Forum for Social Studies (FSS) 胜“K=´U“ #402; u›=ƒ櫻

£M�lW”ì ¼~r L−TŒ (M¼L) Forum for Social Studies (FSS)

’Òi Ñ/T`ÁU Ð`“K=´U“ �ÉÑƒ u›=ƒÄåÁ ¾ÓM ƒ´�−‹ Ÿ1952 ËUa

Structure of Governance FSS is democratically governed, with decision-making shared by the General Assembly, the Executive Board, and the Management Committee. The General Assembly meets once a year to review and approve the broad policies of the organization. The Board, which has quarterly meetings per annum, is responsible for drawing up the policies and strategies of FSS, monitoring the work of the executive, and reviewing and approving the finances. Of the nine members in the Board four are women. The Management Committee, which is composed of the senior staff of FSS, is responsible for implementing the decisions of the Board and managing the activities of the organization.

Members of the Executive Board Ms. Aster Birke, Chairperson Ms. Adey Befekadu Dr. Meheret Ayenew Prof. Redda Tekle Haimanot Ms. Saba Kidane Mariam Ato Sahilu Haile Ms. Tsigie Haile Dr. Yeraswork Admassie Ato Zegeye Asfaw Ato Dessalegn Rahmato, Executive Director (till Nov. 1, 2005) Prof. Bahru Zewde, Executive Director (from Nov. 1, 2005)

ŸÉI’ƒ ¨Å MTƒ:- °¨<kƒ” Kƒ¨<MÉ Te}LKõ }Ÿ��Ã °ƒU lØ` 4

¾IƒS„‹ ›²ÒÏ:- g=ð^¨< ukK

Ð`“K=´U“ �ÉÑƒ u›=ƒÄåÁ ¾ÓM ƒ´�−‹ Ÿ1952 ËUa

’Òi Ñ/T`ÁU

¾T�u^© Ø“ƒ SÉ[¡' ›Ç=e ›uv' 1998 ¯.U.

Printed in Addis Ababa

Address: Forum for Social Studies P.O.Box 25864 code 1000 Addis Ababa Ethiopia

Tel. (251-11) 157-2990/91 Fax (251-11) 157-2979 E-mail: [email protected] www.fssethiopia.org.et

© 2006 Forum for Social Studies Camera Ready Copy: Prepared by Mihret Demissew ISBN 99944-50-05-0 Financial support for this publication has been provided by the FSS Donor Consortium which consists of the Royal Norwegian Embassy, the Royal Dutch Embassy, DFID and the Irish Embassy. The opinions expressed in this publication are those of the author and do not necessarily reflect the views of FSS or its Board of Advisors.

T¨<Ý

kÇT> nM.. ................................................................................ i SÓu=Á g=ð^¨< ukK ...................................................................................iii Ð`“K=´U“ �ÉÑƒ u›=ƒÄåÁ ¾ÓM ƒ´�−‹ Ÿ1952 ËUa ........................................................ ..1 ›v] ›”É…………………………………………………………...45 ›v] G<Kƒ……………………………………………………….….47 ›v] feƒ…………………………………………………………...49 ›v] ›^ƒ……………………………………………………….….51

FSS Publications List

FSS Periodical

• Medrek, now renamed FSS BULLETIN (Quarterly since 1998. English and Amharic)

• Africa Review of Books (Managed by FSS for CODESRIA) o Vol. 1, No. 1 (October 2004) o Vol. 1, No. 2 (September 2005)

FSS Discussion Papers No. 1 Water Resource Development in Ethiopia: Issues of Sustainability and Participation.

Dessalegn Rahmato. 1999 No. 2 The City of Addis Ababa: Policy Options for the Governance and Management of a City

with Multiple Identity. Meheret Ayenew. 1999 No. 3 Listening to the Poor: A Study Based on Selected Rural and Urban Sites in Ethiopia.

Aklilu Kidanu and Dessalegn Rahmato. 2000 No. 5 Land Redistribution and Female-Headed Households. Yigremew Adal. 2001 No. 8 Livelihood Insecurity Among Urban Households in Ethiopia. Dessalegn Rahmato and

Aklilu Kidanu. 2002 No. 9 Rural Poverty in Ethiopia: Household Case Studies from North Shewa. Yared Amare.

2002 No.10 Rural Lands in Ethiopia: Issues, Evidences and Policy Response. Tesfaye Teklu. 2003 No.11 Resettlement in Ethiopia: The Tragedy of Population Relocation in the 1980s.

Dessalegn Rahmato. 2003 No.12 Searching for Tenure Security? The Land System and New Policy Initiatives in Ethiopia.

Dessalegn Rahmato. 2004

FSS Monograph Series No. 1 Survey of the Private Press in Ethiopia: 1991-1999. Shimelis Bonsa. 2000 No. 2 Environmental Change and State Policy in Ethiopia: Lessons from Past Experience.

Dessalegn Rahmato. 2001 No. 3 Democratic Assistance to Post-Conflict Ethiopia: Impact and Limitations. Dessalegn

Rahmato and Meheret Ayenew. 2004 No. 4 Lord, Zega and Peasant: A Study of Property and Agrarian Relations in Rural Eastern

Gojjam. Habtamu Mengistie. 2004 No. Poverty And The Social Context of Sex Work In Addis Ababa: An Anthropological

Perspective. Bethlehem Tekola. 2006

FSS Conference Proceedings 1. Issues in Rural Development. Proceedings of the Inaugural Workshop of the Forum for

Social Studies, 18 September 1998. Edited by Zenebework Taddesse. 2000

2. Development and Public Access to Information in Ethiopia. Edited by Zenebework Tadesse. 2000

3. Environment and Development in Ethiopia. Edited by Zenebework Tadesse. 2001 4. Food Security and Sustainable Livelihoods in Ethiopia. Edited by Yared Amare. 2001 5. Natural Resource Management in Ethiopia. Edited by Alula Pankhurst. 2001 6. Poverty and Poverty Policy in Ethiopia. Special Issue. Papers presented at FSS conference

on poverty, 8 March 2002, Addis Ababa. 2002

Consultation Papers on Poverty No. 1 The Social Dimensions of Poverty. Minas Hiruy, Abebe Kebede, and Zenebework

Tadesse. Edited by Meheret Ayenew. 2001 No. 2 NGOs and Poverty Reduction. Fassil W. Mariam, Abowork Haile, Berhanu Geleto,

and Jemal Ahmed. Edited by Meheret Ayenew. 2001 No. 3 Civil Society Groups and Poverty Reduction. Abonesh H. Mariam, Zena Berhanu, and

Zewdie Shitie. Edited by Meheret Ayenew. 2001 No. 4 Listening to the Poor. Oral Presentation by Gizachew Haile, Senait Zenawi, Sisay

Gessesse and Martha Tadesse (in Amharic). Edited by Meheret Ayenew. 2001 No. 5 The Private Sector and Poverty Reduction [Amharic]. Teshome Kebede, Mullu

Solomon and Hailemeskel Abebe. Edited by Meheret Ayenew, 2001 No. 6 Government, Donors and Poverty Reduction. Mekonnen Manyazewal, William James

Smith and Jeroen Verheul. Edited by Meheret Ayenew. 2002 No. 7 Poverty and Poverty Policy in Ethiopia. Edited by Meheret Ayenew. 2002

Books

• Ethiopia: The Challenge of Democracy from Below. Edited by Bahru Zewde and Siegfried Pausewang. Nordic African Institute, Uppsala and the Forum for Social Studies, Addis Ababa. 2002

Thematic Briefing • Thematic Briefings on Natural Resource Management. Enlarged Edition. Edited by Alula

Pankhurst. Produced jointly by the Forum for Social Studies and the University of Sussex. January 2001

Gender Policy Dialogue Series No. 1 Gender and Economic Policy. Edited by Zenebework Tadesse. 2003 No. 2 Gender and Poverty (Amharic). Edited by Zenebework Tadesse. 2003 No. 3 Gender and Social Development in Ethiopia. (Forthcoming). No. 4 Gender Policy Dialogue in Oromiya Region. Edited by Eshetu Bekele. 2003 No. 6 Gender Policy Dialogue in Southern Region. Edited by Eshetu Bekele. 2004

Consultation Papers on Environment No. 1 Environment and Environmental Change in Ethiopia. Edited by Gedion Asfaw.

Consultation Papers on Environment. 2003

No. 2 Environment, Poverty and Gender. Edited by Gedion Asfaw. Consultation Papers onEnvironment. 2003

No. 3 Environmental Conflict. Edited by Gedion Asfaw. Consultation Papers onEnvironment. July 2003

No. 4

Economic Development and its Environmental Impact. Edited by Gedion Asfaw.Consultation Papers on Environment. 2003

No. 5 Government and Environmental Policy. Consultation Papers on Environment. 2004 No. 6 ¾ÓM“ ¾Ò^ Ø[ƒ K›"vu= QÃ¨ƒ ShhM (¾cT@” gª Ñu_−‹ }V¡a)

Consultation Papers on Environment. May 2004 No. 7 Promotion of Indigenous Trees and Biodiversity Conservation. Consultation Papers on

Environment. 2004

FSS Studies on Poverty No. 1 Some Aspects of Poverty in Ethiopia: Three Selected Papers. Dessalegn Rahmato,

Meheret Ayenew and Aklilu Kidanu. Edited by Dessalegn Rahmato. 2003 No. 2 Faces of Poverty: Life in Gäta, Wälo. Harald Aspen. 2003 No. 3 Destitution in Rural Ethiopia. Yared Amare. 2003 No. 4 Environment, Poverty and Conflict. Tesfaye Teklu and Tesfaye Tafesse. 2004

No. 5 Issues in Urban Poverty: Two Selected Papers. Daniel Kassahun and Meron Assefa.July 2005

ŸÉI’ƒ ¨Å MTƒ:- °¨<kƒ” Kƒ¨<MÉ Te}LKõ lØ` 1: É`p”“ [Gw” KSssU ¾}Å[Ñ< �”penc?−‹ (1966-1983):: iSMe ›Æ—'

1997 ¯.U. lØ` 2: ¾›vÃ“ ¾}ócf‡ ¯KU ¯kó© ‹Ó`:: ²¨<È Ñ/YLc?' 1997 ¯.U. lØ` 3: ƒUI`ƒ' vIM“ °ÉÑƒ: ¾ƒ´� Ñ<µ Ÿ›Ç=e ›uv ¿’>y`c=+ ¢K?Ï �eŸ ¯KU

›kõ ¾›?¢•T> }sTƒ (1948-1996):: ›eó¨< ÇUÖ?' 1998 ¯.U.

Environmental Documentaries on CD and Video o ¾Ÿ}T‹” ›"vu= Ÿ¾ƒ ¨Å¾ƒ; (Amharic Video Film) o ¨<Ø”pØ' ÉI’ƒ“ ¾›"vu=Á‹” SÔdqM (Amharic Video Film) o "Witinkit": Poverty and Environmental Degradation (CD in Amharic with

English Subtitles)

Ð`“K=Ú“ °ÉÑƒ u›=ƒÄåÁ

kÇT> nM

¾²=I îG<õ ›pû=: ›„ ”Òi Ñw[T`ÁU ¾�¨l ›”Òó Ò²?Ö— ’u\:: ¾T�u^© Ø“ƒ SÉ[¡ uk[ì¨< �¨<kƒ” Kƒ¨<MÉ Te}LKõ }wKA u}c¾S¨< ýaË¡ƒ ¨<eØ 4— }“Ò] ’u\:: Ÿd†¨< kÉS¨< ¾}“Ñ\ƒ fe~ c−‹ (›„ iSMe ›Æ— — Ê/` ÅÍ´T‹ ²¨<È Ñw[YLc? — ›„ ›eó¨< ÇUÖ?) Ák[vD†¨< îG<ö‹ �ƒSªM :: ÃI ›^}—¨< ”ÓÓ` ¾}’uu¨< uH>M}” J‚M IÇ` 9 k” 1998 ¯.U. ’u`:: ›„ ’Òi ulU ’Ñ` ¾}VL¨<” îG<ó†¨<” ukMÉ �Á×ðÖ< eLk[u<ƒ u›ÉTà‹ ²”É }¨ÊL†¨< ’u`::

›„ ’Òi ¾}¨KÆƒ ukÉV¨< ›`v Ñ<Ñ< ›¨<^Í (›`c=) ¨<eØ uUƒÑ–¨< T>’@ Ÿ}T ¨<eØ u1917 ¯.U. ’u`:: Ñ“ uIí”’�†¨< �“�†¨< ¨Å G[`Ñ@ µ” ëÅª†¨< ›Á�†¨< (¾�“�†¨< ›vƒ) ð�¨<^] ›K= ²”É ›ÅÑ<:: 14 ›Sƒ �eŸ=J“†¨< É[e vIL©¨<” ¾u?}¡è+Á” ƒUI`ƒ keSªM:: Ÿ²=ÁU u1935 ¯.U. Ÿ�Lp ¨”ÉT†¨< Ò` ¨Å ›Ç=e ›uv SØ}¨< }ð] S¢”” ƒUI`ƒ u?ƒ ¾›”Å— Å[Í ƒUI`�†¨<” }Ÿ�ƒKªM:: kØKAU SUI^” TcMÖ— ƒUI`ƒ u?ƒ Ñw}¨< ŸcKÖ’< u%EL u1939 ¯.U. ÏT }SÅu<:: ›”É ¯Sƒ ŸW\ u%EL �”ÅÑ“ }SMc¨< ƒUI`�†¨<” KSŸ�}M ›Ç=e ›uv SÖ<:: u1943 ¯.U G<K}— Å[Í ƒUI`�†¨<” ¢}u? ¾kÇT© �ÃYLc? 2— Å[Í ƒ/u?ƒ Ú[c<:: ¾G<c}— Å[Í SMkmÁ ð}“ ›Mð¨< ›Ç=e ¨Å}ssS¨< ›Ç=e ›uv ¿’>yè+ ¢K?Ï (u%EL kÇT© �ÃKeLc? ¿’>yè+ )Ñu<:: G<Kƒ ¯Sƒ Ÿ}T\ u%EL ¨Åw ›e}ÇÅ` eMÖ“ (Port Administration) Ñw}¨< Ÿ}T\ u%EL ¾›"vu=¨<” ¨Åx‹ c=Ôu–< S<k~” �”ÅTÃ‹K< eK}[Æ ¨Å ›Ç=e ›uv SÖ<“ SËS]Á ›¨<^ ÔÇ“ kØKAU v”¡ K›Ýß` Ñ>²? }kÖ\:: uSÚ[hU u US Information Agency u?}SíIõƒ ¨<eØ u›e}`ÕT>’ƒ eK}kÖ\ G<Kƒ ¯Sƒ W\ :: SY]Á u?~U KŸõ}— ƒUI`ƒ ›T@]"” GÑ` Mµ_†¨< Montana State University Ñw}¨< Ð`“K=Ú ›Ø”}¨< — uòƒ ›Ç=e ›uv ¿’>yè+ ¢K?Ï ¾}T\ƒ eK}qÖ[L†¨< — uG<Kƒ ¯Sƒ Ú`c¨< ¾v‹K` Ç=Ó] ›Ñ–<:: ¨Å ›Ñ^†¨< }SMc¨< ¾›=ƒÄåÁ H@^MÉ Ò²?Ö— J’¨< K›ß` Ñ>²? ŸW\ u%EL �”ÅÑ“ ¨Å ›T@"” }MŸ¨’>e‚` }kÖ\:: ŸØmƒ Ñ>²? u%EL ›Ç=e ²S” uª“ ›²ÒÏ’ƒ }SÉuªM:: �²=I îG<õ ¨<eØ ¾T>}`Ÿ<M” �]Ÿ< Ÿ²=I Ÿ›Ç=e ²S” Y^†¨< ÃËU^M::

›²ÒÌ

1

’Òi Ñ/T]ÁU

SÓu=Á

g=ð^¨< ukK ¾}Ÿu^‹G< �”ÓÊ‰‹”'

�ÉÑƒ“ T>Ç=Á �ÏÓ ¾}q^–< ’Ña‹ eKJ’< Ñ“ ŸSËS]Á¨< ÃI �¨<kƒ” Kƒ¨<MÉ Te}LKõ ¾T>K¨< ýaÎ¡ƒ c=k[ê u²=I `°e LÃ ”ÓÓ` �”Ç=Å[Ó TØS ›pÊ ’u`:: eKJ’U uS<Á¨< K[ÏU ¯S�ƒ ÁÑKÑK<ƒ”“ ¾SËS]Á¨< u¿’>y`c=+ Å[Í ›”Òó¨<” Ò²?Ö— ›„ ’Òi Ñw[ T`ÁU” Òu²:: u²=I ¨pƒ �”ÇÒ×T> J• ¾T>Ç=Á¨< G<’@� ƒMp ›’ÒÒ] Ñ<ÇÃ �¾J’ S×:: �—U ›LT‹” ¾T>Ç=Á” ›S×Ø“ �ÉÑƒ ¨Å%EL H@Ê SÇce uSJ’< u´ÓÏ~ Ñó”uƒ::

T>Ç=Á¨< Ÿ¾ƒ ËUa ’¨< �²=I Å[Í K=Åè ¾‰K¨< ¾T>K¨< ØÁo ucò¨< S}”}” ÁKuƒ ÃSeK“M:: ›”Ç”É Ñ>²? T>Ç=Á” ›eSM¡„ ƒ”�’@ c=k`w ufe~ S”ÓY�ƒ ²S” ÁK¨<” G<’@� T’éç` ¾}KSÅ J“EM:: ”êê` TÉ[Ñ< }Ñu= u=J”U ›”É Ñ<ÇÃ S²”Ò~” Te�ë �”ðMÒK”:: ÃIU G<’@�¨< H>Åƒ SJ’<”“ T>Ç=Áÿ`c=+& ÃI G<’@� uT>Ç=Á ¨<Ö?„‹ LÃ }ê�• ’u[¨<:: uK?L uŸ<M ÅÓV Ÿ1900 ›"vu= ËUa �eŸ 1943 ¯.U. É[e vÑ]~ ŸG<K}— Å[Í uLÃ ƒUI`ƒ ÁL†¨< c−‹ lØ` �ÏÓ ´p}— ŸSJ’< ¾}’d ŸØmƒ Å`²” ›ÃuMØU ’u`:: ÓUƒ ¾U”cÖ¨< lØ\ uÅ”w eKTÃ�¨p ’¨<:: ¯S~” (TƒU 1943”) ¾¨cÉ’¨< ŸÙ`’~ u%EL G<K}— Å[Í ƒUI`ƒ u?ƒ Ñw}¨< Ø\ ¨<Ö?ƒ eLSÖ< KŸõ}— ƒUI`ƒ ¨Å¨<ß }MŸ¨< Ç=Ó] �ÁÑ–< SSKe ¾ËS\uƒ ¯Sƒ uSJ’< ’¨<:: ÃI G<’@� ÅÓV ¾›”vu=¨<” Å[Í Ád¾“M:: Ÿ²=I Ò` }ÁÃµ uS”ÓYƒ ÁS^` Å[Í ŸLÃ �eŸ�‹ É[e U” ÁIM ¾ƒUI`ƒ Å[Í �”Å’u^†¨Ç=Á eÛ ŸØ^ƒ ›"DÁ e“¾¨< ´p}— Å[Í LÃ ¾’u[ SJ’<” ›ÖÁÁm ›ÃÅKU::

�’›„ ’Òi c=SKK< (vÑ` ¨<eØU J’ u¨<ß) ¾¿’>y`c=+ }T]−‹ lØ` uŸõ}— õØ’ƒ �¾ÚS[ SH@É Ãµ ’u`::

2

¾Ò²?Ù‹U' Á”vu=−‹U lØ` u³¨< SÖ” SÚS` ËS[:: ¾Ò²?Ù‹ Ø^ƒ ShhM ›Kuƒ ¾T>M ƒ‹ƒ ŸUG<^” ¨Ñ” S’dƒ ËS[:: ÃI K¨<Ø c=S× ¾S”ÓYƒ Ÿõ}— ›Sâ‹ vw³—¨< Á¨< ¾Éa−‡ c−‹ eK’u\ ›Ç=c<” G<’@� KT××U“ "Ç=c< G<’@�U Ò` ›w[¨< KSH@É ›M‰K<U:: ÃIU G<’@� ¾T>Ç=Á¨<” �ÉÑƒ ¾Ô}} SJ’<”” SÑSƒ Ã‰LM::

ÃI w‰ ›ÃÅKU:: T>Ç=Á” uT>SKŸƒ þK=eU J’ ^°Ã K=k[ê ›M‰KU:: u}KÃU ¾}sU Ó”v� Ñ<ÇÃ kLM ‹Ó` ›M’u[U:: ¾T>SKŸ�†¨<” }sTƒ KSÑ”vƒ ¾cKÖ’ ¾c¨< GÃM ÃÖÃnM:: ¾Ñ”²w GÃM ÁeðMÑªM:: �’²=IU ›M’u\U::

vß\ ¾Ð`“K=Ú” �ÉÑƒ u›^ƒ Å[Í−‹ S¡ðM Ã‰LM:: ¾SËS]Á¨< Å[Í ›�Ua S¨<×ƒ ŸËS[‹uƒ �eŸ 1940−‡ SÚ[h ÃJ“M:: G<K}— Ÿ1950−‡ Sv‰ �eŸ ›wÄ~ õ”Ç� ÃJ“M:: ¾Å`Ó Ñ>²? ^c<” ¾‰K Ÿuò~U Ÿ%EK—¨< Y`¯„‹ ¾}K¾ ’u`:: ^c<” ¾‰K ›”É Å[Í ÃJ“M TKƒ ’¨<:: 4—¨< Ÿ1984 ›”e„ ÁK¨< Ñ>²? ’¨<:: �Á”Ç”Æ Å[Í ¾}KÁ¿ vI`Áƒ ¾’u\ƒ“ ¾�ÉÑ~U õØ’ƒ �”Ç=G< ¾T>KÁÃ ’u`::

¾SËS]Á¨< Å[Í T>Ç=Á¨< kLM ¾TÃvM ¨<× ¨<[É Ád¾uƒ ²S” ’u`:: u%EL (�eŸ 1918 É[e) uT>kØK<ƒ G<Kƒ ¯c`�ƒ ð×” K¨<Ø ›dÃ…M:: uSËS]Á−‡ G<Kƒ ¯c`�ƒ TKƒ Ÿ1900 - 1918 É[e �”"D” K?L ¾›T`— Ò²?× K=ËS` ›�Ua ^dD �¾¨Åk‹ �¾}’d‹ ’u` ¾U�²ÓS¨<:: Courrier d'Ethiopie ¾}vK‹ uð[”dÃ s”s ¾Uƒéõ Ò²?× ¾}ËS[‹¨< u²=G< ¨pƒ u=J”U ¾[v �”penc? KTÉ[Ó ›M‰K‹U:: Ãve wKA Ÿ›”Å—¨< ¯KU Ù`’ƒ (1906-1910) Ò^ u}ÁÁ² U¡”Áƒ (›²ÒÍD ¨ÅÓUv` ¾ð[”dÃ S”ÓYƒ eKLŸ¨<) IƒS…” ›s`× ’u`:: u1909 ’u` �”ÅÑ“ ¾ËS[‹¨<::

u²=I ¨pƒ Ò²?×“ ¾Ò²?× Y^ K›=ƒÄåÁ I´w vÖnLÃ' u}KÃU KS"D””~“ KSdõ”~ �”ÓÇ ’u`:: eKÒ²?× ›Á¨<lU TKƒ dÃJ” u›T`— ¾T>¨× Ò²?× ›Ç=d†¨< ’u` KTKƒ ’¨<:: u`ÓØU Ømƒ ²S“© ƒUI`ƒ ¾kcS< ›=ƒÄåÁ”U u=•\' U” ÁIK< Ÿõ}— vKYM×” ŸÇ©ƒ T”uw ›Mö uÅ”w }`ƒa ¾¨<¾�}S” ’Ñ` G<K< T”uw Ã‹LM wK” SÖ¾p �”‹LK”:: u²=I Ñ<ÇÃ LÃ ¾}Ö“ ’Ñ` vÃ•Ù' ›”Ç”É ÓUƒ S¨<cÉ Ã‰LM:: KUdK? ¾¨p~ �Lp“ �ÁM S¢””' ò�¨<^] Gw}Ñ>Ä`Ñ>e U” ÁIM T”uw“ Séõ Ã‹K< ’u`; K?KA‡ ^f‹“ ÅÍ´TŒ‹e; vß\' Ò²?× u²=I G<’@� ’u` ¾}¨KÅ¨<“ #¾MÏ’ƒ$ �ÉT@¨<” ÁdKð¨<::

3

’Òi Ñ/T]ÁU

Ÿ1918 ËUa Ó” Ò²?× u}hK G<’@� �¾}KSÅ H@Å:: u²=I ¯Sƒ w`H”“ cLU ¾UƒvM dU”�© Ò²?× }¨KÅ‹:: ›�Ua }Ö“Ÿ[‹& K?KA‹U IƒS„‹ S¨<×ƒ ËS\:: Courrier d'Ethiopie ŸSÖ“ŸÙ ›Mó Seóóƒ ËS[‹:: Ÿ}ðÖ[‹ Ñ>²? ›”e„ dU”�© ¾’u[‹¨< Ò²?× Ÿ1923 ËUa udU”ƒ G<Kƒ Ñ>²? S¨<×ƒ ËS[‹:: ¾›T`—U J’ ¾ð[”dÃ— ›”vu=−‹ lØ` �¾ÚS[ H@Å:: ¾1928~ ¨[^ u›ÉTc< LÃ Ñ“ ÓU c=M _Ç=Ä }Ÿð}:: u×MÁ” Ñ>²?U ¾Ò²?× Y^ �¾}eóó H@Å:: ×MÁ•‹ G<Kƒ ¾›T`— Ò²?Ù‹ Á¨Ö< ’u`:: _Ç=ÄU �ÉÑƒ ›d¾::

Ÿ’é’ƒ u%ELU H>Å~ �¾}TETEk kÖK:: ÃG<”“ uØ[ƒ �S`� ¾�¾¨< ¾¿’>y`c=+ ƒUI`ƒ ÁL†¨< ¨×ƒ Ò²?Ö™‹ uSÉ[Ÿ< LÃ wp TKƒ c=ËU\ ’u`:: Ÿ›„ ’Òi u%EL �’ ›UvdÅ` ²¨<È [�' u¯K< Ó`T' ewHƒ Ñ/�Ó²=›wH@`' cKV” Å_d' T°[Ñ< u³wI �“ K?KA‹U S<Á¨<” }kLkK<ƒ:: Ø^ƒ ÁL†¨< SêH@„‹ (S’”' Menen, Addis Reporter) Ã¨Ö< ’u`:: Ò²?Ù‡U �ÏÓ }hhK<:: _Ç=Ä �¾}eóó H@Å:: u²=I SGM ‚K?y=´” u1956 ¯.U. }ËS[::

¾Å`Ñ< Ñ>²? eóƒU u=ÁS×U SÝÝƒU ’u[¨<:: Ÿ1984 u%EL Ó” Ò²?Ù‹ �”Å›g” ðK<& ¾S”ÓYƒ _Ç=Ä ×u=Á−‹ u²<:: ‚K?y=»”U ‚¡•KAÍ=¨<” ›hhK (vK ŸK` J’):: ¾}T[ c¨< w³ƒ �Øõ u�Øõ }S“ÅÑ:: ›”vu= uiui J’:: _Ç=Ä }Ÿ��Ã“ u_Ç=Ä ýaÓÛ }d�ò¨< c¨< u³:: Ó” Ø^ƒe; ÃI ’¨< �ÏÓ ›ÖÁÁm¨< Ñ<ÇÃ!

