Hernando De Soto Archaeology and Artifacts

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HERNANDO DE SOTO

ARCHAEOLOGY AND ARTIFACTS

F. ASHLEY WHITE

FLORIDA DEPARTMENT OF STATE BUREAU OF ARCHAEOLOGICAL RESEARCH

MASTER SITE FILE MR03538

Please note this is a peer reviewed brief of a lengthy work in progress and the summary information contained herein should be viewed as such. The analysis section alone encompasses some two hundred pages of detailed supporting evidence as well hundreds of digital images. Some glass bead artifacts are very small and high magnification imagery with color saturation was used to count the layers that are

required to type this material culture. Examples of these difficult to obtain images are included with the brief. This is an active research project with sensitive data withheld to protect the archaeological

resource. Some metadata is confidential and will remain embargoed.

Fred Ashley White

English Version

Submitted: 2010

"Bailey, Erin M." <[email protected]>

All Rights Reserved Copyright 2008, 2009, 2010

Cite this record: Hernando De Soto Archaeology and Artifacts. Fred A. White. Tallahassee, FL: Florida Department of State, Bureau of Archaeological Research, Master Site File MR03538. 2010

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TABLE OF CONTENTS ABSTRACT…..1 INTRODUCTION…..2 I. INTRODUCTION TO THE ARCHAEOLOGY OF SPANISH EXPEDITIONS…..5 a. Finding Spanish Expedition Sites in Central Florida…..6 b. Finding Spanish Mission Sites in Central Florida…..8 c. Confirming the Discovery of a Hernando de Soto Contact Site at MR03538…..12 d. The location of MR03538 - Historical Evidence…..14 e. Confirming the Discovery of a Spanish Mission at MR03538…..17 II. BRIEF DESCRIPTION AND EXCAVATION HISTORY OF SITE MR03538…..21 a. Location, description and characteristics of site MR03538…..21 b. Available Data and Excavations on MR03538…..22 c. Ground Truth Study Images…..23 III. STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS OF MR03538…..29 a. Building Orientation…..30 b. Structural Conclusion…..30

IV. ANALYSIS AND PROVENIENCE OF ARTIFACTS FROM MR03538…..32

a. Methods of Analysis…..32

b. Artifact analysis of MR03538 sub-site East…..37

i. Metal Coins Description and Exhibit…..37

ii. Ceramic Rosary Beads Description and Exhibit…..41

iii. Ceramic Beads Description and Exhibit…..44

iv. Majolica Description and Exhibit…..46

v. Iron Hoe Description and Exhibit…..49

vi. Ceramic Pot Description and Exhibit.....52

vii. Iron Nails Description and Exhibit…..55

c. Artifact analysis of MR03538 sub-site West…..58

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i. Metal Coins Description and Exhibit…..58

ii. Ceramic Chevron Beads Description and Exhibit…..62

iii. Metal Mail Description and Exhibit…..65

iv. Domestic Animal Remains Description and Exhibit…..70

v. Lapidary Pendants Description and Exhibit…..74

vi. Ceramic Cadiz Beads Description and Exhibit…..76

vii. Lead Shot .61 Caliber Matchlock Harquebus…..79

viii. Iron Crossbow Bolts…..81

d. Aboriginal Material Culture and Aboriginal Ceramics and Typology…..83

e. Additional Analysis Notes…..102

i. MR03538 Coin Background…..102

ii. MR03538 Rosary Background…..105

V. SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS…..106

BIBLIOGRAPHY…..109

Biographical Sketch…..116

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ABSTRACT In 2009 with the completion of a Florida Master Site File recording survey the in depth

investigation of the MR03538 began. This site identified to have multiple occupations was the

location of one of Hernando de Soto’s early camps during the 1539 entrada and was in later use

during the seventeenth century Spanish mission period. This previously unknown First Spanish

Cultural Period site is located between Ocala and Gainesville, Florida on the wetlands of Orange

Lake. Based on historical documentation, the site would be located east of the Aucilla River

within the Timucuan Province.

Historical documentation confirms the presence of seven nearby Spanish missions in the chain

that surrounded Gainesville and also stretched south into central Florida. Archaeological and

documentary evidence suggests that this First Spanish mission period structure was not either

of the missions known as Santa Lucia de Acuera or San Luis de Acuera, also known as Avino. A

mission visita (mission without a resident priest) known as Apula was understood to have been

established in the late sixteenth century in the town of Potano known to have been visited by

Hernando de Soto, but there is little known of it. Soon after the establishment of the mission of

San Francisco de Potano in 1606 three other missions were constructed. Santa Ana de Potano,

San Miguel de Potano and San Buenaventura de Potano, that together served about 1,200

Indians. The artifact assemblage from the mission period structure brings the conclusion that

MR03538 is the location of the mission of San Buenaventura de Potano and that mission was

established at the location of the previous visita of Apula in the town of Potano.

This investigation contains a systemic analysis of the artifacts from site MR03538 recovered

between 2005 and 2010. The goal of this study and results are to obtain information about the

Aboriginal inhabitants and the following European occupations. Detailed field notes, ground

truth studies performed with penetrating radar, magnetic detection and geographic

information systems were used to record and analyze the excavation site and its geospatial

relationships. This will be the first time the data has been studied with detailed analysis.

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This new information offers significant conclusions and documentation confirming that site

MR03538 is where Hernando de Soto came to the area of Potano on August 12th 1539. His

army began camping just to the south of this location from August 11th to August 22nd and then

marched north through Potano to join him on the entrada at Aguacaleyquen. The ceramic and

coin assemblages from MR03538 strongly prove the visitation by De Soto and the later location

for the seventeenth century mission of San Buenaventura de Potano.

INTRODUCTION

In the 1930s archaeologists began to focus on First Spanish Cultural Period sites, which include

the first discovery expeditions to Florida as well the missions and their effect on the Aboriginals.

Historians have been interested in the route of Spanish explorer Hernando de Soto, and his four

year expedition through the southern states. Very little evidence of the expedition has ever

been found. Today controversy surrounds any attempt to document De Soto contact sites or

mapping of a possible route his army may have used.

In 2009, a test excavation was started at archaeological site MR03538. The site was identified

as a contact site for the Hernando de Soto entrada and a mission site based on artifact

assemblage and the spatial interpretation of a structural foundation. Historical documents

provide the locations of other missions in the area and the distances between them, but little is

known of the mission of San Buenaventura or its predecessor the visita Apula. The identity as a

Spanish mission is thoroughly analyzed in this research.

There is a large body of existing research on the Spanish missions within the Apalachee

province, containing historical documents that include populations and visitation by

government officials including Spanish Governor Robolledo in 1657. However, there is less

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known about the missions located within the Timucuan province, but this evidence is growing

and will test the interpretation that MR03538 is a Timucuan mission.

The analysis of the data from the site also tests the identification as a De Soto contact location.

The artifact assemblage will be questioned against the most convincing evidence found at the

Martin / De Soto site in Tallahassee, Florida and the Parkin site in Cross County, Arkansas.

Research for this study has involved lengthy historical investigation and detailed artifact

analysis. This investigation uncovered new important evidence of First Period Spanish contact in

Florida. This work will contribute to comparative study regarding Hernando de Soto’s route

through Florida and structural architecture of church mission style buildings. The following

questions have directed this analysis:

1. Is there evidence of multiple Spanish occupation or visitation at the site? If so what are the

time frames associated with these occupations?

2. Does the site contain a Spanish mission structure? If so how can this be determined?

For this analysis, the date ranges of historic artifacts were analyzed to determine the European

occupations. The first date range from the MR03538 West indicates consensus corresponding

to the early sixteenth century. The second date range from MR03538 East indicates consensus

corresponding with the seventeenth century. Coin and ceramic assemblages were compared to

confirmed Florida mission sites and the early first discovery sites for the New World.

After completion of this study, the west site at MR03538 clearly is a Hernando de Soto contact

site. The east site excavation thus far of MR03538 contains a seventeenth century Spanish

structure which fits known dimension ranges of church missions and artifact assemblages

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within the range of the Spanish mission period and there is enough available data to confidently

identify the site as the Spanish mission San Buenaventura de Potano.

How did the results from this large project with varied sites coalesce? The decision was made

in 2009 to have all of the information regarding the site, including location, digital images of all

the artifacts, spatial context information and ground truth studies available to all individuals

working in the field. This was done by placing all of the raw information, less the location; on a

public website open to all with interest and then placing information that included latitudes,

longitudes, property details and maps in the care of the Florida Department of State, Bureau of

Archaeological Research in Tallahassee, Florida. On one of the first small assemblages

recovered in context we got 52 excellent commentaries, primarily from six scholars. From that

open discussion, consensus was achieved on identification and date range for those artifacts,

and then the process was repeated with each item of material culture. There are related

examples of these artifacts in several curated U.S. collections as well European museums, as

the artifacts originated in Europe. Thus every effort was made to also find examples overseas

for comparison and that was achieved. Over that three year period of open discussion it

produced a large volume of reference, many times the size of this brief summary update. This

paper is presented in a clear fast format like one’s archaeology field notes with the style note of

capitalization of Aboriginal as we are properly referring to the extinct Timucua Indians and their

relations. The project is still active and as the site expands the material artifacts recovered will

be available in the same manner before for any historian, archaeologist and anthropologist to

study.

The discovery and recognition of MR03538 is a major archaeological and historical event. The

on-going investigations and interpretation of the MR03538 site promise to clarify the Spanish

and Indian history of north-central Florida and to add immeasurably to our knowledge of the

Hernando de Soto expedition.

