative structure-actitivity relationships and toxicitystudies of mixtures of chemicals withanesthetic potency to Daphnia magna.

143-

ENTP; Division of Toxicology Research andTesting; Management Status Report;07/13/SW; p.165 NTP TR No 066; Route:oral, gavage; Species: rats and mice. NTISNo PB283345/AS.

ND

The Perojet-General Corporat ion reportsthat eleven chlorinated oroanic chemicalshave been identified as groundwatercontaminants at a site outside Sacramento,California. The submitted chemicalanalyses show that trichloroethylene,1, 1, 1-trich loroethane, chloroform, carbontetrachloride, trans-1, 2-dichloroethene,tetrachloroethylene, 1,1-dichloroethane,1,1-dichloroeethylene, 1,2-dichloroethane,chlorobenzene, and 1,1,2-trichloroethaneare present in varying concentrations inseveral different domestic and industrialwell water samples and test borings. thesubmitter states that "the adverse effectsarnd the extent of the risk involved areunknown." In addition, the submissionreports that evidence that the submitterand/or a near-by company are the source ofthis groundwater contamination has notbeen shown.

Option 1 - Full DisplayRECORD* 64 - 1,1-DICHLOROETHPNE (continued)

- a/3* /89 hHLtq ,., 0 j=.= , 1. iv n 4.nm ,

Option 1 - Full DisplayRECORD* 64 - 1, 1-DICHLORDETHANE (continued)

PDDITIONPL REFERENCES (continued)

PRIOR HISTORY OF ACCIDENTS - [CITATION USEPA; Subst Risk Notice, 8(e)HIST(i)-cont. p.35 (1980) EPA-560/11-80-020]

* PEER REVIEWED **

11 EXPRECS INFORMATION

EXPRESS DCT4 - EXP(1)

E***NO COMMENTS ARE CUR)ND

RENTLY ASSOCIATED WITH THIS RECORD***

Ootion 1 - Full Display3, RECORD# 64 - 1,1-D CHLOROETHANE (cortinued)

SOURCE BIBLIOGRAPHY

II 116 ACG'H. TLVS. 4TH ED & SUPPL. 1980

68 ACGIH. TLVs 1997-88

10 BROWNING. TOX & METAB INDUS SOLV 19651 224 CHRIS. HAZARD CHEM DATA VOL. II 1984-5

CIT CITATION"74 DOT. ENERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK 1987

14 ENCYC OCCUPAT HEALTH & SAFETY 197147 HAMILTON. INDUS TOX 3RD ED 1974

159 HAWLEY. CONDENSED CHEM DICTNRY 10TH ED 1981!3 MACKISON. NIOSH/OSHA GUIDE CHEM HAZARDS 1980

-57 MERCK INDEX. 10TH ED 1983"L5 NFPA. FIRE PROTECT GUIDE HAZARD MATLS ?TH ED 1986-05 NIOSH MANUAL ANALY METH. VOL1-7 1977-PRESENTI34 NIOSH OSHA. occupT HEALTH GUIDE CHEM HAZARDS. 1981290 NIOSH. NIOSH POCKET GUIDE CHEM HAZ 2ND PRT 1987

PATTY. INDUS HYG & TOX 3RD ED VOL2A,2B,2C 1981-824 SAX. DANGER PROPS INDUS MATER 3RD ED 1968

212 SAX. DANGER PROPS INDUS MATER. 6TH ED 1984RISRI

1 THIENES. CLIN TOX 5TH ED 1972176 VERSCHUEREN.HDBK ENVIRON DATA ORG CHEM 1983

497 WEAST. HDBK CHEM & PHYS 60TH ED 1979186 WEPST. HDEK CHEM & PHYS 66TH ED 1985-86

I

IIt

&'EPATHE EPA REPOSITORY FORTOXIC AND HAZARDOUS MATERIALS

ANALYTICAL STANDARD DATA SHEET

IDENTIFIERS

Compound Name:

Synonyms:

CAS Number:

Molecular Formula:

Molecular Weight:

Repository Number:

1,1-Dichloroethylene

Vinylidene chloride1,1-Dichloroethene

75-35-4

C2H2C 2

96.95

EV-000027-02-XX

STANDARD SOLUTION

Concentration:

Solvent:

Storage & Preservation:

1000 ± 100 pg/mL*

Methanol (Flammable)

Store at <50C. Transfer to tightly sealed vial with

Teflon-lined septum or cap after opening. Allow to

equilibrate to room temperature before use. Highly

dangerous. Protect from heat, air (oxygen), oxidizers,

copper and/or aluminum (and alloys) which promote

polymerization. Reacts violently with chlorosulfonic acid,

HNO 3, fuming H2S , chlorotrifluoroethylene, ozone, and

perchloryl fluoriae.

PURITT

Purity Assay of Neat Compound: QAS 99.9%

*Concentration of the standard solution was corrected for purity at the time the

solution was prepared.

HAZARDS

This reference material is a dilute homogenous solution of 1,1-Dichloroethylene in

methanol. Hazard information for this specific solution is not available; therefore

you must refer to the accompanying MSDSs or chemical profiles for both the solute

and the solvent for applicable hazard data.

For comments or questions concerning these standards, please contact:

Quality Assurance Research DivisionU.S. Environmental Protection Agency-EMSL26 Vest Martin Luther King DriveCincinnati, OH 45268

Rev. 11/88 (513) 569-7325 or FTS 684-7325

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Occupational Health Guideline for1,2-Dichloroethylene

INTRODUCTION

This guideline is intended as a source of information foremployees, employers, physicians, industrial hygienists,and other occupational health professionals who mayhave a need for such information. It does not attempt to

present all data; rather, it presents pertinent informationand data in summary form.


" Formula: CICH=CHCI* Synonyms: Acetylene dichloride; dioform; trans-acetylene dichloride; sym-dichloroethylene* Appearance and odor: Colorless liquid with an ether-like, slightly acrid odor, like chloroform.


The current OSHA standard for 1,2-dichloroethylene is200 parts of 1,2-dichloroethylene per million parts of air(ppm) averaged over an eight-hour work shift. Thismay also be expressed as 790 milligrams of 1,2-dichlor-oethylene per cubic meter of air (mg/mn).


* Routes of exposure1,2-Dichloroethylene can affect the body if it is inhaledor if it comes in contact with the eyes or skin. It can alsoaffect the body if it is swallowed.e Effects of overexposureExposure to 1,2-dichloroethylene may cause dizziness,drowsiness, and unconsciousness.* Reporting signs and symptomsA physician should be contacted if anyone develops anysigns or symptoms and suspects that they are caused byexposure to 1,2-dichloroethylene.e Recommended medical surveillanceThe following medical procedures should be madeavailable to each employee who is exposed to 1,2-dichloroethylene at potentially hazardous levels:

1. Initial Medical Screening: Employees should be

screened for history of certain medical conditions(listed below) which might place the employee atincreased risk from 1,2-dichloroethylene exposure.

-Liver disease: Although 1,2-dichloroethylene isnot known as a liver toxin in humans, the importance ofthis organ in the biotransformation and detoxification of

foreign substances should be considered before expos-ing persons with impaired liver function.

-Chronic respiratory disease; In persons with im-

paired pulmonary function, especially those with ob-structive airway diseases, the breathing of 1,2-dichlor-oethylene might cause exacerbation of symptoms due toits irritant properties.2. Periodic Medical Examination: Any employee devel-oping the above-listed conditions should be referred for

further medical examination.- Summary of toxicology1,2-Dichloroethylene vapor is a narcotic and a mucous-membrane irritant. Variations in toxicity of the cis- as

compared with the trans-form have been reported. Aconcentration of 39,000 ppm was lethal to guinea pigs,and narcosis was produced at 18,000 ppm. Dogs ex-posed to high concentrations of vapor developed super-ficial corneal turbidity which was reversible. No effectswere observed in several species with repeated expo-sure for up to 6 months at 1000 ppm. It has been used asa general anesthetic in man; one industrial fatality wasdue to very high vapor inhalation in a small enclosure.


Physical data1. Molecular weight: 96.92. Boiling point (760 mm Hg): 45 to 60 C (113 to 140

F)3. Specific gravity (water = 1): 1.274. Vapor density (air = I at boiling point of 1,2-

dichloroethylene): 3.345. Melting point: -49 to -81.5 C (-56 to -115 F),6. Vapor pressure at 20 C (68 F): 180 to 265 mm Hg

These recommendations reflect good industrial hygiene and medical surveillance practices and their implementation will

assist in achieving an effective occupational health program. However, they may not be sufficient to achieve compliancewith all requirements of OSHA regulations.



September 1976

.4

I

7. Solubility mr water, g/100 g water at 20 C (68 F):0.35 to 0.63

8. Evaporation rate (butyl acetate = 1): Data notavailable

o Reactivity

1. Conditions contributing to instability: Heat2. Incompatibilities: Contact with strong oxidizers

may cause fires and explosions.3. Hazardous decomposition products: Toxic gases

and vapors (such as hydrogen chloride, phosgene, andcarbon monoxide) may be released in a fire involving1,2-dichloroethylene.

4. Special precautions: 1.2-Dichloroethylene willattack some forms of plastics, rubber, and coatings.

Flammability1. Flash point: 2.2 to 3.9 C (36 to 39 F) (closed cup)2. Autoignition temperature: 460 C (860 F) for trans-

I,2-dichloroethylene3. Flammable limits in air, % by volume: Lower: 9.7;

Upper: 12.84. Extinguishant: Dry chemical, foam, carbon diox-

ide- Warning propertiesMay reports an odor threshold of 0.085 ppm for dich-loroethylene. For the purposes of this guideline, 1.2-dichloroethylene is treated as a material with adequatewarning properties.1,2-Dichloroethylene is an eye irritant, according toGrant, but the concentrations at which irritation occursare not mentioned.

MONITORING AND MEASUREMENTPROCEDURES

* GeneralMeasurements to determine employee exposure are besttaken so that the average eight-hour exposure is basedon a single eight-hour sample or on two four-hoursamples. Several short-time interval samples (up to 30minutes) may also be used to determine the averageexposure level. Air samples should be taken in theemployee's breathing zone (air that would most nearlyrepresent that inhaled by the employee).- MethodSampling and analyses may be performed by collectionof I.2-dichloroethylene vapors using an adsorption tubewith subsequent desorption with carbon disulfide andgas chromatographic analysis. Also. detector tubes cer-tified by NIOSH under 42 CFR Part 84 or other direct-reading devices calibrated to measure 1.2-dichloroethv.lene may be used. An analytical method for l.2-dichlor-oethylene is in the NJOSH Manual of Analytical Meth-ods. 2nd Ed., Vol. 2. 1977. available from the Govern-ment Printing Office, Washington. D.C. 20402 (GPONo. 017-033-00260-6).

RESPIRATORS

* Good industrial hygiene practices recommend thatengineering controls be used to reduce environmentalconcentrations to the permissible exposure level. How-ever, there are some exceptions where respirators maybe used to control exposure. Respirators may be usedwhen engineering and work practice controls are nottechnically feasible, when such controls are in theprocess of being installed, or when they fail and need tobe supplemented. Respirators may also be used foroperations which require entry into tanks or closedvessels, and in emergency situations. If the use ofrespirators is necessary, the only respirators permittedare those that have been approved by the Mine Safetyand Health Administration (formerly Mining Enforce-ment and Safety Administration) or by the NationalInstitute for Occupational Safety and Health.* In addition to respirator selection, a complete respira-tory protection program should be instituted whichincludes regular training, maintenance, inspection,cleaning, and evaluation.


Employees should be provided with and required touse impervious clothing, gloves, face shields (eight-inchminimum), and other appropriate protective clothingnecessary to prevent repeated or prolonged skin contactwith liquid 1,2--dichloroethylene.o Clothing wet with liquid 1,2-dichloroethylene shouldbe placed in closed containers for storage until it can bediscarded or until provision is made for the removal of1,2-dichloroethylene from the clothing. If the clothingis to be laundered or otherwise cleaned to remove the1,2-dichloroethylene, the person performing the oper-ation should be informed of 1,2-dichloroethylene's haz-ardous properties.- Any clothing which becomes wet with liquid 1,2-dichloroethylene should be removed immediately andnot reworn until the 1,2-dichloroethylene is removedfrom the clothing.* Employees should be provided with and required touse splash-proof safety goggles where liquid 1,2-dich-loroethylene may contact the eyes.

SANITATION

a Skin that becomes wet with liquid 1,2-dichloroethy-lene should be promptly washed or showered with soapor mild detergent and water to remove any 1,2-dichlor-oethylene.


The following list includes some common operations inwhich exposure to 1,2-dichloroethylene may occur andcontrol methods which may be effective in each case:

2 1,2-DIchloroethylene Septombor 1978

LI,

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01

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jl

I

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Iii

Operation

Use as a low-temperature solvent forheat-sensitivesubstances in extractionof caffeine, perfumeoils, and fats from fleshof animals

Use in rubber and dyeindustries in extractionand application

Use as a direct solventin gums, waxes, oils,camphor, and phenol;use in solvent mixturesfor esters and etherderivatives, lacquers,resins, thermoplastics,and artificial fibers

Use in organicsynthesis for polymersand telomers

Use in miscellaneousapplications as liquiddry cleaning agent,cleaning solution forprinted circuit boards,food packagingadhesives, andgermicidal fumigants


In the event of an emergency, institute first aid proce-dures and send for first aid or medical assistance.

e Eye Exposure

If 1,2-dichloroethylene gets into the eyes, wash eyesimmediately with large amounts of water, lifting thelower and upper lids occasionally. If irritation is presentafter washing, get medical attention. Contact lensesshould not be worn when working with this chemical.- Skin ExposureIf 1,2-dichloroethylene gets on the skin, promptly washthe contaminated skin using soap or mild detergent andwater. If 1,2-dichloroethylene soaks through the cloth-ing, remove the clothing promptly and wash the skinusing soap or mild detergent and water. If irritationpersists after washing; get medical attention.e BreathingIf a person breathes in large amounts of 1,2-dichloroeth-ylene, move the exposed person to fresh air at once. Ifbreathing has stopped, perform artificial respiration.

Controls

Local exhaustventilation; generaldilution ventilation;personal protectiveequipment

Process enclosure;local exhaustventilation; personalprotective equipment

Local exhaustventilation generaldilution ventilation;personal protectiveequipment


General dilutionventilation; localexhaust ventilation;personal protectiveequipment

Septembmr 1978 1,2-Dlchloroethylene 3

Keep the affected person warm and at rest. Get medicalattention as soon as possible.- SwallowingWhen 1,2-dichloroethylene has been swallowed, getmedical attention immediately. If medical attention isnot immediately available, get the afflicted person tovomit by having him touch the back of his throat withhis finger or by giving him syrup of ipecac as directedon the package. This non-prescription drug is availableat most drug stores and drug counters and should bekept with emergency medical supplies in the workplace.Do not make an unconscious person vomit.

e Rescue

Move the affected person from the hazardous exposure.If the exposed person has been overcome, notify some-one else and put into effect the established emergencyrescue procedures. Do not become a casualty. Under-stand the facility's emergency rescue procedures andknow the locations of rescue equipment before the needarises.

SPILL, LEAK, AND DISPOSALPROCEDURES

* Persons not wearing protective equipment and cloth-ing should be restricted from areas of spills or leaks untilcleanup has been completed.

* If 1,2-dichloioethylene is spilled or leaked, the fol-lowing steps should be taken:

1. Remove all ignition sources.

2. Ventilate area of spill or leak.3. For small quantities, absorb on paper towels. Evapo-rate in a safe place (such as a fume hood). Allowsufficient time for evaporating vapors to completelyclear the hood ductwork. Burn the paper in a suitablelocation away from combustible materials. Large quan-

tities can be reclaimed or collected and atomized in asuitable combustion chamber equipped with an appro-priate effluent gas cleaning device. 1,2-Dichloroethy-lene should not be allowed to enter a confined space,such as a sewer, because of the possibility of an explo-sion. Sewers designed to preclude the formation ofexplosive concentrations of 1,2-dichloroethylenevapors are permitted.

* Waste disposal method:1,2-Dichloroethylene may be disposed of by atomizingin a suitable combustion chamber equipped with anappropriate effluent gas cleaning device.

REFERENCES

o American Conference of Governmental IndustrialHygienists: "1.2-Dichloroethylene," Documentation ofthe Threshold Limit Values for Substances in WorkroomAir (3rd ed., 2nd printing), Cincinnati, 1974.

- Christensen, H. E., and Luginbyhl, T. L. (eds.):NIOSH Toxic Substances List, 1974 Edition, HEWPublication No. 74-134, 1974.

* Deichmann, W. B., and Gerarde, H. W.: Toxicology ofDrugs and Chemicals, Academic Press, New York,1969.o Grant, W. M.: Toxicology of the Eye (2nd ed.), C. C.Thomas, Springfield, Illinois, 1974.