³_ ¾T>Ç=Á¨<”U J’ ¾Ð`“K=Ú” ¨<ewew H>Åƒ ›”ÇeeU:: ³_ ¾U“}Ÿ<[¨< u›”É c¨< }V¡a' u›”É c¨< �Ã�“ u›”É c¨< ƒ¨<e� LÃ ’¨<:: �–>I c¨< ¾SËS]Á¨< uÐ`“K=Ú ƒUI`ƒ ¾¿’>y`c=+ YMÖ“ ÁÑ–<ƒ ›„ ’Òi Ñw[T`ÁU “†¨<:: ³_ MUÇ†¨<”“ uS<Á¨< ¨<eØ u’u\v†¨< ›ÁK? ›S�ƒ ¾�²u<ƒ” Á"õK<“M:: ÃIU ¾T>Ç=Á¨<” �]¡ KTØ“ƒ KT>’c<ƒ G<K< ¾SËS]Á Å[Í U”ß uSJ” ÁÑKÓLM wK” �“U“K”:: ¨×~ ƒ¨<MÉU T>Ç=Á¨< uU” ¯Ã’ƒ ¨<ewew H>Åƒ ¨<eØ ›Mö ›G<” ÁKuƒ Å[Í �”ÅÅ[c �”Ç=Á¨ÖpdD†¨< w²< ƒLMp Ò²?Ö™‹ ¾Mw¨KÉ Å^c= SJ“†¨<” SØke �¨ÇKG<:: ¾}¨<’@ƒ Å^c=U “†¨<:: ¾�}S<ƒ”“ ÁM�}S<ƒ” É`c„‰†¨<” ´`´` u²=I IƒSƒ ¨<eØ ›"}“M::

4

¾³_¨< K=kS”u^‹” ›„ dIK< GÃK? “†¨<:: ¾û"`É ó¨<”Èi” ¾›=ƒÄåÁ }Ö] “†¨<:: �”Ç=G<U ¾TØS ¾x`É ›vM “†¨<::

Ÿewcv¨< u%EL ]c?ýi” eLK G<L‹G<U }Òw³‹%EM& �eŸ³ ¨<ÃÃ~ ÃkØLM:: ›ScÓ“KG<!

5

’Òi Ñ/T]ÁU

Ð`“K=´U“ �ÉÑƒ u›=ƒÄåÁ:- ¾ÓM ƒ´�−‹ Ÿ1951 ËUa

nU> g¼¥¶ÃM y¥Hb‰êE _ÂT mDrK bxzUjW bz!H btkbr g#Æx@ §Y tgSc& YcEN x+R _ÂT XNÄqRB bmUbz@ dS¬Â mNfúêE k#‰T Ys¥¾LÝÝ bx»¶µN xgR x‰T xmT ÃHL yUz@-SnT TMHRT ktk¬tLk# b“§ b¥S¬wqEÃ ¸n!St&R mS¶Ã b@T 15 ›mT \RÒlh#ÝÝ x‰t$N xmT ÃglgLk#T yxÄ!S zmN Uz@È êÂ xzUJ çß@ nWÝÝ yx!T×ùÃ ÊÄ!×Â t&l@v!™N DRJT M¼êÂ |‰ xSk!ÃJ XNÄ!h#M lxND xmT ÃHL yx!T×ùÃ z@Â xgLGlÖT êÂ S‰ xSk!ÃJ nbRk#ÝÝ ¹#mt&N ydrdRk#T kz!H TMHRTÂ yS‰ LMD yxµbTk#T täKé YcEN _ÂT l¥QrB DFrT s_è¾L l¥lT ÃHL nWÝÝ y²ÊW NGGÊ y¸Ãtk#rW k/Ml@ 16 qN 1953 ›.M jMé yxÄ!S zmN Uz@È êÂ xzUJ çß@ |s‰ bxU-ÑS xNÄND TZ¬ãCÂ f¬S bçn# yÑÃ _Ãq&ãC §Y YçÂLÝÝ y¥Hb‰êE _ÂT mDrK |‰ m¶ãCÂ xStÆÆ¶ãC¿ kUz@ÈW |‰ lBz# ›m¬T ytlyh#TN y8; ›mT x²WNT YCN _ÂT XNÄqRB XNÁT Ubz#S Bü ús§SL xND ÃnbBk#T ngR TZ xlSÝÝ xND xRk!ãlÖ©!ST ÃgÆC yW+ xgR s@T lMN xRk!ãlÖ©!ST XNÄgÆC t-yqCÝÝ «xRk!ãlÖ©!ST ÃgÆh#T Xn@ XÃrjh# SÿD Æl@ XywddS YÿÄL Bü nW´ b¥lT ys-CW mLS xYrúSMÝÝ Xn@ YcEN _ÂT XNÄqRB yt-yQh#T bh#lT MKNÃT úYçN xYqRM y¸L _RÈÊ xDéB¾LÝÝ xNd¾W bm-n#M b!çN bW+ xgR zmÂêE yUz@-SnT ÑÃ tMrW ktmls#T Uz@-®C mµkL kmjm¶Ããc$ ¥lT YÒ§L ( xNÇ bmçn@½ y²Ê 45 ›mT ÑÅ¥ yUz@-SnT S‰ MN YmSL XNdnbR XNÄwU nWÝÝ wG dGä bhg‰CN ytlmd y>¥Gl@ yS‰ DRš çñ ñ…LÝÝ «¥N YÂgR ynbr¿ ¥N ÃRÄ yqbr´ dHÂ xÆÆL nWÝÝ H#lt¾W MKNÃT y²Ê 45 ›mT yxÄ!S zmN Uz@È êÂ xzUíC knbRnW Uz@-®C mµkL bHYwT yMgßW Xn@ BÒ bmçn@ ( l@§ bHYwT Ãl sW ktgß YQR¬ X-Y”lh#( bwQt$ ynbrWN y¸Ä!Ã |‰ b›Yn Hl!Â bm”ßT n#²z@üN lttk!W TWLD tÂGÊ XNÄLF :DL lmS-T YçÂL Bü _¶WN tqBÃlh#ÝÝ |‰W xDµ¸ SlmslS GBÏWN

6


lmqbL lg!z@W ÆNg‰GRM¿ bm=rš yb@T S‰WN ytqbLk#T bdS¬ nWÝÝ

b¥S¬wqEÃ ¸n!St&R ytq-Rk#T b1952 ›.M nbRÝÝ bx!T×ùÃN /@‰LD Uz@È l_qET w‰T k\‰h# b“§ ¿ bwQt$ y¥S¬wqEÃ ¸n!St&R ynb„T Kb#R d©Z¥C GR¥cW tKl¦êRÃT «mššL y¸gÆW Bz# xNÆb! ÃlW xÄ!S zmN Uz@È nWÝÝ YHN Uz@È xNt lMN l¥ššL xTäKRM)´ S§l#S ‰s@N y¥WQbTÂ yMfTNbT |‰ YçÂL b¥lT YHN BRt$ ¦§ðnT ytqbLk#T Ã§NÄC ¥Q¥¥T nbRÝÝ çñM yCG„N SÍTÂ _LqT ytrÄh#T |‰WN trKb@ btEã¶ yt¥Rk#TN ÑÃ btGÆR lmtRgÖM mFrMrM SjMR nWÝÝ Uz@ÈWN l¥ššL ynbrW xmcE h#Ât& GL} çñ b!¬ySM¿ bt”‰n!W dGä yxNDN Uz@-¾ yÑÃ B”T gÖLè XNÄY¬Y y¸ÃdRg#T msÂKlÖC bmNGST ±l!s! BÒ ytgdb# xLnb„MÝÝ bhg‰CN lýÊS S‰ xmcE h#Ât& nbR ÃLk#T HZb# l!ÃW”cWÂ TMHRT l!ÃgSÆcW YC§L ÃLµ*cW yx!÷ñ¸½ y±ltEµ½ y¥Hb‰êEÂ yÆHL g#Ä×C zRf Bz# mçÂcWN kGN²b@ WS_ b¥SgÆT nWÝÝ yxNÆb!WN HZB XNÄ!h#M yxD¥ŒN N”t Hl!Â b¥ÄbRÂ yxStúsB xD¥s#N b¥SÍT rgD ¸Ä!ÃW y¸ÅwtW ¸Â k XSk y¥YÆL mçn#N XNdn@ bmMHRnT Ãglgl sW l!-ÍW xYCLMÝÝ

kmjm¶ÃWM b!çN Uz@-¾ lmçN yflGh#bT xNÇ MKNÃT gÂ bLJnT :D»ü bmMH‰N ¥sL-¾ T¼b@T bg!z@W Ys_ ynbrWN ÷RS tk¬Tü xSt¥¶ çß@ SlnbR½ wÈt$N ¥St¥R l/g‰CN h#lNtÂêE :DgT mÍ-N kF Ãl xStê}å XNd¸ñrW YgÆS Slnbr nWÝÝ bt=¥¶M yUz@-SnT TMHRT B¥R lsðW HZB l!ÄrS y¸CL y¥YÂQ xgLGlÖT XsÈlh# Bü xMN nbRÝÝ y:DgTÂ yL¥T S‰ s!¬sB ¸Ä!ÃW ?Zb#N bmqSqSÂ b¥útF ltšl HYwT XNÄ!ÈÈR ›YN(kÍC mçn# Y¬w”LÝÝ Uz@-¾ lmçN yflGh#bT l@§W MKNÃT d‰s! lmçN XmSÂ XÙÙ SlnbR nWÝÝ yxÃl@ d‰s!ÃNN yHYwT ¬¶K SmlkT lxB²®c$ yd‰s!nT bR ykft§cW yUz@-SnT ÑÃ mçn#N ‰úcW YmsK‰l#ÝÝ bUz@-SnT |‰ §Y öYtW b“§ d‰s!Â kðlÖc$M yñb@L >L¥T t¹§¸ yçn# Bz#ãC ÂcWÝÝ lxBnT ÃHL Walt Whitman, Sinclair Lewis, Earnest Hemingway, John Steinbeck, Albert Camus… wztRf Ygß#b¬LÝÝ k¬§§Q yhgR m¶ãCM Winston Churchill, Mahatma Gandhi, Jewaharlell Neheru… Uz@-®CÂ d‰s!ÃN nb„ÝÝ

7

’Òi Ñ/T]ÁU

bX¾M xgR Å[Í b!çN bUz@-SnTÂ bd‰s!nT k¬wq$T sãC mµkL B§¬ wLdg!×Rg!S wLd×/NS½ BR¦n# zRYh#N½ b›l# GR¥ ½ xhÇ úb#Ê½ ¥:rg# b²BH½ ¥ä WDnH½ ÔWlÖS ®® �“ ²¨<È [� XNdMúl@ l!-qs# YC§l#ÝÝ xÄ!S zmN Uz@È m¬tM kjmrbT k1933 ›.M jMé l¦Ã ›mT ÃHL bêÂ xzUJnT |‰WN ym„T B§¬ wLdg!×Rg!S wLd×/NS nb„ÝÝ B§¬ lrJM zmN y\„bT Uz@È bmçn# «yxÄ!S zmN xÆT´ bmÆL XNÄ!¬wq$ xDRÙcêLÝÝ B§¬ wLdg!×Rg!S bUz@-SnT y\„T bxÄ!S zmN Uz@È §Y BÒ xLnbrMÝÝ bl@lÖCM Uz@õCÂ m}/@èC §Y bmS‰T yUz@-SnT LMDÂ ÑÃ Ãµbt$ yb@tKHnT l!Q XNdnb„ tmZGï Yg¾LÝÝ B§¬ wLdg!×Rg!S lxÄ!S zmN Uz@È êÂ xzUJnT XNÁT tmr-#) Uz@ÈW mššL ÃSfLgêL ktÆl XúcW Uz@ÈWN l¥ššL ytcg„bT MKNÃT yzmÂêE Uz@-SnT ÑÃ S§Lnb‰cW nW) wYS ymNGST ±l!s!Â yœNs#R ¥nö x§fÂFN B§*cW YçN) kçnS çnÂ B§¬ wLdg!×Rg!S wLd×/NS ¥N nb„) lXnz!H _Ãq&ãC mLS l¥GßT yHYwT ¬¶µcWN mmLkt$ xND FN+ XNd¸s-S xMß@ kz@Â mê:§cW y¸q_lWN x!NæR»>N xgßh#ÝÝ

____________

B§¬ wLdg!×Rg!S wLd×/NS kxÆ¬cW kxè wLd×/NS dÆLq& XÂ kXÂ¬cW kw¼é ÃDNq$> mk#¶Ã b1887 ›.M twlÇÝÝ ytwlÇbT K¼hgR ¹ê s!çN¿ wrÄW Jh#R ¿ yqbl@W L† SM gÖb§ YÆ§LÝÝ XÂ¬cW bäT ytl†êcW wLdg!×Rg!S gÂ yxMST ›mT LJ çnW nbRÝÝ btwlÇbT xQ‰b!Ã ©L b¸ÆlW |F‰ ÃStM„ knb„T kxÆ wLd×/NS NÆBÂ y”L TMHRT tMrW ÄêET kdgÑ b“§½ xÆ¬cW wd xÄ!S xbÆ YzêcW m_tW kl!q ÔÔs# kxb#n ¥tEãS ¥:rg ( Dq$Â tqBlêLÝÝ kz!ÃM wd /g‰cW tmLsW bgÖb§ QÇS gBRx@L b@tKRStEÃN bDq$Â ÃglGl# nbRÝÝ lTMHRT BRt$ F§gÖT Slnb‰cW îMú wdtÆl SF‰ ÿdW bîMœ ¥RÃM b@tKRStEÃN ÃStM„ knb„T kdBt‰ byn ytg#lT z@¥ ¥_ÂT jm„ÝÝ YHNn# TMHRT l¥-ÂkR ÷§> wdtÆl xMÆ ÿdW bs¥:t$ bQÇS mRMhÂM b@tKRStEÃN ÃStM„ knb„T mMHR kxl” tSÍ yb@tLÿM z@¥ x-n#ÝÝ

8


«TMHRTÂ MÂn@ kxÆT½ kXÂT½ kwgN zmD tlYè s!Yz#T YwÄL´ y¸lWN mRH tGÆ‰êE b¥DrG y¸ÿÇbTN |F‰ bWL úÃWq$TÂ kw§J zmD úY¥k„ g#ø jm„ÝÝ mNgD §Y kxgSêcW nUÁãC UR bmÙZ wrYl# drs#ÝÝ wrYl# xl” iU ktÆl# l!Q TMHRT b@T gBtW yz@¥WN TMHRT q-l#ÝÝ «xNdbt& y\l-nWÂ XËM B:R y=b-W bz!h# hgR nW´ Y§l# B§¬ÝÝ «kz!Ã bðT }HfT xLäkRh#M nbRÝÝ´ MKNÃt$NM s!Âg„ «bz!ÃN g!z@ XNµ*N t¥¶ãCÂ xSt¥¶ãCM b!çn# l}HfT XMB²M y¥YÈÈ„ bmçÂcW nWÝÝ ngR GN xNÄND q$M i¦ðãC mñ‰cW y¸¬bL xYdlMÝÝ XNÄ!h#M xNÄND K¬B k¬b!ãC ÃDÂL XÃl# y¸ïÅ+„T y_Nö§ }HfTM XNdnbr y¬wq nWÝÝ BLh#N HZB y¸Ãäß#bT xS¥T kyT XNdmÈ úY¬wQ XNd ¬§Q q$M ngR xDRgW Y÷„bT XNdnbR y¸¬wS nWÝÝ´ Y§l# B§¬ÝÝ

B§¬ wLdg!×Rg!S wrYl# bnb„T wQT bXJg# ÃSmR‰cW ynbrW |‰ ¥¬ ¥¬ x÷ÍÄ YzW bymNd„ lLmÂ mNk‰t¬cWÂ kWëC UR ÃdRg#T ynbrW GBGB nbRÝÝ

wÈt$ yölÖ t¥¶ xl” iU zND Xyt¥„ DÙ½ Ûm DÙ½ M:‰FÂ ym}hf xÄ!œTN TRÙ» x-n#ÝÝ bz!H TMHRT b@T 3 xmT kt¥„ b“§ bwrYl# QÇS g!×Rg!S dBR ÃStM„ knb„T gBr¸µx@L k¸Æl# mMHR Qn@ tMrW bSMNT wR Qn@ tqß#ÝÝ b“§M xÌÌM lm¥R wd xl” iU zND tmLsW ÿÇÝÝ

b19;9 ›.M wd êD§ d§N¬ ÿdW bQÇS nxk#è lxB dBR kxl” Wb@ yQn@ TMHR¬cWN kx-Âk„ b“§ b+NU xï b@tKRStEÃN ÃStM„ bnb„T bxl” Bz# m¶nT ytlÃyWN yQn@ gÖÄÂ zlq$bTÝÝ

yB§¬ TMHRT bz!H x§b”MÝÝ wd b@gMDR /@dW dNb!Ã KFl hgR bxÒ‰ ¥RÃM b@tKRStEÃN ÃStM„ knb„T kxl” gBrXGz!xB/@R Z¥Ê mêS:TÂ yqS g@¬ §qWN xÌÌM x-n#ÝÝ dNb!Ã lbRbÊ xZm‰ ÃmC Slnbr B§¬ bÑÃtSnT Xy\„ Ãgß#TN bRbÊ b\§ú BR ¹-W gÖNdR kt¥ gb#ÝÝ gÖNdR WS_ xl” �„Y fN¬ ytÆl# y¬wq$ l!Q bb›¬ dBR ÃStM„ SlnbR½ bXúcW mMHRnT wL� ymÉHF} xÄ!úTN TRÙ» xÈ_mW xwq$ÝÝ

xl” �„Y fN¬ qdM s!L bNg#S wLdg!×Rg!S½ b“§M b‰S g#Gú Cé¬ qlB XytsÈcW yg#Æx@ TMHRT xSÍFtW ÃStM„ Slnbr B§¬ bz!H g#Æx@ §Y Xytgß# MRMRÂ bQn@

9

’Òi Ñ/T]ÁU

MS-!R ym‰qQ ClÖ¬cWN xÄb„ÝÝ bl!”WNt$M g#Æx@ §Y ymútF :DL xgß#ÝÝ x‰T ›mT ÃHL bxl” �„Y g#Æx@ s!µfl# öYtW½ y/Ä!SN TRÙ» -NQqW xwq$ÝÝ bb@tKHnT TMHRT ytÙz#bTN mNgDÂ ÃúlûTNM ftÂ SÂSbW B§¬ y:D» LK t¥¶ nb„ l¥lT YÒ§LÝÝ

b1916 ›.M L;#L xLU w‰> tf¶ m÷NN yxl” �„YN yl!QnT ZÂ sMtW kt¥¶ãÒcW UR wd xÄ!S xbÆ XNÄ!m-# xdrg#ÝÝ mÙÙÏM gNzB §k#§cWÝÝ kxl” �„Y UR wd xÄ!S xbÆ km-#T t¥¶ãC xNÇ B§¬ wLdg!×Rg!S nb„ÝÝ xl” �„Y bb@tmNGSt$ WS_ ¥rðÃ ts_acW ymÉHFt /Ä!œTN MS-!R ÃSÍû nbRÝÝ

b1918 ›.M xl” b²BH ytÆl# l!Q yQÇS q&RlÖSN m}hF tRg#mW XNÄ!¬tM§cW L;#L xLU w‰>N -yq$ÝÝ xLU w‰¹#M yQÇS q&RlÖS m}hF TRÙ» xScU¶ XNd¸çN ktÂg„ b“§ TRg#ÑN y¸gmGÑ l!”WNT xzz#ÝÝ lz!H S‰ y¬zz#T l!”WNT xl” �„Y fN¬½ xl” l¥ `Yl# (ymNGSt$ xÆT YmSl#¾L)½ l!q gBrKRSèS s!çn#¿ b¬²b!nT xl” b²BHÂ mLxk gnT KFl@ (s¥:t$ xb#n ’@_éS) nb„ÝÝ yz!H g#Æx@ i/ðÂ ”l g#Æx@ mZUb! B§¬ wLdg!×Rg!S çn#ÝÝ

yTRg#Ñ |‰ t-ÂQö lL;#L xLUw‰> s!qRB½ l!o gBrKRSèe B§¬ Tg#H s‰t¾Â ÆlÑÃ mçÂcWN tÂg„ÝÝ xLUw‰¹#M B§¬ bBRhNÂ \§M Y¬tÑ ynb„TN mÉHFT XNÄ!mrM„Â SHtt$NM XNÄ!ÃRÑ fqÇÝÝ

k1917 ›.M jMé bxè gBrKRSèS b“§M bxè ¥HtmwRQ X¹t& YzUJ ynbrW yBR¦NÂ \§M Uz@È MKTL xzUJ bmçN yUz@-SnT |‰cWN jm„ÝÝ k_qET g!z@ b“§ «kœ‚ BR¦N lLb -b!ÆN´ ltsßW wRhêE m}ÿT y}h#F xqÂÆ¶ çnW \RtêLÝÝ Bz# mÉHFTM dRsêLÝÝ

mSkrM 17 qN 1926 ›.M GR¥êE ©NçY Ælh#lT wRQ _BÈB µÆÂ q¸S k©ñÂ kwRQ ¸ÄY UR ¹LmêcêLÝÝ

