f

N. El Bassam et al. (Eds.), Genelic aspects of plant mineral nutrition, 85-91, © 1990 Kluwer Academic Publishers. Primed in the Netherlallds.

PLSO PN 134

Investigations on the nutrient uptake efficiency of different grape root-stock species and cultivars

K. SCHALLER and O. LbHNERTZ Forschungsanstalt Geisenileim, Department qf Soil Science and Plant Nutrition, p.a. Box 1154, D-6222 Geisenileim, FRG

Key words: ammonium nitrate, carbonate compatibili ty, grapevines, green cuttings, proton extrusion

Abstract Testing the proton extrusion capacity of roots of different grape rootstocks and cultivars in hydroculture

it could be demonstrated that there exists great differences. It could be well demonstrated that differing genetic origin results in a distinct proton extrusion capacity. Ranking the rootstocks by their proton extrusion capacity shows a marked influence of the former parents Berlandieri and Rupestris. Field trials with Riesling grafted on different rootstocks verified also a great influence of them on the mineral accumu­lation of musts and wines.

Introduction

Grape production throughout the world is carried out on more than 10 million ha and the annual production is a bout 36 miilion tons of tech­nical grapes used for wine and juice production. More than 54 million tons of grapes are used as dessert grapes or fresh fruits for direct consump­tion. Most of the production occurs between the 28th and the 48th to 50th parallels in both hemispheres. It is also found in some tropical areas.

The ecological variability of the genus Vilis is very great, but on the other hand it is necessary to graft all grape-vine varieties on rootstocks resistant to phylloxera. According to this technique it seems that the vigour and nutrient uptake efficiency is influenced. In earlier reports Becker (1960) and Pouget and Juste (1972) observed differing nutrient contents in leaves of grapevine leaves grafted on different rootstocks.

Remarkable differences with respect to nutrient efficiency are described by Saric el al. (1982), Marschner and Schropp (1977) and Edelbauer (1979). A genetical predisposition for iron chlorosis of two root-stock varieties was demonstrated by Kolesch (1985).

Proton excretion, e.g. production of H+ -ions by the roots and release into the rhizosphere. is a

85

"central process in plant nutrition and depends on A TPase localized in the plasma-lemma, which ex­cretes protons in the rooting medium by simul­taneous consumption of A TP (Mengel and Steffens 1983; Schubert, 1984). This enzyme produces a shift in the chemical equilibrium in form of a electrochemical membrane potential, which im­proves the uptake of cations, such as potassium, calcium, magnesia and so on.

Besides the availability of nutrients in the rhizosphere proton excretion has a direct influence on the nutrient uptake. In this connexion the com­position of the medium and also the different characters of the plants and cultivars are important on the height of this mechanism.

Because little information exists on these basic processes in grape-vines, investigations were made to test the influence of different rootstock species and cultivars on proton extrusion in hydroculture.

Materials and methods

Species and cultivars

The following species and cultivars listed in Table 1 were used in the investigations.

As can be seen 16 different species were tested: 12

86 Schaller and Lahnel'tZ

Table i . Rootstocks, clones and crosses

Rootstock Cross Clone

Berlandieri KI. I Gm Rip.ri.IG KI.I-41 Gm Rupestris du Lot KiJI30 Gm S04Gm BeTt )( Riparia KI.6-4-22 Gm 50B Ber!' )( Riparia KI.44-3 Gm 3309 Coudcrc Rip. x RuptSlris K1.9-18 Gm SO RI So!onis x Riparia KI.92·14 Gm BorneT Riparia )( Cinerea KI.5135· j4 Gm 26 G TroUinger x Riparia K1'.21·1 Gm Fercal BC 1 x 333 EM Gm 6495-3 Vitix x V. QllIuftllsis

Gm 1116·26 Seibel x V. vinfera Riesling K1.I98-40 MuJler·Thurgau KJ.2

Gm =: registered by the Research Station Geisenheim.

rootstock cultivars, 2 Vinifera cultivars, and 2 in· terspecific hybrids.

Culture methods

All cultivars menlioned above were cultivated in the department of grape breeding of the Research Station Geisenheim. Cuttings were made from suckers by cutting them into 6-8 cm pieces, having one bud. The leaves were reduced 10 a diameter of 4cm and therefore transpiration and dissimilation could be efficiently reduced .

The cuttings were sterilized with a 0.05% solution of Chinosol' (registrated trade mark of 'Hoechst Comp.') and immediately transferred to boxes lilled with moist perlite .

The boxes were stored in a glasshouse with an ambient temperature of 30·C and an air humidity of nearly 100%. After 5 days the first rootlets were formed and after further 14 days growth of roots was so strong that it was possible to transfer them into nutrient solutions.

