UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES MANILA

COLLEGE OF ARTS AND SCIENCES DEPARTMENT OF ARTS AND COMMUNICATION

COMM 10: CRITICAL PERSPECTIVES IN COMMUNICATION

2nd Semester AY 2021-2022

COURSE GUIDE COURSE DESCRIPTION COMM 10: Critical Perspectives in Communication is a UP General Education (GE) course that explores how communication takes place in various levels of human interaction: interpersonal or group, mass or public, intercultural and workplace. It is in these spheres wherein you would be able to forge your individual and collective identities, and make sense of your interactions not only with others but also with institutions that impact on your thoughts, feelings, and actions. As you interact with individuals and institutions, you need to be armed with various lenses for you to have a more critical and meaningful engagement with issues and concerns of communication in local and global contexts. This perspectives course engages you on a critical examination of communication issues in five interrelated areas: language, identity construction, representation, culture, and discourse. It is in these areas wherein the interdisciplinary nature of COMM 10 is evident. The course takes off from the arts and humanities, but certain concepts and tools of analysis are also drawn from the social science disciplines. A GE program that loops in knowledge domains in the arts and humanities, social sciences and philosophy, mathematics and the sciences forms the bedrock of university education. A good GE program provides the base on which core courses in various curricula may spring from. Hopefully, after finishing this course, you would have developed a clearer standpoint on vital issues through concepts and tools of analysis inspired by theories and frameworks learned in this class. COURSE LEARNING OUTCOMES After completing this course, you should be able to: 1) Discuss the changing landscape of communication; 2) Explain the different theories and frameworks of communication; 3) Apply relevant communication theories and frameworks in the analysis of various issues; and 4) Formulate a critical perspective on a communication phenomenon or event.

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COURSE OUTLINE I. The changing landscape of communication (Module 1) A. Orality and literacy B. Traditional media, mass media, new media C. Media convergence II. Frames of engagement: Theories and frameworks of communication A. Communication and rhetoric (Module 2)

1. The rhetorical situation 2. Political rhetoric

3. Digital rhetoric B. Communication and identity construction (Module 3)

1. Identity 2. The process of identity construction 3. Social and cultural identities

C. Communication and representation (Module 4)

1. Theories of representation 2. Semiotics, the discursive approach, and the production of meaning 3. Media content and representation

D. Communication and culture

1. Low- and high-context cultures (Module 5) 2. Intercultural communication (Module 6)

III. Communication as critical practice: a synthesis READINGS COULD BE ACCESSED THROUGH THE UPM VIRTUAL LEARNING ENVIRONMENT (VLE).

MODE OF DELIVERY The course will be conducted using synchronous and asynchronous approaches. The dates for the synchronous sessions are indicated in the course guide. Please note that your attendance in synchronous sessions is not required. This is in consideration of the possible problem on internet connectivity. The soft copy of the course pack is to be made available for those who could not join the synchronous sessions. All materials and announcements are to be posted on the UP Manila Virtual Learning Environment (VLE). I will be enrolling you in our VLE class. Submissions are to be made via the class members’ respective Google Drive (GD) folders where the requirements could be uploaded any time access to the internet is possible. I am to create these GD folders. Deadlines for the requirements are adjustable depending on your available resources. Do not hesitate to make your concerns known to me in the course of the semester.

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COURSE MATERIALS The reading materials for this course could be accessed via the UP Manila Virtual Learning Environment (VLE) for those of you with internet connection or could be in a course pack for those without any internet access at the moment. The PDF copy of the course pack is available in our VLE class and could be emailed to those who would not be able to frequently check the VLE. STUDY SCHEDULE

Week Number

Module/ Topic

Learning Resources Learning Tasks

1 INTRODUCTION

2

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I. The changing landscape of communication (Module 1)

A. Orality and literacy B. Traditional media,

mass media, new media

C. Media convergence

Ong, W. (2002). Orality and Literacy. Routledge.

Fang, I. (1997). What Are Information Revolutions?. A History of Mass Commu nication: Six Information Revolutions (pp. xv-xxxiv).

Baran, S. (2013). Introduction to Mass Communication: Media Literacy and Culture. McGraw Hill.

Differentiating between primary oral culture and literate culture Explaining the role and power of communication in shaping culture and society POSTER

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II. Frames of engagement: Theories and frameworks of communication A. Communication

and rhetoric (Module 2)

1. The rhetorical situation

2. Political rhetoric 3. Digital rhetoric

Bitzer, L. (1968). The Rhetorical Situation. Philosophy and Rhetoric (pp. 1-14). Condor, S., Tileaga, C., & Billig, M. (2013). Political Rhetoric. In L. Huddy, D. Sears, & J. Levy (Eds), Oxford Handbook of Political Psychology (pp.262- 297). Oxford University Press. Zappen, J. (2005). Toward an Integrated Theory. Technical Communication Quarterly, 14(3), pp. 319-325.