B§¬ wLdg!×Rg!S b1919 ›.M ¸Ãz!Ã 27 qN w¼é êµ DNq&N bHGÂ bSU wdÑ xGBtW ycvƒ MÐ‹ xÆT çnêLÝÝ

yµtET 12 qN 1929 ›.M bxÄ!S xbÆ WS_ Í¹!SèC Ædrs#T :LqET B§¬ bxfœ tYzW bX|R b@T tg#§LtêLÝÝ

-§T x!T×ùÃN bwrrbT zmN bxÄ!S xbÆ WS_ ‘Ufficio Stampa e Propaganda’ ytÆl mS¶Ã b@T xÌq$ä qÄ¥êE `¼S§s@N XÂ qdM s!L bNg#s ngSt$ zmn mNGST ynbrWN xg²Z b¥_§§TÂ bmNqF ßéUNÄ Ã\‰+ nbRÝÝ

10

ßéUNÄW y¸n²W bÊÄ!×½ yoœR mNGST mLKt¾ btÆl Uz@ÈÂ yé¥ BR¦N tBlÖ btsym wRhêE m}ÿT nbRÝÝ yq&úR mNGST lßéUNÄW |‰ êÂ mú¶Ã xDRgÖ kt-qmÆcW sãC mµkL nUD‰S (b“§ xfoœR) xfwRQ gBrys#S½ xè kbd ¸µx@L½ xè xMd¸µx@L dúlSÂ wL� wLdg!×Rg!S wLd×/NS XNdnb„ Y¬w”LÝÝ

b1933 ›.M ©NçY kSdT tmLsW Èl!ÃñC ÃÌÌÑTN mS¶Ã b@T mNGST trKï |‰ s!jMR¿ y¸Ä!Ã ÆlÑÃãC b¥SflUcW xè xMd¸µx@L dœlSÂ B§¬ wLdg!×Rg!S wLd×/NS bUz@-SnT |‰ XNÄ!mdb# tdRÙLÝÝ

______________________ b1953 ›.M Xn@ yxÄ!S zmN Uz@È êÂ xzUJ çß@ |‰

XNdjmRk#½ bUz@ÈW ymjm¶Ã g} §Y k©NçY NGGR bStqR wYM ©NçYN y¸mlkT z@ÂÂ /t¬ XNÄ!h#M æèG‰F µLçn bStqR l@§ }h#F XNd¥Y¬tM kB§¬Â k\‰t®c$ tngrSÝÝ Y, mm¶Ã kt¥Rk#T TMHRTÂ bW+ hgR ktmlkTk#T yUz@È |‰ UR Sl¥YÈÈM xND xScU¶ ftÂ kðt& XNdtdqn trDc& ng„N b_äÂ xsBk#TÝÝ

yUz@È S‰ zRf Bz# mçn#N SlMgnzB½ |‰W xYÒLM BlÖ XJN xÈMé kmqm_ YLQ y¸ÒlWN ÃHL Xy\„ mm¶ÃWNÂ œN\#„N b£dT lmšR mäkR qÂ xStúsB mSlÖ ¬ySÝÝ

Uz@ÈW y¸m‰bT ±l!s! b}h#F ts_è YçÂL Bü fLg@ nbRÝÝ yµtET 7 qN 1927 ›.M y¬wjW HG mÉHFTÂ Uz@õC l¥útMÂ ¥t¸Ã b@èCN l¥ÌÌM bQD¸Ã kxgR G²T ¸n!St&R mS¶Ã b@T f”D ¥GßT XNd¸ÃSfLG YdnGULÝÝ Y, mS¶Ã b@T Uz@õCÂ mÉHFT Ãlf”D XNÄY¬tÑÂ XNÄY¹-# ymkLkL |LÈN ts_èT nbRÝÝ

b1948 ›.M tš>lÖ ywÈW HgmNGST xNq} 41 bx!T×ùÃ yýÊS nÉnT mñ„N gLÛ¿ xfÉiÑ bHG XNd¸wsN d”GÙLÝÝ

ymNGSt$ yl#x§êEnT SLÈN yNg#\ ngSt$ mçn#N½ ¸n!STéc$N y¸ëÑTÂ y¸>„T ©NçY mçÂcWN½ bhg¶t$ ym=ršW kFt¾ |LÈN y©NçY mçn#NÂ XNÄ!h#M ¥ÂcWM ngR y¸wsnW bNg#s ngSt$ mçn#N YgLÉLÝÝ R§¥WNM ymsBsBÂ ymbtN |LÈN nb‰cWÝÝ yHG mws¾W MKR b@T xÆ§T y¸mr-#TÂ y¸ëÑT b©NçY nbRÝÝ yT¶ÃRK ¹#mT b©NçY m}dQ nbrbTÝÝ bx-”§Y xnUgR yHG xWÀW½ yHG tRÙ¸WÂ yHG xSfÉ¸¨< xµ§T

11

’Òi Ñ/T]ÁU

bNg#\ ngSt$ |LÈN SR Slnb„ YHM btzêê¶ mNgD bUz@ÈW |‰ §Y t}:ñ XNdnbrW lm_qS XfLUlh#ÝÝ

XÃNÄ”Ç y¸n!St&R mS¶Ã b@T b¸n!STéCÂ bkFt¾ ÆlSLÈÂT b!m‰M¿ ¹#¥MNt$ «yb§YN ú§¥KR´ b¥lT kt-ÃqEnT y¸ÃmL-#bT mNgD kFè§cW nbRÝÝ Y, h#Ât& lýÊS |‰ MN¾ xScU¶ XNdnbr mrÄT xÃÄGTMÝÝ

b1958 ›.M ywÈW mm¶Ã wd x!T×ùÃ G²T y¸gb#TÂ bx!T×ùÃM WS_ y¸¬tÑT }/#æC yHZBN ä‰L y¥Ãb§¹# wYM yHZBN i_¬ y¥ÃÂg# mçÂcWN y¥rUg_ /§ðnT l¥S¬wqEÃ ¸n!St&R yts- mçn#N ÃmlK¬LÝÝ

by:lt$ kMÂdRgW yS‰ KNWN XNdtrÄh#T ¸Ä!ÃW Ym‰ ynbrW b}h#F bt\- mm¶Ã úYçN ¿ bSLÈN §Y ÃlW ¸n!STR wYM ¹#M b¸s-W y”L T:²Z nbRÝÝ

y¸n!St&„N mS¶Ã b@T qdM s!L km„T ¹#¥MNT mµkL xè tSÍü tgS½ xè KBrT xS¬_q&½ xè (b“§ B§¬) mRSx@ /zN wLdqERöS½ B§¬ GR¥cW tKlhêRÃT½ xè \rq BR¦N gBrXGz!X½ xè xMd¸µx@L dœlSÂ xè m÷NN hBtwLD _qEèc$ �”Å’u\ Ã�¨nMÝÝ

Kb#R xè m÷NN hBtwLD b”L s_tWT ynbrW mm¶Ã kä§ gÖdLM b!çN yl@lÖCNM mm¶Ã MN XNd¸mSL Sl¸ÃmlKT lxBnT ÃHL gL=êlh#ÝÝ Y, y”L mm¶Ã ytgßW xNUÍW Uz@-¾ Kb#R xè xhÇ úb#Ê «yqÄ¥êE ¦¼S§s@ FÉ»Â yd`G xnœS´ b¸lW xNd¾ m}hF kmzgb#T }h#F nWÝÝ

«m÷NN hBtwLD X¾ zND bm-# b_qET œMNèC WS_ bUz@ÈÂ ¥S¬wqEÃ mS¶Ã b@T kXúcW b¬C çñ yUz@ÈWN½ yÊÄ!×n#NÂ bx-”§Y yßéUNÄWN S‰ bQRB y¸k¬tLÂ y¸öÈ-R½ bÊÄ!× y¸ngrWN z@ÂM çn bUz@È y¸wÈWN }h#F y¸mrMR sÆT xÆ§T y¸gß#bT yœNs#R ïRD tÌÌmÝÝ yïRD xÆ§T

1. ¬ds xbb 2. kbd xSÍW 3. wLdg!×Rg!S wLd×/NS 4. ÃÊD g¼¸µx@L 5. m÷NN wRQ xgßh# 6. xD¥s# ÆD¥ 7. xhÇ úb#Ê nb„ÝÝ1

1

12

«ïRÇ btÌÌmbT g!z@ y|‰WN -ÆYÂ y/§ðnt$N KLL bdNB y¸gL} y}h#F mm¶Ã xLts-MÝÝ ¸n!ST„ bmjm¶ÃW SBsÆ §Y Ædrg#T glÉ bÊD× y¸ngrWÂ bUz@È y¸wÈW ¥ÂcWM xYnT wÊ½ }h#F½ xStÃyT½ /t¬½ Ä!ÃlÖG. . . HZB zND kmDrúcW bðT b_N”q& mmRmRÂ mmzN ÃlbT mçn#N -QsW¿ «TLQ xd‰ nW ytsÈCh#ÝÝ bQRB qN GR¥êEn¬cW ðT TqRÆ§Ch#ÝÝ xND m_æ wÊ b!ngRÂ HZB íé b!dRS g#Ät$ TLQ nW. . .ÝÝ´2 b¥lT xS-nqq$ÝÝ

«¥ÂcWM wÊ }h#F ïRÇ ðT s!qRB kig#R SN-” bkÍ xµ“N Xytmrmr L† L† TRg#M Xyts-WÂ x”qER XywÈlT ftÂWN k¸ÃLfW y¥ÃLfW wÊÂ }h#F nbR y¸bL-W´ ÃLK< ›„ ›GÆ::

±l!s!WN wYM mm¶ÃWN l¥Slw_ ÆYÒLM Ql#¿ lg!z@W Xn@ xš>lêlh# Bü :QD ÃwÈh#lTN S‰ ÃStÙgÖlBS bUz@ÈW yQNBR t&Kn!K §Y gdB y¸_lW y¸q_lW mm¶Ã nbRÝÝ

«yUz@õc$ ymjm¶ÃW g} SDSt$ xMìC bÑl# kb@tmNGSt$ t‰ wÊ jMé btÒl m-N yGR¥êEn¬cWN HYwTÂ S‰ b¸-”ps# }h#æCÂ æèG‰æC XNÄ!¹fn# ¥DrG yxzUíc$ êÂ `§ðnT mçn# lB§¬ wLdg!×Rg!S bGL} tgLÛ§cêLÝÝ´3

«kz!H b§Y yt-qsW T:²Z xLb” BlÖ´ Y§l# xè xhÇ! «byb›§t$ y¸ns#T æèG‰æC bUz@ÈM çn bm}ÿT kmWÈ¬cW bðT bTLQ x!NvlÖý WS_ ¬>gÖ wd b@tmNGST Xyt§k# Ng#s ngSt$ xND bxND xYtêcW x@KS MLKT Ãdrg#ÆcW æèG‰æC BÒ XNÄ!w-# T:²Z bmS-¬cW xÄ!s#N mm¶Ã tGÆ‰êE l¥DrG h#l#M nbR byxQÈÅW y¸ÈdfW´4

yœN\#„ g#ÄY bx¥R¾ y¸¬tÑTN Uz@õCÂ m}ÿèC BÒ xLnbrM y¸mlktWÝÝ bXNGl!Z¾ y¸}ûTM Uz@-®C Y,W CGR XNd nbrÆcW William H. Seed ytÆl# Uz@-¾ ‘Censorship in Ethiopia’ b¸L R:S October 7 ¬Tä bwÈW Manchester Guardian Uz@È y¸q_lWN xSFrêLÝÝ5

2 3 4 5

13

’Òi Ñ/T]ÁU

• y©NçYN SM -Qî y¸ÉF ¥ÂcWM }h#F tW§- SM úYqR bµpE¬L ðdL XNÄ!ÉF¿

• b¥N¾WM }h#F y©NçY SM m-qS µlbT kXúcW bðT yl@§ sW SM XNÄYwÈ¿

• bHYwT y¸gS sW æèG‰F kät sW UR xBé m¬tMÂ mWÈT XNdl@lbT¿

• bJM§ Bz# sãC yÃz æèG‰F bUz@È s!wÈ kmµk§cW bäT ytly sW µl æèG‰ñ m¬tM XNdl@lbT {h#û YgLÉLÝÝ

Xn@ XNd¸mSlS yz!H xYnt$ mm¶Ã y¸wÈW

bb@t(mNGSt$ T:²Z úYçN yS‰WN ÆH¶ b¥ÃWq$ ÆlSLÈñC wYM XNwdD b¸l# yœN\#R ÆlÑÃãC b¸sÖ<T T:²Z nWÝÝ

d©Z¥C GR¥cW tKl¦êRÃT xÄ!S zmNN xš>lW BlW ¦§ðnt$N ys-#S ymNGST ±l!s! w_é y¸YZ mçn#NÂ yÆlÑÃãC X_rT mñ„ -FacW úYçN ¿ kfrNJ xgR Xyt¥r y¸mÈ sW /g‰CN s!dRS MN xYnT ftÂ XNd¸ÃU_mW «xRxÃ´ btsßW m}hÍcW ytgli mçn#N l!ÃS¬Ws#S fLgW úYçN xYqRM y¸L _RÈÊ úÃDRBS xLqrMÝÝ

yxÄ!S zmNN Uz@È l¥ššL bHGÂ bmm¶Ã XNÄ!h#M bx\‰R LMD ytwúsb CGR mñ„N ÆMNM¿ qdM Bü XNdgl}k#T xNÄND ngR ¥ššL XNdMCL XRG-¾ nbRk#ÝÝ yxND Uz@È tGÆR x!NæR»>N ¥QrB½ bNGÇ ÑÃ kt\¥‰ WDD„N tÌq$ä HLWÂN m-bQ¿ XNÄ!h#M HBrtsb#N ¥gLgLÂ ¥ZÂÂT nWÝÝ

bUz@-SnT T¼b@T kt¥Rk#T yz@Â xÉÉF t&Kn!K xNÇ z@ÂNÂ xStÃyTN (fact & opinion) lYè mÉF nWÝÝ z@Â :Wnt¾Â nÆ‰êE (objective) mçN xlbT ktÆl¿ y¶±Rt„N S»¬êEnT½ xD§êEnTÂ wgÂêEnT úÃNiÆRQ FÊ ng„N XNÄl wYM bxÄ!s# ÌNÌ XNdwrd ¥SfRN Y-Y”LÝÝ bz!H xYnT yxÉÉF t&Kn!K kNt$ WÄs@Â ¥ÂcWNM ngR ÃlxGÆB xUNñ ¥QrB YwgÄL y¸L :MnT xlÝÝ y¬yW Y, nW¿ ytÂg„T Y,NN nW¿ b¥lT t=ÆŒN ngR (fact) l¥Sqm_ YrÄLÝÝ

xStÃyTM btmdblT yxStÃyT g} §Y YÚÍLÝÝ C.P. Scott ytÆl XNGl!²êE Uz@-¾ «xStÃyT Rµ> nW¿ fact GN Kb#RÂ ytqds (WD) ngR nW´ s!L yÉfW lz!H nWÝÝ6

6

14


yUz@ÈW LúN yçnW R:s xNq} y¸\FrW bz!h# bxStÃyT g} §Y nWÝÝ bz@Â xÉÉFÂ bSn}h#F wYM btWn@T xÉÉF mµkL GL} yçn y›§¥½ wYM ytL:÷ XNÄ!h#M yYzTÂ yxq‰rB L†nT xlÝÝ

bxÄ!S zmN Uz@È Xnz!HN L†nèC -Bö z@ÂWN ¥QrB b!ÒL Uz@ÈWN b¥ššL rgD m\r¬êE yçn lW_ XNdtdrg xDRg@ Xö_rW nbRÝÝ bz@Â xÉÉFÂ bSn}h#F mµkL S§lW L†nT ZRZR yçnWN g#ÄY b¥NúT xD¥ôc&N XNÄ§slC Sl x§¥WÂ Sl xÉÉû t&Kn!K BÒ LÂgRÝÝ

y|n }h#F xÉÉF x§¥ xNÆb!N XÃZÂÂ XÂ XÃ¥ll LB bmSqL¿ ZRZR kçnW g#ÄY tnSè wd -#zt$½ q_lÖM wd W-@t$ y¸m‰ yxÉÉF |LT nWÝÝ Y, /!dT bLB wlDÂ btWn@T xÉÉF s!ksT XNdMÂyW yx!NæR»>n# wYM y¸S_„ mUr© y¸kftW bm=rš nWÝÝ

yz@Â ›§¥ bq_¬ x!NæR»>N mS-T nWÝÝ yKStt$ wYM yDRg!t$ W-@T bz@ÂW ymjm¶Ã xNq} wYM xrFt ngR YgKÉLÝÝ yz!H xYnt$ yz@Â xÉÉF |LT btf_é wYM bGB¬êEnT lMN-Y”cW SDST _Ãq&ãC mLS Ys-ÂLÝÝ ›§¥W x!NæR»>N mS-T Slçn xNÆb! ¥wQ y¸fLgWN ngR wÄ!ÃW xFRõ bmÂgR yz@ÂWN MNnT ÃúW”LÝÝ XNdmRì nU¶ z#¶Ã z#¶ÃWN xYøRMÝÝ äaL BlÖ nW y¸jMrWÝÝ

bz@ÂW ymKfÒ xNq} (Lead) ¥N) lMN) MN) yT) mc&) XNÁT) ltsß#T SDST _Ãq&ãC mLS Sl¸s_ yz@ÂWN MNnT l¥wQ yz@ÂWN ZRZR g#ÄY ¥NbB xY-YQMÝÝ

Joseph Rudyard Kipling (1865-1936) ytÆlW yXNGl!Z d‰s!Â gÈ¸ Uz@-¾ çñ s!s‰ bnbrbT wQT lSDSt$ _Ãq&ãC mLS y¸ÃSgS xNq} MN ÃHL -”¸ çñ XNÄgßW b¸q_l#T SN®C XNÄ!H s!L gLÛ¬LÝÝ

I have six honest men They taught me all I knew, Their names are where & what & when and how & why and who.

wd x¥R¾ s!trgÖM Ý( y¥WqWN h#l# Xn@N ÃSt¥„S SDST xgLU×C ¬¥S sãC xl#S ÝÝ XStE LNg‰Ch# XNÄ!H nW S¥cW XNÁT) wÁT ) mc&) MN) lMN) ¥N ÂcWÝÝ

15

’Òi Ñ/T]ÁU

kz!H b§Y b}h#F lmGl} ytäkrWN yz@Â xÉÉF |LT bS:§êE mNgD ¥mLkT YÒ§LÝÝ z@Â s!ÉF bxÂt$ böm pE‰¸D YmS§LÝÝ|n }h#F dGä bpE‰¸DÝÝ

ymKfÒ xNq{ yz@Â ¥B‰¶Ã

ZRZR g#ÄY

W-@t$

yz@Â xÉÉF

y|n}h#F xÉÉF

-

bxÄ!S

xqnÆBé lmnbrBNÝÝ l@§LN¹>G xNÆLdrïc& mxLnb„MÝÝ Ãµbt$ SlnbM®TÂ T:G ¶±Rtél¥lF Sl¥Yl¥sÆsB ynnbRÝÝ yT‰N y:lt$N xÃWQMÝÝ }m\r¬êE yyUz@-SnT h#lT nWÝÝ ÑÃWN m¥s‰t¾ çñ SLTÂ xRTm¥R nWÝÝtEã¶WN By¥NbBÂ ym bhg‰CNy¸ÃStM„ :DL lh#§C¶±RtéÒCN¥lT YÒ§L

ZRZR g#ÄY LB sq§

#zTÂ W-@T

zmN Uz@È z@ÂWN btflgW g} §Y bz!H mLK ÉF yKb#R xè m÷NNN mm¶Ã qS XÃLN mÂD W CGR yX¾ yUz@-®c$ ClÖ¬ WSNnT mçn#N CLMÝÝ xBrWS XNÄ!s„ ytmdb#LS yS‰ \r¬êE yçn yUz@-SnT TMHRT ytk¬tl#

ktlÃy yS‰ mSK ym-#Â /t¬ ymÉF LMD „¿ Xn@ bxsBk#T mNgD Uz@ÈWN l¥zUjT ST BÒWN bqE çñ x§gßh#TMÝÝ c$ y¸ÃqRb#T xNÄND }h#F yœN\#„N ¥nö CL mNfúcW trUGè byï¬W Xyt……-# z@Â b‰cW F§gÖT XÃdR XytÄkm s!ÿD Y¬yS S±Rt$M CGR XNÄl çñ nWÝÝ Uz@È l¥zUjT qn#N bÑl# \RtN s›t$ tRæN h#ñ wd ¥t¸Ã b@T kt§k b“§ yS‰ ÆLdrïc&N çn yUz@-SnT TMHRT l¥St¥R XäKR nbRÝÝ TMHRT tMé yÑÃW Ælb@T lmçN mNgÇ xNÇ yUz@-SnT ÑÃ ¥\L-¾ T¼b@T gBè R nWÝÝ h#lt¾W mNgD yxND Uz@È DRJT

bS‰W §Y yöy LMD µ§cW ÆlÑÃãC yxÉÉûN åT XNÄ!h#M |R›t TMHRt$ y¸-YqWN ÑÃ Xy\„ m¥R ¥lT nWÝÝ yUz@-SnT ÑÃ Ò bm¥R y¸=b_ ÑÃ xYdlMÝÝ y¥ÃÌR_ ÉF LMD ¥ÄbR Y-Y”LÝÝ WS_ bzmÂêE yUz@-SnT ÑÃ \L_nW Xy\„ wYM y¸Ãú† ÆlÑÃãC S§Lnb„ bwQt$ Y,

NM l!dRS xLÒlMÝÝ bz!HM MKNÃT bz!ÃN g!z@ b‰úcW _rT /t¬ i/ð kmçN x§lûM ÝÝ

16


xBrWS Ys„ knb„T Uz@-®C mµkL xúMnW gBrwLD½ UrdW dMs@½ ÔWlÖS ®®½ hBtg!×Rg!S Ä!œœ½ xyl k!Än@Â ÃÊD g¼¸µx@LN xS¬Wúlh#ÝÝ bxh#n# wQT xúMnW g¼wLD½ ÔWlÖS ®®Â ÃÊD g¼¸µx@L bHYwT yl#MÝÝ hBt×/NS Ä!œœ kxB×t$ UR btÃÃz MKNÃT :D» LK XS‰T tfRìbT zB_Ã wRÄ*L s!l# sMÒlh#ÝÝ Xz!H yÉFk#T ngR :WnT mçn#N lmmSkR UrdWÂ xyl Ybq$¾L! yUz@ÈW ymjm¶Ã g} lz@Â ytmdb çñ úl yGR¥êEn¬cWN yWlÖ DRg!TÂ æèG‰F BÒ Yø YWÈ ¥lt$ Uz@ÈWN l¥ššL k¬sbW ›§¥ UR l!ÈÈM xLÒlMÝÝ y¥ÂcWM Uz@È ymjm¶Ã g} y:lt$ êÂ êÂ z@ÂãC y¸sF„bT yTRx!T mDrK kmçn#M b§Y¿ yz@ÂW TLQnTÂ xNSt¾nT btêrD YmdÆLÝÝ yz@ÂW R:SÂ y¸ÃSfLgW yxMD m-N y¸wsNbT Slçn¿ yz@ÂW ¥úÃÂ m¹Å (tells & sells) mDrK nWÝÝ yz@ÂW xq¥m_ yxNÆb!N ›YN m¥rK YñRb¬LÝÝ z@ÂWNÂ æèG‰ûN mMr_¿ yR:s#N ÷RÂ z@ÂW bg} §Y y¸sFRbTN |F‰ mwsN½ kW+ y¸m-# }h#æCN mMr_¿ }/#ûN mqbLÂ xlmqbL yxzU° `§ðnT çñ úl¿ yxè m÷NN mm¶Ã xg#L L¥D _lÖBN ÿÄ*LÝÝ YHNN yöy L¥D bxND g!z@ lmlw_ mäkR Kb#R xè m÷NN hBtwLDÂ B§¬ wLdg!×Rg!SN MÂLÆTM kXns#M xLæ ©NçYN +MR ÃSöÈ YçÂL y¸L SUT nbrNÝÝ bmjm¶Ã g!z@ |‰WN h Bü SjMR yÉFk#T R:S xNq} xStÃyT mçn# XygÆS bmjm¶ÃW g} §Y xwÈh#TÝÝ YHNN R:s xNq} lÂÑÂ ÃHL kz!H }h#F UR xÆ¶ xDRg@ xQRb@êlh#ÝÝ b£dTÂ WlÖ b¥dR ymjm¶ÃWN g} lz@Â mDbN h#lt¾W g} yxStÃyT mSÅ g} XNÄ!çN xdrGNÝÝ

