Soils' under consideration are a result of the natural genesiscombination, environmental condition and the human activates, itsproperties are modified by management system and methods of land use.

To achieve that, this study was executed on eleven soil profiles,which are developed three geomorphic units, i.e.,_(a) Old alluvial riverterraces (EL- Salhia - Soil profiles 1 - 3) (b) slightly depressed alluvialplain (Maryut - Soil profiles 4 - 6) (C) Old alluvial terraces (EL­Fayoum - Soil profiles 7 - 11). Theses profiles are- classified to familylevels- as follows:

Typic Torriorthents, sandy, mixed, thermic (Profiles 1,2 and 3).Natric Petrocalcids, fine loamy, mixed, thermic (profile 4).Typic Haplocalcids, fine loamy, mixed, thermic (profiles 5 and6).Sodic Haplocalcids, fine loamy, mixed, hyperthermia (profile 7).Typic Haplocalcids, fine loamy, mixed, hyperthermic (profiles 8,9 and 11).Sodic Haplocalcids, clayey, mixed, hyperthermic (Profile 10).The Cultivated soils treated. With organic manure and clayey

tafla for long term are' characterized by some feature of developmentsuch as dark yellowish brown matrix color and modified soil structurefrom single grain to weak or moderate fine or medium crumb.

Adding clay tafla, farm yard manure and suspended fine colloidsfrom long term use of irrigation Nile water cause soil texture tend to befiner and reduction in soil bulk density and increasing the availablemoisture range. Ca - clays achieve the late previous results due to thecoagulation phenomenon which improve the soils are suffering fromsalinityand sodality in virgin soils at Maryut and EL- Fayoum areas., Absence of adequate soil drainage systems and continuous use ofsaline water in EL-Fayoum, which have fine texture cause- slightlyelevating in saline level.

ABSTRACT

IMPACT OF PARENT MATERIAL ANDMANAGEMENT PRACTICES ON SOME SOIL

CHARACTERISTICS*EI- Hassanin, A.S. ; A.M. Khalifa*'; A.H. EI-Nahry**;

A.l\1.A. Zayed*** and M'.M.A.-Hegazy**Institute of African Research and Studies**National Authority for Remote Sensing and Space Sciences Center; Cairo, Egypt***Soils, Water and Environ. Res. lnst., Agric. Res. Center, Giza, Egypt

233-248Egypt. J. of AppL Sci., 29 (4) 2014

Soil develop as a result of interplay of the five factor: parentmaterials, climate, organisms; topography and time, Fitzpatrick (1986),however, its conditions are modified by management system andmethods of land use. Soil improvement or reclamation provides a furthermeans of adapting land resources to human demand. Soil characteristicschange as affected by management and cultivation practices. Ibrahim(2004) stated that soil management practices through the denoted landuse periods at soils developed on the desert sediments is not only affectedsoil properties but also, all the elements of the .physiogeographicalenvironments. Results of field - work, for the windblown sand at El­Salhia show an almost flat for the cultivated area and gently undulatingfor the virgin one. A wide variation between the studied desert soils ofpale or yellowish matrix color was occurred, mainly. related to thedifferent applied soil management practice However, such soils whencultivated and received well management practice of organic manure and.clayey tafla for long - Term use its matrix color would be changed intodark yellowish brown, especially in the surface layer, and modifying soilstructure from single grain to weak or moderate fine or medium granular,in addition another type of weak medium sub .granular.

Concerning Maryut, with increasing the cultivation period ofwater through the upper part of the sandy soils, carbonate (primarilyskeletal grain) and salts may become soluble and accumulate at somedepths. Redistribution of carbonates are the main processes in most ofthese soils. In the more developed soils, salty crust and the hardenedlayers of carbonate accumulation are occurred.

EL - Abaseri (1965) observed an increase in the contents of fineparticles in their surface layer upon their cultivation. He concluded that

INTRODUCTION

There is a decrease in soil pH value with more cultivated soilsdue to decomposition of organic mater.

Increasing agricultural Land use periods resulted in dissolvingsome particles of CaC03 in a form of Ca (HC03)2 and decrease itscontent.

