IONIC CONTENT OF PHULELI CANAL WATER IN VARIOUS SEASONS

Ashafa SoomroAssistant Professor, Department of Soil Science

Sindh Agriculture Unievrsity Tandojam

ABSTRACT

Ionic content of Phuleli canal water wasmonitored for four seasons (summer, autumn, winter, andspring) at seven different locations (RD-0, RD-30, RD-50,RD-70, RD-90, RD-110 and RD-130). In canal water, higher EC(0.76 dS m-1), HCO3

- (1.75 meq l-1), Cl- (3.49 meq l-1), SO42-

(2.31 meq l-1), Ca2++Mg2+ (2.68 meq l-1), Na+ (4.79 meq l-1) andSAR (4.14) was determined towards downstream during winterseason. The values of pH, EC, HCO3

-, Cl-, SO42-, Ca2++Mg2+, Na+,

K+ and SAR although differ significantly from location tolocation (P<0.01), but the values were within thepermissible limits of FAO and WHO for agriculture and humanconsumption. The higher EC (0.76 dS m-1), HCO3

- (1.75 meq l-

1), Cl- (3.49 meq l-1), SO42- (2.31 meq l-1), Ca2++Mg2+ (2.68

meq l-1), Na+ (4.79 meq l-1) and SAR (4.14) of Phuleli canalwater was observed at RD-130 during winter season. As theseason changed, the values of these parameters reduced(autumn>spring>summer). Same was true with RD’s which hadhigher values of these traits at RD-130>110>90>70>50>30 and0 instead of sulphate (SO4

2-). Overall results showed thatwater contamination with HCO3

2-, Cl-, SO42-, Ca2++Mg2+, Na+ and

SAR was higher in the downstream as compared to base pointof regulator (RD-0). The Phuleli canal water for pH (7.73)and K+ (0.25 meq l-1) content had inverse trend, beinghigher at RD-0 during summer season and become lower at RD-130 during winter season. However, all the chemicalproperties of Phuleli canal water including pH, ECCO3

-,

HCO32-, Cl-, SO4

2-, Ca2++Mg2+, Na+, K+ and SAR values were wellcomparable and within the range recommended by WHO (2004)and FAO (Ayers and Westcot, 1985) for human consumption andagriculture use.

Keywords: Phuleli canal, Ionic content, Locations, Seasons_____________________________________________________________________

1

INTRODUCTION

Canal irrigated crops are affected by the poorquality water due to accumulation of salts in the rootzone, by causing loss of permeability of the soil due toexcess sodium or calcium leaching, or by containingpathogens or contaminants which are directly toxic toplants or to those consuming them (FAO, 1990). Contaminantsin irrigation water may accumulate in the soil and, after aperiod of years, render the soil unfit for agriculture.Even when the presence of pesticides or pathogenicorganisms in irrigation water does not directly affectplant growth, it may potentially affect the acceptabilityof the agricultural product for sale or consumption.Quality criteria may also differ considerably from onecountry to another, due to different annual applicationrates of irrigation water (Akhtar et al., 2005).

The major sources of water pollution can beclassified as municipal, industrial, andagricultural. Municipal water pollution consists ofwastewater from homes and commercial establishments (Terry,1996; Wayne and Renee, 1997). For many years, the main goalof treating municipal wastewater was simply to reduce itscontent of suspended solids, oxygen-demanding materials,dissolved inorganic compounds, and harmful bacteria. Theimpact of industrial discharges depends not only on theircollective characteristics (MacKenzie, 1996), such asbiochemical oxygen demand and the amount of suspendedsolids, but also on their content of specific inorganic andorganic substances (Onsdorff, 1996). Three options areavailable in controlling industrial wastewater (Richman,1997). Control can take place at the point of generation inthe plant; wastewater can be pretreated for discharge tomunicipal treatment sources; or wastewater can be treatedcompletely at the plant and either reused or dischargeddirectly into receiving waters (Tibbetts, 1996).

The quality of canal water is adversely affecteddue to inclusion of sewage affluents of cities in thecanals and consecuently the ionic content of the water isaltered. The reports reviewed indicated that EC, pH, CO3