R:s xNq{ LdT MNDnW)

LdT ¥lT mwlD½ mWÈT mgl_½ mk\T wYM mgßT mçn#N yx!T×ùÃ l!”WNT xB‰RtW ÃT¬l#ÝÝ LdT L¥DNÂ ÆHLN tdGæ y¸kbR qN XNdmçn# m-N \L_nêL b¸Æl#T xgéC WS_ XÃNÄNÇ sW ytwldbTN qN ÃS¬WúLÝÝ ÃkBrêLMÝÝ y:D»WN B²T XNÄ!ÃS¬Ws#T ytdrd„TN nÄJ š¥ãC x_Fè½ BSk#t$N öRî½ yzmD ywÄJN mLµM M®T ktqbl b“§½ ‰s#N XNÄ!H s!L bmm‰mR Y-YqêLÝÝ kmwlD wd ¥dG½ k¥dG wd mBsLÂ wd mdRjT Xnç dRšlh# LñrW

17

’Òi Ñ/T]ÁU

ktfqdLS zmN by 12 w„ xND ›mT bF_nT Xytqns YÿÄLÝÝ b:D»ü WS_ ?l!ÂN y¸Ãrµ LBN y¸Ã÷‰ MN ytlyÂ qê¸ yçn |‰ \‰h# µÒMÂ MN \‰h#) xMÂS ) zNDéS. . . bxg‰CN WS_ Bz#ãÒCN L† L† yb›L qÂTN -NQqN SN-BQ yLd¬CNN qN úÂWqWÂ úÂkBrW XNrúlNÝÝ (XNä¬lN ) yçn çñ mwlD ¥NM y¸ÃdRgW ytf_é GBR s!çN ‰úCNN l¬§Q ÑÃ mF-R½ wYM T„ÍT lä§bT xgLGlÖT ¥êL lLÆCN k#‰T lmwlÄCNM MKNÃT XNd¸çN xY-r-RMÝÝ Xnç ²Ê yGR¥êE qÄ¥êE `Yl |§s@N yLdT b›L SÂkBR y¸g_mN ymm‰mR _Ãq& ÆlûT ¦Mú ›m¬T WS_ GR¥êEn¬cW MN \„ ) y¸L _Ãq& xYdlMÝÝ yz!H _Ãq& mLS by:lt$ bMÂyW |‰ tgLÛxLÝÝ y¸g_mN _Ãq& x!T×ùÃN xh#N kMTgSbT dr© l¥DrS xND sW MN ÃHL ym¶nT tGÆR½ yxStÃyT _LqT½ y¥Yg¬ y?l!Â TGL½ y¥YbgR ö‰_nT Yø mnúT xlbT BlN nWÝÝ y©NçY LdT yx!T×ùÃ LdT nWÝÝ XNÄ!ÃWM ©NçY l‰úcW y¸gÆWN Wl¬½ KBRÂ M|UÂ lx!T×ùÃ Ys_ b¥lT «y²ÊWN yLdt&$N b›L ST-Æbq$T bnbrW bx!T×ùÃ LdT XlW-êlh#´ BlW ytÂg„TN ”L úÂS¬WsW xÂLFMÝÝ ²Ê XÃNÄNÇ x!T×ùÃêE yGR¥êEn¬cWN :lt LdT b¸ÃkBRbT qN LdT MNDnW) kxND sWS y¸-bqW xgLGlÖT XSkMN DrS nW ) XÃl ‰s#N m-yQÂ mm‰mR GÁ¬ YçNb¬LÝÝ

bh#lt¾W g} §Y yxzU° |M½ yUz@ÈW m¬wqEÃ R:S (name – plate or masthead) xD‰šÂ yxNÆb!ãC dBÄb@ Y¬tM jmrÝÝ bz!H Uz@È §Y yxzU° SM s!ÚF ymjm¶ÃW g!z@ nbRÝÝ bXNGl!z¾W ÌNÌ Editorial l¸lW ”L tmúúY ”L XNÄ!fLg#LS B§¬ w¼g!×Rg!SNÂ l!q|†¥N xKl!l#N -Yq& «R:s xNq}´ y¸L SM Sls-#S bUz@ÈW §Y lmjm¶Ã g!z@ \frÝÝ XSkxh#NM xÄ!S zmN Uz@È BÒ úYçN yGL Uz@õCM bz!H R:S Y-qÑb¬LÝÝ bW+ xgR xNÄND Uz@õC «R:s xNq}´ xY}ûMÝÝ R:s xNq} yÉû XNdçn £SÂ xStÃyT Sl¸}û½ -§T XÂf‰lN½ ¥S¬wqEÃ xÂgSM Y§l#ÝÝ ¬Ä!Ã Xnz!H Uz@õCÂ Uz@-®C XNdf¶ nW y¸ö-„TÝÝ GR¥êEn¬cW x!T×ùÃN yzmn# |LÈ’@ tÌÄ> XNDTçN Ãdrg#TN xStê}åÂ -§TM khg‰CN XNÄ!ÆrR ytàgt$bTN yTGL mDrK b¥S¬wS bUz@ÈW §Y YÉF ynbrW MSUÂÂ WÄs@ bHZb# zND xsLcE ngR çñ y¬ybT g!z@ xLnbrMÝÝ b!ñRM bGL} y¸ngRbT g!z@ x§g-mSMÝÝ kb@tmNGSt$M çn kÆlSLÈñc$ xµÆb! «Y,M b²´ y¸L yQÊ¬ DM} s!ngR

18


sMc& x§WQMÝÝ XRG_ nW wÈt$ TWLD y‰s# yçn xÌM nbrWÝÝ Kb#R xè m÷NN hBtwLD ys-#T mm¶Ã xlMKNÃT xLnbrM y¸L GMT xlSÝÝ yb@tmNGSt$N F§gÖTÂ yHZb#N S»T bTKKL ÃWq$T Slnbr l!çN YC§LÝÝ Y,NN bMN xwQH BTl#S xè xhÇN êb@ xqRÆlh#ÝÝ xè xhÇ XNÄ!H Y§l# ÝÝ «qÄ¥êE `¼S§s@ kSdT ktmls#bT k1933 ›.M jMé bmNGST Uz@õC xÄ!S zmN½ sNdQ x§¥CNÂ ÿ‰LD §Y y¸w-# xB²®c$ }h#æC yXúcWN SM½ S‰ KBRÂ ¬¶K xlm-N xg#LtWÂ xSÍFtW b¸gL-# bÑgúÂ (bWÄs@) ”§T täLtW ¥yT XJG y¸wÇ mçÂcW bUz@ÈÂ ¥S¬wqEÃ mS¶Ã b@T ¬Wö yöy XNdm\r¬êE ÆHL y¸¬Y bS‰M s!fiM yñr ngR nbRÝÝ´ bz!ÃN zmN ynb„ yW+ hgR sãC bTCTM çn b>Ñ_ s!Âg„ «x!T×ùÃ WS_ h#lT Uz@õC x§*cWÝÝ bxNÇ Ng#s ngSt$N ÃmsGn#b¬LÝÝ bh#lt¾W Èl!ÃNN YsDb#b¬L´ XÃl# Yúlq$BN nbRÝÝ B§¬ wLdg!×Rg!S Uz@ÈWN lhÃ ›m¬T s!ÃzU° ytcg„bT MKNÃT XygÆS kÿd b“§¿ lx+R g!z@ g#BST wd WÀ xgR ÿÇÝÝ yœN\#„N |‰ t-ÆÆqE çnW XNÄ!ÃkÂWn# bXúcW SF‰ šMbL x_Âû m÷NN ttk#ÝÝ šMbL x_Âû Xn@ yM}fW R:s xNq} xLÈ¥cWM mslS XNdms§cW Xy\rz#Â l@§ ”§T Xytk#¿ öN-_ y¸ÃdRgWN XÃlzb# ÃTÑT jmRÝÝ Y, x\‰R S§LÈmSÂ bXJg# SlknknS yXn@ SM bUz@ÈW §Y ¬Tä XNÄYwÈ xdrGh#ÝÝ Y, xD‰gÖt& kDFrT tö-rBSÂ byúMNt$ ¸n!ST„ b!é bMÂdRgW SBsÆ §Y qRb@ MKNÃt$N XNÄSrÄ B§¬ GR¥cW xzz#SÝÝ Xn@ yM}fWN R:s xNq} šMbL x_Âû XÃrÑ kXn@ xStúsB WÀ yçn ngR Y¬t¥LÝÝ šMbl# y}h#ûN _RS _Rs#N XÃwlq$ Æì DD XNÄ!¬Y XÃdrg# nW y¸L ”L snZrk#ÝÝ B§¬ GR¥cW l¥ÂcWM ngR mLS l¥GßT y¸cG‰cW sW xLnb„MÝÝ bXn@ xnUgR TN> kxsb#bT b“§ «xè nU> y}h#Ø _RS XywÈ DÇ BÒ nW y¸¬tmW y¸L xnUgR xM_aLÝÝ Xn@ XNd¸¬yS µLtStµklÂ kxg-- _RS Ni#H DD Yš§LÝÝ´ xl#ÝÝ Y,M XNdmm¶Ã tö_é xÄ!S zmN lBz# ›m¬T Ni#H DÇN s!ÃúY öYaLÝÝ xND Uz@È xúTä l¥s‰=T yBz# sãCN TBBRÂ _rT Y-Y”LÝÝ y|n }h#F ZGJT KFL z@ÂWNÂ x!NæR»>n#N fLgÖ s!}FÂ xRtEKlÖCN s!ÃqRB½

19

’Òi Ñ/T]ÁU

y¥S¬wqEÃÂ yHTmt$ KFL btmdblT g{ §Y y¬zzWN |‰ s!ÃkÂWN y:lt$ Uz@È S‰ xLö wd xLUW ÿd YÆ§LÝÝ Y, h#l# ZRZR g#ÄY xzU°N Sl¸mlkT y|‰W DRš q§L l!çN xYCLMÝÝ y©NçYN æèG‰FÂ byqn# ÃkÂw•cWN tGÆ‰T bb@tmNGSt$ ytmdbW ¶±RtR XyÉf Sl¸ÃqRB½ Uz@ÈW §Y ßéè÷l#N -Bö bSt‰Sg@ YwÈLÝÝ kzmÂêE Uz@È xÉÉF xNÉR Y,M xNÄND yt&Kn!K CGR ÃSkT§LÝÝ y:lt$ ¬§Q z@ÂÂ æèG‰F mSfR ÃlbTN SF‰ l¥SÃZ b!¬sBM¿ QD¸Ã lb@tmNGSt$ z@Â Sl¸s_ yÑÃWN _Ãq& xWö mRúT wYM mtW GD YçÂLÝÝ lMúl@ ÃHL y-Q§Y ¸n!ST„N æèG‰F kxND ¸n!STR æèG‰F GRg@ ¥WÈT KBr( nK Sl¸çN yUz@-¾W ÑÃ b2¾ dr© m¬sB nbrbTÝÝ xND Uz@È y‰s# yçn pRsÂl!tE BÒ úYçN ytly yxÉÉF t&Kn!K XNÄ!ñrW ytdrgW xlMKNÃT xLnbrMÝÝ 1¾¼ yz@ÂWN MNnT bR:s#Â bz@Â mKfÒW xNq} ¥wQ Sl¸ÃSCL nWÝÝ bz@Â xÉÉF DGGä>N ÃSq‰LÝÝ 2¾¼ bUz@ÈW §Y yï¬ X_rT b!ÃU_M wYM z@ÂW ktflgW b§Y b!rZM z@ÂWN XNdgÂ mÉF úÃSfLG bq_¬ ZRZR g#Ä†N kGRg@ öRõ ¥SqrT YÒ§LÝÝ 3¾¼ yz!H xYnt$ yUz@È xÉÉF t&Kn!K ¶±Rt„ z@ÂWN èlÖ lmÉF ÃSClêL¿ CGR xYñRbTMÝÝ z@ÂWN l¥SrzM b!flG z@ÂW XNÄl çñ bZRZR g#Ä† §Y ¥kL YÒ§LÝÝ zmn# yt&KñlÖ©! _bB ytSÍÍbT y_DðÃÂ yg!z@ >¸Ã ÃlbT XNdmçn# m-N½ xNÆb!W 5; XÂ 1;; g} Uz@È xNBï lmrÄT g!z@ Sl¸wSDbT R:s#NÂ ymKfÒWN xNq} BÒ tmLKè yUz@ÈWN YzT l!rÄ YÒ§LÝÝ bmNGST Uz@È §Y tqÈ¶ çñ mS‰T kGL Uz@È ±l!s!Â x\‰R ytly ÆH¶ XNÄlW qdM Bü BgnzBM.¿ ÆlSLÈñc$N _”Qn# ngR h#l# XNd¸ÃSkÍcWÂ XNd¸ÃúSÆcW úY bz!H |‰ MN ÃHL XNdMgÍbT ‰s@N xbKÊ X-YQ nbRÝÝ bg!z@W ynbrS :DL y¬zZk#TN Xy\‰h# möyT xl!ÃM wdW+ /gR tmL¹@ Xy\‰h# m¥R XNdnbR ú§SBbT xLqrh#MÝÝ Y,NN ¦úB XÃwÈh#Â XÃwrDk# XÃlh# wÄËÂ yT¼b@T Ùd¾ü ynbrW xè ×/NS g¼¥RÃM wd „s!Ã ÿdN lm¥RÂ lmS‰T XNdMNCL ngrSÝÝ ×/NS bz!ÃN g!z@ Ën@‰L êENg@T T¼b@T Sl¸ÃStMR bTMHRT ¸n!StR bk#L lUz@-SnT |‰ S÷§R¹!ß mMÈt$N ÃWQ nbRÝÝ _Ãq&ÃCN bTMHRT ¸n!STR bk#L tqÆYnT xGSè wd „s!Ã lmÿD

20


bZGJT §Y XNÄlN bwQt$ y¥S¬wqEÃ ¸n!STR ynb„T xè xMd¸µx@L dœlS yXn@N SM kl!St$ §Y \RzW l@§W Ùd¾CN XNÄ!ÿD xdrg#ÝÝ mqy» xLqrMÝÝ ng„ «_NcL zL§ zL§ wd mÊT´ XNd¸ÆlW çnÂ MNM l¥DrG xLÒLk#MÝÝ Xn@N lMN XNÄSq„S lmrÄT xLÒLk#MÝÝ MÂLÆTM k¸n!ST„ y¸s-S mLS lS‰ ¬SfLUlH y¸L XNdnbR knbrW LMD lmÂgR XC§lh#ÝÝ ×/NS wd äS÷ ÿì h#lT ›mT ÃHL köy b“§ b-@Â m¬wK MKNÃT HYwt$ xLæ xSkÊn# wd/g„ t§kÝÝ yTWLD /g„ ds@ Slnbr yqB„ Sn SR›T Xz!Ã tf}àLÝÝ bz@Â xsÆsB bk#L ÃU_mN ynbrWN CGR m_qs# xSf§g! YmSl¾LÝÝ z@Â MNDnW) l¸lW _Ãq& xND TRg#M lmS-T XNd¸ÃScGR xW”lh#ÝÝ XNdyhg„ L¥D½ ÆHLÂ y:DgT dr© lxNÇ hgR z@Â y¸ÆlW ll@§W hgR z@Â §YçN YC§LÝÝ lt¥r sW z@Â y¸çnW lmhYM z@Â §YçN YC§LÝÝ ls@èC z@Â y¸çnW lwNìC z@Â xYçNMÝÝ lz!H lxh#n# S‰ ÃHL z@Â ¥lT xÃl@ xNÆb!ãCN y¸SB½ wQ¬êEÂ TKKL¾ yçn TRg#M y¸s_ x!NæR»>N nW XNbLÝÝ z@Â xNÆb! y¸fLgWÂ _QM xgSb¬lh# y¸LbT x!NæR»>N nWÝÝ bg!z@W ynb„T ›”Ç”É ÆlSLÈÂT ¹#mTÂ `§ðnT s!sÈcW `§ðn¬cWN lmwÈT Ycg„ nbRÝÝ bxND ðT bHg mNGSt$ XNdtdnggW t-¶n¬cW lNg#\ ngSt$ Sl¸çN½ h#l#N ngR «yb§Y xµL´ úÃWqW lUz@-¾ x!NæR»>N mS-T Y=N”cW nbRÝÝ Æ-ÍM Æl¥M yXn@ `§ðnT nW l¥lT Sl¥YdF„ xND ngR lmÂgR Xy\g# «L¥kRbT´ b¥lT q-é Ãb²l#ÝÝ ÃlÑÃW b|LÈN §Y y¸mdB ¹#M Uz@-¾ x¬ú†S y¸LbT g!z@ nbRÝÝ i¦ðê b!é tqMÈ SBsÆ §Y ÂcWÝÝ ²Ê S‰ bZèÆcêLÝÝ wdGb! t-RtW ÿdêL¿ SlMTL yz@ÂW wQ¬êEnT Yq‰L¿ ÃLÍLÝÝ wÊW bkt¥W WS_ tnGéÂ ytúút mSmR Yø bym¹¬ b@t$ Sl¸w‰ kz!Ã b“§ z@Â mçn# Yq‰LÝÝ ÆlSLÈñc$ lUz@-¾ x!NæR»>N XNÄ!s-# y¸ÃSgDD HG xLnbrMÝÝ X¾ x!T×ùÃWÃN £SN biU ymqbL LMD ÃµbTN sãC xYdlNMÝÝ xB²®ÒCN bsW ¥ôZ XNwÄlN XN©! b‰úCN ymúQ LMD ylNMÝÝ bx>ÑR½ blbÈ½ bQn@ mÂgR SlMNwD GL}nT YgÖDlÂLÝÝ Y,M km_æ ÆH¶ÃCN xNÇ YmSl¾LÝÝ m}hF½ Ñz!”½ |:LÂ ðLM mtcT lUz@-¾W ytfqd mBT nWÝÝ y|‰WM Ælb@T yçn d‰s! Ñz!q¾M çn s›l!

21

’Òi Ñ/T]ÁU

|‰WN lHZB y¸ÃqRbW YwdDL¾L wYM Y-§B¾L BlÖ xMñ Slçn £s#N biU mqbL Y-bQb¬LÝÝ Uz@-¾W yd‰s!WN wYM yÑz!q¾WN (ðLMM l!çN YC§L) |‰ kmtcT fN¬ yÆlÑÃWN yGL HYwT b!tC bSM ¥_ÍT Y-YQb¬LÝÝ bÄ!äK‰s! |R›TÂ bßÊS nÉnT b¸ÃMn# xgéC d‰s!ÃN |‰ü ttc b¥lT FRD b@T xYÿÇMÝÝ bhg‰CN |‰W wYM mS¶Ã b@t$ ytnqfbT ¦§ð S»t$ bq§l# YnµÂ k¥k#rF xLæ l¥_”TÂ lmbqL YnúLÝÝ yUz@È xzUJ bnbRk#bT zmN byg!z@W y¸ÃU_mS xSg‰¸ ngR ÃH@ nbRÝÝ bUz@È tsDu?Ãlh#ÝÝ KBÊ tnKaLÝÝ ysW múqEÃÂ múlqEÃ ç¾lh#ÝÝ y¸L töRÌ¶ bUz@ÈW mLî YúdÆL XN©! wd FRD b@T ÿì bHG lmµS xYfLGMÝÝ tsdBk# Æ† bt‰W SDb#N Ã™gÖdg#dêLÝÝ ymLS mLS s!ÉÉû îSt¾W wgN kÄR öä «ngrW xYdlM´! XÃl -b#N ÃÆBsêLÝÝ bz!H MKNÃT Uz@ÈW xNÆb! b!ÃgSM ½ y¸k‰k„bT R:s g#ÄY lHZB Y-Q¥L wYS xY-QMM BlÖ mwsN ÃSfLG nbRÝÝ xND y¬wq$ ÆlSLÈN tWn@T Y}ûÂ bmDrK Y¬ÃLÝÝ xè xhÇ úb#Ê tWn@t$N b¥SmLkT /!S Y{Íl#ÝÝ /!s# ÆlSLÈn#N x§SdstMÝÝ k_qET qÂT b“§ xè xhÇ xND wÄ©cW s!ÃgÆ k:DMt®c$ xNÇ çnW ymLS GBÏ YdrGbT wdnbrW wd ÆlSLÈn# b@T YÿÄl#ÝÝ ytWn@t$ ihð xè xhÇN s!Ã† Xz!Ã h#l# x©b! ðT t÷úTrW «bUz@È XNdz!Ã sDb,S xh#N dGä XNj‰üN LTb§ b@t& DrS mÈH )´ Y§*cêLÝÝ yÆlSLÈn# xnUgR bÆH§CN QR y¸ÃsS b!çNM¿ «ytNgbgb#lTN XNj‰ xL¥Rk#TM´ b¥lT xè xhÇ SDb#N XÃrr œq yÆHR ¥>§ ÃdRg#¬LÝÝ7 qdM s!L l¥SrÄT XNdäkRk#T yhúB L†nTN ¥StÂgDÂ biU mqbL gÂ LN¥rW y¸gÆ ÆHL wYM L¥D YmSl¾LÝÝ bWÀ /gR S» bUz@È -FaLÝÝ KBÊ tnKaLÝÝ yHZB múqEÃÂ múlqEÃ ç¾lh#¿ wYM bz!H }h#F MKNÃT |‰ü tbD§*L& :QÁ ¬g#§*L¿ y¸L sW wd FRD b@T /@ì KS Ym\R¬LÝÝ FRD b@t$ kú> tbD§*L BlÖ kxmnbT ÄgÖS Ãl µœ Ãs-êLÝÝ y¸kflW µœ q§L xlmçn#N l¥mLkT ÃHL 3 Múl@ãC X-Qúlh#ÝÝ [email protected] b1991 ›.M Victor Fiazell ytÆl sW bm-_ `YL Xyt¹nû mk!Â l¸Ã>krK„ sãC Ks# XNÄ!nœ§cW g#ï (ÑSÂ) Yqb§L b¥lT yÄ§S t&l@v!™N

7

22

S»N x_Fè z@Â x\‰+aL y¸L KS Ym\R¬LÝÝ FRD b@t$ kú¹# tbDlêL b¥lT 58 ¸l!×N ì§R µœ XNÄ!kfL bY•LÝÝ xfÉiÑ bMN XNÄlq x§WQMÝÝ [email protected] 199; ›.M «ð§dLðÃ x!Nµ*yrR´ ytÆlW Uz@È bSM ¥_ÍT KS 6 ¸l!×N ì§R µœ kF§*LÝÝ8

yx»¶µ ßÊZÁNT ynb„T Theodore Roosevelt \µ‰M ÂcW b¥lT ‘Detroit News’ ytÆl Uz@È YwnJ§cêLÝÝ ßÊZÄNt$ S»N x_FaL b¥lT lFRD b@T xb@t$¬ ÃqRÆl#ÝÝ Uz@ÈW YQR¬ -Yö XR¥T b!ÃdRGM „Zy?LT Ks#N x§núM tbDÃlh#Â mµS xlBS b¥lT ÑGt$N q-l#ÝÝ yFRD b@t$NM MKR lmqbL xLflg#MÝÝ FRD Ys-S xl#ÝÝ FRD b@t$ y6 œNtEM µœ frd§cWÝÝ bz!H Wún@ ßÊZÄNt$ x_ðW Ò²?× trTaL BlW bmds¬cW µœWN tqBlW ÍYl# tzGaLÝÝ9

yX¾ FRD b@T 58 ¸l×N BR µœ ÃSkFL xNLMÝÝ bSM m_ÍT MKNÃT ytbdl sW sBxêE mBt$ m-bQ YñRb¬LÝÝ yUz@-®CN |‰ y¸gDbWÂ lQÈTM y¸ÄRgW xScU¶ HG ySM ¥_ÍT HG mçn# m¬wQ YñRb¬LÝÝ yxÄ!S zmN Uz@È k1951 ›.M jMé :l¬êE eKJ’ btlÃ† MKNÃèC bqE yhgR WS_ z@Â l¥GßT XNcgR nbRÝÝ yW+ hgR yz@Â wk!lÖC y¸¹-#LNN z@Â XytrgÖMN XÂwÈlNÝÝ xNÆb!ÃN y¸}ÐcW xRtEKlÖC ±l!s!WN y¸nrn# wYM lMNM y¥Y-QÑ Yçn#Â úY¬tÑ Yq‰l#ÝÝ bz!HM MKNÃT Bz# sãC b!é DrS Xym-# YöÈl#ÝÝ q$ÈcWN bT:GST XNDNqbL y¸ÃdRgN «}h#F y‰S¿ ¸ST GN ysW dS T§lC¿´ y¸lW yÒYÂãC xÆÆL nbRÝÝ z@Â y¸”rMÆcW |F‰ãC FRD b@èC½ y±l!S Èb!ÃãC ½ ¥zU© b@èC½ xyR mNgìC½ ytlÃ† ymNGST mS¶Ã b@èCÂ DRJèC nb„ÝÝ ¶±RtéÒCN s!qÂcW kXnz!H |F‰ãC xNÄND z@Â YzW YmÈl#ÝÝ ]þ`}a‡ ²?“ KTÓ–ƒ u¾SY]Á u?~ ÅÏ c=Ö’<“ g<TU”~” c=KTÖ< ¨<K¨< U”U ›=”ö`T@i” dÃ²< ¨Å u=a uT>SKc<uƒ Ñ>²? ¾S”²?¨<” Ñu_ wfƒ �”Ç=I �ÁK< Á²?TK<::

Ú`o ò…” ’áƒ ²SÉ �”ÅV�ƒ K�Á”Ç”Æ ~Ÿ= (ßng<U) esØ` eð�ƒ!

