(Full text and illustration) The Gold Coins from Carnuntum

IN THE SHADOW OF THE HEATHENS’ GATE

The Black Book of the Gold Coins from Carnuntum

MEGA PUBLISHING HOUSECluj‑Napoca

2014

Cristian Găzdac ▪ Franz Humer ▪ Eduard Pollhammer

IN THE SHADOW OF THE HEATHENS’ GATE

The Black Book of the Gold Coins from Carnuntum

DTP and cover: Francisc BAJA

Cover photo: Heathens’ Gate (Răzvan Mateescu)Editing and layout (Cristian Găzdac)

ISBN 978‑606‑543‑482‑0

© Authors, 2014

Editura Mega | www.edituramega.roe‑mail: [email protected]

ARCHÄOLOGISCHER PARK CARNUNTUM. NEUE FORSCHUNGEN 9

GOVERNMENT OF LOWER AUSTRIA

ARCHAEOLOGICAL PARK CARNUNTUM

ROMANIAN ACADEMY

INSTITUTE OF ARCHAEOLOGY AND ART HISTORY CLUJ-NAPOCA

The research for this book was carried out within the research grants UEFISCSDI PN‑II‑ID‑PCE‑2012‑4‑0210

and PN‑II‑RU‑TE 20123‑0216

CONTENTS

CARNVNTVM. THE METROPOLIS AND ITS GOLD COINS 7

THE CELTS IN THE CARNUNTUM REGION 10

THE ROMAN CARNUNTUM – TOPOGRAPHY AND HISTORY 15

CARNUNTUM DURING THE MIGRATION PERIOD AND IN THE MIDDLE AGES 24

ABBREVIATIONS AND EXPLANATIONS OF THE INSCRIPTIONS ON COINS 27

BIBLIOGRAPHY 29

PHOTOS’ CREDITS 31

CATALOGUE 33

CELTIC COINS 35

ROMAN REPUBLIC 38

ROMAN EMPIRE 39

BYZANTINE COINS 121

MEDIEVAL COINS 135

CARNVNTVM THE METROPOLIS AND ITS GOLD COINS

In Roman times Carnuntum was a famous metropolis beside the Danube River in the province of Pannonia (fig. 1).

At the same time it was seat of the governor of Pannonia Superior. Carnuntum was a metropolis that received a large number of imperial visits (e.g. Tiberius, Marcus Aurelius, Septimius Severus, Diocletianus, Maximianus, Valentinianus I). In AD 308, Carnuntum hosted the Emperors’ Conference in attempt to solve the problems of succession during the time of the tetrarchy.

During the Middle Ages the villages of Petronell and Bad Deutsch‑Altenburg devel‑oped on the site of the former Roman metropolis (fig. 2). The inhabitants thus lived in the shadow of the Roman monuments – e.g. Heathens’ Gate = Heidentor (fig. 3) or the ruins of the legionary fortress.

Fig. 1. The Roman Empire, mid–2nd century AD, showing the location of Carnuntum

HISPANIA TARRACONENSIS

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BITHYNIA

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egeum

THRACIA

MOESIAIN

F.Pontus Euxinus

ACHAEA

EPIRVS

MACEDONIA

SICILIA

SARDINIA

CORSICA

ITALIA

GALLIA

AQVITANIA

GALLIA

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BELGICA

GALLIA NA

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BRITANNIA

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RAETIA NORICVM

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AC. = ALPES COTIAEAP. = ALPES GRAIAE ET POENINAEAM.= ALPES MARITIMAE

CARNVNTVM

Cristian GăzdaC • Franz Humer • eduard PollHammer8

Carnuntum once more became famous in the 19th century when the first “systematic” excavations started. From that time until the present day, with few interruptions, archaeo‑logical excavations have revealed the importance of Roman Carnuntum and its impressive edifices (tem‑ples, amphitheatres, baths, residential district (fig. 4), necropolises) and large number of artefacts (fig. 5). All these, together with intensive restoration and reconstruction activities, provided an opportunity to see Carnuntum again, in the glamour of its Roman glory.

In order to show the public image of the Roman metropolis Carnuntum, it

was necessary to study Roman artefacts discovered at this site and to publish infor‑mation about them. Apart from strictly scientific aspects (e.g. dating, analogies, typologies, archaeological context), the artefacts have enabled the reconstruction of sequences of daily life in Roman Carnuntum.

Coins are certainly among the most frequently discovered artefacts within a Roman settlement. From this point of view, Carnuntum can be considered a true champion as almost 100,000 Roman coins are inventoried in the collection of the Archaeological Park Carnuntum as well as a few Celtic and Greek coins.

This book presents the gold coins discov‑ered on the site of Roman Carnuntum and in its vicinity. Following a con‑vergent approach between the Archaeological Park Carnuntum and private collections, a number of 202 gold coins were avail‑able for the publication in this book.

It must be mentioned here that at this stage of research the information regarding the discovery of these coins indicates that they were not part of

Fig. 2. Map of the area of Carnuntum showing Petronell Castle. Below: drawings of some of the Roman ruins by Clemens Beuttler (1647)

Fig. 3. The so-called “Heidentor” (Heathens’ Gate) monument with virtual reconstruction

In the shadow of the Heathens’ Gate. The Black Book of the Gold Coins from Carnuntum 9

hoards but were single finds. In this con‑text Carnuntum has become the site that has provided the largest number of single gold coin finds known, at the moment, among Roman sites – probably second after Rome!

The spectrum of gold coins provides, in fact, the glory of Carnuntum’s his‑tory. The first gold coins date from the Celtic period (5 coins). Four hundred years of Roman rule are demonstrated by 148 gold coins, starting with Caesar and ending, conventionally, with the coin of Theodosius II issued in AD 425–429. However, the period after the Roman with‑drawal from Carnuntum and Pannonia is not one lacking in Roman gold coins on Carnuntum’s territory. Seventeen gold coins issued in the period of AD 430–475 come from this area. After the monetary reform of Anastasius in AD 498, Byzantine coins were found in Carnuntum – 28 coins issued between AD 507 and AD 668. The decreasing importance of Carnuntum after 8th century is demonstrated by the absence of gold coins, at least so far. A small number (4) of medieval Hungarian gold coins ends the chronological segments in Carnuntum (which was known as Petronell in medieval times).

Apart from the historical and numismatic data provided by these coins, as men‑tioned above, these artefacts may also reveal other particular aspects. On this line, it is obvious, that some coins were used as pendants – thus – losing their economic function as money – by adding a gold link. The temptation to get some profit by coun‑terfeiting gold coins is documented by the faked gold coins of Celtic and Byzantine prototypes or even creating hybrid types (e.g. coin no. 85).

Thus the number of gold coins from Carnuntum shows us that this ancient city, situ‑ated at the crossroad of the two main trade routes in Central Europe at this time, was not only “one among a lot of other Roman cities northern of the Alps”. The huge number of single gold coins as well as the “normal” ones – a very intensive circulation of money – demonstrates the special significance of Carnuntum during the first five centuries AD.

Fig. 4. A quarter in the ‘civilian’ Roman town

of Carnuntum with reconstructed buildings

Fig. 5. Bronze head of goddess Athena

Parthenos from Carnuntum

Fig. 6. A tray of gold coins from the Archaeological Park Carnuntum

THE CELTS IN THE CARNUNTUM REGION

The area of Carnuntum was populated in the two pre‑Christian centuries by the Celtic tribe of the Boii. During the 2nd century BC the centre of the Boii activities

was probably in Bohemia. In the 2nd and 1st centuries BC part of the tribe may have shifted their focus to the south, which led to the division of the tribe into several groups. Traces of the Boii were found in south‑west Germany and the Bavarian region. One group settled down in the Morava‑Danube area and built Bratislava’s castle hill, which became the hub of the tribal alliance.

Due to the later establishment of the Roman city of Carnuntum, the Celtic legacy is limited to stray finds, however, showing what is to be expected from a La Tène period settlement in this area. For instance, a pit with pottery dated in the time of Augustus reveals the presence of a small Celtic settlement where later the Roman auxiliary fort was erected in Petronell‑Carnuntum. In the 1990s, during construction work in the vecinity of the Roman ‘civilian’ town’s western necropolis, several metal objects (including a sword blade, a spearhead and a javelin shoe) indicate a war‑rior grave from the late La Tène period (fig. 7).

In the year 2003 (during the research on the Roman necropolis in Petronell‑Carnuntum) seven inhuma‑tion graves were assigned to a previously unknown necropolis of the early La Tène period.

However, there were mainly the oppida in Bratislava, the Devín’s Castle Hill (Slovakia) and the one on Braunsberg (Austria) that formed a triangle of major Celtic centres in the late La Tène period within the Carnuntum region.

At the end of the 2nd century BC, the administrative centre of the Boii tribal alliance has become a fortified acropolis on Burgberg (Town Hill) (fig. 8) and a surrounding settlement as a suburb in the area of the Old Town in the present‑day city of Bratislava.

The planning of this construction was favoured by the geographical configuration offered by the narrowing of the river Danube, the Little Carpathians Mountains and the Littauer Hills. The late La Tène period settlement covered an area of approximately 60 hectares. The fortified acropolis consisted of a wall of wood and earth with a palisade

Fig. 7. The inventory of a Celtic warrior grave from the ‚civilian‘ town of Carnuntum


of dry‑laid stones preceded by a V‑shaped ditch. Apart from various workshops such as pottery in the suburbs, the sovereignty of the oppidum from Bratislava was also indicated by the minting of its own coinage, which started around 70 BC. Objects that demonstrated casting and minting frequently came to light during the archaeological investigations in the Bratislava area. Crucibles, molds and plates (fig. 9) used to cast coins were among these artefacts. Several coin issuers are known from coins.

There was a Celtic hill fort covering an area of about 23 hectares on Braunsberg, west of the town of Hainburg, in the area of the Porta Hungarica, opposite to mouth of the river Morava.

In the 2nd century BC (La Tène C2) this fortification consisted of an internally reinforced battlement with an earth ramp and a palisade wall. To the west, the wood and earthen fortification was built into the rock. Its role was to control the area at the foot of the mountain (fig. 10). The settlement had dwellings dug deep into the slope. These buildings had clay floors and hearths. The discovery of spurs may also points to the presence of Celtic riders on Braunsberg.

A late La Tène population is documented where the Devín castle is located, on mighty limestone cliffs above the confluence of the Danube and Morava rivers (fig. 11).

The majority of buildings are one‑room houses and they were built of log or wattle walls covered with clay. Stray finds suggest that specialized fine bronze products were manufactured here. In the same Devín area a settlement dated in the 1st century AD was inhabited by a Celtic and a Dacian community, but one may expect even the Roman presence in this period. Late La Tène objects of Noric and Roman provincial features testify the transit of merchandise and a trading centre in Devín.

According to the numismatic evidence, the tribal territory of the Boii expanded in the 60s and 50s of the 1st century BC to the south towards Burgenland and West Hungary (Szombathelyi), and westward to the Vienna Woods. In the north, Boii

Fig. 8. Burgberg in Bratislava; the Centre of the Boii tribe

Fig. 9. Fragments of clay matrixes (to cast coins?) from Bratislava, 1st century BC


territory extended as far as the Marchfeld region. In the east, the tribal territory spread to the Danube Bend and the Tisza River.

In the early 40s of the 1st century BC there were border disputes and wars with the Dacians under King Burebista (Strabo 7,3,11; 7,5,2), targeting areas in present‑day Serbia and Croatia that were occupied by the Scordisci. The Boii were under the leadership of Kritasiros and were allied with the Taurisci who inhabited the region east of the Alps in Carinthia and Slovenia.

The military conflicts ended with a crushing defeat for the Boii. The suprem‑

acy of the Boii was broken and the central oppidum in Bratislava on the fortification from Bratislava was destroyed and abandoned. The most important inhabited area became Devín’s hill fortification. The other settlement (Braunsberg) was probably abandoned by the middle of the 1st century BC. Unlike the site in Bratislava, where destruction layers were identified, the finds from Braunsberg do not indicate a violent end of the settlement, but rather a slow withdrawal from the hill.

However, the rule of the Dacians did not last long. As the Dacian king Burebista died in 44 BC, the ensuing struggle led to the collapse of the great Dacian kingdom.

According to Pliny the Elder (Historia Naturalis, 3, 147) when the later oppidum Scarbantia Iulia (Sopron, Hungary) and colonia Savaria (Szombathelyi, Hungary) were established in the east of Noricum, large parts of former Boii territory had apparently become to wasteland – deserta Boiorum. The area appears to have come under the influence of the regnum Noricum. As the land was deserted (or at least sparsely popu‑lated), integration did not take place immediately after the war against the Dacians, but more likely after the Roman annexation of regnum Noricum in 15 BC. The kingdom of

Noricum was one of the few areas outside of the M e d i t e r r a n e a n region which was absorbed into the Roman Empire peacefully without any fierce battles.

Some mem‑bers of the Boii Celtic tribe may have survived even after the founding of the Roman Carnuntum in the region surrounding the metropolitan area, especially in the Leitha river area. This population is named on inscriptions as civitas Boiorum and is attested by rich archaeological inventory cremation graves as well as portraits and traditional representations on individual tombstones of the 1st and 2nd century AD (fig. 12).

A Boii prince, Marcus Cocceius Caupianus is named as praefectus of the civitas Boiorum (fig. 13) on a tombstone (which was later used as a cover for a sewer) dated in the early 2nd century AD and found in the vicinity of the Roman villa of Bruckneudorf. He or his father have received Roman citizenship under Emperor Nerva. The custom of using funerary monuments with tombstones was adopted by the now Romanized

Fig. 10. Reconstruction of the late La Tène tower

system on Braunsberg, looking west

Fig. 11. Burgberg in Devín, view

from south, 2005.


indigenous population. The Latin inscriptions testify unequivocally the adoption of Roman customs.

Shortly after the turning point of the year 6 AD, those mili‑tary‑historical events occurred that have been documented by the Roman cavalry prefect, Velleius Paterculus, who was in the service of the general and later emperor Tiberius (Historia Romana 2, 109, 5; 110, 1–2).

Thanks to Velleius Paterculus, Carnuntum is mentioned for the first time in the year 6 AD as a Celtic settlement, near which a winter camp had been set up. The location of this camp remains unknown. Some possible traces of this Roman marching camp were revealed by the geophysical survey north of the Danube, near Engelhartstetten in the Marchfeld region – circa 3 km from what later became Carnuntum. Other traces indicate the surroundings of the Heathens’ Gate monument and an area suitable for military strategy located west of the later ‘civilian’ town of Carnuntum (open fields ‘Gstettenbreite’) between Petronell and Wildungsmauer vil‑lages. However, only future excavations may be able to clarify the chronology and the location of this temporary camp.

The Celtic settlement (called Carnuntum by Velleius Paterculus) could have been located in Bratislava because of the concentration of Celtic coin finds.

The first Roman presence in the Carnuntum area can be seen in the context of the great plan of Augustan imperial pol‑icy for the creation of the province of Germania. At the time, the Roman army of Illyria under the command of Tiberius campaigned against the Marcomanic realm ruled by King Marobodus in today’s territories of Silesia, Bohemia, Moravia and part of Hesse. Tiberius invaded with his troops from the southern bank of the Danube. At the same time another Roman army under the command of C. Sentinus Saturninus attacked eastward from Mogontiacum (Mainz, Germany). Marobodus was forced to fight on two fronts. The planned incorporation of Bohemia and subsequently the areas to the Elbe into the Imperium Romanum would have been the final stroke in the battle for the northern borders of the empire. This plan did not work due to the Great Illyrian Revolt. Tiberius, who was at the time of the uprising already north of the Danube, had to turn around and fight the insurgency south of the Danube. He could not risk being completely cut off from supplies. It then took three years until the rebellion was put down. Due to the fighting in Pannonia the grandiose plan had failed. The year 9 AD brought the disastrous defeat of the Romans in the Teutoburg Forest in the battle against the Cherusci tribe led by Arminius. From that moment Rome abandoned the idea of extending the Empire in this direction. The Danube and the Rhine became the north‑ern borders of the Empire for the next centuries.

The 1st century AD witnessed the transformation of the Middle Danube with a security system consisting of regular sequences of watchtowers and legionary

Fig. 12. Tombstone of Umma Tabiconis from the Leitha area, depicted in Cletic dress with Pannonian fur hat, second half of the 1st c. AD.


and auxiliary forts. Unlike the Upper Germanic‑Rhaetian limes characterised by bar‑riers of walls and ditches, at Carnuntum the Romans used the natural terrain of the drop down to the Danube (up to 40 m) and the banks of the river. During the reign of the Emperor Claudius I the legio XV Apollinaris built the first permanent camp in Carnuntum on the south bank of the Danube, according to archaeological evidence dating from 40/50 AD. This was the foundation for the development of what later became the metropolis of Carnuntum.

Fig. 13. Tombstone of M. Cocceius Caupianus

from the villa in Bruckneudorf, beginning

of the 2nd century AD.

THE ROMAN CARNUNTUM – TOPOGRAPHY AND HISTORY

The legionary fortress of Carnuntum covering almost 18 hectares is located on the southern high bank of the Danube on a plateau overlooking the area from a height of two to five meters (fig. 14). The territory adjacent to the fortress was large enough to be able to be developed into a large military settlement (canabae legionis).

According to the oldest finds from the legionary fortress dating from the Claudian period, the earliest archaeo‑logical contexts are from around the years 40/50 AD. The legio XV Apollinaris (which stayed in Carnuntum until the early 2nd century AD) built the first fort of wood and earth. Building inscriptions show that some edifices were erected in stone during the Flavian period. The construc‑tion of the peripheral wall that replaced the old one of wood was also carried out by the soldiers of the 15th Legion, as documented by the stone blocks inscribed with marks of various centuriae (centu‑ries). The excavations, espe‑cially those in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, uncov‑ered structures within the fort dating in the Antonine‑Severan period. These structures were built by the legio XIIII Gemina, which replaced the 15th Legion and remained here until late antiquity in Carnuntum.

With the founding of the legionary fortress at Carnuntum, a large number of civil‑ians also settled in its immediate vicinity. This people had close economic contacts with the Roman army or else personal relationship with the soldiers. This resulted in a large‑scale expansion of the suburbs that reached its greatest extent of circa 120 hect‑ares during the Severan dynasty. This led to a significant overlapping within the area of the ‘civilian’ town that was established on an area of approximately 67 hectares.

Fig. 14. The legionary fortress from Carnuntum, view from SW, 2011. The line of trees marks the outline of the legionary fort


Research into the ‘military town’ (canabae legi-onis) has become far more detailed over the past two decades owing to aerial archaeological investi‑gations and geophysical prospections (fig. 15).

A number of large buildings were the kernel of the ‘military’ town. A large amphitheatre, 98 x 76 m, is located north‑east of the legionary fort. It was built by the 15th Legion in the 70s and had a capac‑ity of 8,000 spectators (fig. 16). On the west side, a temple to the goddess Nemesis was connected to the cavea’s walls of the amphitheatre. On the south‑west side of the legionary camp a large assembly place of the legion (campus) has been identified. This military exercise square consisted of a large area of approximately 177 x 233 m. In its final construction phases it was bordered on three sides surrounded by buildings. The south‑ern side was flanked by a large basilica. Opposite the campus, right on the Danube bank, was the provincial governor’s palace that, unfortunately, was badly destroyed by the continual erosion of the ground beside the River Danube.

A little more than 1.3 km south‑west of the legionary camp not far from the burial road was another military fort. During the Flavian period this auxiliary fort was built of wood and earth on a 4 hectares area. In the early decades of the 2nd century AD it was largely rebuilt in stone. From the time of the Flavian emper‑ors (69–86 AD) up to the 2nd century different units seem to have been garrisoned in this fort: ala I Hispanorum Aravacorum (c. 70–80 AD), ala I Tungrorum Frontoniana (80–89/90 AD), ala I Pannoniorum Tampiana (89/90–101/102 AD), ala III Augusta Thracum sagittaria (101/102–118/119 AD) and ala I Thracum victrix (118/119–2nd half of 3rd

century AD).Other military installations are documented

only by isolated archaeological finds: a bridgehead fort on the Danube, east of the present Museum Carnuntinum in Bad Deutsch‑Altenburg, probably symbolically depicted on the Marcus Aurelius’ col‑umn; the corresponding north bank counterpart in Stopfenreuth (now in the core area of the National Park Donau‑Auen). Other forts in this area form‑ing part of the defensive system along the Danube were east (Gerulata/Rusovce – Slovakia) and west (Aequinoctium/Fischamend – Austria).

A large building east of the ‘military’ town located in the meadow ‘Mühläcker’ was interpreted as a therapeutic

Fig. 15. Virtual reconstruction of

Carnuntum. The legionary fort and the canabae

legionis in the east, the ‘civilian’ town in the west


spa due to the numerous bathing facilities and it is thus considered as an ancient predecessor of today’s sanatorium in Bad Deutsch‑Altenburg.