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CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION TO THE ARCHAEOLOGY OF SPANISH EXPEDITIONS

AND MISSIONS IN CENTRAL FLORIDA

The expedition of Pánfilo de Narváez is the first recorded that documents a route through

central Florida. In 1528 Narváez and Álvar Núñez Cabeza de Vaca landed near Tampa, Florida

and were set to explore and occupy North America (Milanich 1995). The expedition included

several priests and five Franciscan friars (Thomas 1990). The conquest immediately began to

fail when support ships did not meet as planned with the marching explorers. Depleted of

food, Narváez and his army were forced to eat their horses and melt many of their weapons to

construct rough barges in hopes of sailing to Northern Mexico. A hurricane, starvation and

disease reduced the number of men from 300 down to only four. Eight year later these few

survivors were found by Spanish slavers on their way to Mexico City.

Next in 1539 we have the beginning of the expedition by conquistador Hernando de Soto. This

exploration was a vast undertaking with more than 600 men and 200 horses. King Charles I of

Spain required De Soto to bring the Catholic faith to the Aboriginals. Twelve priests were

included in this mission, but historical documents indicate the Aboriginal people were treated

harshly, many were killed, tortured or enslaved (Thomas 1990). The De Soto route and contact

with the Timucuan natives of Potano are confirmed with multiple source historic

documentation (Hudson 1997).

In 1565 responding to the threat of the French claiming Florida, Pedro Menéndez de Avilés

established St. Augustine, Florida. He next attacked and massacred the French at Fort Caroline

and over the next weeks with more killings eliminated the French threat to Spain’s claim. Philip

II of Spain requested missionaries and Jesuit priests accompany Menéndez on this expedition,

but historical documents identify only a few secular priests. After capturing and killing the

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remaining French soldiers one of these priests that accompanied the Spanish army as a chaplain

related that this was the greatest victory which God had given them so that they may plant and

preach the holy gospel in that area (Thomas 1990) (Milanich 1995).

Spain continued with the Christianization of the Indians, by sending more missionaries to

Florida. During the 1560s the Jesuits attempted to minister to the Tequesta, Calusa, Guale, and

Orista Aborigines, but the effort failed and the missionaries withdrew in 1572. Franciscan

priests arrived in St. Augustine, Florida in 1573. By 1587 the number of Franciscan priests had

significantly increased and began to visit the Timucua, but it was not until the early 1600s that

the Franciscans attempted to build missions in the Timucuan province villages of the Utina and

Potano (Thomas 1990). Timucuan missions spread to the west from St. Augustine to the Aucilla

River where the Apalachee Indian provinces began (Milanich 1999) (Weisman 1992). The

natives of these villages were responsible for providing food for St. Augustine, but the feeling of

forced labor and disease outbreaks were the start of a path to failure for this style of mission

(Jones and Shapiro 1990).

Finding Spanish Expedition Sites in Central Florida

Artifact evidence of the Narváez 1528 expedition has been scant and research continues,

however early sixteenth century Spanish artifacts were found in the Marsh Island Mound. The

assemblage includes glass beads, iron tools, and brass bells. This particular mound located in

Wakulla County is believed to be near the Aboriginal town of Aute. Along the nearby St. Marks

River within the St. Marks Wildlife Refuge other early sixteenth century glass beads have been

discovered including the faceted chevron type and hawks bells of the Clarksdale type. These

sites along Florida’s panhandle coast are associated with the Bay of Horses area where the

Narváez party launched into Apalachee Bay and began its doomed attempt to navigate to

Mexico (Milanich 1995). Historical documents relate that the ancient native town of Aute as

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well as the construction site of Narváez’s primitive boats and horse skulls were discovered by

Hernando de Soto’s soldiers (Gannon 1996).

In the 1960s an early sixteenth century chevron bead and the same Clarksdale or hawks bell

attributed to De Soto were discovered in Cross County, Arkansas. This location on the St.

Francis River is known as the Parkin site. Later excavations in the 1990s revealed a .61 caliber

lead shot and another similar lead fragment. The caliber corresponds to weapons carried by De

Soto’s army. There were also more fragments of bells discovered. This is convincing evidence

suggesting this would be one of the towns mentioned by the chroniclers of De Soto’s entrada.

In the 1980s early sixteenth century glass beads were excavated from the Weeki Wachee

Mound in Hernando County, Florida that are thought to have been left by the De Soto’s

expedition. Next more De Soto type artifacts were discovered in 1987 during a construction

project at the location of a historic home built by Governor John Martin in the 1930s. These

artifacts from the Tallahassee, Florida site were examined by Calvin Jones of the Florida Bureau

of Archaeological Research and were determined to be from the early sixteenth century. There

were fragments of glazed and unglazed Spanish pottery and glass trade beads. The beads were

identified as faceted chevron and Nueva Cadiz types. A metal cross bow arrow point as well a

remnant of mail armor that would have been wore by Hernando de Soto’s soldiers and a

skeletal fragment of a domestic pig (Sus scrofa) and copper coins were recovered at the

construction site. Together this assemblage of artifacts all within the same context range of the

early sixteenth century confirms the De Soto contact. In 1988 an excavation beside the

Withlacoochee River at a site called the Tatham Mound of Citrus County, native burials were

discovered. Bioarchaeological examination of the bones exhibited wounds from sharp edged

weapons, suggesting the tool marks were from Spanish swords. Faceted chevron beads that

were known to exist in the early sixteen century were also excavated (Milanich 1995).

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Finding Spanish Mission Sites in Central Florida

After the discovery of a Spanish mission site in the 1950s the State of Florida Division of

Historical Resources began a discovery project, to locate, excavate and identify others. By the

1970s at least ten mission sites had been confirmed. The multiple written accounts from

Hernando de Soto’s entrada, though more than 450 years old, were vital in assisting with the

mission locations. These detailed historical documents provide evidence as to the names of the

villages that De Soto visited and many of these same villages became mission sites in the

seventeenth century (Milanich 1995) (Hudson 1997).

Archaeologists and historians used the distances given from known villages as well St.

Augustine to assist with the locations of the missions. Some of the documents that provided

the best references were: La Florida by Garcilaso de la Vega (Clayton, Knight and Moore 1993),

the Relation of the Island of Florida by Luys Hernandez de Biedma, the Account of the Northern

Conquest and Discovery of Hernando de Soto, and the Account by Gentleman From Elvas

(Hudson 1997), the 1657 visitation account of Spanish Governor Robolledo (Jones and Shapiro

1990), and the documentation from Bishop Don Gabriela Díaz Vara Calderón’s 1674 visit to

Florida (Gannon 1990). Bishop Calderón’s account listed 36 missions (Thomas 1990). Mapping

these villages revealed the Spanish attempted equidistance between the missions and this led

to the discovery and identity of others, yet some discovered still await confirmation (Jones

1973).

The historical record of Spanish mission sites near MR03538 includes the Acuera villages in the

Ocklawaha drainage and its missions Santa Lucia de Acuera and San Luis de Acuera or Avino.

Mission Santa Lucia de Acuera was discovered by artifact collectors in the 1970s. Because the

location in an agricultural field has been so widely known for the past forty years the site has

suffered from continual looting.

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One detail uncovered in the course of this research showed before the discovery of the mission

locations along the Ocklawaha basin, some were misplaced as their written descriptions

detailed the distances from one another traveling downstream. Early researchers may have

been unaware of the anomaly that the Ocklawaha River flows north. Thus identity of those

missions without that reference qualification may be in question.

The location of the mission of San Luis de Eloquale was at one time thought to correlate with

the village named on the 1591 color engraving by Theodor de Bry of Jacques le Moyne de

Morgues’s 1564 map, but the actual location is believed to have been located to the southeast

of MR03538 in the Ocale village on the east side of the Withlacoochee River. To the direct east

of MR03538 on the shore of Lake George, is the site of San Antonio de Encape and to the north

we find several early missions in Alachua County (Milanich 1995).

The Alachua mission of San Francisco de Potano was founded in 1606 by the Franciscans Father

Martín Prieto and Father Alonso Serrano. It was the first doctrina (a mission with a resident

priest) in Florida west of the St. Johns River. The mission was at the south edge of present-day

San Felasco Hammock Preserve State Park (Milanich 2006).

The Potano Indians were enemies of the Spanish for some 30 years after the founding of St.

Augustine in 1565. In 1597 the chiefs of the Potano and other Western Timucuan tribes had

pledged allegiance to the governor of La Florida in St. Augustine. Franciscan missionaries began

visiting Western Timucuan villages that year, but a rebellion in the Guale Province disrupted

missionary efforts in Florida for a decade. Missionaries continued to make occasional visits, but

permanent missions were not established, even though chiefs requested them and returned to

St. Augustine to renew their vows of allegiance to the Spanish authorities. The arrival of

additional Franciscan missionaries in 1605 allowed the establishment of permanent missions in

Western Timucua to proceed, beginning with the mission of San Francisco de Potano in 1606

(Milanich 2006).

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Soon after Father Prieto and Serrano established the mission of San Francisco, Father Prieto

established the nearby missions of Santa Ana de Potano and San Miguel de Potano. Opposition

from the villagers at San Francisco de Potano forced Father Prieto to return to St. Augustine and

the mission became a visita (mission without a resident priest) served by Father Serrano, who

resided at the mission of San Miguel de Potano. A fourth mission, San Buenaventura de Potano

was established a short time later with Fray Francisco Pareja. This mission was located to the

south of the other Potano missions, central to the string of villages along the wetlands of the

Orange Lake area. This mission was easily accessible from St. Augustine via the St. Johns and

Ocklawaha Rivers and then overland a short distance. Initially, the four Potano missions served

about 1,200 Indians, about 400 of whom were at San Francisco.

Luis Jerónimo de Oré, a Franciscan and expert in Quechua and Aymara, visited the Potano

territory in the early 1600s. He published his religious chronicle entitled Relacion de los martires

que a avido en las provincias de la Florida in Madrid ca. 1617. It is a bibliographical rarity and

includes a visit to the mission San Buenaventura de Potano and describes his route. This gives

us the earliest terminal date for the mission at 1616.