2-,

HCO3-, Cl-, SO4

2-, Ca+2+Mg+2, Na+, K+, SAR and RSC etc. values

2

are excessively affected by the inclusion of municipal wastesin the canal water. According to Aamir and Tahir (2003), thepH and EC of drinking water in Peshwar city of Pakistanwere 7.8 and 0.62 dSm-1; the drinking water had lowturbidity and high dissolved oxygen. The other problemsfound in drinking water were contamination due to coliformbacteria crossed the limit of WHO in some areas. Thequality of drinking water and possible associated healthrisks vary throughout the world with some regions showing,for example, high levels of arsenic, fluoride orcontamination of drinking water by pathogens, whereaselsewhere these are very low and no problem (Fawell andNieuwenhuijsen, 2003). There is a very low level ofawareness among majority of farmers about contamination ofgroundwater and other elements causing hardness of waternot known to the majority of farmers (Gangyly et al., 2003;Jakariya et al. 2003). Studies concluded that biochemicaloxygen demand, chemical oxygen demand, total dissolvedsolids, EC and Sulphate (SO4) content of exceeded drinkingwater standards; and waste water lagoons may be polluting(Moghadas, 2003). The water may be polluted by the wastematerials from industries and seemed that severe waterpollution exists in canals passing close to factories ormunicipal waste is drained to these canals (Moghadas,2003). At present a large majority of people in Pakistanlives in the Indus river basin, which provides water forthe largest contiguous irrigation system in the world. Anestimated 25-35 million people in the Indus basin live inareas with brackish groundwater with very low rainfall;hence they rely on surface irrigation water for all theirwater needs, including washing, bathing, and drinking (Vander Hoek et al., 1999). In most towns in Pakistan, which havea sewage disposal system, the wastewater is used forirrigation. Recent estimates reveal that about 26% ofvegetable production comes from fields irrigated withwastewater (Jeroen et al., 2004). Like other cities of Pakistan, Hyderabad is alsofacing a great problem of safe disposal of wastewater.Highly toxic run-off from plastic factories, illegal cattlepens, slaughterhouses and sewage water is directly disposedoff either by gravity flow or by means of pumping intoPhuleli canal without any treatment (Leghari, et al., 2004) asit passes through Hyderabad. As a result, Phuleli canal

3

has put in jeopardy lives of millions of people inHyderabad, Badin, Tando Muhammad Khan and Matli towns ofSindh province of Pakistan because they use thiscontaminated water for drinking purpose (Dawn, 2006 a, b;Guriro, 2009). This untreated sewage water containsdissolved solids, suspended solids, inorganic and organiccompounds, oils, solvents, greases, thermal discharge, etc.The groundwater is said to be polluted due to leachate ofharmful chemicals and is considered unfit for drinkingpurpose and agriculture use. Therefore, it is imperative toprotect the freshwater bodies of Sindh Province. Also ithas been the interest of the public to know whethervegetables, fruits and food crops cultivated in pollutedsoils are safe for human consumption (Chiroma, et al., 2003).The present study therefore is an attempt to determineanalyse canal water quality for ionic content, particularlyto examine the levels of EC, pH, CO3

2-, HCO3

-, Cl-, SO42-,

Ca+2+Mg+2, Na+, K+, SAR and RSC and compare the values withpermissible limits of WHO.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

The studies were carried out during the year2008-2009 to determine the ionic contents of Phuleli Canalwater. Water quality at seven locations of Phuleli commandarea (RD-0, RD-30, RD-50, RD-70, RD-90, RD-110 and RD-130)was studied. These locations start from KotriBarrage/Ghulam Muhammad Barrage (regulatotr point) towardsRD-30, RD-50, RD70, RD-90 situated in Hyderabad districtwhile RD-110, RD130 fall in Tando Muhammad Khan district.Moreover, seasonal effects on canal, groundwater and soilquality were also evaluated. Seasonally, summer starts fromMay, June, July and August, autumn from September andOctober, winter from November, December, January andFebruary and spring from March and April. The water sampleswere collected throughout the year in order to monitor theionic, trace and heavy metal content of Phuleli Canal waterat different locations and water quality status wascompared with WHO/FAO standards.

Sample and sampling procedure

4

Samples of canal, ground water and soil werecollected from seven locations (RD-0, RD-30, RD-50, RD-70, RD-90, RD-110 and RD-130) with three replicationsduring four seasons (summer, autumn, winter and spring).

Surface water samples were collected from thecentre by standing in the middle of the stream. Care wastaken to keep the bottle well above the bed of the streamto avoid unwanted bed material going into the samplefollowing the procedures given by National Water QualityMonitoring Programme (Kahlown et al., 2002).Collected samples were sent to the laboratories of Land andWater Management, Faculty of Agricultural Engineering,Sindh Agriculture University Tandojam and Drainage ResearchCenter Tandojam for physicho-chemical analysis. The canalwater samples for determination of ionic content werecollected in properly washed 1.5 liter polyethylenecontainers. The samples for determination of heavy/tracemetals were kept in glass bottles prewashed with detergent,diluted HNO3 and doubly de-ionized distilled water asdescribed by Akoto and Adiyiah (2007); Wattoo et al. (2004).

Determinations

The analysis of soil and water samples werecarried out according to the methods as outlined inHandbook 60 by U.S. Salinity Laboratory Staff (1954),except otherwise mentioned.

pH reading of water samples: The pH of soil water extractsand water samples was determined by portable pH meter(Orion-ISE Model-SA-720 USA) using buffers of pH 4.0 and pH9.0 as standards (Method No. 21c, pp. 102).

Electrical conductivity of saturation extract (EC):Electrical conductivity was determined with the help of aportable conductivity meter (Hana Model-8733, Germany)using the standard reference solution which at 25oC has aconductivity of 1412 µS cm-1 (KCl=0.0100M) forstandardization (Method No. 4b, pp. 89).

Soluble calcium plus magnesium (Ca2++Mg2+): By titrating withstd. versinate EDTA in the presence of NH4Cl+NH4OH buffer

5

solution and Eriochrome Black T indicator (Method No. 7,pp.94).

Sodium (Na): Sodium was determined with the help of FlamePhotometer (Jenway UK Model No. PFP-7) Method No. 10a,pp.96.

Potassium (K): Potassium was determined with the help ofFlame Photometer (Jenway UK Model No. PFP-7) Method No.11a, pp.97.

