HUMAN-POWERED WASHING MACHINE PROJECT “EZ NCORO”

ABSTRACT

PATH STATEMENT

Washingclothesisatime-consumingandlabor-intensiveactivityforthewomenofD’kar.Itoftentakesthemafulldayeachweektocleantheirfamily'sclothes.Waterscarcityfurthercomplicatestheprocess.Inadditiontotheusualchallengesofwashingandrinsingclothesbyhand,manywomenmustwalkakilometerormoreeachwaytofetchwaterfromacommunitytap.Ourteamcreatedaprototypeofasimple,low-cost,human-poweredwashingmachineandwringertoreducethetimeandeffortneededtowashclothesandconservewaterineachstepoftheprocess.Byusingthisproduct,thewomenofD'karcanspendtheirextratimeonotherhouseholdchores,withtheirfamily/community,orgeneratingincome.

KEY FEATURES

• Human-Powered• BuiltwithLocally-SourcedMaterials• Low-Cost(Purchase&Maintenance)• Simple&EasytoUse• WaterConscious

CONTEXT

COMMUNITY OVERVIEW

D’kar,asmallvillagejustnorth-eastofGhanziTownshipintheKalahariDesertofBotswana,wasformedinthemid-1960sbytheD’karReformedChurchandiscurrentlyadministeredbytheKuruFamilyofOrganizationsandtheKuruD’karTrust.It’slocatedonaprivatefarm.

Thoughthecommunityisnotformallyrecognisedbythelocalgovernment,thegovernmentdoestrytointerveneinpropellingdevelopment.HometoacouplethousandNcoakhoeSan(akaSan)people,D’karconsistsofanumberofsmallplots/homesaswellasthechurch,aprimaryschool,asmallclinic,andacouplesmallstores.Thecommunityalsooperatesanartgallery,culturalcenter,wildliferanch,andanannualdancefestivaltobringintouristrevenue.D’karhaselectricity,butlikeotherruralvillagesinBotswana,suffersfromfrequentpoweroutages.ThemajorityofhomesandbuildingsinD’kar,however,donothaveelectricity.Instead,mostmembersofthecommunityusefirewoodastheirmainfuelsource.Inrecentyears,firewoodhasbeenoverharvestedsohasbecomeincreasinglydifficulttofindnearby.WaterisscarceintheKalahariDesert,soistypicallydrawnviawellsfromanundergroundaquifer.Unlikemostvillages,D’karresidentsareprovidedfreewaterthankstoanarrangementwiththeKuruFamilyofOrganizationsandtheKuruD’karTrust.Afewmembersofthecommunityhavetheirownwelland/orawaterstoragetankontheirplot.However,mostpeopleinthecommunityneedtowalkakilometerormoreeachwayfromtheirfamilyplots/homestofetchwaterfromthefewcentrally-locatedpublicstandpipes.Theamountofwaterthey’reabletoobtainatonetimedependsontheirmodeoftransportation.Forexample,eachwalkercantypicallycarry5-10literswhilepeoplewithdonkeycartscantransportmuchlargerquantitiesofwater.D’kar,likemosthistoricallybushmancommunities,isapatriarchalsocietycurrentlyledby(Chief)KgosiAprilMontshosi.Mentraditionallyprovidefortheirfamiliesbyseekingemploymentatnearbyfarms–workwhichoftenrequiresthemtoliveawayfromtheirspouseandchildren.Womenmanagetheirhouseholds,raisetheirchildren,andcarefortheirentirefamilies.Someofthewomenalsoneedtotakeadditionalpart-timeorfull-timepiecejobstosupporttheirfamilies.Inadditiontothecorefamily,householdsoftenalsoincludemultiplegenerations.Typically,theoldestgenerationsupportstheyoungergenerationsuntiltheyoungergenerationhasachievedsomemeasureoffinancialindependenceoragebeginstodegradetheoldergeneration’sabilitytoearn.TheSanhavearichculturalheritage.Theyareresourcefulandhands-onpeoplewhomaketheirlivelihoodthroughagriculturalworkatthenearbyprivately-ownedfarms,avarietyofmanualpiecejobswithinthecommunity,orcreating/sellingavarietyoftraditionalartsandcrafts.ThecommunityofD’karpredominantlyspeaksNaro,oneoftheclick-basedKhoelanguagesindigenoustosouthernAfrica.Theyoungergeneration,whohavetypicallycompletedatleastprimaryschool,areliterateandalsoabletocommunicateinSetswanaandEnglish.However,theoldergenerationhasnothadmuch(orany)formaleducationsoarelargelyilliterateandcanonlycommunicateintheirnativedialect.