In the ‘military’ town several religious sites have been identified, but it seems they did not play as a prominent position in the town as it was the case of the temples in the Forum of the ‘civilian’ town. A temple area of approximately 90 x 110 m was dedicated to the cult of Jupiter Heliopolitanus in Bad Deutsch‑Altenburg. A smaller holy precinct (temenos) for Liber and Libera and a temple for Jupiter Dolichenum were located at the periph‑ery of residential area. The ‘military’ town’s burial sites were found along the main road. In late antiquity, most of the canabae were abandoned by its inhabitants, and graves were discovered in the former settlement area.

The canabae legionis also included the administration of the 330 m high Pfaffenberg (on the eastern borders of Carnuntum) that hosted the sanctuary of Jupiter Optimus Maximus and the center for the imperial cult (fig. 17). The monuments from the temple area of the Pfaffenberg were uncov‑

ered and evacuated in the years 1970–1985 during rescue excavations.Some of the inscriptions discovered on Pfaffenberg mention the unit

of length ‘leuga’ (1 leuga = circa 2.22 km), designating the territory that stretched about 2.2 km from the legionary fortress. Residents within

the zone were resticted to certain limitations and could not claim land as sovereign property for themselves within this area. This issue on ownership could have been one reason for some people who preferred to settle outside this zone (extra leugam), on the territory of the present‑day village of

Petronell‑Carnuntum. The ‘civilian’ town of Carnuntum was thus established in the second half of the 1st century AD, circa 2.20 kilometres west of the legionary camp and the ‘military’

town (fig. 18).In the last two

decades exten‑sive large‑scale

excavations focus‑ing on the area of the

‘civilian’ town have made possible the documentation of the different stages in Carnuntum’s evolution.

The earliest known develop‑ment of the ‘civilian’ town (based on dendrochronological evidence) goes back to circa AD 80. Under the reign of Claudius I, if not already

under Tiberius, the province of Pannonia was officially established, and during the reign of

Fig. 16. The amphitheatre of the ‘military’ town, view from SW, 2006

Fig. 17. Statue of an emperor or god seated

on the magistrate’s chair (sella curulis) or the

Emperor’s and general’s (sella castrensis) found

in the temple area on Pfaffenberg, second half

of the 2nd century AD

Fig. 18. Virtual reconstruction of the ‘civilian’ town of Carnuntum, view from west


Trajan – between 103 and 107 AD‑ it was divided into Upper Pannonia (Pannonia Superior) and Lower Pannonia (Pannonia Inferior). Carnuntum became the seat of the governor of Pannonia Superior, while Aquincum (today’s, Budapest) was the capital of Pannonia Inferior. From 100 AD an increasingly dense development within the civilian city is noted. In 121 AD Carnuntum was officially awarded the statute of municipium – municipium Aelium Karnuntum by Emperor Hadrian (who had been the governor of Lower Pannonia), while he was

inspecting the border fortifications along the Rhine and Danube (fig. 19). The city was assigned to the tribus Sergia. Research in the open fields such as ‘Spaziergarten’ and ‘Tiergarten’ on the development of the individual insulae reveal north‑south ori‑ented strip plots. The first golden age was under the emperors Hadrian (117–138 AD) and Antoninus Pius (138–161 AD), but it was interrupted in the reign of Emperor Marcus Aurelius by the outbreak of the Marcomannic wars. Between 171 and 173 AD this provincial capital on the Danube frontier, Carnuntum, became the headquar‑ters of Marcus Aurelius during this conflict to repel the Germanic tribes who had

advanced towards Aquileia.In the year 193 AD, after the assas‑

sination of Emperor Commodus – who is frequently mentioned on altars in Carnuntum – there was a power vacuum in the Roman Empire. On the 9th of April 193, the troops from the Danube and Rhine proclaimed L. Septimius Severus as emperor. At that time, he was legatus Augusti pro praetore Pannoniae Superioris – the governor of Upper Pannonia. The acclama‑

tion took place in Carnuntum. Like Aquincum, Carnuntum, was also honoured by being elevated to the rank of a colonia. On inscriptions of that time the town is mentioned as colonia Aurelia Septimia Antoniniana Karnuntum (fig. 20). It followed a new economic and civilizational revival, which led to larger construction projects in the camp, in the canabae as well as in the ‘civilian’ town (e.g. the construction of the city wall). Parts of the city wall were uncov‑ered to the west in open field of “Tiergarten”, north‑east of castle Petronell and south of the visitor center of the Archaeological Park (fig. 21).

The double wall rested on foundations that were 0.60 m deep and 2.10 m wide. The overall height of 8.50 to 9 m can be reconstructed with a wall thickness of 1.65 m.

Caracalla (211–217 AD), the son and successor of Septimius Severus, travelled in the year 214 AD to the Danubian provinces. The fortifications on this frontier were

Fig. 20. Funeral inscription of C. Vallius Scribonianus

mentioning, for the first time, the statute of colonia, 3rd century AD

Fig. 19. Inscription of Augustales in

the amphitheatre of the ‘civilian’

town of Carnuntum mentioning municipium

Aelium Karnuntum, Hadrian to 193 AD


reinforced on this occasion. He probably stayed in Carnuntum. A dedicatory inscription to the health of the Emperor Caracalla and his mother, Julia Domna (which presumably refers to the restoration of a sanctuary for Serapis and Isis (fig. 22) could be considered as an argument in favour of this theory. In addition, the inscription attests the existence of a tem‑ple to Serapis, which (based on the findspot) can be located in the eastern part of the cana-bae legionis.

Like other Roman towns the Forum was built, as the center of the ‘civilian’ town of Carnuntum (fig. 23). It was only in 1996 when using geophysical prospecting in the field ‘Tiergarten’ – south of the public baths (the former ‘Palastruine’) – that the forum was discovered. Since then it was frequently investigated with higher resolution ground‑penetrating radar equipment. Images based on these measurements have shown that this complex covers an area of 9230 sqm (142 x 65 m), being north‑south oriented with the long sides bordered by porti‑coes. On the north side of the forum’s square there is an east‑west oriented basilica flanked by taverns. An approximately 65 x 45 m large complex – including forum

temples (Capitolium) and offices – forms the south side. The main east‑west street, decumanus maximus, runs along

the north side of the forum and south of the forum baths. The street joins the limes road east

of the legionary fort. The main north‑south street of

the town, cardo maximus, was located east of the Forum.

Just north of the forum are the forum baths (formerly known as the ‘Palastruine’) and the macellum (the market place) (fig. 24). This monumental complex was build up in the Severan period but

was destroyed by fire sometimes between 260 and 280 AD. After that this area was unpopulated until the period following the reign of Constantine I when it was rebuilt as a residential area with workshops. As was the case for the legionary fort and the ‘military’ town, this area was used for burials in the late period.

Within the ‘civilian’ city a sanctuary of Silvanus and Silvanae Quadriviae was identified. Just east of the city wall an exceptionally large Mithras sanctuary – the so‑called Mithraeum III – was uncovered. It was built at the turn of the 1st to the 2nd centuries AD. Outside the city walls, the suburbs extended to the west, south, and probably to east as well.

The amphitheatre is situated south of the ‘civilian’ town (fig. 25). A building inscrip‑tion, previously assigned to the ‘military’ amphitheatre, could now be assigned to the ‘civilian’ amphitheatre. A decurio, member of the City Council of municipium Aelium

Fig. 21. The city wall of the ‚civilian‘ town with the SW corner tower in the field ‘Tiergarten’

Fig. 22. Inscription for Serapis (and Isis), 213–214 AD


Carnuntum, Caius Domitius Zmaragdus from Antioch built the amphitheatre on public ground using his own financial resources (fig. 26). Since Carnuntum is named as municipium, the inscrip‑tion can be dated in the period of 117–193 AD prior to the elevation of the city to the statute of colonia under Septimius Severus. The capacity of the original wooden stands in the amphitheatre (that had a maximum height of 18 m) could host an audience of 13,000 people.

In 2011, west of the amphitheatre of the ‘civilian’ city of Carnuntum, the use of non‑destructive methods of geophysical prospecting led to the identification of a sensational archaeologi‑cal complex. It was identified as a gladiator school (ludus) (fig. 27).

The complex covers an area of 2,800 sqm. The buildings are set out around a courtyard, where a round training arena was detected (19 m diameter). The gladiator school also has a 100 sqm training hall equipped with underfloor heating; extensive bathing facilities and a large assembly or dining room. Next to them was a 300 sqm large administrative and residential area of the lanista (the man‑ager/owner of gladiators). Around the yard, two L‑shaped struc‑tures (probably elongated two‑storeys) housed the 5 sqm gladi‑ators’ living cells. To the north, adjacent to the building complex, was a vast, walled courtyard area (campus).

Apart from the literary tradition and individual discoveries in Rome, Pompeii and Ampurias (today’s, Empúries, Spain), very little is known about gladiator schools. The building structures are currently comparable only to the partially preserved ludus mag-nus, the great gladiator school in Rome. The gladiator school in Carnuntum, however, is unique in the world in its completeness and its dimension.

The stray finds from this area show an intensive use in the 2nd and 3rd centuries AD and a significant reduction of findings for the late antiquity.

The turbulent period of the so‑called ‘soldier emperors’ followed the end of the Severan Dynasty in 235 AD. From the assassination of Severus Alexander (fig. 28) until the accession of Diocletian in 284 AD, 26 legitimate emperors ruled and 41 usurpers are known. It was the military who proclaimed their commanders as emper‑ors. Beside these internal conflicts, Germanic peoples increasingly threatened the borders of the Roman Empire. Furthermore, in the East, on the upper Euphrates, the Sassanids crossed the frontier.

One of the usurpers tried from Carnuntum to win the throne. He was Publius C(assius ?) Regalianus, the governor of Illyricum or more likely of Upper Pannonia.

Fig. 23. The results of geophysical

prospections for the Forum of the ‘civilian’

town of Carnuntum

Fig. 24. The baths near the Forum

and the macellum, view from east


In the second half of the year 260 AD, he was pro‑claimed emperor by the Danube troops and turned against the then reign‑ ing emperor, G a l l i e n u s (260–268 AD). He minted his own coins in Carnuntum, overstr ik ing old antonini- ani with his portrait. His wife, Sulpicia Dryantilla, was shown on the coins bearing the title of Augusta (fig. 29). However, towards the end of the same year Regalianus was killed by his own soldiers.

Despite civil unrest and the threat from outside the Empire, Carnuntum contin‑ ued to prosper further since the western Pannonia was apparently spared by Germanic invasions.

On the 20th of November 284, Diocletian was proclaimed emperor in Nicomedia. His administrative reform divided the provinces into smaller units that were summa‑rized in dioceses governed by an appointed official called a vicarius (‘deputy of the praetorian prefects’). The dioceses in turn were assigned four praetorian prefectures. Sometime between 314/316 and 324 AD, Pannonia Superior was divided in Pannonia Prima and Pannonia Savia. The governor was now a praeses and had more civilian tasks. His seat was no longer in Carnuntum but Savaria (today’s, Szombathely, Hungary) for Pannonia Prima. Military matters fell into the hands of a dux Pannoniae primae et Norici Ripensis who was based in Carnuntum.

Diocletian introduced the so‑called Tetrarchy. Two Augusti and two Caesares, now ruled the empire. The Caesars as co‑regents were regarded as successors, thus avoid‑ing further problems as had frequently happened in the past. Diocletian appointed Maximinianus as co‑emperor and, so, a Pannonian from Sirmium reached the top of the imperial hierarchy.

On the 1st of May 305 Diocletian and Maximianus resigned. The succession issue was going to be discussed in Carnuntum. On the 11th of November 308, an imperial ‘conference’ was called in Carnuntum. The aim was to maintain the Tetrarchy and Licinius I was appointed Augustus in the West. Thus, the city became once more the centre of the Roman imperial history. This ‘conference’ was attended by the emperors Diocletian, Maximianus and Galerius (perhaps Licinius, too). On this occa‑sion, an altar dedicated to the sun god Mithras was erected in the Mithraeum III (fig. 30).

Diocletian’s idea – a huge Roman Empire with four reigning rulers – lasted only a few years. On the 18th of September 324, after the battle of Chrysopolis (today’s, Üsküdar, Turkey), Constantine I defeated Licinius I and became the sole ruler of the Empire.

Fig. 25. The amphitheatre of the ‘civilian’ town of Carnuntum, view

from west, 2009

Fig. 26. Foundation inscription of C. Domitius Zmaragdus for the of the ‘civilian’ town’s amphitheatre, 117 to 193 AD

Fig. 27. The results of geophysical prospections for the site of the gladiator school


Unlike other Roman towns, Carnuntum enjoyed a period of high prosperity in the late 3rd and the first half of the 4th centuries AD. Evidence of this can be

seen in the intense circulation of coins. The infrastructure in the civilian city was restored, existing residences experienced renovations and extensions. During the Tetrarchy the sanctuary on the Pfaffenberg enjoyed a resurgence of the Jupiter cult. The latest inscription dates from 313 AD, after which only scarce traces going towards the end of the 4th century suggest that the

cult was still in use, though coin evidence may prove otherwise.The legionary fortress has been renovated or rebuilt during centuries. The

peripheral wall was extended and reinforced. More changes occurred even in the second half of the 4th century AD. The Notitia Dignitatum, a late ancient administration guide, mentions a shield factory in Carnuntum (Carnutensis scutaria; Not. dign. occ., 9, 20) that may be corroborated with the discovery of several circular tanning tanks located near the inner side of the walls. The first half of the 4th century witnessed apparently an increased production of the leather shield factory. At this time Carnuntum was still a logistical center for the Roman military in the whole border province of Pannonia Prima. However, the

auxiliary fort was in military use only up to about the middle of the 3rd century AD. Several heated places inside residential buildings were noticed within the legionary fortress from about 400 AD. The clothing accessories discovered here suggest that some Germanic peoples, including women, have settled within the legionary camp in the early decades of the 5th century AD.

Shortly after 355 AD, an earthquake caused severe damage to the city. The archaeological evidence doc‑umented large‑scale devastation. Several buildings in the civilian city were so badly damaged

that they had to be demolished.About 900 meters south of the

town walls of the ‘civilian’ city, a monumental edifice was built in late antiquity, showing the form of a 15 m high quadrifrons (four‑faced) tri‑umphal arch. This edifice (known today as ‘Heidentor’ – ‘Heathens’

Gate’) is probably the best‑known Roman monument in Austria (fig. 31).

According to recent archaeological and numismatic evidence, this late ancient tri‑

umphal monument was erected in the 350s dur‑ing the reign of Emperor Constantius II (337–361 AD) while some repairs may have taken place in the time of Valentinianus I (364–375 AD). The historian Ammianus Marcellinus reported that Constantius II had built several triumphal arches in Gaul and Pannonia (Ammianus Marcellinus, Res Gestae, 21, 16, 15).

Emperor Valentinianus I, the last great Pannonian emperor, devoted much time inspecting the border and building more secure fortifications. He acted against the Quadi, who invaded the eastern parts of

Fig. 28. Bronze head of Emperor Severus

Alexander found within the canabae legionis of

Carnuntum, 222–235 AD

Fig. 29. Antoninianus of Dryantilla, 260 AD

Fig. 30. Mithras altar (the so-called “altar of Emperors’

Conference”), 2nd c. AD; inscription: 308 AD


Pannonia. In order to prepare for the conflicts he stayed in Carnuntum in 375 AD. Towards the end of the 4th century, the unit stationed in Carnuntum, the fleet classis Histrica (the Danube fleet) was withdrawn and moved to Vindobona.

The last written record in ancient literature on the state of Carnuntum can be found in Ammianus Marcellinus’s writings, who designates the city as “desertum quidem et nunc squalens” (‘now indeed in a desolate and ruinous state’) (Ammianus Marcellinus, Res Gestae, 30, 5, 2).

However, the migration of peoples from the East was unstoppable. The Huns pushed farther and farther westwards, the Alamanni were in Rhaetia on the Rhine. Part of the civilian population from Pannonia moved to Italy. Pannonia was eventually overrun over by Attila the Hun in 433 AD.

Fig. 31. Hypothetic reconstruction of Heathens’ Gate, after K. Müller (2001)

CARNUNTUM DURING THE MIGRATION PERIOD AND IN THE MIDDLE AGES

By the middle of the 5th century AD Carnuntum had become an ancient abandoned settlement with the final collapse of the Pannonian frontier at the begin‑ning of the migration period.

The territory of Carnuntum has certain points of settlement dating from the Migration period. By that time, the city and the fort were deserted. The new communi‑ties were Visigoths, Ostrogoths, Iranian Alans and Huns who had settled in Pannonia after the Battle of Adrianople (Edirne, Turkey) in 378 AD, when the Goths decisively defeated the Roman army led by the Emperor Valens.

The year 489 AD witnessed the occupation of South Moravia and the north‑eastern part of today’s Austria (‘Weinviertel’) by the tribe of the Langobards under

King Godeoc. From 526 AD ownwards the Langobards absorbed large parts of the former province of Pannonia into their territory. In 568 AD, on Easter Monday, the entire tribe under the leadership of King Alboin moved to Italy and left their terri‑tory to the Avar nomadic riders. For almost 250 years, the Avars were the sole rulers in Pannonia, where they settled down and started to farm and to breed cat‑tle. Archaeologically, the Avars’ presence in the area east of today’s Austria is mainly docu‑mented by their graves. Although the finds show

strong rider nomadic traditions Germanic and Byzantine elements are also present. Between 791 and 803 AD, several campaigns by Charlemagne against the Avars took

Fig. 32. The ‘Kirchenberg’ in Bad Deutsch-

Altenburg, aerial view


place that eventually led to the fall of the Avars. Consequently, the migration of Slavs happened faster although it may have already started.

Neither Longobard nor Avar finds were found in Carnuntum in large quantity. However, some Byzantine and Carolingian coins from the time of the conflicts between the Avars and the Byzantines and the Carolingians were discovered here.

A settlement dated in the 9th–10th centuries was in use for short time on the area of the former legionary fort. Contemporaneously with this settlement, some ramparts were discovered on the Kirchenberg (Church Hill) in Bad Deutsch‑Altenburg (fig. 32). On three sides, the steep cliffs of the Kirchenberg formed a natural shelter, which was partially enhanced by some low walls. To the south, the settlement area had to be protected by an artificially ditch dug into the rock and a high wall made of logs. The settlement on Kirchenberg had an area of approximately 3.5 hectares and was destroyed at the turn of the 19th and the 20th centuries by quarrying activities here. A necropolis belonging to this settlement dated in 950–1050 AD was also discovered on the Kirchenberg.

During this time the area of Carnuntum was caught in the struggle between the Hungarian and the German kingdoms. This situation led to the formation of a militar‑ily fortified border between the territories belonging to the Duke of Bavaria (with the Boundary County ‘Ostarrichi’ as its easternmost part), and those of the Hungarian Kingdom. One of these border fortresses one, “Heimenburc”, was erected in the vecinity of Carnuntum. The name is associated with a certain Heimo, a master mason, who was probably a follower of Emperor Arnulf. According to a document from 888, this Heimo was compelled to force his people to build a refuge where the population could take shelter in dangerous times.

In 1020, Henry II ceded the territory of Carnuntum, east of the river Fischa, to his brother, Stephen I of Hungary. During the campaign against the Hungarians in 1042, the territory was re‑captured by Henry III. The “Heimenburc” fortress was destroyed during these military conflicts. Two documents issued in 1051 in “Heimenburc” men‑tions St. Mary’s Church, where today’s church stands on Kirchenberg in Bad Deutsch‑Altenburg. The border fortifications were established further east, in Hainburg, while the former settlement was given the name Altenburg (Old Town). Therefore, the loca‑tion “Heimenburc” to which the old sources referred must be regarded in connection with the destroyed walled area on the Kirchenberg plateau.

Around the middle of the 11th century, the main inhabitated area is likely to have shifted chiefly to Hainburg. The new frontier fortress against the Hungarians was established on the Schlossberg (Castle Hill).

Unlike many other cities of the Danube limes (Regensburg, Passau, Linz, Vienna, Budapest, etc.) the buildings in Carnuntum were not overlaid by new buildings in the Middle Ages and modern times, but rather they were turned into a giant quarry that served for the building of new structures. Roman stones from Carnuntum are to be found in many buildings in the region, in Romanesque churches in Petronell, Bad Deutsch‑Altenburg, Hainburg and Wildungsmauer (fig. 33); in the medieval city walls in Hainburg and Bruck a.d. Leitha; in early modern palaces and public buildings or private houses.