- International Labour Office: Encyclopedia of Occupa-tional Health and Safety, McGraw-Hill, New York,1971.- Kirk, R., and Othmer, D.: Encyclopedia of ChemicalTechnology (2nd ed.), Interscience, New York, 1968.o May, J.: "Solvent Odor Thresholds for the Evalua-tion of Solvent Odors in the Atmosphere," Staub-Reinhalt, 26:9, 385-389, 1966.

* Patty, F. A. (ed.): Toxicology, Vol. II of IndustrialHygiene and Toxicology (2nd ed. rev.), Interscience,New York, 1963.o Smyth, H. F., Jr.: "Improved Communication-Hy-gienic Standards for Daily Inhalation," American Indus-trial Hygiene Association Quarterly, 17:154, 1956.- Sax, N. I.: Dangerous Properties of Industrial Materials(3rd ed.), Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York, 1968.

e Stecher, P. G. (ed.): The Merck Index (8th ed.),Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey, 1968.o von Oettingen, W. F.: The Halogenated Aliphatic,

Olefinic. Cyclic, Aromatic, and Aliphatic-Aromatic Hy-drocarbons Including the Halogenated Insecticides. TheirToxicity and Potential Dangers, U.S. Public Health Serv-ice Publication No. 414, U.S. Government PrintingOffice, Washington, D.C., 1955.

£1C5UF;a

RESPIRATORY PROTECTION FOR 1,2-DICHLOROETHYLENE

Condition Minimum Respiratory Protection*Required Above 200 ppm

Vapor Concentration

1000 ppm or less A chemical cartridge respirator with a full facepiece and an organic vaporcartridge(s).

4000 ppm or less A gas mask with a chin-style or a front- or back-mounted organic vapor canister.

Any supplied-air respirator with a full facepiece, helmet, or hood.








iiciELci3a'U

01

4 1.2-Dichloroethyleno September 1978

Occupational Health Guideline forMethyl Chloride

INTRODUCTION

This guideline is intended as a source of information foremployees, employers, physicians, industrial hygienists,

and other occupational health professionals who mayhave a need for such information. It does not attempt to

present all data; rather, it presents pertinent information

and data in summary form.


- Formula: CH.Cl- Synonyms: Chloromethane

e Appearance and odor: Colorless gas with a faint,

sweet odor that is not noticeable at dangerous concen-

trations.


The current OSHA standard for methyl chloride is 100

parts of methyl chloride per million parts of air (ppm)averaged over an eight-hour work shift, with a ceilinglevel of 200 ppm and a maximum acceptable peak of 300

ppm for 5 minutes in any three-hour period. The

American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hy-

gienists has issued a Notice of Intended Changes of its

recommended Threshold Limit Value for methyl chlo-

ride from 100 ppm to 50 ppm.


* Routes of exposureMethyl chloride can affect the body if it is inhaled or ifit comes in contact with the eyes or skin.* Effects of overexposure1. Short-term Erposure Deaths have occurred follow-ing single severe or repeated prolonged moderate over-

exposure. Overexposure may cause dizziness, vomiting,abdominal pain, diarrhea, breathing difficulties, andunconsciousness. Convulsions and disturbances of

vision may occur. It may also damage the kidneys, liver,or blood. The symptoms of methyl chloride overexpo-

sure are usually delayed in onset. Frostbite may occurfrom contact with liquefied methyl chloride.2 Long-term Exposure: Repeated moderate or mildoverexposure may cause delayed (24 to 48 hours) onset

of dizziness, headache, mental confusion, slurredspeech, double vision, and sleepiness. Recovery fromthe effects of exposure to this chemical may be slow.

3. Reporting Signs and Symptoms: A physician should becontacted if anyone develops any signs or symptomsand suspects that they are caused by exposure to methylchloride.e Recommended medical surveillanceThe following medical procedures should be madeavailable to each employee who is exposed to methylchloride at potentially hazardous levels:1. Initial Medical Examination:

-A complete history and physical examination: The

purpose is to detect pre-existing conditions that mightplace the exposed employee at increased risk, and toestablish a baseline for future health monitoring. Exami-nation of the central nervous system, liver, and kidneysshould be stressed.2. Periodic Medical Examination: The aforementionedmedical examinations should be repeated on an annualbasis.- Summary of toxicologyMethyl chloride vapor is a narcotic and may cause atoxic encephalopathy. The LC50 for mice for 7-hourexposure was approximately 3000 ppm. At this concen-tration some species showed pulmonary edema withhemorrhage, moderate centrolobular necrosis of the

liver, and tubular damage in the kidney. At 500 ppm

repeated daily for 6 hours, there was response in some

species, while 300 ppm daily for 64 weeks produced nodetectable effects. Human fatalities have occurred froma single severe exposure or less severe prolonged expo-

sures. Severe but nonfatal poisoning in man is character-ized by a latent period of several hours, followed bydizziness, nausea, vomiting, double vision, weakness,paralysis, convulsions, and coma; renal or hepatic

These recommendations reflect good industrial hygiene and medical surveillance practices and their implementation willassist in achieving an effective occupational health program. However, they may not be sufficient to achieve compliance

with all requirements of OSHA regulations.

U.S. DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICESPublic Health Service Centers for Disease ControlNational Institute tor Occupational Safety and Health


September 1978 1

damage and anemia also occur. Some workers exposed

daily to concentrations averaging 195 to 475 ppmshowed delayed signs, including weakness, drowsiness,

staggering gait, slurred speech, lapses of memory, and

cyanosis. The onset is often insidious and may beconfused with mild viral illness; more severe intoxica-tion has been mistaken for viral encephalitis or heavy-metal poisoning. Effects may last for a long periodfollowing exposure. No effects were seen in otherworkers exposed to 15 to 195 ppm. Frostbite may resultfrom contact with the liquid.


o Physical data1. Molecular weight: 50.52. Boiling point (760 mm Hg): - 24,2 C (- 11.6 F)3. Specific gravity (water = 1): 0.92 (liquid)4. Vapor density (air = I at boiling point of methyl

chloride): 1.85. Melting point: - 97.6 C (- 144 F)6. Vapor pressure at 20 C (68 F): 4.8 atm.7. Solubility in water, g/100 g water at 20 C (68 F):

Insoluble8. Evaporation rate (butyl acetate = 1): Not applica-

bleo Reactivity

1. Conditions contributing to instability: Heat, espe-cially when in contact with water or metals such asaluminum, magnesium, and zinc.

2. Incompatibilities Contact with chemically activemetals such as potassium, powdered aluminum, magne-sium, and zinc will cause fires and explosions,

3. Hazardous decomposition products: Toxic gasesand vapors (such as hydrogen chloride and carbonmonoxide) may be released in a fire involving methylchloride.

4. Special precautions: Methyl chloride will attacksome forms of plastics, rubber, and coatings.o Flammability

1. Flash point: Not pertinent (gas)2. Autoignition temperature: 632 C (1170 F)3. Flammable limits in air, % by volume: Lower: 7.6;

Upper: 194. Extinguishant: Stop flow of gas.

* Warning propertiesMay reports an odor threshold of 10 ppm. However,Patty states that methyl chloride has no odor or otherwarning properties, and Jacobs states that methyl chlo-ride does not have adequate warning properties athigher concentrations.Methyl chloride is not an eye irritant, according toGrant, even in concentrations which are "dangerouslytoxic."


o Eight-Hour Exposure Evaluation

Measurements to determine employee exposure are besttaken so that the average eight-hour exposure is basedon a single eight-hour sample or on two four-hoursamples. Several short-time interval samples (up to 30minutes) may also be used to determine the averageexposure level. Air samples should be taken in theemployee's breathing zone (air that would most nearlyrepresent that inhalied by the employee).* Ceiling EvaluationMeasurements to determine employee ceiling exposureare best taken during periods of maximum expectedairborne concentrations of methyl chloride. Each mea-surement should consist of a fifteen (15) minute sampleor series of consecutive samples totalling fifteen (15)minutes in the employee's breathing zone (air thatwould most nearly represent that inhaled by the em-ployee). A minimum of three (3) measurements shouldbe taken on one work shift and the highest of allmeasurements taken is an estimate of the employee'sexposure.o Peak Above Ceiling EvaluationMeasurements to determine employee peak exposureshould be taken during periods of maximum expectedairborne concentration of methyl chloride. Each mea-surement should consist of a 5-minute sample or a seriesof consecutive samples totalling 5 minutes in the em-ployee's breathing zone (air that would most nearlyrepresent that inhaled by the employee). A minimum ofthree measurements should be taken on one work shiftand the highest of all measurements taken is an estimateof the employee's exposure.- MethodSampling and analyses may be performed by collectionof methyl chloride on activated carbon, followed bydesorption with methanol and gas chromatographicanalysis. Also, detector tubes certified by NIOSH under42 CFR Part 84 or other direct-reading devices calibrat-ed to measure methyl chloride may be used. An analyt-ical method for methyl chloride is in the NIOSHManual of Analytical Methods, 2nd Ed., Vol. 4, 1978,available from the Government Printing Office, Wash.ington. D.C. 20402 (GPO No. 017-033-00317-3).

RESPIRATORS

o Good industrial hygiene practices recommend thatengineering controls be used to reduce environmentalconcentrations to the permissible exposure level. How-ever, there are some exceptions where respirators maybe used to control exposure. Respirators may be usedwhen engineering and work practice controls are nottechnically feasible, when such controls are in theprocess of being installed, or when they fail and need to'be supplemented. Respirators may also be used foroperations which require entry into tanks or closedvessels, and in emergency situations. If the use ofrespirators is necessary, the only respirators permitted

2 Methyl Chloride

ErEs"

I

LiEl

UUrnEl

Septembor 1070

j

i

IOperation

Use in manufacture ofsilicone resins, andtetramethyl lead; use asa methylating andchlorinating agent; useas a dewaxing agent inpetroleum refining; useas a catalyst solvent inproduction of butylrubber

Use in synthesis of avariety of othercompounds; as anextractant for greases,oils, and resins

Uberation during use asa foaming agent inproduction of plastics;in the manufacture andapplication ofpesticides,pharmaceuticals, andperfumes; as apropellant in aerosols;and use as a refrigerant

Controls




are those that have been approved by the Mine Safetyand Health Administration (formerly Mining Enforce-

ment and Safety Administration) or by the NationalInstitute for Occupational Safety and Health.

e In addition to respirator selection, a complete respira-tory protection program should be instituted whichincludes regular training, maintenance, inspection,cleaning, and evaluation.


e Employees should be provided with and required touse impervious clothing, gloves, face shields (eight-inchminimum), and other appropriate protective clothingnecessary to prevent the skin from becoming wet withliquid methyl chloride or from becoming frozen fromcontact with vessels containing methyl chloride.

* Any clothing which becomes wet with liquid methylchloride should be removed immediately and notreworn until the methyl chloride has evaporated.

- Employees should be provided with and required touse splash-proof safety goggles where liquid methyl

chloride may contact the eyes.


The following list includes some common operations in

which exposure to methyl chloride may occur andcontrol methods which may be effective in each case:

Methyl Chloride 3

/


In the event of an emergency, institute first aid proce-dures and send for first aid or medical assistance.

* Eye ExposureIf liquefied methyl chloride gets into the eyes, washeyes immediately with large amounts of water. Getmedical attention immediately. Contact lenses shouldnot be worn when working with this chemical.* Skin ExposureIf liquefied methyl chloride gets on the skin, immediate-ly flush the contaminated skin using soap or milddetergent and water if the methyl chloride has notalready evaporated. If liquefied methyl chloride soaksthrough the clothing, remove the clothing immediatelyand flush the skin using soap or mild detergent andwater. Do not use hot water for skin flushing. Ifirritation persists after washing, get medical attention.e BreathingIf a person breathes in large amounts of methyl chlo-ride, move the exposed person to fresh air at once. Ifbreathing has stopped, perform artificial respiration.Keep the affected person warm and at rest. Get medicalattention as soon as possible.o RescueMove the affected person from the hazardous exposure.If the exposed person has been overcome, notify some-one else and put into effect the established emergencyrescue procedures. Do not become a casualty. Under-stand the facility's emergency rescue procedures andknow the locations of rescue equipment before the needarises.

LEAK AND DISPOSAL PROCEDURES

* Persons not wearing protective equipment and cloth-ing should be restricted from areas of leaks until cleanuphas been completed.- If methyl chloride is leaked, the following stepsshould be taken:1. Remove all ignition sources.2. Ventilate area of leak.3. Stop flow of gas.& Waste disposal method:Methyl chloride may be disposed of by burning in asuitable combustion chamber equipped with an appro-priate effluent gas cleaning device.

REFERENCES

- American Conference of Governmental IndustrialHygienists: "Methyl Chloride," Documentation of the

Threshold Limit Values for Substances in Workroom Air(3rd ed., 2nd printing), Cincinnati, 1974.- American Industrial Hygiene Association: "MethylChloride," Hygienic Guide Series, Detroit, Michigan,1961.- Ansul Chemical Company: Physical Effects of Methyl

September 1978

Chloride.* Browning, E.: Toxicity and Metabolism of Industrial

Solvents, Elsevier, New York, 1965.- Christensen, H. E., and Luginbyhl, T. L. (eds.):NIOSH Toxic Substances List, 1974 Edition, HEWPublication No. 74-134, 1974.o Grant, W. M.: Toxicology of the Eye (2nd ed.), C. C.Thomas, Springfield, Illinois, 1974.

o Jacobs, M.: The Analytical Chemistry of IndustrialPoisons, Hazards, and Solvents, Interscience, New York,

1956.* MacDonald, J. D. C.: "Methyl Chloride Intoxica-tion," Journal of Occupational Medicine, 6:81-84, 1964.

* Manufacturing Chemists Association, Inc.: Chemical

Safety Data Sheet SD-40, Methyl Chloride, Washington,D.C., 1970.

o May, J.: "Solvent Odor Thresholds for the Evalua-tion of Solvent Odors in the Atmosphere," Staub-Reinhalt, 26:9, 385-389, 1966.o Patty, F. A. (ed.): Toxicology, Vol. II of Industrial

Hygiene and Toxicology (2nd ed. rev.), Interscience,New York, 1963.o Sax, N. I.: Dangerous Properties of Industrial Materials

(3rd ed.), Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York, 1968.

a Scharnweber, H. C., et al.: "Chronic Methyl Chlo-ride Intoxication in Six Industrial Workers," Journal ofOccupational Medicine, 16:112-113, 1974.a von Oettingen, W. F.: Poisoning: A Guide to ClinicalDiagnosis and Treatment (2nd ed.), Saunders, Philadel-phia, 1958.

01

13

U3UC

RESPIRATORY PROTECTION FOR METHYL CHLORIDE


Vapor Concentration

1000 ppm or less Any supplied-air respirator.


5000 ppm or less Any supplied-air respirator with a full facepiece, helmet or hood.


10,000 ppm or less A Type C supplied-air respirator operated in pressure-demand or other positivepressure or continuous-flow mode.

Greater than 10,000 ppm or Self-contained breathing apparatus with a full facepiece operated in pressure-entry and escape from demand or other positive pressure mode.unknown concentrations



Escape Any escape self-contained breathing apparatus.

2U47QULiIi'


4 Methyl Chlorido soptombor 1970

Occupational Health Guideline forMethyl Chloroform

INTRODUCTION



" Formula: CH.CCI." Synonyms: 1,1,1-trichloroethane; 1,1,1-trichloroeth-ane, stabilized* Appearance and odor: Colorless liquid with a mildodor, like chloroform.


The current OSHA standard for methyl chloroform is350 parts of methyl chloroform per million parts of air(ppm) averaged over an eight-hour work shift. Thismay also be expressed as 1910 milligrams of methylchloroform per cubic meter of air (mg/m). NIOSH hasrecommended that the permissible exposure limit bechanged to a ceiling of 350 ppm (1910 mg/m') averagedover a 15-minute period. The NIOSH Criteria Docu-ment for 1,1,1-Trichloroethane should be consulted formore detailed information.


- Routes of exposureMethyl chloroform can affect the body if it is inhaled orif it comes in contact with the eyes or skin. It can alsoaffect the body if it is swallowed.* Effects of overexposure1. Short-term Exposure Exposure to methyl chloroformvapor may cause headache, dizziness, drowsiness, un-consciousness, irregular heart beat, and death. Methylchloroform liquid splashed in the eyes may cause irrita-tion.

2. Long-term Exposure: Prolonged or repeated skin con-tact with liquid methyl chloroform may cause irritationof the skin. Reproductive abnormalities have beennoted in studies of animals exposed to high concentra-tions of methyl chloroform.3. Reporting Signs and Symptoms: A physician should becontacted if anyone develops any signs or symptomsand suspects that they are caused by exposure to methylchloroform.* Recommended medical surveillanceThe following medical procedures should be madeavailable to each employee who is exposed to methylchloroform at potentially hazardous levels:1. Initial Medical Examination:

-A complete history and physical examination: Thepurpose is to detect pre-existing conditions that mightplace the employee at increased risk, and to establish abaseline for future health monitoring. Examination ofthe skin, liver, and cardiovascular system should bestressed. The physician should be made aware of anyadverse reproductive effects in workers exposed tomethyl chloroform.