The rooted cuttings were cultivated in a nutrient solution consisting of N, 1.0mM; P, 0.1 mM; K, 0.5 mM; Mg, O.3mM.

The micronutrients were applied as a mixture. The pH was corrected to 7.0 as growth of the roots in the solution preceded and the solution was con· tinuous aerated.

pH·measurements

18 hours before measurements were made the plants were transferred to distilled water. Subsequently they were placed in 250 m L Erlen· meyer flasks filled with 100 mL of nutnent solutIOn (consisting of 1.5mM (NH, ),SO, and 1.5mM K,SO,). The proton extrusion was measured within 72 h whereby after every 4 hours the pH was determined. All measurements were done at 9.00 am, 1.00 pm, 5.0 pm and 9.00 pm. The measurements were performed with a micro· electrode, type U·402·M3 (lngold). All tests were made in 4 replicates.

Results and discussion

By cultivating the plants within these short ex· periments in a solution which contains only am· monium and potassium it is possible to get a very clear separation between the different rootstock varieties and cultivars. In another series of experi· ments it could be shown that compared to a pure nitrate solution or a solution containing 50% am· monium and 50% nitrate the excretion of protons in a pure ammonium solution is very rapid and higher than in the others. This seems logical since in the field the most abundant ion is nitrate. On the other hand it is well known that there exists a relatively good correlation between proton ex· trusion and calcium carbonate compatibility of grapevine rootstocks.

In Fig. I the decrease in pH is shown as an average of all varieties tested .

Two hours after transferring the plants to the solution the pH fell from the neutral point to pH 5; after 12 hours the pH in the solution reached 4. At the end of the test period, 72 hours later, the pH was 3.6. It can be well demonstrated that during the dark phases the decline in pH is not as rapid as during the light phase.

As can be seen in Fig. 2 the amount of excreted protons at the beginning is very low: about 10 !lM. The change of pH is from 7 to 5. In the range from 2- 12 hours the proton concentration reaches 100 !lmoles and after 72 hours the proton con· centration is 320 !lmoles. It is surprising that in

Nutrient uptake efficiency of grape 87

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~'dark-Phase'~

........ ------.-. I "dark- I-t phase " ,

-· ....... ----eI

L-L_L-IJ~~~~~~~~~I~I~l~I~~~~_~~~~_~~~1 3.0 o 4 B 12 16 20 24 28 32 36 40 44 48 52 56 60 64 68 72

Time (hi

Fig. / . Changes in pH in an ammonium based nu trient solution by rootstocks. Average of all tested rootstocks.

400

E =t 300 III c: o ..... o

0:: 200

100

o 4 8 12 16 20 24 28 32 36

Time(h)

I "dark - I , phase " t

40 44 48 52 56 60 64 68 72

Fig. 2. Changes in proton extrusion in an ammonium based nutrient solution by rootstocks. Average of all tested rootstocks (Jimal 11 i ' J,

88 Sellaller and L8lmer/z

900

150

+' l: 600 0 ~

Ci E

450 .3 0 c 0

'0 ~

lOO Do

150

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~ I " '" '" Fig. J. Proton cXITusion by different rootstocks in ammonium based nutrient solution after 60 hours (pmal H+),

spite of a very high concentration in the bathing solution the plants continuously produce protons, The process seems continuous and is hardly in­hibited by the protons in the solution, One can see at so a delay during the dark phases i,e, the hours 12-24 and 36-48,

Looking at an average gives only a first impres­sion of the possible efficiency of the genus Vitis, But improving plants more information is necessary about special species and/or cultivars.

Testing the above mentioned 16 cultivars in an ammonium based nutrient solution the following results could be obtained (Fig. 3).

After a test period of 60 hours one can see tha t the species differentiate in a broad range: SO 4 produced 813~moles Wand SORI 106/lmoles W. Recalculated as pH-values the S04 had 3.10 and SORI4.07. In this case one can prove, that the use of protons gives more information than pH­values. The Vitis cultivars Riesling and Muller­rhurgau show a very low proton excretion com­pared with the most common rootstock S04. It produces 4.6 times more than Riesling and 2.9 times more than Miiller-Thurgau on their own roots,

Examination of the different rootstock species Berlandieri , Riparia and Rupestris which are used as parents in rootstock breeding, shows that Ber­landieri has a relatively high potential of proton extrusion compared with Riparia tG. The ratio is about 1:0.29. Rupestris is somewhat better and it

produces about 41 % the protons compared with Berlandieri.