The medieval sources regarding Roman Carnuntum are scanty. The earliest source referring to an ancient Roman city is the Descriptio Theutoniae dating from the second half of the 13th century. The information refers to a grave of a giant called Theuto. In the Vita Sancti Maximiliani (believed to have been written by a cannon of Passau around 1290) the city of Celeia, is alternatively called altera Troia. In the 14th and 15th centuries the mention of this location was frequently placed in conjunction with Carnuntum.


The dawn of the modern era brought numerous educated people to think about the Roman past east of Vienna.

The inhabitants of the small villages in the former city of Carnuntum lived for cen‑turies beside the Roman ruins, as some painting representations of surviving monu‑ments above ground show. Several engravings by Matthäus Merian after drawings by Clemens Beuttler show the state of preservation of Roman ruins and artefacts from the territory belonging to the Petronell‑Carnuntum Castle. Furthermore, as mentioned above, the Roman legacy was used as a cheap building material. Despite first historic preservation measures in the 18th century – a consolidation of the ‘Heidentor’ monu‑ment arranged in 1755 by Emperor Francis I through an imperial decree – the destruc‑tion of the ruins could not be stopped.

The beginning of archaeological research in Carnuntum started with Eduard Freiherr von Sacken, who wrote an extensive report to the Imperial and Royal Central Commission on the discovery of a Mithras Sanctuary in Bad Deutsch‑Altenburg. In his essay „Die römische Stadt Carnuntum, ihre Geschichte, Überreste und die an ihrer Stelle stehenden Baudenkmale des Mittelalters” (“The Roman town of Carnuntum, its history, remains and their place within the monuments of the Middle Ages”) he laid the foundation for future systematic scientific research in Carnuntum.

Fig. 33. The Romanesque church in Wildungsmauer with Roman spoils, 2005.

ABBREVIATIONS AND EXPLANATIONS OF THE INSCRIPTIONS ON COINS

AETERNITAS = personification of eternityAEQVITATI AVGGAequitati Auggustorum

= the equity of two emperors

ANNONA = personification of the grain supply to the city of RomeARMArmeniacus

= conqueror of Armenians

AVGAugustus

= title meaning revered; came to be equated with ‘emperor’; title taken by senior emperors

AVGGAuggustorum

= two emperors ruling jointly

AVGGGAugggustorum

= three emperors ruling jointly

CAE, CAES, CAESAR = title taken by senior and junior emperorsCEN/CENSOR = magistrate responsible for maintaining the census, supervising

public morality, and overseeing certain aspects of the govern‑ment’s finances

CERES = the goddess of agriculture, grain crops, fertility and motherly relationships

CONCORDIA = the personification of harmonyCOSConsul

= the highest elected office of the Roman Republic and an appoint‑ive office under the Empire.

COS DESConsul designatus

= consul designate; individuals who were elected or nominated as consuls the summer before taking office and received this title until they entered the office at the beginning of the year.

DACDacicus

= conqueror of Dacians

DD NNDominorum Nostrorum/ Domini Nostri

= our Lords

D G RDei Gratia Re

= by the Grace of God, King

D NDominus Noster

= our Lord

DIVI FDivi filius

= son of a god

DIVVS/ DIVA = deified imperial male/femaleGER/ GERMGermanicus

= conqueror of Germanics

FIDES MILITVM = the loyalty of the armyFORTVNA = the goddess of fortune and luckFORTVNA REDVX = the goddess that brought people home safely


GLORIAREI PVBLICAE

= the glory of the state

IMPImperator

= commander‑in‑chief of the army or victorious general. During the Principate period it became part of emperors’ cognomen

IOVIS CONSERVATOR = Jupiter the PreserverIVNJunior

= used for junior emperors Licinius II and Constantine II

IVPITER CVSTOS = Jupiter the ProtectorITERIterum

= for the second time

LIBERALITASAVGGVSTORVM

= the generosity of emperors

LVDI SAECVLARES = celebration that involved games, sacrifices, and theatrical perfor‑mances, held in ancient Rome for three days and nights to mark the end of a saeculum (100 years) and the beginning of the next

NOB CAESNobilissimus Caesar

= most noble Caesar; commonly used for junior emperors on Late Roman coins

OB C SOb Cives Servatos

= for having saved the citizens

OPTIMO AVGOptimo Augustus

= the Best Emperor

PARTHParthicus

= conqueror of Parthians

PAX = the goddess of peaceP P/ PER/ PERPPerpetuus

= continuous/forever

P FPius Felix

= pious and blest, pius to the gods and blest by the gods

P M/ PONTIF MAXIMPontifex Maximus

= Chief Priest

P PPater Patriae

= Father of his Country; a title adopted by Augustus and conferred on several later emperors.

PRPraetor

= title granted by the government of Ancient Rome to men acting in one of two official capacities: the commander of an army or an elected magistrate

RESTITVTORREI PVBLICAE

= restorer of the state

ROMA AETERNA = eternal RomePRINC IVVENTPrinceps iuventutis

= the first amongst the young; frequently bestowed on eligible suc‑cessors to the emperor, especially from his family

S P Q RSenatus Populusque Romanus

= the Senate and People of Rome

TR P/ TR POTTribunicia potestate

= one of the legal powers of the emperor; the civil head of state

VOT…MVL…Votis…multis…

= because of the vows, [no. of ] years, through more vows, [no. of ] years

SSanctus

= Saint

S CSenatus consultum

= decree of the senate; the coins were struck with the public authority of the Senate; with few exceptions the letters appeared on the brass coins issued from the reign of Augustus to the one of Gallienus

SALVS = personification of health and welfareSALVS REI PVBLICAE = the health and welfare of the stateSECVRITAS = personification of securitySPES POPVLI ROMANI = the hope of the Roman peopleVICTORIA = personification of victoryVIRTVS MILITVM = the bravery of the army

BIBLIOGRAPHY

CataloguesDembski 1998 = G. Dembski, Münzen der Kelten. Wien‑Milano.

FMRÖ III/1 = W. Hahn, Die Fundmünzen der römischen Zeit in Österreich, Abteilung III/1, Carnuntum, Wien 1976.

FMRÖ III/2 = Numismata Carnuntina – Forschungen und Material. [Die Fundmünzen der römischen Zeit in Österreich Abteilung III: Niederösterreich, Band 2: Die antiken Fundmünzen im Museum Carnuntinum]. (eds. M. Alram/ F. Schmidt‑Dick/ G. Dembski). Wien 2007.

MIB I = Hahn, W., Von Anastasius I. bis Justinianus I. (491–565), ein‑schließlich der ostgotischen und vandalischen Prägungen. Moneta Imperii Byzantini 1. Wien 1973.

MIB II = Hahn, W., Von Justinus II. bis Phocas (565–610), einschließlich der Prägungen der Heraclius‑Revolte und mit Nachträgen zum I. Band. Moneta Imperii Byzantini 2. Wien 1975.

MIB III = Hahn, W., Von Heraclius bis Leo III. Alleinregierung (610–720). Moneta Imperii Byzantini 3. Wien 1981.

MIR 2/3 = Szaivert, W., Die Münzprägung der Kaiser Tiberius und Caius (Caligula) 14/41. Moneta Imperii Romani 2/3. Wien 1984.

MIR 14 = Woytek, B., Die Reichsprägung des Kaisers Traianus (98–117). Moneta Imperii Romani 14. Wien 2010.

MIR 18 = Szaivert, W., Die Münzprägung der Kaiser Marcus Aurelius, Lucius Verus und Commodus (161–192). Moneta Imperii Romani 36/43/44. Wien 1989.

MIR 36/43/44 = Göbl, R., Die Münzprägung der Kaiser Valerianus I./Gallienus/Saloninus (253/268), Regalianus (260) und Macrianus/Quietus (260/262). Moneta Imperii Romani 36/43/44. Wien 2000.

MIR 47 = Göbl, R., Die Münzprägung des Kaisers Aurelianus (270/75). Moneta Imperii Romani 47. Wien 1995.

Pohl 1972 = Pohl, A., Hunyadi Matyas birodalmanak ezüstpenzei, 1458–1490. Budapest

WorksBuora/Jobst 2002 = Roma sul Danubio: da Aquileia a Carnuntum lungo la via dell’ambra

[Mostra Roma sul Danubio, da Aquileia a Carnuntum Lungo la Via dell’Ambra; Castello di Udine, ottobre 2002 – marzo 2003], (eds. M. Buora/ W. Jobst), Rome.


Dembski 1998 = G. Dembski, Münzen der Kelten. Wien‑Milano.

Göbl 1988 = R. Göbl, Goldener barbarisierter Münzanhänger des 3. Jahrhunderts aus Carnuntum. Carnuntum Jahrbuch 1987, 55–61.

Humer 2004 = Marc Aurel und Carnuntum [Sonderausstellung aus Anlass des Jubiläums “100 Jahre Archäologisches Museum Carnuntinum”, Bad Deutsch‑Altenburg 20.03. – 15.12.2004], (ed. F. Humer), Horn.

Humer 2006 = Legionsadler und Druidenstab. Vom Legionslager zur Donaumetropole [Sonderausstellung aus Anlass des Jubiläums „2000 Jahre Carnuntum“, Archäologisches Museum Carnuntinum Bad Deutsch‑Altenburg 21. März 2006 – 11. November 2007], (ed. F. Humer). Horn.

Humer/Kremer 2011 = Götterbilder – Menschenbilder: Religion und Kulte in Carnuntum [Ausstellung im Rahmen der Niederösterreichischen Landesausstellung 2011 “Erobern – Entdecken – Erleben im Römerland Carnuntum” im Archäologischen Museum Carnuntinum, Bad Deutsch‑Altenburg, 16. April 2011 bis 15. November 2012], (eds. F. Humer/ G. Kremer). Wien.

Jobst 1992 = Carnuntum: das Erbe Roms an der Donau [Katalog der Ausstellung des Archäologischen Museums Carnuntinum in Bad Deutsch Altenburg], (ed. W. Jobst), Wien.

Jobst 2002 = W. Jobst, Die Siedler von Carnuntum: Bernsteinhändler, Kaiserpriester und Legionäre am Donaulimes, Brixen.

Moorhead 2013 = S. Moorhead, A History of Roman Coinage in Britain, Witham.

PHOTOS’ CREDITS

CARNVNTVM – the metropolis and its gold coinsFig. 1: C. Găzdac, N. Gudea, Porolissum [Coins from Roman Sites and Collections of Roman Coins from Romania 2], Cluj‑Napoca 2006, p. 37.]Fig. 2, 3, 5, 6: Government of Lower Austria – Archaeological Park Carnuntum, Bad Deutsch‑Altenburg.Fig. 4: Archive of aerial photographs, M. Doneus (Institute of Prehistory and Historical Archaeology, Vienna).

The Celts in CarnuntumFigs. 7. 12. 13: Government of Lower Austria – Archaeological Park Carnuntum, Bad Deutsch‑Altenburg (N. Gail, Vienna).Figs. 8. 10. 11: Franz Humer, Haslau a. d. Donau.Fig. 9. City Museum of Bratislava (A. Vrtel, Bratislava).

The Roman Carnuntum – topography and historyFigs. 14, 16, 25: Archive of aerial photographs, M. Doneus (Institute of Prehistory and Historical Archaeology, Vienna).Figs. 15, 18: Government of Lower Austria – Archaeological Park Carnuntum, Bad Deutsch‑Altenburg (Grafik: 7reasons Medien GmbH).Figs. 17, 19, 20, 22, 26, 28–31: Government of Lower Austria – Archaeological Park Carnuntum, Bad Deutsch‑Altenburg (N. Gail, Vienna).Figs. 21, 24: Government of Lower Austria – Archaeological Park Carnuntum, Bad Deutsch‑Altenburg.Figs. 23, 27: ZAMG Archeo‑Prospections / LBI ArchPro.

Carnuntum during the Migration period and the Middle AgesFig. 32: Archive of aerial photographs, M. Doneus (Institute of Prehistory and Historical Archaeology, Vienna).Fig. 33: Franz Humer, Haslau a. d. Donau.

C A T A L O G U E

CELTIC COINS

Unknown issuer

1. Denomination: ‑Axis: 1; D: 14.6 mm; W: 2.99 gr.Mint: ‑Dating: 1st c. BCObv: barbarous inscription.Teenager bust to left, bear head.Rv: barbarous inscription.exergue: barbarous inscriptionMan on ground to right attacked by a bear.Inv. No. 24494Reference: Göbl 1988, 55–61;Bibliography: Humer 2006, 47, no. 155; FMRÖ III/2, 2

BOII

2. Denomination: 1/8 staterAxis: 12; D: 8 mm; W: 1.02 gr.Mint: BohemiaDating: 1st c. BCObv: Barbarous helmeted “Athena’s” head to leftRv: barbarous inscription.Barbarous Athena‑Alkis advancing left, brandishing spear in right hand and holding shield in left.Inv. No. 36208Reference: Dembski 1998, p. 496Bibliography: Humer 2006, 48–49, no. 165; FMRÖ III/2, 6


BOII

3. Denomination: stater – platedAxis: ‑; D: 15.7 mm; W: 3.75 gr.Mint: BohemiaDating: 1st c. BCObv: Two humps.Rv: Concave shape, hump and dots.Inv. No. 36206Reference: Dembski 1998, p. 511Bibliography: Humer 2006, 48–49, no. 166; FMRÖ III/2, 7

BOII

4. Denomination: staterAxis: ‑; D: 15.5 mm; W: 6.64gr.Mint: BohemiaDating: 1st c. BCObv: A ‘splayed hand’ on a hump.Rv: Mussel shell with ribbing in field above.Inv. No. 36207Reference: Dembski 1998, p. 530Bibliography: Humer 2006, 48–49, no. 167; FMRÖ III/2, 8


BOII

5. Denomination: staterAxis: ‑; D: 14.8 mm; W: 6.69gr.Mint: BohemiaDating: 1st c. BCObv: Hump.Rv: Mussel shell with ribbing in field above.Reference: Dembski 1998, p. 530Private collection


ROMAN REPUBLIC

CAESAR(moneyer Aulus Hirtius)

6. Denomination: aureusAxis: 12; D: 18 mm; W: 7.84 gr.Mint: RomeDating: 46 BCObv: C(aius) CAESAR CO(n)S(ul) TER(tium)Veiled head of Vesta right.Rv: A(ulus) HIRTIVS PR(aetor)Priest tools: lituus, jug and axe.Inv. No. 38394Reference: RRC, 466/1Bibliography: FMRÖ III/2, 38394


ROMAN EMPIRE

AVGVSTVS

7. Denomination: aureusAxis: 7; D: 19.4 x 18.4 mm; W: 7.98 gr.Mint: LugdunumDating: 11–10 BCObv: DIVI F(ilius) – AVGVSTVS Bare head, right.Rv: exergue: IMP(erator) XIIBull butting left.Reference: RIC I2, 176Private collection

AVGVSTVS

8. Denomination: quinariusAxis: 6; D: 15.3 mm; W: 3.91 gr.Mint: LugdunumDating: 7–6 BCObv: DIVI F(ilius) – AVGVSTVS Laureate head, right.Rv: TR(ibunicia) POT(estate) XVII Victory seated right on globe, hands on lap.Inv. No. 24118Reference: RIC I2, 203Bibliography: Jobst 1992, 87, no. 9, Humer 2006, 87, no. 299, FMRÖ III/2, 442


AVGVSTVS

9. Denomination: aureusAxis: 12; D: 20 mm; W: 7.89 gr.Mint: LugdunumDating: 2 BC – AD 4Obv: CAESAR AVGVSTVS – DIVI PATER PATRIAE Laureate head, right.Rv: AVGVSTI F(ilius) CO(n)S(ules) DES(ignati) PRINC(ipes) IVVENT(utis) exergue: C(aius) [et] L(ucius) CAESARESCaius and Lucius Caesar, on left and right, standing front, each togate and resting hand on shield; behind each shield, a spear; above, on left, simpulum right, and on right, lituus left.Inv. No. 24375Reference: RIC I2, 206Bibliography: Jobst 1992, 119, no. 275; FMRÖ III/2, 642

AVGVSTVS

10. Denomination: aureusAxis: 6; D: 19.7 x 18.7 mm; W: 7.84 gr.Mint: LugdunumDating: 2 BC – AD 4Obv: CAESAR AVGVSTVS – DIVI PATER PATRIAE Laureate head, right.Rv: AVGVSTI [f(ilius) co(n)s(ules) des(ignati) princ(ipes)] ivvent(utis)] exergue: C(aius) [et] L(ucius) CAESARESCaius and Lucius Caesar, on left and right, standing front, each togate and resting hand on shield; behind each shield, a spear; above, on left, simpulum right, and on right, lituus left.Inv. No. 38318Reference: RIC I2, 206Bibliography: FMRÖ III/2, 643


AVGVSTVS

11. Denomination: aureusAxis: 12; D: 20.2 x 18.6 mm; W: 7.73 gr.Mint: LugdunumDating: 2 BC – AD 4Obv: CAESAR AVGVSTVS – DIVI PATER PATRIAE Laureate head, right.Rv: AVGVSTI F(ilius) CO(n)S(ules) DES(ignati) PRINC(ipes) IVVENT(utis) exergue: C(aius) [et] L(ucius) CAESARESCaius and Lucius Caesar, on left and right, standing front, each togate and resting hand on shield; behind each shield, a spear; above, on left, simpulum right, and on right, lituus left.Inv. No. 983Reference: RIC I2, 206Bibliography: Humer 2006, 88, no. 301; FMRÖ III/2, 644; Humer 2009, 56, no 87

AVGVSTVS

12. Denomination: aureusAxis: 11; D: 19.5 mm; W: 7.75 gr.Mint: LugdunumDating: 2 BC – AD 4Obv: CAESAR AVGVSTVS – DIVI PATER PATRIAE Laureate head, right.Rv: AVGVSTI F(ilius) CO(n)S(ules) [des(ignati) princ(ipes) ivven]T(utis) exergue: C(aius) [et] L(ucius) CAESARESCaius and Lucius Caesar, on left and right, standing front, each togate and resting hand on shield; behind each shield, a spear; above, on left, lituus right, and on right, simpulum left.Inv. No. 38527Reference: RIC I2, 209Bibliography: Buora/Jobst 2002, 187, no. IIb.2; Humer 2006, 87–88, no. 302; FMRÖ III/2, 657; Humer 2009, 71–72, no. 153


TIBERIVS

13. Denomination: aureusAxis: 3; D: 19.6 mm; W: 7.70 gr.Mint: LugdunumDating: 14–37Obv: TI(berius) CAESAR DIVI – AVG(usti) F(ilius) AVGVSTVS Laureate head, right.Rv: PONTIF(ex) – MAXIM(us) Female figure seated right, in right hand holding inverted spear, in left hand branch, on chair with ornamented legs. Single line below.Inv. No. 984Reference: RIC I2, 29; MIR 2, 1–1, Lk1Bibliography: FMRÖ III/2, 664

TIBERIVS

14. Denomination: aureusAxis: 2; D: 18.5 mm; W: 7.60 gr.Mint: LugdunumDating: 14–37Obv: [ti(berius)] CAESAR DIVI – AVG(usti) F(ilius) AVG[ustus] Laureate head, right.Rv: PONTIF(ex) – MAXIM(us) Female figure seated right, in right hand holding inverted spear, in left hand branch, on chair with ornamented legs. Single line below.Inv. No. 24210Reference: RIC I2, 29; MIR 2, 1–1, Lk1Bibliography: FMRÖ III/1, no. 254; Jobst 1992, 97, no. 105; FMRÖ III/2, 665


TIBERIVS

15. Denomination: aureusAxis: 4; D: 17.8 mm; W: 7.12 gr.Mint: LugdunumDating: 14–37Obv: TI(berius) CAESAR DIVI – AVG(usti) F(ilius) AVGVSTVS Laureate head, right.Rv: PONTIF – MAXIM Female figure seated right, in right hand holding inverted spear, in left hand branch, on chair with ornamented legs. Single line below.Inv. No. 42753Reference: RIC I2, 29; MIR 2, 1–1, Lk1

CLAVDIVS I: Nero Claudius Drusus (Claudius’ father)

16. Denomination: aureusAxis: 11; D: 20.1 x 18.7 mm; W: 7.64 gr.Mint: LugdunumDating: 41–42Obv: NERO CLAVDIVS • DRVSVS GERMANICVS • IMP(erator)Head, laureate, left.Rv: [de] GE-R-MA-NISTwo oblong shields crossed in front of two pairs of crossed spears and vexillum flanked by trumpets.Reference: RIC I2, 73Private collection