Carbonate and bicarbonate (CO3- and HCO3

-): By titration withstandard sulfuric acid (H2SO4) using phenolphthalein andmethyl orange indicators respectively (Method No. 12, p.98).

Chloride (Cl-): By titrating against standard silvernitrate (AgNO3) solution using potassium chromate (K2CrO4)indicator (Method No. 13, pp. 98).

Sulphate (SO42-): By subtracting CO3

- + HCO3- + Cl- from total

soluble salts, all expressed as me l-1 was adopted (Rowel,1994).

Sulphate (So42-) = (Ca2+ + Mg2+ + Na+ + K+) –

(CO32- + HCO3

2- + Cl-)

Sodium absorption ratio (SAR): The following formula forSodium absorption ratio (SAR) was adopted ( Rowell, 1994and Qureshi and Barret-Lennard, 1998).

SAR =

Na+

[(Ca+2+Mg+2)/2]1/2

Exchangeable sodium percentage (ESP)

Exchangeable sodium percentage was calculatedby Rowell, (1994). Exchangeable Sodium Ratio (ESR) = -0.013+0.015SAR

6

Exhangeable Sodium Percentage (ESP) = 100ESR/(1+ESR)

Residual sodium carbonate (RSC)

Residual sodium carbonate was calculated(Rowell, 1994)

Residual sodium carbonate (RSC) = (CO32- + HCO3

-)- (Ca2+ + Mg2+)

Statistical analysis

The data collected were subjected tostatistical analysis using analysis of variancetechnique. The LSD (Least Significant Differences) testwas applied compare the individual treatment means as perthe statistical methods developed by Gomez and Gomez(1984). The above statistical analyses were performed byusing MSTAT-C Computer Software.

7

RESULTS

Phuleli Canal water samples were collected fromlocations viz. RD-0, RD-30, RD-50, RD-70, RD-90, RD-110 andRD-130 during summer, autumn, winter, and spring. The watersamples were an analyzed for determining EC, pH, CO3

2-, HCO3

-,Cl-, SO4

2-, Ca+2+Mg+2, Na+, K+ and SAR, RSC.

Ionic content in phuleli canal water in various seasons

Statistical analysis of variance showed that allthe chemical properties such as EC, pH,, HCO3

-, Cl-, SO42-,

Ca+2+Mg+2, Na+, K+ and SAR of water samples collected duringdifferent seasons of the year from Phuleli canal variedsignificantly. However, CO3

2- and RSC were absent (Table-1).

The EC of water samples collected in winterseason was relatively higher (0.60 dS m-1) than thosecollected in autumn, spring and summer seasons. The pH(7.56) and K+ contents (0.198 meq l-1) respectively werehigher during summer, however, HCO3

-, (1.63 meq l-1), Cl-,(2.4 meq l-1), SO4

-2, (1.90 meq l-1), Ca+2+Mg+2 (2.27 meq l-1),Na+, (3.51 meq l-1) SAR (3.26) were greater during winter(Table 1). All the chemical properties of Phuleli canalwater including pH, EC, CO3

-, HCO3

-, Cl-, SO42-, Ca+2 + Mg+2, Na+,

K+ and SAR, values were well comparable and within the rangerecommended by WHO (2004) and FAO (Ayers and Westcot, 1985)for human consumption and agriculture use respectively(Table 1). With the exception of pH and K, all thechemical characteristics increased significantly in Phuleliwater in winter and decreased significantly in water insummer season.

Ionic content in phuleli canal water in various locations

The water samples collected from Phuleli Canal atvarious locations showed significantly (P<0.05) differentchemical composition for EC, HCO3

-, Cl-, SO42-, Ca2++Mg2+, Na+,

K+ and SAR.However, CO32- and RSC were found absent

(Appendix-I). The EC of water samples collected fromregulator at RD-0 was significantly lower (0.43 dS m-1) aswater concentration encroached towards down stream i.e RD-130. However, pH and K+ decreased at down stream. The

8

results of the study showed pH and K+ content in waterfound 7.63 and 0.22 meq l-1 respectively which were higherfor water samples collected from regulator at RD-0 andlower pH (7.28) and K+ (0.089 meq l-1) was noted atdownstream (RD-130).

The lower values of EC (0.4), HCO3- (1.26 meq L-1),

Cl- (1.13 meq l-1), SO42- (1.68 meq l-1), Ca2++Mg2+ (1.73 meq l-

1), Na+ (2.12 meq l-1), K+ (0.22 meq l-1), and SAR (2.29) wereobserved in the water samples collected from regulator;while the chemical composition of water samples EC (0.47-0.72), HCO3

-(1.42-1.70 meq l-1), Cl- (1.73-3.29 meq l-1), SO42-

(1.736-2.16 meq l-1), Ca2++Mg2+ (1.921-2.61 meq l-1), Na+

(2.752-4.45 meq l-1) and SAR (2.81-3.89) significantlyincreased when the location of sample collection changedfrom RD-0 to RD-130; while pH and K+ content relativelydecreased in the samples collected from RD-130 (Table 2).The values of pH, EC, HCO3

-, Cl-, SO42-, Ca2++Mg2+, Na+, K+ and

SAR although differ significantly from location to location(P<0.01), but the values were within the permissible limitsof FAO and WHO for agriculture and human consumption.