Cation exchange capacity (CEC) values, which is related tomechanical composition increased with increasing with farmer activityincluded addition of organic matter or clay tafla and long term ofcultivation, while, exchangeable sodium percentage (ESP) value appearan opposite trend.

Egypt. J. of Appl. Sci.,29 (4) 2014234

The current study was .executed on eleven soil profilesrepresenting scattered small farms spread on some newly reclaimed areas(Map. 1) i.e. EL- Salhia, Maryut, EL-Fayoum (Quta and EL- Kharegin),which represent different soil texture grades, CaC03 contents, period ofland use, farming systems, cropping patters, irrigation water resourcesconsequently, they very in their soil ped-chemical characteristics.

The morphological description was carried out for the selectedsoil profiles according to FAO (1990), Disturbed and undisturbedsamples were collected for physical and chemical.Particle size distribution was carried out according to Piper(1950) by pipette methods.

MATERIALS ANDMETHODS

such soils, which were originally sand to loamy sand, changed to sandyloam and sandy clay loam within 60 years in EL - Nubariya. Moubarek(1966), Badawi (1969) and Gobran and abd EL - Aziz (1990) foundthat the cultivation of sandy soils in El- Tahrer area for 5 years increasedtheir silt and clay contents. Abdel - Razik (1995) found that soil bulkdensity decreased and porosity increased with increasing period ofcropping. Gouda et ale (1990) showed that the cultivation of sandy soilsduring many years resulted in a significant increase in soil moisturecharacteristics, especially in the surface layers. Amer (1980) reportedthat soil salinity decreased by continuous cultivation periods up to tenyears on some soils in El-Nubaria and Ismailiya. Taha et ale (1969)reported a marked decrease in soil pH of sandy soils upon adding organicmanures.

Badawi (1976), EL- Gazzar (1983) and Eisa (1993) reportedthat cultivation of sandy soils was accompanied by increase in theirCation exchange capacity especially when clay materials were added,Abdel - Razik (1995) found that Cation exchange capacity increasedwith increasing cropping period. Also, found that organic matter increaseto up 2 % in reclaimed cultivated soils. Eisa (1993) reported that in thesurface layer of El-Nubaria desert sands, CaC03 decreased rapidly in theearlierstages of cultivation.

The current study aimed at clarifying the effects of the naturalwater and land resources as well as the different land managementpractices on soil characteristics and sustainable productivity in somenewly reclaimed areas

iI

235Egypt. J. of Appl. SeE, 29 (4) 2014

a e : oca Ions 0 esu Ie SOl pro I es .Profile Area and Latitude .Longitude Land use No. years OfNO. location Cultivation

Profile I EL- Salhia N E 31°59'8.94" Vlirgin 030°28'56.46"

Profile 2 EL- Salhia N E Field 730°30'52.56" 31°57'34.50" crops

Profile 3 EL- Salhia N E Field 1530°29'26.57" 31°58'23.76" crops

Profile 4 Maryout N E Vlirgin 030°57'21.06" 29°39'58.30"

Profile 5 Maryout N E Barley 830°57'17.04" 29°39'47.13"

Profile 6 Maryout N E Barley 2030°57'39.55" 29°40'18.73"

Profile 7 EL- Fayoum N E Vlirgin 0(EL- kharegin) 29°22'12.82" 30°28'23.18"

Profile 8EL-·Fayoum N E vegetables 6(EL- kharegin) 29°21'36.20" 30°27'54;00"

Profile 9 EL- Fayoum N E 30°28'6.30" vegetables 15(EL- kharegin) 29°21'35.00"

Profile EL- Fayoum N E VIirgin 010 (Qouta) 29°26'30.10" 30°23'51.50"Profile EL- Fayoum N E

Olive trees 3011 (Qouta) 29°26'19.75" 30°23'53.23"

Map (1): Location ofthe studied area.tl f th t d· d ·1 filT hI (1) L

Egypt. J. of AppL Sci., 29 (4) 2014236

Based on the detected soil morphological features (Table, 2),physical (Table, 3) and chemical properties (Table, 4 a&b) , the studiedsoils could be classified up to the family levels into six taxonomic: unitsaccording to USDA (2010) as shown in table (5). That is true, since thestudied soils are developed on different parent materials and occupyscattered portions of the' Eastern and Western desert of Egypt. Also, Theinvestigated areas lie within climate conditions characterized byalternative pattern of a long hot rainless summer and short mild winterwith a pronounced amount of rainfall.