NERO

17. Denomination: aureusAxis: 6; D: 19.1 x 17.5 mm; W: 7.60 gr.Mint: RomeDating: 60–61Obv: NERO • CAESAR • AVG(ustus) • IMP(erator) Head, bare, right.Rv: PONTIF(ex) • MAX(imus) TR(ibunicia) – P(otestatis) CO(n)S(ul) IIII P(ater) P(atriae)in field: EX – S(enato) C(onsulto)Virtus helmeted and in military dress, standing left, right foot on pile of arms, right hand hold‑ing parazonium on knee, left hand holding spear.Reference: RIC I2, 25Private collection

NERO

18. Denomination: aureusAxis: 5; D: 18.4 mm; W: 7.14 gr.Mint: RomeDating: 64–65Obv: NERO CAESAR – AVGVSTVSLaureate head, right.Rv: IVPPITER – CVSTOSJupiter, bare to waist, seated left on throne, in right hand holding thunderbolt, in left long sceptre.Inv. No. 38391Reference: RIC I2, 52Bibliography: FMRÖ III/2, 1235


NERO

19. Denomination: aureusAxis: 3; D: 18.9 x 17.5 mm; W: 7.10 gr.Mint: RomeDating: 64–65Obv: NERO CAESAR – AVGVSTVSLaureate head, right.Rv: IVPPITER – CVSTOSJupiter, bare to waist, seated left on throne, in right hand holding thunderbolt, in left long sceptre.Inv. No. 24213Reference: RIC I2, 52Bibliography: Jobst 1992, 97, no. 108, FMRÖ III/2, 1236

NERO



NERO

21. Denomination: aureusAxis: 6; D: 18.3 mm; W: 7.02 gr.Mint: RomeDating: 64–65Obv: NERO CAESAR – AVGVSTVSLaureate head, right.Rv: [iup]PITER – CVSTOSJupiter, bare to waist, seated left on throne, in right hand holding thunderbolt, in left long sceptre.Inv. No. 38320Reference: RIC I2, 52Bibliography: FMRÖ III/2, 1238

NERO

22. Denomination: aureusAxis: 6; D: 19.2 x 16 mm; W: 7 gr.Mint: RomeDating: 64–65Obv: NERO CAESAR – AVGVSTVSLaureate head, right.Rv: IVPPITER – CVSTOSJupiter, bare to waist, seated left on throne, in right hand holding thunderbolt, in left long sceptre.Inv. No. 38321Reference: RIC I2, 52Bibliography: FMRÖ III/2, 1239


NERO


NERO

24. Denomination: aureusAxis: 6; D: 17.9 mm; W: 7.22 gr.Mint: RomeDating: 64–65Obv: NERO CAESAR – AVGVSTVSLaureate head, right.Rv: IVPPITER – CVSTOSJupiter, bare to waist, seated left on throne, in right hand holding thunderbolt, in left long sceptre.Inv. No. 42722Reference: RIC I2, 52Bibliography: Humer/Kremer 2011, 298, no. 424


NERO

25. Denomination: aureusAxis: 8; D: 18.9 x 18.2 mm; W: 7.16 gr.Mint: RomeDating: 64–65Obv: [ne]RO CAESAR – AVGVSTVSLaureate head, right.Rv: IV[ppiter] – CVSTOSJupiter, bare to waist, seated left on throne, in right hand holding thunderbolt, in left long sceptre.Inv. No. 42754Reference: RIC I2, 52

NERO

26. Denomination: aureusAxis: 5; D: 18.8 x 17.8 mm; W: 7.02 gr.Mint: RomeDating: 65–66Obv: NERO CAESAR – AVGVSTVSLaureate head, right.Rv: exergue: SALVSSalus seated left on throne, holding patera in right hand and resting left at her side.Inv. No. 38322Reference: RIC I2, 59Bibliography: FMRÖ III/2, 1248


NERO

27. Denomination: aureusAxis: 4; D: 19.1 mm; W: 7.13 gr.Mint: RomeDating: 65–66Obv: NERO CAESAR – AVGVSTVSLaureate head, right.Rv: exergue: SALVSSalus seated left on throne, holding patera in right hand and resting left at her side.Reference: RIC I2, 59Private collection

NERO

28. Denomination: aureusAxis: 5; D: 18.8 x 17.2 mm; W: 7.11 gr.Mint: RomeDating: 65–66Obv: NERO CAESAR – AVGVSTVSLaureate head, right.Rv: exergue: SALVSSalus seated left on throne, holding patera in right hand and resting left at her side.Reference: RIC I2, 59Private collection


NERO

29. Denomination: aureusAxis: 6; D: 17.6 mm; W: 7.23 gr.Mint: RomeDating: 66–67Obv: IMP(erator) NERO CAESAR – AVGVSTVSLaureate head, right.Rv: IVPPITER – CVSTOSJupiter, bare to waist, seated left on throne, in right hand holding thunderbolt, in left long sceptre.Inv. No. 38316Reference: RIC I2, 63Bibliography: FMRÖ III/2, 1255

NERO

30. Denomination: aureusAxis: 6; D: 18.9 x 18.1 mm; W: 7.13 gr.Mint: RomeDating: 66–67Obv: IMP(erator) NERO CAESAR – AVGVSTV[s]Laureate head, right.Rv: IVPPITER – CVSTOSJupiter, bare to waist, seated left on throne, in right hand holding thunderbolt, in left long sceptre.Inv. No. 38317Reference: RIC I2, 63Bibliography: FMRÖ III/2, 1256


NERO

31. Denomination: aureusAxis: 6; D: 18.3 x 17.3 mm; W: 7.09 gr.Mint: RomeDating: 66–67Obv: IMP(erator) NERO CAESAR – AVGVS[t]VSLaureate head, right.Rv: IVPPITER – CVSTOSJupiter, bare to waist, seated left on throne, in right hand holding thunderbolt, in left long sceptre.Inv. No. 38324Reference: RIC I2, 63Bibliography: FMRÖ III/2, 1257

NERO

32. Denomination: aureusAxis: 6; D: 18.5 mm; W: 6.91 gr.Mint: RomeDating: 66–67Obv: IMP(erator) NERO CAESAR – AVGVSTV[s]Laureate head, right.Rv: IVPPITER – CVSTOSJupiter, bare to waist, seated left on throne, in right hand holding thunderbolt, in left long sceptre.Inv. No. 38323Reference: RIC I2, 63Bibliography: FMRÖ III/2, 1258


NERO

33. Denomination: aureusAxis: 6; D: 18.6 mm; W: 7.32 gr.Mint: RomeDating: 66–67Obv: IMP(erator) NERO CAESAR – AVGVSTVSLaureate head, right.Rv: IVPPITER – CVSTOSJupiter, bare to waist, seated left on throne, in right hand holding thunderbolt, in left long sceptre.Inv. No. 42775Reference: RIC I2, 63Bibliography: Humer 2006, 142, no. 463

NERO

34. Denomination: aureusAxis: 6; D: 18.1 mm; W: 6.98 gr.Mint: RomeDating: 66–67Obv: IMP(erator) NERO CAESAR – AVGVSTVSLaureate head, right.Rv: IVPPITER – CVSTOSJupiter, bare to waist, seated left on throne, in right hand holding thunderbolt, in left long sceptre.Inv. No. 42776Reference: RIC I2, 63Bibliography: Humer 2006, 141–142, no. 462


NERO

35. Denomination: aureusAxis: 6; D: 18.2 x 17.3 mm; W: 6.90 gr.Mint: RomeDating: 66–67Obv: IMP(erator) NERO CAESAR – AVGVS[tus]Laureate head, right.Rv: exergue: [s]ALVSSalus seated left on throne, holding patera in right hand and resting left at her side.Inv. No. 38325Reference: RIC I2, 66Bibliography: FMRÖ III/2, 1263

NERO

36. Denomination: aureusAxis: 6; D: 18.8 x 17.5 mm; W: 7.31 gr.Mint: RomeDating: 66–67Obv: IMP(erator) NERO CAESAR – AVGVSTVSLaureate head, right.Rv: exergue: SALVSSalus seated left on throne, holding patera in right hand and resting left at her side.Reference: RIC I2, 66Private collection


GALBA

37. Denomination: aureusAxis: 7; D: 19.3 x 17.1 mm; W: 6.99 gr.Mint: RomeDating: 68–69Obv: IMP(erator) SER(gius) – GALBA AVG(ustus)Bare head, right.Rv: S(enatus) P(opulus)Q(ue) R(omanus)// OB C(ives) S(ervatos) within laurel wreath.Inv. No. 3623Reference: RIC I2, 163 (but laureate head)Bibliography: FMRÖ III/2, 1315

VITELLIVS

38. Denomination: aureusAxis: 6; D: 19.7 x 18.4 mm; W: 7.02 gr.Mint: RomeDating: 66–67Obv: A(ulus) VITELLIVS GERM(anicus) IMP(erator) AVG(ustus) TR(ibunicia)P(otestate)Laureate head, right.Rv: L(ucius) VITELLIVS CO(n)S(ul) III CENSORLucius Vitellius, togate, seated left on curule chair, feet on stool, holding eagle‑tipped sceptre in left hand and extending right.Inv. No. 24216Reference: RIC I2, 94Bibliography: Jobst 1992, 97, no. 111; FMRÖ III/2, 1372


VESPASIANVS

39. Denomination: aureusAxis: 6; D: 19.2 mm; W: 7.08 gr.Mint: RomeDating: 70Obv: IMP(erator) CAESAR VESPASIANVS AVG(ustus)Laureate head, right.Rv: exergue: IVDAEACaptive Jewess seated right, hands tied before, trophy of captured arms behind.Inv. No. 42755Reference: RIC II.1, 1

VESPASIANVS

40. Denomination: aureusAxis: 6; D: 18.6 mm; W: 7.14 gr.Mint: RomeDating: 70Obv: IMP(erator) CAESAR VESPASIANVS AVG(ustus)Laureate head, right.Rv: CO(n)S(ul) ITER(um) – TR(ibunicia) POT(estate)Pax seated left, holding branch and caduceus.Inv. No. 42756Reference: RIC II.1, 28


VESPASIANVS

41. Denomination: aureusAxis: 6; D: 18.6 mm; W: 7.03 gr.Mint: LugdunumDating: 70Obv: IMP(erator) CAESAR VESPASIANVS AVG(ustus) TR(ibunicia) P(otestate)Laureate head, right.Rv: CO(n)S(ul) [iter(um)] – FORT(una) RE(dux)Fortuna standing left, right hand on prow, holding cornucopiae. in left hand.Inv. No. 38331Reference: RIC II.1, 1104Bibliography: FMRÖ III/2, 1579

VESPASIANVS

42. Denomination: aureusAxis: 7; D: 18.8 mm; W: 7.33 gr.Mint: LugdunumDating: 72Obv: IMP(erator) CAES(ar) VESPAS(ianus) AVG(ustus) P(ontifex) M(aximus) TR(ibunicia) P(otestate) IIII P(ater) P(atriae) CO(n)S(ul) IIIILaureate head, right.Rv: PACI – AVGVSTIPax‑Nemesis advancing right, holding caduceus over serpent.Inv. No. 38395Reference: RIC II.1, 1180Bibliography: Humer 2006, 56–57, no. 90; FMRÖ III/2, 1582; Humer 2009, 141, no. 468; 142–143, no.468


VESPASIANVS

43. Denomination: aureusAxis: 6; D: 19.8 mm; W: 6.96 gr.Mint: RomeDating: 73Obv: IMP(erator) CAES(ar) VESP(asianus) AVG(ustus) P(ontifex) M(aximus) CO(n)S(ul) IIII CEN(sor)Laureate head, right.Rv: PAX – AVG(usta)Pax standing left, leaning on column, holding branch and caduceus; before her is a money sack on a tripod.Inv. No. 38327Reference: RIC II.1, 521Bibliography: Humer 2006, 122, no. 415; FMRÖ III/2, 1512; Humer 2009, 259–260, no. 1005

VESPASIANVS

44. Denomination: aureusAxis: 6; D: 20.5 x 19.2 mm; W: 6.93 gr.Mint: RomeDating: 74Obv: IMP(erator) CAESAR – VESP(asianus) AVG(ustus) Laureate head, right.Rv: FORTVNA – AVGVST(a) Fortuna standing to left on garlanded base, holding rudder and cornucopiae.Inv. No. 38329Reference: RIC II.1, 682Bibliography: FMRÖ III/2, 1541


VESPASIANVS

45. Denomination: aureusAxis: 6; D: 20.2 mm; W: 7.09 gr.Mint: RomeDating: 74Obv: IMP(erator) CAESAR – VESP(asianus) AVG(ustus) Laureate head, right.Rv: FORTVNA – AVGVST(a) Fortuna standing to left on garlanded base, holding rudder and cornucopiae.Inv. No. 42757Reference: RIC II.1, 682

VESPASIANVS

46. Denomination: aureusAxis: 7; D: 18.1 mm; W: 6.99 gr.Mint: RomeDating: 77–78Obv: IMP(erator) CAESAR – VESPASIANVS AVG(ustus) Laureate head, left.Rv: No legend.exergue: CO(n)S(ul) VIII Vespasian standing left, holding spear and parazonium, being crowned by Victory holding palm branch.Inv. No. 38330Reference: RIC II.1, 936Bibliography: FMRÖ III/2, 1562


VESPASIANVS

47. Denomination: aureusAxis: 6; D: 18.7 x 17.3 mm; W: 5.91 gr.Mint: RomeDating: 77–78Obv: IMP(erator) CAESAR VESPASIANVS AVG(ustus) Laureate head, left.Rv: No legend.exergue: CO(n)S(ul) VIII Vespasian standing left, holding spear and parazonium, being crowned by Victory holding palm branch.Inv. No. 42778Reference: RIC II.1, 936

VESPASIANVS: Titus (Caesar)

48. Denomination: aureusAxis: 6; D: 19 mm; W: 6.69 gr.Mint: RomeDating: 74Obv: T(itus) CAESAR – IMP(erator) VESPASIAN(us) Laureate head, right.Rv: PONTIF(ex) – TR(ibunicia) POT(otestate)Fortuna standing left on garlanded base, holding rudder and cornucopiae.Inv. No. 38332Reference: RIC II.1, 707 (under Vespasian)Bibliography: FMRÖ III/2, 1696



49. Denomination: aureusAxis: 6; D: 20.4 x 18.9 mm; W: 7.10 gr.Mint: RomeDating: 75Obv: T(itus) CAESAR – IMP(erator) VESPASIAN(us) Laureate head, right.Rv: PONTIF(ex) TR(ibunicia) P(otestate) CO(n)S(ul) IIIIVictory, holding wreath and palm, standing left on cista mystica, on either side of which is a snake, coiling up on its tail, facing inward.Inv. No. 24218Reference: RIC II.1, 785 (under Vespasian)Bibliography: Jobst 1992, 97, no. 113; FMRÖ III/2, 1697


50. Denomination: aureusAxis: 6; D: 19 mm; W: 6.95 gr.Mint: RomeDating: 75Obv: T(itus) CAESAR – IMP(erator) VESPASIAN(us) Laureate head, right.Rv: PONTIF(ex) TR(ibunicia) P(otestate) CO(n)S(ul) IIIIVictory, holding wreath and palm, standing left on cista mystica, on either side of which is a snake, coiling up on its tail, facing inward.Inv. No. 38326Reference: RIC II.1, 785 (under Vespasian)Bibliography: FMRÖ III/2, 1698



51. Denomination: aureusAxis: 6; D: 19.2 mm; W: 7.01 gr.Mint: RomeDating: 75Obv: T(itus) CAESAR – IMP(erator) VESPASIAN(us) Laureate head, right.Rv: PONTIF(ex) – TR(ibunicia) P(otestate) CO(n)S(ul) IIIIVictory, holding wreath and palm, standing left on cista mystica, on either side of which is a snake, coiling up on its tail, facing inward.Inv. No. 42758Reference: RIC II.1, 785 (under Vespasian)


52. Denomination: aureusAxis: 6; D: 19.4 mm; W: 7.15 gr.Mint: RomeDating: 77–78Obv: T(itus) CAESAR – IMP(erator) VESPASIAN(us) Laureate head, right.Rv: exergue: CO(n)S(ul) VIRoma, helmeted, right, breast bare, seated right on two shields, left foot on helmet, holding slanting scepter before her; at her feet wolf standing right, head turned back, suckling the Twins; in left and right field two eagles flying towards her.Reference: RIC II.1, 954 (under Vespasian)Private collection



53. Denomination: aureusAxis: 6; D: 20.2 mm; W: 6.89 gr.Mint: RomeDating: 75–79Obv: T(itus) CAESAR – IMP(erator) VESPASIAN(us) Laureate head, right.Rv: AETER-NITASAeternitas standing left before lighted altar, holdings heads of sun and moon in outstretched hands.Inv. No. 38328Reference: RIC II.1, 856 (under Vespasian)Bibliography: FMRÖ III/2, 1705


54. Denomination: aureusAxis: 4; D: 19.3 mm; W: 7.08 gr.Mint: RomeDating: 78–79Obv: T(itus) CAESAR – VESPASIAN(us) Laureate head, right.Rv: ANNONA – AVG(usta)Annona seated left on throne, holding bundle of grain ears in right hand.Inv. No. 38333Reference: RIC II.1, 971 (under Vespasian)Bibliography: FMRÖ III/2, 1707; Humer 2009, 259, no. 1002


VESPASIANVS: Domitianus (Caesar)

55. Denomination: aureusAxis: 6; D: 19.5 mm; W: 7.09 gr.Mint: RomeDating: 73Obv: CAES(ar) AVG(usti) F(ilius) DOMITIAN(us) CO(n)S(ul) IILaureate head, right.Rv: No legend.Domitian riding horse left, raising hand and holding sceptre.Inv. No. 38335Reference: RIC II.1, 538 (under Vespasian)Bibliography: FMRÖ III/2, 1748


56. Denomination: aureusAxis: 7; D: 19.2 mm; W: 7.27 gr.Mint: RomeDating: 73–75Obv: CAES(ar) AVG(usti) F(ilius) – DOMIT(ianus) CO(n)S(ul) II Laureate head, right.Rv: No legend.Domitian riding horse left, raising hand and holding sceptre.Inv. No. 38334Reference: RIC II.1, 679 (under Vespasian)Bibliography: FMRÖ III/2, 1749



57. Denomination: aureusAxis: 6; D: 19.9 mm; W: 7.08 gr.Mint: RomeDating: 75Obv: CAES(ar) AVG(usti) F(ilius) – DOMIT(ianus) CO(n)S(ul) III Laureate head, right.Rv: PRINCEPS – IVVENTVT(is)Spes standing left with flower and raising skirt.Inv. No. 38336Reference: RIC II.1, 787 (under Vespasian)Bibliography: FMRÖ III/2, 1752


58. Denomination: aureusAxis: 5; D: 20.8 x 19.3 mm; W: 7.03 gr.Mint: RomeDating: 75Obv: CAES(ar) AVG(usti) F(ilius) – DOMIT(ianus) CO(n)S(ul) III Laureate head, right.Rv: PRINCEPS – IVVENTVT(is)Spes standing left with flower and raising skirt.Inv. No. 38337Reference: RIC II.1, 787 (under Vespasian)Bibliography: FMRÖ III/2, 1753



59. Denomination: aureusAxis: 6; D: 20.6 mm; W: 7.24 gr.Mint: RomeDating: 76–77Obv: CAESAR AVG(usti) F(ilius) – DOMITIANVS Laureate head, right.Rv: CO(n)S(ul) – IIIICornucopia, tied round with ribbons, which hang down on both sides.Inv. No. 24319Reference: RIC II.1, 918 (under Vespasian)Bibliography: FMRÖ III/1, no. 637, Jobst 1992, 111, no. 216; FMRÖ III/2, 1755


60. Denomination: aureusAxis: 6; D: 19.5 mm; W: 7 gr.Mint: RomeDating: 76–77Obv: CAESAR AVG(usti) F(ilius) – DOMITIANVS Laureate head, right.Rv: CO(n)S(ul) – IIIICornucopia, tied round with ribbons, which hang down on both sides.Inv. No. 38338Reference: RIC II.1, 918 (under Vespasian)Bibliography: FMRÖ III/2, 1756


TITVS

61. Denomination: aureusAxis: 6; D: 18.5 mm; W: 7.23 gr.Mint: RomeDating: 79Obv: IMP(erator) TITVS CAES(ar) VESPASIAN(us) AVG(ustus) P(ontifex) M(aximus) Laureate head, right.Rv: TR(ibunicia) P(otestate) VIIII IMP (erator) XIIII CO(n)S(ul) VIITrophy; below, captive kneeling right.Reference: RIC II.1, 11Private collection

TITVS

62. Denomination: aureusAxis: 5; D: 19 mm; W: 7.08 gr.Mint: RomeDating: 79Obv: IMP(erator) TITVS CAES(ar) VESPASIAN(us) AVG(ustus) P(ontifex) M(aximus) Laureate head, right.Rv: TR(ibunicia) P(otestate) VIIII [im]P (erator) XIIII – CO(n)S(ul) VII P(ater) P(atriae)Quadriga left with corn ears.Reference: RIC II.1, 24Private collection