-Skin disease: Methyl chloroform can cause derma-titis on prolonged exposure. Persons with pre-existingskin disorders may be more susceptible to the effects ofthis agent.

-Liver disease: At high concentrations, methyl chlo-roform causes liver changes in animals, which justifiesconsideration of the possible consequences before ex-posing persons with impaired liver function.

-Cardiovascular disease: In persons with impairedcardiovascular function, especially those with a historyof cardiac arrhythmias, the inhalation of methyl chloro-form might cause exacerbation of disorders of theconduction mechanism due to its sensitizing effects onthe myocardium.

-Medical warning: Workers should be providedwith information advising.them of studies in whichcongenital abnormalities were found following expo-sure of animals to high concentrations of methyl chloro-



US. DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICESPublic Health Service Centers for Disease ControlNational Institute for Occupational Safety and Health


September 1978

I

1

form. The physician should be made aware of anyreproductive abnormalities in workers.2. Periodic Medical Examination:The aforementionedmedical examinations should be repeated on an annualbasis.* Summary of toxicologyMethyl chloroform vapor is a narcotic. Repeated expo-sure of animals to concentrations of 1000 to 10,000 ppmcaused liver and lung changes in some species. In dogs,cardiac sensitization to epinephrine occurred at concen-trations of 5000 to 10,000 ppm. A number of humanfatalities related to industrial exposure in closed spaceshave been reported. A 5-minute exposure to 5000 ppmcan be expected to produce marked incoordination andanesthesia. Prolonged exposure at this concentrationmay cause coma and death. Exposure to concentrationsin excess of 1000 ppm for 15 minutes, or 2000 ppm for 5minutes, can be expected to produce a disturbance ofequilibrium in the majority of adults. Above 1700 ppm,minor disturbances of equilibrium have been observed,with complaints of headache and lassitude. In con-trolled human exposures to 500 ppm no effects otherthan slight, transient eye irritation were noted; at 1000ppm and above, mild eye irritation was experienced byall subjects, and some became dizzy. Following expo-sure, most of the compound is eliminated unchanged viathe lungs within 48 hours. When placed into the rabbiteye, the liquid caused conjunctival irritation but nocorneal damage. Dermatitis may result from repeatedskin contact with the liquid.


e Physical data1. Molecular weight: 133.42. Boiling point (760 mm Hg): 74 C (165 F)3. Specific gravity (water = 1): 1.334. Vapor density (air = 1 at boiling point of methyl

chloroform): 4.555. Melting point: -38 C (-36 F)6. Vapor pressure at 20 C (68 F): 100 mm Hg7. Solubility in water, g/100 g water at 20 C (68 F):

0.07 I

8. Evaporation rate (butyl acetate = 1): 12.8Reactivity1. Conditions contributing to instability: Heat.2. Incompatibilities: Contact with strong caustics,

strong oxidizers, and chemically active metals such asaluminum and magnesium powders, or sodium andpotassium may cause fires and explosions.

3. Hazardous decomposition products: Toxic gasesand vapors (such as hydrogen chloride, phosgene, andcarbon monoxide) may be released in a fire involvingmethyl chloroform.

4. Special precautions: Liquid methyl chloroformwill attack some forms of plastics, rubber, and coatings.o Flammability

1. Flash point: None in normal test method.2. Autoignition temperature: 500 C (932 F)

3. Flammable limits in air, % by volume: (At elevat-ed temperature and pressure) Lower: 7; Upper: 16

4. Extinguishant: Foam, dry chemical, carbon diox-ide

Warning propert ies1. Odor Threshold: The AIHA Hygienic Guide states

that the odor threshold of methyl chloroform mayrange from 20 to 100 ppm. Both May and Summer give400 ppm as the odor threshold, however.

2. Eye Irritation Level: The Hygienic Guide statesthat "in controlled human exposures to 500 ppm noeffects other than slight, transient eye irritation werenoted, but at 1000 ppm and above, mild eye irritationwas experienced by all subjects."

3. Evaluation o? Warning Properties: Since the odorthreshold of methyl chloroform is near or below thepermissible exposure limit, and since eye irritationoccurs at a concentration only twice the permissibleexposure limit, methyl chloroform is treated as a materi-al with adequate warning properties.


- Eight-Hour Exposure EvaluationMeasurements to determine employee exposure are besttaken so that the average eight-hour exposure is basedon a single eight-hour sample or on two four-hoursamples. Several short-time interval samples (up to 30minutes) may also be used to determine the averageexposure level. Air samples should be taken in theemployee's breathing zone (air that would most nearlyrepresent that inhaled by the employee).o Ceiling EvaluationMeasurements to determine employee ceiling exposureare best taken during periods of maximum expectedairborne concentrations of methyl chloroform. Eachmeasurement should consist of a fifteen (15) minutesample or series of consecutive samples totalling fifteen(15) minutes in the employee's breathing zone (air thatwould most nearly represent that inhaled by the em-ployee). A minimum of three (3) measurements shouldbe taken on one work shift and the highest of allmeasurements taken is an estimate of the employee'sexposure.* MethodSampling and analyses may be performed by collectionof vapors using an adsorption tube with subsequentdesorption with carbon disulfide and gas chromatogra-phic analysis. Also, detector tubes certified by NIOSHunder 42 CFR Part 84 or other direct-reading devicescalibrated to measure methyl chloroform may be used.An analytical method for methyl chloroform is in theNIOSH Manual of Analytical Methods. 2nd Ed., Vol. 3,1977, available from the Government Printing Office,Washington, D.C. 20402 (GPO No. 017-033-00261-4).

2 Methyl Chloroform

. 1

Soptember 1973

RESPIRATORS

- Good industrial hygiene practices recommend that

engineering controls be used to reduce environmental

concentrations to the permissible exposure level. How-

ever, there are some exceptions where respirators may

be used to control exposure. Respirators may be used

when engineering and work practice controls are not

technically feasible, when such controls are in the

process of being installed, or when they fail and need to

be supplemented. Respirators may also be used for

operations which require entry into tanks or closed

vessels, and in emergency situations. If the use of

respirators is necessary, the only respirators permitted

are those that have been approved by the Mine Safety

and Health Administration (formerly Mining Enforce-

ment and Safety Administration) or by the National

Institute for Occupational Safety and Health.

- In addition to respirator selection, a complete respira-

tory protection program should be instituted which

includes regular training, maintenance, inspection,cleaning, and evaluation.


- Employees should be provided with and required to

use impervious clothing, gloves, face shields (eight-inch

minimum), and other appropriate protective clothing

necessary to prevent repeated or prolonged skin contact

with liquid methyl chloroform.a Non-impervious clothing which becomes wet with

liquid methyl chloroform should be removed promptlyand not reworn until the methyl chloroform is removedfrom the clothing.* Employees should be provided with and required touse splash-proof safety goggles where liquid methylchloroform may contact the eyes.

SANITATION

- Skin that becomes wet with liquid methyl chloroformshould be promptly washed or showered to remove anymethyl chloroform.


The following list includes some common operations inwhich exposure to methyl chloroform may occur andcontrol methods which may be effective in each case:

Operation

Use as solvent in coldcleaning of metals, andplastics; in vapordegreasing; inultrasonic cleaning; indyeing and cleaning offabrics and yarns

Use in organicsynthesis in polymermanufacture; as primaryand carrier solvent inspot cleaners,adhesives, shoepolishes, stainrepellants, hair sprays,Mace, insecticides,resins, inks, lubricants,protective coatings,asphalt extraction, andwaste water treatment:use in aerosolmanufacture aspressure depressant

Use as coolant andlubricant in cutting oilson metals: use duringprinted circuit boardsproduction; liquid Dranoproduction andphotographic filmprocessing

Controls


Process enclosure;local exhaust ventilation



In the event of an emergency, institute first aid proce-dures and send for first aid or medical assistance.e Eye ExposureIf methyl chloroform gets into the eyes, wash eyesimmediately with large amounts of water, lifting thelower and upper lids occasionally. If irritation is presentafter washing, get medical attention. Contact lensesshould not be worn when working with this chemical.

+ Skin ExposureIf methyl chloroform gets on the skin, promptly washthe contaminated skin using soap or mild detergent andwater. If methyl chloroform soaks through the cloth-ing, remove the clothing promptly and wash the skinusing soap or mild detergent and water. If irritationpersists after washing, get medical attention.- BreathingIf a person breathes in large amounts of methyl chloro-form, move the exposed person to fresh air at once. Ifbreathing has stopped, perform artificial respiration.Keep the affected person warm and at rest. Get medicalattention as soon as possible.

Methyl Chloroform 3September 1978

o SwallowingWhen methyl chloroform has been swallowed, getmedical attention immediately. If medical attention isnot immediately available, get the afflicted person tovomit by having him touch the back of his throat withhis finger or by giving him syrup of ipecac as directedon the package. This non-prescription drug is availableat most drug stores and drug counters and should bekept with emergency medical supplies in the workplace.Do not make an unconscious person vomit.o RescueMove the affected person from the hazardous exposure.If the exposed person has been overcome, notify some-one else and put into effect the established emergencyrescue procedures. Do not become a casualty. Under-stand the facility's emergency rescue procedures andknow the locations of rescue equipment before the needarises.


o Persons not wearing protective equipment and cloth-ing should be restricted from areas of spills or leaks untilcleanup has been completed.- If methyl chloroform is spilled or leaked, the follow-ing steps should be taken:1. Ventilate area of spill or leak.2. Collect for reclamation or absorb in vermiculite, drysand, earth, or a similar material.- Waste disposal method:Methyl chloroform may be disposed of by absorbing itin vermiculite, dry sand, earth or a similar material anddisposing in a secured sanitary landfill.

REFERENCES

o American Conference of Governmental IndustrialHygienists: "Methyl Chloroform," Documentation ofthe Threshold Limit Values for Substances in WorkroomAir (3rd ed., 2nd printing), Cincinnati, 1974.

* American Industrial Hygiene Association: "1,1,1-Trichloroethane (Methyl Chloroform)," Hygienic Guide

Series, Detroit, Michigan, 1961.o Browning, E.: Toxicity and Metabolism of Industrial

Sohents, Elsevier, New York, 1965.- Deichmann, W, B., and Gerarde, H. W.: Toxicology of

Drugs and Chemicals, Academic Press, New York,1969.o Ethyl Corporation: Material Safety Data Sheet -Methyl Chlorqform, Baton Rouge, Louisiana.

* Grant, W. M.: Toxicology of the Eye (2nd ed.), C. C.Thomas, Springfield, Illinois, 1974.* Manufacturing Chemists Association, Inc.: ChemicalSafety Data Sheet SD-9, Methyl Chloroform,

WashingtonD.C., 1974.o May, J.: "Solvent Odor Thresholds for the Evalua-tion of Solvent Odors in the Atmosphere," Staub-Reinhalt, 26:9, 385-389, 1966.o National Institute for Occupational Safety andHealth, U.S. Department of Health, Education, andWelfare: Criteria for a Recommended Standard ....

Occupational Exposure to l,1.J-Trichloroethane, HEWPublication No. (NIOSH) 76-184, U.S. GovernmentPrinting Office, Washington, D.C., 1976.

o Patty, F. A. (ed.): Toxicology, Vol. II of IndustrialHygiene and Toxicology (2nd ed. rev.), Interscience,

New York, 1963.a Reinhardt, C. F., et al.: "Epinephrine-Induced Cardi-ac Arrhythmia Potential of Some Common IndustrialSolvents," Journal of Occupational Medicine, 15:953-955,1973.o Sax, N. I.: Dangerous Properties of Industrial Materials(3rd ed.), Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York, 1968.o Stewart, R. D.: "Methyl Chloroform Intoxication,"Journal of the American Medical Association, 215:1789-1792, March 15, 1971.- Summer, W.: Odor Pollution of Air: Causes andControl, L. Hill, London, 1975.

o "1,1,1-Trichloroethane: Emergency ExposureLimits," American Industrial Hygient Association Jour-

nal, 25:585-586, 1964.

4 Methyl Chloroform

LIrici

IiIin

£1September 1978

RESPIRATORY PROTECTION FOR METHYL CHLOROFORM


Vapor Concentration

500 ppm or less Any chemical cartridge respirator with an organic vapor cartridge(s).

Any supplied-air respirator.


1000 ppm or less A chemical cartridge respirator with a full facepiece and an organic vaporcartridge(s).

A gas mask with a chin-style or a front- or back-mounted organic vapor canister.









5

Occupational Health Guideline forToluene

I

I

II|'I

U

INTRODUCTION



* Formula: C.H.CH,* Synonyms: Toluol; phenylmethane; methylbenzene- Appearance and odor: Colorless liquid with an aro-matic odor, like benzene.


The current OSHA standard for toluene is 200 parts oftoluene per million parts of air (ppm) averaged over aneight-hour work shift, and during any such work shift,300 ppm toluene may not be exceeded except that apeak of 500 ppm toluene is permitted for 10 minutesduring the eight-hour work shift. NIOSH has recom-mended that the permissible exposure limit be reducedto 100 ppm toluene averaged over an eight-hour workshift with a ceiling level of 200 ppm averaged over aten-minute period. The NIOSH Criteria Document forToluene should be consulted for more detailed informa-tion.


P Routes of exposureToluene can affect the body if it is inhaled, if it comes incontact with the eyes or skin, or if it is swallowed. Itmay enter the body through the skin.* Effects of overexposure1. Short-term Exposure: Toluene may cause irritation ofthe eyes, respiratory tract, and skin. It may also causefatigue, weakness, confusion, headache, dizziness, anddrowsiness. Peculiar skin sensation may be produced





September 1978

such as a "pins and needles feeling" or numbness. Veryhigh concentrations may cause unconsciousness anddeath. The liquid splashed in the eye may cause irrita-tion and temporary damage. Inhalation may also causedifficulty in seeing in bright light. If liquid toluene issplashed in the eyes, it will cause temporary irritation.2. Long-term Exposure: Repeated or prolonged expo-sure to liquid toluene may cause drying and cracking ofthe skin.3. Reporting Signs and Symptoms: A physician should becontacted if anyone develops any signs or symptomsand suspects that they are caused by exposure totoluene.. Recommended medical surveillanceThe following medical procedures should be madeavailable to each employee who is exposed to toluene atpotentially hazardous levels:1. Initial Medical Examination:

-A complete history and physical examination: Thepurpose is to detect pre-existing conditions that mightplace the exposed employee at increased risk, and toestablish a baseline for future health monitoring. Exani-nation of the central nervous system, liver and kidneysshould be stressed. The skin should be examined forevidence of chronic disorders.

-Urinalysis: Since proper kidney function is neces-sary for biologic monitoring, a urinalysis should beobtained to include at a minimum specific gravity,albumin, glucose, and a microscopic on centrifugedsediment. The urine should be analyzed for hippuricacid to obtain a background level.2. Periodic Medical Eramination: The aforementionedmedical examinations should be repeated on an annualbasis. Hippuric acid level in urine may be an indicator ofthe level of toluene exposure.* Summary of toxicologyToluene vapor causes narcosis. Controlled exposure ofhuman subjects to 200 ppm for 8 hours produced mildfatigue, weakness, confusion, lacrimation, and paresthe-sia; at 600 ppm for 8 hours there were also euphoria,headache, dizziness, dilated pupils and nausea; at B00

1

ppm for 8 hours, symptoms were more pronounced, andafter-effects included nervousness, muscular fatigue,and insomnia persisting for several days. Severe butreversible liver and kidney injury occurred in a personwho was a glue-sniffer for 3 years; the chief componentof the inhaled solvent was toluene (80% V/V); otheringredients were not listed. In workers exposed formany years to concentrations in the range of 80 to 300ppm, there was no clinical or laboratory evidence ofaltered liver function. Toluene exposure does not resultin the hematopoietic effects caused by benzene; themylotoxic effects previously attributed to toluene arejudged by more recent investigations to be the result ofconcurrent exposure to benzene present as a contami-nant in the commercial toluene used. Most of thetoluene absorbed from inhalation is metabolized tobenzoic acid, conjugated with glycine in the liver toform hippuric acid, and excreted in the urine; theaverage amount of hippuric acid excreted in the urineby individuals not exposed to toluene is approximately0.7 to 1.0 g/l of urine. The liquid splashed in the eyes oftwo workers caused transient corneal damage and con-junctival irritation; complete recovery occurred within48 hours. Repeated or prolonged skin contact withliquid toluene has a defatting action, causing drying,fissuring, and dermatitis.


o Physical data1. Molecular weight: 92.12. Boiling point (760 mm Hg): I 1 I C (231 F)3. Specific gravity (water = 1): 0.864. Vapor density (air = I at boiling point of toluene):

3.145. Melting point: -95 C (- 139 F)6. Vapor pressure at 20 C (68 F): 22 mm Hg7. Solubility in water, g/100 g water at 20 C (68 F):

0.058. Evaporation rate (butyl acetate = 1): 2.24

o Reactivity1. Conditions contributing to instability: Containers

may burst at elevated temperatures.2. Incompatibilities: Contact with strong oxidizers

may cause fires and explosions.3. Hazardous decomposition products: Toxic gases

and vapors (such as carbon dioxide and carbon monox-ide) may be released in a fire involving toluene.