The soils under consideration are encompassing three soil parentmaterials, i.e., aeolian - ancient fluvial deposits (EL- Salhia area),lacustrine ~ marine deposits (Maryut area) and desert formation ofEocene limestone (EL- Fayoum area). Also they are developed on threemain geomorphic units for the studied area, i.e. the old alluvial riverterraces (EL- Salhia), the slightly depressed alluvial plain (Maryut) andthe old alluvial terraces (EL .;Fayoum).

r .I

RESUL TSAND DISCUSSION

Soil bulk density was determined by using the undisturbed soilcores (Black and Heritage, 1986).Undisturbed soil cores of 15 and 2.5 em heights and with 5 emwide were collected from each soil layer to determine thesaturated hydraulic conductivity and soil moisture contents atdifferent tensions, respectively (Reynolds, 1993).Undisturbed soil cores of 2.5 em height and 5 em wide werecollected from each soil layer to determine soil moisture retention(Pf - curves) using a pressure chamber apparatus (Topp et al.,1993).Calcium carbonate content was measured using the Collin'sCalcimeter methods (Wright, 1939).Gypsum content was measured using action (Richads, 1954).Saturation soil paste extract was analyzed for determining ECe

and soluble ions as well as soil pH was measured in the soil watersuspension 1: 2.5 (Jackson, 1973).Organic matter contents were determined using the modifiedWalkely and Black method as described by Jackson (1973).Cation exchange capacity (CEC) and the exchangeable sodium %(ESP) were determined according to Richard's (1954).

237Egypt. J. of Appl. Sci., 29 (4) 2014

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238

a e : omep. ysrca properties 0 t e stu Ie SOl S

Particle size distribution % Bulk Total AvailableProfile Depth porosity . water K.sat.No. (cm) Texture class density (ern/h)Sand Silt Clay (g/cnr' % %

EL-Salhia area

0-20 83.8 21.9 14.3 1.55 49.05 13.95 7.85Sandy loam

11.48 9.901 20-50 70.9 17.6 11.5 1.65 47:10

50-100 82;7 11.9 5.4 Loamy sand. 1.67 45.16 7.69 12.20

O~20 55.6 . 20.3 24.1 Sandy clay 1.45 5f02 14.49 6.86learn

2 20-50 58.7 24.8 16.5 Sandy loam 1.47 48.27 12.65 8.24

. 50-100 79.0 13.5 7.5 Loamy sand 1.56 47.15 9.21 11.05

0-20 46.1 26.4 27.5 Sandy clay . 1.30 53.08 15.91 6.18loam3 20-50 64.6 . 19.7 15.7 Sandy loam 1.41 49.41 13.02 7.34

50-100 76.2 13.9 9.9 Loamy sand 1.48 48.25 10.43 10.53

Maryut area

0-25 61.3 17.2 21.5 Sandy clay 1.35 48.83 10.69 6.39

4 25-60 55.8 15.7 28.5 loam. L37 51.14 14.92 4..72

60-100 41.9 20.6 37.5 Clay loam 1.39 55.70 17.25 3.48

0-25 54.2 19.3 26.5 Sandy clay 1.27 49.22 15.33 4.79

5 25-60 53.9 16.1 30.0 loam 1.29 52.10 19.32 3.80

60-100 39.7 22.3 38.0 Clay loam 1.32 56.50 21.60 2.82

0-25 51.3' 20.4 28.3 Sandy clay 1.22 51.32 19.21 3.07

6 25-60 47.5 18.7 33:8 loam 1.25 53.60 22.19 2.11

60-100 29.3 31.4 39:3 Clay loam 1.27 57.30 24.21 2.28

EL- Fayoum (EL- Kharegin area)

0-25 54.4 17.7 27'.9 1.36 46.36 12.33 4.267

25-55 49.5 22.4 28.1 Sandy clay 1.43 48.30 11.30 4,11

0-25 52.7 18.1 29.2 loam 1.29 52.10 17.69 4.218

25-55 503 19.2 30.5 1.34 49.12 15.08 4.23

0-25 40.6 27.4 32.0 1.25 53.44 19.87 3.68·Clay loam

9 25-55 38.5 27.3 34.2 1.29 55.12 18.26 3.48

55-100 45.8 22.7 31.5 Sandy clay 1.32 51.90 16.39 3.03loam

EL- Fayoum (Quta area)