Crosses between Berlandieri x Riparia are in the same range as their parents with exception of S04, which produces 1.6 times more protons than Beriandieri, probably due to a heterosis effect. On the other hand SC has nearly the same height as Riparia 10. S04, SBB and 12SAA are called 'vigorous' and SC as 'medium vigorous' rootstocks. These observations made in the viticultural practice are in a good agreement with the proton extrusion capacity of the different rootstocks (Fig. 4),

The cross between (Rupestris x Riparia IG) 3309 Couderc also has a greater capacity for proton excretion than the parents. It produces twice as many protons as Riparia and 1.4 times that of Rupestris, However in spite of this relative high extrusion capacity 3309 Couderc is not very suc­cessful on calcareous soils.

Besides this overall production capacity it is also interesting to know something about proton ex­cretion per unit root fresh weight to compensate for the influence of different root systems (Fig. 5).

The order of rootstocks is the same as in Fig. 3, where the total proton production during 60 hours was demonstrated. It is true that Beriandieri and the two crosses S04 and 5BB belong to the root­stocks with a considerable efficiency, but 3309 Couderc possesses the highest proton excretion capacity followed by 26G a cross between

Nutrient uptake efficiency of grape 89

900

750

.-J:

'" 600

" '0 E .:; 450

'" " II 0 300 ~

D-

ISO

0

Rootstock Cult ivars

Fig. 4. Proton extrusion by different crosses of Berlandicri, Riparia and Rupestris Ulmol H f) ,

Vinifera X Riparia. This gives rise to the assump­tion that the development and distribution of the root system in the soil is a very important phenomenon. But relatively little is known about rooting patterns of grapevine rootstocks. A rela­tively high amount of protons per gram root fresh weight is also produced by Fercal, a newly developed French rootstock. It is a cross between

400

350

300

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Rootstock

BC I (Berlandieri x Colombard) and 333 EM (Cabernet Sauvignon x Berlandieri). As discussed later the same facts are valid for this cultivar as mentioned for 3309 Couderc.

A possible point for the identification of positive physiological characters of rootstocks is their resis­tance against chlorosis or their adaption all cal­careous soils. This is a very important point

" ~ ,~ ~ :' • >- .. -• , ~ • g; u e • u ;: .

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Cullivars

Fig. 5. Proton extrusion of different rootstocks based protons per gmm rool fresh weight (pmol H -f ) .

90 Schallel' and Liihnel'/z

Toble 2. Grouping of roots lOcks according to their compatibility against calcium carbonate

Rootstock Good Medium Less

SO 4 813 Bclandieri 500 5BB 455 125 AA 450 26 G 293 se 291 3309 29t Rupeslris 206 Riparia t45 SORI 106 Fercal 236 Gm 6495 316 Gm 7116 226 Bomer 280

because most grapevines are planted in soils with calcium carbonate contents ranging from 5-90% CaCO). Grouping the tested rootstocks after the criteria 'good', 'medium' and 'less' calcium car­bonate compatibility (Galet, 1976; Branas, 1974, Pongracz, 1983) it is possible to see a very good agreement between to tal proton excretion and the degree of calcium carbonate compatibility. The grouping is shown in Table 2.

S04, 5BB, 125AA and 26G are considered as 'good' compatible; with exception of 26G all root­stocks possess a high rate of proton secretion. In the last case the rooting pattern, which we do not know, can be an explanation for this grouping.

Riparia, in the category of low compatibility also shows a very low capacity for proton extrusion. A less pronounced agreement is shown from 3309 Couderc; in the literature it is grouped in the 'medium' range, but our experiences show that the adaption to calcareous soils is low. As the tests with proton extrusion demonstrate it should be grouped in the last category.

According to the presented results the rootstock cultivar 'Fercal' should be grouped in the category 'medium' and variety SaRI in 'less' compatible. In France the first mentioned Fercal is recommended as a calcium carbonate compatible rootstock; ex­periences in Germany were not convincing. Newer reports about Fercal indicate, that it is very sensi­tive to a surplus of potassium, developing mag­nesium deficiency and vice versa, possibly related to the smaller proton production.

These in vitro investigations about proton ex-

Tabl/! 3, Influence of different locations and rootstocks on the accumulation of nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, calcium, and magnesium in the must of Riesling (mg L - I)

Rootstock N p K Ca Mg

Rechacker 5BB 770' 223 1085 101 77' SC 665' 226 1010 82 66' SO 4 697' 230 1000 94 7t 125 AA 743' 228 978 106 71

Loreh 5BB 901 304 1318 11 9 106' lC 987 307 IlS0 99 101 SO 4 910 281 1328 128 89' 125 AA 793 261 1385 109 101

Bechtheim 5BB 980 92 930 III 92 5C 816 102' 923 74 84 SO 4 863 85' 822 71 83 125 AA 810 86 827 82 84

Hallgarlell 5BB 1130 174 1247' 102 73 5C 1000 152 1190 102 78 SO 4 940 173 1120 119 75 125 AA 1240 175 IllS' 106 74

'" = significant 5%-level.

cretion capacity of different rootstock varieties may give some hints of a pronounced genetical influence on nutrient uptake of grapevines.