4. Special precautions: Toluene will attack someforms of plastics, rubber, and coatings.o Flammability

1. Flash point: 4 C (40 F) (closed cup)2. Autoignition temperature: 480 C (896 F)3. Flammable limits in air, % by volume: Lower:

1.27; Upper: 7.14. Extinguishant: Carbon dioxide, dry chemical,

foamo Warning properties

1. Odor Threshold: The American National Stand-

ards Institute (ANSI) states that "the odor of toluene isdetectable by most people at concentrations in the range

of 10 to 15 ppm. The odor has little value as a warning

property."Patty points out that olfactory fatigue occurs rapidly

upon exposure to toluene.2. Eye Irritation Level: Grant states that "the vapors

of toluene cause noticeable sensation of irritation to

human eyes at 3C0 to 400 ppm in air, but even at 800

ppm irritation is slight."ANSI reports that "irritation of eyes, mucous mem-

branes, and upper respiratory tract may occur while

workers are exposed to low concentrations of toluene.

There is a considerable range of variation (100 to 500ppm) between individuals, some finding any concentra-

tion of toluene objectionable. Commercial grades oftoluene vary in irritant properties."

3. Evaluation of Warning Properties: Because of its

irritant effects, to] uene is judged to have good warning

properties.


* Eight-Hour Exposure EvaluationMeasurements to determine employee exposure are best

taken so that the average eight-hour exposure is based

on a single eight-hour sample or on two four-hour

samples. Several short-time interval samples (up to 30minutes) may also be used to determine the average

exposure level. Air samples should be taken in theemployee's breathing zone (air that would most nearly

represent that inhaled by the employee).- Ceiling EvaluationMeasurements to determine employee ceiling exposureare best taken during periods of maximum expected

airborne concentrations of toluene. Each measurementshould consist of a ten (10) minute sample or series ofconsecutive samples totalling ten (10) minutes in the

employee's breathing zone (air that would most nearly

represent that inhaled by the employee). A minimum of

three (3) measurements should be taken on one workshift and the highest of all measurements taken is anestimate of the employee's exposure.o Peak Above Ceiling EvaluationMeasurements to determine employee peak exposure

should be taken during periods of maximum expectedairborne concentration of toluene. Each measurementshould consist of a 10-minute sample or a series ofconsecutive samples totalling 10 minutes in the employ-ee's breathing zone (air that would most nearly repre-

sent that inhaled by the employee). A minimum of threemeasurement; should be taken on one work shift and

the highest of all measurements taken is an estimate ofthe employee's exposure.* MethodSampling and analyses may be performed by collectionof vapors using an adsorption tube with a subsequent

desorption of toluene with carbon disulfide and gas

September 1979

B'2 Toluene

chromatographic analysis. Also. detect or tubes certifiedby NIOSH under 42 CFR Part 84 or other direct-

reading devices calibrated to measure toluene may beused. An analytical method for toluene is in the NIOSIHManual of Analytical Methods, 2nd Ed., Vol, 3, 1977,available from the Government Printing Office, Wash-

ington. D.C. 20402 (GPO No. 017-033-00261-4).

Methods for Set V" (order number PB 262 524).

RESPIRATORS

- Good industrial hygiene practices recommend that

engineering controls be used to reduce environmental

concentrations to the permissible exposure level. How-

ever, there are some exceptions where respirators may

be used to control exposure. Respirators may be used

when engineering and work practice controls are not

technically feasible, when such controls are in the

process of being installed, or when they fail and need tobe supplemented. Respirators may also be used for

operations which require entry into tanks or closedvessels, and in emergency situations. If the use of

respirators is necessary, the only respirators permittedare those that have been approved by the Mine Safety

and Health Administration (formerly Mining Enforce-ment and Safety Administration) or by the NationalInstitute for Occupational Safety and Health.- In addition to respirator selection, a complete respira-tory protection program should be instituted whichincludes regular training, maintenance, inspection,cleaning, and evaluation.


- Employees should be provided with and required touse impervious clothing, gloves, face shields (eight-inchminimum), and other appropriate protective clothingnecessary to prevent repeated or prolonged skin contactwith liquid toluene.* Any clothing which becomes wet with liquid tolueneshould be removed immediately and not reworn untilthe toluene is removed from the clothing.- Clothing wet with toluene should be placed in closedcontainers for storage until it can be discarded or untilprovision is made for the removal of toluene from theclothing. If the clothing is to be laundered or otherwisecleaned to remove the toluene, the person performingthe operation should be informed of toluene's hazardousproperties.

e Employees should be provided with and required touse splash-proof safety goggles where liquid toluenemay contact the eyes.

* Where there is any possibility that employees' eyesmay be exposed to toluene, an eye-wash fountain shouldbe provided within the immediate work area for emer-gency use.

SANITATION- Skin that becomes wet with liquid toluene should bepromptly washed or showered with soap or mild deter-gent and water to remove any toluene.- Employees who handle liquid toluene should washtheir hands thoroughly with soap or mild detergent andwater before eating or smoking.


The following list includes some common operations inwhich exposure to toluene may occur and controlmethods which may be effective in each case:

Operation

Use as a solvent inpharmaceutical,chemical, rubber, andplastics industries; as athinner for paints,lacquer, coatings, anddyes; as a paintremover: insecticides

Use as starting materialand intermediate inorganic chemical andchemical synthesisindustries

Use in manufacture ofartificial leather; fabricand paper coatings;photogravure inkproduction; spraysurface coating; as adiluent (cellulose esterlacquers)

Use as constituent informulation ofautomotive and aviationfuels

Controls

Process enclosure;general dilutionventilation; localexhaust ventilation;personal protectiveequipment



Process enclosuregeneral dilutionventilation; localexhaust ventilation;personal protectiveequipment


In the event of an emergency, institute first aid proce-dures and send for first aid or medical assistance.- Eye ExposureIf liquid toluene gets into the eyes, wash eyes immedi-ately with large amounts of water, lifting the lower andupper lids occasionally. If irritation is present afterwashing, get medical attention. Contact lenses shouldnot be worn when working with this chemical.- Skin ExposureIf liquid toluene gets on the skin, promptly wash thecontaminated skin using soap or mild detergent and

September 1978 Toluene 3

water. If liquid toluene soaks through the clothing,remove the clothing immediately and wash the skin

using soap or mild detergent and water. If irritationpersists after washing,'get medical attention.o BreathingIf a person breathes in large amounts of toluene, movethe exposed person to fresh air at once. If breathing hasstopped, perform artificial respiration. Keep the affect-ed person warm and at rest Get medical attention assoon as possible.- SwallowingWhen toluene has been swallowed, get medical atten-

tion immediately. Do not attempt to make the exposedperson vomit.* RescueMove the affected person from the hazardous exposure.If the exposed person has been overcome, notify some-one else and put into effect the established emergencyrescue procedures. Do not become a casualty. Under-stand the facility's emergency rescue procedures and

know the locations of rescue equipment before the need

arises.


o Persons not wearing protective equipment and cloth-ing should be restricted from areas of spills or leaks untilcleanup has been completed.* If toluene is spilled or leaked, the following stepsshould be taken:1. Remove all ignition sources.2. Ventilate area of spill or leak.3. For small quantities, absorb on paper towels. Evapo-rate in a safe place (such as a fume hood). Allowsufficient time for evaporating vapors to completelyclear the hood ductwork. Burn the paper in a suitablelocation away from combustible materials. Large quan-tities can be reclaimed or collected and atomized in asuitable combustion chamber. Toluene should not beallowed to enter a confined space, such as a sewer,because of the possibility of an explosion. Sewers de-signed to preclude the formation of explosive concen-trations of toluene vapors are permitted.* Waste disposal method:Toluene may be disposed of by atomizing in a suitablecombustion chamber.

ADDITIONAL INFORMATION

To find additional information on toluene, look uptoluene in the following documents:* Medical Surveillance for Chemical Hazards

Respiratory Protection for Chemical Hazardso Personal Protection and Sanitation for ChemicalHazardsa NIOSH Criteria Document for Toluene (July 1973)

SThese documents are available through the NIOSH

Division of Technical Services, 4676 Columbia Park-

way, Cincinnati, Ohio 45226.

REFERENCES

- American Conference of Governmental Industrial

Hygienists: "Toluene," Documentation of the Threshold

Limit Values for Substances in Workroom Air (3rd ed.,

2nd printing), Cincinnati, 1974.

a American Industrial Hygiene Association: "To-

luene," Hygienic Guide Series, Detroit, Michigan, 1957.

o American National Standard Acceptable Concentra-

tions - Toluene: A NSI-Z37.12-1974, American National

Standards Institute, Inc., New York, 1974.

- American Petroleum Institute: "Toluene," API Toxi-

cological Reviews, New York, 1960.

o Christensen, H. E., and Luginbyhl, T. L. (eds.):

NIOSH Toxic Substances List, 1974 Edition, HEW

Publication No. 74-134, 1974.

o Dow Chemical Company: Material Safety Data Sheet

- Toluene, Midland, Michigan, 1972.

o Grant, W. M.: Toxicology of the Eye (2nd ed.), C. C.Thomas, Springfield, Illinois, 1974.

* International Labour Office: Encyclopedia of Occupa-

tional Health and Safety, McGraw-Hill, New York,

1971.o National Institute for Occupational Safety and

Health, U.S. Department of Health, Education, and

Welfare: Criteria for a Recommended Standard ....

Occupational Exposure to Toluene, HEW Publication

No. HSM 73-11023, GPO No. 017-033-00019. U.S.Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C., 1973.

o "Occupational Exposure to Toluene," Federal Regis-

ter, 40:4620646219, October 6, 1975.- Patty, F. A. (ed.): Toxicology, Vol. II of Industrial

Hygiene and Toxicology (2nd ed. rev.), Interscience,

New York, 1963.o Sax, N. I.: Dangerous Properties of Industrial Materials

(3rd ed.), Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York, 1968.

a Union Carbide Corporation, Industrial Medicine and

Toxicology Department: Toxicology Studies - Toluene,

New York, 1970.

Soptombor 1970

Ii2ElLI4 Toluene

RESPIRATORY PROTECTION FOR TOLUENE


Vapor Concentration

500 ppm or less Any chemical cartridge respirator with an organic vapor cartridge(s).

Any supplied-air respirator.


1000 ppm or less A chemical cartridge respirator with a full lacepiece and an organic vaporcartridge(s).

2000 ppm or less A gas mask with a chin-style or a front- or back-mounted organic vapor canister.



Greater than 2000 ppm or Self-contained breathing apparatus with a lull tacepiece operated in pressure-entry and escape from demand or other positive pressure mode.unknown concentrations





'Only NIOSH-approved or MSHA-approved equipment should be used.

5

II3)

Pace: IDottion I - u' DisHlav

HNARDOUS SUiS TANCES DPTPPNkN* ER- S

LAST R2EViO DTE - DATE

p-rECORD LENE.TH -RLEN

LAST EDIT' LAST RELEASEDATE CREATED

ViEW DATE - RVDT

UPDATE HISTORY - UPDT(i)



IPDATE HISTORY - UPDT (4)

UPDA7E HISTORY - UPDT (5)

I SUBSTANCE IDENTIFICATION

I NAME OF SUBcSTANCE - NAME

CAS REGISTRY NUMBER - RN

RELATED HSDB RECORDS - RELT(1)

SYNONYMS - SY(1)

SYNONYMS - SY(2)

I SYNONYMS - SY(3)

3 SYNONYMS -SY(4)

157

12526802/09/89 by GCF02/10/89 by LSND

Reviewed by SRP on 05/20/&D

Field Update on 05/05/B9, 1 fieldadded/ecited/deleted.

Complete Update on '22/10/89, I fiadded / editedeleted.

Complete Update on 01/26/89, 98 fadded/ecited/deleted.

Complete Update on 0,9/03/87, 14 fadded/edited/dele ted.

Complete Update on 05/&6/87, 17 fadded/edited /deleted.

eld

ields

ields

ields

1,1,1-TRICHLORDETHANE

71-55-6

56 ECHLOROFORMJ

1,.1,1-TRICHLOORETHAAN (DUTCH)LC1TATIEON) ** PEER REVIEWED **

1,1,1-TRICHLORPETHAN (GERMAN)[CITATION] ** PEER REVIEWED **

111-TRICLDROETANO (ITALIAN)[CITATION] ** PEER REVIEWED **

METHYLCHLOROFORMECITATION] ** PEER REVIEWED **

METHYLT RI CHLOROMETHANE[I-iTION] ** PEER 'REV7EWED **

I

|

I

SYNONYMS - SY(zI)

SYNONYMS

SYNONYMS

SYNONYMS

SYNONYMS

SYNONYMS

SYNONYMS

SYNONYMS

SYNONYMS

SYN ONYMS

SYNONYMS

- SY (13)

- SY(14)

- SY(15)

- SY(17)

- SY (18)

- SY(19)

- SY (20)

ECITATI'N] ** PEER REVIEWED **

Caswell No 875ECITATIDN] ** PEER REVIEWED **

AL PHA--T RI CHLOROETHPNEECITATIONJ ** PEER REVIEWED *

AEROTHENE TTECITPTIONJ ** PEER REVIEWED **

ALEYLENECITATON5 ** DEER REVIEWED **

ALPHA-TECITPTION] ** PEER REVIEWED **

BALTANAECITATIONj ** PEER REV-EWED **

CF 2

CITATION] ** PEER REVIEWED **

CHLOR0 ET HE NEECITATIDNS ** PEER REVIEWED **

CH LCRCETHANE-NUECiTRT:DN] ** PEER REtVIEWED *

CHLOROTENE[CITATION3 ** PEER REVIEWED **

LY (21)

SY (22)

Si / 31</89 2 A RDOuS Su ET4A:\CE S DA T 4ANKDotion I - Full Disley

REO~n1- - , ,----R CaODEMN (cm -nu

I SUBSTANCE IDENTIFICATION (continued)

SYNONYMS - SY (6) T, 1-ETHANE (FRENCH)[CITATiONJ * PEER REVIEWED *

SYNONYmS - SY (7) ICHLOROETHPNE

YCITNTIONJ YMEER REVIEWED

EYNON~YrS - SYc8 (9)~ k

TRCLR-, , 1-THN (FRENCH

ECITlATIONJ ** PEER REVIEWED **

CY)':'XZ'NYrS SP'y (9 CHLCRHOR, ANTHVL-

sy~~ ~ ~ 0, 1 1 O0

7[C TATON] ** PEER REV'EWED *[CITATION]~ ** PEER REVIEWED **

EYNONYANS *PE(R11) WEW1 CITATIO- *PE EIWD*

LEJI!TT'.N jtHEv:CA- PRODUCTS SYr-. 1, -Trichloroethane, 1985]

** PEER REVIEWED **

pa e 2

NOPSIS

I s/31/9AZARDOJs SUBS~NJES DATABANk -ezet -

Gotion 1 - Fui DisplayrEDR2Dr =57 -:: - j'

SUBSTANCE IDEN7IFICATION (continues)

SYNONYMS - SY(40)

MOLECULAR FORMULA - MF

WISWESSER LINE NOTATION - WLN

RTECS NUMBER - RTEC

Aerotnene MMEFLICK. DNDUST SOLVENTS HDBK** DEER REVIEWED *

C2-43-C!3:CITATIONJ ** PEER REVIEWED

ND

NiOSH/K(2975000

OHM-TADS NUMIER - OHMN

SHIPPING NAMC/NU"EER -

DOT/UN/IA/IMCO - SHPN(I)

SHi PPINS NAME/NUMBER -

DOT/UN/NA/iMCO - SHPN(U)

97CC NUMBER - SCCK()

EPP HAZARDOUS WASTE NUMBER -

HPZN(1)

EPA HAZARDOUS WASTE NUMBER -HAZN(2)

ASSOCIATED CHEMICALS - RSCH(1)

UN 2&31; 1,1, 2-Trichloroethane

:MO 6. 1 ; 1, 1, 1-Trichloroethana

4? 41 76; 1,1,1-Trichloroethane

U226: A toxic waste when a discarded

commercial chemical oroduct or

manufacturing chemical intermediate or anoff-specification commercial chemicalproduct.

F302; A hazardous waste from nonspecificsources when a spent solvent.

