Geological and geotechnical characteristics of Metro Manila volcanic soils and their suitability for...
9
3.200 3.200 200 350 300 670 220 600 1.100 DISPOSAL AREA (DREDGED SOIL) TERMINAL RELATED FACILITY AREA NORTH CONTAINER TERMINAL SOUTH CONTAINER TERMINAL WEST BREAKWATER EAST BREAKWATER GENERAL SHARF SMALL CRAFT WHARF NOKSAN INDUSTRIAL COMPLEX YONGWON-DONG Mt. YOKMANG TO-DO IS. SHIP YARD KADOK-DO IS. YUN-DO IS. SONG-DO IS. SU-DO IS. Fig. 1 Layout of construction plan of Busan new port CT-12 N-1 BH-1 BH-26 Fig. 2 Location of site investigations
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Transcript of Geological and geotechnical characteristics of Metro Manila volcanic soils and their suitability for...
3.200
3.200200
350
300
670
220
600
1.100
DISPOSAL AREA(DREDGED SOIL) TERMINAL RELATED
FACILITY AREA
NORTH CONTAINER TERMINAL
SOUTH CONTAINER TERMINAL
WEST BREAKWATER
EAST BREAKWATER
GE
NE
RA
L S
HA
RF
SMALL CRAFTWHARF
NOKSAN INDUSTRIAL COMPLEX
YONGWON-DONG
Mt. YOKMANG
TO-DO IS.
SHIP YARD
KADOK-DO IS.
YUN-DO IS.
SONG-DO IS.
SU-DO IS.
Fig. 1 Layout of construction plan of Busan new port
CT-12
N-1
BH-1
BH-26
Fig. 2 Location of site investigations
M S G
10
20
30
40
50
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.. ..
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....
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63.8
....
. ......
.
.. .. .. . . ... . . ... .
~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~
. . .. ..
10
20
30
40
50
53
~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~
+++++++++
+++++++++
+++++++++
38.336.8
28.2
24.3
12
M S G
71.3 ++ +
10
.
.
.. ..
.
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.
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. ....
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20
30
40
50
60
70
60.8
51.8
49
41.3
36
33
12.5
M S G
BH-26(EL-0.6 m)
N-1(EL-1.7 m)
CT-12(EL-3.0 m)
Coast
IS(L)
NS(L)
NS(U)
IS(U)
TF
NS(U)
NS(U))
IS(U))
NS(U)
TF
EC
NS(U)
IS(U)
NS(U)
Coast
BH-1(EL-0.6 m)DEPTH(m)
0
- 70
- 60
- 50
- 40
- 20
- 10
- 80
0
- 70
- 60
- 50
- 40
- 20
- 10
- 80
DEPTH(m)
66.5
31.5
33.0
61.2
.. ..
.
..
.
...
..
.
...
. ..
. ..
.
..
.....
..... ... .
.
.
..
.
.. ...
46.6
........
.
...
.
.....
..... ... .
.
.
.
.........
.. . .. ....
.
? ?
?
?
?