By 1704 mission San Francisco de Potano was fortified and one of the few Spanish outposts left

west of the St. Johns River. The remaining Indians at San Francisco moved east of the St. Johns

River in 1706, abandoning the mission 100 years after it was established (Wenhold 1936).

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Sources for the composite map: Apalachee Indian Life at Mission San Luis (John H. Hann, Bonnie G. McEwan and James J. Miller, and Robert Deaton, illustrator) Florida Department of State publication. Laboring in the Fields of the Lord: Spanish Missions and Southeastern Indians (Milanich 2006) Knights of Spain, Warriors of the Sun, The University of Georgia Press (Hudson 1997) Native groups and towns encountered by De Soto’s army in Florida (Milanich 1995) Route of the De Soto expedition in Florida (Milanich and Hudson 1993) F. Ashley White, MR03538 Field Note Summary

Confirming the Discovery of a Hernando de Soto Contact Site at MR03538 As we have seen there are also other instances of conquest discovery sites involving early

sixteen century glass beads in the Florida Aboriginal mounds of Weeki Wachee, Tatham, and

Marsh Island. These glass trade beads help form the framework needed to began a list of the

required artifact evidence to confirm a Hernando de Soto exposure. Some of the strongest

evidence to date of a site being exposed to De Soto’s expedition is based on the artifact

assemblages from the Martin site in Tallahassee, Florida (Ewen and Hann 1998) and the Parkin

site in Cross County, Arkansas. If the threshold is set high with the tested standard that a site

must contain a sampling of all of these type artifacts within the same context and date range of

the early sixteenth century, we can confidently defend the hypothesis. Thus according to this

strict definition, to be confirmed as a Hernando de Soto contact site, the following criteria must

be met:

1. European imported iron items.

2. European imported glass items.

3. European imported copper items.

4. European imported domestic animal remains.

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The early sixteenth century artifact assemblage from the excavation of MR03538 West is broad

and within context contains samples from the required categories. First, the evidence of the

European iron items takes the form of mail armor. The Hernando de Soto chronicles discuss

their use of Milan type mail armor and a demonstration by a Native Indian warrior in his ability

to pierce two layers of Milan mail with a bow and arrow. Multiple excellent examples of mail

armor and individual rings of mail have been recovered from MR03538. It is an impossibility to

identify the center of manufacturing, however multiple curators confirmed the European four-

in-one and five-in-one patterns. Second, numerous Nueva Cadiz beads dated to 1520, as well

as, multiple faceted glass chevron trade beads with seven layers dated from the early sixteenth

century have been excavated and recorded from site MR03538. The De Soto chevrons followed

the pattern blue, white, blue, white, red, white and blue from the inside out, with some

demonstrating green tints on the inner most layers. Together these bead types satisfy the

defined European glass items. Third, the evidence for the European copper items was

discovered in the form of Spanish coins. These three coins are described as: 1. Ferdinand and

Isabella, 1497-1504; cuarto de 4 maravedi, Granada mint uncertain. 2. Ferdinand and Isabella,

1497-1504; cuarto de 4 maravedi; mint Cuenca. 3. Enrique IV, 1454-1474, blanca, 1471-74

mint uncertain. Fourth, the evidence of European imported animals is supported by the

discovery of the (Sus scofa) domestic pig remains, introduced to Florida by Hernando de Soto.

The artifacts consist of a near complete mandible with 21 teeth and a maxilla which even under

the most careful standards and plaster recovery disentigrated but contained 22 teeth. The high

threshold standard that artifact types from each group and date range have to be discovered

within the same context has been achieved. With all of the required criteria met, MR03538 can

be confirmed as a Hernando de Soto contact site.

Editorial note:

Subsequent work at the site has recovered many artifacts including .61 caliber lead shot,

designed for medieval harquebus matchlock firearms and iron crossbow bolts of the 15th and

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16th century type. X-ray fluorescence studies of the 7 layer faceted chevron beads from the

MR03538 west site have been completed to build a database for rare early sixteenth century

artifacts. Some example digital images and descriptions attached. The complete digital type

collection of the artifacts and artifact descriptions is scheduled to be completed in 2018.

The location of MR03538 - Historical Evidence

Hernando de Soto’s expedition is primarily known to archaeologists and historians through four

accounts or chronicles. Three are confirmed as first hand. These are: 1. The Relation of the

Island of Florida by Luys Hernandez de Biedma 2. The Account by Gentleman From Elvas 3.

The account of Hernando de Soto’s official secretary Rodrigo Rangel. The fourth document

considered a second hand romantic interpretation is known as La Florida by Garcilaso de la

Vega. Each of these narrative documents offers some details and combined in a Mosaic or

braided form provides an accurate reference. Time and distance in these documents require

conversion for accurate reconstruction of De Soto’s route. Primarily understanding that the Old

Style Julian Calendar was in use until 1582 and that Spaniards used different forms of league

measurements (Hudson 1997).

On July 26th of the Old Style Julian Calendar, De Soto’s expedition entered the swamp and peat

bog bordering Florida’s Withlacoochee River. The Aboriginals continuously ambushed De Soto

and his advance guard by shooting arrows and then vanishing into the thick surroundings. After

a difficult crossing over the Withlacoochee De Soto made camp at Ocale and sent word for his

army to follow. The location of this ancient village is southwest of the modern city of Ocala in

Marion County, Florida. Over the next week of bivouac the Aborigines injured and killed several

of the soldiers. What followed next can only be described as a terror campaign which included

psychological warfare orchestrated by the Aboriginal Indian warriors. They captured and

beheaded two of De Soto’s men and when the army retrieved the bodies for burial, the stealthy

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natives returned during the dark of night and dug up the corpses. The army awoke to the

horrible sights and sounds of birds eating their comrades, which had been cut into small pieces

and hung in the trees like ornaments.

After enough corn was seized for the army to be maintained, De Soto made the decision to

continue northward. On August 11th De Soto left the main part of the army behind and he

continued on with an advance party of one hundred crossbow infantry men and fifty knights

with lances on horseback. By nightfall the chronicles confirm they reached the village of

Itarraholata and found an ample corn supply. Itarraholata is also within Marion County, Florida

on the same latitude as Ocala. The next day De Soto came to the main area of Potano. The

Potano like the Itarraholata were considered part of the Alachua archaeological culture, which

built their villages on the edges of lakes and prairies. De Soto stayed with the Potano, and

visited their main city which is believed to have been on the south and west edge of the Orange

Lake which extends into the Black Sink Prairie. Site MR03538 is on the border of the Black Sink

Prairie on the southern edge of the Orange Lake wetland. After leaving the Potano De Soto

continued north and one week later he sent eight horsemen to retrieve the rest of the army,

which had been camped south of Potano. The chronicles tell that then Luis de Moscoso, the

master of camp, led the army to meet De Soto and as well marched to and bivouacked in

Potano. Moscoso and the army did not rejoin De Soto until September 4th. Undoubtedly and

without discrepancies the historical documents confirm Hernando de Soto had contact with the

people of Potano in the area of MR03538.

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Sources for the composite map: Knights of Spain, Warriors of the Sun, The University of Georgia Press (Hudson 1997) Native groups and towns encountered by De Soto’s army in Florida (Milanich 1995 p.133) De Soto’s route through the southern United States by Hudson and Associates (Milanich 1995 p.136) Route of the De Soto expedition in Florida (Milanich and Hudson 1993) F. Ashley White, MR03538 Field Note Summary

Confirming the Discovery of a Spanish Mission at MR03538 When comparing seventeenth century Spanish mission sites certain characteristics are used for

assessment. One of the first commonalities found is usually evidence of a Spanish structure

and its proximity to a drinkable water source, often a spring or karst sink. The artifact types

required for proof have been found at other confirmed mission sites and are within context and

date range. In 1990 Calvin Jones and Gary Shapiro studied nine Florida missions and developed

a list of criteria that help investigators when they are evaluating Spanish mission sites. The

items on their list are part of the following improved list:

1. Fresh water access.

2. Rectangular structure.

3. Level floor consisting of dried clay or gumbo.

4. European imported metal items.

5. European imported ceramic.

6. Wattle and daub or plank siding.

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7. Aboriginal artifacts.

The artifact assemblage from the excavation of MR03538 East contains items all found within

context of other seventeenth century Spanish mission sites. First, the evidence of fresh water

access is confirmed by a stream fed fresh water sink 30 meters to the west of the remains of a

structural foundation at MR03538. Second, there is evidence of a structure with a rectangular

floor plan. Third, there is no evidence of a level floor. This evidence if it ever existed was

destroyed when the site was previously used as a sand borrow pit. The sand removal extended

to a meter in depth and would have removed any level floor. There are remaining post holes

which are of similar depth and elevation, which relate only circumstantial evidence that such a

floor may have existed. The depth of the post holes all cease at a naturally occurring virgin

layer of dense gumbo clay, which has proven to be nearly un-penetrable. Fourth, the evidence

of imported European metal items takes the form of a cache of Spanish maravedis coins. These

coins were minted in various places throughout Spain during the realms of Felipe II (1566-

1598), Felipe III (1598-1621) and Felipe IV (1621-1665), strongly suggesting a seventeenth

century mission site. Often iron items in the forms of spikes and nails are discovered at

Spanish mission sites, but there is no confirmed evidence of imported iron items within the

required date range. Iron items were recovered during the surface survey of MR03538. Square

cut nails of 10 centimeters in length were recovered throughout the borrow pit area and an

iron hoe near the south border of the structural remains. The square nails and the hoe were in

common use during the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. These artifacts confirm one of the

known uses of the site as a naval stores production area. The hoe was used to channel trees for

turpentine and the nails remain from some type of siviculture support structure. Fifth,

imported European ceramic within the date range of seventeenth century mission sites was

recovered at MR03538 East. The discovery of Spanish majolica, a late 16th to early 17th century

type made in Seville, called Ichtucknee Blue on White is significant as it has only been found at

other Franciscan missions. Numerous plain blue tint translucent glass beads, including light

blue, turquoise and cobalt colors and non-colored beads have been recovered at MR03538 East