ND

MANUACTURING/USE INFORMATION

l-

METHODS OF MANUFACTURING -MMFS(i)

METHODS OF MANUFACTURING -MMF3(0)

PREPARED BY ACTION OF CHLORINE ON 1,I-DICHLOROETHANE: SUTTON, PROC SOC A132. 673

1931); BY CATALYTIC ADDITION OF HCL TO1,±-DICHLORETHYLENE ... USA PATENT2,209,000 (NUTTIN, HUSCHER, 1940).EMERCK INDEX. 13TH ED 1983 p 13773

** PEER REVIEWED **

DEHYDROCHLORINATION OF ETHYLENE DICHLORIDE70 VINYL CHLORIDE FOLLOWED BY REACTIONWITH HYDROGEN CHLORIDE TO PRODUCE 1,:--DICHLOROETHANE, WHICH !S CHLORINATED;REACTION OF ETHANE & CHLORINE FOLLOWED BYSEPERATION PLUS RECYCLE OF COPRODUCTS.:SRI: ** PEER REVIEWED **

:c~'c: i

* *

06/31/69 HAZgRDoS S&STANCES DgTABANKCotion : - Ful. Disolav

U\Lj 25? - -q ±, 1- RIUHtOROETHANE icontinuec)

a MANUFACTURING/USE INZORM-ATON (continued)

METHODS OF MANUFACTURING -MMrG (3)

1MPURITIEE - :MP(I)

IMPURITIES - IMP(2)

IMPURITIES - IMP(3)

FORMULATIONS/PREPARATIONS -FORM (I)

1, 1, j-Trichlorcoetnane can be produced byrefluxing chlorine monoxide with carbontetrachloride and chloroethane.KIRK--OTHMER. ENCYC CHEM TECH 3RD ED 3178-

PRESENT 5(79) 564) ** PEER REVJEWED **

1,1,1-Trichloroethane is availablecommercially in the USA in technical andsolvent grades, which differ only in amtof stabilizer. ... Stacilized g--adescentain 3-5% stabilizet's such asnit-omethane, N-methylpyrrole ... butyleneoxide, 1,3-dioxolane, and secondary butylalcohols. Typical specifications are asfollows: ... Nonvolatile residues, 0.001.%max{; water content, 103 mg/kg rax; acidity(as HC1), 0.001% max ... & acid acceptance(as NaOH), 0.165% min. ... Specificationsfor reagent grade ... acidity (as HC1),0.001% max ... .EIARC MONOGRAPHS. 1972-PRESENTV20 516 (1979)] ** PEER REVIEWED *

Stabilizing agents which may be present insmall amounts include: glycojdiesters,ketones, nitriles, dialkyl sulfoxides,dialkyl sulfides, dialkyl sulfites,tetraethyl lead, nitroaliphatichydrocarbons, 2-methyl-3-butyn-2-ol, tert-butyl alcohol, 1,4-dioxane, dioxolane, sec-butyl alcohol, and monohydric acetylenicalcohols.EC1TATION NIOSH; Criteria Document: 1,1,1~irichloroethane p.1 (1976) DHEW Pub No 76-1843 ** PEER REVIEWED **

Chemical was found by gas chromatographyto contain 1,2-dichioroethane, !,A-dichloroethane, chloroform, carbontetrachloride, trichloroethylene, 1,1,2-trichloroethane, & vinylidene chloride.ECITATION Stewart RD et al; Arch EnvironHealth 19 (4): 467-72 (1969)]

** PEER REVIEWED **

1,1,1-Trichloroethane is availablecommercially in the USA in technical &solvent graces, which differ only in amtof stabilizer added to prevent corrosionof metal parts. ... Reagent grace.:IARC MONOGRAPHS. 1972-PRESENTVYO 516 (1979)2 ** PEER REVIEWED **

Pazse: 5

I 06/31/69 mAZARDOUS SUBSTANCES DATPBPNKQotion I - Full Display

R-CORD* i57 - 1, ,-TR±CHCOR&ETHANE (continues)

2 MANUFACTURING/USE INFORMATION (continued)

FORmULTIONS/PREPARATIONS -FORMI2)

FORMULATIONS/PREPARATIONS -FORM(3)

FORMJLATIONS/PREPARATIONS -

FORM(4)

FORMULATIONS/PREPARATIONS -

FOR (Z)

MPNUFPCTURERS - MFS(1)



OTER MANUFACTURINGINFORMATION - OMN(1)

hAJOfR USES - USE(1)

Chlorothene SM, industrial grade[RUNEY. CHEMCYCLOPEDIA 1986 p 120]** PEER REVIEWED **

Aerothene 77, aeroso1 gradeEKUNEY. CHEMCYCLOPEDIA 1986 p 120]

** PEER REVIEWED **

industrial grade; aerosol grace; generalso 2 vent grade, 99.999% gradeEUNEY. CHEMCYCLOPEDiA 1986 p !202

** PEER REVIEWED **

Chlorothene VG solvent is a speciallyinhibited grade of 1,1,1-trichloroethane.Chlorothene SM & Rerothene MM solvents arespecial grades o , 1-trich roethane &metnylene chloride.EFLICK. INDUST SOLVENTS HDBK 1985 p 139]

** PEER REVIEWED **

Dow Chemical USA, Hg, 2020 Dow Center,Midland, MI 48640, (517) 636-1000; Prodnsite: PO Box K, Freeport, TX 77541ECITATION SRI. D:RECTSRY OF CHEMICALPRODUCERS-USA 1967, p.10541

** PEER REVIEWED **

PPG Industries, Inc, (HQ), One PPG Place,Pittsburgh, PA 15272, (412) 434-3131;Prodn site: Chemicals Group, PO Box 1000,Lake Charles, LA 70601ECITATION SRI. DIRECTORY OF CHEMICALPRODUCERS-USA 1987, p.10543

** PEER REVIEWED **

Vulcan Materials Co, (Hq), PO Box 7497,Birmingham, AL 35E53, (205) 577-3000;Prodn site: Vulcan Chemicals, division, POBox EE7, Geismar, LA 70734[CITATION SRI. DIRECTORY OF CHEMICALPRODUCERS-USA 1987, p.1055)

** PEER REVIEWED **

Discontinued 1985, by the Dow Chemical Co,Organics DeptEFARM CHEMICALS HANDBK 1987 C-258** PEER REVIEWED **

SOLVENT FOR NATURAL & SYNTHETIC RESINS,OILS, WAXES, TAR & ALKALOIDS

Paoe: 6

S83/9 Page: 7

2 . MANUFACTURING/USE INFORMATION (continued)

MAJOR USES - USE(i)-cont. rBROWNING. TOX & METAP INDUS SOLV 1965


mAJOR USES - USE(2)

MAJOR USES - USEt3)

mAJOR USES - uSEi4)

MAJOR USES - USE(5)

MAJOR USES - USE(6)

MAJOR USES - USE(7)

DRY CLEANING PGENT£HAMILTON. INDUS TOX 3RD ED 1974 p 265** PEER REVIEWED **

CLEANING PLASTIC MOLDSLMERCK INDEX. 10TH ED 1983 p 1377]

** PEER REVIEWED **

FORMERLY USED WITH ETHYLENE GAS FOR

DEGREENING C17RUS FRUITS & POSTHARVESTFUMIGATION OF STRAWHERRIESEFARM CHEM HDBK. 1984 C-231]

** PEER REVIEWED **

Comment - DWK (ORNL) 02/10/66Data not in latest edition, source L44

Solvent for various insecticides /Formeruse/[FARM CHEM HDBK. 1984 C-23

** PEER REVIEWED ****** ** ** *** ******* ** *** ***** *?*******

Comment - BWK (ORNL) 02/10/88Data not in latest edition, source 244**************************************** ***

CLEANING SOLVENT, ESP FOR ELECTRICALMACHINERY & PLASTICS; SPOTTING FLUID 1NTEXTILE PROCESSING; COMPONENT OF AEROSOLFORMULATIONS; CHEM INT FOR ORG CHEMS (EG,VINYLIDENE CHLORIDE); SOLVENT FORADHESIVES & COATINGS; COOLANT & LUBRICANTIN METAL CUTTING OILS; EXTRACTION SOLVENT;COMPONENT OF INKS & DRAIN CLEANERS:

SOLVENT FOR PHOTORESIST POLYMERS; SOLVENTIN TEXTILE DYEING.[SRIJ ** PEER REVIEWED **

The largest other use /besides as cleaning

solvent/ for 1,1,!-trichloroethane is inaerosols, in which it acts both as a vaporpressure depressant (making it a goodpropellant) and as a solvent and carrierfor many of the active ingredients used inaerosols.EIARC MONOGRAPHS. 1972-PRESENTV20 516 (1979)3 ** PEER REVIEWED **

MAZPRDDUL SjS %NCES DA~AtwNKDotion 1 - Ful2 Disolav

REEDRDc i 57 - ,k ~IHREiA cont inueo:

B83/9MANUFACTURING/USE INFORMATION (continued)


U.S. PRODUCTION - PROD(S)









(1963) 2.26X0i+11 SESRI3 ** PEER REVIEWED **

Toe growth rate from 1973-1982 was 3.2%per yr & a growth rate of 3 to f% per yris predicted through 1987.[RAVALER. CHEM MARKET REPORTER 1984 p 66)** PEER REVIEWED **

(1985) 3.94X10+11 GLCITATION USITC. SYN ORG CHEM-U.S.PROD/SALES 1985 p.2663 ** PEER REVIEWED **

(1987) 725 million of lb (estimated)EKUNEY. CHEMCYCLOPEDIA 1988 p 403** PEER REVIEWED **

(1987) 6.94X10+6 lbECITATION USITC. SYN ORG CHEM-U.S.PROD/SALES PRELIMINARY 1987]

** PEER REVIEWED **

(1985) 9.08X10+9 6 /based on various tradeestimates/[CITATION CHEMICAL PRODUCTS SYNOPSIS:1,1,1-Trichloroethane, 19853

** PEER REVIEWED **

(1978) 1.60X10+10 0[SRI] ** PEER REVIEWED **

(1983) 2.58X10+10 GESRID ** PEER REVIEWED **

(1985) 1.8IX10+10 GECITATION BUREAU OFEXPORTS, SCHEDULE E,

** PEER REVIEWED +*

(1987) 11,420,877 lbCC1ITTON BUREAU OFEXPORTS, SCHEDULE E,

** PEER REVIEWED **

THE CENSUS. U.S.1985 p.2-732

THE CENSUS. U. S.AUG 1967, p. 2-742

3 CHEMICAL AND PHYSICPL PROPERTIESa ---- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

U wOR/FORM - COFO(!> COLORLESS LIQUIDPATTY. INDUS HYG & TOX 3RD ED VOL2A,2B,2C1981-62 p 3503) ** PEER REVIEWED **

nAZARDOJS Sd&STANCES DATABANKOption 1 - Full Display

RERD~r i17 - , 1,1 -TR2Or1ZRETHANE (continued)

Page: 9

ear/3.1 /ts9 AZARDOUS SJBSTANCES DATABANKOption 1 - Full Display

RECORD* !57 - 1,1,i-TRC ORGETnNE (contiw'eo)

Page: :rl

CHEMICAL AND PHYSICAL PROPERTIES (continued)

ODOR - ODOR(1)

TASTE - TAST(1)

BOILING POINT - BP

MELTING POINT - MP

CHLOROFORM-LIKE ODOR; SWEETISHECHRIS. HAZARD CHEM DATA VOL. 21 1984-51** PEER REVIEWED **

ND

74.1 DEG C AT 760 MM HG[WEAST. HDbK CHEM & PHYS 68TH EDC-266] ** PEER REVIEWED **

-30.4 DEG C[WEAT. HDBR CHEM & PHYS 68TH EDC-266] ** PEER REVIEWED **

MOLECULAR WEIGHT - MW

CORROSIVITY - CDRR(1)

CORROSIVITY - CORR(2)

CRITICAL TEMPERATURE &PRESSURE - CTP(1)

DENSITY/SPECIFIC GRAVITY - DEN

DISSOCIATION CONSTANTS -DSC(1)

HEAT OF COMBUSTION - HTC

133.42[MERCK INDEX. 10TH ED 1953 p 1377)** PEER REVIEWED **

Readily corrodes aluminum and aluminumalloysEITI. TOX & HAZARD INDUS CHEM SAFETY MANUAL!982 p 536) ** PEER REVIEWED **

Dry, uninhibited 1,1,1-trichloroethane isnot very corrosive to iron or zinc;corrosion rate with iron is ( 2.54 um/yr(< 0.1 mpy) & with zinc < 25.4 um/yr ((1.0 mpy). Addition of 7% water incrcorrosion rates 254 um/yr (( 10.0 mpy) foriron & ) 254 um/yr > 10.0 mpy) for zinc.The presence of both water & ethanol incriron or tin attack at reflux.EKIRK-OTHMER. ENCYC CHEM TECH 3RD ED 1978-PRESENT 5(79) 728) ** PEER REVIEWED **

311.5 deg C; 4.48 MPaEKIRK-OTHMER. ENCYC CHEM TECH 3RD ED 1978-PRESENT 5(79) 729) ** PEER REVIEWED **

1.3376 AT 20 DEG C/4 DEG CEMERCK INDEX. 10TH ED 1983 p 1377]

** PEER REVIEWED **

ND

4700 BTU/LB= 2600 CPL/G= 11OX10+5 J/KG[CHRIS. HAZARD CHEM DATA VOL. 11 1964-5]** PEER REVIEWED **

HEAT OF VAPORIZATION - HTV

1987-1986.

1987-1988.

8012.7 gcal/gmole

I0~8/31/69 MAZARDOUS SJBSTANCES DA7AIANKOtion 1 - FulI DisE y

RECCRDx .7 - .,lc-TRICRET-ANE continuec;

CHEMICA AND PHYSICAL PROPERTIES (continuec)

HEAT OF VAPORIZATION - HTV-cont.

OCTANOL/WATER PARTITIONCOEFFICIENT - OWPC

PH - PH

SOLUBILITIES - SOL(1)

SOWUBILITIES - SOL(2)

SOLUDILITIES - SOL(S)




SPECTRAL PROPERTIES - SPEC(1)




LWEAST. HDBK CHEM & PHYS 68TH ED 1987-1988.C-6713 ** PEER REVIEWED **

Log Kow= 2.49LHANSCH. LOG P DPTADASE 1984)** PEER REVIEWED **

ND

SOL IN PCETONE, BENZENE, METHANOL, CARRONTETRACHLORIDEEMERC INDEX. 10TH ED 1983 p 1377)

** PEER REVIEWED **

10% in ethanolCWEAST. CRC HDBK DATA ORGANIC CPDS VOL I,!1 1985 VI 607) ** PEER REVIEWED *

4,400 mg/i in water at 20 deg CLVERSCHUEREN.HDBK ENVIRON DATA ORG CHEM 1983p 606 ** PEER REVIEWED **

Sol in carbon disulfideEENCYC OCCUPAT HEALTH & SAFETY 1983 p 2213]** PEER REVIEWED **

) 10% in ethyl ether[WEAST. CRC HDBK DATA ORGANIC CPDS VOL I,AI 1985 V1 607) ** PEER REVIEWED **

) 10% in chloroform

[WEAST. CRC HDBK DATA ORGANIC CPDS VOL 1,II 1985 V1 607) ** PEER REVIEWED **

INDEX OF REFRACTION: 1.43838 PT 20 DEG C/D[MERCK INDEX. 10TH ED 1983 p 1377)** PEER REVIEWED **

IR: 19461 (Sadtler Research LaboratoriesPrism Collection)

[WEAST. CRC HDBK DATA ORGANIC CPDS VOL 1,II 1985 V2 587) ** PEER REVIEWED **

NMR: 9171 (Sadtler Research LaboratoriesSpectral Collection)

WEAST. CRC HDBK DATA ORGANIC CPDS VOL 1,II 1985 V2 5873 ** PEER REVIEWED **

MASS: 618 (Atlas of Mass Spectral Data,John Wiley & Sons, New York)EWEPST. CRC HDBK DATA ORBANIC CPDS VOL 1,II 1985 VS 5872 ** PEER REVIEWED **

Page: 11

I/3Z/9 -AZARDOUS SJBSTANCES DATABANk Page: 13Option 1 - Full Displav

D TE:D;. :7,7 - 1. 1,1-7RCH ORETHANE (continued)

53 CHEMICAL AND PHYSICAL PROPERTIES (continued)

OTHER CHEMICAL/PHYSICALPROPERTIES - OCPP(7)

I OTHER CHEMICAL/PHYSICALPROPERTIES - OCPP(8)

r DTHER C!ECACL/PHYSiCAL

PROPERTIES - CPP(9)

OTHER CHEMICAL/PHYSICALPROPERTIES - OCPP(10)

OTHER ChEMICAL/PHYSICALPROPERTIES - OCPP(11)

4 SAFETY PND HANDLING

----------------HAZARDS SUMMARY - HAZS

DOT EMERGENCY GUIDELINES -

DOT(1)

DOT EMERGENCY SLZDELINES -. DOT(2)

Dielectric constant: 7.53 @ 20 deg C (liq)/from table/EDEAN. HDBK ORGANIC CHEM 1987 4-77)**PEER REVIEWED *

Specific heat @ 20 deg C: 1.00-4 J/g (liq);0.782 J/gEKIRK-OTHMER. ENCYC CHEM TECH 3RD ED 1978-PRESENT 5(79) 7Z9] ** PEER REVIEWED *

Dipole moment: 1.78 DebyesEWEAST. HD&K CHEM & PHYS 68TH ED 1987-1988.E-59) ** PEER REVIEWED **

Heat of capacity @ 25 deg C: 34.4cal/gmole @ ' atm (lig); £2.4 cal/gmole e

atm (gas)LWEAST. HDBK CHEM & PHYS 68TH ED 1987-1988.D-1735 ** PEER REVIEWED **

Chlorothene VG Solvent: Freezing Point -16.9 deg C; E'oiling range @ 760 mm Hg 72-88 deg C; Density 1.232 g/ml & 20 deg C;Specific gravity 1.327 @ 20 deg C/20 degC, L.333 td 60 deg C/60 deg C, 1.320 @ 25deg C/25 deg C; Heat of vaporization 7.8kcal/mol @ 20 deg C, 7.5 kcal/mol @ 50 deaC, 7.1 kcal/mol @ 80 deg C (calculated);Dielectric constant & 24 deg C 10.0 @ 10+3cps, 7.0 @ 10+5 cpsEFLICK. INDUST SOLVENTS HDBK 1985 p 139)

** PEER REVIEWED **

ND

Health Hazards: Vapors may cause diZzinessor suffocation. Exposure in an enclosedarea may be very harmful. Contact mayirritate or burn skin and eyes. Fire mayproduce irritating or poisonous gases.Runoff from fire control or dilution watermay cause Pol I ut ion.EDOT. EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK 1987G-743 ** QC REVIEWED **

Fre or Exolosion: Some of these materialsmay burn, but none of them ignitesreadily. Most vapors are heavier than air.