63.4
47.3
55.8
51.8
Fig. 4 Stratigraphic framework and depositional environments
Years before present
0 5000 10000 15000 20000 25000 30000
Dep
th (
m)
0
10
20
30
40
Yangsan (Park et al., 2000)Gadukdo (Kim, 1999)Busan new port (Shogaki, 2003)Singapore (Tan et al., 2003)Osaka (Kitata et al., 2003)Yangsan (DWE, 2000)Jangyoo (DWE, 2000)
Fig. 5 Depositional chronology of Pusan clays with other clays (Kim, 2004)
SCL
ICL
Effective overburden pressure, 'vo (kPa)
10 100 1000
Voi
d I
nde
x, I
vo a
nd
Iv
0.0
1.0
2.0
3.0
4.0
IMS (U)IS (U) IS (L) NS (L)TFEC
BH-26CT-12 N-1
SCL
ICL
Fig. 6 Intrinsic Compression of Pusan clays at Busan new port based on Burland’s concept (1990)
y' (kPa)
100 200 3000.2 0.3 0.4 0.5
Su (kPa)
20 40 601.0 1.5 20 40 60 1.0 1.5
5.0
10.0
15.0
20.0
25.0
30.0
35.0
14 16 18 2020 40 60 80 2.70 2.75
WnGSGrading (%) t (kN/m3)0 100 0 802.65 2.80
Clay
Sand
Silt
Soil profileD
epth
(m
) Softclay
Stiffclay
Gravel
LI2.00.0
eo0.5 2.0
WP WL
F.VCPT (Nu = 11.48)
UC
0 80Cc
vo'
0
(a) CT-12
y' (kPa)
200 4000.0 0.5 1.0 1.5
Su (kPa)
50 100 1500.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 0.5 1.016 18 2020 40 60 80
Sand
SiltClay
2.6 2.7 2.80 100 14 0 80Grading(%) GS t (kN/m3)
Dep
th (
m)
10.0
20.0
30.0
40.0
50.0
60.0
Soil profile 2220 40 60
Stiff clay
Softclay
Clayey silt
Sandygravel
0
eo0.0
LI1.5
WP WL Wn
F.VCPT (Nu = 8.29)
(Nu = 6.20)
UC
0 200Cc
vo'
0 600
(b) N-1
y' (kPa)
100 200 300 4000.0 0.5 1.0
Su (kPa)
0 50 10020 40 60 80 0.0 0.5 1.0 1.50.5 1.0 1.5 2.016 18 202.65 2.70 2.7514 0 80
GS t (kN/m3)
Dep
th (
m)
10.0
20.0
30.0
40.0
50.0
60.0
Soil profile22
20 40 60
Stiff clay
Softclay
0
Sand
Silt Clay
0 100Grading(%)
Siltysand
Sand
Gravel
eo LIWLWP Wn Cc
vo'
0
CPT
UC
F.V
(Nu(U) = 9.54)
(Nu(L) = 5.35)
(c) BH-26
Fig. 8 Profiles of geotechnical properties
Total unit weight,t (kN/m3)
14 16 18 20 22
Init
ial v
oid
rat
io, e
o
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
1.2
1.4
1.6
1.8
2.0
2.2
NS (U)IS (U) IS (L) NS (L)TFEC
BH-26N-1CT-12
eo = -2.628t + 5.937 (r = 0.93)
Natural water content, wn (%)
0 20 40 60 80 100
Init
ial v
oid
rat
io, e
o (%
)
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
1.2
1.4
1.6
1.8
2.0
2.2
BH-26CT-12 N-1NS (U)IS (U) IS (L) NS (L)TFEC
eo = 0.021wn + 0.027 (r = 0.97)
(a) Void ratio vs. total unit weight (b) Void ratio vs. water content
Fig. 9 Void ratio vs. total unit weight and void ratio vs. water content relationships
Salinity, Sa (g/l)
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
Nat
ura
l wat
er c
onte
nt,
wn (
%)
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
wn = 1.641 Sa + 25.613 (r = 0.83)
NS (U)IS (U) IS (L) NS (L)TF
BH-26CT-12 N-1
EC
Fig. 10 Relationship between water content and salinity
Liquid Limit, wL (%)
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
Pla
stic
ity
Ind
ex, I
p (
%)
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
I P = 0.9 (
w L -
8 )
A - Line
I P = 0.73 ( w
L - 2
0 )
CL
ML or OL
MH or OH
CH
U - Lin
e
ML-CL
NS (U)IS (U) IS (L) NS (L)TFEC
CT-12 N-1 BH-26
Fig. 11 Plasticity of Pusan clay at Busan new port site
Clay Fraction (<2m)
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80
Pla
stic
ity
Ind
ex, I
p (
%)
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
Kaolinite (A c=0.38)
Illite
(Ac=0.9
0)
A c=1
.25NS (U)
IS (U) IS (L) NS (L)TFEC
BH-26CT-12N-1
Fig. 12 Activity of Pusan clays at Busan new port site
0 10 20 30 40 500.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
S u,m
ob / y
'
Plasticity index, PI (%)
NS (U)IS (U) TF
BH-26CT-12 N-1
Fig. 13 Relationship between ', yFVuS and plasticity index
Initial void ratio, eo
0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5
Com
pre
ssio
n in
dex
, Cc
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
1.2
NS (U)IS (U) IS (L) NS (L)TF
BH-26CT-12 N-1
EC
Cc = 0.533eo - 0.147 (r = 0.92)
Fig. 14 Relationship between compression index and void ratio
CT-12(EL-3.0 m)
BH-26(EL-0.6 m)
0
10
....