0-40 37.0 14.5 48.5 1.33 56.21 22.69 2.0110 Clay

40-70 27.4 21.3 51.3 1.35 59.48 23:64 1.80

0-40 35.95 17.55 46.50 1.07 57.23 25.93 3.78

40-70 32.90Clay

11 26.60 40~50 1.16 55.48 26.25 2..80

70-100 59.95 14.45 25:60 Sandy clay 1.21 53.88 19.42 4.33. loam

°1dO df hIhT hI (3) S

239Egypt. J. of Appl: sa; 29 (4) 2014

a e .a i: enuca ana YSIS 0 SOl pas e extrac or e.s U Ie SOl SSoluble cations in meq/l Soluble anions in meq/J

Profile No. Depth (ern) Soil pH ECe (dS/m)Ca++ Mg++ Na+ K+ (HC03-) cr S04--

EL- Salhia area

0-20 7.5 7.00 11.60 8.3 48.50 1.00 2.80 39.70 27.50

1 20-50 8.15 5.00 8.70 2;00 38.45 0.85 1.87 34.56 13.57

50-100 8.25 2.95 7.36 1.00 20.88 0.26 1.35 17.20 9.95

0-20 7.85 3.00 12.24 5.00 12.40 0.36 2.81 17.76 9.43

1 20-50 7.90 2.30 8.46 4.55 9.64 . 0.35 2.74 11.76 8.50

50-100 8.05 1.85 6.97 3.61 7.57 0.35 2.20 8.28 8.02

0-20 7.65 2.09 8.92 1.66 9.76 0.56 2.74 10.60 7_56

3 20-50 7.75 1.10 4.64 1.90 4.01 0.45 2.67 4.84 3.49

50-100 7.90 0.90 3.68 1.24 3.63 0.45 2.67 3.84 2.49

Maryut area

4 0-25 8.00 16.80 50.70 36.80 89.33 1.I7 2.40 74.20 101.40

25-60 7.95 18.65 36.48 36.66 122.14 1.23 2.54 21.84 72.13

60-100 7.95 20.60 33.26 41.52 139.94 1.28 2.67 164.48 48.85---5 ,.. - 0-25 7.80 4.30 15.28 1.6.12 10.60 1.00 2.35 21.96 18.69

25-60 7.90 5.20 14.82 12.04 24.58 0.56 2.40 26.88 22.72

60-100 7.90 5.85 13.26 20.04 24.75 0.45 2.67 35.36 20.47

6 0-15 7.50 3.80 14.30 7.36 15.34 1.00 2.74 18.60 16.66-.-

25-60 7.50 4.60 15.06 11.72 17.65 1.57 2.47 24.80 18.73

60-100 7.55 4.20 12.48 12.68 16.28 0.56 2.47 19.20 10.33

EL- Fayoum (EL- Kharegin area)

0-25 8.10 24.00 30.32 28.58 180.10 1.00 1.14 221.40 16.467

25-55 8.15 22:00 15.35 20.58 173.12 0.95 2.10 . 147.50 70.40

0-25 7.95 6.80 25.64 14.50 27.22 0.64 2.46 24.60 40.94.8

25-55 8.10 8.30 30.93 24.55 26.64 0.90 2.35 30.20 50.47

0-25 7.75 3.75 14.04 15:94 6:52 1.00 2.40 12.64 22.46

9 25-55 7.85 5.28 20.04 11:50 20.50 0.72 2.80 23.12 26.84

55-100 7.90 7.10 21.84 10.72 37.88 0.56 2.74 33.64 34.62

EL- Fayoum(Quta area)