STAKEHOLDERS

STAKEHOLDER

INTERESTINPROJECT

PROJECT’SEFFECTONINTERESTS

IMPORTANCEFORPROJECTSUCCESS

DEGREEOFINFLUENCE

OVEROTHERS

?=Unknown-=Negative0=Neutral+=Positive

?=Unknown1=Low

2=Moderate3=High

?=Unknown1=Low

2=Moderate3=High

Women WashAllClothing(InHouseholdand/orViaPieceJobs)

+ 3 3

ClothingOwners

DependonHouseholdWashersorServicesofPieceJobWashersCareAboutQualityofWashingProcess

- 2 1

IDIN ProvideProjectSupportHasInterestinProjectContinuity

+ 2 3

ProjectTeam Co-CreateSolution + 3 3PotentialInvestors&Sponsors

ProvideSupportandAidforScalingProduct/Business

+ 2 2

LocalCommunity

ProvideIdeasandFeedback

= 2 2

LocalInnovators&Investors

ProvideSupportandAidforScalingProduct/BusinessLeverageSolutionforOtherEffortsandBusinesses

= 1 1

ComplementaryServices&Businesses

LeverageSolutionforOtherEffortsandBusinesses

+ 2 2

AgentsofSustainability

SupportFabricationandMaintenance

+ 3 2

USERS

PrimaryUser=HouseholdClothesWasherOurprimaryuserisawoman(orgirl)whowashesclothesandlinensfortheirimmediateand/orextendedfamily.Shewalksakilometereachwaytofetch10litersofwaterfromthecommunitystandpipe.Onceshereturnstoherplot/home,shesetsupherwashingareaneartheclothingline(typicallyinthepartial-shadejustoutsideherprimarydwelling).Shepoursallherwaterinto3medium-largeovaltubs.Sheaddsalargeamountofclothingdetergenttothefirsttub,asmallamountofclothingdetergenttothesecondtub,andalargeamountofclothingsoftenertothethirdtub.Shealsohasanextraemptytuborbucketnearbytotemporarilyholdcleanitemsandcarryclothes/linenstotheclothingline.Herprocessforwashingvariessomewhatbythetypeanddirtinessoftheclothing/linens,butingeneralshewashesthewhitesandcleanestclothesfirstandthoroughlywringsouteachitembetweentubstoconservewater.Shescrubsmostitemsbyhandbybunchingthefabricintoherfistsandleveragingthestrengthoftheheelsofherhands.Shemayuseherfeetandbodyweighttoscrubthelargestordirtiestitems.Sheusesthesamewaterforalltheclothes/linens.Onceclothesarecleanandwrungout,shehangsthemontheclothinglinetodry(turningmostitemsinsideouttoprotectthemfromfadingandairbornedust).Clothingdriesrapidlyinthedesertsunandbreeze,butsomeheavieritemsandlinensmayneedtohangforacoupledaysbeforedryingcompletely.

SecondaryUser=PieceJobClothesWasherOursecondaryuserisawomanwhowashesclothesandlinensforothercommunitymembersasapiecejob.Shewalkswithherchildrentohercustomer’splot/home.Hercustomer,typicallyasingleman,providesallthesuppliessheneedstowashhisclothingandlinens(water,tubs/buckets,detergent,andclothingline).Shefollowsthesamegeneralprocessasourprimaryuser,butsheisparticularlyconsciousaboutthequalityofherworkandthecleanlinessoftheclothes/linenssothatshecankeephercustomerhappyandsupportherfamily.

DESIGN PROCESS

SUMMARY

OurteamfollowedtheIDDSDesignSpiralprocess.Therewerethreephases,eachgenerallyaweekinduration:FramingtheProblem;CreatingaSolution;andDevelopingaPrototypeProduct.Wewentthroughthreeiterativestageswithineachofthosephases:Information&Insights;Ideas&Approaches;andImplementation&Validation.