9

Table 1. Ionic content in Phuleli Canal water in differentseasons

Parameters SE LSD(5%)

Seasons

*WHO

**FA

O

Summer Autumn Winter Spring

EC (dS m-1) 0.0021

0.0096 0.54d 0.58b 0.60

a 0.55 c - 0-3

pH 0.0098 0.044 7.56a 7.40

c7.31d 7.45 b 6.5-

8.56.5-8.4

CO3-(meq l-1) - - Nil NGVS 0-1

HCO3- (meq l-1) 0.001

90.0095 1.41 d 1.55b 1.63a 1.50c -- 0-10

Cl- (meq l-1) 0.0022

0.0099 2.14d 2.30

b 2.4 a 2.25 c 7.0 0-30

SO4 2- (meq l-1) 0.006

90.0311 1.8 b 1.87

a 1.90a 1.80 b 5.2 0-20

Ca2++Mg2+ (meql-1)

0.0018

0.0097 2.02 d 2.18

b 2.27a 2.09 c -- --

Na+ (meq l-1) 0.0016 0.0096 3.14 d 3.40b 3.51a 3.28c 8.7 0-40

K+ (meq l-1) 0.0021

0.0097

0.198a

0.16c

0.148d 0.18b 0.26 --

SAR 0.0023

0.0098 3.10 d 3.235

b 3.26a 3.19 c -- 0-15

RSC -- -- -Nil-

In each row, means followed by common letter are not significantly different at5% probability level.

* Max: permissible limit for drinking purpose/humanconsumption.

10

** Recommended maximum concentration for irrigation/cropproduction (Ayers and Westcot, 1985).

11

Table 2. Ionic content of phuleli canal water in various locations

Parameters SE LSD(5%)

Locations

*WHO

**FA

ORD-0(Regulato

r)

RD-30 RD-50

RD-70

RD-90 RD-110

RD-130

EC (dS m-1) 0.0026

0.008 0.43 g 0.47f 0.50

5e0.580d 0.61c 0.66

b 0.72a - 0-3

pH 0.013

0.045 7.63 a 7.56

b7.48c

7.475 c

7.34d

7.28e

7.28f

6.5-8.5

6.5-8.4

CO3- - - -Nil- NVGS 0-1

HCO3- (meq l-1) 0.00

290.009 1.26 f 1.42

e1.506 d

1.515d

1.595c

1.68b 1.70a -- 0-10

Cl- (meq l-1) 0.0026

0.010 1.13g 1.731

f1.895e

2.228d

2.630c

3.004b 3.29a 7.0 0-30

SO4 2- (meq l-1) 0.00

910.032 1.68e 1.736

d1.737d

1.838c

1.913b

1.84c 2.16a 5.2 0-20

Ca2++Mg2+ (meql-1)

0.0028

0.007 1.73g 1.921

f2.017e

2.096d

2.184c

2.41b 2.61a -- --

Na+ (meq l-1) 0.0026

0.009 2.12g 2.752

f2.913e

3.304d

3.793c

3.98b 4.45a 8.7 0-40

K+ (meq l-1) 0.0029

0.0095 0.22a 0.213

ab0.206b

0.182c

0.160d

0.13e

0.089f

0.26 -

SAR 0.0027

0.0096 2.29f 2.811

e2.900d

3.23c

3.630b

3.63b 3.89a -- 0-15

RSC -Nil-

In each row, means followed by common letter are not significantly different at 5% probability level.

* Max: permissible limit for drinking purpose/human consumption**Recommended Maximum concentration for irrigation/crop production

(Ayers and Westcot, 1985)

12

Interactive effect of seasons x locations of Phuleli canalon ionic content

The data (Table-3) show that the interactiveeffect of seasons and locations on the chemical compositionof Phuleli water was highly significant (P<0.05) with theexception of pH which showed non-significant variation dueto this interactive effect.However, CO3

2- andRSC were foundabsent. The higher EC (0.76 dS m-1), HCO3

- (1.75 meq l-1), Cl-

(3.49 meq l-1), SO42- (2.31 meq l-1), Ca2++Mg2+ (2.68 meq l-1),

Na+ (4.79 meq l-1) and SAR (4.14) of Phuleli canal water wasobserved at RD-130 during winter season. As the seasonchanged, the values of these parameters reduced(autumn>spring>summer). Same was true with RD’s which hadhigher values of these traits at RD-130>110>90>70>50>30 and0 instead of sulphate (SO4

2-). Overall results showed thatwater contamination with HCO3

2-, Cl-, SO42-, Ca2++Mg2+, Na+ and

SAR was higher in the downstream as compared to base pointof regulator (RD-0). The Phuleli canal water for pH (7.73)and K+ (0.25 meq l-1) content respectively had inversetrend, being higher at RD-0 during summer season and becomelower at RD-130 during winter season. All the chemicalproperties of Phuleli canal water including pH, ECCO3

-,

HCO32-, Cl-, SO4

2-, Ca2++Mg2+, Na+, K+ and SAR values were wellcomparable and within the range recommended by WHO (2004)and FAO (Ayers and Westcot, 1985) for human consumption andagriculture use.