8 9

23

’Òi Ñ/T]ÁU

z@Â MN ¥lT XNdçn Ws#NÂ xND w_ yçn TRg#M Sl¥YgSlT y¶±RtéCN ClÖ¬ mf¬tn# xYqRMÝÝ yUz@-SnT |‰ yjmr xND ¶±RtR z@Â }æ XNÄ!ÃmÈ ¦§ðnT Ys-êLÝÝ T:²z# lxND g#Æx@ NGGR y¸ÃdRG sW S§l y¸ÃSt§LfWN mL:KT bTKKL tk¬TlÖ z@ÂWN XNÄ!ÃqRB nbRÝÝ NGGR y¸ÃdRgW sW mDrK §Y w_è NGG„N s!jMR ÃLt-bq -§T tk#î YgDlêLÝÝ bz!H g!z@ ¶±Rt„ y¥S¬wš dBt„N xÈ_æ wd b!é YmlúLÝÝ «z@ÂWN xmÈH)´ s!L xzU° Y-Y”LÝÝ «x§mÈh#M´ Y§L ¶±RtRÝÝ «lMN )´ «tÂU¶WN xND sW tk#î SlgdlW ytÂgrW ngR ylM´ Y§LÝÝ ysWüW mgdL TLQ z@Â XNdnbR xL¬yWMÝÝ xÄ!S zmN y¸-qMbT l@§W yz@Â MN+ yx!T×ùÃ z@Â xgLGlÖT DRJT nbRÝÝ by-Q§Y G²t$ R:s ktä‹ ytmdb#T ¶±RtéC xB²®c$ l¥lT YÒ§L yÑÃ B”¬cW x-ÃÃqE nbRÝÝ bxÄ!S xbÆ lb@tmNGSt$ wÊ kF Ãl ¡BR XNd¸s-W h#l# by-Q§Y G²t$ y¸ëÑT ÆlSLÈÂT yxg„N i_¬ xS-bq$¿ GBR XNÄ!sbsB xdrg#¿ b¥lT Xytwds# bSLK y¸§kW wÊ WlÖ xDé xsLcE mçn# xLqrMÝÝ ygbÊW CGR½ yÆl :RSt$ t}:ñ½ ymÊT §‰¹# g#ÄY½ yFTH mÙdL½ -Q§§W y¥Hb‰êE½ yx!÷ñ¸ÃêEÂ y±ltEµ qWS yz@Â MN+ mçn# b!¬wQM y¶±Rt„ Ws#N ClÖ¬Â ymNGST œN\#R ¥:qB ¥DrUcW xLqrMÝÝ yUz@-SnT m\r¬êE TMHRT b¸s_bT g!z@ yz@ÂN ÆH¶Â MNnT lmtNtN y¸rÇ -”¸ yçn# mSfRèC Yzrz‰l#ÝÝ yz@ÂW wQ¬êEnT QRBnT ½ yz@ÂW KBdTÂ TLQnT½ y¸ÃSkTlW LB sq§½ kz!H qdM ÃL¬yÂ ÃLts¥ wYM ÃLtlmd mçn#½ G+TN y¸ÃSkTL ÆH¶ XNÄlW (yhúBÂ yxµL G+T) yÛ¬ Q‰n@½ S»TN y¸qsQS yz@Â xYnT mçn#Â y:DgT £dTN y¸ÃmlKT mçn#Â bXnz!H ÆH¶ÃT z#¶Ã Xyt>krkr y¸qRB x!NæR»>N bz@ÂnT l!frJ YC§LÝÝ kXnz!H mSfRèC UR ÃlmtêwQ CGR bz@Â xgLGlÖT bk#L y¸qRb#LNN ht¬ãC wd z@Â lmmlS t=Æ+ FÊ ngR (fact) YgÖ§cW nbRÝÝ bxÄ!S zmN yMÂqRbW xNÄND z@Â ÆlSLÈñÒCNN y¸ÃúÈ mSlÖ s!¬ÃcW y©NçYN h#l(gB yçn |LÈN b¥Nt‰S xSqDmW xb@t$¬ ¥QrB ytlmd zÁ nbRÝÝ xND Mœl@ m_qS YÒ§LÝÝ bxND wQT bs#¥l!ÃÂ bk@NÃ DNbR xµÆb! y÷l@‰ b>¬ mkst$N y¸gL} z@Â béYtRS yz@Â wk!L

24


ts‰=ÝÝ Y, wrR¹!S ng x!T×ùÃ WS_ l!gÆ Sl¸CL y-@Â _b” ¸n!StR MN xYnT QDm ZGJT xDRÙL y¸L }h#F xSt§lFNÝÝ bg!z@W ynb„T y-@Â _b” ¸n!STR yz!H }h#F ›§¥ HZBN k¥¹bRÂ SUT §Y kmÈL bStqR ¿ XNÄ!h#M t$¶SèC wd xg‰CN XNÄYgb# k¥DrG bStqR ÍYÄ ylWM b¥lT l©NçY xb@t$¬ xqrb#ÝÝ y¥S¬wqEÃ ¸n!ST„ ©NçY ðT t-RtW «|‰WN xLÒLkW XNdçn l@§ sW YdrGbT´ bmÆ§cW ¸n!ST„ bÈM xZnW s!búŒ XNdnbR xS¬Wúlh#ÝÝ ¸n!ST„N y¸kes#T sãC xb@t$¬ s!ÃqRb# XNÄ!ÃW bdfÂW xLnbrMÝÝ y¥S¬wqEÃ m¼b@T mNGSTÂ HZB XNÄ!ÃglGL ©NçY ÃÌÌÑT mS¶Ã b@T mçn#N -QsW½ Uz@-®c$M ymNGST däZ Xybl# mNGSTN y¸ÃœÈ S‰ Y\‰l# b¥lT Ks#N xúMrW nW y¸ÃqRb#TÝÝ Xnz!H sãC bxB²¾W Xn¥N nb„) xNUÍW Uz@-¾ Kb#R xè xhÇ œb#Ê lx+R g!z@M b!çN y¥S¬wqEÃ ¸n!STR çnW wd b@tmNGST Xyt-„ q$ÈÂ tGœ} YdRSÆcW SlnbR xúô‡ Xn¥N XNdnb„ XNÄ!H b¥lT ÃStêWq$ÂLÝÝ Xnz!H sãC «Xb§ ÆY½ xDRÆY½ xSmúY yçn# bb@tmNGSt$ xµÆb! y¸Rmsms#½ qÈðãCÂ mLtEãC lqÄ¥êE `YlS§s@ töRÌ¶ãCÂ xúb!ãC bmMsL y¸f}ÑT ytN÷L |‰ mçn#N xWQ nbRÂ ©NçY bmöÈ¬cW xLtdnQh#MÝÝ´ ¥t¸Ã b@t$M y¸ÃSkTlW CGR q§L xLnbrMÝÝ yxÄ!S zmN Uz@È bBR¦NÂ \§M ¥t¸Ã b@T s!¬tM XNdxh#n# g!z@ b÷MpE×tRÂ båFs@T (offset) mœ¶Ã Xy¬gz xLnbrM y¸\‰WÝÝ XÃNÄNÇ ðdL bXJ Xytlqm g!z@ b¸wSDÂ xZU¸ bçn x\‰R nbR y:lt$ |‰ y¸kÂwnWÝÝ kg!z@ b“§ «äñ ¬Yß´ ytsß yHTmT mœ¶Ã bmMÈt$ bm-n#M b!çN |‰W l!”lL C§*LÝÝ kXn@ bðT bnbrW x\‰R y:lt$ z@Â½ x!NæR»>NM çn ¥S¬wqEÃ¿ wd HTmT y¸§kW bUz@ÈW g} §Y yT ï¬ XNd¸wÈ úYgl}½ XRZ¥n@WÂ X_rt$ úYlµ½ Slnbr¿ yR:s# xMDÂ wÊ ktlqm b“§ yUz@ÈW g} h#l#NM }h#F úYZ YqRÂ YbtÂLÝÝ Y,NN CGR l¥SqrTÂ ygi#NM xq¥m_ mLK l¥SÃZ «ì¸´ m|‰T ÃSfLG nbRÝÝ b¬Yß ytÉfW }h#F bHTmT mœ¶Ã kmlqÑ bðT XÃNÄNÇ wÊÂ |:L bUz@ÈW g} §Y MN ÃHL SF‰

25

’Òi Ñ/T]ÁU

XNd¸s-W b£úB Xyt\‰ mQrB nbrbTÝÝ Xz!CM §Y Xn@ TN> xStê}å ¥Drg@ xLqrMÝÝ b¥t¸Ã b@t$ bk#L ynbrW l@§W CGR lHTmt$ |‰ y¸ÃglGl#T ðd§T Bz# Ãglgl# Slnb„ xNÄ* XGR xNµœ l@§ê wLµœ Yçn#Â yHTmt$ |‰ b¸µÿDbT g!z@ kx‰¸ãc$ xMLÈ wYM tzL§ yMTwÈ ðdL ÃLt-bq WZGBÂ CGR Tf_‰lCÝÝ lMúl@ ÃHL ¼e¼ yMTLê ðdL «d´ BTçN «l´ «§´ ç“ BT¬tM xúÍ¶ yçn CGR Yks¬LÝÝ wYM xNÄ* ðdL XSk+‰¹# TzlLÂ MDR q$Lb!_ TçÂlCÝÝ lMúl@ ÃHL GR¥êEn¬cW BlN SN}F xND ðdL ytzllCbT g!z@ xU_àLÝÝ yz!H xYnT SHtT ¬Tä s!wÈ ÆlSLÈñc$ çn tBlÖ ytdrg Xyms§cW \‰t®c$N l¥SqÈTÂ ¦§ðn¬cWN l¥SwrD Y……-# nbRÝÝ bfrN° ›lM sW Yúú¬L y¸lW xÆÆL GN²b@ Slts-W Honest mistakes |HtT ymS‰T nÉnT b¸lW SR›T WS_ Yµt¬LÝÝ To err is human to forgive divine XNd¸ÆlWÝÝ b¥t¸Ã b@t$ WS_ ytlÃ† m-N Ã§cW lR:S y¸ÃglGl# ðd§T bB²T S§Lnb„ yUz@ÈWN T:YNt(g} l¥úmR CGR nbrBNÝÝ yXR¥t$N |‰ ¥¬ ¥¬ y¸\„T yb@tKHnT sãC nb„ÝÝ B§¬ wLdg!×Rg!S xYtWT Xn@M bxzUJnt& tmLKc&W wd ¥t¸Ã b@T y¸§kWN }h#F x‰¸ãc$ l¸n!ST„ SLK dWlW y‰úcWN xStÃyTÂ yms§cWN yYçÂL TRg#M xKlW wÊW XNÄY¬tM ¥DrG YCl# nbRÝÝ ymNGST Uz@È xYnt¾ ÆH¶W b|LÈN §Y ÃlW mNGST LœN wYM xfq§-@ mçn# nWÝÝ bz!HM MKNÃT bHZB zND ÃlW tqÆYnT kGL Uz@È Yš§L l¥lT ÃScG‰LÝÝ b|LÈN §Y ÃlW mNGST bHZB zND MN ÃHL twÄJnT xlW) y¸lW _Ãq& bUz@ÈWM |‰ §Y YNiÆr”LÝÝ yUz@È xNÇ tGÆR mNGST y¸ÃwÈWN HGÂ ±l!s! kHZB UR ¥StêwQ nWÝÝ lHZb# dHNnT½ l¥Hb‰êEÂ lx!÷ñ¸ :DgT s!ÆL y¸zrg#TN y:DgT xW¬éC½ :QìCNÂ tGÆ‰êEn¬cWN ÃB‰‰LÝÝ g#Dl¬cWNM Y-q$¥LÝÝ ÃúSÆLÝÝ YwQúLÝÝ mLµM S‰ s!s‰ ÃmsGÂLÝÝ yGL ¸Ä!Ã ÆlbT xgR mNGST yHZb#N HgmNGS¬êE mBT XNÄ!-BQ¿ FTHÂ RT: XNÄYÙdL xlxGÆB yçn DRg!T XNÄYfiM HZb#N wKlÖ Yàg¬LÝÝ êÂW CGR mNGST lHZB ö¸Ãlh# s!L yGl#M ¸Ä!Ã lHZb# y¥SbW X’@ nS ¥lt$ nWÝÝ XWnt¾W ¥N XNdçn l!m\KR y¸ClW t-”¸W HZB ‰s# XNdçn m¬wQÂ m¬mN xlbTÝÝ

26

mNGST l‰s# s!L y¸ÃdRgWN xD§êEnT xSwGì ¸Ä!ÃW TKKl¾Â ¸²ÂêE yçn |‰ lmS‰T y¸ClW kmNGST XJ t§Qö lk#ÆNÃ wYM lGlsïC s!s_ BÒ nWÝÝ Y, bWÀ¨< xlM y¬wqÂ ytlmd x\‰R nWÝÝ yGL Uz@È yNGD tÌM XNdmçn# m-N lHZb# mS-T y¸gÆWN xgLGlÖT cL b¥lT bNGÇ S‰ §Y y¸Ãtk#RbT g!z@ ÃU_¥LÝÝ yz!H xYnt$N SHtT XNÄ!¬rM xNÆb!W HBrtsB½ yFT/b@„Â ywNjl¾W mQÅ HgÖC¿ ¾”ÓÉ IÓ ýÊS µWNSLNÂ yýÊS HGN¿ ymúsl# mRçC kF Ãl ¸Â l!Åwt$ YC§l#ÝÝ btlÃy MKNÃT xNÆb!W HZB dNb¾nt$N y¸nFgW Uz@È :DT@W x+R XNd¸çN xÃ-ÃYQMÝÝ bmNGST Uz@È §Y y¸\„ ¶±RtéC kœN\#RÂ kHl!ÂcW UR Xytàgt$ y¸ÃqRb#T ‰SN b‰S œN\#R Ãdrg ¶±RT nÆ‰êE (objective) wYM ytm²zn l!çN xYCLMÝÝ Y,NN CGR knbrN tVKéÂ LMD lmÂgR YÒ§LÝÝ b/g‰CN WS_ ymNGST Uz@È BÒ bnbrbT zmN½ Uz@-¾W x§\‰M B§Ch#¾L b¥lT |‰WN lQö ‰s#NÂ b@tsb#N ¥S‰B eKTÃðMÓ k›mT ›mT y¥T=MrWN xNSt¾ ywR däZ Xytqbl y-#r¬ g!z@WN s!-BQ YöÃLÝÝ ydäz#N s!î yMTçN y-#r¬ xbL xSmDï k|‰ YsÂb¬LÝÝ kz!Ã b“§ MN xYnT HYwT XNd¸ñrW mgmT xÃÄGTMÝÝ Xn@ y-#rt¾W HBrtsB xÆL SlçNk#S -#rt¾ ¥lT MN ¥lT XNdçn xW”lh#ÝÝ b«Bl@N´ m}ÿT «bDÇ YS”L´ b¸L R:S Ã\fRµ*T YHC G_M yM¬St§LfW mL:KT Sl¸ñ‰T kz!H }h#F UR xÆ¶ xDRg@ xQRb@Ã¬lh#ÝÝ

27

’Òi Ñ/T]ÁU

bDÇ YS”L _é t¾ h#l# xbl# xnSt¾½ Bît$N Ãs¥L s!qm_ s!t¾ÝÝ «dg# g!z@ xlf¿y²ÊW YQR½ È*T q$Rs#N úYb§ ¥¬ õM ¥dRÝÝ ›l#Â xNU--# XGz@RN FlU½ g@¬ü x¬UL-S lr¦B xlNUÝÝ BlW t¥-n#¿ yngWN f„½ yÆsM Yñ‰L BlW -r-„ÝÝ yTü(ll@ nW y¹m¬W ÈÈ½ 5; BR t¹RÍ lSNt$ LTwÈÝÝ Mn#N kMN §RgW XÂNtW FrÇ½ YQR |U Qb@W _ÊW mwdÇÝÝ ›l#Â -yq$½ XNDÂ{ÂÂcW½ k¾ mLS ¬ÈÂ ZM S§LÂcW½ LíÒCh# h#l# x»¶µ ÂcW½) xl#Â -yq$ yd§N mS§*cWÝÝ xh#NM mLS x-#½ h#l#M YöZ¥L TNÍ> m=rS nW mNG|TN ¥N Ã¥LÝÝ «xMST LíC xl#S ½ y§cWM |‰½

yqÄ¥êE `¼S§s@ mNGST m

©NçYM çn# ÆlSLÈñÒcW |UT §btlY y¥S¬wqEÃ ¸n!St&R ¸n!SgBrXGz!X lýÊS KFL Ys-#T ynbxLæ Uz@-®c$ MNM ngR XNÄY}y¸ÃSqM_ mm¶Ã nbRÝÝ lTZBt$ xÆ¶ xDRg@ xQRb@êlh#ÝÝ

«lGR¥êE Ng#\ ng|T y¸qRB ¥S¬GR¥êE çY½ y¸ktlW lxè tgS ytšwRQêÂ |‰ xSk!ÃJ yts- mm¶Ã nW Sl ýÊS DRJT `§ðnTÂ Sl UXÃdrGN Bz# g!z@ tnUGrNb¬LÝÝ bXRSãÂ êÂ xzUíC btgß#bT bUzSlmqnS zÁ xNÄND Wún@ tdRÙLÝ Xnz!HN Wún@ãC b|‰ §Y lytmlkt$T mm¶ÃãC ts_têL´

28

H#l#N G² Æ×C sMtêL s!w‰ÝÝ BlW tµkz# -#R b!ñR nW xl#½ S!m> mNg§¬T Wl¬ XNÄLêl#ÝÝ Xn@ m¦YM nS½ Líc& xY¥„½ yMkFlW ¬_è gNzB byw„ÝÝ yfrNJ W‰J sLŠJ ÆYñR ñé XR”ÂCN nbRN X¾¥ zNDéÝÝ ?KMÂ xÂWQM mD`n!T xNg² dq$îN YÿÄL HmÑ XNdê²ÝÝ xb§* ttK§ xTwRD½ xTwÈ½ XGz!å ¥lT nW¿ M:;T XSk!mÈÝÝ BlW tÂg„¿ xD¥ŒM tS¥¥½ yn@M TÄR ÃW nW XÃl XÃQ¥¥ÝÝ tmSgN XNblW _RúCN rGÐL½ bLè µLtúq b!Ãg_ MN ÃdRUL) BlW fgG xl# _RS xLÆ nb„½ XNd\‰ xYgDL çnÂ ng„ÝÝ h#l#NM tÂGrW LNÿD SNnú½ xNÄ!T ”L =m„½ mc&M xTrúÝÝ «-#rt¾ h#l# s!ÿD ÃS¬W”L½ xNjt$ tÈBö bDÇ YS”L´

WdqEÃW Xyt”rb s!ÿD Y mWd”cW xLqrMÝÝ TR ynb„T ì¼R tSÍü rW mm¶Ã kœN\#RnTM û X©cWN yð_S xSé ÃHL mm¶ÃWN kz!H UR

wš

yx!T×ùÃ ýÊS DRJT ÝÝ z@õC xm‰R g#ÄY SBsÆ tlYM HÄR 29¼1964 ›.M @õC y¸w-#TN SHtèC Ý ¥êL kz!H q_lÖ ZRZR YLÂ kz!h# UR b¥ÃÃZ


bUz@È l!gl-# y¥YgÆcW b¸L y¸ktl#T xbYT g#Ä×C sFrW XÂg¾cêlNÝÝ

1. yNg#\ ng|t$N xg²ZÂ zWD½ XNÄ!h#M yx!T×ùÃN ?g mNG|T y¸nµ½ 2. yNg#úWÃN b@tsïCNÂ y¸n!STéCN KBR y¸nµ½ 3. y|‰ fT B²T½ 4. yx\¶Â \‰t¾ G+T½ 5. yt¥¶ãC h#kT½ 6. yGBR +¥¶½ 7. yn#é WDnT½ 8. ydmwZ +¥¶Â ymNG|T \‰t®C y¸gL-#T QÊ¬½ 9. xD¥N y¸mlkT {h#F½ 1;. Sl mÊT S¶T ½ 11. w¬d‰êE g#ÄY (ST‰t&©!K ï¬ãC yw¬dR dmwZÂ) y\‰êEt$ bjT w.z.t ½ 12. y¦Y¥ñT L†nT½ 13 ygÖœ L†nT½ 14. xNÇN yW+ xgR mNG|T xÌM y¸nµ½ 15. yxF¶µ xNDnT DRJTN xÌM y¸nµ½ 16. yx!T×ùÃN ?ZB ä‰L ZQ y¸ÃdRG½ 17. yx!T×ùÃN xNDnT y¸lÃY½ 18. ys@t¾ xÄ¶ãCN B²T y¸gL{½ 19. yl¥®CN B²T y¸gL{½ 2;. BLGÂN y¸gL[# {/æC½ 21. yx!T×ùÃN bjT y¸mlkT {/F½ 22. mNG|T ÃwÈWN ý§N ÃlxGÆB y¸tC {/F½ 23. ysWN SM ÃlxGÆB y¸ÃgÖDF½ 24. yx!T×ùÃN yn#é dr© kl@lÖC xgéC UR bm_æ h#n@¬ y¸ÃwÄDR½ 25. yl@§WN xgR yî¹!ÃL FLSFÂ ¼xYÄ!åKA©!¼ l¥SÍÍT y¸äKR {/#F½ 26. yR§¥ xÆlÖC byg!z@W y¸ÃdRg#TN KRKR y¸ÃB‰‰ {/#F½ L† mm¶Ã µLts- bqR k§Y ytzrz„T xR:St ngéC bUz@È xYgl-#MÝÝ yg!z@W h#n@¬ l¸ÃSkTlW g#ÄY L† mm¶Ã YsÈLÝÝ

_R 3; qN 1964 ›.M ¬²™ xgLUYã

ì¼R tSÍü gBrXGz!X kmNgÁ wÈh# mslS! wdUz@W LmlSÝÝ xÄ!S zmN Uz@È bmNGST bjT y¸NqúqS b!çNM y²Ê 45 ›mT y¥S¬wqEÃ ¸n!t&R yxmT bjT k6 ¸l!×N BR b¬C XNdnbR xS¬Wúlh#ÝÝ Uz@ÈW xNÆb!N XNÄ!SB xDRgÖ l¥QrB mS¶Ã b@t$ gNzB ylSM Sl¸L kúN\#„ UR Xnz!H _”QN yçn# yS‰ msÂKlÖC Xyt=m„ yUz@-¾WN ä‰L Ã§>q$T nbRÝÝ BRt$Â BLH yçn Uz@-¾ -§TM wÄJM ylWM y¸L xnUgR xlÝÝ y¸}fW z@Â XWnTN½ ¸²ÂêEnTN½ TKKl¾nTNÂ tx¥n!nTN x-”lÖ yt§bs Sl¸çN¿ xNÆb!W ?ZB ÃMnêL½ ÃkBrêLÝÝ MÂLÆTM Yf‰êLÝÝ