USER RESEARCH

Weconsistentlyincorporatedfeedbackfromourlocalteammembers(mostnotablyTabaxlae)and,atkeymomentsduringthedesignprocess,werealsoabletoseekandincorporatefeedbackfromotherIDDSparticipantsandotheruser/communitystakeholders.DuringtheFramingtheProblemphase:wehostedaninformationgatheringsessionintheformofateaparty(with14localcommunitymembers–13womenand1man);weobservedandhelpedacouplelocalfamilieswashtheirclothes;andweeachwashedourownclothingusingthelocalmethodologyandsupplies.Wealsogavepresentationsandhostedshow-n-tellsforthelocalcommunityduringtheCreatingaSolutionandDevelopingaPrototypeProductphases.Ourteamsynthesizedthefollowinginformationfromourvariousinformationgatheringefforts.Challenges

• waterscarcity–machineshoulduselesswaterthanhandwashing• machineshouldwashclothesascleanorcleanerthanhandwashing• wetwoolblanketsareheavyandhardtowring• machineshouldbeeasytousebyelderlyusers• variablematerials/size/dirtinessofclothestobewashed• noclearwaytomeasurecleanlinessofclothing/linens• economicandculturalchallengesincreatingacommunitylaundromat

Opportunities

• peopleseemgenerallywillingtospendaroundP500onamachineperhousehold• freewaterforthepeopleofD’kar• theattendersoftheteapartysessionverywillingtosupportourefforts• theclinicandschoolmaybeinapositiontospendmoreonawashingmachine• hotwaterhasgreaterstainremovingpower• reachofmobiledevicesduetothehighnumberofpieceworkers• peoplegenerallydisposewaterwithveryhighconcentrationofsoap/dirtafterwashing• needforwaterrecyclingandpurification• washingpowderandsoftenernotviewedasapurchasingburdeneventhoughits

expensiveforthem

• womenseemingadamantonfindinganeasierandfasterwaytowashclothing/linens• womenofD’kararethebestagentsoffuturesustainability

Gaps

• electricpowernotavailableinmosthouseholds• nowatertapsatmosthouseholds(havetowalktocommunitystandpipe)

SurprisingFacts

• churchpaysforallwaterforthepeopleofD’kar• peopledrytheirclothesinsideouttopreventsunbleaching• singlemenpaywomen(viapiecejobs)towashtheirclothes• afewfamilieshavetheirownwatertapand/orawaytocollect/storewater

Throughoutthemajorityofthedesignprocess,ourteamfocusedonourprimaryuser(thehouseholdclotheswasher).

USER NEEDS

Duringthecourseofourproject,wevalidatedthatourprimary(andsecondaryusers)hadthefollowingprioritizedneeds:

1. Hand&SkinInjuries2. WaterConservation3. CleanlinessofClothes/Linens4. SolutionCost5. Time&EffortofManualLabor

INITIAL CONCEPTS & EXPERIMENTATION

Ourteamcameupwithalargenumberofinitialconcepts,rangingfromtheincrediblysimpletothemorecomplex:

• commercialtexturedhouseholdrubbergloves• texturedhouseholdrubberglovesmodifiedwithwashboard-ridgesonthepalms• washboard(sizedforlocally-availablebuckets/tubs)• ameshbagforwashingand/orwringing• ahand-powereddouble-barreledwasher/spinner(horizontalorientationforwashing,

vertical-orientationforspinning)• afoot-poweredside-loadingwasher/spinner• amechanizedswiveling-accordionwasher

Wecreatedsketchmodelsforeachoftheseconceptsanddemonstratedthemtoourstakeholdersduringourfirstcommunitydesignreview.Thesimplestconceptsdidn’tattractmuchattention,thoughusersdidagreethatthegloveswouldprotecttheirhandsfromtheharshdetergentandthatthewashboardcouldaid

scrubbing.Themajorityofusers(andothercommunitymembers)wereinterestedinthefoot-poweredsideloadingwasher/spinnerconcept.Menwereprimarilyfascinatedbythepowermechanism.Womenappreciatedtheconcept,butexpressedconcernsaboutthepotentiallackofmodestywhilepedaling(seemingtoprefermovingthepedalswiththeirhands)andthecleanlinessofclothing.