0-40 8:05 25.00 ·40.27 29.14 178.25 2.34 3.44 220.63 25.9310

40-70 8.15 26.00 16.38 23.58 219.04 1.00 2.40 145.90 111.70

0-40 7.70 3.95 17.71 8.66 12.67 0.45 4.81 13.44 21.25

11 40-70 7.85 4.10 14.82 2.40 23.39 0.35 3.74 7.68 29.54

70-100 7.90 5.00 25.30 14.84 9.01 0.85 3.74 21.80 24.46

240

t

Egypt. J. of Appl. sa; 29 (4) 2014

t {I th t di d °1f °1T bI (4 ) Ch

a e : omec enuca proper res 0 esu Ie so S

Profile Depth CEC (cmolc CaC03 Gypsum OrganicSAR ESP

No. (ern) kg-!soil) % % matter %

EL-Salhia area

0-20 15.61 15.16 13.42 7.60 0.55 0.25

1 20-50 9.85 16.65 14.90 4.40 0.42 0.18

50-100 4.72 10.24 12.16 4.40 0.37 0.07

0-20 21.10 4.22 9.73 5.80 0.50 0.32

2 20-50 12.95 3.78 11.14 4.20 0.41 0.26

50-100 6.05 2.22 8.97 3.90 0.35 0.11

0-20 23.20 3.09 6.19 4.40 0.47 0.68

3 20-50 13.79 1.19 9.50 3.90 0.39 0.37

50-100 8.65 1.54 7.00 3.20 0.33 0.16

Maryut area

0-25 12.85 6.61 17.50 38.30 1.37 0.27

4 25~60 14.09 6.05 19.17 39.05 1.25 0.20

60-100 15.32 6.11 20.08 40.76 1.17 0.12

0-25 13.78 3.96 5.91 35.20 1.26 0.95

5. 25-60 14.65 3.66 8.40 37.40 1.19 0.56

60-100 16.01 4.08 9.16 39.15 1.15 0.22

0-25 15.11 3.29 5.13 29.43 1.22 1.67

6 25-60 15.32 3.66 7.22 30.40 1.16 0.95

60-100 16.95 3.55 8.90 32.52 1.12 0.30

EL- Fayoum (EL-Kharegin area)

0-25 12.25 33.18 22.28 36.18 1.68 0.147

25-55 . 11.96 36.14 23.f7 . 28.50 2.14 0.09

0-25 14.90 6.08 11.82 32.41 1.77 0.538

25-55 13.02 5.06 13.69 24.02 2.05 0:'23

0-25 16.78 1.68 9.42 31.86 1.74 0.88

9 25-55 15.95 ·5.15 10.70 30.40 1.85 0.49

55-100 14.62 9.40 12.18 27.20 1.97 0.26

EL- Fayoum (Quta area)

0-40 34.90 30.26 30.25 10.08 1.98 0.2010

40-70 23.17 49.00 31.53 20.80 2.35 0.14

0-40 37.56 3.49 8.74 8.45 1.74 1.67

II 40-70 21.82 7.98 11.51 19.60 2.13 1.28

70-100 12.15 2.01 12.67 24.02 2.98 0.65

fth t d' d iltiIhT bi (4 b) S

241Egypt. J. of Appl. Sci., 29 (4) 2014

Sodic Haplocalcids, fine loamy, mixed,.hyperthermic

Typic Haplocalcids. fine loamy. mixed.hyperthermic

Sodic Haplocalcids. clayey, mixed.hyperthermic

Typic Haplocalcids. fine loamy; mixed. thermic

Data in Tables (1 and 2) appear that soil pedo -morphological characteristics show that the majority of aeolian - fluvialdeposits (EL - Salhia area) are occupied by soils that lack any evidenceof development. However they are mostly loose loamy sand to sandyloam, with scattered small patches are occupied by .relatively finetextured materials (sandy clay loam). The cultivated soils. treated withorganic manure and clayey tafla for long - term use (12 - IS years) arecharacterized by some feature of development such as dark yellowishbrown matrix color and modified soil structure from single grain to weak

7

10

II &2

9.8. 11

Natric Petro-calcids. fine loamy, mixed; thermicg1)c,

"§ {g,";:; _g Typic Torriorthents. sandy...mixed, thermic.~ 15f- ,

.

Family

Egypt. J. of AppL Sci., 29 (4) 2014

Table (5): Soil taxonomic units of the studied soil profiles

242

-

or moderate fine or medium granular or crumb and in tum creating thesuitable air - moisture regime for biological activity of the mechanism ofnutrients uptake by plant roots.