Identifying a rhetorical situation Understanding political rhetoric Explaining digital rhetoric INTEGRATIVE PAPER ON A RHETORICAL SITUATION

6 B. Communication and identity construction (Module 3) 1. Identity

Hetch, ML. (2009). Communic- ation Theory of identity. In SW Littlejohn & KA Foss (eds), Encyclopedia of Communication Theory,

Explaining the concept of identity, the process of identity construction, and the dimensions of identity.

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2. The process of identity construction

3. Social and cultural identities

pp.139-141. Thousands Oaks, CA: Sage Publications, Inc. Jung, E. & Hetch, ML. (2004). Elaborating the Communicat- ion theory of identity: Identity gaps and communication out comes. Communication Quarterly, 52, 265-283. Andreouli, E. (2010). Identity, positioning and self-other relations. Papers on Social Representations, 19, 14.1- 14.13.

FREE WRITING EXERCISE ON IDENTITY CONSTRUCTION

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C. Communication and representation (Module 4) 1. Theories of

representation 2. Semiotics, the

discursive approach, and the production of meaning

3. Media content and representation

Hall, S. (2013). Representation, Meaning and Language. The Work of Representation (pp. 1-26). Sage Publication. Lacey, N. (1998). Semiotics. Image and Representation: Key Concepts in Media Studies (pp. 56-75). Palgrave Macmillan.

Explaining the theories of of representation Discussing concepts in semiotics and apply them in analyzing media content ESSAY ON REPRESENTATION

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D. Communication and culture

1. Low- and high-context cultures (Module 5)

Hall, E. (1990). Understanding Cultural Differences. Intercultural Press. Lacson, J.R. (2005). Mindsets of the Filipino: A research agenda for Filipino communic ative behavior [Professorial Chair Paper]. University of the Philippines Diliman, Quezon City: Modesto Farolan Profess orial Chair. Maggay, M.P. (2002). Pahiwatig: Kagawiang pangkomunikasyon ng Filipino. Ateneo de Manila University Press.

Differentiating between high-context and low-context cultures Analyzing Filipino communicative behaviors

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2. Intercultural communication (Module 6)

Analyzing verbal and nonverbal codes in varying

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intercultural communication situations Explaining how barriers to intercultural communication could be addressed SOCIAL MEDIA POST ON INTROSPECTIONS AND RETROSPECTIONS ABOUT COMM. 10

INTEGRATION

COURSE REQUIREMENTS

1. Integrative Essay on a Rhetorical Situation 30% 2. Free Writing Exercise on Identity Construction 25% 3. Essay on Representation 25% 3. Social Media Post on a Group Page 10% 4. Other submissions 10%

100% INTEGRATIVE ESSAY ON A RHETORICAL SITUATION: In 1000 words, you are to demonstrate your ability to synthesize your understanding of a reading material and analysis of a rhetorical situation in a news video as you push for your argument regarding the topic at hand. FREE WRITING EXERCISE ON IDENTITY CONSTRUCTION: In 1000 words, you should discuss the dimensions of your identity based on what you have learned about the process of identity construction. Do not worry, the content of your composition will be confidential. ESSAY ON REPRESENTATION: In 1000 words, you are expected to write an essay on the representation of social media for a happy life using the constructionist perspective. SOCIAL MEDIA POST ON A GROUP PAGE: With this requirement, you are to reflect on what you have learned in Communication 10 and on the value of the knowledge that you have gained to you as an individual. You are to make a post on the group page to be created by the class. OTHER SUBMISSIONS: These are outputs in the activities in the modules. The graded activities are those with the heading “Activity Guide” (in red ink) and with corresponding deadlines.

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ABOUT THE INSTRUCTOR I am Dr. Gina S. Salazar, Associate Professor 4 at the Department of Arts and Communication (DAC). I am formerly the Associate Dean for Academic Affairs of the College of Arts and Sciences and the Chair of the Department of Arts and Communication. I have been a faculty member of DAC for almost 30 years, handling OrCom 200 (Organizational Communication Research), OrCom 199 (Organizational Communication Research), OrCom 192 (Qualitative Research Methods in Organizational Communication), OrCom 111 (Technical Reporting), Linguistics 100 (Introduction to Language), Communication 10 (Critical Perspectives in Communication), and Communication I & II (Communication Skills) classes. I earned my doctoral degree in Public Administration from the National College of Public Administration and Governance (NCPAG), UP Diliman. My master’s and bachelor’s degrees from UP Diliman are both in English Studies. You could get in touch with me via my official email address gssalazar@up.edu.ph . GENERAL HOUSE RULES The course would be conducted using synchronous and asynchronous approaches. The synchronous activities are scheduled as indicated in this course guide and in the class calendar that is posted in the VLE. The deadlines for the requirements could be adjusted depending on your available resources. Do not hesitate to make your concerns known to me in the course of the semester.