ADDITIONAL REQUIREMENTS

Inadditiontoaddressingtheprioritizeduserneedslistedabove,ourteamidentifiedthefollowingadditionalrequirementsforthefinalprototype:

• Human-Powered• Simple&EasytoUse• Locally-SourcedMaterialsfromD’kar,Ghanzi,orMaun(Fabrication&Maintenance)• Low-Cost(Fabrication/Purchase&Maintenance)

CONCEPT SELECTION

Weusedapughchartanalysistoevaluateallofourconceptsaccordingtoourlistofprioritizeduserneedsandadditionalrequirements.Oneconcept,thefoot-poweredside-loadingwasher/spinner,receivedthelargestnumberofpointsbyadecisivemarginandwastheinspirationforourfinalprototype.Unfortunately,we’reunabletoincludemoredetailsonourconceptevaluationsincethosepiecesofdocumentationwerelost.

FINAL PROTOTYPE

SUMMARY

Ourteamselectedthefoot-poweredside-loadingwasher/spinnerconceptasthebasisforourfinalprototype.Itsdesignwasinspiredbyafront-loadingMielewashingmachine(renownedforitswaterefficiencyandcleaningpower).LikeaMiele,ourprototypehasahorizontalorientationandiscomprisedofaperforatedinnercylindricaldrumwithbafflesrotatinginsideastationarywaterproofouterdrum.Itswashingmodeneededtosupportthreekeymovements:soaking,abi-directionalback-and-forthpendulum-like“wishy-washy”movementinthebottomhalfofthecylinderandafasterrotation“scoop-and-drop”movementineithersidehalfofthecylinderleveraginggravitytoscrubtheclothes.Forproperspinning,whichmaximizeswaterconservationandfacilitatesdrying,themachineneededtospinrapidlyinonedirectiontocentrifugallyforcewateroutoftheclothesfromtheinnerdrumtotheouterdrumwhereitcouldthenbedrained.Basedonuserfeedbackwereceivedduringandimmediatelyafterthefirstcommunitydesignreview,weknewfromtheoutsetweneededtofindanalternatewaytopowerthemachine(eitherbyhandorwithmoremodesty-preservingfoot/legmovements).We

alsodiscoveredthatthebicyclepartsusedinourinitialconceptwerenotavailablewithinourrequiredgeographicboundary.Wecreatedsketchmodelsforanumberofdifferentpowermechanisms,utilizingeverythingfromgearstopendulumstoflywheels.Wewerestilldebatingwhichtochoosewhenwediscoveredviainternetresearchthattherewereanumberofsubstantialdifficultiesrelatedtostabilizinghorizontally-orientedwashingmachinesduringhigh-speedspinmodes(mostnotablydealingwithunbalancedloadsviaaninner-drumsuspensionsystemandpreventingoscillatorywalkingoftheentiredevice–seeAppendixBforreferencedocuments).Givenourlimitedtimeandrequirements,ourteamdecidedtostreamlineourprototypeandfocussolelyonthewashmode.Oncethehigh-speedspinmodewaseliminated,wequicklychoseahand-operatedyo-yoinspiredropesystemtobeourpowermechanism.Inordertomeetourwaterconsciousnessgoal,wefeltstronglythatweneededsomewayforouruserstoremovewaterfromtheirclothesduringandafterthecleaningprocess.Sowebrainstormedavarietyofoptions,scoredthemagainstouruserneedsandadditionalrequirements,andselectedthehighestscoringoption(seeAppendixCfordocumentation).Whenafterextensivetestingthe“baggysquish”sketchmodelfailedtoadequatelyremovewaterfromclothing/linens,wechosethenextmostpromisingnextoptiontherollerwringer.