TITVS

63. Denomination: aureusAxis: 6; D: 19.2 mm; W: 6.97 gr.Mint: RomeDating: 80Obv: IMP(erator) TITVS CAES(ar) VESPASIAN(us) AVG(ustus) P(ontifex) M(aximus) Laureate head, right.Rv: TR(ibunicia) P(otestate) IX IMP (erator) XV – CO(n)S(ul) VIII P(ater) P(atriae)Dolphin coiled around anchor.Inv. No. 24320Reference: RIC II.1, 110Bibliography: Jobst 1992, 113, no. 217; Humer 2006, 143, no. 470; FMRÖ III/2, 1799

TITVS

64. Denomination: aureusAxis: 6; D: 19 mm; W: 7.25 gr.Mint: RomeDating: 80Obv: IMP(erator) TITVS CAES(ar) VESPASIAN(us) AVG(ustus) P(ontifex) M(aximus) Laureate head, right.Rv: TR(ibunicia) P(otestate) IX IMP (erator) XV – CO(n)S(ul) VIII P(ater) P(atriae)Dolphin coiled around anchor.Reference: RIC II.1, 110Private collection


DOMITIANVS

65. Denomination: aureusAxis: 6; D: 19.1 mm; W: 7.16 gr.Mint: RomeDating: 81Obv: IMP(erator) CAES(ar) DOMITIANVS AVG(ustus) – P(ontifex) M(aximus)Laureate head, right.Rv: TR(ibunicia) P(otestate) CO(n)S(ul) VII – DES(ignatus) VIII P(ater) P(atriae)Altar, garlanded and lighted.Reference: RIC II.1, 42Private collection

DOMITIANVS

66. Denomination: aureusAxis: 6; D: 19.2 mm; W: 7.09 gr.Mint: RomeDating: 81Obv: IMP(erator) CAES(ar) DOMITIANVS AVG(ustus) P(ontifex) M(aximus)Laureate head, right.Rv: TR(ibunicia) P(otestate) CO(n)S(ul) VII – DES(ignatus) VIII P(ater) P(atriae)Minerva advancing right, holding spear and shield.Reference: RIC II.1, 57Private collection


DOMITIANVS

67. Denomination: aureusAxis: 5; D: 20.4 mm; W: 7.50 gr.Mint: RomeDating: 86Obv: [i]MP(erator) CAES(ar) DOMIT(ianus) AVG(ustus) – GERM(anicus) P(ontifex) M(aximus) TR(ibunicia) P(otestate) VLaureate head, right.Rv: IMP (erator) XII – CO(n)S(ul) XII – CENS(or) P(erpetuus) P(ater) P(atriae)Minerva standing left, holding spear.Inv. No. 24110Reference: RIC II.1, 430Bibliography: Jobst 1992, 87, no. 1, Humer 2006, 143, no. 472; FMRÖ III/2, 1940

DOMITIANVS

68. Denomination: aureusAxis: 7; D: 19 mm; W: 7.11 gr.Mint: RomeDating: 90–91Obv: DOMITIANVS – AVGVSTVSLaureate head, right.Rv: GERMANICVS – CO(n)S(ul) XVMinerva standing left, holding thunderbolt and spear; shield at her left side.Reference: RIC II.1, 697Private collection


DOMITIANVS

69. Denomination: aureusAxis: 6; D: 20.8 mm; W: 7.43 gr.Mint: RomeDating: 90–91Obv: DOMITIANVS – AVGVSTVSLaureate head, right.Rv: GERMANICVS – CO(n)S(ul) XV •Minerva standing left, holding thunderbolt and spear; shield at her left side.Reference: RIC II.1, 697Private collection

TRAIANVS

70. Denomination: aureusAxis: 7; D: 18.5 mm; W: 7.20 gr.Mint: RomeDating: 101–102Obv: IMP(erator) CAES(ar) NERVA TRA-IAN(us) AVG(ustus) GERM(anicus)Laureate head, right, aegis on left shoulder, right.Rv: P(ontifex) • M(aximus) TR(ibunicia) P(otestate) CO(n)S(ul) • IIII P(ater) P(atriae)Hercules, nude, standing facing on pedestal with club, apple, and lion skin.Inv. No. 38339Reference: MIR 14, 99cBibliography: Humer 2006, 143–144, no. 476; FMRÖ III/2, 2444; Humer 2009, 56–57, no. 92


TRAIANVS

71. Denomination: aureusAxis: 7; D: 19.1 x 18.6 mm; W: 7.01 gr.Mint: RomeDating: 101–102Obv: IMP(erator) CAES(ar) NERVA TRA-IAN(us) AVG(ustus) GERM(anicus)Laureate head, right, aegis on left shoulder, right.Rv: P(ontifex) • M(aximus) TR(ibunicia) • P(otestate) CO(n)S(ul) • IIII P(ater) P(atriae)Hercules, nude, standing facing on pedestal with club, apple, and lion skin.Reference: MIR 14, 99cPrivate collection

TRAIANVS

72. Denomination: aureusAxis: 6; D: 19.7 mm; W: 6.93 gr.Mint: RomeDating: 114–116Obv: IMP(eratori) CAES(ari) NERVA(e) TRAIANO OPTIMO AVG(usto) GER(manico) DAC(ico)Bust with laureate head, paludamentum, right; seen from rear.Rv: P(ontifici) • M(aximo) TR(ibunicia) P(otestate) CO(n)S(uli) VI S(enatus) P(opulus)Q(ues) R(omanus)Genius standing left, holding patera and corn ears.Inv. No. 24221Reference: MIR 14, 517vBibliography: Jobst 1992, 99, no. 117; FMRÖ III/2, 2559


TRAIANVS

73. Denomination: aureusAxis: 6; D: 19.9x 18.6 mm; W: 7.32 gr.Mint: RomeDating: 114–116Obv: IMP(eratori) CAES(ari) NERV(ae) TRAIANO OPTIMO AVG(usto) GER(manico) DAC(ico)Laureate head, draped and cuirassed, right.Rv: P(ontifici) • M(aximo) TR(ibunicia) P(otestate) CO(n)S(uli) VI • S(enatus) P(opulus) • Q(ues) • R(omanus)exergue: FORT(una) RED(ux)Fortuna, draped and veiled seated left, holding cornucopiae with her left hand and rudder with her right hand.Reference: MIR 14, 525f; RIC II, 319Private collection

HADRIANVS

74. Denomination: aureusAxis: 6; D: 19.1 mm; W: 7.32 gr.Mint: RomeDating: 118Obv: IMP(erator) CAESAR TRA-IAN(us) HADRIANVS AVG(ustus)Laureate, draped and cuirassed bust right.Rv: P(ontifex) M(aximus) TR(ibunicia) P(otestate) CO(n)S(ul) IIexergue: CONCORD(ia)Concordia seated left, holding patera; under her chair, a cornucopia, under her elbow a statue of Spes left.Inv. No. 38340Reference: RIC II, 39aBibliography: Humer 2006, 143, no. 478; 144, no. 478; FMRÖ III/2, 2996


HADRIANVS

75. Denomination: aureusAxis: 6; D: 18.4 x 17.2 mm; W: 7.10 gr.Mint: RomeDating: 119–122Obv: IMP(erator) CAESAR TRA-IAN(us) [had]RIANVS AVG(ustus)Laureate, draped and cuirassed bust right.Rv: P(ontifex) M(aximus) TR(ibunicia) P(otestate) – CO(n)S(ul) IIIJupiter standing facing with thunderbolt and sceptre.Inv. No. 38341Reference: RIC II, 63cBibliography: FMRÖ III/2, 3032

HADRIANVS

76. Denomination: aureusAxis: 5; D: 20.8 mm; W: 7.16 gr.Mint: RomeDating: 125–128Obv: HADRIANVS – AVGVSTVSHead laureate right.Rv: CO(n)S(ul) – IIIHadrian on horseback right, raising right hand.Inv. No. 38342Reference: RIC II, 186cBibliography: FMRÖ III/2, 3124


HADRIANVS

77. Denomination: aureusAxis: 6; D: 21.1 mm; W: 7.23 gr.Mint: RomeDating: 125–128Obv: HADRIANVS – AVGVSTVSHead laureate right.Rv: CO(n)S(ul) – IIIHadrian, with cloak floating behind, galloping right, holding spear in right hand.Reference: RIC II, 187Private collection

HADRIANVS

78. Denomination: aureusAxis: 6; D: 18.9 mm; W: 7.23 gr.Mint: RomeDating: 125–128Obv: HA-DRIANVS – AVGVSTVSHead, laureate, right; drapery on left shoulder.Rv: CO(n)S(ul)exergue: IIIShe‑wolf right, suckling twins.Inv. No. 24460Reference: RIC II, 192dBibliography: Jobst 1992, 127, no. 362; FMRÖ III/2, 3153


HADRIANVS

79. Denomination: aureusAxis: 6; D: 20.3 x 19.5 mm; W: 7.10 gr.Mint: RomeDating: 132–134Obv: HADRIANVS – AVGVSTVSBare head, right; drapery on left shoulder.Rv: CO(n)S(ul) – III P(ater) P(atriae)Hadrian standing left, extending hand and holding spear, two military standards to left, one to right.Reference: RIC II, 204bPrivate collection

HADRIANVS

80. Denomination: aureusAxis: 6; D: 18.2 x 17.2 mm; W: 6.97 gr.Mint: RomeDating: 134–138Obv: HA-DRIANVS – AVG(ustus) CO(n)S(ul) III P(ater) P(atriae)Bust laureate and draped, right.Rv: ROMA – AETERNARoma seated left on sella curulis, holding sceptre and Victory.Inv. No. 42759Reference: RIC II, 263A


HADRIANVS

81. Denomination: aureusAxis: 6; D: 18.8 mm; W: 7.08 gr.Mint: RomeDating: 134–138Obv: HA-DRIANVS – AVG(ustus) CO(n)S(ul) III P(ater) P(atriae)Head, bare, right.Rv: SECVRI-TAS AVG(usti)Securitas seated left, holding cornucopiae and resting head on left hand; behind her, on chair, cornucopiaeInv. No. 24469Reference: RIC II, 273Bibliography: FMRÖ III/1, no. 1155; Jobst 1992, 129 no. 372; FMRÖ III/2, 3183

HADRIANVS

82. Denomination: aureusAxis: 6; D: 19 mm; W: 6.96 gr.Mint: RomeDating: 134–138Obv: HA-DRIANVS – AVG(ustus) CO(n)S(ul) III P(ater) P(atriae)Head, laureate, right; drapery on left shoulder.Rv: SPES – P(opuli) • (R(omani)Spes advancing left, holding flower in right hand, raising skirt with left.Inv. No. 24223Reference: RIC II, 274eBibliography: Jobst 1992, 99, no. 118; Humer 2006, 14, no. 477; FMRÖ III/2, 3185; Humer 2009, 57, no. 94


HADRIANVS

83. Denomination: aureusAxis: 6; D: 19.1 x 17.4 mm; W: 7 gr.Mint: RomeDating: 134–138Obv: HA-DRIANVS – AVG(ustus) CO(n)S(ul) III P(ater) P(atriae)Head bare, bust draped, right.Rv: SPES – P(opuli) • (R(omani)Spes advancing left, holding flower in right hand, raising skirt with left.Reference: RIC II, 274ePrivate ccollection

HADRIANVS: L. Aelius Caesar

84. Denomination: aureusAxis: 6; D: 19.4 x 18.6 mm; W: 6.89 gr.Mint: RomeDating: 137Obv: L(ucius) • AELIVS – CAESARHead, bare, left.Rv: TRIB(unicia) • POT(estatis) – CO(n)S(ul) IIin exergue: CONCORD(ia)Concordia seated left, holding patera and resting left arm on cornucopiae.Reference: RIC II, 443Private collection


ANTONINVS PIVS

85. Denomination: aureus, plated, hybridAxis: 6; D: 19.3 mm; W: 5.36 gr.Mint: ‑Dating: 161–175/laterObv: ANTONINVS AVG(ustus) – PIVS P(ater) P(atriae) TR(ibunicia) P(otestate) CO(n)S(ul) IIIHead, laureate, right.Rv: SALVTI AVGVSTAESalus seated left. Feeding snake twined around altar.Reference: Obverse: RIC III, Antoninus Pius, p. 33–38;Revers: RIC III, M. Aurelius: Faustina II, 716–717Private collection

ANTONINVS PIVS

86. Denomination: aureusAxis: 6; D: 19 mm; W: 7.05 gr.Mint: RomeDating: 145–161Obv: ANTONINVS AVG(ustus) – PIVS P(ater) P(atriae) TR(ibunicia) P(otestate) CO(n)S(ul) IIIIHead, laureate, right.Rv: No legend. Minerva helmeted, standing left, holding Victory and resting left hand on shield: against left arm.Reference: RIC III, 158Private collection


ANTONINVS PIVS: Diva Faustina I

87. Denomination: aureusAxis: 6; D: 18.9 mm; W: 7.41 gr.Mint: RomeDating: post 141Obv: DIVA – FAVSTINADraped bust right, hair coiled on top of head.Rv: AET-ER-NITASFortuna standing left, holding patera in right hand, rudder on globe in left.Inv. No. 24352Reference: RIC III, 349aBibliography: Jobst 1992, 116, no. 252; FMRÖ III/2, 4523; Humer 2009, 259, no. 1001


88. Denomination: aureusAxis: 12; D: 18.2 x 17.5 mm; W: 7.47 gr.Mint: RomeDating: post 141Obv: DIVA – FAVSTINADraped bust right, hair coiled on top of head.Rv: AETER-NITASFortuna standing left, holding patera in right hand, rudder on globe in left.Reference: RIC III, 349aPrivate collection



89. Denomination: aureusAxis: 5; D: 17.8 x 16.7 mm; W: 7.24 gr.Mint: RomeDating: post 141Obv: DIVA – FAVSTINADraped bust right, hair coiled on top of head.Rv: AVGV-STAFortuna standing left, holding patera in right hand and rudder resting on globe in left.Inv. No. 38397Reference: RIC III, 372Bibliography: FMRÖ III/2, 4542


90. Denomination: aureusAxis: 6; D: 18.1 mm; W: 7.24 gr.Mint: RomeDating: post 141Obv: DIVA – FAVSTINADraped bust right, hair coiled on top of head.Rv: AVGVSTAFortuna standing left, holding patera in right hand, rudder on globe in left.Reference: RIC III, 372Private collection



91. Denomination: aureusAxis: 6; D: 18.1 x 17.1 mm; W: 7.29 gr.Mint: RomeDating: post 141Obv: DIVA – FAVSTINADraped bust right, hair coiled on top of head.Rv: AV-GV-STAFortuna standing left, holding patera in right hand, rudder on globe in left.Reference: RIC III, 372Private collection


92. Denomination: aureusAxis: 7; D: 19.2 x 17.8 mm; W: 7.30 gr.Mint: RomeDating: post 141Obv: DIVA – FAVSTINADraped bust right, hair coiled on top of head.Rv: AVGV-STACeres standing left holding short torch and sceptre.Inv. No. 38520Reference: RIC III, 356Bibliography: FMRÖ III/2, 4537



93. Denomination: aureusAxis: 6; D: 18.7 x 17.9 mm; W: 7.22 gr.Mint: RomeDating: post 141Obv: DIVA – FAVSTINADraped bust right, hair coiled on top of head.Rv: C-E-RESCeres standing left holding grain ears and long torch.Inv. No. 38521Reference: RIC III, 378Bibliography: FMRÖ III/2, 4529

MARCVS AVRELIVS

94. Denomination: aureusAxis: 11; D: 20.9 mm; W: 7.17 gr.Mint: RomeDating: 167Obv: M(arcus) ANTONINVS AVG(ustus) – ARM(eniacus) PARTH(icus) MAX(imus)Bust, laureate, draped and cuirassed, right.Rv: TR(ibunicia) P(otestate) XXI IMP(erator) IIII – CO(n)S(ul) IIIVictory advancing left, holding wreath and palm branch.Reference: RIC III, 174Private collection


LVCIVS VERVS

95. Denomination: aureusAxis: 6; D: 19.3 mm; W: 7.24 gr.Mint: RomeDating: 161Obv: IMP(erator) CAES(ar) L(ucius) AVREL(ius) VERVS AVG(ustus)Head, laureate, right.Rv: CONCORDIAE AVGVSTOR(um) TR(ibunicia) P(otestate)exergue: CO(n)S(ul) IILucius Verus and Marcus Aurelius standing vis‑à‑vis, clasping hands, each holding a volumen.Reference: RIC III, 451Private collection

LVCIVS VERVS

96. Denomination: aureusAxis: 6; D: 18.8 mm; W: 7.18 gr.Mint: RomeDating: 163–164Obv: L(ucius) • VERVS AVG(ustus) – ARMENIACVSBust laureate, draped and cuirassed, right.Rv: TR(ibunicia) P(otestate) IIII IMP(erator) II – CO(n)S(ul) IIVictory, half‑draped, standing right, placing a shield inscribed VIC(toria) // AVG(usti) on a palm tree.Reference: RIC III, 525Private collection


LVCIVS VERVS

97. Denomination: aureusAxis: 6; D: 19.6 mm; W: 7.17 gr.Mint: RomeDating: 166Obv: L(ucius) VERVS AVG(ustus) ARM(eniacus) PARTH(icus) MAX(imus)Bust laureate, draped and cuirassed, right.Rv: VICT(oria) AVG(usti) TR(ibunicia) P(otestate) VI – CO(n)S(ul) IIVictory, towered, flying left, holding diadem with both hands.Inv. No. 24226Reference: RIC III, 550; MIR 18, 134–12/37Bibliography: Jobst 1992, 99, no. 121; Humer 2004, 102; FMRÖ III/2, 5199

MARCVS AVRELIVS: Lucilla Augusta

98. Denomination: aureusAxis: 12; D: 20.6 x 18.6 mm; W: 7.27 gr.Mint: RomeDating: 164–169Obv: LVCILLAE VERVS AVG(ustae) ANTONINI AVG(usti) F(iliae)Bust draped, right.Rv: V-E-NVSVenus standing left, holding apple in right hand and sceptre in left.Reference: RIC III, 783; MIR 18, 16–2/10aPrivate collection


COMMODVS

99. Denomination: aureusAxis: 12; D: 20.4 mm; W: 7.39 gr.Mint: RomeDating: 180Obv: L(ucius) AVREL(ius) COM-MODVS AVG(ustus)Bust laureate and draped, right.Rv: TR(ibunicia) P(otestate) V IMP(erator) IIII C-O(n)S(ul) II P(ater) P(atriae)Victory seated left holding patera and palm branch.Inv. No. 42760Reference: RIC III, 8

SEPTIMIVS SEVERVS

100. Denomination: aureusAxis: 12; D: 20.3 x 19.1 mm; W: 7 gr.Mint: RomeDating: 198–200Obv: L(ucius) SEPT(imius) SEV(everus) AVG(ustus) IMP(erator) – XI PART(hicus) MAX(imus)Bust, draped, laureate and cuirassed, right.Rv: AEQVITA-TI AVGG(ustorum)Aequitas standing left, holding scales and cornucopiae.Reference: RIC IV.1, 122aPrivate collection


SEPTIMIVS SEVERVS

101. Denomination: aureusAxis: 12; D: 20.2 x 18.9 mm; W: 7.37 gr.Mint: RomeDating: 200–201Obv: SEVERVS AVG(ustus) – PART(hicus) MAX(imus)Head, laureate, right.Rv: VIRT(us) – AVGG(ustorum)Virtus standing left, holding Victory and both spear and shield with left hand.Reference: RIC IV.1, 171(a)Private collection

SEPTIMIVS SEVERVS

102. Denomination: aureusAxis: 5; D: 21 x 19.4 mm; W: 7.25 gr.Mint: RomeDating: 204Obv: SEVERVS – PIVS AVG(ustus)Head, laureate, right.Rv: CO(n)S(ul) III LVDOS SAECVL(ares) FEC(it)Liber standing right, holding jug and thyrsus, facing Hercules standing left, holding club and lion’s skin; leopard at feet of Liber to left.Reference: RIC IV.1, 257Private collection


VALERIANVS I: Gallienus (Augustus)

103. Denomination: aureusAxis: 12; D: 19.4 x 18.8 mm; W: 3.86 gr.Mint: RomeDating: 254–256Obv: IMP(erator) C(aesar) P(ublius) LIC(inius) GALLIENVS P(ius) F(elix) AVG(ustus)Bust laureate, draped and cuirassed, right.Rv: LIBERALITAS AVGG(ustorum) IIILiberalitas standing left, holding counting‑board and cornucopia.Inv. No. 24290Reference: RIC V.1, 82; MIR 36, 69lBibliography: Jobst 1992, 100, no. 187; FMRÖ III/2, 9999

AVRELIANVS

104. Denomination: aureusAxis: 5; D: 18.6 x 18 mm; W: 3.48 gr.Mint: Mediolanum‑TicinumDating: 271Obv: IMP(erator) C(aesar) AVRELIANVS AVG(ustus)Bust laureate, draped and cuirassed, right.Rv: FID-ES – MILI(tum)Fides standing left, holding two ensigns.Inv. No. 24488Reference: RIC V.1, 90; MIR 47, 168f0Bibliography: FMRÖ III/1, no. 3373; Jobst 1992, 130, no. 388; FMRÖ III/2, 13207Remark: The coin presents a whole, probably, it was reused as a pendant.