HOUSE RULES FOR THE LIVE SESSIONS: In the conduct of the live sessions, please take note of the following: 1. Turn on your video so we could see one another during the live session. 2. Your audio is muted during the presentation. It would be unmuted if you raise your hand for any question during the discussion. 3. Feel free to use the “raise hand” feature should you wish to ask questions anytime during my presentation. 4. You may also use the chat box for your questions. 5. Be ready to take note of concepts and ideas during discussions because meetings are to be recorded for evaluation purposes only.

WEEK 1 INTRODUCTION TO THE COURSE

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WEEKS 2 AND 3 MODULE 1: THE CHANGING LANDSCAPE OF COMMUNICATION

Topic 1: Orality and Literacy Study Guide Let’s Begin In order to fully understand the changing landscape of communication, it is important for us to trace how communication and media have evolved. We are going to start with language. In his work Orality and Literacy: The Technologizing of the Word, Ong (2002) provides a discussion of the differences and relationships between orality and literacy and highlights how language is an oral phenomenon. Humans were able to communicate orally, without writing. He argues that “oral expression can exist and mostly has existed without any writing at all, writing never without orality” (p. 8). Nevertheless, the invention of writing has revolutionized human communication. To deepen and broaden our knowledge of the history of communication and media, Fang (1997) presents six information revolutions: a.) Writing Revolution, b.) Printing Revolution, c.) Mass Media Revolution, d.) Entertainment Revolution, e.) Communication Toolshed Home Revolution, and f.) Information Highway Revolution. Each revolution refers to a period in Western history where certain communication technologies arrived and influenced the way the world works. Information revolutions show us the developments of communication and media technologies—from traditional media (radio, TV, and print) to new media (computer and the internet). Such developments have been facilitated through the process of media convergence or “the merging of previously distinct media technologies and platforms through digitization and computer networking” (Gasher, 2019, para. 1). Learning outcomes: At the end of this section, you should be able to:

1. trace the evolution of communication and media; 2. discuss the role and power of communication in shaping culture and society; and 3. apply a dialogic perspective on communication and media in your role as shapers

of culture and influencers of society Read

Read pp. 1-15 of Orality and Literacy: The Technologizing of the Word by Walter Ong (2002)

Watch Abe Aboud. (2014 September 9). Walter Ong – Oral Cultures and Early Writing.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uvF30zFImuo

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Think Study questions:

1. What are the differences between orality and literacy? 2. How is primary orality different from secondary orality? 3. Why is language an oral phenomenon?

Topic 2: Traditional media, Mass media, New media Let’s Begin

In this section, we will further learn the evolution and development of communication and media technologies through Fang’s discussion of information revolutions. Read Read “What Are Information Revolutions?” (pp. xv-xxxiv) of A History of Mass Communication: Six Information Revolutions by Irving Fang (1997). Think Study questions: 1. How is an information revolution defined? 2. How do you think these information revolutions affect human communication? 3. Do you think we are experiencing a new information revolution? If yes, what will you

call it and why? Topic 3: Media Convergence and Blurring of Genres Let’s Begin In discussing the shared characteristics of the six information revolutions, Fang (1997) mentioned: “Each is based upon the invention of more than one tool of communication, such as papyrus and the phonetic alphabet, paper and printing, or television and satellites. Their convergences have had powerful effects” (p. xviii). We could therefore conclude that media convergence has been happening since the ancient times. As digital technology emerges, conventional boundaries among different media continues to blur. Read Read Chapter 10 – The Internet and the World Wide Web (pp. 231-261) of Introduction to Mass Communication: Media Literacy and Culture (8th ed.) by Stanley Baran (2014).

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Watch Watch Media Convergence, available at https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7lcUKjGKiEw Watch Media Convergence – Explained, available at https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HV6rp7RCZw8&t=104s Think Study questions:

1. Do you think media convergence leads to the democratization of media? 2. How does media convergence empower (or disempower) individuals? 3. How does media convergence affect culture and society?

Activity Guide

1. Choose and read on one information revolution from the list below.

a. Writing Revolution (pp. 1-17) b. Printing Revolution (pp. 18-42) c. Mass Media Revolution (pp. 43-100) d. Entertainment Revolution (pp. 101-137) e. Communication Toolshed Home Revolution (pp. 138-188) f. Information Highway Revolution (pp. 189-238)

2. After reading, illustrate creatively through a poster what transpired during the information revolution of your choice.

3. Write a short paragraph summarizing the information revolution. 4. Save your work in PDF and upload it in your Google Drive folder using the file name:

InfoRev SECTION SURNAME Example: InfoRev MHB SALAZAR

5. The work should be submitted on March 18, 2022.

WEEKS 4 AND 5 MODULE 2: RHETORIC AND THE LOGIC OF PERSUASION

Study guide Topic 1: The Rhetorical Situation

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Let’s Begin Rhetoric is the art of ruling the minds of men. -Plato The first communication lens through which you shall be critically examining social issues and concerns in local and global contexts is Rhetoric. Public persuasive presentations have the potential to influence people to take concrete steps in addressing social problems. A speech presented in a social gathering, a video that went viral, or a lecture in class can so move the listeners that it results in a change in they way they think or act. What goes into a situation that allows for public persuasive presentations and discussions to take place? This section will provide you with an understanding of the rhetorical situation and its components. Learning Outcomes: After studying this section, you should be able to:

1. explain the importance of rhetoric in communication; 2. discuss the elements of a rhetorical situation; and 3. examine the use of rhetoric in the discourse around social issues.