13

Table 3. Interactive effect of seasons x locations of Phuleli Canal on ionic content

Seas

ons Locations EC

(dS m-

1)

pH Parameters SAR RSCmeq l-1

CO3- HCO3

- CL- SO42- Ca2++Mg2+ Na2+ K+

Summ

er

RD-0 (Regulator)

0.40r

7.73 -Nil-

1.11t

0.98z

1.69no

1.55 q 1.98z

0.25 a 2.25v

-Nil-

RD-30 0.43q 7.70 1.33q

1.68u

1.66op

1.75 o 2.67v

0.25ab

2.85qr

RD-50 0.48mn

7.60 1.33q

1.77t

1.76lm

1.87 n 2.76t

0.23bc

2.86q

RD70 0.55ij

7.60 1.37o

2.07o

1.92f-i

1.98 m 3.16p

0.21de

3.18m

RD-90 0.59h

7.50 1.47l

2.49k

1.95e-g

2.04 l 3.68k

0.18hi

3.64f

RD-110 0.63ef

7.40 1.64g

2.87g

1.64op

2.37 g 3.63l

0.16jk

3.33j

RD-130 0.68cd

7.37 1.62h

3.13d

2.00de

2.56 d 4.08f

0.11mn 3.61h

Autumn

RD-0 (Regulator)

0.44pq

7.60 1.31q

1.19x

1.62p

1.75 o 2.17x

0.20d-g

2.32t

RD-30 0.49m

7.53 1.35p

1.82s

1.87ij

1.98 m 2.87s

0.19f-h

2.88p

RD-50 0.53kl

7.47 1.56j

1.93q

1.78lm

2.07k 2.98r

0.21d-f

2.93o

RD70 0.59h

7.50 1.58i

2.19n

1.79k-m

2.13 j 3.25o

0.17ij

3.15n

RD-90 0.62ef

7.27 1.66f

2.68i

1.88h-j

2.24 i 3.83i

0.15 k 3.62gh

RD-110 0.67d 7.23 1.69cd

3.04e

1.95ef

2.43 f 4.12e

0.12lm

3.74e

RD-130 0.73b

7.20 1.73b

3.34b

2.23b

2.63 b 4.59b

0.077o

4.00b

RD-0(Regulator)

0.47no

7.53 1.41n

1.30w

1.76lm

1.98 m 2.28w

0.197e-h

2.29u

RD-30 0.52l

7.40 1.54k

1.65v

1.80kl

2.09 k 2.73u

0.187g-i

2.67s

14

Wint

er

RD-50 0.54jk

7.37 1.66f

2.017p

1.65op

2.14 j 3.03q

0.17ij

2.93o

RD70 0.61fg

7.37 1.67ef

2.38l

1.80kl

2.24 i 3.47m

0.15jk

3.28l

RD-90 0.64e

7.20 1.68de

2.78h

1.93f-h

2.33 h 3.92g

0.14kl

3.63fg

RD-110 0.69cd

7.20 1.72b

3.12d

2.04 d 2.45 e 4.32d

0.11mn

3.90c

RD-130 0.76a

7.10 1.75a

3.49a

2.31 a 2.68 a 4.79a

0.077o

4.14a

Spring

RD-0(Regulator)

0.42q

7.63 1.22r

1.06y

1.65op

1.64 p 2.06y

0.23a-c

2.28u

RD-30 0.45op

7.60 1.45m

1.77t

1.62p

1.87 n 2.74u

0.23bc

2.84r

RD-50 0.47n

7.50 1.47l

1.86r

1.75lm

1.99 m 2.88s

0.22cd

2.89p

RD70 0.57i

7.43 1.44m

2.27m

1.84jk

2.03 l 3.34n

0.19e-h

3.31k

RD-90 0.60gh

7.40 1.57ij

2.58j

1.89g-j

2.13 j 3.74j

0.17ij

3.62gh

RD-110 0.64e 7.30 1.66f

2.98f

1.73mn

2.38 g 3.86h

0.14kl

3.54i

RD-130 0.69c

7.27 1.70c

3.21c 2.10 c 2.58 c 4.34c

0.093no

3.82d

SE 0.0058

0.0408

0.0057

0.0058

0.0183

0.0056 0.0055

0.0058 0.0059

LSD (5%) 0.0172

0.1213

0.016 0.017 0.0543

0.018 0.019 0.016 0.015

*WHO -- 6.5-8.5

NVGS -- 7.0 5.2 -- 8.7 0.26 --

**FAO 0-3 6.5-8.4

0-1 0-10 0-30 0-20 -- 0.40 -- 0-15

In each column, means followed by common letter are not significantly different at 5% probability level.

* Max: permissible limit for drinking purpose/human consumption**Recommended Maximum concentration for irrigation/crop production (Ayers and Westcot, 1985)

15

Correlation coefficient (r) between ionic content parameters of Phuleli Canal water

The correlation of ionic content across variouslocations and seasons showed that EC was positivelyassociated with HCO3

-, Cl-, SO42- Ca2+ + Mg2+, Na+ and SAR with

an r value of 0.89, 0.97, 0.81 0.97, 0.98 and 0.94respectively. However, EC was negatively associated with pH(r= -0.91) and K+ (r = -0.95). Statistical results showedthat EC was significantly different at 1% probability levelwith these ionic parameters (Table 9).