TOOLS & MATERIALS

Ourwashingmachineandrollerwringerweredefinedinlargepartbythescrapmaterialswefoundduringtheproject.Wesalvagedanoldlargemetaldrumwithholesinoneofitsendcapsforthewaterproofouterdrumbyremovingthatendcapandusingthatresultingopeningasourwashingmachine’sdoor.Theperforatedinnerdrumwasmadefromaflatpieceofindustrialmetalshelving.Wecurvedthemetaltotheproperdiameterbyrunningitrepeatedlythroughahandmadecontraptioncomprisedofthreemetalrollers(inwhichthethirdrollerwasadjustedclosertotheothertwooneachsubsequentpass)thenweldedthetwosidestogether.Theinnerdrum’sthreebafflesweremadefromthesameshelvingmaterial,butpressedintoav-shapebyapieceofequipmentintheworkshopandrivetedintoplace.

HOW IT WORKS

Stand&CylindricalDrumsAstand,weldedoutofmetalbars,supportedtheweightofthewashingmachine.Whenmovedbythepowermechanism,theperforatedinnerdrumcouldberotatedinsidethestationarywaterproofouterdrum.Thecircularwoodandmetaldoorontheouterdrumwasheldinplacebyahinge,latchedclosedbyahandmademechanism,andquasi-waterproofedbyafoamseal.

Loading&UnloadingClothing/LinensClothing/linenscouldbeloadedandunloadedthroughthedoorinthesideoftheouterdrum.

Adding&RemovingWaterWater(soapy,softened,orplain)couldbeaddedtothewashingmachineviaafunnelputintotheholeinthetopoftheouterdrum.Avalveonthebottomoftheouterdrumcouldbeopenedtodrainwateroutofthemachine.Itsattachedfilterremovedsandandothersedimentsfromthedrainedwatertoaidinwaterreuse.

PowerMechanismAsalvagedbicyclewheelwithadiameterslightlysmallerthanthatoftheinnerdrumservedastheheartofthewashingmachine’spowermechanism.Thewheelwaswrappedacoupletimesbyarope.Thetwoendsoftheropecouldbepulledfromthesamesideorfromopposingsides.Whenpulledbackandforth,theroperotatedthewheelwhichthenrotatedtheaxelandinnerdrumtocreatethe“wishy-washy”and“scoop-and-drop”movements.

RollerWringerWhenplacedbetweentwometalcylindricalrollers,clothingandlinencouldbewrungdry.

PERFORMANCE & DESIGN REVIEW

Wewereabletotestthebasicfunctionofthewashingmachineprototype,butnotitseffectivenessorperformanceincleaningclothing/linens.Wedidnothavetimetotestthebasicfunctionoftherollerwringer.Duringourfinaldesignreview,wereceivedthefollowingfeedback:Overall

• Itwasrecommendedthatweaddpicture-basedinstructionstothewashingmachinetospecifytheamountofclothes,water,time,andprocessneededtocleanclothes

• Wediscussedhavingasongtoaidusersinrememberingthepropertime/processforoptimalcleaning

Stand&CylindricalDrums

• Itwasrecommendedthatweuseadditionalattachmentpointsonthedoorsincewewouldmostlikelygetabettersealifwehad3or4equidistantlatches

• Itwasrecommendedthatweinvestigatetheuseofsilicongluefromanautopartsstoretocreateourowncustom-fittinggaskettobettersealthedoor

• Thereweresomequestionsabouttheavailabilityandcostofreproducingourmetalouterandinnerdrums

Loading&UnloadingClothing/Linens

• Thereweresomediscussionsaboutthepros/consforwaterproofingandmaintenanceofputtingthedoorinthetopofthehorizontalcylinderinsteadofontheside(somethingwewereunabletoconsider,despiteourinitialpreferencetodoso,duetothestateofoursalvagedouterdrum)

Adding&RemovingWater

• Itwasrecommendedthatthepumpmechanismberemovedsothatwatercouldbeaddedmanuallyviatheholeinthetopofthemachine,sincecomplicatedthingslikethepumpweremorelikelytobreakduringeverydayuse

PowerMechanism

• Wewerecomplimentedonourincrediblysimplepowermechanism–itwasabletoprovidethethreedesiredwashmovements,butnotover-engineered

• Therewassomeconcernaboutthewheelusedintheprototypesincebicyclepartswerenotavailablewithinourspecifiedlocalregion

• Itwasrecommendedthatweinvestigateaconvexwheelorcoveredpulleyinplaceofthebicyclewheel,sincethereweresomeminorergonomicrelatedtothebackandforthropepullingandminorsafetyconcernsaboutthepossibilityofpeople’sfingers/handsbeingsweptintothewheel

NEXT STEPS

REFLECTION

Ourteamfeltstronglythatourprojectshouldcontinue.Weagreedoursolutionandprototypehadalotofpotentialand,oncefunctioning,couldgreatlyimprovethelivesofwomeninD’kar.WewereparticularlythrilledtoseetheevolutionofTabaxlae’sinterestoverthecourseoftheproject–bytheendofthesummit,shewasincrediblypassionateaboutourprototypeandexpressedstronginterestintakingithomewithher.