19

as well as at other 17th century Florida Spanish mission sites. These are considered important

indicators of Spanish mission activity. The beautiful multi layered blue, red and white glass

beads are from a known type of Franciscan Crown Rosary gifted to select Franciscans, as well

several other religious orders. This style of glass Rosary originated from the Venetian Island of

Murano and examples exist as early as the 1400s, but this unique style is thought to have been

produced from ca. 1680 and continued to 1740. These dates are beyond the expected terminal

date of the San Buenavenura de Potano mission, but within the date range of Buenaventura’s

nearby doctrina mission San Francisco de Potano and the Spanish ranching activity involved

with the Hacienda de la Chua, both which continued operation into the early 1700s. Sixth, there

is little evidence of what type of siding, if any was used on the Spanish structure. Based on the

extended depth of the previous sand removal when the site was used as a borrow pit any

remaining wattle and daub or plank siding would have been displaced. There is evidence

however that contradicts this criterion as a guideline for a mission site. The Timucua Fig Springs

site considered to be the confirmed site of Mission San Martin de Timucua was considered an

open air church, because there was no evidence of wattle and daub recovered. Seventh,

around the site there are scattered Aboriginal lithic artifacts and groups of the ones recovered

can be dated within the seventeenth century mission period. Some were ancient and consisted

of flakes of heated and worked chert as well paleo points from the mid Archaic to the end of

the Ice Age. This demonstrates years of occupation due to fresh water and hunting ground

access. Numbers of Indian ceramics from the Potano culture, that extended into the

seventeenth century were also confirmed, as well those of other proto-Potano cultures. Of

note, this area amongst the shores of the Black Sink, Gooskie and Orange Lake wetlands has

been long known as a site to search for Aboriginal pot sherds and in 1979 neighbors of the site

reported that a university set up camp here and excavated for six weeks. Neighbors

interviewed reported seeing thousands of Aboriginal ceramics and lithic tools on examination

tables, yet no records can be located. This occurrence along with the huge displacement of the

site for dirt excavation leaves the investigator only with speculation.

20

Based on the extended date range of the Rosary and coins at this time we can only use the

outline of ethno-history to form hypotheses about what events were associated with those

artifacts. We know that the boundaries of the Hacienda de la Chua the “ranch of the sinkhole”

encompassed this site. This Spanish ranching operation began in 1646, though ranching is

known to have begun early in this area, but we have no names of the ranches. This ranch was

operated by the Menéndez Marquéz family, who were related to Pedro Menéndez de Avilés,

the founder of St. Augustine. The latter half of seventeenth century in the Potano area was a

tumultuous period. We have epidemics of typhus and yellow fever in 1648 and 49, then a

plague of smallpox in 1655, which was followed by extensive famine. Those events led to The

Great Rebellion of 1656, which was an eight month civil war between loyal and rebel Indians

and as that was ending there was a devastating measles epidemic. In just these few short years

tens of thousands of people had died in the Timucuan region. In 1668 English buccaneer

Robert Searle raided the area; and then in the early 1670s the ranch began smuggling livestock

products to Havana in exchange for rum and then traded the rum to Apalachee for furs. By

using the Gulf route to Cuba, Hacienda de la Chua avoided the Customs House and taxes in St.

Augustine. In 1672 there was another measles epidemic and Bishop Don Gabriela Díaz Vara

Calderón visited the area in 1674. In 1680 began what is called the Wars of the Florida

Provinces and that continued until 1706. During those wars French buccaneers twice raided

the ranch; first in 1682 they burned the buildings and kidnapped the family, then demanded a

ransom of many cattle and a purse of money. They attacked La Chua again in 1684. After that,

English-allied Indian forces raided the Potano area in 1703 and then violent attacks from the

Creeks, pirates and slave traders continued and at one point they captured and quartered a La

Chua rancher. Not long after in 1706, the ranch was burned and abandoned (Bushnell 1978).

One can only speculate that any number of those many cataclysmic events could be associated

with the artifacts outside of the expected terminal date range of religious activities for the

MR03538 site.

21

Reviewing the most notable characteristics we have confirmed the existence of a Spanish

structure, nearby fresh water source, imported European ceramics and metal artifacts that

have been found at other confirmed mission sites. The recovered artifacts and the structural

evidence at MR03538 East confirm this is the Spanish mission San Buenaventura de Potano and

that it was occupied during the seventeenth century mission period.

CHAPTER 2

BRIEF DESCRIPTION AND EXCAVATION HISTORY OF SITE MR03538

Location, description and characteristics of site MR03538

Site MR03538 is 10 miles north of Ocala, Florida. The site is located on a sloping area that

overlooks the wetlands of Orange Lake. The elevation is 17 meters (56 feet) above sea level.

30 meters to the west is a flowing creek and fresh water sink that most likely served as the

site’s water source.

The site is located within a rural planted pine plantation. MR03538 East is within the borders of

a sand borrow pit and MR03538 West is 100 meters to the southwest of MR03538 East and

borders a north flowing creek. The integrity of the site is poor and considered to have suffered

from overall major displacement. 20 meters from the southwest corner of the Spanish

structure is a collapsed sink that had been used by local people until recent times as an illegal

trash dump for house hold items as well as construction debris and appliances.

22

Brief Overview of Data and Excavations on MR03538

Information for this research was gathered from the Florida Master Site File, field notes, artifact

and site sketches, photography of the site and direct analysis of the artifact assemblages.

Correspondence between the investigators and archaeologists which specialize in La Florida’s

First Spanish Period provide a consensus on artifact identification. Detailed GIS information was

provided by Dr. Richard Estabrook, Director for the Central Region of the Florida Public

Archaeology Network and that information helped locate the posthole outline of the Spanish

structure. These ground penetrating radar and metal detection studies were used as a starting

location for test hole excavation units. These test holes were one meter by one meter in size

and ranged in depth from 20 centimeters to 200 centimeters. Several test areas revealed solid

limestone at only 20 centimeters below the surface and could not be deepened. In areas

determined to have artifacts a rigid grid system was established to maintain horizontal control.

All measurements being made in meters north and east of a set point southwest of the site.

Vertical control was assured with Zeiss levels and transits as well laser projections to fix the

datum plane. The datum plane and rigid grid system were tied in with permanent monuments

and modern GIS satellite reference points. Excavation sub units were laid out in two meter

squares referenced by their southwest corner grid number. All screening was done with a sifter

using 1/8 inch mesh, and resifted using window screen in areas of small artifact discovery. The

excavation schema reveals 5 clusters of excavations with 13 two meter square subunit groups,

with one meter extensions as needed incorporating previous test holes.

23

GPR GRID 1

24

The above GPR images reveal the evidence of evenly spaced aisle post holes highlighted in red and green as well disturbances in the remaining clay bed that could have been related to sub floor burials.

25

GPR GRID 2

27

GPR GRID 3

29

The previous GPR image reveals the evidence of evenly spaced post holes highlighted in orange and yellow circles within the green wall band. These are centered at .8359 meters correlating with the Spanish vara measurement.

CHAPTER 3

STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS OF MR03538 COMPARED TO KNOWN MISSION SITES

Today there is only limited evidence of the design of Florida mission structures (Thomas 1990).

We known Calvin Jones and Gary Shapiro completed studies of nine Florida missions in 1990

and then developed a list of criteria that help frame evidence needed for confirmation as a

Spanish mission site. Their research stated that a Florida mission complex usually consists of at

a minimum of two buildings. A rectangular church and a small square convento sometimes

accompanied with an additional kitchen (cocina) structure (Jones and Shapiro 1990). Since the

excavations of the sites were quite limited this proposal is considered only a best guess

prediction and should not be a required template. The structure size range for the church

buildings reported in the Jones and Shapiro study are consistently from 11 meters to 12.6

meters in width and 17.8 meters to 26 meters in length. The structure at MR03538 measures

from 11 meters in width and 19 meters in length, clearly within the known criteria for both

fields (Milanich 1999). There is evidence of post holes and soil staining appearing at .84 meter

intervals around the outline of the exposed part of this rectangle. This spacing correlates with

the Spanish vara which is 32.908 inches or .8359 meters. In overall dimensions calculated for

the Spanish measurements, the width is 13 vara and the length 23 vara. The post holes

encompassed within hard clay have a diameter average of 20 cm along the perimeter and

centrally the post hole sizes are larger averaging 40 cm. These central post holes may correlate

to load bearing support posts and appear larger than ones used by the Aboriginal peoples in

their structures. There is some but limited evidence of remaining wooden posts, iron spike

nails, wattle and daub siding, or the remains of a prepared clay floor at MR03538.

30

Building Orientation

There is currently such limited excavation information about confirmed seventeenth century

Spanish mission structures that the building’s orientations appear to follow no set pattern.

Further excavation of known mission sites and the ability to define what structures are present

would be the only way to confirm orientations. The remains of the Spanish foundation at

MR03538 first appeared to be oriented in no specific direction, for example facing the stream

or open prairie. The Spanish were known to divide land parcels on what is called the Spanish

Slant, an angle 45 degrees off from North, but the rectangle does not follow that orientation

either. After sighting with a Keuffel & Esser level compass followed by a Young and Sons survey

transit the foundation parallels a line that if continued southeast would exist between 116 to

117 degrees. Laurent A. Pellerin, Jr., Planetarium Coordinator for the Kika Silva Pla Planetarium

at Santa Fe College confirmed the winter solstice azimuth would be within this range, and

during the early 1600s would have been 116 deg 41.489 min. These findings are preliminary

and site visits will be coordinated to document any further archaeoastronomy and

ethnoastronomy evidence.

Structural Conclusion

The evidence of internal post holes within a rectangular layout follows the design of known

Spanish mission aisled churches. The 11 meter by 19 meter pattern incorporating the vara in

the design features can be identified at this time as the remains of a seventeenth century

Spanish aisled church.