Na+ was positively associated with EC, Cl-, HCO3-,

SO42-, Ca2+ + Mg2+ and SAR with r value of 0.98, 0.87, 0.99,

0.82, 0.94 and 0.99 respectively. However, Na+ wasnegatively associated with pH (r= -0.89). Statisticalresults showed that Na significant differences at 1%probability level with these ionic parameters.

Cl- was positively associated with HCO3-, SO4

2-, Ca2+

+ Mg2+ and SAR with r value of 0.88, 0.76, 0.95, and 0.97,respectively. However, Cl- was negatively associated withpH (r= -0.87) and K (r = -0.90). Statistical resultsshowed that Cl- was significantly different at 1%probability level with these ionic parameters.

K+ was negatively associated with HCO3-, SO4

2-,

Ca2+ + Mg2+, Na+ and SAR with r value of -0.87, -0.80, -0.96, -0.91 and -0.85 respectively. Whereas, K+ waspositively associated with pH (r= 0.92). Statisticalresults showed that K+ was significantly different at 1%probability level with these ionic parameters.

Linear regression of seasonal effect at various locations on ionic content of Phuleli Canal water

Coefficient of determination (R2)

The coefficient of determination (R2) showed thattotal variation in ionic content viz. EC (97, 98, 96 and95%), pH (97, 91, 94 and 98%), Cl- (94, 97, 98 and 95%), Na+

(95, 97, 98 and 96%), Ca2+ + Mg2+ (96, 97, 94 and 95%) and K+

(93, 84, 96 and 92%) in various locations was due to its

16

association with Summer, Autumn, Winter and Spring seasonsrespectively (Figure ).

Regression coefficient (b)

The regression coefficient indicated that a unitincrease in locations resulted in correspondingly increaseof ionic content viz. EC (0.05 dS m-1), Cl- (0.34, 0.94, 0.37and 0.34 meq l-1), Na+ (0.33, 0.38, 0.41 and 0.35 meq l-1)and Ca2+ + Mg2+ (0.16, 0.13, 0.11 and 0.14 meq l-1) bySummer, Autumn, Winter and Spring seasons respectively(Figure 2 & 4-6). However, the regression coefficientindicates a unit increase in locations resulted incorrespondingly decrease of ionic content viz. pH (0.06,0.07, 0.06 and 0.06) and K+ (0.02, 0.02, 0.02 and 0.02 meql-1) in Summer, Autumn, Winter and Spring seasonsrespectively (Figure ).

17

Table 4. Correlation coefficient between ionic content parameters of Phuleli

Canal.

Parameters Intercept Slope r value

EC (dS m-1) v/spH 8.28 -1.50 -0.91**HCO3

- (meq l-1) 0.67 1.51 0.89**Cl- (meq l-1) -1.68 6.96 0.97**SO4

2- (meq l-1) 1.03 1.42 0.81**Ca 2+ Mg2+ (meq l-

1)0.51 2.87 0.97**

Na+ (meq l-1) -0.93 7.50 0.98**K+ (meq l-1) 0.44 -4.70 -0.95**SAR 0.29 5.11 0.94**Na+ (meq l-1) v/sEC (dS m-1) 0.15 0.127 0.98**pH 8.06 -1.19 -0.89**HCO3

- (meq l-1) 0.89 0.192 0.87**Cl- (meq l-1) -0.81 0.92 0.99**SO4

2- (meq l-1) 1.22 0.18 0.82**Ca 2+ Mg2+ (meq l-

1)0.93 0.36 0.94**

SAR 0.87 0.70 0.99**Cl- (meq l-1) vspH 7.88 -0.21 -0.87**HCO3

- (meq l-1) 1.05 0.21 0.88**SO4

2- (meq l-1) 1.42 0.19 0.76**Ca 2+ Mg2+ (meq l-

1)1.24 0.39 0.95**

K+ (meq l-1) 0.31 -0.06 -0.90**SAR 1.52 0.74 0.97**K v/spH 6.90 3.06 0.92**HCO3

- (meq l-1) 2.03 -2.96 -0.87**SO4

2-(meq l-1) 2.33 -2.84 -0.80**Ca 2+ Mg2+ (meq l-

1)3.12 -5.73 -0.96**

Na+ (meq l-1) 5.75 -14.08 -0.91**SAR 4.78 -9.25 -0.85**

18

ns = non significant, * and ** significant at 5% and 1% probabilitylevel respectively.

19

ŷ = 0.42 + 0.05xŷ = 0.39 + 0.05x

ŷ = 0.36 + 0.05x

ŷ = 0.34 + 0.05x R2 = 0.97

R2 = 0.96R2 = 0.98

R2 = 0.95

0

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

0.6

0.7

0.8

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

RD-0 RD-30 RD-50 RD-70 RD-90 RD-110 RD-130Locations

EC (d

S m-1 )

SummerAutumnW interSpring

`

Figure 1. Linear regression of EC (dS m-1) between seasons and locations of Phuleli Canal

ŷ = 7.81 - 0.06x

ŷ = 7.56 - 0.06xŷ = 7.69 - 0.07xŷ = 7.70 - 0.06x

R2 = 0.97

R2 = 0.98R2 = 0.91R2 = 0.94

7

7.1

7.2

7.3

7.4

7.5

7.6

7.7

7.8

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 RD-0 RD-30 RD-50 RD-70 RD-90 RD-110 RD-130