Read Read Lloyd Bitzer’s (1968) essay on “The Rhetorical Situation.” Think

1. What is Bitzer’s definition of a rhetorical situation? 2. What are the different aspects of a rhetorical situation? 3. Identify three top issues you encounter today or the past week that you think

warrant rhetorical discourse?

Dig deeper Condor, S., Tileaga, C., & Billig, M. (2013). Political Rhetoric. In L. Huddy, D. Sears, & J. Levy (Eds), Oxford Handbook of Political Psychology (pp.262-297). Oxford University Press. Zappen, J. (2005). Toward an Integrated Theory. Technical Communication Quarterly, 14(3), pp. 319-325. Activity guide Integrative Paper Individual work

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1. Watch the video “Union: Mass resignation of PH health workers in private sector possible” via the link https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YY4DD8jw6jk . 2. Write an integrative paper that contains your analysis of one rhetorical situation in the news video using Lloyd Bitzer’s (1968) essay “The Rhetorical Situation.” In your paper, you should be able to: a. Identify one rhetorical situation from the news video; b. Write your thesis or major argument about the chosen rhetorical situation;

c. Explain why the chosen scene or situation is rhetorical using ideas from Lloyd Bitzer’s (1968) essay;

c. Mention specific ideas from the reading material by Bitzer and the corresponding scene from the news video as you analyze your chosen rhetorical situation; and d. Be clear and concise with your synthesis of the major ideas in the reading material and scenes from the news video as you push for the major argument of your paper. 3. Write your integrative paper in at most 1000 words. Use Times New Roman, font 12, and A standard margin of 1 inch on all sides. 4. Save your integrative essay in PDF using the file name YOUR SURNAME IntegrativeP and upload it in your Google Drive folder on April 1, 2022. Evaluation Criteria Your integrative essay is to be graded based on the following scoring system: Rhetorical situation 5 points Thesis/major argument in the paper 5 points Explanation of the components of the rhetorical situation 15 points Synthesis of the ideas from the reading material and scenes from the news video 15 points Language and mechanics 10 points 50 points

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Topic 2: Political Rhetoric Let’s Begin Martin Luther King, Benigno Aquino, and Winston Churchill are names that have been etched in the minds and hearts of their respective fellowmen. Their well-known speeches had changed the course of their nation’s history. If you have watched or listened to Senate or Committee hearings, you would find a rich source of examples of how arguments raised by our lawmakers can influence the decision of their fellow lawmakers in particular and the Filipino citizens in general. You may have been in awe of how some Congressional Representatives or Senators were able to convincingly put forth their arguments in support of or in opposition to the proposed resolution of a case. Aristotle argued that there are three standards or modes of persuasion, the most potent among them is Ethos or the character of the speaker. Condor et al., (2013) identified strategies on how speakers can communicate their sincerity and trustworthiness to their audience. Learning Outcomes: After studying this section, you should be able to:

1. identify the different persuasive strategies; 2. analyze persuasive strategies used in political speeches and advertisements; 3. identify the strategies used by speakers to achieve consubstantiality with the

audience; and 4. analyze how the strategies to achieve consubstantiality were used in political

campaign speeches. Read Read pages 276 - 282 of Condor et al.’s (2013), chapter on political rhetoric. Think

1. What were the persuasive strategies mentioned in the chapter? 2. Of these strategies, which have you encountered during political campaigns (in

school, or in local or national elections)? 3. Were the strategies effective for you? Why or why not?

Dig deeper Duterte’s political rhetoric and the masses. Retrieved from: https://www.manilatimes.net/2020/08/07/opinion/letters-to-the-editor/dutertes-political-rhetoric-and-the-masses/751599/

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Activity guide Individual work Choose two political ads from past local/national elections. Identify the appeal/s and strategy/ies used by the political candidate in each of the two political advertisements. Evaluate the effectiveness/ineffectiveness of the appeals and strategies used by the candidate. Sample political advertisements

Retrieved from: https://rappler.com/nation/elections/political-ads-poe-roxas-villanueva-tolentino-hontiveros-moreno

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Retrieved from: https://rappler.com/nation/elections/memorable-effective-political-ads

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Retrieved from: https://philnews.ph/2013/05/10/grace-poe-profile-bios-platform-senatorial-candidate-28/

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Assignment guide Task: A comparative and contrastive analysis of two campaign speeches Procedure: Tools and resources: Youtube videos Watch: Why Grace Poe is running for President https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FCdCKw0ZFD8 Watch: Duterte’s final word: Stop and obey the law https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GZRQMwJDUjI Instructions: After reading Condor et al.,’s essay and watching the two videos, write a comparative and contrastive analysis of the two political speeches guided by the following questions:

1. How and to what extent did each speaker exhibit the following: a. Taking and avoiding sides b. Explicit appeals to common in-group membership c. Constructing aspirational identities d. Implicit displays of rhetorical alignment.