DIOCLETIANVS

105. Denomination: aureusAxis: 12; D: 20.2 mm; W: 5.09 gr.Mint: AquileiaDating: 299–303Obv: DIOCLETIA-NVS AVGVSTVSLaureate head, right.Rv: XX// DIOCL//ETIAN//I AVG(usti) in wreath with plain tie.Mint‑mark: ‑/‑//SMAQReference: RIC VI, 12Private collection

DIOCLETIANVS

106. Denomination: aureusAxis: 6; D: 20.1 mm; W: 5.08 gr.Mint: AquileiaDating: 299–303Obv: DIOCLETI-ANVS AVGVSTVSLaureate head, right.Rv: XX// DIOCL//ETIAN//I AVG(usti) in wreath with plain tie.Mint‑mark: ‑/‑//SMAQReference: RIC VI, 12Private collectionBibliography: Humer 2009, 72–73Remark: the coin presents later perforation.


MAXIMIANVS I

107. Denomination: aureusAxis: 12; D: 13.7 mm; W: 5.61 gr.Mint: TicinumDating: 299–303Obv: MAXIMIA-NVS P(ius) F(elix) AVG(ustus)Laureate head, right.Rv: VIRTVS – MILITVMCamp gate with seven turrets.Mint‑mark: ‑/‑//TInv. No. 42771Reference: RIC VI, 8Bibliography: Humer 2009, 60–61, no. 111

MAXIMIANVS I

108. Denomination: aureusAxis: 12; D: 20.2 mm; W: 5.38 gr.Mint: NicomediaDating: 305–306Obv: MAXIMIA-NVS AVGVSTVSLaureate head, right.Rv: IOVI CON-S-ERVATORI NKJupiter standing left, chlamys hanging behind, holding thunderbolt and sceptre.Mint‑mark: ‑/‑//SMNReference: RIC VI, 33Private collection


SEVERVS II

109. Denomination: aureusAxis: 12; D: 18.1 mm; W: 5.69 gr.Mint: SerdicaDating: 306–307Obv: IMP(erator) SEVER-VS P(ius) F(elix) AVG(ustus)Laureate head, right.Rv: IOVI CON-SERVATORJupiter standing left, holding thunderbolt and sceptre; eagle at foot.Mint‑mark: ‑/ //•SM•SD•Inv. No. 42768Reference: RIC VI, 18bRemarks: The coin was transformed into a pendant by welding a link to it after, previously, was drilled.

CONSTANTINVS I (Caesar)

110. Denomination: aureusAxis: 6; D: 18.9 mm; W: 5.20 gr.Mint: SerdicaDating: 306–307Obv: CONSTANTI-NVS NOB(ilissimus) CAES(ar)Laureate head, right.Rv: PRINCIPI IVV-ENTVTISPrince standing left in military dress, right holding out globe, left leaning on sceptre; to right, two ensigns.Mint‑mark: ‑ ///[•S]M•SD•Reference: RIC VI, 20Private collection


CONSTANS I

111. Denomination: solidusAxis: 1; D: 21.9 mm; W: 4.51 gr.Mint: SisciaDating: 340–350Obv: CONSTANS – AVGVSTVSRosette‑diademed, draped, cuirassed bust right.Rv: VICTORIAE DD(ominorum) NN(ostrorum) AVGG(ustorum)Two Victories standing facing, holding a laurel wreath with inscription VOT(is)/X/MVLT(is)/XX.Mint‑mark: ‑/‑// SISReference: RIC VIII, 134Private collection

CONSTANTIVS II

112. Denomination: solidusAxis: 12; D: 21.6 mm; W: 4.49 gr.Mint: SisciaDating: 340–350Obv: FL(avius) IVL(ius) CONSTAN-TIVS P(ius) F(elix) AVG(ustus)Rosette‑diademed, draped, cuirassed bust right.Rv: VICTORIAE DD(ominorum) NN(ostrorum) AVGG(ustorum)Two Victories standing facing, holding a laurel wreath with inscription VOT(is)/XX/MVLT(is)/XXX.Mint‑mark: ‑/‑//•SIS•Inv. No. 42774Reference: RIC VIII, 109Bibliography: Humer 2009, 61, no. 112


CONSTANTIVS II

113. Denomination: solidusAxis: 6; D: 20.4 mm; W: 4.38 gr.Mint: AntiochDating: 347–350Obv: FL(avius) IVL(ius) CONSTAN-TIVS PERP(etuum) AVG(ustus)Pearl‑diademed, draped, cuirassed bust right.Rv: GLORIA – REI – PVBLICAERoma seated facing, Constantinopolis seated left, supporting between them wreath contain‑ing VOT(is)/ XX / MVLT(is)/ XXX. Roma holds spear in left hand, Constantinopolis holds spear in left hand and rests foot on prow.Mint‑mark: ‑/‑//SMANIInv. No. 38343Reference: RIC VIII, 83Bibliography: Buora/Jobst 2002, 188, no. IIb.9; Jobst 2002, 66; FMRÖ III/2, 20476

CONSTANTIVS II

114. Denomination: solidusAxis: 11; D: 20.3 mm; W: 4.54 gr.Mint: AquileiaDating: 352–355Obv: FL(avius) IVL(ius) CONSTAN-TIVS PERP(etuum) AVG(ustus)Pearl‑diademed, draped, cuirassed bust right.Rv: GLORIA – REI – PVBLICAERoma seated facing, Constantinopolis seated left, supporting between them wreath contain‑ing VOT(is)/ XXX / MVLT(is)/ XXXX. Roma holds spear in left hand, Constantinopolis holds spear in left hand and rests foot on prow.Mint‑mark: ‑/‑//SMAQInv. No. 42769Reference: RIC VIII, 179


CONSTANTIVS II

115. Denomination: solidusAxis: 6; D: 21.3 mm; W: 4.36 gr.Mint: ConstantinopleDating: 351–355Obv: FL(avius) IVL(ius) CONSTAN-TIVS PERP(etuum) AVGV(stus)Helmeted pearl‑diademed cuirassed bust of Theodosius facing holding spear over right shoulder, shield adorned with horseman riding down enemy on left.Rv: GLORIA – REI – PVBLICAERoma seated facing, Constantinopolis seated left, supporting between them wreath contain‑ing VOT(is)/ XXX / MVLT(is)/ XXXX. Roma holds spear in left hand, Constantinopolis holds sceptre in left hand and rests foot on prow.Mint‑mark: ‑/‑//CONSInv. No. 24421Reference: RIC VIII, 95Bibliography: Jobst 1992, 101, no. 306; FMRÖ III/2, 24023

CONSTANTIVS II

116. Denomination: solidusAxis: 6; D: 20.9 mm; W: 4.51 gr.Mint: NicomediaDating: 351–355Obv: FL(avius) IVL(ius) CONSTAN-TIVS PERP(etuum) AVG(ustus)Helmeted pearl‑diademed cuirassed bust of Theodosius facing holding spear over right shoulder, shield adorned with horseman riding down enemy on left.Rv: GLORIA – REI – PVBLICAERoma seated facing, Constantinopolis seated left, supporting between them wreath contain‑ing VOT(is)/ XXX / MVLT(is)/ XXXX. Roma holds spear in left hand, Constantinopolis holds spear in left hand and rests foot on prow.Mint‑mark: ‑/‑//SMNSInv. No. 42761Reference: RIC VIII, 74


IOVIANVS

117. Denomination: solidusAxis: 5; D: 21.6 mm; W: 4.39 gr.Mint: AntiochDating: 363–364Obv: D(ominus) N(oster) IOVI-ANVS P(ius) F(elix) AVG(ustus)Pearl‑diademed, draped, cuirassed bust right.Rv: RESTITVTOR – REI PVBLICAERoma with helmet and spear, and Constantinopolis, turreted, with sceptre, left foot on prow, seated together on a throne, holding wreath inscribed VOT(is) // V // MVLT(is) // X.Mint‑mark: ‑/‑//ANTЄReference: RIC VIII, 222Private collection

VALENTINIANVS I

118. Denomination: solidusAxis: 6; D: 20.7 mm; W: 4.37 gr.Mint: MediolanumDating: 364–367Obv: D(ominus) N(oster) VALENTINI-ANVS P(ius) F(elix) AVG(ustus)Pearl‑diademed, draped, cuirassed bust right.Rv: RESTITVTOR – REI PVBLICAEEmperor standing facing, head right, holding labarum with Chi‑Rho and Victory bearing wreath on globe.Mint‑mark: ‑/‑//MEDInv. No. 42770Reference: RIC IX, 2aBibliography: Humer 2009, 61, no. 114; 62, no. 114


VALENTINIANVS I

119. Denomination: solidusAxis: 6; D: 20.3 mm; W: 4.36 gr.Mint: MediolanumDating: 364–367Obv: D(ominus) N(oster) VALENTINI-ANVS P(ius) F(elix) AVG(ustus)Pearl‑diademed, draped, cuirassed bust right.Rv: RESTITVTOR – REI PVBLICAEEmperor standing facing, head right, holding labarum with Chi‑Rho and Victory bearing wreath on globe.Mint‑mark: ‑/‑//MEDReference: RIC IX, 2aPrivate collection

VALENTINIANVS I

120. Denomination: solidusAxis: 12; D: 21 x 20.4 mm; W: 4.42 gr.Mint: RomaDating: 364–367Obv: D(ominus) N(oster) VALENTINI-ANVS P(ius) F(elix) AVG(ustus)Pearl‑diademed, draped, cuirassed bust right.Rv: RESTITVTOR – REI PVBLICAEEmperor standing facing, head right, holding labarum with Chi‑Rho and Victory bearing wreath on globe.Mint‑mark: ‑///SMRTReference: RIC IX, 2aPrivate collection


VALENTINIANVS I

121. Denomination: solidusAxis: 6; D: 21.2 mm; W: 4.36 gr.Mint: NicomediaDating: 364–367Obv: D(ominus) N(oster) VALENTINI-ANVS P(ius) F(elix) AVG(ustus)Pearl‑diademed, draped, cuirassed bust right.Rv: RESTITVTOR – REI PVBLICAEEmperor standing facing, head right, holding labarum with Chi‑Rho and Victory bearing wreath on globe.Mint‑mark: ‑/‑//SMNMInv. No. 24127Reference: RIC IX, 2aBibliography: Jobst 1992, 89. No. 18; FMRÖ III/2, 29118

VALENTINIANVS I

122. Denomination: solidusAxis: 6; D: 21.3 mm; W: 4.54 gr.Mint: NicomediaDating: 364–367Obv: D(ominus) N(oster) VALENTINI-ANVS P(ius) F(elix) AVG(ustus)Pearl‑diademed, draped, cuirassed bust right.Rv: RESTITVTOR – REI PVBLICAEEmperor standing facing, head right, holding labarum with cross and Victory bearing wreath on globe.Mint‑mark: ‑/‑//SMNΘReference: RIC IX, 2ePrivate collection


VALENTINIANVS I

123. Denomination: solidusAxis: 6; D: 20.5 mm; W: 4.38 gr.Mint: AntiochDating: 364–367Obv: D(ominus) N(oster) VALENTINI-ANVS P(ius) F(elix) AVG(ustus)Rosette‑diademed, draped, cuirassed bust right.Rv: RESTITVTOR – REI PVBLICAEEmperor standing facing, head right, holding labarum with Chi‑Rho and Victory bearing wreath on globe.Mint‑mark: /‑//ANT∆Inv. No. 38345Reference: RIC IX, 2b(ix)Bibliography: FMRÖ III/2, 29118

VALENTINIANVS I

124. Denomination: solidusAxis: 5; D: 21.9 x 20.8 mm; W: 4.24 gr.Mint: AntiochDating: 364–367Obv: D(ominus) N(oster) VALENTINI-ANVS P(ius) F(elix) AVG(ustus)Rosette‑diademed, draped, cuirassed bust right.Rv: RESTITVTOR – REI PVBLICAEEmperor standing facing, head right, holding labarum with Chi‑Rho and Victory bearing wreath on globe.Mint‑mark: -/-//•ANT∈Inv. No. 38396Reference: RIC IX, 2b(xxxiii)Bibliography: FMRÖ III/2, 29125


VALENTINIANVS I

125. Denomination: solidusAxis: 5; D: 20.2 mm; W: 3.95 gr.Mint: ThessalonicaDating: 364–367Obv: D(ominus) N(oster) VALENTINI-ANVS P(ius) F(elix) AVG(ustus)Pearl‑diademed, draped, cuirassed bust right.Rv: VICTOR-IA AVGG(ustorum)Two emperors enthroned facing, together holding globe. Behind and between them the upper portion of a Victory with outspread wings; between them below, a palm‑branch.Mint‑mark: ‑/‑//SMTESInv. No. 42807Reference: RIC IX, 4

VALENTINIANVS I

126. Denomination: solidusAxis: 6; D: 20.9 mm; W: 4.16 gr.Mint: AntiochDating: 364–367Obv: D(ominus) N(oster) VALENTINI-ANVS P(ius) F(elix) AVG(ustus)Rosette‑diademed, draped, cuirassed bust right.Rv: RESTITVTOR – REI PVBLICAEEmperor standing facing, head right, holding labarum with cross and Victory bearing wreath on globe.Mint‑mark: /‑//ANT∆Inv. No. 24417Reference: RIC IX, 2b (xxxvii)Bibliography: FMRÖ III/2, 29124


VALENTINIANVS I

127. Denomination: solidusAxis: 5; D: 20.6 mm; W: 4.28 gr.Mint: ThessalonicaDating: 364–367Obv: D(ominus) N(oster) VALENTINI-ANVS P(ius) F(elix) AVG(ustus)Pearl‑diademed bust left, wearing imperial mantle and holding mappa and short sceptre.Rv: SALVS – REI P(ublicae)Emperor standing facing, head right, holding labarum with Chi‑Rho and Victory on globe, spurning captive kneeling left, head reverted.Mint‑mark: ‑///SMTESReference: RIC IX, 3a (2)Private collection

VALENTINIANVS I

128. Denomination: solidusAxis: 12; D: 20.5 mm; W: 4.38 gr.Mint: TreveriDating: 367–375Obv: D(ominus) N(oster) VALENTINI-ANVS P(ius) F(elix) AVG(ustus)Rosette‑diademed, draped, cuirassed bust right.Rv: VICTOR-IA AVGG(ustorum)Two emperors enthroned facing, together holding globe. Behind and between them the upper portion of a Victory with outspread wings; between them below, a palm‑branch.Mint‑mark: ‑/‑//TROBTInv. No. 24427Reference: RIC IX, 17bBibliography: Jobst 1992, 103, no. 313; FMRÖ III/2, 26922


VALENTINIANVS I

129. Denomination: solidusAxis: 6; D: 21.5 mm; W: 4.34 gr.Mint: TreveriDating: 367–375Obv: D(ominus) N(oster) VALENTINI-ANVS P(ius) F(elix) AVG(ustus)Rosette‑diademed, draped, cuirassed bust right.Rv: [vi]CTOR-[ia a]VGG(ustorum)Two emperors enthroned facing, together holding globe. Behind and between them the upper portion of a Victory with outspread wings.Mint‑mark: ‑/‑//TR•OB•Inv. No. 38344Reference: RIC IX, 17bBibliography: FMRÖ III/2, 26923Remark: The coin is bent and damaged.

VALENS

130. Denomination: solidusAxis: 6; D: 20.5 mm; W: 4.05 gr.Mint: ConstantinopleDating: 364–367Obv: D(ominus) N(oster) VALENS P(ius) F(elix) AVG(ustus)Rosette‑diademed, draped, cuirassed bust right.Rv: RESTITVTOR – REI PVBLICAEEmperor standing facing, head right, holding labarum with cross and Victory bearing wreath on globe.Mint‑mark: ‑/‑//CONSInv. No. 42777Reference: RIC IX, 3(d)


VALENS

131. Denomination: solidusAxis: 12; D: 20.3 mm; W: 3.90 gr.Mint: CyzicusDating: 364–367Obv: D(ominus) N(oster) VALENS – P(ius) F(elix) AVG(ustus)Pearl‑diademed, draped, cuirassed bust right.Rv: RESTITVTOR – REI PVBLICAEEmperor standing facing, head right, holding labarum with Chi‑Rho and Victory bearing wreath on globe.Mint‑mark: ‑/‑//SMKAInv. No. 38353Reference: RIC IX, 2dBibliography: FMRÖ III/2, 31479

VALENS

132. Denomination: solidusAxis: 5; D: 21.3 mm; W: 4.43 gr.Mint: AntiochDating: 364–367Obv: D(ominus) N(oster) VALENS – PER(petuus) F(elix) AVG(ustus)Rosette‑diademed, draped, cuirassed bust right.Rv: RESTITVTOR – REI PVBLICAEEmperor standing facing, head right, holding labarum with Chi‑Rho and Victory bearing wreath on globe.Mint‑mark: ‑/‑//ANTA•Inv. No. 38352Reference: RIC IX, 2dBibliography: FMRÖ III/2, 31499


VALENS

133. Denomination: solidusAxis: 4; D: 20.6 mm; W: 4.28 gr.Mint: AntiochDating: 364–367Obv: D(ominus) N(oster) VALENS – PER(petuus) F(elix) AVG(ustus)Rosette‑diademed, draped, cuirassed bust right.Rv: RESTITVTOR – REI PVBLICAEEmperor standing facing, head right, holding labarum with Chi‑Rho and Victory bearing wreath on globe.Mint‑mark: ‑/‑//ANTΘ•Inv. No. 38400Reference: RIC IX, 2eBibliography: FMRÖ III/2, 31503

VALENS

134. Denomination: solidusAxis: 5; D: 19.8 mm; W: 3.69 gr.Mint: AntiochDating: 364–367Obv: D(ominus) N(oster) VALENS – PER(petuus) F(elix) AVG(ustus)Rosette‑diademed, draped, cuirassed bust right.Rv: RESTITVTOR – REI PVBLICAEEmperor standing facing, head right, holding labarum with Chi‑Rho and Victory bearing wreath on globe.Mint‑mark: /‑//ANTAInv. No. 38349Reference: RIC IX, 2dBibliography: FMRÖ III/2, 31497


VALENS

135. Denomination: solidusAxis: 4; D: 20.9 mm; W: 4.47 gr.Mint: AntiochDating: 364–367Obv: D(ominus) N(oster) VALENS – PER(petuus) F(elix) AVG(ustus)Pearl‑diademed, draped, cuirassed bust right.Rv: RESTITVTOR – REI PVBLICAEEmperor standing facing, head right, holding labarum with Chi‑Rho and Victory bearing wreath on globe.Mint‑mark: /‑//ANTΓInv. No. 38350Reference: RIC IX, 2dBibliography: FMRÖ III/2, 31498

VALENS

136. Denomination: solidusAxis: 6; D: 20.9 mm; W: 4.15 gr.Mint: AntiochDating: 364–367Obv: D(ominus) N(oster) VALENS – PER(petuus) F(elix) AVG(ustus)Pearl‑diademed, draped, cuirassed bust right.Rv: RESTITVTOR – REI PVBLICAEEmperor standing facing, head right, holding labarum with Chi‑Rho and Victory bearing wreath on globe.Mint‑mark: /‑//ANTΓInv. No. 38351Reference: RIC IX, 2dBibliography: Buora/Jobst 2002, 188–189, no. IIb.10; FMRÖ III/2, 31501


VALENS

137. Denomination: solidusAxis: 4; D: 20.4 mm; W: 4.02 gr.Mint: AntiochDating: 364–367Obv: D(ominus) N(oster) VALENS – PER(petuus) F(elix) AVG(ustus)Pearl‑diademed, draped, cuirassed bust right.Rv: RESTITVTOR – REI PVBLICAEEmperor standing facing, head right, holding labarum with Chi‑Rho and Victory bearing wreath on globe.Mint‑mark: /‑//ANTHInv. No. 38401Reference: RIC IX, 2dBibliography: FMRÖ III/2, 31502

VALENS

138. Denomination: solidusAxis: 4; D: 21.2 mm; W: 4.30 gr.Mint: AntiochDating: 364–367Obv: D(ominus) N(oster) VALENS – PER(petuus) F(elix) AVG(ustus)Pearl‑diademed, draped, cuirassed bust right.Rv: RESTITVTOR – REI PVBLICAEEmperor standing facing, head right, holding labarum with Chi‑Rho and Victory bearing wreath on globe.Mint‑mark: /‑//ANTIInv. No. 24428Reference: RIC IX, 2dBibliography: Jobst 1992, 103, no. 314; FMRÖ III/2, 31500


VALENS

139. Denomination: solidusAxis: 6; D: 21.6 x 20.7 mm; W: 4.40 gr.Mint: AntiochDating: 364–367Obv: D(ominus) N(oster) VALENS – PER(petuus) F(elix) AVG(ustus)Pearl‑diademed, draped, cuirassed bust right.Rv: RESTITVTOR – REI PVBLICAEEmperor standing facing, head right, holding labarum with Chi‑Rho and Victory bearing wreath on globe.Mint‑mark: /‑//ANTIInv. No. 42773Reference: RIC IX, 2dBibliography: Buora/Jobst 2002, 188–189, no. IIb.