HAZARDOUS SUBSTANCES DATABPNK Pace: 14Oution 1 - Full Display

RECORD* i57 - !,1,;-~R-ZHwOROETrANE (contanen)


DOT EMERGENCY GU:DELINES - CoDOT(2)-cont. ED

G-

DOT EMERGENCY GUDELINES - EmDOT(S) aw

SeanClIstaReat93poauEDE.

DDT EMERGENCY GUIDELI7t -Fi

DOT(4) astcowaisEDG-1

DOT EMERGENCY 7TDELINES -SpiDOT(S) wit

noaresa"abs

EDE7-7

DOT EmERGENCY GUIDELINES - FirDOT(6 nAl

rtainer may explode in heat of fire.OT. EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBDOK 1987743 ** QC REVIEWED **

ergency Action: Keep unnecessary peopleay. Stay uowind; keep out of Jow aUeas.If-contained breathing apparatus 4SCE@)d structural firefighter's protectiveothing will provide limited protection.olate for 1/2 mile in all directions ifnk car or truck is involved in fire.move and isolate contaminated clothingthe site. CALL CHEYTREC AT 1-800-42i-

00 T!R EMERGENCY ASSISTPNCE. If waterllution occurs, notify the appropriatethb rities.DT. EMERGENCY 7ESPONSE GUIDEBOOK 1987743 ** QC REVIEWED **

re: Small Ff:es: Dry chemical, CO2 oRIon. Large Fires: Water spray, fog oiandard roam is recommended. Coolhitainers that -are exposed to flamE withter from the side until well after fireout. Stay away from ends of tanks.DT. EtERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEPDD 1987743 ** QC REVIEWED **

i: or Leak: Stop leak if you can do itthout risk. Shut off ignition sources;

- ares, smoking or flames in hazardea. Small Liquid Spills: Take up with.&. earth or other noncombustible

sorbent terial. Large SpWlls: Dike farod of liquid spill for 'ater disposal.)T. EMETENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK 198743 ** QC REVIEWED +r

st Q:i: Move victim t fresh air and1 emergency rsdical care; if notrathing, ;ive artificial respiration; ifmathftg is difficult, givs oxygen. inse of contact with matr-ial, immediatelyish eyes with rturing water for at l nxtminutes. Wn;- skin with soap and wcter.iove r- isolate contaminate: clothing

e:as at the site. Use rist aidatment according the nature of theury.T. EME- 42Y RESPONSE GUIDEETN< 198743 on MC REVIEWED **

08/3i/89 AR . -- q:N.:S Dg7ASPBAN1ul Disslav

Page: :7

SAFETY AND HANDI? fcntinued)

* FLPMMABLE PRO3 SE- FLAM

.RE POTENTIAL - FK .2)

5c 'DTENTIAL - FPcrO

NFPA HAZARD :LTS:=:CATION -

NFPA(1)

NFPA HAZARD CLD:EImFICATq N -

NFPA(2)

--- ?:RNS ONLY IN EXCEE7 T= OXYGEN DR INAIR IF A STRONG SD> 7~ Or IGNITION 1s*RESENT.EACGIH. DOCUMEN-^'ON DF TLVS 5TH ED mSGp 362] ** *20 REVIEWED **

... Mo: :-ately flammable at Zp her temp.' %r= FIRE PROTECT SUID. -AZARD MATLS 9THED i86 S9-89] to TER REVIEWED **

An acc:idental amplosion during a wel'n'.operation: on a 1050 cu m tank holding 70rw. .c tons of inhibited 1,-

3rachloroethane unce nitrogen to exclu0Q'

moisture is desr-fbed. An investigatiorrevealed at the storaae tank 6d not

:nt: rn any residual contam ination from-evious products an: the 1, 1, 1-

trichloroethane was not contaminated withhigh2y flar:.Qle liquids. During thepurgirg of the pipeline, a volume ofrit-ooen equivalent to approximately 1/2tank volume had beer, injected near thebase of the tark. The amount of nitrogenadded manually, through the roof of thetarnV could not be quantified. It wasc'etermined that inerting the tank bynitrogen had been insufficient and that aflam mable concn of 1,1,1-trichloroethaneoccupied a portion of the tank near thetop and was ignited by heat from welding.Although chlorinated hydrocarbons areoften regarded as non-flammable, ,,-trichcroethane for hot work purposesshould be treated as highly flammable.ECITATION Wrightson I, Santon PC; lChELoss Prev Bull S3: 21 (198))

** 01 REVIEWED **

Health: 2. 2= Materials hazardous tonealth, but areas may be entered freelywith self-contained breathing apparatus.ENFPA. FIRE PRTECT GUIDE HAZARD MATLS 9THED 1986 49-92 ** PEER REVIEWED **

Flamacbility: 1. 1= Materials that must bepreheated before ignitfon can occur. Watermay cause frothing of liquids ... if itgets below the surface of the liquid and

- m-n J **b.*jE j&5LS DA-BANK page: 16Cation 1- r Disolay

2 2 - 0' - ,, : .--- I -3 E H N (2- i nuec )

SAFETY AND HANDL:NG tconttnued)

*Mrw-ABLE :ROMER7 - FLAMNIPA HAZARD CLAMS-r:CATION -

N\P(2)-cont.

NFPl HpZgRD CLPSSIFICATION -

NFPP(3)

FLAMMABLE -!*ITS - F.MT()

FLPMMtBLE LIMITS - -LMT(2)

FLPSH POINT - FLPT(1)

PUTO:GNITT ON M PERATURE -

AUTO

FIRE FIGHTING INFORMATION

F:RE FIGHTING PROCEDURES -FIRP(i)


turns to steam. ... Water spray gentlyapplied to the surface will cause afrothing which will extin;uish the fire.ENFPA. FIRE PRCTECT GUIDE HAZARD MATLS 9THED 1986 49-893 ** PEER REVIEWED **

Reactivity: 0. 0= Materials which arenormally stable even under fire exposure

conditions and wich are not reactive withwater. Normal fire fighting procedures mayne ugd

:NFPA. FIRE PROTECT GUIDE HAZARD MATLS 9THED 1966 49-S9J ** PEER REVIEWED **

8.0% and 10.5%rNFPP. -7RE PROTECT GUIDE HAZARD MATLS 9TH

ED 1986 49-892 ** PEER REVIEWED **

LIMITS OF FLAMMAL~TY OF VAPORS OFINHIBITED 1,1,1-TRICHLOROETHANE HAVE BEENFOUND TO BE 10 TO 15.5% IN AIR WITH HOTWIRE IGNITION. A CONSIDERgBLE AMT OFENERGY IS REQUIRED FOR IGNITION.CDATTY. INDUS HYG & TOX 3RD ED VOLP,2B,SC1961-82 p 3503i ** PEER REVIEWED **

No flash point in conventional closedtester at room temp. ...ErFPA. FIRE PROTECT GUIDE HAZARD MATLS 9THED 1966 49-89] ** PEER REVIEWED **

537 deg C, 9T8 deg FENFPA. FIRE PROTECT GUIDE HAZARD MATLS 9THED 1986 49-89] ** PEER REVIEWED **

- FIRE

DRY CHEMICPL, FOPM, OR CARBON DIOXI-DE[CHRIS. HAZARD CHEM DATA VOL. ii 1984-5** PEER REVIEWED **

Wear self-contained breathing apparatus/when fighting fire/. ... Use water tokeep fire-exposed containers cool. Waterspray may be used to flush spills awayfrom exoosures.ENFPP, FIRE PROTECT GUIDE HAZARD MATLS 9THED 1986 49-693 ** PEER REVIEWED **

!NTNSITY OF HEAT - INTH(1) ND

' 08/31/89 HAZARDOUB SuBSTANCES DATABANK

Ept ion U - l Disrlayr% 17 - i, ER2.c.SN R AtNE cftanue c

Pace: 18

SAFETY AND HANDLING (continued)

HAZARDOUS REACTIONS - HAZRREACTiVITIES &

:NCOMPATIBIL'TIES - REAC(5)-cOnt. -

REACTIVITIES &INCOMCPATIBILITZES - REAC(6)


REACTIV7IES &iNCOMPATIBILIT:ES - REAC(S)


POzYM'ERIZATOiN - POLY(i)

OTHER HAZARDOUS REACTIONS -OHAZ (I)

WARNING PROPERTIES - WRNP

ODOR THRESHOLD - ODRT(I)

EKIN, EYE AND RESPIRATORYIRRITATIONS - SERI(1)

SKIN, EYE AND RESPIRATORYS RRTADTIONS - SERS)

MIXT WAS BROUGHT UP TO 100 DEG C & 790 PSI& ALLOWED TO STAND FOR 3 HR.ENFPA. FIRE PROTECT GUIDE HAZARD MATLE 9THED 1986 491M-149] ** PEER REVIEWED *

SEVERAL HALOGENATED SOLVENTS REACTEDEXPLOS7VELY WITH LID OXYGEN WHEN IGNITEDWITH A HIGH ENERGY SOURCE: 1,1,1-TRICHLOROETHANE ... .ENFPA. FIRE PROTECT GUIDE HAZARD MATLS 9THED 19S6 491M-150J ** PEER REVIEWED *

Mixture of liquid oxygen with ... 1,1,1-trichlor:'oethane ... exploded violentlywhen initiated with a blasting cap.LBRETHERICK. HDENK REACTIVE CHEM HAZARDS 1985p 1350] ** PEER REVIEWED **

Reacts violently with nitrogen tetraoxide... sodium hydroxide. ...ESAX. DANGER PROPS INDUS MATER. 6TH ED 1984p 26S0] ** PEER REVIEWED **

ND

ND

1, 1, 1-Trichloroethane exploded afterheating under oxygen /gas/ at 54 bar and100 deg C for 3 hr.EBRETHERICK. HDBK REACTIVE CHEM HAZARDS 1985p 1342J ** PEER REVIEWED **

44 ppm[VERPCHUEREN. HDVK ENVIRON DATA ORG CHEM 1983P 6062 ** PEER REVIEWED **

Vapors cause a slight smarting of the eyesor respiratory system if present in highconcn. Vapors: Irritating to nose andtnroat. Liquid: irritating to eyes.

CHRiS. HAZARD CHEM DATA VOL. II 1984-5]** PEER REVIEWED **

7, the liquid is spilled on clothing andallowed to remain, may cause smarting andreddening of the skin.ECHRIS. HAZARD CHEM DATA VOL. 1 1964-53** PEER REVIEWED **

883$, 2 Page: 19

3 4 _ SAFETY AND H-ANDLING (continued)

aS * PREVENTIVE MEASURES - PRVN

PROTECI VE E:UtD:ENT &CLOTHING - EDUP(1)

PROTECTIVE EDUIPMENT &CLOTHING - EUP()



OTHER PREVENTIVE MEASURES -OPRM()

ORG VADOR-ACID GPS CANISTER; SELF-CONTAINED BREATHING APPARATUS FOREMERGENCIES; NEOPRENE OR POLYVINYL-ALCOHOL-TYPE GLOVES; CHEMICAL SAFETY GOGGLES &FACE SHIELD: NEOPRENE SAFETY SHOES (ORLERTHER SAFETY SHOES PLUS NEOPRENEFOOTWEAR): NEOPRENE OR POLYVINYL ALCOHOLSUIT OR APRONS FOR SPLASH PROTECTION.CHRIS. HAZARD CHEM DATA VOL. ii 1964-5]*" PEER REVIEWED **

The Permeation rates of solvents including1,E-dichloroethane, 1, 1,1- or 1,1,2-trichloroethane through protective garmentrubber materials are less than 6.36min/mi, except for unwrinkled Teflon andViton with greater than 720 and 82 tonrenter than 144 miI/mI, respectively.ECITATION Weeks RW. McLeod MJ; ACS SympSer 249 (ISS Chem Hazard Workplace: MeasControl): 235-67 (1981))

** PEER REVIEWED **

Resoirator selection (NIOSH): Emergency orplanned entry in unknown concn or IDLHconditions: Any self-contained breathingapparatus with a full facepiece & operatedin pressure-demand or other positivepressure mode or any supplied-airrespirator with full facepiece andoperated in pressure-demand or otherpositive pressure mode in combination withan auxiliary self-contained breathingapparatus operated in pressure-demand orother positive pressure mode.ENIOSH. NIOSH POCKET GUIDE CHEM HAZ 5TH PRT!985 p 161] ** PEER REVIEWED **

Respirator selection (NIOSH): Escape: Anyair-purifying full facepiece respirator(gas mask) with a chin-style or front- orback-mounted organic vapor canister or anyappropriate escape-type self-containedbreathing apparatus.ENIOSH. NIOSH POCKET GUIDE CHEM HAZ 5TH PRTM85 p 161) ** PEER REVIEWED **

Contact lenses should not be worn whenworking with this chemical.

,AZARDDJ& StStANCES DATAANDotion - 01il Display

P 7- -, ., -- A.-OETiA\E cont anuec?

/HRZARDOJS SUBSTANCES DPTgABiNK Pace: j7cOtion 2 - Full DisPlay

f7- ,-a -TCnORDETANE (cCmntnuec)

3 A cAFTY AND HANDLlNG (continued)

3E -GTG IN 1O;R.TON - FIRE

DX:CjtYBUSTo 2D1, CTS -S

I TXC(I

S OTHER F7RE FIGHTNG HAZARDS -

XtLOIV'E LIITS ANDDOTENT1AL - EXPL(1)

HRZARDOUS REACTIONS - HAZR

R VI E = 1::L771va INCOAT iBILITIES - REAC

REqCTIVITIES &INCOMPAT:DILITIES - REAC(CE)

REACT7VITIES &:NCOMPATi:LITIES - REAC(3)

REACTVITiES &INCOMPATIBILITIES - REAC(4)

REACTIVITIES &INCOMPATIBiL TIES - REAC(5)

Toxic and irritating gases are generatedin fires.