32

CHAPTER 4

BRIEF ANALYSIS AND PROVENIENCE OF ARTIFACTS FROM MR03538

Methods of Analysis

This research is the first analysis of the artifact assemblage and architectural remains from

MR03538 East and the artifact assemblage from the MR03538 West site. Numerous labeled

field bags and boxes of artifacts containing accurate provenience information were cleaned and

photographed. The artifacts were confirmed for space and time locations based on original

horizontal control with photographic evidence and field notes. There is evidence of Aboriginal

habitation and multiple Spanish occupations.

Historical Period Chronology Overview

The Hernando de Soto 1539 Ocala Encampment (AD July - September 1539)

The Mission visita of Apula (AD ca 1580 – burned in 1584)

The Mission of San Buenaventura de Potano (AD 1607 - ca 1616)

Possible earliest terminal date is based on the report of Luis Gerónimo de Oré’s inspection of

the Apalo visita in1616, published in 1617 Madrid.

It is a near certainty that the 1539 army of De Soto traversed through the adjacent Richardson

site, as it is on the direct path north to Apalachee. Spanish material artifacts have been

collected from the Richardson site and include John M. Goggin’s middle style olive jar sherds,

majolica sherds with a type of Itchtucknee Blue on Blue, as well plain blue trade beads.

Ethnographic history of the Potano province indicates that Fray Baltasar Lopez from San Pedro

de Mocamo made two trips to the area in 1600 and 1602. In 1968 John Goggin seriated the

33

Spanish materials collected at the nearby Richardson site at 1615, with a terminal date of pre-

1650, as the Richardson site collection does not contain Leon-Jefferson ceramic inventory. This

date range for the Richardson site appears very accurate. None of the European artifacts

recovered at that site are in the early date range of the Narváez and De Soto entradas. Spanish

missionary activity on or near Orange Lake would have involved the Richardson site as it

borders the south and west edge of the lake. The site would have been associated with the

mission San Buenaventura de Potano originally located very nearby on the southern edge of

Orange Lake’s wetlands and the three missions just miles north of the site in Gainesville. It is

known that the Potano moved from some of their pre-historic villages to Spanish occupied

areas. It is likely Spanish priests set up the Apalo visita at the White site as it predates the

Richardson site in European material culture and this area would have been central to several

villages. At some period the mission activity of San Buenaventura de Potano was relocated to

the Richardson site and our findings of non aboriginal features at that site concur. In 2003 we

began a longitudinal study of the available metadata from the Richardson site and in 2005

identified a long section of a seventeenth century mission wall with 90 degree corners that fit

the parameters of a Spanish mission church (The Richardson Site 8AL100 and its association

with the discoveries at the De Soto Site MR03538 of the town of Potano and the mission of San

Buenaventura. Tallahassee, FL: Florida Department of State, Bureau of Archaeological Research,

Master Site File MR03538) (White 2010).

Relocations to compensate for changes in hunting and fishing grounds are logical, the water

levels on these prairies are quite dynamic and go through cycles lasting many years. The Black

Sink Prairie has a history of drying up for long periods and is then used for cattle grazing, as

there are still permanent fresh water sinks spaced along it. Orange Lake has the same history

related to climate and sinkhole activity. One can easily see these Native Indian movements are

migratory and not an exodus, and as such the missionary activity would follow its target

population. There is some historical evidence that a Potano chief met with the Spanish

Governor Mendez de Canco in the early 1600s in St. Augustine. The chief wanted to discuss

34

resettlement of the town of Potano closer to Orange Lake. The Spanish had burned Potano

years earlier during a raid in1584. The request for relocation thus would appear not to be

associated with the results of that raid. The European material culture demonstrates the White

/ De Soto site continued occupation as a possible Spanish ranching outpost. Cattle ranching

began in the Potano area in the early 1600s and this location was known to be within

the Hacienda de la Chua area that was in operation from (AD 1646 - 1706).

At this point it is important to note that there is a hypothesis that the assemblage of 7 layer

faceted chevrons, Nueva Cadiz beads, mail armor and Spanish coins could be from the 1528

Pánfilo de Narváez expedition through central Florida. Ethno historic information confirms the

1528 entrada began at the landing near Tampa and the army accompanied by Franciscan friars

and priests traversed north within the Timucua territory. Efforts to reconstruct the route place

it in Marion County, Florida where the Spanish encountered the Timucua in early June of 1528.

The placement of the Narváez route based on a University of West Florida Archaeology Institute

map approximates it could have been in the range of 8 to 12 miles from the MR03538 site. All

reconstructed routes based on historical accounts demonstrate that Hernando de Soto at times

visited the same exact locations as Pánfilo de Narváez and their routes crossed in Marion

County. De Soto’s chronicles confirm interactions with the same chiefdoms visited by Narváez

and even describe De Soto’s soldiers finding the remains of Narváez’s horses near the St. Marks

River. Throughout the chronicles that describe both army’s expeditions there are descriptions

of continuous scouting parties, that are looking for better routes and sources of food. They go

off in multiple directions and would most likely be separated from the main army for days. It is

probable that De Soto’s advance parties and even the main body of the army at times camped

in the same locations that had been visited by Narváez, as both Narváez and De Soto were

often being led by Native Indian guides that wanted these armies to quickly move north out of

their territories. The only difference in the assemblages would be De Soto’s could contain

domesticated pig remains. We know that domestic pig remains were found at the MR03538

site 15 meters west of the dense early sixteenth century assemblage in a one meter by one

35

meter test excavation. It is a near impossibility to determine if it belongs in a different context

as the depth of recovery in the strata was the same. At this point in time the area of

investigation would have to be expanded and there is no assurance additional artifacts in

context will be recovered, but it is the goal that the site can continue to be used by university

students as a long term field school. As we have seen it is probable that the site could have

been visited by members from both groups, and the window of time is very tight at only 11

years apart. That distance of time could be represented in these soil mixtures as only one or

two centimeters and depending on the depth of organics undistinguishable. The integrity of the

site after near continuous use in siviculture, ranching and mining will offer difficulty in spatial

relationships during future excavations.

37

Sources for the composite map: Knights of Spain, Warriors of the Sun, The University of Georgia Press (Hudson 1997) Native groups and towns encountered by De Soto’s army in Florida (Milanich 1995 p.133) De Soto’s route through the southern United States by Hudson and Associates (Milanich 1995 p.136) Route of the De Soto expedition in Florida (Milanich and Hudson 1993) La Relacion: The Account by Álvar Núñez Cabeza de Vaca, 1542 University of West Florida Archaeology Institute F. Ashley White, MR03538 Field Note Summary

Artifact Analysis of MR03538 East

The site of the 1580 mission visita Apula and the 1607 Franciscan mission San Buenaventura de Potano.

Metal Coins

95 Spanish minted copper coins with a date range for the assemblage of 1566-1665 (Stahl 1992)

(Deagan 2002). The majority of the coins have been identified within these types; however a

few are uncertain and remain in conservation.

Descriptive Analysis:

Felipe II, 1566-1598, 2 maravedi, mint uncertain, Heiss, I, 31, 45

Felipe III, 1598-1621, 2 maravedi, mint Burgos, Heiss I, 33, 25

Felipe II, 1566-1598, cuartillo, mint uncertain, Heiss, I, 31, 34

Felipe III, 1598-1621, 8 maravedi, mint uncertain, Heiss, I, 33, 22

Felipe II, 1566-1598, blanca of ½ maravedi, mint Cuenca, Heiss, I, 31, 38

38

Felipe III, 1598-1621, 2 maravedi, mint uncertain, Heiss, I, 33, 24

Felipe IV, 1621-1665, 4 maravedi, mint uncertain, Heiss, I, 39, 86

Felipe IV, 1621-1665, 8 maravedi of Felipe III counter stamped, Heiss, I , 39, 96

Felipe II, 1566-1598, 8 maravedi, mint uncertain, Heiss I, 31, 36

Felipe II, 1566-1598, blanca of ½ maravedi, mint Segovia or Toledo, Heiss, I, 31, 38

Felipe II, 1566-1598, blanca of ½ maravedi, mint Burgos, Heiss, I, 31, 38

Felipe II, 1566-1598, blanca of ½ maravedi, mint Cuenca, Heiss, I, 31, 38

Felipe II, 1566-1598, blanca of ½ maravedi, mint uncertain, Heiss, I, 31, 38

Felipe III, 1598-1621, 2 maravedi, mint uncertain; Heiss, I, 33, 24

Felipe III, 1598-1621, 2 maravedi, 1603, mint uncertain; Heiss, I, 33, 24

Felipe III, 1598-1621, 2 maravedi, 1607, mint uncertain; Heiss, I, 33, 24

Felipe III, 1598-1621, 2 maravedi, 160?, mint uncertain; Heiss, I, 33, 24

Felipe IV, 1621-1665, 4 maravedi, 1660-4, mint uncertain, Heiss I, 39, 99

Felipe II, 1566-1598, 2 maravedi, mint Cuenca; Heiss, I, 31, 46

Felipe IV, 1621-1665, 2 maravedi, 1663-4, mint uncertain, Heiss I, 39, 89

41

Chevron Rosary beads, simple non faceted type, layered glass, late seventeenth century to early

nineteenth century, Murano design. (Religious Order Type Collections Vatican Museums) See

Additional Analysis Notes.

43

Partial reconstruction of Seraphic Rosary

See Additional Analysis Notes.

44

Ceramic Beads

Plain Blue tint translucent glass beads, including light blue, turquoise and cobalt colors and non-

colored beads, Spanish Mission Period common types, sixteenth – seventeenth century (Smith

1982) (Deagan 1987) (Mitchem 1991) (Milanich 1995).