. ......
.
.. .. .. . . ... . . ... .
~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~
. . .. .. 10 20 25 50 75Water Content
(%)Salinity(g/liter)
0
10
20
30
40
50
53
~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~
.
.
.. ..
.
. ..
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....
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..
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.. ..
. ..
.
.
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..
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.
...
.
. . .......
...
.
... . ..
.
. .. ... ..
. . .
..
..
. . ... .
.. .
.. ..
...
.
.
. .
. .
..
. .. ... . ...... ...
.
.
. .
.
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.
... .
.
..
.. .
..
..
. . .
.
..
.
.
.
. .
.........
..
. ... .. .. .
.
..
.. .... .
....
.
..
.
.
. .. ...
25 50 75Water Content
(%)
10 20 Salinity(g/liter)
20
30
40
50
60
7071.3
Dep
th in
cor
e (m
)
20 40P/T ratio
(%)+++++++++
+++++++++
+++++++++
20 40P/T ratio
(%)
++ +
Dep
th in
cor
e (m
)
38.336.8
28.2
Uni
t 2U
nit 4
24.3
Sb
2.2b
Sb
4.1
12
Sb
4.2
Sb
4.3
60.8
51.8
49
41.3
36
33
12.5
Uni
t 2Sb
2.2
Uni
t 1U
nit 3
Uni
t 4
Sb
4.2
Sb
4.3
Sb
2.1
Sb
4.1
M S G
M S G
P/T ratio: the ratio of the number of plankton to total foraminifer
N-1(EL-2.6 m)
0
10
20
30
40
50
Dep
th in
cor
e (m
)
.
.
.
.
....
.
...
. ....
.
..
.
..
.. ..
. ..
..
..
.
.
.
..
.
...
.
. . .....
.
...
.
..
.
.
.. ....
..
..
. ..
. ..
...
..
....
. . ..
M S G
.. . . .. ... .. .
60
53.26 ..
46.50
63.8
38.50
31.60
29.90
20.50
10.50
2.50
5
15
25
35
45
55
Uni
t 2U
nit 4
Sb
2.2b
Sb
4.1
Sb
4.2
Sb
4.3
Sb
2.1a
40 60Water Content
(%)
10 20 Salinity(g/liter)
.... .
. ... .... ..
Plant fragments
Sand
Mud pebble
Shell fragment
Interlayers of mud/sand
Sand lamination
Mud
Gravel
Nodule
Unconformity
Upper Clay
Lower Clay
Ripple cross lamination
Shell bed
Mud lamination
Burrow
Wavy bedding
Basement++
M: mud, S: sand, G: gravel
Trough cross-bedding
Rootlets
Fig. 3 Analysis results for depositional environment
Effective vertical stress ('v , kPa)
1 10 100 1000 10000
Voi
d in
dex
(Iv
and
I vo)
-2
-1
0
1
2
3
4CT-12
24m
Below 12mAbove 12m
ICL
SCL
10m
Effective vertical stress ('v , kPa)
1 10 100 1000 10000
Voi
d in
dex
(Iv
and
I vo)
-2
-1
0
1
2
3
4N-1
32m
Below 30mAbove 30m
ICL
SCL
4m
Effective vertical stress ('v , kPa)
1 10 100 1000 10000
Voi
d in
dex
(Iv
and
I vo)
-2
-1
0
1
2
3
4BH-26
36m
7m
Below 36mAbove 36m
ICL
SCL
(a) CT-12 (b) N-1 (c) BH-26
Fig. 7 Intrinsic behavior of Pusan clays at Busan new port