2. Which of these strategies do you think was well employed? Why do you think so?

Overall, would you say that the speech was enough to persuade you? Why or why not? Evaluation criteria Scoring guide/rubric

Criterion Needs Improvement

Satisfactory Good Very Good Excellent

Content (70 points)

(0 points) None of the strategies is correctly identified

(36-49 points) One of the strategies correctly identified and supported by texts cited from the speech

(50-62 points) Two of the strategies correctly identified and supported by texts cited from the speech

(63-67 points) Three of the strategies correctly identified and supported by texts cited from the speech

(68-70 points) Four of the strategies are correctly identified and supported by texts cited from the speech

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Organization (15 points)

(0 points) None of ideas are misplaced in the sequence of presentation

(9 points) Half the number of ideas are misplaced in the sequence of presentation

(10-12 points) Four or five ideas are misplaced in the sequence of presentation

(13-14 points) Two or three ideas are misplaced in the sequence of presentation

(15 points) All the ideas are appropriately sequenced

Language (15 points)

(0 points) 16 and above grammatical errors

(9 points) 11-15 grammatical errors

(10-12 points) 7-10 grammatical errors

(13-14 points) 4-6 grammatical errors

(15 points) No or very minimal (1-3) grammatical errors

Topic 3: Digital rhetoric Let’s Begin In a social context, digital technology introduces you to neighbors of the mind – people who are separated by distance, but close to you in thought and interest Nick Harkaway Digital technology has broken the barriers of time and space. Those who have access to technology can get information from different sources wherever and whenever without having to be dependent on local TV network programming or the availability of local newspaper broadsheets. The ubiquity of digital technology has transformed not only the way we receive information but also how we provide it. We need to be mindful of the nuances of language and content shared in digital spaces. The same holds true in the field of Rhetoric. The way classical rhetoric was practiced by the Greeks and Romans had certainly changed significantly due to the advent of technology. Learning Outcomes: After studying this section, you should be able to:

1. explain the characteristics of communication in digital spaces; 2. define digital rhetoric; and 3. explain how the canons of classical rhetoric apply to digital texts.

Read: Zappen’s journal article “Digital Rhetoric: Toward an Integrated Theory”

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Think After reading Zappen’s article, answer the following questions:

1. How does persuasion work in online communication? How are the rhetorical strategies of persuasion deployed in online spaces?

2. How do computer programs function as persuasive technology? 3. How do the processes of identity and community formation on social media affect

rhetorical practice online? Dig deeper Further Reading Hodgson, J., & Barnett, S. (2016) Introduction: What is Rhetorical about Digital Rhetoric? Perspectives and Definitions of Digital Rhetoric. Retrieved from: http://enculturation.net/what-is-rhetorical-about-digital-rhetoric Activity guide Zappen outlined the characteristics of digital communication, its affordances, and constraints. How are these evident in the realm of social media? It is time for you to take a closer look at a form of digital communication. Individual work:

1. Select a video or tweet that went viral. Briefly describe the subject of that viral video or tweet.

2. Analyze the viral video or tweet with respect to the characteristics (with its affordances and constraints) of digital communication.

WEEK 6 MODULE 3: COMMUNICATION AND IDENTITY

Topic 1: What is Identity?

Let’s begin

“Identity is the everyday word for people's sense of who they are It is about sameness with others and uniqueness of the self.” Paulin Djite

As social beings, this sense of oneself is formed through our interactions with others; it is not stable and unitary but shifting and multiple. The first text for this module provides a

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communicative approach to identity. The Communication Theory of Identity (CTI) developed by Michael Hecht and his colleagues is predicated on the notion that identity is a social process. Learning Outcome: After the activity, you should be able to explain the process of identity construction in and through communication.

Read

Hecht, ML. (2009). Communication Theory of Identity. In SW Littlejohn & KA Foss (eds), Encyclopedia of Communication Theory, pp. 139-141. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications, Inc.

Think

Answer the following study questions (Questions 2-5 are lifted from “Module 3: Communication and Identity Construction,” n.d., p. 3)

1. What are the core assumptions of CTI? 2. How is identity a social process? 3. How is identity constructed through communication? What are the processes

in identity construction in and through communication? 4. What is the layered or framed perspective on identity? What does each

frame encompass? 5. How do the frames interpenetrate? Can you think of a situation that shows

interpenetration between and among identity frames? Dig Deeper

Jung, E & Hecht, ML. (2004). Elaborating the communication theory of identity: Identity gaps and communication outcomes. Communication Quarterly, 52, 265-

283. Andreouli, E. (2010). Identity, positioning and self-other relations. Papers on Social Representations, 19, 14.1-14.13

TOPIC 2: The Process of Identity Construction

Let’s begin

The previous text asserts that the countless interactions we have with people other than ourselves have a lot to do with how our identity is constructed. At the same time, CTI also implies that identity is fluid rather than fixed. It is embedded in our conceptions of ourselves, our actions, our relationships, and our social affiliations, and it is produced, refashioned, and continually negotiated through interaction and social performances. Learning Outcome: After having gone through this activity, you should be able to analyze issues in the construction of personal identities.