46

Majolica

Ichtucknee Blue on White, produced in the Kingdom of Aragón in Spain during the date range of

1600-1650. Described as a fine earthenware pottery with a lead-tin oxide glaze (Goggin 1968)

(Lister and Lister 1982) (Deagan 1987).

49

Iron Hoe

Naval stores also known as grape type hoe, used for scarring pine trees for turpentine flow.

Known to be in use on the nineteenth to early twentieth century pine plantation in which site

MR03538 is located.

52

Ceramic Pot

Turpentine collecting pot and shard known to be first used circa 1900 to 1902 known as the

Herty cup. Designed for the naval stores industry, the type in which site MR03538 is located.

The vessel was attached at the bottom of the scarred tree to collect the resin flow.

55

Iron Nails

Square cut nails, eighteenth - nineteenth century design.

58

Artifact Analysis of MR03538 West

The site of the 1539 Hernando de Soto Encampment with artifacts that also match ones from assemblages associated with the

1528 Pánfilo de Narváez entrada.

Metal Coins

3 Spanish minted copper coins with a date range for the assemblage of 1471-1504 (Stahl 1992)

(Deagan 2002). Color saturation with high magnification for detail.

Descriptive Analysis:

Ferdinand and Isabella, 1497-1504; cuarto de 4 maravedi, mint uncertain, Heiss, I, 25, 168

Ferdinand and Isabella, 1497-1504; cuarto de 4 maravedi, mint Cuenca, Heiss, I, 25, 153

Enrique IV, 1454-1474, blanca, 1471-74 mint uncertain, Castan y Cayón 1620-29

62

Ceramic Beads

Chevron beads, faceted type, 7 layered glass, (blue, white, blue, white, red, white and blue),

early sixteenth century Murano design, with some demonstrating green tints in the inner most

layers (Smith 1982) (Deagan 1987) (Mitchem 1991) (Milanich 1995). Detail image with high

magnification and color saturation.

65

Mail Armor

Mail armor, round wire type, late fifteenth to mid sixteenth century design. Dirk Breiding

former curator at The British Museum and now curator for Arms and Armor at The

Metropolitan Museum of Art confirmed the European four-in-one and five-in-one patterns.

The standard reference for identification is based on a comprehensive metallographic study

conducted with the Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York by Cyril Smith. That study of the

Museum collection involved sectioning, polishing and etching links from multiple suits of armor

with known provenance provided consensus on the date range (Bruges 1880) (Burgess 1953)

(Smith 1960) (Stead 1991).

70

Domestic Animal Remains

Sus scofa domestic pig evidence, this species known to be first introduced to Florida in 1539 by

Hernando de Soto. The artifacts consist of a fractured mandible with 21 teeth and essentially a

disintegrated framework pattern of the maxilla, as it was formed of spongy trabecular

(cancellous) bone which did not survive the soil exposure, but 22 teeth remained.

74

Lapidary Pendants

Carnelian India cut quartz, reddish orange, originally described as bloodstones before this term

was used to define modern jasper. Christopher Columbus is known to have presented an island

Chief with a “collar of good bloodstones”, also known as red chalcedony or sard. Archaeological

artifact references for carnelian discovery in the New World are only in the form of beads or

fragments of beads with a date range within the Spanish colonial period beginning with La

Isabel the 1490s site in the Dominican Republic to the mid 1700s for multiple sites in the

Southeastern United States (Hurst 1987) (Deagan 1987) (Deagan 2002) (Blair 2009). Detail

image with high magnification and color saturation.

76

Ceramic Beads

Field Specimen Numbers

Nueva Cadiz, navy blue, ca. 1520. (Smith 1982) (Deagan 1987) (Mitchem 1991) (Milanich 1995).

Detail image with high magnification and color saturation.

79

Lead Shot

.61 caliber lead shot, designed for medieval harquebus matchlock firearms. In use during the

15th century and 16th century.

81

Crossbow Bolt

Medieval iron crossbow points. 14th to mid 16th century type.

83

Aboriginal Material Culture

Aboriginal Lithic Artifacts

Evidence of Aboriginal occupation of site MR03538 includes lithic items consisting of spear

points, flakes and heat treated chert. There were numerous lithic points removed from the

area by artifact collectors and these collections were also examined to have a better overview

of the material culture associated with this site. The examination confirmed correlation with

the MR03538 Potano assemblage and extend back as early to mid Archaic (Bullen 1975)

(Milanich 1994). Due to the one meter depth of soil surface area being removed for road

construction and continued looting, there limited remains of a woodland Aboriginal culture

directly on the site.

Sample collections of: Pre-Columbian and Alachua culture lithics recovered from JST judgmental shovel tests.

93

Aboriginal Ceramics and Typology

Boxes of ceramic sherds were confirmed to have been removed by local collectors and possibly

university students at the site and the Aboriginal mound complex on the south property line.

Neighbors confirm there was an active excavation of the entire mound area in the summer of

1979 by a group self described as the University of Florida. The University has no record of such

excavation and no corresponding evidence based on latitude and longitude has been

discovered in the Florida Master Site archived within the Division of Historical Resources. The

locals all convey the same history of the excavation lasting approximately 6 months, with a

large area of tents and several mechanical sifters connected to tractor PTO shafts. Large tables

covered in hundreds of potsherds and lithic items. They were also shown numerous sets of

human remains. A local collection from the area that was removed from the site during the

same time period was examined for correlation to the ceramic sherds collected recently at the

site and the MR03538 assemblage contained the same period artifacts from the Alachua

Tradition, Potano and Proto-Potano type collections.

Sample collections of: Pre-Columbian and Alachua culture and ceramics recovered from JST judgmental shovel tests.

102

ADDITIONAL ANALYSIS NOTES

Coin Notes

The following photograph is the initial MR03538 East and West combined assemblage that was

used for preliminary identification of coin types and date ranges. An early consensus of

identification was confirmed in personal correspondence 05-09-2009 with Jerald Milanich,

Ph.D. Curator Emeritus in Archaeology, Florida Museum of Natural History, working with John

Worth, Ph.D. Assistant Professor of Anthropology, Division of Anthropology and Archaeology,

University of West Florida and Carl Halbirt, M.A., M.P.A. City Archaeologist, St. Augustine, FL,

Research Associate Flagler College, that the bulk of the coins are maravedis minted at various

places in Spain during the realms of Felipe II (1556-1598) and Felipe III (1598-1621). Alan M.

Stahl, Ph.D. Curator of Numismatics, Princeton University, provided these detailed

identifications on 10-20-2009.

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1. FS# 56 Felipe III, 1598-1621, 2 maravedi, mint Burgos, Heiss I, 33, 25 2. FS# 57 Felipe II, 1566-1598, cuartillo, mint uncertain, Heiss, I, 31, 34 3. FS# 1 Ferdinand and Isabella, 1497-1504; cuarto de 4 maravedi; mint?; Heiss, I, 25, 168 4. FS# 2 Ferdinand and Isabella, 1497-1504; cuarto de 4 maravedi; mint Cuenca; Heiss, I, 25, 153 5. FS# 58 Felipe III, 1598-1621, 8 maravedi, mint uncertain, Heiss, I, 33, 22 6. FS# 59 Felipe II, 1566-1598, 2 maravedi, mint uncertain, Heiss, I, 31, 45 7. FS# 60 Felipe II, 1566-1598, blanca of ½ maravedi, mint Cuenca, Heiss, I, 31, 38 8. FS# 61 Felipe II, 1566-1598, blanca of ½ maravedi, mint Cuenca, Heiss, I, 31, 38 9. FS# 62 Uncertain 10 . FS# 63 Felipe III, 1598-1621, 2 maravedi, mint uncertain, Heiss, I, 33, 24 11 . FS# 64 Felipe III, 1598-1621, 2 maravedi, mint uncertain, Heiss, I, 33, 24 12 . FS# 65 Felipe IV, 1621-1665, 4 maravedi, mint uncertain, Heiss, I, 39, 86 13 . FS# 66 Felipe IV, 1621-1665, 8 maravedi of Felipe III counterstamped, Heiss, I , 39, 96 14 . FS# 67 Felipe II, 1566-1598, 8 maravedi, mint uncertain, Heiss I, 31, 36 15 . FS# 68 Felipe III, 1598-1621, 2 maravedi, mint uncertain, Heiss, I, 33, 24 16 . FS# 69 Felipe II, 1566-1598, blanca of ½ maravedi, mint Segovia or Toledo, Heiss, I,

31, 38 17 . FS# 70 Felipe II, 1566-1598, blanca of ½ maravedi, mint Burgos, Heiss, I, 31, 38 18 . FS# 71 Uncertain 19 . FS# 72 Felipe II, 1566-1598, blanca of ½ maravedi, mint Cuenca, Heiss, I, 31, 38 20 . FS# 73 Felipe III, 1598-1621, 2 maravedi, mint Burgos, Heiss I, 33, 25 21 . FS# 74 Felipe II, 1566-1598, blanca of ½ maravedi, mint Burgos, Heiss, I, 31, 38 22 . FS# 75 Felipe II, 1566-1598, blanca of ½ maravedi, mint uncertain, Heiss, I, 31, 38 23 . FS# 76 Felipe II, 1566-1598, blanca of ½ maravedi, mint Cuenca, Heiss, I, 31, 38 24 . FS# 77 Felipe III, 1598-1621, 2 maravedi, mint uncertain; Heiss, I, 33, 24 25. FS# 78 Felipe III, 1598-1621, 2 maravedi, mint uncertain; Heiss, I, 33, 24 26. FS# 79 Felipe III, 1598-1621, 2 maravedi, 160?, mint uncertain; Heiss, I, 33, 24 27. FS# 80 Felipe III, 1598-1621, 2 maravedi, 1603, mint uncertain; Heiss, I, 33, 24 28. FS# 3 Enrique IV, 1454-1474, blanca, 1471-74, mint uncertain, Castan y Cayón 1620- 1629 29 . FS# 81 Felipe III, 1598-1621, 2 maravedi, 1607, mint uncertain; Heiss, I, 33, 24 30. FS# 82 Felipe III, 1598-1621, 2 maravedi, 160?, mint uncertain; Heiss, I, 33, 24