CONTINUITY MODEL

Weintendtocontinueevolvingourprojectbysupportingtwoofourlocalteammembers.JosephDiiwillbecomeourproject’slead.He’lljointhelocalInnovationCenterandourteampledgestodonate10%ofanyfuturewashingmachineprofitsbacktothecenter.Beforetheendofthesummit,Lizdonatedasmallamountofinterimfunding($80USD)totheteamforpurchasingmaterialsneededforthenextround(s)ofrefinements.JosephChipyokaandLizdraftedalistoffutureactionitemswithJosephDii,andwillcontinuetoprovideJosephDiiandTabaxlaewithwhateverremotesupportandguidancetheymightneed.Ourcontinuityplanbelowfocusesontheremainderofthecalendaryear.Weplantoreevaluateprojectstatusandnextstepsinearly2017.

ACTION ITEMS

BeforeEndofSummit[JosephChipyoka&Liz]• CreateGmailAddress&WhatsAppforJosephDii• TeachJosephDiiEmail/WhatsAppBasics• JosephDii&TabaxlaeBecomeMembersoftheInnovationCenter• InterimFunding

Following2Weeks[JosephDii&Tabaxlae]

• EstablishCommunicationBetweenJosephDii&Joseph/Liz(1EmailWeeklyorMoreAsNeeded)

• Run1stExperimentonPrototype&CollectPerformanceData• DocumentIdeasforFuturePrototypeRefinements

Following3-6Months[JosephDii&Tabaxlae]

• RefinethePrototype(OneIdea/IssueataTime)• RunExperimentonRefinedPrototype&CollectPerformanceData• DocumentAllPrototypeRefinements&Experiments• CommunicationBetweenJosephDii&Joseph/Liz(1EmailWeeklyorMoreAsNeeded)• <Repeat3StepsAboveUntilPrototypeMeetsFunctionalGoals>

2017

• AssessProjectStatus• DetermineNextSteps&Resource/Mentor/PartnerNeeds• ReplicatePrototype&ConductFieldTestingwithNon-TeamUsers

RISKS & CHALLENGES

• PrototypeDoesn’tFunction• MayNeedAdditionalPeopletoHelpJosephDiiCompletePrototype• NeedMaterialsfromGhanzi(orBeyond)toCompletePrototype• NeedMoneytoBuyMaterials• JosephDii&TabaxlaeHaveOtherLife/WorkObligations• “Ownership”ofthePrototype’sTechnology• DataCollection&Analysis• Prototype,EvenWhenCompleted,MayNotCleanClothesSufficiently• Prototype,EvenWhenCompleted,MayUseTooMuchWater• Prototype,EvenWhenCompleted,MayBeTooExpensivetoReplicate• CommunicationChallengesBetweenJosephDii,JosephChipyoka,&Liz• NoLocalBusinessKnowledge/Expertise

FUNDING OBLIGATIONS

• TrackAllMoneyIn&Out• AccountforAllExpenses&Payments

KEY METRICS FOR PROTOTYPE EXPERIMENTATION

• TimetoLoadClothes• TimetoInsertWashWater• AmountofWashWater• TimeofWashCycle• PhysicalEffortofWashCycle• TimetoRemoveWashWater• EfficacyofWashWaterFiltration• Time/EfforttoUnload&WringClothes(BetweenWash&Rinse)• TimetoInsertRinseWater• AmountofRinseWater• TimeofRinseCycle• PhysicalEffortofRinseCycle• TimetoRemoeRinseWater• EfficacyofRinseWaterFiltration