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Watch (Link 1) and Read (Link 2)

Erving Goffman and the Performed Self

From BBC Radio 4 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6Z0XS-QLDWM

Adam Barnhart’s short commentary on Goffman’s theory http://www.dinicola.it/sit/Erving%20Goffman%20The%20Presentation%20of%20Self%20in%20Everyday%20Life.htm Think

Answer the following study questions:

1. How did Goffman employ a dramaturgical approach in studying identity?

2. In Barnhart’s commentary, why is impression management seemingly more crucial for marginalized individuals?

3. How does one make sense of the concept of “spontaneity” if the “front” is assumed to function in a general and fixed fashion?

Dig Deeper

Impression Management. In SW Littlejohn & KA Foss (eds), Encyclopaedia of Communication Theory, pp. 506-509. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications, Inc. Goffman, E. (1956). The Presentation of Self in Everyday Life. University of

Edinburgh Social Sciences Research Centre, George Square, Edinburgh 8 Monograph No. 2

Topic 3: Collective Identities

Let’s begin

From the perspectives of Hecht and Goffman, we now view the construction of our identities as highly influenced by our social groups. As such, individuals internalize societal norms and practices that result in collective identities such as racial and ethnic identity, national identity, religious identity, and organizational identity. These identities are then believed to be shaped by power dynamics in society. The notion of positioning may be relevant in understanding this process of social identity construction evident in identity politics.

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Learning Outcome: After this activity, you should be able to analyze issues in the construction of collective identities. Read

Andreouli, E. (2010). Identity, positioning and self-other relations. Papers on

Social Representations, 19, 14.1-14.13.

Think

Answer the following study questions (lifted from “Module 3: Communication and Identity Construction,” n.d., p. 9)

1. What is positioning? How does it clarify the relational character of identity?

2. How does positioning explain how marginalized groups negotiate and assert their collective identities in asymmetric social relations where they experience discrimination and prejudice?

Dig Deeper

Martin, JN. & Nakayama, TK. (2010). Identity and intercultural communication. In Intercultural Communication in Contexts (5th ed.) (pp. 161-217). New York, NY: McGraw-Hill. Wodak, R; De Cillia, R; Reisigl, M & Liebhart, K. (1999). The Discursive Construction of National Identity. Edinburgh, United Kingdom: Edinburgh University Press.

Activity Guide

Free Writing Exercise on Identity Construction 1. In a maximum of 1000 words, write about the dimensions of your identity based on what you have learned about the process of identity construction. Make sure to integrate insights from the reading materials in your essay. 2. Save your work in PDF using the file name Identity YOUR SURNAME and upload it in your Google Drive folder on April 8, 2022.

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WEEKS 7 AND 8

MODULE 4: COMMUNICATION AND REPRESENTATION Topic 1: Theories of Representation

Let’s Begin: Liza Soberano was bashed for equating being Filipino with sinigang. Prince Harry of England had to apologize for wearing the swastika symbol during a private party. Robert Downey, Jr. was cancelled by social justice warriors for playing a character that wore black face in the movie “Tropic Thunder.” The movie “Black Panther” became a symbol of celebration for the Black community even if it portrayed a nation that was totally fictitious. The source of the conflict in the movie “Arrival” was when aliens used the word “weapon” when they actually meant “tool.” The word “nigger” when used among blacks is a term of community but should a non-block use it then expect a fight. What do the scenarios have in common? They are all concerned about Representation. The scenarios are illustrations of how representation plays a very important role in communication; particularly in the communication of ideas and concepts. Learning Outcome: After this activity, you should be able to discuss the theories of Representation and their relationship with Culture and Communication. Read Chapter 1 of The Work of Representation by Stuart Hall which is available through this link: http://www2.hawaii.edu/~noenoe/hall1.pdf Think Answer the following questions (The first three questions are from Module 4 of Comm 10: Communication and Representation):

1. Why are signs and symbols important? 2. How do the theories of representation differ from each other? 3. Who are the key scholars of representation and what are their contributions to the understanding of representation? 4. Choose one scenario mentioned in the Let’s Begin section and discuss your feelings And views regarding your choice. How is representation manifested in the situation?

Dig Deeper Lacey, N. (1998). Semiotics. Image and Repesentation: Key Concepts in Media Studies (pp.56- 75). Palgrave Macmillan.