LCHRIS. HAZARD CHEM DATA VOL. II 1984-5]** PEER REVIEWED **

burning rate: (est) L.9 mm/minLCHFiS. HAZARD CHEM DATA VOL. II 1964-53

** PEER REVIEWED **

ND

Reacts slowy with water, releasingcorrosive hydrochloric acid.ECHRIS. HAZARD CHEM DPTA VOL. 11 1984-5]** PEER REVIEWED **

Although apparently stable on contact,mixtures with potassium (or its alloys)with a wide range of halocarbons are shock-sensitive and may explode with greatviolence on light impact. ...Trichloroethane ... /was/ among thoseinvest igated.ERETHERICK. HDBK REACTIVE CHEM HAZARDS 1985


Violent decomp, with evolution of hydrogencnioride, may occur when /it/ ... comesinto contact with aluminum or its alloyswith mamnesium.EBRETHERICK. HDBK REACTIVE CHEM HAZARDS 1985p 26) ** PEER REVIEWED **

PIPE- & SOLENOID-VALVE ASSEMBLY USED TOTRANSFER NAK /SODIUM POTASSIUM/ HAD BEENPURGED WITH NITROGEN, THEN FLUSHED WITHWATER. TRICHLOROETHANE, USED SUBSEQUENTLYTO REMOVE TRACES OF WATER, CONTACTEDHIDDEN RESIDUE OF NAK /SODIUM POTASSIUM/IN ONE VALVE AND EXPLOSION ENSUED.ENFPA. FIRE PROTECT GUIDE HAZARD MATLS 9THED 1986 491M-99] ** PEER REVIEWED **

SIDES OF 5,000 PSI AUTOCLAVE WERE DULGEDBY EXPLOSIVE REACTION BETWEEN OXYGEN AND1, 1, 1-TRICHLORDETHANE WHEN PRESSURIZED

ee/r/LJmis iuu ~s.mNS: DtaTabRNK Pace: 203

ot ion 1-Full Discolav


- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

* nREVENTIVE MNZEURES -- PRVN

dTHER PREVENTVE MEASURES -

- PRM (:)-con-

: THZR PREVENTIVE MEAiSURES -

.DPRM (3)

GTHER PREVENTIVE MEASURES-

STABILITY/SHELF LIFE -SSL(i)

R;HID~MENT METHDDS AND

REUAINI HP1

[NIOSH. NIOSH POCKET GUIDE CHEM HAZ 2ND PRT1967 p 161] ** PEER REVIEWED **

Contact lens use in industry iscontroversial. A survey of 1.00corporat ions resulted in therecommendation that each company establisht heir own contact lens use pol icy. Onepresumed hazard of contact lens use ispossible chemical entrapment. Many authorsfound that contact lens minimized injutryor protected the eye. The eye was affordedmore protection from liquid irritants. Theauthors concluded that soft contact lensdo not worsen corneal damage from strongcheruicals and in some cases could actuallyprotect the eye. Overall, the literaturesupports the wearing of contact lenses inindustrial environments as part of thestandard eye protection, eg face shields;however, more data are needed to establishthe value of contact lenses.[CITATION Randolph SA, Zavon MR; J OccupMed 29: 237-42 (1987)] ** PEER REVIEWED **

Promptly remove non-impervi ous clothingthat becomes contaminated.ENIOSH. NIOSH POCKET GUIDE CHEM HAZ 5TH PRT1985 p 161] ** PEER REVIEWED **

Contaminated protective clothing should besegregated in such a manner so that thereis no direct personal contact by personnelwho handle, dispose, or clean theclothing. Quality assurance to ascertainthe completeness of the cleaningprocedures should be implemented beforethe decontaminated protective clothing isreturned for reuse by the workers.ECITATION SRPJ ** PEER REVIEWED **

ND

Whenever hazardous materials are to betransported, Title 49 CFR, Transportation,Darts 100-180, published by the US Dept ofTransportation, contain the regulatoryrequirements and must be consulted.:CITPTION 52 PR 16482 (5/5/87)]** ;EER REVIEWED **

//;2ARDOoS SuESTANCE5 DATABANKOction I - Full Display

4 SFETYANDANDLRING7( (ccntinruuec

4 SP-FEYY'Y AND r4AND:-lNE (continued)

SHlPMENT METHODS ANDREGULATIONS - SHIP(2)

SHIPMENT METHODS ANDREGULATIONS - SHIP(3)

ISHIPMENT METHODS AN'D

REGULA~:DNcS - H(4


STORAGE CONDITIONS - STRG(S)


CLEANUP METHODS - CLUP()

CLEANUP METHODS - CLUP(2)

Page: 21

Int'l Air Shipments: Shipping description:1,1,1-Trichloroethane, IMO 6.1, UN 2831.Label(s) required: Keep away from food.Packaging instructions: 5.6.605(passenger); 5.6.612 (cargo).ECITRTIONJ ** PEER REVIEWED **

Water shipments: Shipping description:1,1,1-Trichloroethane, IMO 6.1, UN 2631.Label (s> required: Keeo away from food.ECITATION! IMDG: Inrternational MaritimeDannerous Goods Code; InternationalMaritime Organization (1986))

** PEER REVIEWED **

Shipping description: 1,1,1-richioroethane, IMO 6.1, UN 2831.

Label(s) required: Keep away from food.Acceptable Modes of transportation: Air,rail, road, and water.ECITATION 52 FR 16660 (5/5/87)

** PEER REVIEWED **

Storage temp: Ambient; Venting: Pressure-vactu un.ECHRIS. HAZARD CHEM DATA VOL. II 1984-5]** PEER REVIEWED **

Store in a cool, dry, well-ventilatedlocation, away from any area where thefire hazard may be acute.ENFPA. FiRE PROTECT GUIDE HAZARD MATLS 9THED 1986 49-893 ** PEER REVIEWED **

... Do not store in aluminum containers.EiTI. T0X & HAZARD INDUS CHEM SAFETY MANUAL1982 p 536) ** PEER REVIEWED **

1. VENTILATE AREA OF SPILL OR LEAK. 2.COLLECT FOR RECLAMATION OR AESORB INVERMICULITE, DRY SAND, EARTH, OR A SIMILARMATERIAL. /1,1,2-TRICHLOROETHANE/ENIOSH OSHA. OCCUPAT HEALTH GUIDE CHEMhAZARDS. 1981 p 2) ** PEER REVIEWED **

Environmental considerat ions, land spill:Dig a pit, pond, lagoon, holding area tocontain liquid or solid material. /SRP: iftime permits, pits, ponds, lagoons, soakholes, or nolding areas should be sealedwith an impermeable flexible membrane

Option 1 - 7ul Disolay-Z":7ZF 157 - 1, ,>-7TRIH-DROE-nANE (coninue6,


CLEANUP METHODS - CLUD(2)-cont. libaI ccce

CLEANUP METHODS - CLUP(3) EUs

12

la

m;a

* ER

DISPOSAL METHODS - DISP(l) Pt

3

ba

co

ce

EC

DIO?5'SAL_ METHODS -DISP(3) US

TR

En

Us

dusof

D75PSAL ETHOS - :SP()mi

ner./ Dike surface flow using soil, sandgs, foamed polyurethane, or foamed

ncrete; absorb bulk liquid with fly ash,ment powder, or commmerc ial sorbent s.AR. EMERGENCY HANDLING HAZ MAT SURFACEANS 1987 p 740] ** PEER REVIEWED **

vironmental considerations, water spill:e natural barriers or oil spill travel,e natural deep water pockets, excavatedgoons, or sand bag barriers to trapterial at bottom, remove trappedterial with suction hoses.AR. EMERGENCY HANDLING HAZ MAT SURFACEANS 1987 P 740) ** PEER REVIEWED **

the time of review, criteria for landeatment or ouriai (sanitary landfill)

sposal practices are subject tognificant revision. Prior toplementing land disposal of wastesidue (including waste sludge), consulttn environmental regulatory agencies foridance on acceptable disposal practices.ITATION SRPJ ** PEER REVIEWED **

1,1,-Trichloroethane should becinereted after being combined withother combustible fuel. Care must beercised to assure complete combustion toevent the formation of phosgene. An acidrubber is necessary to remove halo acidsoduced. Dilute with kerosene or fuel oile to high chlorine content. Evaporationsmall amounts was also recommended. ...

N. TREAT DISPOSAL METHODS WASTE CHEM DATARIES NO 5 1985 p 173) ** PEER REVIEWED **

EPA; Management of Hazardous Wasteachate, EPA Contract No. 68-03-2766 p.E-

(1982)] Chemical Treatability of 1,1,1-ichloroethane; Concentration Process:ological treatment; Chemicalassification: Halocarbon; Scale of

udy: Full scale, continuous flow; TypeWastewater Used: industrial waste;

suits of Study: Effluent concentration;0-20.0 ppb (Survey of 2 municipalstewater treatment plants).

ITATION2 ** PEER REVIEWED **

USEPA; Management of Hazardous WasteDISPDSAL METHODS - DISP(4)

-AZPRDOu3 &ui;.'NCES DgTZaKOotion 1- Full rDisolev


DISPOSAL METHODS - DTS'(4) Le

Tr

t

an

reRel

EC

t DLSPCAL METHODS - DISP(5) us

in

to.

roIn

ra

tiean

caaT

ari

ha

Cc

aH

DISPOSAL METHODIS -DISP(67)

IStULeic0

K ~coy

TOEd e.10ha[CJ

IDISPOSAL METHODS - DISp(T) USE

achate, EPA Contract No. 68-03-2766 D.E-

5 (1962)] Chemical Treatability of 1,1,-ichloroetnane: Concentration Process:ripping; Chemical Classification:locarbon; Scale of Study: Literatureview; Type of Wa.stewateir Used: Unknown;sults of Study: Air arid Steam Striippable.ITPTIDN2 ** PEER REVIEWED **

o otertial candidate for liquid injectioncinerat ion at a temperature range of 65D

1,60Q deg C ano a residence time of 0.1L secos. A potential candidate for

tary kiln incineration at a temperaturenge of 820 to 1,600 deg C and residencemes or seconds for liquids and gases,d; hiours for so]ids. A potentialndidate for fluidized bed ircrieration

a temperature range of 450 to 960 den Cd residence times of seconds for liquidsd gases, ari longer for sol ids.TATION USEPA; Engineering Handbook for

Zardous Waste Incineration p.3-16 (1981)A 68-03-3025D ** PEER REVIEWED **

EPA; Management of Hazardous Wasteachate, EPA Contract No. 68-03-2766 p.E-5 (1982)) Chemical Treatability of 1,1,1-loroethane; Concentration Process:ripping; Chemical Classification:locarbon; Scale of Study: Pilot scale,ntinuous flow; Type of Wastewater Used:dustrial waste; Results of Study:erhead flow (% of feed) 2.5 with 0.9:1Flux to overhead ratio, overheadnientration: 173.4 ppm, bottomncertration: 41.6 ppm; (Water quality:C: 9022 ppm, COD (chemical oxygenmand): 15100 ppm, pH: 0.1, acidity:2312 ppm, Cl: 116, 127 ppm numerouslogens present).ITATION] ** PEER REVIEWED **

EPA; Management of Hazarddous Wasteachate, EPA Contract No. 68-03-2766 p. E-7 (1982)) Chemical Treatability of 1,1,1-ichlorcethane; Concentration Process:Ivent extraction; ChemicalRssification: Halocarbon; Scale oftdy: Literature review; Type ofstewater Used: Unknown; Results oftdy: Extractable with alcohols and

0lb/-i or mn.on- o BuLJRNCES bfAT~LbANK~ Page: 24

DOtion 1 - Pull Disolavr. > 57 - , :.,; - TrZZ.DFRDCETAHNE (cont inueo)

4 AAFETY AND HANDLING (continued)

DISPDOSAL METHDDS - DTSD(7) ar

-cont.

DISPOSAL METHODS - DISP(8) usLe

Hare

RR

lrl

DISPDSL LITHDS ANDSP(S) usLe19T r

Ac

trha

ViCU

ga

trPV

5C

RADIATION LIM!ITS AND NDI POTENT4-AL - RADL(1)

5 TUXICITY/BIOMEDICAL EFFECTS

TOXICITY SUMMARY - TOXS ND

TDXIC HAZARD RATING - TXHR(1) Clev

t MERGENCY ?EDIC L TE TMENT -

ANTIDTE AND EtER3ENCYTREATMEKT - ANTR(1)

omat ics.

1TATIQNJ ** PEER REVIEWED **

EPA; Management of Hazardous Wasteachate, EPA Contract No. 68-03-2766 w.E-0 (1982)) Chemical Treatability of 1,1,1-ichloroetmane; Concentration Process:tivated carbon; Chemical Classification:2ocarbon; Scale of Study: Literatureview; Type of Wastewater Used: Unknown;sults of Study: Reported to be adsorbed.ITATIONJ ** PEER REVIEWED **

EPA; Management of HaZardous Wasteacnate, EPA Contract No. 66-03-2766 p.E-2 (1982)2 Chemical Treatability of 1,1,1-ichloroethane; Concentration Process:sin adsorption; Chemical Classification:locarbo'n; Scale of Study: Laboratoryale; Type of Wastewater Used: Well water;esuilts of Study: Performance foreatmenrt of water containing severallogens. BV to 33 ppb compound leakage;rgin: 9000, 23.4 days, 67500 gal treated

ft Regenerated; 8500, 22.1 days, 637501 treated cu ft. Flow: 2 gpm/cu ft (16/hr) regenerated at 37 lb steam/cu ft atpsig (ib/sq in gauge).ITATIONJ ** PEER REVIEWED **

assification of carcinogenicity: 1>idence in humans: no adequate data; 2)idence in animals: inadequate. Overall'mary evaluation of carcinogenic riskmans is Group 3: The agent is notassifiable as to its carcinogenicity tomars. /From table/ARC MONDGRAPHS. 1972-PRESENT S7 73 (1987)J* PEER REVIEWED **

ND

ND

pIII

ADDENDUM 2

EQUIPMENT CALIBRATION PROCEDURES

'UIi'I'pI.I'ivIIII[Ft

CALIBRATION OF THE HNU PI 101 ANALYZER

A complete maintenance schedule is performed on the HNU analyzer by

ECKENFELDER INC.'s Instrumentation Specialist (IS). This schedule includes

in-house calibration and operation prior to field use, and cleaning,

calibration, and operational checks upon return. However, field calibration

is mandatory on the species and concentration range required by the individual

operator. The following steps should be performed to properly calibrate the

HNU analyzer, utilizing isobutylene for calibration with the 10.2 eV probe.

Ambient concentrations of volatile organic compounds are reported as ppm

benzene. The process of calibration will be performed outside of any suspect

or contaminated area. Calibration of the HNU analyzer will be conducted at

the beginning of each day, when the range is changed, or if problems with the

instrument are encountered.

Step 1 -

Step 2 *

Step 3 -

Step 4 -

Step 5 -

Set the range setting at X10 (this range will provide accurate

values on the Xl range also).

Attach the 10.2 probe to the read-out assembly, insuring red

interlocking switch is depressed.

Attach the isobutylene gas cylinder regulator to the HNU

10.2 probe.

Adjust the flow from the regulator so that only a little excess

flow is registered at the flowmeter. (Insures HNU sees

calibration gas at atmospheric pressure and ambient

temperature). NOTE: If calibration gas cylinder reads 300 psi

or less, the cylinder should not be used as it may cause

concentration variations.

Turn function switch to BATT and ensure the needle is in green

area. (If not, battery requires'recharging.)

Step 6 -

Step 7

Calibration checking:

-- Immediately after calibration, make a reading using the

isobutylene standard. The concentration as stipulated on

the isobutylene cylinder should be reflected.

-- Periodic checks using the isobutylene standard during the

period of HNU operation can provide a rapid calibration

check in the field. The field results should compare with

that concentration found during initial calibration check.

Any problems encountered with calibration should warrant contact with the

Corporate Health and Safety Coordinator or Instrumentation Specialist. Under

no circumstances will the HNU be utilized in the field until all problems have

been resolved, and proper calibration accomplished.

Turn function switch to STANDbY. Set zero point with zero set

control.

For 0 to 20 or 0 to 200 range, turn function switch tO that

setting and note meter reading. Adjust SPAN control to read

the ppm concentration of the calibration gas which is noted on

each cylinder of calibration gas.

Recheck zero setting (step 6). If readjustment is required,

repeat step 7. (This gives a two-point calibration, zero and

the calibration gas standard point).

Step 8 -

PROCEDURES FOR THE FIELD OPERATIONS OF

AN OVA (ORGANIC VAPOR ANALYZER)

A maintenance schedule is performed on the Organic Vapor Analyzer (OVA) by

ECKENFELDER INC.'s Instrumentation Specialist. This schedule includes

in-house calibration and operation, primary filter cleaning, secondary filter

cleaning, burner assembly filter cleaning, exhaust flame aerator cleaning, and

sampling fixture cleaning. Further maintenance performed, as specified by the

manufacturer, includes the hydrogen tank supply and refill valves, and air

sampling system maintenance.

Field calibration of the OVA 128 is mandatory on the species and concentration

range required by the individual operator. while at the time of manufacture

the unit is calibrated to mixtures of methane in air, for precise analysis it

is necessary to recalibrate with the specific compound of interest. To

operate in the survey mode for the detection of total organic vapors, a known

sample of methane in air in the range of 90 to 100 ppm is used.

The following steps should be performed to properly calibrate the OVA 128,

utilizing methane or a gas specific for the species of interest. The process

of calibration is performed outside of any suspect or contaminated area and

should be performed once each morning and afternoon before active use.

Additional calibration should be conducted whenever the range is changed or if

problems with the instrument are encountered.

Step I Obtain a sample of methane in air in the range of 90 to 100 ppm.

Step 2 Start instrument and allow to operate for 15 minutes; set

Calibrate Switch to X10.

Step 3 Zero background- by use of the Calibrate Adjust (zero) knob.

Step 4 Draw a sample of the calibration gas into the instrument.

Step 5 The gas select knob on the panel is then used to set the readout

meter indication to correspond to the concentration of the

calibration gas mixtures. Record the Gas Select knob setting

for future reference.

Note: Other air and sample gas mixtures may be used and calibrated in

the same manner as that for air and methane. Recording the Gas

Select knob setting for each will provide a library of

references should that particular gas require investigation. To

investigate a gas following calibration, turn the Gas Select

knob from that of methane to that previously recorded for the

species of interest determined during calibration.

Should the OVA encounter extremely high (>1,000 ppm) concentrations of a gas,

or should the detector be contaminated by an oily compound, a more extensive

calibration process may be required. Prior to beginning this mode of

calibration, check the calibration by the previous five steps. Should the Gas

Select knob not require adjustment from the previous setting recorded, the

following calibration procedure will not be required.