It is also that the development processes in both the Miocene andEocene limestone formations at Maryut and El- Payoum Ares,respectively, such as dark yellowish brown matrix color, especially in thesurface layer of the more cultivated soil profiles (20 - 30 years land use),due to the coagulation of humus by soluble, Ca+2, which create thesuitable air moisture regime for biological activity, which enhancing theorganic matter decomposition .. Also, applied leaching processes underefficient open or tile drainage system, especially at Quta or EL-Khareginareas, reflected the signs of soil management practices, which led toremove a relatively high content of soluble salts throughout soils profile(Table, 3).

Data in table (2) show that the soil texture tended to be fine withincreasing the clay content in some soils of EL-Salhia due to the manmade of adding clayey tafla and farmyard manure, as well as theaccumulated of suspended fine colloids from the long term use of theNile water for irrigation through the flooding system. The previousfactors caused a reduction in soil bulk density and increasing theavailable moisture range. Data reveal that the percentage of total porositytended to increase, especially for micro porosity with increasing thecolloidal organic or inorganic particles.

Ca - clays enhanced the coagulation phenomenon that lead toimprove the soil structure and permeability, as well as, more salts can beleached out the root zone. Moreover, parallel increases, in these soilproperties proportionally related to the long - term use of cultivation (15 -30 years). The improvement of soil moisture regime could be explained,on the basis that modifying soil structure leads to a capillary action an amore increment in soil moisture content at the field capacity as comparedto that existed at wilting point, which is more ascribed to the effect ofboth mastic and osmotic potentials. The improvements in the values ofthe studied physical properties are noticed when compared with virginsoils, specially, at both the Maryut and EL- Fayoum areas that aresuffering from salinity and sodality in some profile layers (Tables 3 and4). The later body conditions could be attributed to the negative effectsofthe increment of soluble and exchangeable Na on dispersion of soilaggregates. This pattern was emphasized by the reduction in the values of

243Egypt. J. of Appl. Sci., 29 (4) 2014

total porosity, available water range, drainable pores and hydraulicconductivity.

Soil salinity levels at the studied soils (Tables 3 and 4) of the long- term use are classified as non - saline and non - alkaline soils (ECe < udS/m and ESP < 15) except some areas at the relatively fine texturedsoils of El- Fayoum area. Such soils are still suffering from slightlysalinity level, in general, (4.10 - 8.30 dS/rh) in the subsoil layers, due toabsence of adequate soil drainage system and continuous usage of salinewater directly through a flood irrigation system.

There are a decrease in soil pH values (Tables 3 and 4) in the ..morecuItivated soil (7.5 - 8.1) as compared to those of virgin status (7.95- 8.25) may be attributed to the released active organic acids and CO2

during organic matter decomposition as. well as that are utilized fromcultivation periods. However, the relatively decreases in soil pH at thevarious studied soils were more related to the nature of soil constituentsand the prevailing environment conditions, i.e., increase of soil organicmatter content, decrease of salinity & alkalinity levels, improvement ofaeration and drainage conditions and biological activity.

Generally, organic matter contents are relatively low; however,their contents exhibited a wide range of 0.07 - 1.67 %. The relativelyhigh content was mainly attributed to the organic manuring on soil faceor green manuring and other positive management practices during landuse periods may be enhanced in increment raising soil organic mattercontent in the more cultivated soils.

Soil CaC03 content is generally ranged between 3.20 and 40.76% in soil profile 3 (EL - Salhia area) and 4 (Maryut area), respectively.The relatively highest CaC03 value is mostly related to calcareous originin nature. On the contrary, soils at EL-Salhia area that are irrigated withthe.Nile water showed a relatively moderate CaC03 content (3.20 - 7.60%), due to these soils materials were drivel from a rock characterized bysiliceous in nature. Increasing the agricultural land use periods resulted indissolving some.particles-ofCaC03 in form of Ca (HC03)2 and decreasein its content.