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Topic 3: Media and Representation Let’s Begin American Actress Claire Danes got the Filipinos’ ire when she said that Manila was full of squalor and cockroaches. Film director Brilliante Mendoza became an international sensation for his use of poverty porn with the Philippines as setting. American author Dan Brown once angered Filipinos because he described Manila as the “gates of hell” in one of his novels. In the foreign TV show “90 Day Fiance,” one of the most popular couples was No Neck Ed and Rose, an American and a Filipina. They became popular because of the conflict they had that revolved around Ed’s suspicion that Rose was only using him to get a green card and a good life in the US. Recently, the Philippines was described by a Thai newspaper as the “land of Covid-19.” With all the aforementioned scenarios, a typical Filipino can’t help thinking whether the Philippines is being represented accurately by various forms of media especially those based abroad. National pride is, of course, at stake. With an inaccurate portrayal of our country, there will be serious implications. A Filipino travelling abroad is usually met with suspicion in immigration counters around the world. A foreign tourist arriving for the first time in the Philippines is usually warned not to trust people in the streets. In this section we will discuss how representation in media can affect society. We will see how representation in media can influence our perspective about cultures and other societies. Learning Outcome: After this lesson, you should be able to discuss the relationship between media and representation. Read “Social Inequality and Media Representation” by Croteau and Hoynes in Media/Society: Industries, Images, and Audiences, pp. 195-227 Think Answer the following questions:

1) How have the mainstream media become a tool for the dissemination of racial, ethnic, gender-based, and class inequalities?

2) How do dominant ideologies influence the images communicated through the mass media?

3) What is your opinion about the writers’ conclusion about this role of the media?

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Dig Deeper

Angeles, Vivienne S.M. (2010). “Moros in the Media and Beyond: Representations of Philippine Muslims.” Contemporary Islam 4, no.1, 29-53. Available online: https:// link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11562-009-0100-4 Austria, Fernando A. (2007). “Gays, the Internet, and Freedom.” Plaridel 4, no.1, 47-76. Available online: http://www.plarideljournal.org/article/gays-the-internet-and-freedom/ Cañete, Reuben R. 2005. “Bench Underwear Ads and the Male Body.” Plaridel 2, no. 2, 69-92. Available online: http://www.plarideljournal.org/article/bench-underwear-adsand-the-male-body/

Activity Guide

Essay on Representation 1. In 1000 words, write an essay on the representation of social media for a happy life using the constructionist perspective. 2. Save your essay in PDF using the file name Representation YOUR SURNAME and upload it

in your Google Drive folder on April 29, 2022.

WEEKS 9 AND 10

MODULE 5 COMMUNICATION and CULTURE

Topic 1: High- and Low- Context Cultures Let’s Begin

One way or another, we have all experienced some form of contact with another culture, be it direct (e.g., travel, business transactions) or indirect (e.g., watching a foreign film). Because such encounters are normal in our lives as globalized citizens, it is important for us to learn about intercultural communication.

Our text provides a framework for explaining how one culture differs from another. (Tip: If a foreign friend ever complains to you about Filipino time, you can use this as a reference.)

Learning Outcome: After the lesson, you should be able to differentiate communication in high- and low-context cultures.

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Read

Read pp. 3-31 of Understanding Cultural Differences by Edward T. Hall and Mildred Reed (1990), available at the UPM VLE.

Think

Answer the following study questions lifted from “Module 5: Communication and culture,” n.d., p. 2:

1. What kinds of stimuli are defined by context? 2. How are these stimuli different in high and low context cultures? 3. 3. Give examples coming from your own experiences.

Topic 2: FILIPINO COMMUNICATIVE BEHAVIOR Let’s Begin

When we compare how different cultures communicate, as we did in our previous exercise, we become more aware of our own ways of communication. In this lesson, we build on that awareness as we turn to Filipinos’ communicative behaviors.

Learning Outcome: After this activity, you should be able to analyze Filipino communicative behavior. Read

Chapter 1, “Mga katutubong pamamaraan ng interpersonal na komunikasyon” in Pahiwatig: Kagawiang pangkomunikasyon ng Filipino by Melba Maggay (available in the UPM VLE)

Think

Answer the following study questions (lifted with modifications from “Module 5: Communication and culture,” n.d., pp. 7-8):

1. Which of the 10 indigenous Filipino ways of interpersonal communication that Maggay discusses do you often find yourself and/or people you know engaging in? 2. What are the motivations for these interpersonal communication behaviors? What are the drawbacks or the problems that arise from this way of communicating? 3. The communication behaviors that Maggay describes can be observed in oral and face-to-face interpersonal interactions. Are there manifestations of these in written and

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online communication behaviors of Filipinos, for example on social media? Cite examples.