29

’Òi Ñ/T]ÁU

qdM s!L XNdtgliW X¾ ÃqrBnW }h#F bUz@È xLwÈLNM b¥lT QÊ¬ y¸ÃsÑ xNÆb!ÃN Bz# b!çn#M½ yHZb# F§gÖT kmNGSt$ ±l!s! UR y¸”rN mçn#N y¥ÃWq$ Bz#ãC nb„ÝÝ bz!h# m-N dGä bUz@ÈW y¸wÈW }h#F y¾N :MnTÂ x§¥ x§NiÆrqM¿ XNÄ!ÃWM y¥YflG ngR nW xT¥Ch# ÃwÈCh#T y¸l#N nb„ÝÝ bz!H mLK tö_tW l!Èl#N km-#T mµkL y†NvRs!tEN t¥¶ãCÂ y±l!S ÆlSLÈÂTN xS¬Wúlh#ÝÝ b1963 ›.M gd¥ YmSl¾LÝÝ yxÄ!S xbÆ †’>vRs!tE t¥¶ãC mNGSTN y¸”wM }h#F bb‰¶ wrqèC XÃÆz# bkt¥W xW‰ gÖÄÂãC §Y YbTn# nbRÝÝ YHNN yQSqú wrqT y¸bTn#T xm}N l¥núúTÂ y©NçYN mNGST l¥frS nW b¥lT yHZB dHNnTÂ yi_¬ m|¶Ã b@T lxgR xStÄÄR ¸n!St&R y¸btnWN wrqT ÃqRÆLÝÝ bz!ÃN g!z@ yxgR xStÄÄR ¸n!St&R ¸n!STR Kb#R b!TwdD zWÁ g¼HYwT nb„ÝÝ ¸n!ST„ Uz@-®CN -RtW t¥¶ãc$ \§MN l¥dFrSÂ h#kT lmF-R y¸bTn#T wrqT bHZB HYwTÂ NBrT §Y _ÍT XNÄ!dRS y¸UBZ nWÝÝ bXnz!H t¥¶ãC §Y mNGST HUêE XRM© lmWsD y¸gdD mçn# tgLÛ bUz@È R:s xNq} XNÄ!ÉF y¸L T:²Z s-#ÝÝ Xn@ bxÄ!S zmN Uz@È½ tgS ytšwRQ bÿ‰LD Uz@È R:s xNq{ ÚFNÝÝ Uz@ÈW lHZB kts‰= b“§ 5 y¸çn# y†n!vRStE t¥¶ãC (Crocodiles) y¸L yHb#} SM ytsÈcW XúT gÖRsW XúT lBsW BR¦NÂ s§M HNÉ WS_ YgS wdnbrW b!éxCN YmÈl#ÝÝ XNd xUÈ¸ çñ Xn@ ¥lD Bü b!é xLgÆh#M nbRÝÝ ysNdQ x§¥CN Uz@È êÂ xzUJ ynb„T xè ÃÊD g¼¸µx@L zND ÿdW bxÄ!S zmN Uz@È §Y ywÈWN R:s xNq{ yÉfWN sW XNfLUlN b¥lT Ãf-#ÆcêLÝÝ xè ÃÊD yUz@ÈW xzUJ k_qET g!z@ b“§ YmÈl# S§l#xcW t¥¶ãc$ XNmlúlN BlW YÿÄl#ÝÝ bz!H g!z@ ÃÊD ±l!S Y-„Â b!éxcW WS_ Ãö†¬LÝÝ Xn@ b!é SgÆ t¥¶ãc$ ldHÂ ngR ym-# S§Lms§cW ±l!S m_‰¬cWN YnG„¾LÝÝ m-NqQM XNÄlBS YmK„¾LÝÝ yxè ÃÊD xnUgR S§sUS >g#-@N kmk!Â WS_ xM_c& -r’@²ü múb!Ã WS_ xSqM˜ t¥¶ãc$N bm-ÆbQ §Y XNÄlh#¿ xND wÄË l!-YqS YmÈLÝÝ Slt¥¶ãc$ SNnUgR y¬tmWN Uz@È Xymrmr xStÃyt$N l¸n!ST„

30


y¸ÃqRbW yS‰ ÆLdrÆCN YmÈÂ yt¥¶ãc$N ²Ò sMc& nW ymÈh#T Yl¾LÝÝ bt¥¶ãc$Â bXn@ mµkL l!f-R y¸ClW ÑGT kKRKR xLæ wdTNNQ b!Ãm‰ h#lt$ sãC bg§UYnT ÃGz#S YçÂL b¥lT h#lt$N sãC kb!éW w_tW XNÄ!ÿÇ xLgÍÍ“cWMÝÝ k_qET dqE”ãC b“§ t¥¶ãc$ tk¬TlW b!éü YgÆl#ÝÝ bq$ÈÂ bT:b!T mNfS XNdm-# h#n@¬cW YÂgR nbRÝÝ yXNGÄ mqbÃW îÍ S§Lb”cW t=¥¶ wNbR xqrBN§cWÝÝ xNÇ t¥¶ «Xz!H Uz@È §Y ytÉfW R:s xNq} yxNt yGL xStÃyT nW) wYS ymNGST mGlÅ nW)´ b¥lT öÈ BlÖ -yqSÝÝ kxnUg„ TGÊ wYM x@RT‰êE YçÂL Bü gmTk#ÝÝ _Ãq&W XNdT:²Z xYnT SlçnBS mLS èlÖ xLs-h#TMÝÝ t¥¶ãc$N b›Yn@ Xy”ßh# yMÂgrWN ús§SL h#lt¾W t¥¶ q-L xdrgÂ «Xz!H Uz@È §Y ytÉfW R:s xNq} X¾ s§M l¥dFrSÂ h#kT lmF-R XNdtnúúN xDRgÖ nW y¸gLiWÝÝ Y, mGlÅ ymNGST nW wYS ÃzU° yGL xStÃyT) b¥lT h#n@¬WN l¥wQ fLgN nW ymÈnW´ xl lzB Æl xnUgRÝÝ «XNdM¬Wq$T Y, ymNGST Uz@È nWÝÝ ymNGST Uz@È ¥lT dGä ymNGST LœN nWÝÝ R:s xNqi# ymNGST ±l!s! y¸NiÆrQbT mçn#N yM¬Wq$ YmSl¾L´ xLµ*cWÝÝ «Y, }h#F Bz# SHtT xlbT´ xl îSt¾WÝÝ «MNDnW SHtt$)´ xLk#TÝÝ «X¾ bHZB HYwTÂ NBrT §Y _ÍT XNÄ!dRS wYM xm} XNÄ!f-R QSqú x§drGNMÝÝ´ «X¾ lhg¶t$ mLµM xStÄdRÂ FThêE yçn ÄSnT ÃSfLUL nW ÃLnWÝÝ´ xl x‰t¾WÝÝ «yHZB mBT mkbR xlbT nW ÃLnWÝÝ´ xMSt¾W nW XNÄ!H ÃlWÝÝ «Y, R:s xNq} ytÉfW XÂNt lbtÂCh#T yQSqú wrqT mLS XNÄ!çN nWÝÝ ytÉfW bmNGST T:²Z nWÝÝ XÂNt }ÍCh# ybtÂCh#TN wrqT XNdq§L xDRUCh# ygm¬Ch# mslSÝÝ XNdM¬Wq$T b\§M y¥YmÈ lW_ bxm} mMÈT xlbT nW y¸lW }h#ûÝÝ´ k5t$ xNÇ «XRSã lW_ f§g! mçNãN XNs¥lNÝÝ /úÆCNN l!dGûN btgÆ nbR´ xl fgG BlÖÝÝ yL°N xnUgR xL-§h#TMÝÝ bxÄ!s# xnUgR TN> äQ xlS! xãN ylW_ f§g! nS XNÄLL l!-YqS ymÈW XNGÄÂ yœN\#„ \‰t¾ XÃÄm-# ÂcWÝÝ xYdlh#M XNÄLL t¥¶ãc$N ¥SqyM

31

’Òi Ñ/T]ÁU

xLflGh#MÝÝ ylW_ f§g! mçn@N bçÁ Y¢& «mc&M lW_ y¸mÈW b£dT nW´ Bü tLµš MKNÃT s-h#ÝÝ t¥¶ãc$ yflg#TN mLS kxgß# b“§ úÃmsGn#S XytgÖ¥ll# wd tgS ytšwRQ b!é xm„ÝÝ tgS yÿ‰LD Uz@È êÂ xzUJ nbRÝÝ «Xnz!H t¥¶ãC Xn¥N XNdçn# ¬WÌcê§Ch#)´ h#lt$N sãC -yQh#ÝÝ «h#lt$N y¥W”cW YmSl¾L´ xl y|‰ ÆldrÆüÝÝ «kÄR tqMõ ynbrW êLLS YmSl¾LÝÝ mµkL ynbrW _§h#N G²W úYçN xYqRMÝÝ´ t¥¶ãc$ tgS b!é gBtW Ãqrb#T _Ãq& Xn@N k-yq$S ytly XNÄLnbr sMÒlh#ÝÝ çñM tgS XNdn@ xLf‰cWMÝÝ xÌÑN xStµKlÖ «XÂNt Xn¥N çÂCh# nW Y,NN _Ãq& yMT-Yq$S´ b¥lT Slxf--ÆcW Xy²t$Â Xytúdb# mÿÄcWN s¥h#ÝÝ t¥¶ãc$ XíÒCNN lm-MzZ Xb!é DrS m_tW mÿÄcWN ¸n!ST„ wÄ!ÃW sÑÝÝ ytgS mLS tgb!Â TKKl¾ mLS XNdnbr¿ yXn@ mLS XNÄLtwddLS tngrSÝÝ tgS ytšwRQ b|LÈNM çn b:D» k¥Ym_n#T y©NçY ¹#¥MNT UR bdRG °N¬ XNdtr¹n Y¬w”LÝÝ bXns# ÌNÌ tmTaLÝÝ tgS wÄËÂ y|‰ Ùd¾ü b!çNM XSk ²Ê DrS bMN MKNÃT XNdtgdl l¥wQ xLÒLk#MÝÝ XRG_ nW ydRG Æ?¶Â tGÆR s!ÃsSW gDlÖ b“§ MKNÃt$N XNdMNM f§LgÖ b¸Ä!Ã mÂgR nbRÝÝ «b|LÈN mÆlG´ b¸L ydfÂ xnUgR l/g¶t$ :DgT kF Ãl xStê}å Ãdrg#Â wdðTM l!ÃdRg#“ l!-QÑ YCl# ynb„TN xÃl@ ÆlSLÈÂT ÃlFRD x_FacêLÝÝ qdM ÆlW zmN bW+ /gR Uz@È §Y Y\„ ynb„ K¶tE÷CÂ /t¬ i/ðãC½ Uz@-®C b!Æl#M MDÆcW kd‰s!ÃN UR nbRÝÝ bxh#n# zmN Uz@-SnTÂ d‰s!nT h#lT ytlÃ† ÑÃãC mçÂcW Xy¬mnbT m_aLÝÝ XNdUz@-®C Y-qs# knb„T d‰s!ÃN Defoe, Swift, Addison, Steele, Fielding and Samuel Johnson XNdMœl@ Y-qúl#ÝÝ10 kUz@-SnT wd d‰s!nT lm¹UgR yUz@-SnT ÑÃ MN ÃHL xStê}å ÃdRUL) y¸L _Ãq& byg!z@W YnœLÝÝ yUz@-SnT |‰ by:lt$ xÄ!S MRT XNd¸ÃmRT ÍB¶µ Yö-‰LÝÝ XNd ÍB¶µ xND xYnT MRT xÃqRBMÝÝ Uz@-¾W by:lt$ xÄ!S x!NæR»>N YsbSÆLÝÝ by:lt$ ktlÃ† Mh#‰NÂ t‰ sãC UR YwÃÃLÝÝ lsãC k¸ÃqRbW ”l m-YQ xÄ!S

10

32


TMHRT YqS¥LÝÝ ktlÃ† yÑÃ mS÷C k¸sbSÆcW ¥tE¶ÃlÖCÂ :WqT sÀ kçn# x!NæR»>ñC y‰s#N ClÖ¬Â yxStúsB xD¥S ÃsÍLÝÝ frNíC XNd¸l#T Sl Bz# ngéC _qET _qET Sl¸ÃWQ Jack of all trades, master of none YçÂLÝÝ Uz@-¾W |‰W nWÂ úÃsLS Sl¸{F ‰s#N lmGl{ y¸ÃSClW yÑÃ B”T ÃÄB‰LÝÝ z@ÂÂ x!NæR»>N y¸{fW lt¥rWÂ ll!q$ BÒ úYçN lj¥¶ xNÆb!Â lt‰W sW +MR Slçn y¸-qMÆcW ”§TÂ xrFt ngéC xÅ+RÂ bq§l# lxNÆb! y¸gb# ÂcWÝÝ Uz@-¾W by:lt$ y¸ÃnUG‰cWN sãC Æ?¶½ fl!_' LMDÂ ysWnT XNQS”s@ Ymlk¬LÝÝ Uz@-¾W wd d‰s!nT s!¹UgR Xnz!H _ÂèC b¸{ÍcW LBwlìCÂ tWn@èC WS_ l¸S§cW Æ?¶ÃT y¸-QÑ äÁlÖC Yçn#¬LÝÝ m{/F ¥NbBÂ úÃsLs# mÚF yUz@-¾WN yÌNÌ ClÖ¬ k¥Äb„M b§Y B:„NM Ã\§êLÝÝ ÃtÆêLMÝÝ lz!H úYçN xYqRM Uz@-¾ ynb„ sãC y¬wq$ d‰s!ÃNÂ yñb!L >L¥T t¹§¸ãC y¸çn#TÝÝ bng‰CN §Y bUz@-SnT TMHRT b@T lt¥¶W k¸mdBlT -Q§§ g!z@ \LÈß# lUz@-SnT TMHRT y¸ÃWlW xND x‰t¾WN wYM xND îSt¾WN BÒ nWÝÝ ytrfW g!z@ y¸mdbW kîîT XSk x‰T ›mT l¸fjW -Q§§ TMHRT mçn# Y¬w”LÝÝ XÃNÄNÇ ×n!vRStE wYM yUz@-SnT ÑÃ ¥\L-¾ x!NStEtEW¹!N y‰s# yçn |R›t TMHRT b!ñrWM½ yUz@-SnT TMHRT y¸ÆlW yýÊS ¬¶K½ yýÊS ?G½ y|n MGÆR TMHRT½ yz@Â xsÆsB zÁ¿ ¶±RT ymÚF xRTåTÂ R:s xNq{ mÉF XNÄ!h#M mÈ_F mÚF½ yUz@ÈWN tnÆb!nT l¥úmR z@ÂWNÂ |:l#N bT:YNt g[# §Y ¥Sqm_ (layout) mÒL wzt nWÝÝ Uz@-¾W kz!h# UR l!Ã-Â y¸V¡rW TMHRT ©!åG‰ð½ y±ltEµ œYNS½ x!÷ñ¸½ ÌNÌÂ îs!×lÖ©! l!çN YC§LÝÝ Xn@ b¥S¬wqEÃ ¸n!St&R WS_ 15 ›mT ÃHL úglGL GR¥êEn¬cW ðT îST g!z@ qRb!Ãlh#ÝÝ bmjm¶Ã g!z@ yqrBk#T kfrNJ xgR Xyt¥„ y¸m-# wÈèC ©NçY ðT Xyqrb# XJ mNúT ytlmd |R›T Slnbr Y,W :DL dRîS xND x|R k¸çn# «mÖ?ãC´ UR wd¬§q$ b@tmNG|T bÿDk#bT g!z@ nbRÝÝ b@tmNG|t$ xÄ‰> WS_ ©NçY q$mW t¥¶ãc$N t‰ bt‰ ÃnUG„ nbRÝÝ bxµÆb!W Y¬Y ynbrW |R›TÂ æR¥l!tE xSgRäS xND XËN xg˜ §Y xSdGØ _G Y¢& ö» nbRÝÝ GR¥êEn¬cW ðT xdGDgÖ ÃStÂBR ynbr xND y:LFS

33

’Òi Ñ/T]ÁU

xSkLµY kwÁT mÈ úYÆL XËN kxg˜ §Y mN_ö b¥>qN-R xF_õ tmlktSÝÝ Y¬zZ wYM b‰s# f”D ÃDRgW xLgÆSMÝÝ kmdNg-@ ytnú XËN y¥SqM_bT |F‰ -ÍS! wdgÖN ( wd“§ ( ðT lðT) mc&M Xk!s@ WS_ xLkTtW! Y, DNgt¾ g-mS y©NçY XNGÄ mçn@N xSrSè yb@tmNG|t$ |n |R›T y¥ÃZÂÂ mçn#N XNÄWQ ymjm¶Ã TMHRT çnSÝÝ Y, DRg!T l@§M ¬¶K XNÄS¬WS xdrgSÝÝ bb@tmNG|t$ xLæ xLæ sð GBÏ YdrULÝÝ GBÏ b¸drGbT g!z@ ymk§kÃ \‰êET½ _¶ ytdrg§cW Æl|LÈTÂ GBÏW s!tRF tUFè lmGÆT :DL ÃU-mW h#l# y¸UbZbT g!z@ nbRÝÝ ywrgñN \NU ô¥ tmGïÂ yb@tmNG|t$N y¥R -J -_è kGBÏW xÄ‰> y¸wÈ h#l# yGBÏWN xYnT XJG b¸ÃgÖm™ mLk# Ãw‰êLÝÝ \KéM XywdqÂ Xytnú bTRx!T y¸ÃúY sW nbRÝÝ yz!H GBÏ tÌÄ> lmçN yGb!WN xStÂÆ¶ãCÂ bR -ÆqEãC dJ y¥Y-Â xLnbrMÝÝ k:l¬T xND qN kÆD mk!Â Ã>krKR ynbr xND x@RT‰êE bb@tmNG|t$ x-gB s!ÃLF ?Zb# wd GBÏW |F‰ lmGÆT b„ §Y s!UÍ Ymlk¬LÝÝ MKNÃt$N -Yö ktrÄ b“§ GBÏWN lmQmS SlÙÙÂ h#n@¬WNM l¥yT Slflg mk!ÂWN xq$ä BRt$ bçnW bkÆD mk!Â x>kRµ¶ -#NÒ ytslfWN ?ZB G‰Â qS Xyg§l- xÄ‰¹# b‰F s!dRS |n |R›T xSkÆ¶W «xTUÍ´ YLÂ bÃzW xRŒ» TkšW §Y ë_ ÃdRgêLÝÝ bz!H g!z@ sWüW GðÃWN twT xdrgÂ che cosa é questa? Aperetivo? xl YÆ§LÝÝ Y, xp&ÊtEV mçn# nW) ¥lT nW ÝÝ lh#lt¾ g!z@ Ng#\ ng|t$ ðT yqrBk#T bxÄ!S zmN Uz@È Sl L;#L m÷NN m¬sb!Ã çSpE¬L (yxh#n# _q$R xNbú çSpE¬L) btÚf /t¬ MKNÃT nbRÝÝ {/#ûN yÚûT B§¬ wLdg!×Rg!S nb„ÝÝ mL:Kt$ çSpE¬l# bL;#L m÷NN SM b!-‰M y¸¬kMbT ?Zb# Slçn yçSpE¬l#N ¥\¶Ã mêô t-”¸W ?BrtsB bRTè XNÄ!ÃêÈ y¸ÃúSB {/#F nbRÝÝ b@tmNGST T-‰lH SÆL XytÒ÷Lk# nbR wdz!Ã yÿDk#TÝÝ bz!ÃN zmN wdb@t mNG|T y¸-‰ sW xNDM l|‰½ xLÃM ltGœ{½ s!qÂ dGä l¹#mT Slnbr Lb@ Xyt¹br nbR Ng#\ ng|t$ ðT yqrBk#TÝÝ XydUgMh# l_ Bü XJ knúh# b“§ «Sl L;#L m÷NN m¬sb!Ã çSpE¬L ytÚfWN {/#F xNtnH yÚFkW)´ s!l# -yq$SÝÝ «Xn@ xYdlh#M ©NçYÝÝ B§¬ wLdg!×Rg!S ÂcW´ xLk#SÝÝ

34

«xNBb,êL )´ xl#SÝÝ «xãN ©NçYÝÝ´ xLk#SÝÝ «xNt mc& nW XNdz!H yMT{fW) ´ xl#SÝÝ «Xyt¥Rk# nW ©NçY´ xLk#SÝÝ «bL £DÂ wLdg!×Rg!SN _‰W´ xl#SÝÝ l_ Bü XJ nœh#Â wÈh#ÝÝ b@t mNG|t$ Gb! WS_ XJ lmNœT½ GMÆR l¥SwUTÂ dJ lm_ÂT Bz# Æl|LÈÂT t÷Lk#lW nbRÝÝ ©NçY ðT qRï y¸wÈ sW tg<V XNdçn y¸SmW Yb²LÝÝ ©NçY tö_tW¬L wYM >rW¬L ktÆl y¸ÃWq$T wÄíc$ h#l# ð¬cWN Ãø‰l# s!ÆL Xs¥ nbRÝÝ yXn@ xYnt$ sW lq$ÈM çn l¹#mT y¸Ãb” :WQÂ S§LnbrS nW mslS lMN t-‰h) BlÖ y-qyS sW xLnbrMÝÝ Xns# X÷ ¬§§Q Æl|LÈñC nb„ÝÝ B§¬ wLdg!×Rg!S Sl L;#L m÷NN m¬sb!Ã çSpE¬L yÚûT {/#F bYzt$ XWnT b!çNM¿ ?Zb# XSkz!Ã qN DrS ykflW gNzB bWL ÆYgl_ nW XN©! XNµ*N xND çSpE¬L l@§M Y\‰ nbR y¸L y?ZB g#Mg#M¬ Slnbr Y, R:s g#ÄY y?Zb#N _Ãq& µ§µtt ¸²ÂêEnT YgÖDlêL Bü SlxsBk# Xn@N XMB²M x§ÙÙSM nbRÝÝ lîSt¾ g!z@ ©NçY ðT yqrBk#T ©NçY ytwlÇbT 8;¾ xmT b¸kbRbT :lT nbrÝÝ Ld¬cWN b¥SmLkT l©NçY xNÄND _Ãq& xQRbN z@Â lmÚF XNfLUlN b¥lT bwQt$ y¥S¬wqEÃ ¸n!STR ynb„TN xè g@¬cW mµšN -yQNÝÝ ©NçY bQD¸Ã XNÄ!mlkacW _Ãq&ãc$ l¸”ST„ ts-#ÝÝ GR¥êEn¬cW _Ãq&ãc$N lmmlS f”d¾ mçÂcW ktngrN b“§ xMST yMNçN Uz@-®C wd x!×b!L† b@tmNG|T ÿdNÝÝ GR¥êE Ng#\ ng|T b!…cW WS_ tqM-W nbRÝÝ y_Ãq&ãc$ mLîC gÖ§ gÖ§ Æl# ðd§T t{fW -r’@² §Y mqmÈcWN b„Q tmlkTk#ÝÝ y|‰ Ùd®c& _Ãq&ÃcWN byt‰ xQRbW mLS kts-ÆcW b“§ yXn@N _Ãq& XNÄ!H SL xqrBk#ÝÝ «Sl G‰¥êEnTã gÂÂnTÂ xRö xStêYnT m{/F y¸{û yW+ /gR d‰s!ÃN k©NçY b“§ x!T×ùÃ MN Yb©T YçN) b¸L _Ãq& m{/ÍcWN YdmD¥l#ÝÝ bz!H g#ÄY §Y GR¥êEnTã y¸s-#N xStÃyT xl) ´ «Uz@-¾ ¥lT´ xl# GR¥êEn¬cW mLS s!s-# «mÚF BÒ xYdlMÝÝ y/g‰CNN ¬¶K ¥NbB ÃSfLULÝÝ ?g mNGSt$N ¥wQ tgb! nWÝÝ . . . kçnS çnÂ YHN _Ãq& yWÀãc$ frNíC Y-Yq$ XN©! XÂNt ÂCh# yMT-Yq$N´ xl#Â bq$È