It is quite noticeable that the changes in the CEC values (Table, 4)were more related to the mechanical composition of soil sediments aswell as a result of farmer's activity included the distinction of weaksurface layers with relatively high percentages of fine inorganic ororganic particles. The studied Soils in EL- Salhia showed relatively low(4.72 me / 100 g soil, profile 1) and moderate CEC value (23.20 me / 100

Egypt. J. of AppL Sci., 29 (4) 2014244

-

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g soils, profile 3) extending parallel close to the relatively low (5.41 %)and moderate (27.5 %) contents of charged silicate clay minerals VSrelatively high and moderate contents of quartz and CaC03 particles inthe size of clay fraction, respectively. Generally, soil CEC value has arelative increase in soil surface layer due to the long -- term use ofcultivation as well as application of organic manure and clay tafla thatlead to an accumulation of either active organic acids or clay mineralsespecially in soils of profile 3.

Also, ESP value exhibited a pronounced decrease on account ofthe other exchangeable cations, with a progressively decrease parallel tothe land use periods of agricultural utilization. These conditions weremore obvious in soils which characterized by the calcareous in natureunder the effect of organic manures at Maryut and EL- Fayoum areas.

245Egypt. J. of Appl. Sci., 29 (4) 2014

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Taha, H.M. ; A.H. EL- Damaty ; S.A.Z. Mahmoud and M.S.Moubarek (1969). Effect of green manuring on some chemicaland bacteriological properties of Tahrir Province soils. Egypt. J.Soil Sci.,. 9: 97-112.

-Topp, G.e. ; Y.T. Galganoy ; B. C. Bull and M. R. Carter (1993).Soil Water desorption curves. pp. 569-579 in M.R. Carter (ed.):Soil Sampling and Methods Analysis. Canadian Society of SoilSci., Lewis Publishers, Boca Raton, FL.

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Egypt. J. ofAppL Sci., 29 (4) 2014246

~ ~\ .~,. 't'_.~.uJ' ~~. t._~, ;JLA :.b.. .J ~ ~r..r- .. J~ ~

-(.$.J+llI ~ 6:i.ll1 s:-~ ** -.~ ~ u~\ *- 0.+-J~\ ~ Jj~ *.(.$j~ .l\~\ J.p ~ ~ * - .i;\J ~)I ¥- ~ J.l~***

. ( ~.);;I wU_)~1 _JG~I ~)*, (~d- _)~)lJ ~~I WI) **

,(:;~I - ~1_)j11 G.~I jSy- ~1_J.o4-JI_J ~1}11 G_:?-!~) ***

~~I :;~~ 0.0 JSl 8~1 ~tJj ~ ~I.)~I ~ ~I.)~I ~~~ .l9 ~~ J ~ ~~I .bWI ~j ~L..a'i~ ~ ~I ~.l\n'l w_J.J;JI.J~ I ~\.b! :. .h.1 ~I .lll ~ .ill ~~ '.:.::_-:1 k. J~I .~~ 1j;j tLUw,. .) ~.) ~_J ~ _J (' '"

: ~ ~)_,!_)_JA~ wI.h._J~)l:j ~j ~.(' - ~ w\.c.\.bS.l1 ~_J - ~UI ~) Old alluvial river terraces .. 1

,(i - t w\.c.1...bi11~_J - .b.J:!_)A~) Slightly depressed alluvial plain .'-;-l

.(~ ~ - V w\.c.1...bi11~_J - ('~I ~) Old alluvial terracesj-

:~ w- ~WI (.$~~.~\.)~\ C)~ ~.l!J- Typic Torriorthents, sandy, mixed, thermic (Profiles 1, 2 and 3).- Natric Petrocalcids, fine loamy, mixed, thermic (profile 4),- Typic Haplocalcids, fine loamy, mixed, thermic (profiles 5 and 6),- Sodic Haplocalcids, fine loamy, mixed, hyperthermic (profile 7).- Typic Haplocalcids, fine loamy, mixed, hyperthermic (profiles 8, 9

and 11),- Sodic Haplocalcids, clayey, mixed, hyperthermic (Profile 10),

;J.1.L wi ::~I .d...w.hll ~I ~ .. '__II :;~'tw :u.a~1 .:i..c. '.:.1\ 'I '-.tl,.~ ~ ,,~ _J ~~ J, _J.J~ ~.)J