31. FS# 83 Felipe IV, 1621-1665, 4 maravedi, 1660-4, mint uncertain, Heiss I, 39, 99 32. FS# 84 Felipe IV, 1621-1665, 4 maravedi, 1660-4, mint uncertain, Heiss I, 39, 99 33. FS# 85 Felipe II, 1566-1598, 2 maravedi, mint Cuenca; Heiss, I, 31, 46 34. FS# 86 Felipe IV, 1621-1665, 4 maravedi, 1660-4, mint uncertain, Heiss I, 39, 99 35. FS# 87 Felipe IV, 1621-1665, 2 maravedi, 1663-4, mint uncertain, Heiss I, 39, 89 36. FS# 88 Felipe IV, 1621-1665, 4 maravedi, 1660-4, mint uncertain, Heiss I, 39, 99

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The Franciscan Crown or Seraphic Rosary Notes The Franciscan Crown or Seraphic Rosary is a rare Rosary consisting of usually 72 beads, but

examples with as many as 82 beads have been recovered. The extra beads are for spacing of

the prayers with one bead between each decade group and three between the Hail Mary beads

on the extension that holds a Crucifix. There are seven decades of beads in commemoration of

the Seven Joys of the Virgin and two larger Hail Mary beads. The Seven Joys are listed as the

Annunciation, the Visitation, the Nativity of Jesus, the Adoration of the Magi, the Finding in the

Temple, the Resurrection of Jesus, and finally, either or both the Assumption of Mary and the

Coronation of the Virgin. Devotion to the seven joys of Mary is especially popular with the

Franciscans, Cistercians, and the Annunciades of St. Joan of France. The devotion was granted

many indulgences by different Popes and it was unnecessary for a Franciscan Rosary to have

been blessed.

The Franciscan historian, Father Luke Wadding (1588-1657) dates the origin of the Franciscan

Crown to the year 1422. In the 1400s an apparition of the Blessed Virgin Mary took place in

Assisi, to a Franciscan named James. As a child, he had the custom of offering daily the Virgin

Mary a crown of roses. When he entered the Friars Minor, he became distressed that he would

no longer be able to offer this gift. The Blessed Virgin appeared to him to give him comfort and

showed him another daily offering that he might do. This was to pray every day seven decades

of Hail Marys, meditating between each decade on one of the seven joys that she had

experienced in her life. Friar James began this devotion, but one day the Director of Novices

saw him praying and an angel with him who was weaving a crown of roses, placing a lily of gold

between each of the ten roses. Then when James finished praying, the angel placed the crown

upon him. The Director asked Friar James what this vision meant. After hearing the

explanation, he told the other friars and soon this devotion spread throughout the Franciscan

family.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seven_Joys_of_the_Virgin

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annunciation

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visitation_(Catholic)

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nativity_of_Jesus

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epiphany_(Christian)

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finding_in_the_Temple



http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resurrection_of_Jesus

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assumption_of_Mary

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coronation_of_the_Virgin

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franciscan

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cistercian

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annunciade

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indulgences

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assisi

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hail_Mary

106

Among the Friars Minor, the promotion of this devotion is attributed to St. Bonaventure as well

other Saints with visions of Mary.

CHAPTER 5

SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS FOR FURTHER RESEARCH

The Spanish artifact assemblage of the White site MR03538 sub-unit East along with the

evidence of a Spanish structure at this location can at this time be confirmed as a Spanish

mission site. The evidence is sufficient to identify occupation of the site during the seventeenth

century mission period and design and construction of a Spanish aisled church. The structural

remains fit the architectural parameters of known Spanish mission building dimensions,

however further excavation would be needed to locate the remains of other mission structures

if they exist.

Based on the evidence, the MR03538 area could be expanded for future excavation and should

include an investigation into the reported burial mound excavations just to the south border of

the property. A remote argument could be made that the nearby Aboriginal mound area could

contain accessory aligned Christian style burials within the grounds of the mound complex. This

would be an anomaly as well as a significant finding demonstrating a transition between the

Aboriginal beliefs and First Spanish Cultural Period Christianity. Mission history relates there

was resistance among the Potano to accept parts of the Christian structure and the date range

associated with the visita Apula shows it was one of the earliest attempts at conversion. In

discussing this transition or early melding of beliefs we are struck with the evidence that the

confirmed Spanish structural remains align with the winter solstice azimuth. This evidence

along with the lack of wattle and daub siding could suggest this was a more primitive structure

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Bonaventure

107

with some applied Aboriginal design features. Further study has begun to compare the

MR03538 structure with the open air church confirmed at Mission San Martin de Timucua.

The Spanish artifact assemblage of the White site MR03538 sub-unit West confirms Spanish

contact during the early part of the sixteenth century. The historical evidence also confirms this

is the area visited by Hernando de Soto the Spanish explorer and conquistador in August of

1539. The location of MR03538 sub-unit West is within the Timucuan Potano tribe area north

of Ocala, Florida detailed in the De Soto chronicles. The White site MR03538 now joins the

Governor Martin Site at the Apalachee village of Anhaic east of Tallahassee, Florida as the only

sites confirmed with Adelantado Hernando de Soto’s entrada. These significant sites correlate

with the evidence and progress ethnohistorians, anthropologists, and archaeologists have

contributed to reconstruct De Soto’s route. In 1997 after more than fifteen years of research

Charles M. Hudson working with numerous scholars reconstructed the closest route to the

actual expedition thus far. The map was published that same year by the University of Georgia

Press (Hudson 1997). The map route evidence corresponds with the original first hand

chronicles and the actual site location of MR03538.

The discovery and recognition of the White site also known as the White / De Soto site is a

major archaeological and historical event. The on-going investigations and interpretation of the

White site promise to clarify the Spanish and Indian history of north-central Florida and to add

immeasurably to our knowledge of the Hernando de Soto expedition.

108

Sources for the photography and composite maps: F. Ashley White, MR03538 State of Florida Master Site File Digital Images. F. Ashley White, Survey Sketch MR03538 White / De Soto Site. F. Ashley White, Spanish Mission Church Floor Plan White / Potano Site. F. Ashley White, archaeological artifact sketch of sus scofa domestic pig mandible and maxilla. Michele C. White, color addition to etching by Theodore de Bry 1591 etching from paintings by Jacques Le Moyne de Morgues from the French expeditions to Florida in 1562 and 1564. Michele C. White, archaeological artifact sketch of iron mail armor four in one pattern. John H. Hann, Bonnie G. McEwan and James J. Miller, and Robert Deaton, Apalachee Indian Life at Mission San Luis, Florida Department of State publication. Cabeza de Vaca, Álvar Núñez, La Relacion, 1542. Jerald T. Milanich, Laboring in the Fields of the Lord: Spanish Missions and Southeastern Indians, University Press of Florida, 2006. Richard Estabrook, Florida Public Archaeology Network, Ground Penetrating Radar Images, 2009. Jerald T. Milanich and Charles Hudson, Hernando de Soto and the Indians of Florida, Florida Museum of History, Ripley P. Bullen Series, 1993. Charles Hudson, Knights of Spain, Warriors of the Sun, The University of Georgia Press, 1997. Luis Jerónimo de Oré, Relacion de los martires que a avido en las provincias de la Florida, Madrid, 1617. Jerald T. Milanich, Florida Indians and the Invasion from Europe, University Press of Florida, 1995.

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BIBLIOGRAPHY Bandelier, Adolph Francis Alphonse 1881 Historical Introduction to Studies among the Sedentary Indians of New Mexico, and Report on the Ruins of the Pueblo of Pecos, Archaeological Institute of America, American Series. 1893 The Gilded man (El Dorado) and other Pictures of the Spanish Occupancy of America. 1905 The Journey of Alvar Nuñez Cabeza de Vaca…from Florida to the Pacific, 1528-1536, editor, translated into English by Fannie Bandelier. Blair, Elliot 2009, The beads of St. Catherines Island. (Anthropological papers of the American Museum of Natural History, no. 89) (with Pendleton, Lorann S. A., Francis, Peter, Jr., Powell, Eric A., Thomas, David Hurst. Bullen, Ripley P. 1975 A Guide to the Identification of Florida Projectile Points. Kendall Books, Gainesville. Burges, W. 1880, Catalogue of the Exhibition of Ancient Helmets and Examples of Mail, Archaeological Journal, XXXVII, 455-594. Burgess, E. M. 1953, The Mail-Maker’s Technique, Antiquaries Journal, XXXIII, 48-55. Bushnell, Amy 1978 The Menéndez Marquéz Cattle Barony at La Chua and the Determinants of Economic Expansion in Seventeenth-Century Florida. The Florida Historical Quarterly, Vol. 56, No. 4, pp. 407-431. Florida Historical Society. Cabeza de Vaca, Álvar Núñez 1891 The Commentaries of Alvar Nunez Cabeza De Vaca., The Conquest of the River Plate, part II. London: Hakluyt. 1993 The Account, Translated by Martin Favata and Jose Fernández. Houston. 2003 The Narrative of Cabeza De Vaca, Translation of La Relacion, Rolena Adorno and Patrick Charles Pautz. Lincoln, NE: University of Nebraska Press. Clayton, Lawrence A., Vernon James Knight, Jr. and Edward C. Moore (editors) 1993 The De Soto Chronicles: The Expedition of Hernando De Soto to North America in 1539-1543. University of Alabama Press, Tuscaloosa. Deagan, Kathleen