35

’Òi Ñ/T]ÁU

mNfS tÂg„ÝÝ bz!H gz@ y©NçYN ðTÂ h#Ât& Xytmlkt$ KûWNÂ dg#N lYtW y¸ÃWq$T xStÂÆ¶ãCÂ bxµÆb!W ynb„T Æl|LÈÂT «W-#! W-#!´ XÃl# b¥êkB wdb„ ¹ß#NÝÝ Kb#R -Q§Y ¸n!ST„ xKl!l# hBtwLD Xz!ÃW nb„ÝÝ ð¬cWN SmlkT ÷StR BlW S§†S Y,NN _Ãq& b¥Qrb@ ytdst$ xLmslSMÝÝ l©NçY yqrb§cW _Ãq&Â yts-W mLS b¸Ä!Ã XNÄ!ngR tdrgÝÝ bz!H g!z@ xNÄND xSmú×CÂ mhL sÍ¶ãC ©NçY zND qRbW «Uz@-¾W YHNN _Ãq& y-yqW l!ÃúSTãT xSï nWÝÝ xLUüN y¸wRsW Xgl@ qRè Xgl@ nW b!l# YHcE /gR tb-b-C ¥lT xYdlM´ b¥lT xµk! z‰F k¥l¬cWM b§Y «XRSã µLqÈ*cW X¾ XNQÈcW´ Y§l# ÝÝ XNGÄ!H lynch úÃdRg#H (ÃlFRD úYgDl#H) nFSIN xWÈ s!L xND wÄË bSLK ngrSÝÝ wÄ!ÃW mlS xDRgÖ ©NçY X¾ fQdN nW S§l# xML-¦L S§lS +Nqt$ lqqSÝÝ XNd XWnt$ kçn _Ãq&W wQ¬êEÂ xGÆB ÃlW nbrÝÝ xNd¾ y©NçY :D» 8; ›mT bmDrs# «Ng#| kät$ b¥N Yàgt$´ y¸lWN yxbW xÆÆL y¸mlkT bmçn# nWÝÝ h#lt¾ bxF¶µ xHg#R mœ¶Ã y=b- y$ xl” h#l# l?ZB töRÌ¶ bmMsL b|LÈN ÷RÒ §Y qE__ y¸LbT zmN Slnbr k©NçY y-bQh#T qÂ mLS kz!H ytly nbRÝÝ yR§¥W mñR¿ XúcW ÃSt¥„êcW wÈèC bTMHRT Xy¬n[# l¦§ðnT y¸Ãb”cW ÑÃ t§BsW mgßT¿ |LÈn# b?G ytgdbÂ kg!z@W UR y¸ÿD yNg#\ ng|T mNG|T l/g¶t$ xSf§g! Xyçn mMÈT½ yÄ!äK‰s! x!NStEtEW>NS m\rT yçn# y|LÈn@ xW¬éC mzRUT wzt. . . Y-qúl# Bü -Bq& nbRÝÝ xNÄND g!z@ TKKl¾ nW½ ÃSmsGÂL tBlÖ ytÉf {/#F ÃL¬sb TRg#M Ys-êLÝÝ xNÄND g!z@ GL{ yçn ±l!s! Ælmñ„ bÄbú y¸ÚF /t¬ b¥S¬wqEÃ ¸n!STR §Y tGœ{Â öÈ ÃSkT§LÝÝ bz!H g!z@ Uz@-¾W bdäZ YqÈL¿ wYM kxNÇ y|‰ zRF wd l@§W KFL Y²w‰LÝÝ jn@‰L mNG|t$ nêY FRD b@T qRbW ÃsÑTN ymk§kÃ KRKR b¥SmLkT xè xhÇ bÚûT ¶±RT MKNÃT tGzW wd xRs! KFl /gR tLkW nbRÝÝ bg!z@W MÂLÆT bxND Uz@-¾ §Y ydrs kFt¾W QÈT Y, úYçN xYqRMÝÝ b¸Ä!Ã btngr SHtT wYM çn tBlÖ bqrb ¶±RT MKNÃT k§Y kt-qsW QÈT xLæ y¬\r wYM ytgdl sW mñ„N x§S¬WSMÝÝ b/g‰CN WS_ yÄSnT |‰ kxD§êEnTÂ kÑSÂ

36


yiÄ nbR l¥lT ÆYÒLM f¶¦ XGz!xB/@R ynbrbT g!z@ nW l¥lT YÒ§LÝÝ

__________ *** __________

xND Uz@-¾ bÚfW {/#F wYM bl@§ MKNÃT mgdL ytjmrW bdRG zmn mNG|T nbrÝÝ tgS ytšwRQ½ b›l# GR¥Â ¨`l tgSN lxBnT ÃHL m_qS YÒ§LÝÝ ¨`l tgS z@Â xgLGlÖT DRJT WS_ b¶±RTRnT y¸\‰ yxÄ!S xbÆ †n!vRStE M„Q nbRÝÝ _„ i/ð mçn#N h#§CNM yMNms¡RlT wÈT nbrÝÝ ydRG M¼l!qmNbR ynb„T ÷lÖn@L x_Âû xÆt lMN XNdtgdl# dRG MKNÃt$N b¸gL{bT g!z@ /t¬WN yÚfW ¨`l nbRÝÝ YHNN {/#F bTk#rT ltmlktW sW x_Âû xÆt mgd§cW qRè l!msgn#bT YgÆL y¸L TCT b¥Sktl# ydRG Æl|LÈÂT Ãlmds¬cWN sMÒlh#ÝÝ yçn çñ z@ÂW kt\‰= kxND h#lT qÂT b“§ ¨`l” x!Hx gdlW y¸L mRì tngrNÝÝ bxh#n# g!z@ ¾¨`l” zmìC xGSc& XWnt$N l¥rUg_ xLÒLk#MÝÝ Xz!H _RÈÊ §Y ydrSk#T ykÍ -Q§Y G²T xStÄÄ¶ ynb„T y±l!S ÷lÖn@L bx!Hx tgdl# tBlÖ xSkÊÂcW ×s@F mµn m”BR s!ÃRF Ä!MBLb! ytÆl#T yXNGl!Z Uz@-¾ yqB„N |n |R›T bv!Ä!× XNÄ!qR[# tfQì§cW nbRÝÝ Uz@-¾W xg‰cW kdrs# b“§ dRG y¸-r_‰cWNÂ y¥YfLUcWN sãC Xygdl x!Hx nW ygd§cW ¥lT xM_aL b¥lT z@ÂWN l›lM xs‰+tW¬LÝÝ bz!H ¶±RT dRG tö_è Uz@-¾W h#lt¾ wd x!T×ùÃ XNÄYgb# mkLkl#N xS¬Wúlh#ÝÝ Ä!MBLb! bx!T×ùÃ WS_ ytdbqW R¦B ytÆlWN ywlÖN R¦B ðLM xNStW bmjm¶Ã g!z@ l›lM Ãúwq$ Uz@-¾ ÂcWÝÝ ydRG °N¬ ylW_ ¦ê¶ÃT y¸§cWN µDÊãC wd ¥S¬wqEÃ ¸n!St&R Xy§k ym|¶Ã b@t$ \‰t®C b|UTÂ bFR¦T XNDNê_½ b_F‰CN q$mN XSKN£D ÃSf‰„N nbRÝÝ kXnz!H mµkL šl” Fs/ gÄN½ šl” tµLS ÆLÒNÂ šl” ÂdW zµ¶ÃSN y¥ÃS¬WS y¥S¬wqEÃ ¸n!S‚R \‰t¾ Ãl xYmSlSMÝÝ yw¬dR `YL bxfÑZ t{:ñ |LÈN bÃzÆcW yxF¶µÂ y§tEN x»¶µ xgéC yUz@-SnT |‰ bM§+ -RZ §Y Xyrg- XNd¸ÿD XGR b_N”q& m‰mDN Y-YQ nbrÝÝ y?YwT mSê:TnT ykfl# yxÃl@ Uz@-®CN SM x!NtRÂ>ÂL ßÊS x!NStEtEWT ytsßW yUz@-®C mBT tk‰µ¶ DRJT mZGï l¬¶K xSqMõ¬LÝÝ xMn!StE x!NtRÂ>ÂLM Bz# ¥Sr© sBSÆ*LÝÝ

37

’Òi Ñ/T]ÁU

Uz@-®CÂ d‰s!ÃN b¸\„T |‰ mSê:TnT mKfL yjm„T ²Ê xYdlMÝÝ lMúl@ ÃHL [email protected] b1637 ›.M William Prynn ytÆl yXNGl!Z d‰s! NG|tEt$N y¸nQF m{/F {f¦L tBlÖ FRD b@T kqrb b“§ y:D» LK X|‰T YfrDb¬LÝÝ Ä®c$ Y, QÈT bqE mSlÖ S§L¬ÃcW h#lT íéãc$ XNÄ!gÖmÇ xZzW QÈt$ tf{äb¬LÝÝ11 Y,N Mœl@ y-qSk#T QÈt$ ÃLtlmd SlmslS nWÝÝ yxÄ!S zmN Uz@È xzUJ çß@ ÃU-mSN CGR wd “§ mlS Bü úS¬WsW½ bfrNJ xgR yt¥Rk#TN yýÊS nÉnTÂ yÄ!äK‰s! |R›T XNÄl wRsN b/g‰CN WS_ tGÆ‰êE l¥DrG XNCL nbR wY) y¸lW _Ãq& y¸ÃnUGR çñ xgßêlh#ÝÝ yðWÄL |R›T lzmÂT tN\‰Fè s!s\‰bT bnbr xgR¿ |LÈn# ÆLtgdb yNg#\ ng|T mNG|TÂ yf§+ ö‰+ |LÈN bnb‰cW xgr g¢EãC Ym‰ ynbr ?ZB bnbrbT xgR½ kt¥rW YLQ ym¦YÑ HZB B²T 9; bmè bnbrbT xgR¿ ytlÃ† ÌNÌãC L¥DÂ ÆHL bnbrbT xgR¿ ytlÃ† ¦Y¥ñèCÂ xÙg#L LMìC ÆLtlÃT xgR½ yfrN° ›lM lzmÂT s!glgLbT yöyWN x!NStEtEW¹!N bq§l# wRsN ?Zb#N yl#x§êEnT |LÈN Ælb@T ¥DrG YÒL nbR) ýÊs# y|LÈn@WN £dT BÒWN l!Ã‰MdW YCL nbR) wYS xh#N XNddrSNbT zmN yýÊS :DgT g!z@WN -Bö y¸mÈ ¬¶µêE /!dT nbR) yXnz!H _Ãq&ãC mLS bxl#¬ y¸mlS kçn b¸Ä!Ã |‰ ts¥RtN SÂg#mtmTÂ SNFrmrM ¾q¾’¨< sãC y¬¶KN £dT xÂWQM nbR l¥lT YÒLMÝÝ «ï g!z@ lk#l#´ y¸lWN Mœl@ ¥-@N nbrBNÝÝ yýÊs#N :DgT /!dT yg¬W MN XNdnbr l¥wQ k†n!S÷ _ÂT xND m\r¬êE yçn TMHRT mQsM nbrBNÝÝ yxND hgR :DgT y¸Í-nW yx!÷ñ¸ :DgT b!qdM nW wYS y÷¸†n!k!¹!N :DgT b!kDM) l¸lW _Ãq& mLS l¥GßT †n!S÷ xND _ÂT xDRgÖ nbRÝÝ _Ât$ ydrsbT DMÄ» h#lt$M y:DgT xW¬éC bxNDnT xBrW ¥dG XNÄlÆcW Y-q$¥LÝÝ bmµk§cW ytq‰rb T||R XNÄl YgLÚLÝÝ bl@§ xnUgR yýÊS :DgT xZU¸ mçn# qRè /!dt$ ytÍ-n XNÄ!çN y/g¶t$ yx!÷ñ¸ :DgT wœSnT xlWÝÝ btlY yGl# ýÊS btÍ-n XRM© l!ÃDGÂ l!-nKR y¸ClW ygbÃ x!÷ñ¸ s!ñRÂ y¥S¬wqEÃ XNQS”s@ s!SÍÍ nWÝÝ bWÀ /gR xND yGL Uz@È WDD„N tÌq$ä

11

38

?LWÂWN lm-bQ y¸ClW kUz@ÈW -Q§§ xMD 6;% y¸çnWN l¥S¬wqEÃ s!s_Â 4;% y¸çnWN Sp&S l{/#F mDï m|‰T s!CL nWÝÝ b/g‰CN YHN ÃHL ¥S¬wqEÃ ¥GßT q§L xYçNMÝÝ MÂLÆT yGL Uz@õC l!ÃDg#Â l!-Âk„ y¸Cl#T TNN> Uz@õC btÂ-L l¥dG k¸äK„ YLQ ytwsn#T xND xYnT WHdT f_rW µpE¬§cWNÂ ysW `Y§cWN Ã-Âk„ XNdçn nW y¸L XMnT xlSÝÝ K²=IU u=J” Te�¨mÁ ¨d˜’ƒ ›K¨<:: b/g‰CN yýÊS XDgT xZU¸ nbR l¥lT yMNClW k-Q§§W k/g¶t$ yx!÷ñ¸ y¥�b‰êEÂ y±ltEµ :DgT tlYè ¥dG y¸CL b!çN ñé nbRÝÝ Y, xYÒLMÝÝ bx!T×ùÃ WS_ yXÃNÄNÇ sW ›m¬êE ynFS wkF gb! k1;; yx»¶µ ì§R Ãns nW y¸L GMT xlÝÝ XNd †n!S÷ glÚ kçn bxÃl@ xF¶µ /géC lxND :l¬êE Uz@È mGÏ b›mT y¸kflW êU XÃNÄNÇ sW b›mT k¸ÃgßW ynFS wkF gb! b1;% YbLÈLÝÝ

btlÃ† /géC Bz# Uz@õC Ã§*cW XNGl!²êE lÖRD èMîN b¬Äg! /géC y¸ÃU_ÑTN yýÊS CGéC xSmLKtW y¸s-#T MKR xlÝÝ nÉn¬cWN kg!z@ b“§ Ãgß# ¬Äg!Â “§qR /géC mNG|¬cW XMB²M yiÂ xYdlMÝÝ m¶ãÒcWM kLMD ¥nS ytnœ SHtT l!\„ YC§l#ÝÝ yXnz!H xgéC Uz@-®C yýÊS nÉnT LMDÂ yÄbr yÑÃ B”T Sl¥Yñ‰cW y¸{ûT £S lxm{Â lmfNQl mNG|T YÄRULÝÝ MNM XNµ*N ym=ršW GB yýÊS nÉnT tGÆ‰êEnT b!çNM¿ Y, b£dT XSk!rUg_ DrS ýÊs# m-n¾ q$__R l!drGbT YgÆLÝÝ b\l-nW ›lM kBz# zmN TGL b“§ ytgßWN yýÊS nÉnT kW+ /gR XNÄl gLBõ bXnz!H xgéC XNÄ!\‰ l¥DrG mäkR ÃScG‰L Y§l#ÝÝ12 Y, xk‰µ¶ n_B l!çN YC§LÝÝ ÃM çn YH lýÊS :DgT XNQÍT y¸çn#T ymNG|T ±l!s!Â yx\‰R CGéC wYM yLMD ¥nS BÒ xYdl#MÝÝ bx!÷ñ¸Â b¥Hb‰êE ?YwT XNÄ!h#M b±ltEµ xm‰R “§ qR mçN y‰s# yçn xSgÄJ t}Xñ XNd¸ÃdRG mgNzB ÃSfLULÝÝ y/g‰CN ýÊS xh#N k¸gSbT y:DgT dr© y§q çñ mgßT nbrbT ¥lT kz!H b§Y yt-qs#TN XWn¬ãC k-Q§§W y/g¶t$ :DgT dr© UR Ãl¥m²zN YçÂLÝÝ

12

39

’Òi Ñ/T]ÁU

bx!T×ùÃ WS_ yýÊS nÉnT kwrqT xLæ btGÆR s!trgÖM mmLkT ‰s# l¸Ä!Ã :DgT XNd xND TLQ XmR¬ y¸¬Y mçn# xl@ y¸ÆL xYdlMÝÝ xh#N l¸¬yW yýÊS :DgT MKNÃT ç•L Bü yMgMtW ymNG|T mlêw_¿ yt¥rW ?ZB Xytb‰kt mMÈT¿ yx!NæR»>N t&KñlÖ©! mSÍÍTÂ m‰qQ¿ wzt.. YmSl¾LÝÝ yýÊS nÉnT ¥lT Uz@-¾W XNdLb# tzêWé ysbsbWN x!NæR»>N ltöÈÈ¶ m|¶Ã b@T wYM Æl|LÈN úÃúYÂ ¥SfqD úÃSfLgW xTä y¥\‰=T nÉnT nW BlÂLÝÝ YHM çñ Uz@-¾W xTä l¸Ãs‰=W {/#F ¦§ðnt$N ymWsD GÁ¬ xlbTÝÝ MKNÃt$M lUz@-¾W yts-W mBT kl@§W z@U mBT ytly S§Lçn b¸{fW {/#F yl@lÖCN mBT kmÄfR m¬qB XNÄlbT bFT/Bÿ„Â bwNjl¾W mQÅ ?G tdNGÙLÝÝ (wNjl¾ mQÅ ?G xNq{ 58; YmLkt¼) bl@§ mLk# dGä yGL Uz@È mfqÇ ‰s# yýÊSN nÉnT y¸ÃmlKT Slçn yÄ!äK‰s!N |R›T Xkt§lh# y¸L mNG|T l!gDbW y¥YgÆ m\r¬êE mBT nWÝÝ «|R+¬cW kxND KLL wsN Sl¥ÃLû yýÊS |‰ãC´ b¸L R:S bmUb!T wR 1994 ›.M ywÈ mr© XNd¸ÃmlKtW bxh#n# wQT 95 yGL Uz@õC 16 m{/@èC bDM„ 112 yßÊS W-@èC bx!T×ùÃ WS_ Xy¬tÑ Y\‰Ål#ÝÝ Xnz!H Uz@õCÂ m{/@èC bx¥R¾½ båéä¾ ½bTGR¾ ½ bXNGl!z¾Â bxrB¾ ÌNÌãC Y¬t¥l#ÝÝ xNÄND Uz@õC gÂ BQ k¥l¬cW wÄ!ÃW y¸kSÑ xl#ÝÝ bxQM ¥nS MKNÃT tf§g!n¬cW xnSt¾ bmçN½ mBTÂ GÁ¬cWN bWL Æl¥wQÂ btlYM k§Y XNdt-qsW y/g¶t$ ygbÃ x÷ñ¸ XNQS”s@ l¸Ä!ÃW ydM |R yçnWN y¥S¬wqEÃ >Ã+ l!ÃdÍFRÂ gb! l¥SgßT ÆlmÒl# l!çN YC§LÝÝ l@lÖCM CGéC xl#ÝÝ bl@lÖC xgéC bœNtEM dr© y¸gz# Uz@õC b/g‰CN b?Tmt$Â bwrqt$ êU mÂR MKNÃT XSk îST BR m¹_ jMrêLÝÝ yxND wZ xdR y:lT yMœ êU XNd¥lT nWÝÝ yýÊS |‰ mSÍÍT l-Q§§W y/g¶t$ x!÷ñ¸Â ¥Hb‰êE XNÄ!h#M ±ltEµêE :DgT mššL ÃlW kFt¾ xStê{å ytmskrlT nWÝÝ mNG|T b?TmT wrqT §Y y¸_lW GBR XNÄ!h#M b±S¬½ bt&l@÷¸†n!k@>NÂ bz@Â xgLGlÖT y¸s-W GLUlÖT lýÊs# btmÈ-n êU XNÄ!gS ¥DrG Y-

40

bQb¬LÝÝ xND Uz@È l!ÃgßW k¸gÆW gb! 4;% y¸çnWN y¸kFlW l?TmT wrqT Slçn mNG|T Tk#rT l!s-W YgÆLÝÝ ¾²=I Ø“ƒ ßwØ #Ð`“K=Ú“ °ÉÑƒ u›=ƒÄåÁ: ¾ÓM ƒ´�−‹ Ÿ1945 ¯.U. ËUa$ uT>M c=J” u¨<ÃÃ~ Ñ>²? Ÿ}’c<ƒ ’Øx‹ ›”Æ K°ÉÑ~ ¨ÃU KMT~ H>Åƒ um ƒŸ<[ƒ ›McÖU ¾T>M ’¨<:: °ÉÑƒ ¾T>K¨<” nM uG<Kƒ ›p×Ý TÖ?” ÁeðMÒM:: ¾ý_e ¨ÃU ¾T>Ç=Á °ÉÑƒ �S`� K=�Ã ÃÑvM:: G<K}—¨< ¾°ÉÑƒ ƒ`ÑŸ=Á¨ KGÑ]~ ÖpLL ¾›=¢•T>' ¾T�u^©“ ¾þK+" °ÉÑƒ ÁÅ[Ñ¨< ›e}ªê* ukØ�U J’ u}²ªª] S”ÑÉ u²=I Ø“ƒ ¨<eØ }"ƒ…M:: MTƒ“ °ÉÑƒ” u}SKŸ} ¾T>Ç=Á }Óv` ¾Iú<” ”n}-IK=“ TÇu`“ �”Ç=G �”Ç=J”' ¾’<a Å[Í¨<”U �”Ç=ÁhiM T>Ç=Á¨< ¾TÃ“p T>“ ÃÝ¨�M:: ¾›=¢•T>“ ¾T�u^© YM×’@ �”Ç=óÖ” ¾T>Ç=Á¨< keni’ƒ“ ›’di’ƒ ¾TÃ"É u=J”U& uK?L S”ÑÉ ÅÓV KT>Ç=Á¨< °ÉÑƒ ¾›=¢•T> °ÉÑƒ ÁeðMÒM:: K²=I ’¨< ¾›=¢•T>' ¾T�u^©“ ¾ý_e �ÉÑƒ �Ï K�Ï }ÁÃ²¨< ›w[¨< TÅÓ ›Kv†¨< ¾T>vK¨<:: ¾ÑuÁ ›=¢•T> ›ÉÔ“ }eóõ„ �”penc? "M�¾ Te�¨mÁ ¾KU:: Te�¨mÁ ŸK?K T>Ç=Á¨< ›ÁÉÓU:: T>Ç=Á¨< Iú< K}hK ¾’<a Å[Í �”Ç=’dd“ �”Ç=ÕÕ S”ðc<” "L’nn' ¾›=”ö`T@i”“ ¾ƒUI`ƒ }ÖnT> "LÅ[Ñ ¾°ÉÑ~ H>Åƒ ÃÑ�M ¨ÃU u�ÏÑ< ›´ÒT> ÃJ“M:: yýÊS :DgT xND xSt¥¥S kçn y:DgT XmR¬ §Y dRú*L y¸ÆlW (take off stage) kMN dr© §Y s!dRS nW) lz!H _Ãq& mLS y¸çN †n!S÷ xND mSfRT xW_aLÝÝ Y, mSfRT yUz@È |‰ xSt¥¥S kçn dr© §Y dRú*L y¸ÆlW k/g¶t$ -Q§§ ?ZB 2;% y¸çnW ¥NbBÂ mÚF s!CLÂ XNÄ!h#M km§W y/g¶t$ HZB 1;% y¸çnW q$_„ 5;;;; wYM kz!H b§Y ?ZB b¸Yz# ktäC WS_ mñR s!CL nW Y§LÝÝ l@§M mSfRT b†n!S÷ _ÂT t-Qú*LÝÝ b!ÃNS 1; Uz@õC½ xMST ‰Ä!×ñCÂ h#lT ys!n!¥ b@T mqmÅãC l1; sãC ¥gLgL s!Cl# nWÝÝ bxh#n# wQT b/g‰CN y¸¬tÑT yGL Uz@õC bYz¬cW Tk#rT y¸s-#T xNgBUb! mSlÖ l¬ÃcW l±l!tEµW mDrK YmSl¾LÝÝ yx!÷ñ¸W y¥Hb‰êEÂ yÆHl# g#ÄY gÂ xLtnµM l¥lT YÒ§LÝÝ

41

’Òi Ñ/T]ÁU

yGL Uz@È y¸ÌÌmW lNGD +MR Slçn ›YN y¸wUÂ líé y¸kBD z@Â (sensational) xNÆb!N YSÆLÝÝ yçn çñ ¸Ä!ÃW ytà§ xgLGlÖT mS-T y¸ClW yxNÆb!WN F§gÖT y¸ÃniÆRQÂ k:lT n#éW UR ltö‰ß# CGéC mFT/@ y¸çn# ¦úïCNÂ mRçC ¥QrB s!CL YmSl¾LÝÝ Uz@-®ÒCN byg!z@W Xytkss# FRD b@T YqRÆl#ÝÝ YqÈl#MÝÝ lz!H QÈT y¸Ärg#T btkss#bT g#ÄY Xytrt$ nW wYS y±ltEµ Wœn@ XytwsdÆcW nW l¥lT y¸ClW FRD b@t$ nWÝÝ XNd ?g mNG|t$ DNUg@ kçn FRD b@t$ kxSfÉ¸W xµL t{:ñ W+ mçN YñRb¬LÝÝ yÄ!äK‰s! |R›T tGÆ‰êE ç•L y¸ÆlW b?G xWÀW½ b?G tRÙ¸WÂ b?G xSfÉ¸W mµkL check and balance s!ñR nWÝÝ Sl ýÊS nÉnT s!wú XNdmBT y¸ö-„¿ bkðL gdB y¸ÈLÆcWÂ bF[#M y¸klkl# tBlW y¸zrz„ GÁ¬ãC xl#ÝÝ h#l#NM bZRZR l¥QrB ÆYÒLM lxBnT ÃHL _qEèc$N X-Qúlh#ÝÝ Uz@-¾W XNd mBT xDRgÖ y¸-qMÆcW (Rights) nÉnT ( y¸ÃzUjWN {/#F úN\#R wYM ltöÈÈ¶ úÃúY ¥tM½