~.J~I ~~I ~_J USI.ll1 ~I ~I 0_,ll1 _)~ ~ .J_,b:ljl .~~ ~ w~.~jWl_J ~I ~I ~~I ~j :;~_;io w~ (.)a

o~ ~ ~I w'-::_J_yJ1 ~J ~L..a'i~ ~_,...;::uJ1 :;~~I_J ~I ~I ~L..aJ uJ~~ _J ('I_,ijl ~ yU ~.J~ :;~'-::j ~j w~ ~)I _J .:i..c.1.))1 (.)a ~_,bjl tS..w1 ~ ~I

.w4ill :;~I ~_,b)1 tS ~ :;~'-::j_J ~~ lh.il 4j'USJ1 ~\.i;.jl~I_J ~I ~ :;~L6 ~ ~~_J 4.i:L.JI c:Jtilll ~ ~I ~I ~_p,._J ~}.l.b3:1.)A ~ ~ ~~~I_J ~_,LJI (.)a ~W ~I _MI ~I_)~I ~ ~ ~~

.('~I_J

Wright, C. H. (1939)."Soil Analysis". Thomas Murby and Co., London.England.

247Egypt. J. of Appl. sa; 29 (4) 2014

/

wlj ('~L.: :d..::JW~o'+.JI l~:~1 ~ )~;/I_J ;W)LJI uy.a11 ~ ~4C d.~ ~jl:b._,l.o lS~ .J~_J ~ ~. rcU11('I_,ill

Jh:j. ~ ,~.m_Jtl_)_j:hw;/I wlft O.Jyj ~ pH _jl ~ ~ ~~\ k)tlCaC03 w~ ~ uL.:_Jj~J tl_)_ji....J;/1wlft o.JYj wJ ~ ~jl1L.: ~~I o.JWI

.~I o- lS~1 ~~I ~J lS.J\ ~ Ca (HCO})2 o_)~ ~ ~Ij 1.A.J~3_J.bLu.lJ o.Jyy. w.JIj ~ (\_,ilL.: ~ jl ~I _J CEC ~ ~\.SJI ~.J'+JI ~I ~.~. w~t ~' .tl_)_j:hw;/I o~ o.JYjJ ~I ~IJ ~~I o.JWI :ijl..a} ~ ()WI

.~.b ~ oWl ESP J.J4i-JI ('~.Jy..a.U ~y.JI ~I

Egypt. J. of AppL Sci., 29 (4) 2014248

All correspondance Should Be-Addressedto

Prof. Dr. Abdel-Hamid H.SalemFaculty of Agriculture, Zagarig University, Egypt

Tel.:055-2287582 Fax.:055-2287567

Dr. Asharaf EI Shehy: Professor of Structural Engineering andVice President of Zagazig University.

Dr. Ashraf H. Shaalan: Professor of Anthropology andPresident of National Research Center, Cairo.

Dr. Salah M. Abdel-Moemen: Professor of Plant PathologyAgricultural Research Center, Cairo.

Dr. Ahmed E.EI-Azizy: Professor of Foundation Education,Faculty of Education, Zagazig University.

Dr. Soliman A.Soliman: Professor of Soil Seience and Vice Chairmanof AtomicEnergy Authority, Cairo.

Dr. Saad S. EI-Osh : Professor of Clinical Pathology, Facultyof Medicine, Zagazig University

Dr. Ali EI-Zayat : Professor of Dairy Microbiology Faculty ofAgriculture, Suez Canal University.

Dr. Ibrahim Ashour: Professor of Biochemistry, Faculty ofVeterinary Medicine, Suez Canal University.

Dr. Abdel-Monem M. Hegazy: Professor of Agronomy, DesertResearch Center ,Cairo.

Dr. Mostafa M. Abo EI-Magd: Professor of Vegetable Crops,National Research Center, Cairo.

Dr. M.Sarag EI-Din Abdel -Sabour: Professor of Genetics,Fauclty of Agriculture, Banha University.

Dr. Ahmed Sh. Gouda: Professor of Agronomy, Agriculture.Research Center.

Dr. Orner EI-Daly: Professor of Microbiology, Faculty ofMedicine, Zagazig University.

Dr. Mohamed A.Desouky: Professor of Education Psychology,Faculty of Education, Zagazig University.

Dr. Abdel-Hamid H.Salem (Editor in Chief): Professor of CropSience, Faculty of Agriculture, Zagazig Universty.

(EDITORIAL BOARD)