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1972 Fig Springs: The Mid-Seventeenth Century in North Central Florida. Historical Archaeology 6. 1987 Artifacts of the Spanish Colonies of Florida and the Caribbean, 1500-1800. Volume 1. 2002 Archaeology at La Isabela, America’s First European town (With Jose M. Cruxent). Yale University Press, New Haven. Florida Museum of Natural History. (FLMNH) 2006 Historical Archaeology at the Florida Museum of Natural History. University of Florida. http://www.flmnh.ufl.edu/histarch/gallery_types/ Ewen, Charles R. 1993 From Spaniard to Creole, Tuscaloosa, AL: University of Alabama Press. 2001 From Colonist to Creole: Archaeological Patterns of Spanish Colonization in the New World. Historical Archaeology, 34(3), 36-45. Ewen, Charles R. and John H. Hann 1998 Hernando de Soto Among the Apalachee: The Archaeology of the First Winter Encampment, Gainesville, FL: University Press of Florida. Gannon, Michael V. 1965 The Cross in the Sand: The Early Catholic Church in Florida, 1513-1870. University of Florida Press, Gainesville. 1993 Florida: A Short History. University of Florida Press, Gainesville. 1996 The New History of Florida. University of Florida Press, Gainesville. Goggin, John 1948 Some Pottery Types from Central Florida. Gainesville Anthropological Association, Bulletin 1. 1953 An Introductory Outline of Timucua Archaeology. Southeastern Archaeological Conference Newsletter 3(3). 1968 Spanish Majolica in the New World. Yale University Publications in Anthropology, no 72. Yale University Press, New Haven. Hann, John H. 1986 Translation of Governor Robolledo’s 1657 Visitation of Three Florida Provinces and Related Documents. Florida Archaeology 2, Florida Bureau of Archaeological Research, Tallahassee. 1988 Apalachee: The Land between the Rivers. University of Florida Press / Florida State Museum, Gainesville. 1990 Summary Guide to Spanish Florida Missions and Vistas: With Churches in the Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries. Organization of American States, Washington, D.C. The Americas 46(4).

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1993 Visitations and Revolts in Florida, 1656-1695. Florida Archaeology, Number 7. Florida Bureau of Archaeological Research, Tallahassee. 1996 A History of the Timucua Indians and Mission. University Press of Florida, Gainesville. Hoshower, Lisa M. and Jerald T. Milanich 1993 Excavations in the Fig Springs Mission Burial Area. In The Spanish Missions of La Florida, edited by B.G. McEwan. University Press of Florida, Gainesville. Hudson, Charles 1997, Knights of Spain, Warriors of the Sun, The University of Georgia Press, Athens and London. Jones, B. Calvin 1972 Spanish Mission Sites Located and Test Excavated. Archives & History News 3(6). 1973 A Semi-Subterranean Structure at Mission San Joseph de Ocuya, Jefferson County, Florida. In Bureau of Historic Sites and Properties Bulletin No.3, Division of Archives, History, and Records Management, pp. 1-50. Florida Department of State, Tallahassee. Jones, B. Calvin, and Gary Shapiro 1990 Nine Missions of Apalachee. In Columbian Consequences: Volume 2. Archaeological and Historical Perspectives on the Spanish Borderlands East, edited by David Hurst Thomas. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, D.C. Jones, B. Calvin, John Hann, and John F. Scarry 1991 San Pedro y San Pablo de Patale: A Seventeenth-Century Spanish Mission in Leon County, Florida. Florida Archaeology, Number 5. Florida Bureau of Archaeological Research, Tallahassee. Jones, B. Calvin, John Hann, and John F. Scarry 1991 Material Culture at Patale: Assemblage Composition and Distribution. In Florida Archaeology, Number 5. San Pedro y San Pablo de Patale: A Seventeenth-Century Spanish Mission in Leon County, Florida by B. Calvin Jones, John Hann, and John F. Scarry. Florida Bureau of Archaeological Research, Tallahassee. Knight, Vernon J., Jr. 1985 Tukabatchee: Archaeological Investigations at an Historic Creek Town, Elmore County, Alabama, 1984. Report of Investigations. University of Alabama, Office of Archaeological Research, Moundville. Koch, Joan K. 1983 Mortuary Behavior Patterning and Physical Anthropology in Colonial St. Augustine. In Spanish St. Augustine: The Archaeology of a Colonial Creole Community by Kathleen Deagan.

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Lister, Florence C. and Robert H. Lister 1982 Sixteenth Century Miolica Pottery in the Valley of Mexico. Anthropological Papers of the University of Arizona. Number 39. The University of Arizona Press, Tucson. Marrinan, Rochelle A. 1993 Archaeological Investigations at Mission Patale, 1984 – 1992. In The Spanish Missions of La Florida, edited by B.G. McEwan, University Press of Florida, Gainesville. Marrinan, Rochelle A., and Stephen C. Bryne 1986 Apalachee-Mission Archaeological Survey. Ms. on file, Division of Historical Resources, Florida Department of State, Tallahassee. McEwan, Bonnie G. 1981 An Archaeological Perspective of Sixteenth Century Spanish Life in the Old World and the Americas. Ph.D. dissertation, Department of Anthropology, University of Florida, Gainesville. 1993 The Spanish Missions of La Florida. University Press of Florida, Gainesville. Milanich, Jerald T. 1994 Archaeology of Precolumbian Florida. University Press of Florida, Gainesville. 1995 Florida Indians and the Invasion from Europe. University Press of Florida, Gainesville. 1996 The Timucua. Blackwell Publishers, Cambridge. 1999 Laboring in the Fields of the Lord: Spanish Missions and Southeastern Indians. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington. 2006 Laboring in the Fields of the Lord: Spanish Missions and Southeastern Indians. University Press of Florida, Gainesville. Milanich, Jerald T. and Charles Fairbanks 1980 Florida Archaeology. New York: Academic Press. Milanich, Jerald T. and Charles Hudson 1993 Hernando de Soto and the Indians of Florida. Florida Museum of History, Ripley P. Bullen Series. Mitchem, Jeffrey M. 1988 Early Sixteenth Century Beads from the Tatham Mound, Citrus County, Florida, Data and Interpretations. The Florida Anthropologist 41(1):42-60. 1989 The Weeki Wachee, and Tatham Mounds: Archaeological Evidence of Early Spanish Contact. The Florida Anthropologist Vol. 42(4):317-339. 1991 Beads and Pendants from San Luis de Talimali: Inferences from Varying Contexts. In The Spanish Missions of La Florida, edited by B.G. McEwan, pp. 399-417. University Press of Florida, Gainesville.

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Mitchem, Jeffrey, Marvin T. Smith, Albert Goodyear, and Robert Allen 1985 Early Spanish Contact on the Florida Gulf Coast: The Weeki Wachee and Ruth Smith mounds. In Indians, Colonists and Slaves: Essays in Memory of Charles H. Fairbanks, edited by Kenneth Johnson, Jonathon Leader, and Robert Wilson, pp.179- 219. Florida Journal of Anthropology, Special Publications No. 4. Oré, Luis Jerónimo de 1617 Relacion de los martires que a avido en las provincias de la Florida, Madrid. Rolland, Vicki L., and Keith H. Ashley 2000 Beneath the Bell: A Study of Mission Period Colonoware from Three Spanish Missions in Northeast Florida. The Florida Anthropologist 53(1). Ruhl, Donna L. 1987 First Impression in and on Daub: A Paleoethnobotanical and Ceramic Technological Analysis of Some Burned Clay From Three Mission Sites in La Florida. Paper present at the 44th meeting of the Southeastern Archaeological Conference. Charleston, S.C. Saunders, Rebecca 1990 Ideal and Innovation: Spanish Mission Architecture in the Southeast. In Columbian Consequences, Volume 2: Archaeological and Historic Preservation on the Spanish Borderlands East, edited by David Hurst Thomas, Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, D.C. Scarry, John F. 1985 A Proposed Revision of the Fort Walton Ceramic Typology: A Type Variety System. Florida Anthropologist 38(3):199-233. Shapiro, Gary and Bonnie G. McEwan 1992 Archaeology at San Luis. Part One: The Apalachee Council House. Florida Archaeology 6. Shapiro, Gary, and Richard Vernon 1991 Archaeology at San Luis. Part Two: The Church Complex. Florida Archaeology 6. Slade, Alissa M. 2006 An Analysis of Artifacts and Archaeology at 8JE106, A Spanish Mission Site in Florida, Masters Thesis. Department of Anthropology, Florida State University, Tallahassee. Smith, Cyril Stanley 1960, A Metallographic Note, Technology and Culture, Methods of Making Chain Mail (14th to 18th Centuries) National Science Foundation (Grant NSF-G7574).

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Biographical Sketch

Dr. Ashley White is an American archaeologist. Completed doctorate level forensic

anthropology training and held memberships in top national surgery and pathology academies.

Expert in the recovery and conservation of human remains and material cultural artifacts.

Degrees from the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill and East Carolina University, as

well worked at Duke University. Currently on the Governing Board of the Archaeological

Institute of America, founded in 1879 and chartered by the United States Congress and serves

on the AIA Cultural Heritage Policy Committee and is a member of the Professional

Responsibilities Committee that advises the Governing Board on appropriate policies and action

concerning the preservation of archaeological resources, standards of archaeological

excavations, professional ethics, and investigating and responding to issues concerning the illicit

trade in antiquities. Experience includes two decades of field research at some of the world’s

most sensitive archaeological sites in Asia - including Russia, China, India and Turkey, the

Middle East, North and Sub-Sahara Africa, England, Scotland, Ireland, Twelve additional

countries in Europe, North and Central America, and South America including the Amazon

Basin.

Hernando De Soto Archaeology and Artifacts Author(s) / Editor(s): Fred White Published: Tallahassee, FL: Florida Department of State, Bureau of Archaeological Research, Master Site File MR03538. 2010 Document Type: Book / Report Stable URL: http://core.tdar.org/document/391004

DOI: doi:10.6067/XCV8GX4CF5

Hernando De Soto Archaeology and Artifacts

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