VALENS

140. Denomination: solidusAxis: 12; D: 20.5 mm; W: 4.35 gr.Mint: TreveriDating: 367–375Obv: D(ominus) N(oster) VALENS – P(ius) F(elix) AVG(ustus)Rosette‑diademed, draped, cuirassed bust right.Rv: VICTOR-IA AVGG(ustorum)Two emperors enthroned facing, together holding globe. Behind and between them the upper portion of a Victory with outspread wings; between them below, a palm‑branch.Mint‑mark: ‑/‑//TROBTInv. No. 38399Reference: RIC IX, 17eBibliography: FMRÖ III/2, 29314


GRATIANVS

141. Denomination: solidusAxis: 11; D: 21.3 mm; W: 4.48 gr.Mint: TreveriDating: 367–375Obv: D(ominus) N(oster) GRATIANVS P(ius) F(elix) AVG(ustus)Rosette‑diademed, draped, cuirassed bust right.Rv: VICTOR-IA AVGG(ustorum)Two emperors enthroned facing, together holding globe. Behind and between them the upper portion of a Victory with outspread wings; between them below, a palm‑branch.Mint‑mark: ‑/‑//TR•OBCInv. No. 38528Reference: RIC IX, 17g

THEODOSIVS I

142. Denomination: solidusAxis: 6; D: 19.7 mm; W: 4.41 gr.Mint: TreveriDating: 378–383Obv: D(ominus) N(oster) THEODO-SIVS P(ius) F(elix) AVG(ustus)Pearl‑diademed, draped, cuirassed bust right.Rv: VICTOR-IA AVGG(ustorum)Two emperors seated facing together holding globe their left knees exposed between them and behind throne, upper half of Victory wings, spread palm between their feet.Mint‑mark: ‑/‑//TROBCInv. No. 38390Reference: RIC IX, 50Bibliography: FMRÖ III/2, 32884; Humer 2009, 61–62, no. 115


VALENTIANVS II

143. Denomination: solidusAxis: 12; D: 20.2 mm; W: 4.48 gr.Mint: TreveriDating: 379–383Obv: D(ominus) N(oster) VALENTINIANVS IVN(ior) P(ius) F(elix) AVG(ustus)Pearl‑diademed, draped, cuirassed bust right.Rv: VICTOR-IA AVGG(ustorum)Two emperors seated facing together holding globe their left knees exposed between them and behind throne, upper half of Victory wings, spread palm between their feet.Mint‑mark: ‑/‑//TROBSInv. No. 42762Reference: RIC IX, 49c

THEODOSIVS I

144. Denomination: 1 ½ scripulumAxis: 11; D: 14.1 mm; W: 1.43 gr.Mint: ConstantinopleDating: 383–388Obv: D(ominus) N(oster) THEODO-SIVS P(ius) F(elix) AVG(ustus)Pearl‑diademed, draped, cuirassed bust right.Rv: VICTORIA AVGVSTORVMVictoria seated right on cuirass, writing VOT//X//MVLT//XV on shield held on knee.Mint‑mark: /‑//CONOBInv. No. 24431Reference: RIC IX, 74Bibliography: Jobst 1992, 103, no. 317; FMRÖ III/2, 32980


ARCADIVS

145. Denomination: tremissisAxis: 12; D: 13.7 x 12.7 mm; W: 1.50 gr.Mint: MediolanumDating: 392–395Obv: D(ominus) N(oster) ARCADI-VS P(ius) F(elix) AVG(ustus)Pearl‑diademed, draped, cuirassed bust right.Rv: VICTORIA – AVGVSTORVMVictory advancing right, holding wreath and cross on globe.Mint‑mark: M/D//COMInv. No. 24128Reference: RIC IX, 23c=37bBibliography: Jobst 1992, 89, no. 19; FMRÖ III/2, 33088

ARCADIVS

146. Denomination: tremissisAxis: 6; D: 13.3 mm; W: 1.49 gr.Mint: MediolanumDating: 392–395Obv: D(ominus) N(oster) ARCADI-VS P(ius) F(elix) AVG(ustus)Pearl‑diademed, draped, cuirassed bust right.Rv: VICTORIA – AVGVSTORVMVictory advancing right, holding wreath and cross on globe.Mint‑mark: M/D//COMReference: RIC IX, 23c=37bPrivate collection


ARCADIVS

147. Denomination: solidusAxis: 5; D: 20.2 mm; W: 4.42 gr.Mint: SirmiumDating: 393–394Obv: D(ominus) N(oster) ARCADI-VS P(ius) F(elix) AVG(ustus)Pearl‑diademed, draped, and cuirassed bust right.Rv: VICTORI–A AVGGΓ(ustorum)Arcadius standing right, foot on bound captive, holding labarum and Victory on globe.Mint‑mark: S/M//COMOBReference: RIC IX, 12cPrivate collection

ARCADIVS

148. Denomination: solidusAxis: 6; D: 20.2 x 18.9 mm; W: 4.43 gr.Mint: ConstantinopleDating: 397–402Obv: D(ominus) N(oster) ARCADI-VS P(ius) F(elix) AVG(ustus)Helmeted pearl‑diademed cuirassed bust of Arcadius facing holding spear over right shoul‑der, shield adorned with horseman riding down enemy on left.Rv: CONCORDI–A AVGG(ustorum)Helmeted Constantinopolis seated facing head right holding scepter in right hand, Victory on globe in left, right foot on prow.Mint‑mark: -/S//CONOBInv. No. 38388Reference: RIC X, 7Bibliography: FMRÖ III/2, 33095


HONORIVS

149. Denomination: solidusAxis: 5; D: 20.2 mm; W: 4.37 gr.Mint: ConstantinopleDating: 397–402Obv: D(ominus) N(oster) HONORI-VS P(ius) F(elix) AVG(ustus)Helmeted pearl‑diademed cuirassed bust of Arcadius facing holding spear over right shoul‑der, shield adorned with horseman riding down enemy on left.Rv: CONCORDI–A AVGG(ustorum) ZHelmeted Constantinopolis seated facing head right holding scepter in right hand, Victory on globe in left, right foot on prow.Mint‑mark: -/-//CONOBReference: RIC X, 8Private collection

HONORIVS

150. Denomination: solidusAxis: 6; D: 21.2 x 20.5 mm; W: 4.45 gr.Mint: MediolanumDating: 395–402Obv: D(ominus) N(oster) HONORI-VS P(ius) F(elix) AVG(ustus)Pearl‑diademed, draped, and cuirassed bust right.Rv: VICTORI–A AVGGG(ustorum)Honorius standing right, foot on bound captive, holding labarum and Victory on globe.Mint‑mark: M/D//COMOBReference: RIC X, 1206Private collection


HONORIVS

151. Denomination: solidusAxis: 5; D: 20.5 mm; W: 4.42 gr.Mint: RavennaDating: 402–406Obv: D(ominus) N(oster) HONORI-VS P(ius) F(elix) AVG(ustus)Pearl‑diademed, draped, and cuirassed bust right.Rv: VICTORI–A AVGGG(ustorum)Honorius standing right, foot on bound captive, holding labarum and Victory on globe.Mint‑mark: R/V//COMOBInv. No. 37369Reference: RIC X, 1287Bibliography: FMRÖ III/2, 33095

HONORIVS

152. Denomination: solidusAxis: 12; D: 21.2 x 20.4 mm; W: 4.44 gr.Mint: RavennaDating: 402–406Obv: D(ominus) N(oster) HONORI-VS P(ius) F(elix) AVG(ustus)Pearl‑diademed, draped, and cuirassed bust right.Rv: VICTORI–A AVGGG(ustorum)Honorius standing right, foot on bound captive, holding labarum and Victory on globe.Mint‑mark: R/V//COMOBInv. No. 40629Reference: RIC X, 1287


THEODOSIVS II

153. Denomination: solidusAxis: 6; D: 21.1 mm; W: 4.29 gr.Mint: ConstantinopleDating: 425–429Obv: D(ominus) N(oster) THEODO-SIVS P(ius) F(elix) AVG(ustus)Helmeted pearl‑diademed cuirassed bust of emperor facing, holding spear over right shoul‑der, shield adorned with horseman riding down enemy on left.Rv: SALVS REI – PVBLICAE ITheodosius II seated front, left foot on footstool and Valentinianus III standing front, both nimbate, in consular robe, holding mappa in right hand and long cross in left hand; above and between them a star.Mint‑mark: ‑/‑//CONOBReference: RIC X, 237Private collection

THEODOSIVS II

154. Denomination: solidusAxis: 6; D: 20.6 mm; W: 4.48 gr.Mint: ConstantinopleDating: 430–444Obv: D(ominus) N(oster) THEODO-SIVS P(ius) F(elix) AVG(ustus)Helmeted pearl‑diademed cuirassed bust of emperor facing, holding spear over right shoul‑der, shield adorned with horseman riding down enemy on left.Rv: VOT(is) XX – MVLT(is) XXXVictory standing left supporting long, jeweled cross with right hand.Mint‑mark: ‑/‑//CONOBInv. No. 38398Reference: RIC X, 219Bibliography: FMRÖ III/2, 33294


THEODOSIVS II

155. Denomination: solidusAxis: 6; D: 20.6 mm; W: 4.48 gr.Mint: ConstantinopleDating: 430–440Obv: D(ominus) N(oster) THEODO-SIVS P(ius) F(elix) AVG(ustus)Helmeted pearl‑diademed cuirassed bust of emperor facing, holding spear over right shoul‑der, shield adorned with horseman riding down enemy on left.Rv: VOT(is) XXX – MVLT(is) XXXX∈Helmeted Constantinopolis seated left holding globus cruciger in right hand scepter in left, left foot on prow, shield resting beside throne.Mint‑mark: ‑///CONOBInv. No. 38346Reference: RIC X, 257Bibliography: FMRÖ III/2, 33295

THEODOSIVS II

156. Denomination: solidusAxis: 6; D: 20.6 mm; W: 4.31 gr.Mint: ConstantinopleDating: 430–440Obv: D(ominus) N(oster) THEODO-SIVS P(ius) F(elix) AVG(ustus)Helmeted pearl‑diademed cuirassed bust of emperor facing, holding spear over right shoul‑der, shield adorned with horseman riding down enemy on left.Rv: VOT(is) XXX – MVLT(is) XXXXΘHelmeted Constantinopolis seated left holding globus cruciger in right hand scepter in left, left foot on prow, shield resting beside throne.Mint‑mark: ‑///CONOBReference: RIC X, 257Private collection


THEODOSIVS II

157. Denomination: solidusAxis: 5; D: 20.7 x 19.6 mm; W: 4.36 gr.Mint: ConstantinopleDating: 430–440Obv: D(ominus) N(oster) THEODO-SIVS P(ius) F(elix) AVG(ustus)Helmeted pearl‑diademed cuirassed bust of emperor facing, holding spear over right shoul‑der, shield adorned with horseman riding down enemy on left.Rv: VOT(is) XXX – MVLT(is) XXXXΛHelmeted Constantinopolis seated left holding globus cruciger in right hand scepter in left, left foot on prow, shield resting beside throne.Mint‑mark: ‑///CONOBInv. No. 38354Reference: RIC X, 257Bibliography: FMRÖ III/2, 33296

THEODOSIVS II

158. Denomination: solidusAxis: 7; D: 19.6 mm; W: 4.11 gr.Mint: ConstantinopleDating: 430–440Obv: D(ominus) N(oster) THEODO-SIVS P(ius) F(elix) AVG(ustus)Helmeted pearl‑diademed cuirassed bust of emperor facing, holding spear over right shoul‑der, shield adorned with horseman riding down enemy on left.Rv: VOT(is) XXX – MVLT(is) XXXXSHelmeted Constantinopolis seated left holding globus cruciger in right hand scepter in left, left foot on prow, shield resting beside throne.Mint‑mark: ‑///CONOBInv. No. 38355Reference: RIC X, 257Bibliography: Buora/Jobst 2002, 189, no. IIb.12; FMRÖ III/2, 33297; Humer/Kremer 2011, 301, no. 448


THEODOSIVS II

159. Denomination: solidusAxis: 6; D: 21 mm; W: 4.46 gr.Mint: ConstantinopleDating: 441Obv: D(ominus) N(oster) THEODO-SIVS P(ius) F(elix) AVG(ustus)Helmeted pearl‑diademed cuirassed bust of emperor facing, holding spear over right shoul‑der, shield adorned with horseman riding down enemy on left.Rv: IMP(erator) • XXXXII • CO(n)S(ul) • XVII • P(ater) • P(atriae)Helmeted Constantinopolis seated left holding globus cruciger in right hand sceptre in left, left foot on prow, shield resting beside throne.Mint‑mark: /‑//COMOBInv. No. 38347Reference: RIC X, 286Bibliography: FMRÖ III/2, 33298

THEODOSIVS II

160. Denomination: solidusAxis: 6; D: 21.7 x 20 mm; W: 4.42 gr.Mint: ConstantinopleDating: 441Obv: D(ominus) N(oster) THEODOSI-VS P(ius) F(elix) AVG(ustus)Helmeted pearl‑diademed cuirassed bust of emperor facing, holding spear over right shoul‑der, shield adorned with horseman riding down enemy on left.Rv: IMP(erator) XXXXII CO(n)S(ul) – XVII P(ater) P(atriae)Helmeted Constantinopolis seated left holding globus cruciger in right hand sceptre in left, left foot on prow, shield resting beside throne.Mint‑mark: /‑//CONOBInv. No. 42763Reference: RIC X, 323


THEODOSIVS II

161. Denomination: solidusAxis: 6; D: 21 x 19.7 mm; W: 4.48 gr.Mint: ConstantinopleDating: 441Obv: D(ominus) N(oster) THEODO-SIVS P(ius) F(elix) AVG(ustus)Helmeted pearl‑diademed cuirassed bust of emperor facing, holding spear over right shoul‑der, shield adorned with horseman riding down enemy on left.Rv: IMP(erator) XXXXII CO(n)S(ul) – XVII P(ater) P(atriae)Helmeted Constantinopolis seated left holding globus cruciger in right hand scepter in left, left foot on prow, shield resting beside throne.Mint‑mark: /‑//CONOBInv. No. 24435Reference: RIC X, 324Bibliography: Jobst 1992, 103, no. 321; FMRÖ III/2, 33299

THEODOSIVS II

162. Denomination: solidusAxis: 6; D: 20.7 mm; W: 4.43 gr.Mint: ConstantinopleDating: 441Obv: D(ominus) N(oster) THEODOSI-VS P(ius) F(elix) AVG(ustus)Helmeted pearl‑diademed cuirassed bust of emperor facing, holding spear over right shoul‑der, shield adorned with horseman riding down enemy on left.Rv: IMP(erator) XXXXII CO(n)S(ul) – XVII P(ater) P(atriae)Helmeted Constantinopolis seated left holding globus cruciger in right hand scepter in left, left foot on prow, shield resting beside throne.Mint‑mark: /‑//CONOBReference: RIC X, 324Private collection


VALENTINIANVS III

163. Denomination: solidusAxis: 6; D: 21.4 x 20.8 mm; W: 4.45 gr.Mint: ConstantinopleDating: 425–429Obv: D(ominus) N(oster) VALENTINI-ANVS P(ius) F(elix) AVG(ustus)Helmeted pearl‑diademed cuirassed bust of emperor facing, holding spear over right shoul‑der, shield adorned with horseman riding down enemy on left.Rv: SALVS REI-PVBLICAE ATwo emperors nimbate enthroned facing, both in consular robes holding mappa and crucifer sceptre; above and between them a star.Mint‑mark: -/‑//CONOBInv. No. 24436Reference: RIC X, 242Bibliography: Jobst 1992, 103, no. 322; FMRÖ III/2, 33303; Humer/Kremer 2011, 101, no 449

VALENTINIANVS III

164. Denomination: solidusAxis: 12; D: 21 x 20 mm; W: 4.36 gr.Mint: TreveriDating: 430–445Obv: D(ominus) N(oster) PLA(cidius) VALENTINI-ANVS P(ius) F(elix) AVG(ustus)Rosette‑diademed, draped, cuirassed bust right.Rv: VICTORI-A AVGGG(ustorum)Valentinian standing facing, holding long cross and Victory bearing wreath on globe; right foot on head of coiled human‑headed serpent.Mint‑mark: R/V//COMOBInv. No. 24260/157Reference: RIC X, 2018Bibliography: FMRÖ III/2, 33304


VALENTINIANVS III

165. Denomination: tremissisAxis: 6; D: 14 mm; W: 1.48 gr.Mint: RavennaDating: 455Obv: D(ominus) N(oster) PLA(cidius) VALENTINI-ANVS P(ius) F(elix) AVG(ustus)Pearl‑diademed, draped, cuirassed bust right.Rv: No legend.Cross potent within wreath.Mint‑mark: -/-//COMOBInv. No. 24418Reference: RIC X, 2061Bibliography: FMRÖ III/2, 33305

MARCIANVS

166. Denomination: solidusAxis: 5; D: 20.9 mm; W: 4.47 gr.Mint: ConstantinopleDating: 450–457Obv: D(ominus) N(oster) MARCIA-NVS P(ius) F(elix) AVG(ustus)Helmeted pearl‑diademed cuirassed bust of emperor facing, holding spear over right shoul‑der, shield adorned with horseman riding down enemy on left.Rv: VICTORI-A AVGGG(ustorum) ∈Victory standing left, supporting long jewelled cross.Mint‑mark: -///CONOBInv. No. 42764Reference: RIC X, 510


LEO I

167. Denomination: solidusAxis: 5; D: 20.9 x 19.5 mm; W: 4.44 gr.Mint: ConstantinopleDating: 462/466Obv: D(ominus) N(oster) LEO PE-RPET(uus) AVG(ustus)Helmeted pearl‑diademed cuirassed bust of emperor facing, holding spear over right shoul‑der, shield adorned with horseman riding down enemy on left.Rv: VICTORI-A AVGGG(ustorum) ∆Victory standing left, supporting long jewelled cross.Mint‑mark: -///CONOBInv. No. 38381Reference: RIC X, 605Bibliography: FMRÖ III/2, 33306

LEO I

168. Denomination: solidusAxis: 1; D: 18.7 mm; W: 4.11 gr.Mint: ConstantinopleDating: 462/466Obv: D(ominus) N(oster) LEO PE-RPET(uus) AVG(ustus)Helmeted pearl‑diademed cuirassed bust of emperor facing, holding spear over right shoul‑der, shield adorned with horseman riding down enemy on left.Rv: VICTORI-A AVGGG(ustorum) BVictory standing left, supporting long jewelled cross.Mint‑mark: -///CONOBInv. No. 38402Reference: RIC X, 605Bibliography: FMRÖ III/2, 33307


ZENO

169. Denomination: solidusAxis: 5; D: 19.4 mm; W: 4.18 gr.Mint: ConstantinopleDating: 462/466Obv: D(ominus) N(oster) ZENO – PERP(etuus) AVG(ustus)Helmeted pearl‑diademed cuirassed bust of emperor facing, holding spear over right shoul‑der, shield adorned with horseman riding down enemy on left.Rv: VICTORI-A AVGGG(ustorum) ∈Victory standing left, supporting long jewelled cross.Mint‑mark: -///CONOBInv. No. 38392Reference: RIC X, 910Bibliography: FMRÖ III/2, 33308

IVLIVS NEPOS: in the name of Zeno

170. Denomination: tremissisAxis: 5; D: 13.5 mm; W: 1.44 gr.Mint: RomeDating: 474–475Obv: D(ominus) N(oster) ZENO – PERP(etuus) F(elix) AVG(ustus)Pearl‑diademed, draped, cuirassed bust right.Rv: No legend.Cross potent within wreath.Mint‑mark: -/-//COMOBReference: RIC X, 3210Private collection