• SomeConsistentMeasureofClothesCleanliness• TimetoUnloadClothes• TimeofWringClothes• PhysicalEffortofWringClothes• UserExperienceFeedback• Videos/PhotosofPrototype&ItsUse(Supervised&Unsupervised)

ANTICIPATED NEEDS

NoneCurrently

CONTACT INFO

CONTINUITY CONTACTS

• JosephChipyoka(Zambia)• JosephDii(D'kar,Botswana)• LizHunt(UnitedStates)• TabaxlaeKaashe(D'kar,Botswana)

FACILITATOR

• CarolinaMenezes(Brazil)

OTHER TEAM MEMBERS

• FrankGaseitsiwe(Botswana)• SakhileNdlovu(Botswana)• SixpenceSixpence(D'kar,Botswana)

APPENDIX A

NARRATIVE USER PERSONAS

PrimaryPersona=QaneQaneisa31yearoldsinglewomanwithtwokidsbetweentheagesof2-7.Sheliveswithherparentsandfoursiblingsinayardwiththreetraditionalhutscalledrondavels.She’sunemployed,buttakescareofherfamily’shomebydoingalmostallofthechoreslikecooking,cleaning,andwashing.Herparentsandgrandparentsfinanciallysupportthefamilybyworkingatthelocalprivately-ownedfarm.Theirhomedoesn’thaveaboreholeorstandpipe,sotheyfetchtheirwater1kmawayatthelocalwatertap.Theyheattheirwaterandfoodonafire.Towashherfamily’sandboyfriend’sclothes,Qanemustfetchwaterandgatherthedirtyclothingandherwashingsuppliesinthewashingareaoutsidenearherhut.Shefillstwobucketswithsoapywaterandathirdwithsoftenerwaterandwashesalltheclothingbyhand.Onceclean,shewringsthemoutbyhandandhangsthemonthenearbylinetodryinthesunandbreeze.Qaneisnotsatisfiedwithherlifebecauseshe’salwaysexhaustedandstressed.Herparentsareoldandfrequentlyillsoneedtobetakencareof.Theirlivesarefinanciallyinsecure.Sheworriesaboutherparentsandherchildren.She’dlovetomakeandsellbeadwork,butdoesn’thaveenoughtimeormoneytofollowherdreams.SecondaryPersona=BauBauisa28yearoldsinglewomanwiththreekidsbetweentheagesof3-10.Herparentspassedaway,soshelivesonherowninayardwithonetraditionalhutcalledarondavel.Shesupportsherselfandherkidsbydoingavarietyofpiecejobsinhercommunity(likewashingclothesandcleaninghouses/yards).Shealsotakescareofherfamily’shomebydoingallofthechoreslikecooking,cleaning,washing,andshopping.Whenoneofherchildrengetssick,she’sunabletodoherpiecejobbecausesheneedstostayhometotakecareofhim/her.Theirhomedoesn’thaveaboreholeorstandpipe,sotheyfetchtheirwater1kmawayatthelocalwatertap.Sheheatstheirwaterandfoodonafire.Whenshedoespiecejobs,hercustomersprovidewhateversupplies(water,firewood,etc.)thatmightbenecessarytodothework.Towashhercustomer’sclothes,Baubringsherkidstothecustomer’shomewhereallthesuppliesshe’llneed(likebuckets,water,andsoap)areprovidedforher.Shefillstwobucketswithsoapywaterandathirdwithsoftenerwater,thencarefullyandthoroughlywashesalltheclothingbyhand.Onceclean,shewringsthemoutbyhandandhangsthemonthenearbylinetodryinthesunandbreeze.It’sveryimportantthatshedoeshighqualityworktokeephercustomershappy.SheservicesXXcustomersperday.Bauisnotsatisfiedwithherlifebecauseshe’salwaysexhaustedandstressed.Herlifeisfinanciallyinsecure,shealwaysworriesaboutfeedingherchildren.She’dlovetohaveapermanentjob,butshedoesn’thavesufficientqualificationsandherlifeandschedulearetoounpredictable.

APPENDIX B

INTERNET RESEARCH ON UNBALANCED LOADS & OSCILLATORY WALKING

APPENDIX C

WATER REMOVAL IDEAS

APPENDIX D

FINAL PRESENTATION & POSTER