WEEKS 10 AND 11 MODULE 6: INTERCULTURAL COMMUNICATION

Topic 1: Verbal Communication

Let’s Begin

Verbal communication refers to the reception, storage, retrieval, manipulation, and generation of linguistic symbols. Communicative misunderstanding, which is defined as “a potential breakdown point in conversation, or at least a kind of communicative turbulence” by Mauranen (2006, p. 128), is usually perceived as a problem in verbal communication and more specifically, in the interpretation of what is said by one or the other party. According to Bremer (1996), a problem in communication arises when “the listener achieves an interpretation, which makes sense to him or her — but it wasn’t the one the speaker meant” (Bremer, 1996, p. 40). This mismatch between the speaker’s meaning and the hearer’s interpretation is attributed by Hua (2014) to two factors: inadequate linguistic proficiency and pragmatic mismatch which results in pragmatic failure. Read 1. https://www.wellspanphilhaven.org/Portals/0/Docs/Nonverbal%20Communication.pdf 2. Communication styles. (n.d.). From https://moniviestin.jyu.fi/ohjelmat/hum/viesti/en/ics/20 Think

1. What is individualism and/or collectivism? What is the difference between individualism and collectivism?

2. What are self-construals? What are examples of self-construals?

3. How does individualism-collectivism impact on behavior?

4. What did the authors hypothesize and find out about the relationship between individualism-collectivism, self-construals, and communication styles?

5. What practical applications might these results have for cultural groups who are not mentioned in the study?

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Topic 2: Nonverbal Communication

Let’s begin

Although language is an effective and efficient means of communicating explicit messages, a full appreciation of the communication process especially in intercultural interactions requires consideration of nonverbal communication behavior. Nonverbal behaviors include all actions that take place during communication that do not use words, such as facial expressions, eye gaze, posture, use of space, and even tone of voice.

Watch/Read

1. Ekman, P., & Friesen, W. V. (1969). The repertoire of nonverbal behavior: Categories, origins, usage, and coding. Semiotica, 1(1), pp. 49 – 98.

From https://1ammce38pkj41n8xkp1iocwe-wpengine.netdna-ssl.com/wp- content/uploads/2013/07/The-Repertoire-Of-Nonverbal-Behavior-Categories- Origins-.pdf

2. Hall, E. T. (1982). The hidden dimension. Anchor Books.

From http://index- of.es/z0ro-Repository-2/Cyber/03%20- %20General%20Science/The%20Hidden%20Dimension%20- %20Edward%20Hall.pdf

3. Hall, E. T. (1959). The silent language.

From https://monoskop.org/images/5/57/Hall_Edward_T_The_Silent_Language.pdf

Think

1. What did Ekman and Friesen say about the usage and origin of nonverbal behavior? How did they elaborate on the cultural origins of nonverbal behavior?

2. How did they categorize nonverbal behavior?

3. What did Hall say about space? How does space take on different meanings across cultures?

4. How does space impact on the other categories or forms of nonverbal behaviors? In Hall’s treatise, it appears that space is the thread that shapes and links the other nonverbal behaviors. What is your stand on his proposition?

5. Ekman et al. and Hall wrote their treatise on nonverbal behavior and their communicative implications in the 1960s. Society has changed since then. Given the

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fact that culture is dynamic, do you think that their conceptualizations of nonverbal communication is still an adequate framework of analysis in the present time? Why do you say so? If no, which part needs to be re-examined today?

Topic 3: Towards Intercultural Praxis

Let’s begin

Aside from the clashes of meanings brought about by different cultural frameworks, there are bigger issues in intercultural communication that stem from a lack of understanding of other cultures. These include anxiety, ethnocentrism, stereotypes, prejudice, and discrimination. We consider these to be bigger issues as they do no only stem from and result in misunderstood meanings; rather they impact negatively on relationships between cultures and, at their worst, may be the source of intercultural conflicts with serious socio-political consequences.

Watch/Read

1. Sorrels, K. (2016). Intercultural communication globalization and social justice (Second edition). Sage.

From https://canvas.umn.edu/courses/137772/files/8254102/download?download_ frd= 1

2. SpringboardSchools. (2008, July 14). The lunch date [Video]. YouTube. From https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=epuTZigxUY8&t=5s

Think

Link 1:

1. Sorrells proposes a re-imagination of intercultural communication in the age of globalization. How is it a re-imagination and why is it necessary to propose it?

2. What did she say about intercultural praxis? What are the important considerations in intercultural praxis?

Link 2:

1. What does the short film suggest the older White woman had been taught about Black American men? And what does the short film suggest the Black American man had been taught about White Americans?

2. What assumptions did the white woman make about the Black American in the diner? What assumptions did the Black American make about the woman? What actions did each of them take based on their assumptions about each other? How did the characters’ assumptions about each other affect their ability to communicate their internal states?

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3. Consider the man behind the counter who watched the event unfold. What do you think does he stand for in that example of a cultural clash that is reflective of the bigger cultural collisions in our society?

4. What barriers in intercultural communication are evident in the interaction between the two characters in the short film?

5. Choose one of the two main characters and propose how Sorrells’ framework for intercultural praxis can be applied to improve the character's communicative encounter.

FINAL REQUIREMENT FOR THE COURSE: Reflect on what you have have learned in Communication 10 and on the value of the knowledge that you have gained to you as an individual. Post your thoughts on the Facebook group page of the class on May 20, 2022.