Locations

pH

Summ erAutum nW interSpring

Figure 2. Linear regression of pH between seasons and locations of Phuleli Canal

20

ŷ = 0.92 + 0.37x R2 = 0.98ŷ = 0.94 + 0.34x ŷ = 0.78 + 0.34x

ŷ = 0.88 + 0.34x

R2 = 0.97

R2 = 0.96

R2 = 0.94

0

0.5

1

1.5

2

2.5

3

3.5

4

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 RD-0 RD-30 RD50 RD-70 RD-90 RD-110 RD-130

Locations

Cl (m

eq l-1 )

Summ erAutumnW interSpring

Figure 3. Linear regression of Cl- (meq l-1) between seasons and locations of Phuleli Canal

ŷ = 1.83 + 0.33xŷ = 1.88 + 0.38x ŷ = 1.85 + 0.41xŷ = 1.86 +0.35x

R2 = 0.98R2 = 0.97

R2 = 0.96

R2 = 0.95

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 RD-0 RD-30 RD-50 RD-70 RD-90 RD-110 RD-130

Locations

Na (m

eq l-1 )

SummerAutumnW interSpring

Figure 4. Linear regression of Na+ (meq l-1) between seasons and locations of Phuleli Canal

21

ŷ = 1.84 + 0.11x R2 = 0.94ŷ = 1.65 + 0.13x

ŷ = 1.52 + 0.14x R2 = 0.95

ŷ = 1.38 + 0.16x R2 = 0.96R2 = 0.97

0

0.5

1

1.5

2

2.5

3

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7RD-0 RD-30 RD-50 RD-70 RD-90 RD-110 RD-130

Locations

Ca + M

g (m

eq l-1 )

SummerAutumnW interSpring

Figure 5. Linear regression of Ca2+ + Mg2+ (meq l-1) between seasons and locations of Phuleli Canal

ŷ = 0.23 - 0.02xŷ = 0.24 - 0.02xŷ = 0.29 - 0.02x

ŷ = 0.27- 0.02x

R2 = 0.93

R2 = 0.92R2 = 0.84R2 = 0.96

0

0.05

0.1

0.15

0.2

0.25

0.3

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 RD-0 RD-30 RD-50 RD-70 RD-90 RD-110 RD-130

Locations

K (m

eq l-1 )

SummerAutumnW interSpring

Figure 6. Linear regression of K+ (meq l-1) between seasons and locations of Phuleli Canal

22

Conclusions

The quality of the canal water was monitored forfour seasons (summer, autumn, winter, and spring) atseven different locations (RD-0, RD-30, RD-50, RD-70, RD-90, RD-110 and RD-130).

The higher EC (0.76 dS m-1), HCO3- (1.75 meq l-1), Cl-

(3.49 meq l-1), SO42- (2.31 meq l-1), Ca2++Mg2+ (2.68 meq

l-1), Na+ (4.79 meq l-1) and SAR (4.14) of Phulelicanal water was observed at RD-130 during winterseason.

As the season changed, the values of theseparameters reduced (autumn>spring> summer). Same wastrue with RD’s which had higher values of thesetraits at RD-130>110>90>70>50>30 and 0 instead ofsulphate (SO4

2).

The Phuleli canal water for pH (7.73) and K+ (0.25meq l-1) content had inverse trend, being higher atRD-0 during summer season and become lower at RD-130during winter season.

All the chemical properties of Phuleli canal waterincluding pH, ECCO3

-, HCO3

2-, Cl-, SO42-, Ca2++Mg2+, Na+, K+

and SAR values were well comparable and within therange recommended by WHO and FAO.

DISCUSSIONThe higher pH in Phuleli canal water was found

during summer at downstream and low pH was noted atupstream during winter season. pH level of surface watercan be vary according to environmental conditions andseasonal changes. Usually pH becomes higher in waterduring summer because algae and other aquatic plants havea great deal to do with the rise of water pH as alsoreported by Bramble (2010). With regard to location, itwas reported that imbalance in pH from upstream todownstream could be due to an increase of phytoplanktonpopulation by addition of sewage and industrial effluent(Wattooet al., 2006). Further, Trividi et al. (2010) noted

23

higher pH in water during summer and autumn as comparedto winter, monsoon and spring. The results of study forpH values of Phulelli Canal were well comparable andwithin the range recommended by WHO (2004) and FAO (Ayersand Westcot, 1985; KSPCBOA, 2000) for human consumptionand agriculture use respectively. In contradiction, inthis study, the pH of the water was with the permissiblelimits of WHO and FAO for human consumption andagriculture purpose respectively in all the seasons andlocations.

The EC of Phuleli canal water ranged from 0.4to 0.76 dS m-1, being higher at downstream (RD-130) duringwinter season and lower at upstream during summer season.This may be due to addition of solute concentrations fromvarious sources located near Phuleli canal, the EC of thewater gradually increases from the upstream towardsdownstream. While working on Phuleli canal, similarobservations were also noted by Wattoo et al. (2004). Thehigher EC of Phuleli canal water during winter seasonargued that the change in seasons also changed the valuesof these parameters in decreasing manner(autumn>spring>summer). The increase in EC of waterduring winter could be the fact that there are no rains,fresh water shortage and speedy flow of water during thisseason (Jakhrani et al., 2009). Bhargava et al. (2006)reported that water EC less than 1.0 dS m-1 is safe forgrowth and productivity of grapevines. Whereas,VijayBhaskar, (2010) observed that the conductivity values ofwaters ranging from 0.20 to 0.68 dS cm-1 and are suitablefor crop production.