To calibrate the OVA after a major malfunction, following an encounter with

high concentration, and/or after the detector is cleaned, the succeeding steps

must be followed:

Step 1 Place instrument into normal operation with the Calibrate Switch

set to X10 and the Gas Select control set to 300.

Step 2 Adjust the meter to zero by use of the Calibrate Adjust (zero)

knob.

Step 3 Introduce a methane sample of a known concentration (between 90

and 100 ppm, not to exceed 100 ppm) and adjust the R-32 trimpot

(found behind the main unit frame following removal from the

blue case) so that the meter reading corresponds to the known

calibration sample. The instrument gain for methane has now

been set at a reference number of 300.

Step 4 Turn off the Hydrogen Supply Value to put out flame.

Step 5 Leave the Calibrate Switch on X10 position and use the Calibrate

Adjust (zero) knob to adjust the meter reading to 4 ppm.

Step 6 Place the Calibrate Switch into the X1 position and using the

trimpot R-31 (found next to R-32), adjust the meter reading to

4 ppm.

Step 7 Move the Calibrate Switch to the X10 position and using the

Calibrate Adjust (zero) knob, adjust the meter to read 40 ppm.

Step 8 Move the Calibrate Switch to the X100 position, and using the

trimpot R-33 (found next to R-32), adjust the meter reading to

40 ppm.

Step 9 Move the Calibrate Adjust (zero) knob to adjust the meter

reading to zero.

The unit is now balanced from range to range, calibrated to methane, and ready

to be placed into normal service.

Any problems encountered during either calibration process will warrant

contact with the Corporate Health and Safety Officer or the Instrumentation

Specialist. Under no circumstances will the OVA 128 be utilized in the field

until all problems have been resolved, and proper calibration accomplished.

Li

ADDENDUM 3

DECONTAMINATION PROCEDURES

INTRODUCTION

Decontamination is the process of removing or neutralizing contaminants that

have accumulated on personnel and equipment-. Adequate decontamination is

critical to health and safety at hazardous work sites. Decontamination

protects:

* Workers against exposure substances that may contaminant and

eventually permeate protective clothing

e Respiratory equipment

* Tools

* Vehicles

" Various equipment used on site

" Site personnel by minimizing transfer of contaminants into clean

areas

" Against mixing of incompatible chemicals

" Against transport of contaminants from the site

DECONTAMINATION PLAN

A decontamination plan is developed as a part of the Site Safety Plan and

established prior to any personnel or equipment entering the area where

potential for exposure exists. The decontamination plan should:

* Determine the number and layout of decontamination stations

* Determine the decontamination equipment required

" Determine the appropriate decontamination methods

* Establish procedures to prevent contamination of clean areas

* Establish methods and procedures to minimize worker contact with

contaminants during removal of personal protective clothing and

equipment (PPE)

* Establish methods for disposing of clothing and equipment not

completely decontaminated

The plan should be reviewed/revised whenever the type of personal protective

clothing or equipment changes, the site conditions change, or the site hazards

are reassessed.

PREVENTION OF CONTAMINATION

The first step in decontamination is to establish operating procedures to

minimize contact with the hazardous materials. Methods to accomplish this

include:

" Work practices that minimize contact with the hazardous substances

* Use of remote sampling, handling

* Protection of monitoring and sampling instruments by bagging

* Use of disposable outer garments and disposable equipment where

appropriate

" Use of covers for equipment and tools with a strippable coating that

can be removed during decontamination

" Encasement of the source of contaminants with plastic sheeting or

overpacks

In addition, operating procedures should be established that maximize worker

protection. Proper procedures for dressing prior to entering the area of

contamination will minimize the potential for contaminants to by-pass the

protective clothing and escape decontamination.

TYPES OF CONTAMINANTS

Contaminants can be located either on the surface of personal protective

equipment (PPE) or permeate into the PPE equipment. Surface contaminants may

be easy to detect and remove, but contaminants that have permeated the

material are difficult to detect and remove. If contaminants that have

permeated a material are not removed by decontamination, they may continue to

permeate the material where upon they could cause an unexpected exposure.

Five major factors affect the extent of permeation:

* Contact time. The longer a contaminant remains in contact with the

object, the greater the probability for and extent of permeation.

* Concentration. As concentrations of hazardous substances increase,

the potential for permeation of PPE increases.

* Temperature. An increase in temperature generally increases the

permeation rate of contaminants.

* Size of contaminant molecules and pore space. Permeation increases

for smaller sized contaminant molecules.

* Physical state of wastes. As a rule, gases, vapors, and low

viscosity liquids tend to permeate more readily than high viscosity

liquids or solids.

DECONTAMINATION METHODS

All personnel, clothing, equipment, and samples leaving the contaminated area

of a site must be decontaminated to remove any harmful chemicals or infectious

organisms that may have adhered to them. Decontamination methods either:

* Physically remove contaminants

* Inactivate contaminants by chemical detoxification or disinfection

and sterilization

* Remove contaminants by a combination of physical and chemical

actions.

Various decontamination methods are shown in Table A2-1.

In many cases gross contamination can be removed by dislodging or

displacement, rinsing, wiping, and evaporation. Contaminants that can be

removed by physical means include:

* Loose contaminants. Dusts and vapors that cling to equipment and

workers or become trapped in small openings can be removed by water

or a liquid rinse. Removal of electrostatically attached materials

can be enhanced by coating the clothing or equipment with

anti-static solutions (commercially available as wash additives or

anti-static sprays).

TABLE A2-1

SOME DECONTAMINATION METHODS

REMOVAL

Contaminant Removal

water rinse, using pressurized or gravity flow.

Chemical leaching and extraction.

Evaporation/vaporization.

Pressurized air jets.

Scrubbing/scraping. Commonly done using brushes, scrapers, or sponges and

water-compatible solvent cleaning solutions.

Steam jets.

Removal of Contamination Surfaces

Disposal of deeply permeated materials, e.g., clothing, floor mats, andseats.

Disposal of protective coverings/coatings.

INACTIVATION

Chemical Detoxification

Halogen stripping.

Neutralization.

Oxidationlreduction.

Thermal/degradation.

Disinfection/Sterlization

Chemical disinfection.

Dry heat sterilization.

Gas/vapor sterilization.

Irradiation.

Steam sterilization.

Adhering contaminants. Some contaminants may adhere by forces other

than electrostatic attraction. Adhesive qualities will vary

according to the specific contaminant and the temperature.

Contaminants such as glue, cements, resins, and muds have greater

adhesive properties and are difficult to remove by physical means.

Physical removal for gross contaminants include scraping, brushing,

and wiping. Removal of adhesives can be enhanced through

solidifying, freezing (i.e., using dry ice or ice water), adsorption

or absorption (i.e., with powdered lime or kitty litter), or

melting.

e Volatile liquids. Volatile liquid contaminants can be removed from

protective clothing and equipment by evaporation followed by a water

rinse. The evaporation may be enhanced through the use of steam

jets. However, special care must be taken to prevent worker

inhalation during an evaporation or vaporization process.

Physical removal of a contaminant should be followed by a wash and rinse

process utilizing a cleaning solution(s). Cleaning solutions normally utilize

one or more of the following mechanisms:

Dissolving contaminants. A solvent may be utilized to remove

surface contaminants, though compatibility with the equipment being

cleaned must be ensured. This is particularly important when

decontaminating personal protective clothing constructed of organic

materials that may be damaged or destroyed by organic solvents.

Additional care must be taken with solvents that may be flammable or

potentially toxic. Organic solvents include alcohols, ethers,

keytones, aromatics, straight-chain alkanes, and common petroleum

products.

Halogenated solvents generally are incompatable with PPE and are

toxic. Their use should be restricted only to extreme cases where

other cleaning agents are ineffective.

Table A2-2 provides a general guide to the solubility of several

contaminant categories in four types of solvents: water, dilute

acids, dilute bases, and organic solvents. Because of the potential

hazards, decontamination using chemicals should be done only if

recommended by an industrial hygienist or qualified health

professional.

" Surfactants. Surfactants augment the physical cleaning methods by

reducing adhesion forces between contaminants and the surface being

cleaned and reducing redeposition. Household detergents are among

the most common surfactants. Some detergents can be used with

organic solvents to improve the dispersal and dissolving of the

contaminant into the solvent.

* Solidification. Solidifying liquid or gel contaminants can enhance

their physical removal. The mechanisms of solidification include:

moisture removal by the use of aborbents (i.e., ground clay or

powdered lime); chemical reactions through polymerization catalysts

and chemical reagents; freezing by use of ice water.

* Rinsing. Rinsing removes contaminants through dilution, physical

attraction, and solublization. Multiple rinses with clean solutions

remove more contaminants than a single rinse with the same volume of

solution.

* Disinfection and sterilization. Chemical disinfectants are a

practical means of inactivating infectious agents. However,

standard sterilization techniques are impractical for large

equipment and for PPE equipment. Therefore, disposable PPE is

recommended for use with infectious agents.

Numerous factors such as cost, availability, and ease of implementation

influence the selection of a decontamination method. From a health and safety

standpoint, two key questions must be addressed:

TABLE A2-2

GENERAL GUIDE TO SOLUBILITY OF CONTAMINANTSIN FOUR SOLVENT TYPES

Soluble Contaminants

Low-chain hydrocarbons.Inorganic compounds.Salts.Some organic acids and other polar compounds.

Dilute Acids Basin (caustic) compounds.Amines.Hydrazines.

Dilute BasesFor example:-detergent-soap

Acidic compounds.Phenols.Thiols.Some nitro and sulfonic compounds.

Organic Solventsa Nonpolar compounds (e.g., some organicFor example: compounds).-alcohols-ethers-ketones-aromatics-straight-chain alkanes (e.g., hexane)-common petroleum products (e.g., fuel oil, kerosene)

aWARNING:

clothing.

Solvent

Water

Some organic solvents can permeate and/or degrade the protective

" Is the decontamination method effective for the specific substances

present?

" Does the method itself pose any health or safety hazards?

TESTING THE EFFECTIVENESS OF DECONTAMINATION

Decontamination methods vary in their effectiveness for removing different

substances. The effectiveness of any decontamination method should be

assessed at the beginning and periodically through the lifetime of the program.

The following methods can be useful in assessing the effectiveness of

decontamination.

* Visual observation. In some cases, effectiveness can be estimated

by visual observation in natural light (i.e., discolorations,

stains, corrosive effects, visible dirt or alterations in clothing

fabric) or by ultraviolet light (UV) (i.e., polycyclic aromatic

hydrocarbons may be common in many refined oils and solvent wastes,

fluoresce when exposed to UV light) which can be used to detect

contamination on the skin, clothing, and equipment. Care when

utilizing UV light on the skin must be taken as certain areas of the

skin may naturally fluoresce and UV light can increase the risk of

skin cancer and eye damage. A qualified health professional should

be consulted prior to the use of UV light at a site.

" Wipe sampling. Wipe testing provides after-the-fact information

concerning the effectiveness of decontamination. The procedure can

be accomplished by using a dry or wet cloth, glass fiber filter

paper, or a swab which is wiped over the potentially contaminated

object and analyzed in a laboratory. Both the inner and outer

surfaces of the clothing, equipment, and skin may be tested in this

manner.

* Cleaning solution analysis. Another means by which the

effectiveness of decontamination can be tested is by analyzing the

contaminants in the cleaning solutions. Elevated concentrations in

the final rinse may indicate additional cleaning and rising are

required.

* Testing for permeation. To test for the permeation of chemical

contaminants requires that swatches of the clothing material be

submitted for analysis.

DECONTAMINATION FACILITY DESIGN

The decontamination facility design is dependent on the level and types of

decontamination procedures required and on site specific factors. The

decontamination process must provide for a series of procedures performed in

a specific sequence. An example of an orderly procedure for decontamination

may include:

* Equipment drop area

" Outer, more heavily contaminated items such as outer boots and

gloves decontaminated and removed first

" Decontamination and removal of inner less contaminated items such as

shirts and pants

" Removal of respiratory protective device followed by last inner

gloves

Each step should be performed at separate and segregated stations to prevent

contamination cross over. In addition, each step should be arranged in order

of decreasing contamination. Minimum and maximum decontamination layouts are

shown in Figures 9-1. 9-2 and 9-3 in Section 9.0.

DECONTAMINATION EQUIPMENT SELECTION

Table A2-3 lists recommended equipment for decontamination of personnel,

personal protective equipment, and equipment. In selecting decontamination

TABLE A2-3

SOME RECOMMENDED EQUIPMENT FOR DECONTAMINATION OFPERSONNEL AND PERSONAL PROTECTIVE CLOTHING AND EQUIPMENT

Drop cloths of plastic or other suitable materials on which heavilycontaminated equipment and outer protective clothing may be deposited.

Collection containers, such as drums or suitably lined trash cans, for storing

disposable clothing and heavily contaminated personal protective clothing orequipment that must be discarded.

Lined box with absorbents for wiping or rinsing off gross contaminants andliquid contaminants.

Large galvanized tubs, stock tanks, or children's wading pools to hold washand rinse solutions. These should be at least large enough for a worker toplace a booted foot in, and should have either no drain or a drain connectedto a collection tank or appropriate treatment system.

Wash solutions selected to wash off and reduce the hazards associated with the

contaminants.

Rinse solutions selected to remove contaminants and contaminated washsolutions.

Long-handled, soft-bristled brushes to help wash and rinse off contaminants.

Paper or cloth towels for drying protective clothing and equipment.

Lockers and cabinets for storage of decontaminated clothing and equipment.

Metal or plastic cans or drums for contaminated wash and rinse solutions.

Plastic sheeting, sealed pads with drains, or other appropriate methods forcontaining and collecting contaminated wash and rinse solutions spilled duringdecontamination.

Shower facilities for full body wash or, at, a minimum, personal wash sinks(with drains connected to a collection tank or appropriate treatment system).

Soap or wash solution, wash cloths, and towels for personnel.

Lockers or closets for clean clothing and personal item storage.

equipment, consider whether the equipment itself can be decontaminated for

reuse or can be easily disposed. Table A2-4 lists types of equipment that may

be used for large equipment and vehicles. Other types of equipment listed in

these tables may also be appropriate in certain situations.

Equipment used for DECON must be decontaminated and/or disposed of properly.

Buckets, brushes, clothing, tools, and other contained equipment should be

collected, placed into containers, and labeled. In addition,,all spent

solutions and wash water should be collected and disposed of properly.

PERSONAL PROTECTION

Personal protection of workers in the DECON area must be addressed. In some

cases the PPE required may be identical to that worn by those individuals

exiting the work zone. However, in most cases the level of protection

required in the DECON area is one step lower. The level of protection will

vary with the type of DECON equipment used. Utilization of a steam jet may

require different respiratory protection due to the moisture levels produced

or the cleaning solutions used, and wastes removed during decontamination may

generate harmful vapors.

All decontamination workers are in a contaminated area and must themselves be

decontaminated before entering the clean support zone. The extent of their

decontamination should be determined by the types of contaminants they may

have contacted and the type of work they perform.

EMERGENCY DECONTAMINATION

In addition to routine decontamination procedures, emergency decontamination

procedures must be established. In an emergency, the primary concern is to

prevent the loss of life or severe injury to site personnel. Should immediate

medical attention be required to save a life, decontamination should be

delayed until the victim is stabilized. However, if decontamination can be

performed without interfering with first aid or life saving techniques, or

TABLE A2-4

SOME RECOMMENDED EQUIPMENT FORHEAVY EQUIPMENT AND VEHICLE DECONTAMINATION

Storage tanks of appropriate treatment systems for temporary storage and/ortreatment of contaminated wash and rinse solutions.

Drains or pumps for collection of contaminated wash and rinse solutions.

Long-handled brushes for general exterior cleaning.

Wash solutions selected to remove and reduce the hazardous associated with thecontamination.

Rinse solutions selected to remove contaminants and contaminated washsolutions.

Pressurized sprayers for washing and rinsing, particularly hard-to-reachareas.

Curtains, enclosures, or spray booths to contain splashes from pressurizedsprays.

Long-handled brushes, rods, and shovels for dislodging contaminants andcontaminated soil caught in tires and the undersides of vehicles andequipment.

Containers to hold contaminants and contaminated soil removed from tires andthe undersides of vehicles and equipment.

Wash and rinse buckets for use in the decontamination of operator areas insidevehicles and equipment.

Brooms and brushes for cleaning operator areas inside vehicles and equipment.

Containers for storage and disposal of contaminated wash and rinse solutions,damaged or heavily contaminated parts, and equipment to be discarded.

should a- worker be contaminated with an extremely toxic or corrosive material

that has the potential to cause severe injury or loss of life, decontamination

must be performed immediately. If an emergency due to a heat-related illness

develops, protective clothing should be removed from the individual to reduce

heat stress. During an emergency, provision must also be made for

protecting medical personnel and disposing of contaminated clothing and

equipment.

Januay 17, 1991 625 - EEA Data Portal

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