Results from a field trial, which began last year, may demonstrate that through this general ability to control qualitatively the nutrient uptake also the composition of the must is influenced.

Testing the most common rootstocks in four different locations one can see, that the crosses from the series Beriandieri x Riparia differ also in their ability to accumulate minerals in the musts. In contrast to the tests in vitro the order does not completely agree with results observed in the field trial. As can be seen from Table 3 on 'Rechacker' there is a differentiation between 5BB, se and 125AA in N-content and 5BB and se in Mg­content. In 'Lorch' 5BB and S04 can be discriminated in Mg-content; in 'Bechtheim' 5e and S04 differentiate in P-content, and in 'Hallgar­ten ' 5BB and 125AA differ in K-content.

It is possible that the ability to acquire nutrients from the soil is superposed with the different in­fluences of the location. Analyses made with material from the last vegetation time, where musts from Riparia x Rupestris crosses were enclosed,

show that the minerals in these musts are sig­nificantly lower than in the other ones.

Conclusion

Growing rooted green cuttings of different root­stocks in an ammonium based nutrient solution show that I. rootstocks with differing genetic origin produce

different amounts of prolons 2. the vigour of root growth has a great influence

on the amount of extruded protons 3. the amount of extruded prolons referred to a

gram root fresh weight leads also to great dif­ferentiation between the rootstock cultivars.

4. Berlandieri x Riparia crosses produce the greatest amounts of protons in an ammonium based nutrient solution.

Preliminary field trials demonstrate that the rootstocks have a great influence on the mineral composition of musts and wines. The order of root­stocks found in in vitro could not be confirmed by the field experiments and the influence of the loca­tion is presumed to have a larger effect.

References

Branas J 1914 Viticulture . Montpellier. Beeker H 1960 Wo sleekt die Ztichtung von Unterlagsreben in

Deutschland. Deulschcr Weinbaukalendcr.

Nutrient uptake efficiency a/grape 91

Edelbauer A 1979 Influence de different, rapports KCI/K, SO, sur le rendement en raisin: La Qualite du mOlll ella tenure en acides aminees du mout de raisin de Vir is vinifera cultivee cn solution nutritive. Revue de la potasse 1.

Fleuchhaus R 1987 Untersuchungen zur Protonenabscheidung verschiedener Unterlagssorten in Hydrokultur. Diplomarbeil. Fachhochschule Wiesbaden.

Galet P 1976 Precis d'Ampelographie pratique. Montpellier. Kolesch H 1985 Die Eisenmangelchlorose der Weinrebe: Ein·

ftuB van Bikarbonat und Phosphat unler Berucksichtigung der genetisch fixierten ChloroscanfiilJigkeit zweier Unterlngs· reben. Dissertation, Universitiit GieBen .

Marsehner Hand Schropp A 1977 Vergleichende Unter.;uehun­gen Uber die Empfindlichkeit yon 6 Unterlagssorten der Wein· rebe gegenuber phosphatinduziertem Zn-Mangel. Vitis 16. 79-88.

Marsehner H, Roemheld V and Ossenberg-Neuhaus H 1982 Rapid method for measuring changes in pH and reducing processes along roots of intact plants. Z. Pflanzenphysiol . 105, 407-416.

Mengel K and StetTens D 1983 BC7jehungen zwi,chcn Kationen/ Anionenaufnahme van Rotklee und ProtonenHbscheidung der Wurzeln. Z. Pfianzenernaehr. Bodenkd. 145,229-236.

Mengle K Dnd Kirkby E A 1967 Ionic balance in different tissues of tomato plant in relation to nitrate, urea or ammonium nutrition. Plant Physiol. 42, 6-14.

Pongr,e, D P 1983 Rootstocks tor Grapevines. David Philip, Cape Town.

Pouget R and Juste C 1972 Le choi, des porte-grotTes de la vigre pour Ics 50ls calcaire. Connaiss. Vigne Vin 4.

Sarie M R, Zone M and Buric D 1982 Effect of rhizosphere pH on the <!.yailability and uptake of Fe, Mn and Zll . Plant and Soil 66, 361-372.

Schuberl S 1984 Prolonenabscheidung von Wurzeln intakler MaispHanzen, ein durch Plasmalemma· ATPase ausgelo5ter Vorgang. Dissertation UniYcrsitat GieOen.