The increase in canal water EC resulted inincrease of Cl towards downstream as well as in winterseason. Shaikh and Mandre (2009) also observed that waterwith high electrical conductivity value is predominant insodium and chloride ions. The study on Phuleli canalwater showed higher Cl- at downstream during winter andlower Cl- content of water at upstream during summerseason.The chloride content of canal water ranged from0.98 to 3.49 meq l-1. The findings for Cl- of Phulelicanal are well comparable and within the rangerecommended by WHO (2004) and FAO (Ayers and Westcot,

24

1985) for human consumption and agriculture userespectively. In this study maximum soil Cl- was foundnear upper soil surface during winter season towardsdownstream. The soil Cl- content was low in the lowersoil depth in summer near upstream of the command area ofPhuleli canal. Overall, it was observed that Cl- in allthe soil depths and seasons increased towards downstreamdue to increase in soil salinity. Similarly, Latha et al.(2002) observed that higher soil conductivity increasedconcentrations of chloride.

Water of Phuleli canal had higher Ca+2 + Mg+2 atdownstream during winter season and lower water contentat upstream during summer season. The increase in boththe elements might be due to increases in salt contentand water contamination due to many sources of effluentstowards downstream which was relatively higher ascompared to upstream. The hardness of the water isobjectionable from the viewpoint of water use (Acharya etal., 2008). There were seasonal variations in Ca+2 + Mg+2

content of water. The change in seasons also changed thevalues of these parameters in decreasing manner viz.autumn>spring>summer. The results showed that Ca+2 + Mg+2

content of Phuleli canal water was well comparable andwithin the range recommended by WHO (2004) and FAO (Ayersand Westcot, 1985) for human consumption and agricultureuse respectively.

Sodium contained water usually affect freshwater aquatic life. In this study higher Na was noted atdownstream during winter and lower at upstream duringsummer season.The Na increased with passage of time inthe canal. The increase in sodium is well determined byWattoo et al. (2006) that maximum load of sodium in Phulelicanal was in the vicinity of Hyderabad city. Watercontent of Na+ in Phuleli canal was well comparable andwithin the range recommended by WHO (2004) and FAO (Ayersand Westcot, 1985) for human consumption and agricultureuse respectively.

In Phuleli canal water, SO42- was dominant at

upstream during winter as compared to downstream. Withregard to seasonal variation, sulphate (SO4

2-) varied

25

significantly and showed no specific trend of increasingor decreasing. The SO4

-2 of Phuleli canal was wellcomparable and within the range recommended by WHO (2004)and FAO (Ayers and Westcot, 1985) for human consumptionand agriculture use respectively. However, resultsreported by Trivedi et al. (2010) show that the value ofSO4

2- content in surface water in Ganga water is far belowthe maximum allowable concentration for sulfate ions indrinking water as prescribed by WHO which is 250 mg l-1 (7meq l-1).

In canal water, the higher bicarbonatesweredetermined at downstream during winter and lower contentswere noted at upstream in summer season. HCO3

- content ofwater samples were within the safe limit for irrigation(Ayers and Westcot, 1985) and for human consumption (WHO,2004).

Higher K+ in canal water was observed atupstream during summer season and lower K+ content ofwater was noted at upstream during winter. Decreased K+

concentration could be attributed to high external Na+

concentration, which inhibited K+ content of water. Therelease of freshwater also reduced Cl- and Na+ levels, andincreased K+ contents. However, soluble K+ decreases withrisein salinity levels (El-Boraie, 1997). Thedeterminations of Mahmud et al. (2007); Todd (1980) showsthat K+content of water samples ranged from 0.05 to 0.17meq l-1 are suitable for irrigation. K+ content of PhuleliCanal was well comparable and within the rangerecommended by WHO (2004) and FAO (Ayers and Westcot,1985) for human consumption and agriculture use.

RSC were nil in canal, underground water andsoil of canal command area. Negative residual sodiumcarbonate (RSC) indicates that sodium buildup is unlikelysufficient due to excess calcium and magnesium. RSC givesrelation of calcium and magnesium in the water sample ascompared to carbonate and bicarbonate ions (Rowell,1994).

26

Sodium adsorptive ratio (SAR) is used as one ofthe criteria for classifying irrigation water. Waterhaving SAR ranged from 0 - 10 are classified as S1, from10 - 18 as S2, from 18 - 26 as S3 and above 26 as S4 water(Wattoo et al., 2004; Smitha et al., 2007). SAR of Phulelicanal water was within the range recommended by WHO(2004) and FAO (Ayers and Westcot, 1985) for humanconsumption and agriculture use respectively.

In groundwater, SAR was higher towardsdownstream in winter as compared to upstream. Regardingseasons, the values of this parameters decreased inautumn>spring>summer. The groundwater content for SARshowed increasing trend towards downstream (RD-130>110>90>70>50>30>0). In soils of canal command area,the SAR and ESP were relatively higher at 20-40 cm soildepth in winter towards downstream, whereas both theseparameters decreased in the lower soil depth duringsummer near upstream.

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