BYZANTINE COINS

ANASTASIVS I

171. Denomination: solidusAxis: 6; D: 21.4 x 20.8 mm; W: 4.40 gr.Mint: ConstantinopleDating: 507–518Obv: D(ominus) N(oster) ANASTA–SIVS P(er)P(etuus) AVG(ustus)Helmeted pearl‑diademed cuirassed bust of emperor facing, holding spear over right shoul‑der, shield adorned with horseman riding down enemy on left.Rv: VICTORI-A AVGGG(ustorum) AVictory standing left, supporting long jewelled cross.Mint‑mark: /‑//CONOBReference: MIB 1, 7Private collection

ANASTASIVS I

172. Denomination: solidusAxis: 6; D: 20.9 mm; W: 4.46 gr.Mint: ConstantinopleDating: 507–518Obv: D(ominus) N(oster) ANASTA–SIVS P(er)P(etuus) AVG(ustus)Helmeted pearl‑diademed cuirassed bust of emperor facing, holding spear over right shoul‑der, shield adorned with horseman riding down enemy on left.Rv: VICTORI-A AVGGG(ustorum) AVictory standing left, supporting long jewelled cross.Mint‑mark: /‑//CONOBReference: MIB 1, 7Private collection


ANASTASIVS I

173. Denomination: solidusAxis: 5; D: 19.8 x 18.4 mm; W: 4.37 gr.Mint: ConstantinopleDating: 507–518Obv: D(ominus) N(oster) ANASTA–SIVS P(er)P(etuus) AVG(ustus)Helmeted pearl‑diademed cuirassed bust of emperor facing, holding spear over right shoul‑der, shield adorned with horseman riding down enemy on left.Rv: VICTORI-A AVGGG(ustorum) ΘVictory standing left, supporting long jewelled cross.Mint‑mark: /‑//CONOBInv. No. 38348Reference: MIB 1, 7Bibliography: FMRÖ III/2, 33506

IVSTINVS I

174. Denomination: solidusAxis: 6; D: 20.6 x 19.5 mm; W: 4.41 gr.Mint: ConstantinopleDating: 518–522Obv: D(ominus) N(oster) IVSTI–NVS P(er)P(etuus) AVG(ustus)Helmeted pearl‑diademed cuirassed bust of emperor facing, holding spear over right shoul‑der, shield adorned with horseman riding down enemy on left.Rv: VICTORI-A AVGGG(ustorum) BVictory standing left, supporting long jewelled cross.Mint‑mark: /‑//CONOBInv. No. 38523Reference: MIB 1, 2Bibliography: Buora/Jobst 2002, 189, no. IIb.13; FMRÖ III/2, 33507


IVSTINVS I

175. Denomination: semissisAxis: 6; D: 19.1 x 17.3 mm; W: 2.23 gr.Mint: ConstantinopleDating: 518–527Obv: D(ominus) N(oster) IVSTI–NVS P(er)[p(etuus) aug(ustus)]Pearl‑diademed, draped, cuirassed bust right.Rv: VICTORIA AVG[gg(ustorum)]Victory seated right, inscribing XXX on shield set on knee.Mint‑mark: ///CONOBInv. No. 38380Reference: MIB 1, 4Bibliography: FMRÖ III/2, 33508

IVSTINVS I

176. Denomination: tremissisAxis: 6; D: 14.9 mm; W: 1.38 gr.Mint: ConstantinopleDating: 518–527Obv: D(ominus) N(oster) IVSTI–NVS P(er)P(etuus) AVG(ustus)Diademed, draped, cuirassed bust right.Rv: VICTORIA AVGVSTORVMVictory standing facing, holding jewelled cross and cross on globe.Mint‑mark: ‑///CONOBInv. No. 24180Reference: MIB 1, 5Bibliography: FMRÖ III/1, no. 9458; Jobst 1992, 95, no. 72; FMRÖ III/2, 33509


IVSTINIANVS I

177. Denomination: solidusAxis: 5; D: 21.5 x 20.9 mm; W: 4.45 gr.Mint: ConstantinopleDating: 527–537Obv: D(ominus) N(oster) IVSTINI–ANVS P(er)P(etuus) AVG(ustus)Helmeted pearl‑diademed cuirassed bust of emperor facing, holding spear over right shoul‑der, shield adorned with horseman riding down enemy on left.Rv: VICTORI-A AVGGG(ustorum) IVictory standing facing, holding jewelled cross and cross on globe.Mint‑mark: ‑///CONOBInv. No. 24181Reference: MIB 1, 5Bibliography: Jobst 1992, 95, no. 73; FMRÖ III/2, 33510

IVSTINIANVS I

178. Denomination: solidusAxis: 6; D: 21.8 mm; W: 4.45 gr.Mint: ConstantinopleDating: 537–542Obv: D(ominus) N(oster) IVSTINI–ANVS P(er)P(etuus) AVG(ustus)Helmeted pearl‑diademed cuirassed bust of emperor facing, holding cross on globe, shield adorned with horseman riding down enemy on left.Rv: VICTORI-A AVGGG(ustorum) ∈Victory standing facing, holding jewelled cross and cross on globe.Mint‑mark: ‑///[c]ONOBInv. No. 38403Reference: MIB 1, 6Bibliography: FMRÖ III/2, 33511


IVSTINIANVS I

179. Denomination: solidusAxis: 6; D: 22.1 x 21.1 mm; W: 4.36 gr.Mint: ConstantinopleDating: 527–537Obv: D(ominus) N(oster) IVSTINI–ANVS P(er)P(etuus) AVG(ustus)Helmeted pearl‑diademed cuirassed bust of emperor facing, holding cross on globe, shield adorned with horseman riding down enemy on left.Rv: VICTORI-A AVGGG(ustorum) SVictory standing facing, holding jewelled cross and cross on globe.Mint‑mark: ‑///CONOBInv. No. 42765Reference: MIB 1, 6

IVSTINIANVS I

180. Denomination: solidusAxis: 5; D: 20.3 x 18.5 mm; W: 4.47 gr.Mint: ConstantinopleDating: 542–565Obv: D(ominus) N(oster) IVSTI[ni]–ANVS P(er)P(etuus) AVG(ustus)Helmeted pearl‑diademed cuirassed bust of emperor facing, holding cross on globe, shield adorned with horseman riding down enemy on left.Rv: VICTORI-A AVGGG(ustorum) ΓVictory standing facing, holding jewelled cross and cross on globe.Mint‑mark: ‑///CONOBInv. No. 38384Reference: MIB 1, 7Bibliography: FMRÖ III/2, 33514


IVSTINIANVS I

181. Denomination: solidusAxis: 6; D: 19.7 mm; W: 4.43 gr.Mint: ConstantinopleDating: 542–565Obv: D(ominus) N(oster) IVSTI[ni]–ANVS P(er)P(etuus) AVG(ustus)Helmeted pearl‑diademed cuirassed bust of emperor facing, holding cross on globe, shield adorned with horseman riding down enemy on left.Rv: VICTORI-A AVGGG(ustorum) ∆Victory standing facing, holding jewelled cross and cross on globe.Mint‑mark: ‑///CONOBInv. No. 38389Reference: MIB 1, 7Bibliography: FMRÖ III/2, 33517

IVSTINIANVS I

182. Denomination: solidusAxis: 6; D: 20.6 x 19.5 mm; W: 4.43 gr.Mint: ConstantinopleDating: 542–565Obv: D(ominus) N(oster) IVSTI[ni]–ANVS P(er)P(etuus) AVG(ustus)Helmeted pearl‑diademed cuirassed bust of emperor facing, holding cross on globe, shield adorned with horseman riding down enemy on left.Rv: VICTORI-A AVGGG(ustorum) ∈Victory standing facing, holding jewelled cross and cross on globe.Mint‑mark: ‑///CONOBInv. No. 38484Reference: MIB 1, 7Bibliography: FMRÖ III/2, 33516Remark: later scratches on reverse.


IVSTINIANVS I

183. Denomination: solidusAxis: 6; D: 21.4 x 20.7 mm; W: 4.46 gr.Mint: ConstantinopleDating: 542–565Obv: D(ominus) N(oster) IVSTI[ni]–ANVS P(er)P(etuus) AVG(ustus)Helmeted pearl‑diademed cuirassed bust of emperor facing, holding cross on globe, shield adorned with horseman riding down enemy on left.Rv: VICTORI-A AVGGG(ustorum) ZVictory standing facing, holding jewelled cross and cross on globe.Mint‑mark: ‑///C[ono]BInv. No. 24182Reference: MIB 1, 7Bibliography: Jobst 1992, 95, no. 74; FMRÖ III/2, 33512

IVSTINIANVS I

184. Denomination: solidusAxis: 6; D: 21.4 x 20.2 mm; W: 4.50 gr.Mint: ConstantinopleDating: 542–565Obv: D(ominus) N(oster) IVSTI[ni]–ANVS P(er)P(etuus) AVG(ustus)Helmeted pearl‑diademed cuirassed bust of emperor facing, holding cross on globe, shield adorned with horseman riding down enemy on left.Rv: VICTORI-A AVGGG(ustorum) ZVictory standing facing, holding jewelled cross and cross on globe.Mint‑mark: ‑///CONOBInv. No. 38385Reference: MIB 1, 7Bibliography: FMRÖ III/2, 33513Remark: both sides were double struck.


IVSTINIANVS I

185. Denomination: solidusAxis: 6; D: 20.3 x 19 mm; W: 4.45 gr.Mint: ConstantinopleDating: 542–565Obv: D(ominus) N(oster) IVSTI[ni]–ANVS P(er)P(etuus) AVG(ustus)Helmeted pearl‑diademed cuirassed bust of emperor facing, holding cross on globe, shield adorned with horseman riding down enemy on left.Rv: VICTORI-A AVGGG(ustorum) ΘVictory standing facing, holding jewelled cross and cross on globe.Mint‑mark: ‑///CONOBInv. No. 38393Reference: MIB 1, 7Bibliography: FMRÖ III/2, 33515

IVSTINIANVS I

186. Denomination: tremissisAxis: 6; D: 15.4 mm; W: 1.49 gr.Mint: ConstantinopleDating: 527–565Obv: D(ominus) N(oster) IVSTINI–ANVS P(er)P(etuus) AVG(ustus)Diademed, draped, cuirassed bust right.Rv: VICTORIA AVGVSTORV(m)Victory standing facing, holding wreath and cross on globe.Mint‑mark: -/-//CONOBReference: MIB 1, 19Private collection


IVSTINIANVS I

187. Denomination: tremissisAxis: 7; D: 16.7 mm; W: 1.46 gr.Mint: ConstantinopleDating: 527–565Obv: D(ominus) N(oster) IVSTINI–ANVS P(er)P(etuus) AVG(ustus)Diademed, draped, cuirassed bust right.Rv: [v]ICTORIA AVGV[s]TOR[um]Victory standing facing, holding wreath and cross on globe.Mint‑mark: ?/?//[c]O[nob]Inv. No. 30681Reference: MIB 1, 19Bibliography: FMRÖ III/2, 33518

IVSTINVS II

188. Denomination: solidusAxis: 4; D: 20.4 mm; W: 4.42 gr.Mint: ConstantinopleDating: 567–578Obv: D(ominus) N(oster) iu]STI–NVS P(er)P(etuus) AVG(ustus)Helmeted pearl‑diademed cuirassed bust of emperor facing, holding Victory on globe, on left shoulder shield adorned with horseman riding down enemy on left.Rv: VICTORI-A AVGGG(ustorum) ΓConstantinopolis enthroned facing, holding spear and globus cruciger.Mint‑mark: ‑/-//CONOBInv. No. 38406Reference: MIB 2, 5Bibliography: FMRÖ III/2, 33523


IVSTINVS II

189. Denomination: solidusAxis: 6; D: 20.5 mm; W: 4.42 gr.Mint: ConstantinopleDating: 567–578Obv: [d(ominus) n(oster) ius]TI–NVS P(er)P(etuus) AVG(ustus)Helmeted pearl‑diademed cuirassed bust of emperor facing, holding Victory on globe, on left shoulder shield adorned with horseman riding down enemy on left.Rv: VICTORI-A AVGGG(ustorum) ZConstantinopolis enthroned facing, holding spear and globus cruciger.Mint‑mark: ‑/-//CONOBInv. No. 38386Reference: MIB 2, 5Bibliography: FMRÖ III/2, 33522

TIBERIVS II

190. Denomination: solidusAxis: 6; D: 20.7 mm; W: 4.42 gr.Mint: ConstantinopleDating: 578–582Obv: D(ominus) m(oster) TIb(erius) CONST-ANT(inus) P(er)P(etuus) AVG(ustus)Crowned and cuirassed bust of emperor facing, holding cross on globe, on left shoulder shield adorned with horseman riding down enemy on left.Rv: VICTORI-A AVGG(ustorum) SCross potent on four steps.Mint‑mark: ‑/-//CONOBInv. No. 38404Reference: MIB 2, 4Bibliography: FMRÖ III/2, 33525


MAVRICIVS TIBERIVS

191. Denomination: solidusAxis: 7; D: 21.9 mm; W: 4.44 gr.Mint: ConstantinopleDating: 583–602Obv: D(ominus) N(oster) mAVR(i)C(ius) – T[Ib(erius) P(er)P(etuus)] A[vi(ustus)]Helmeted pearl‑diademed cuirassed bust of emperor facing, holding cross on globe.Rv: VICTORI-A AVGG(ustorum) ∆Victory standing facing, holding long, P‑headed cross and cross on globe.Mint‑mark: ‑/-//CONOBInv. No. 38382Reference: MIB 2, 6Bibliography: FMRÖ III/2, 33528

MAVRICIVS TIBERIVS

192. Denomination: solidusAxis: 6; D: 21.5 x 20.2 mm; W: 4.49 gr.Mint: ConstantinopleDating: 583–602Obv: D(ominus) N(oster) mAVR(i)C(ius) – TIb(erius) P(er)P(etuus) AVI(ustus)Helmeted pearl‑diademed cuirassed bust of emperor facing, holding cross on globe.Rv: VICT[ori]-A AVGG(ustorum) SVictory standing facing, holding long, P‑headed cross and cross on globe.Mint‑mark: ‑/-//CONOBInv. No. 38383Reference: MIB 2, 6Bibliography: FMRÖ III/2, 33527


PHOCAS

193. Denomination: solidusAxis: 7; D: 21.5 x 20.3 mm; W: 4.46 gr.Mint: ConstantinopleDating: 607–609Obv: D(ominus) N(oster) FOCAS – PERP(etuus) AVI(ustus)Crowned and cuirassed bust of emperor facing, holding cross on globe.Rv: VICTORIA AVGG(ustorum) EVictory standing facing, holding long, P‑headed cross and cross on globe.Mint‑mark: ‑/-//CONOBInv. No. 38387Reference: MIB 2, 9Bibliography: FMRÖ III/2, 33528

HERACLIVS

194. Denomination: solidus – platedAxis: 6; D: 21.4 mm; W: 2.63 gr.Mint: ‑Dating: 610–641/laterObv: Legend illegible.Facing busts of Heraclius with short beard on left and Heraclius Constantine (smaller bust), beardless, on right, each wearing chlamys and crown with cross, cross between their heads.Rv: VICTOR[i]A – AVS Һ=AVGG(ustorum) HCross potent on three steps.Mint‑mark: -/-//[con]OBInv. No. 24166Reference: MIB 3, 8Bibliography: Jobst 1992, 93, no. 58; FMRÖ III/2, 33529Remarks: imitation coin; 1/3 cut it out


HERACLIVS

195. Denomination: solidusAxis: 6; D: 20.9 x 19.5 mm; W: 4.45 gr.Mint: ConstantinopleDating: 629–632Obv: [dd(ominorum) NN(ostrorum) hERACLIUS ET hERA(clius) CONST(antinus) P(er) P(etuus) AVG(usti)Facing busts of Heraclius, with long moustache, long beard and tufts of hair at ears, on left, and Heraclius Constantine, (bust almost same size), with light beard on right, both wearing chlamys and simple crown with cross on circlet; cross between their heads.Rv: VICTORIA – AVччH=AVGG(ustorum) HCross potent on three steps.Mint‑mark: -/-//CONOBInv. No. 38405Reference: MIB 3, 33Bibliography: FMRÖ III/2, 33531

HERACLIVS

196. Denomination: semissisAxis: 6; D: 18.8 x 16,4mm; W: 2.24 gr.Mint: ConstantinopleDating: 613–641Obv: [d(ominus) n(oster) heracli]US T P(er)P(etuus) AVG(ustus)Pearl‑diademed, draped, cuirassed bust rightRv: VICT[o]RIA – AVччS=AVGG(ustorum) SCross on globe.Mint‑mark: -/-//-Inv. No. 38485Reference: MIB 3, 72Bibliography: FMRÖ III/2, 33532


HERACLIVS

197. Denomination: semissis – silvered, imitationAxis: 6; D: 17 mm; W: 2.01 gr.Mint: RavenaDating: 610–613Obv: [d(ominus) n(oster) heracli]US T P(er)P(etuus) AVG(ustus)Pearl‑diademed, draped, cuirassed bust rightRv: VICT[o]RIA – AVччS=AVGG(ustorum) SCross on globe.Mint‑mark: -/-//-Inv. No. 24186Reference: MIB 3, 117Bibliography: FMRÖ III/1, no. 10730; Jobst 1992, 95, no. 78; FMRÖ III/2, 33533

CONSTANS II

198. Denomination: solidusAxis: 6; D: 18.8 mm; W: 4.30 gr.Mint: SyracuseDating: 661–668Obv: D(ominus) N(oster) CO…Crowned facing busts of Constans, bearded, and Constantine IV beardless; crown of Constans surmounted by plume; cross above.Rv: VICTORIA – VIчΘCross potent on steps. Heraclius, holding long cross, and Tiberius, holding globus cruciger, standing facing on either side.Mint‑mark: -/-//CONOBΘInv. No. 24185Reference: MIB III, 34Bibliography: FMRÖ III/2, 33534


MEDIEVAL COINS

HUNGARYSIGISMUND I

199. Denomination: guldenAxis: 9; D: 20.9 mm; W: 3.51 gr.Mint: ‑Dating: 1387–1437Obv: + SIGISMUNDI • D(ei) • G(ratia) • R(ex) • VnGARIE •Heater shield/ escutcheon (stripes / lion / stripes/ lion).Rv: • S(anctus) • LADISL-AVS • REX Nimbate Saint Ladislaus standing facing, holding axe and globus cruciger. Right in field monogramInv. No. 42766Reference: Pohl 1972, D 2–8

LADISLAU V

200. Denomination: guldenAxis: 7; D: 22.9 mm; W: 3.51 gr.Mint: Sibiu (Hermannstadt) – TransylvaniaDating: 1455 or laterObv: + LADISLAUS • D(ei) • G(ratia) • R(ex) • VnGARIE •Heater shield/ escutcheon (stripes / double patriarchal cross / stripes/ double patriarchal cross).Rv: • S(anctus) • LADISL-AVS • REX Nimbate Saint Ladislaus standing facing, holding axe and globus cruciger. N – E in fieldInv. No. 42767Reference: cf. Pohl 1972, H 6Remark: a medieval imitation: poor quality of design and letters; the coat of arms are wrongly placed. The upper double patriarchal cross replaces the original eagle with spread wings.


MATTHIAS CORVINUS

201. Denomination: guldenAxis: 10; D: 21.3 mm; W: 3.55 gr.Mint: Sibiu (Hermannstadt) – TransylvaniaDating: 1466–1467Obv: + mAThIAS • D(ei) • G(ratia) • R(ex) • VnGARIE •Heater shield/ escutcheon (stripes / lion // double cross / raven with ring in its beak, crescent behind).Rv: • S(anctus) • LADISL-AVS • REXSt. Ladislau standing facing, holding battle axe and globus cruciger; right, cross; left, h.Reference: Pohl 1972, K3–3bPrivate collection

MATTHIAS CORVINUS: Banus Nicolaus Ujlaki (Landlord of Transylvania)

202. Denomination: guldenAxis: 8; D: 21.4 mm; W: 3.44 gr.Mint: Baia Mare (Nagybanya) – TransylvaniaDating: 1465–1470Obv: + mAThIAS • D(ei) • G(ratia) • R(ex) • VnGARIE •Heater shield/ escutcheon (stripes / double cross / raven with ring in its beak/ lion).Rv: • S (anctus) • LADISL-AVS • REXSt. Ladislau standing facing, holding battle axe and globus cruciger; right, wheel with 9 spokes within a shield; left, N.Inv. No. 40630Reference: Pohl 1972, K, 123

(Full text and illustration) The Gold Coins from Carnuntum

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