− yUz@ÈWN YzT mwsN½ mFqD wYM xlmFqD½ − XNdLb# Xytzêwr x!NæR»>N wYM z@Â msBsB¿ − y?ZB g#ÄY yÃz# m²GBTN mmLkT¿ − ±l!S y:lT h#Ât&ãCN y¸mzGBbTN ìk!†¸NT

y¥yT¿ − s!n!¥N½ ðLäCN mÚ?FTN ½ tWn!èCNÂ l?ZB

y¸qRb# TRx!èCN mtcT½ − ?ZÆêE SBsÆãC s!drg# kt‰W ?ZB ytly f”D

ts_èT yUz@-SnT tGÆ„N Ãl CGR ¥kÂwN XNÄ!CL :DL ¥GßT½

− l?ZB -”¸ y¸çn# KStèCN xSmLKè kz@ÂW UR GNß#nT Ã§cWN sãC æèG‰F ¥NúT½

− |‰cWNÂ ¦§ðn¬cWN b¸mlkt$ g#Ä×C ymNG|TN Æl|LÈñC mtcTÂ £| mÚF½

− bDRJt$ wYM bUz@ÈW \‰t®C y¸sbsb# {/#æCÂ æèG‰æC ÆlmBT mçN½

− Uz@ÈW §Y XNÄ!w-# y¸m-#TN ¥S¬wqEÃãC ymqbL wYM ÃlmqbL mBT xlWÝÝ

42


bgdB yts-# mBèC (Privileges)

− ySM ¥_ÍT KS s!m\rTbT bgdB bts- mBT(Privileges)

ymk§kL mBT½ − b±S¬ b@T l¸LµcW Uz@õC ktlmdW KFÃ Ãns

yxgLGlÖT KFÃ ymKfL mBT½ − bxNÄND |F‰ ¼KLL¼ y/sT x!NæR»>N k¸s-#

sãC ym-bQ y?G k§§ wYM _b” y¥GßT mBT½ − xND yx!NæR»>N MN+ b¸S_R ys-WN mGlÅ

XNÄ!ÂgR ÃlmgdD mBT½

b?G gdB ytÈlÆcW GÁ¬ãC (Restrictions) − ýÊs# XÃtm l¸Ãs‰ÅcW {/#æC ¦§ðnTN

ymWsD GÁ¬½ − ySM ¥_ÍT DNUg@ãC bFT/Bÿ„Â bwNËl¾

mQÅW Sl¬w° ¼wNjl¾ mQÅ xNq{ 58;¼ yUz@-¾W mBT tgDÆ*LÝÝ

− lxQm xNÄM ÃLdrs# LíC wNjL s!f{Ñ (bxNÄND |F‰) S¥cW b¸Ä!Ã XNÄYgl} mgdB½

− BLGÂÂ xSnê¶ yçn# ”§T XNÄY¬tÑ YgDÆLÝÝ − y÷pE ‰YT ?G m-bQ S§lbT Uz@-¾WN YgDbêLÝÝ − Uz@-¾W b¸ÃzUjW z@Â kg#Ä† UR MNM xGÆB

yl@lWN GlsB yGL mBT kmÄfR YgDÆLÝÝ − bFRD b@T ytÃz xND g#ÄY gÂ b/!dT §Y XÃl nÉ

xStÃyT wYM £S mÉF xYfqDMÝÝ − \§MN y¸ÃdfRSÂ xm{N y¸Ãnúú {/#F

Yklk§LÝÝ − /g¶t$ bõRnT §Y çÂ lõRnT b¸drgW ZGJT

Uz@ÈW ÈL” gBè g#Ä† y¸mlktW sW lWTDRÂ XNÄYslF QSqú ¥DrG b?G ytklkl nWÝÝ

− bõRnT g!z@ l-§T xmcEÂ DUF sÀ yçn x!NæR»>N mÚF xYfqDMÝÝ

− gNzBN½ tEMBRNÂ ymNG|T ïNDN ymúsl# ngéCN b¥tM XTäc$ ?ZBN l¥+bRbRÂ mLî l¥tM xmcE XNÄ!çn# xDRgÖ ¥QrB ytklkl nWÝÝ

− xúúC yçn#Â k:WnT y‰q$ ¥S¬wqEÃãCN çn BlÖ xTä ¥QrB ytklkl nWÝÝ

43

’Òi Ñ/T]ÁU

− ¥S¬wqEÃãCN z@Â xSmSlÖ ¥QrB b±S¬ b@T bh#lt¾ dr© yKFÃ tmN XNÄ!§k# yts-WN f”D k¥srz#M b§Y¿ QÈT Sl¸ÃSkTL kz!H xD‰gÖT m¬qB½

b¥S¬wqEÃ ¸n!St&R WS_ 15 ›mT |\‰ kxU-mS CGR YLQ bdRG zmn mNG|T îST ›mT \Rc& k|‰ü UR btÃÃz MKNÃT ydrsBS bdL MNg!z@M xYrúSMÝÝ

dRG |LÈN XNdÃz xw×t$ ytê-§cWÂ ÃLtê-§cW b¥lT YëMÂ Y>R½ Ã|RÂ Yf¬ nbRÝÝ Xn@N kz@Â xgLGlÖT DRJT êÂ |‰ xSk!ÃJnT xNSè TN> dJ µS-ÂS b“§ ykt¥ L¥T y?ZB GNß#nT ¦§ð çß@ XND\‰ mdbSÝÝ ¹#mT úYçN ¹!rT XNdnbR gBè¾LÝÝ bXn@ |F‰ xè b›l# GR¥ tëmÝÝ b›l# _qET öYè y¸n!ST„ m|¶Ã b@T Ì¸ t-¶ y¸L ¹#mT ts-WÝÝ wd Æl|LÈñc$M dr© kF kxdrg#T b“§ yÙD l!qmNbR mNG|t$ NGGR i/ð çñ nbRÝÝ (ghost writer)

Xn@ wd kt¥ L¥T m|¶Ã b@T XNdt²wRk# «L¥t kt¥´ ytsßC (News letter) bStENs!L yMTzUJ z@Â ¥s‰Å xÌq$» byw„ lm|¶Ã b@t$ \‰t®CÂ lUz@-®CM T¬dL nbRÝÝ Yø¬ê y¸Ãtk#rW m|¶Ã b@t$ b¸ÃwÈcW mm¶ÃãCÂ b¸\‰cW yq$-Æ b@èC XNÄ!h#M b¥Hb‰êE g#Ä×C §Y nbRÝÝ bm|¶Ã b@t$ WS_ yt\g\g#T yx!HxÂ ySx!îN xÆ§T Slnb„ Xn@Â Xn@N ymúsl# «tfÂ”×C´ bwQt$ ynbrW y±ltEµ >k#Ò úYgÆN z@ÂN XNdz@Ânt$¿ ”l m-yq$NM XNd xSf§g!nt$ XÂqRB nbRÝÝ yx!Hx½ ySx!îN½ ywZ l!G wzt... XytÆÆl# WS_ WS-#N b¸Ãµ£ÇT zmÒ xNÇN wgN Sl|‰W -Yq& S}F l@§W ytznU XymslW l¸n!ST„ xb@t$¬ ÃqRÆLÝÝ ¸n!ST„ Kb#R xè ÄNx@L ¬ds Xn@ k±ltEµW b#DN W+ mçn@N Sl¸ÃWq$ b±ltEµ _gSnT y¸ks#SN sãC xYqb§*cWM nbRÝÝ kXl¬T xND qN Sx!îñC t-‰RtW byxQÈÅW ÇR gb#ÝÝ Bz#ãc$ Xy¬dn# s!Ãz# ¸n!ST„Â l@lÖCM wÁT XNddrs# XSk²Ê DrS y¥WqW ngR ylMÝÝ bz!ÃN g!z@ wdÇR kgb#T sãC mµkL xNÇ xè xb‰ y¥n›B XNdnbR xS¬Wúlh#ÝÝ bxè xb‰ y¥n xB |F‰ ttKè y¥Hb„ g#ÄY mM¶Ã `§ð çñ y¸\‰W `Yl# wLdg!×Rg!S nbrÝÝ `Yl# wdÇR ygb#TN sãC xSmLKè l\‰t¾W bxdrgW NGGR ySx!îñC «mfR-_´ xB×t$N Ã-‰êL XN©! xÃdKmWM

44


b¥lT glÚ xdrgÝÝ YHNn# NGGR bL¥t kt¥ Uz@È S{F «fr--´ y¸lWN ”L b÷‚E>N WS_ xmlkTk#ÝÝ `Yl# tqymÝÝ fr-- y¸lWN ”L b÷t&>N WS_ ÃdrG,W ”l#N xg#LtH l¥úyT nW) Xn@ yMf‰ sW xYdlh#M xlSÝÝ FR¦t$N MN XNÄmÈW x§WQMÝÝ wÈèc$ y±RtE b#DN f_rW XRS bXRúcW YÍ° Slnbr½ k|UT ytnœ ytÂgrW mslSÝÝ k_qET qÂT b“§ bÆMb!S s#pR¥Rk@T xµÆb! mk!Â WS_ tqM˜ XÃlh# îST sãC mœ¶Ã wDrW wdXn@ m-#ÝÝ s›t$ kM>t$ wd îST s›T gd¥ YçÂLÝÝ «µœ ytÆlW ÆLÄrÆCN öS§*L SltÆl wdz!Ã YzWN Y£Ç´ xl#ÝÝ îSt$M mú¶ÃcWN dGnWB¾LÝÝ x!Hx Yh#n# µDÊãC x§WQMÝÝ «Bz# mk!Â öàL Xn@N lMN -y”Ch#S)´ XÃLk# úQ¥¥¿ kîSt$ sãC b:D» xnS ÃlW XNd XÂNt Ãl# xD¦¶ãC XÃl# YcE xgR mc&M xTššLM xlÝÝ wÄ!ÃW «WÈ kmk!Â WS_´ xlSÝÝ Xn@N kmk!Âê WS_ xSw_tW q$LñN ktqbl#S b“§ mk!ÂêN YzêT ÿÇÝÝ Xn@M DNU-@W s!lqS bxµÆb!W wd¸gßW yqbl@ {?fT b@T ÿË ydrsBSN bdL xmlkTk#ÝÝ b¥G|t$ -êT mk!Âü kFt¾W {?fT b@T ö¥ SlnbR ykFt¾W ¹#M q$LûN ks-S b“§ mk!ÂüN Y¢& XNDÿD fqdÝÝ xb@t$¬ l¥QrB äkRk#ÝÝ sWüW g§m-SÝÝ kXnmk!Âü Ã|r¾L Bü Sl\Uh# wdb!é ÿË y±l!S t-¶ lnb„T l÷lÖn@L „NÇœ xb@t$¬ xqrBk#ÝÝ «kXnz!H sãC UR xYÈl#´ y¸L MKR s-#S „NÄœÝÝ «g!z@Â |F‰ fLgW Ybql#ã¬LÝÝ´ l`Yl# wLdg!×Rg!S xb@t$¬ xqrBk#ÝÝ «SBsÆ §Y xnúêlh#´ xlSÝÝ lFTH m¬gL TRg#M XNdl@lW gÆSÝÝ k_qET qÂT b“§ bTNÆç ÍB¶µ x-gB y¸gßW kFt¾ 22 qbl@ ;7 l!qmNbR ynbrW k\t y¸ÆL µDÊ½ TNœx@ yMTÆL l@§ µDÊÂ XNÄ!h#M `Yl¥RÃM y¸ÆL ¬ÈqEÂ ÆMb!S x-gB mk!ÂüN s!n_q$S b¹#ØRnT Y²*T yÿdW sW x‰T çnW bmk!Â bmk¬tL X‚g@ çt&L xQ‰b!Ã mœ¶Ã wDrW xSöÑSÝÝ

«nU> gBr¥RÃM XRSã nãT)´ xl kstÝÝ «xãN´ xLk#TÝÝ «L¥t kt¥ yMTÆlW Uz@È xzUJ nãT)´ «xãN´ÝÝ «fr-- BlW yÚûTN xS¬Wúlh#´ xlSÝÝ «`Yl# ytÂgrWN ”L nW yÚFk#T´ xLk#TÝÝ

45

’Òi Ñ/T]ÁU

kst wd kt¥ L¥T m|¶Ã b@T XymÈ kXn `Yl@ ðÄ UR s!gÆÂ s!wÈ xyW nbRÝÝ NGGR ylNMÝÝ «xNÄND _Ãq& LN-YQãT XNfLUlNÝÝ wd u=é XN£D!´ xlÂ Xn@ Xns# mk!Â WS_ XNDgÆ xzzSÝÝ ÆMb!S x-gB mk!ÂüN XynÄ ywsÄT L¥d¾W µDÊ YmSl¾L Xn@ mk!Â WS_ gÆÝÝ ;7 qbl@ _„ SM XNdl@lW sMÒlh#ÝÝ kXÂNt UR xLÿDM Bü lmk‰kR y¸s-WN ÄSnT MN XNdçn qdM Bü trDc&êlh#ÝÝ qbl@W {¼b@T SNdRS wd mmRm¶ÃW KFL xSgBtW #y¥N¾W ±ltEµ DRJT xÆL nãT)´ xlS k\tÝÝ Xn@ y¥N¾WM ±ltEµ DRJT xÆL xlmçn@N ngRk#TÝÝ

«X¹! Y,NN XNtwWÂ mTryS dBqêL s!ÆL sMÒlh#´ xlSÝÝ «yMN mTryS ) kSÑ bStqR mTryS MN XNdçn x§WQM´ xLk#TÝÝ «XNµ*NS mTryS l!ñrS´ «mœ¶Ã xLnbrãTM)´ «ðlÖvR -mN©Â yxdN -mN© nbrSÝÝ ldRG xSrKb!Ãlh#´ xLk#TÝÝ «xh#N MNM mœ¶Ã ylãTM)´ xlÝÝ «>g#_ xlSÝÝ f”DM xlS´ xLk#TÝÝ «¥N fqdLã)´ «dRG ´ «XNÁT fqdLã)´ «>g#-@ kl@lÖc$ mœ¶Ããc& UR bx\úW twSì nbrÝÝ l@lÖC XNd¸ÃdRg#T >g#-# XNÄ!mlsLS l¸n!ST„ ¥mLkÒ ÚFk#ÝÝ XúcW ldRG S§mlkt$ >g#-# tmLîL¾LÝÝ

ydRG w¬déC yxÄ!S xbÆN kt¥ XÃss# mœ¶Ã s!sbSb# Xn@ wd ÂZÊT ÿË nbrÝÝ mœ¶ÃWN ÃSrkb#T b@tsïc& ÂcWÝÝ wd ÂZÊT eÿD ywsDµ*T xNSt¾ yBÊ¬ >g#_ xLtmzgbCM nbRÝÝ f”D xLnb‰TMÝÝ f”D knbrW >g#_ UR xBÊ µZÂ WS_ xSqMÅT SlnbR ¹!g#-#N H@dN XÂMÈ S§lS yz!ÃCN >g#_ ¬¶K ngRk#TÂ «bxNÇ >g#_ k¬mNk# YcEN qS Bü f”D xwÈ§¬lh# Bü nbR g!z@ Æl¥Gßt& f”D x§wÈh#M´ b¥lT xND dµ¥ MKNÃT s-h#ÝÝ wd ;7 qbl@ YzWS bm-#T µDÊãC bmœ¶Ã ¬Jb@ b@t& SdRS >g#õc$N kxSrkBµ*cW b“§ «b!é dRsW mœ¶ÃWN xSmZGbW Ymlúl#´ tÆLk#Â wd qbl@ ;7 XNdgÂ twsDk#ÝÝ

46


bz!H qbl@ WS_ q$_‰cW bRkT Ãl# bx!HxnT ytwnjl# wÈèCÂ yxW‰ ÔÄÂ Æl|LÈÂT ¬FgWb¬LÝÝ Xn@N MRm‰W KFL xSgBtW XGÊN b÷Ê”tE gmD Xygrû «ydbQ,WN mTryS xWÈ´ Yl#S jmRÝÝ yl@lW kwÁT YwÈL! DBdÆcWN s!Ãbq$ x|R sW XNDTYZ bt\‰C KFL WS_ k\§ú X|r¾ UR ¬Fß@ XNDs”Y xdrg#ÝÝ xND nFs gÄY wÈT Xíc$ bsNslT ¬SrW kX¾W UR Ys”Y nbRÝÝ bMgrFbT g!z@ yŒ,TÂ yXRÄ¬ DM} XNÄ§s¥ nW mslS w¼é TNœx@ xØN böšš =RQ XÃfnC mTrys#N kdbQBT xWÈ TlS nbRÝÝ g‰ðãc$ t&ãDéSÂ BNÃM y¸Æl# h#lT wÈèC nb„ÝÝ XNds¥h#T kçn h#lt$M yx!Hx yÑÄY ÙìC MLML XŒãC çnW ytÃz# ÂcWÝÝ X¾N b¥s”yT yXns# `-!xT XNÄ!\rY§cW y¸dKÑ RH‰ÿ yl@§cW wÈèC Slnb„ b¸\„T y¥s”yT tGÆR y¸dst$ YmSl# nbRÝÝ yxW‰ gÖÄÂ Æl|LÈÂT s!grûÂ s!dbdb# sNBtW kq$S§cW s!ÃgGÑ äT XNÄYmÈ fÈ¶ÃcWN Y¥lÇ nbRÝÝ Xn@ km¬\Ê bðT xNÄND +MBL ylbs# µDÊãC wYM Q_R nFsgÄ×C k=lm b“§ bm-_ frS t+nW bmMÈT X|r¾WN kX|R b@T XygÖtt$ b¥WÈT yBz# sãC nFS Ã-û XNdnbR sMÒlh#ÝÝ bX|R b@t$ WS_ hÃ SDST qN T“NÂ q$NÅ Xy§sS MNÈFÂ F‰> bl@lW ys!¸Nè wlL §Y St¾ ksnbTk# b“§ y¬\Rk#bT MKNÃT yxw×t$ £dT XNÄ!gÆWÂ f”D yl@lW >g#_ bmÃz# nW tBü bx¥§J B²T tfTÒlh#ÝÝ kX|R b@T ÃsÂbtS yFRD ¹NgÖ l!qmNbR nW y¸ÆL sW nbRÝÝ f”D yl@lW >g#_ bmÃZ 5;; BR QÈT ytbynBS mçn# ktnrgS b“§ xNÇ >g#_ f”D XNÄlW xS¬W¹@ >g#-# XNÄ!mlSLS -yQh#ÝÝ «Y,@ sWü -@Â ylWM´ BlÖ wd X|R b@T XNDmlS Slxzz xØN bm/rb@ xFß@ XJ nSc& wÈh#ÝÝ ?UêE yçn ymNG|T µRn! XÃl «xè nU> g¼¥RÃM btkss#bT g#ÄY ymqÅ gNzB 5;; BR tqBÃlh#´ y¸L kFt¾ 22 qbl@ ;7 y¸L ¥HtM ÃlbT n+ wrqT ts_è¾LÝÝ l¥Sr©nT ÃHL kz!H UR xÆ¶ xDRg@ xQRb@êlh#ÝÝ w¼é TNœx@ bx!T×ùÃ HZB §Y lfimCW bdL 17 ›mT bX|R XNDTqÈ FRD b@T mwsn#N bÊÄ!× s!ngR sMÒlh#ÝÝ kstS) gÂ -Yq& mrÄT xlBSÝÝ

47

’Òi Ñ/T]ÁU

kst yxND ÆLU‰ü zmD mçn# kg!z@ b“§ tnGé¾LÝÝ Xú*N l¥SdsT YçN ygrfS) b!çNS MN ¥DrG XCL nbR) ydRG mNG|T bx!T×ùÃ ?ZB §Y yfimWN bdLÂ XLqET ¬¶K i/ðãC b†l¬ y¸ÃLûT xYmSlSMÝÝ ²Ê bX|R §Y y¸gß# ydRG Æl|LÈÂT bxB×t$ SM yBz# sãC ?YwT XNÄ!-Í MKNÃT çnêLÝÝ ¦§ðnt$ yXns# nW wYS xYdlM BlÖ mwsN yFRD b@t$ fN¬ b!çNM¿ yxNÄNìc$ ywNjL DRg!T bx”b@ ?G KS XytÈ‰ W-@t$ b¸Ä!Ã s!ngR Xs¥lh#ÝÝ xNÄNìc$ qN QÇS l@T XRk#S Xyçn# yfiÑTN wNjL bÊÄ!× SNs¥ kmgrM xLfN XNdnGÈlNÝÝ dRG mœ¶Ã xS¬_ö ?Zb#N XNdflUcW XNÄ!Ãg#§l# Ãzm¬cW µDÊãC b\§¥êE GlsïC §Y Yf{ÑT ynbrW wNjL bxs”qEnt$ wdR xYgSlTM nbRÝÝ xNÄNìc$ b\f„T q$Â ÆY\f„M Ql# k_Í¬cW XNÄ!¥„ TMHRT XytsÈcW nWÝÝ bqEM bqL tnúStW Ãg#§l#S µDÊãC Xn@W yngRµ*cWN f”D ÃLnbrWN >g#_ ywNjl# mnš b¥SmsL lfiÑBS bdL MKNÃT xDRgW t-QmWb¬LÝÝ mœ¶Ã ymÃZ LMD ynbrS gÂ kLJnt& jMé b!çNM¿ ydRG °N¬ mœ¶ÃüN n_ö Xn@N b¥SgrF yLíC mÅãÒ xDRgÖ¾LÝÝ «g#BZÂ g!z@Â |F‰ Y-Y”L´ y¸lWN xÆÆL XNÄMN TMHRT xGß@c&b¬lh#ÝÝ

---------- ***** ----------

yxÄ!S zmNN Uz@È l¥ššL yxdrGh#T Ñk‰ kg!z@W bðT ytÈlBS BRt$ ¦§ðnT XNdnbr ¸Ä!ÃN xSmLKè bx!HxÄ!G zmn mNG|T y¬yW lW_ M|KR YçÂL Bü XgM¬lh#ÝÝ ¥ÂcWM b\§M mNgD y¥YmÈ lW_ bxm{Â bmfQl mNG|T XNd¸mÈ k¬¶K m¥R YÒ§LÝÝ /g‰CNÂ wgÂCNN bytslFNbT yÑÃ zRF l¥gLgL MN xYnT Ñk‰ xDRgÂL) y¸lW _Ãq& XÃNÄNÄCN LÂ-@nWÂ LÂSBbT y¸gÆ _Ãq& nWÝÝ ?YwT x+R nWÝÝ bxh#n# g!z@ gÂ blU :D»ÃcW y¸q-ûTN x!T×ùÃWN SÂY¿ kMNg!z@WM YbL_ ‰úCNN lm-bQÂ g!z@ÃCNNM XRÆÂÂ ÍYÄ ÆlW tGÆR §Y lTêL mDkM ÃlBN YmSl¾LÝÝ All of us are not here There are those who are gone But we go on and on b¥lT xND ÆlQn@ sW yÚûTN SmlkT ng ²Ê yçn YmSl¾LÝÝ

48


h#§CN ylNM xÃ& SNt$ ÿÄ*L tf_é nWÂ g#øW Yq_§L(Yq_§L XNd¥lT nWÝÝ Uz@-¾ lmçN yflGh#T d‰c= lmçN XmS SlnbR nW BÃlh#ÝÝ bz!HM |‰ b!çN M®t&N btGÆR lmtRgÖM ytUh#bT xLmslSMÝÝ b:D»ü bkNt$ Ã-Íh#TN g!z@ úSB X‰s@N xbKÊ XwQsêlh#ÝÝ yXn@W :DL ÃU-mW xND frNJ yÚfW ”L Xn@NM YwK§L Bü xSÆlh#ÝÝ I had an ambition to become a writer, but destiny willed otherwise and made me a nobody instead. d‰s! lmçN BRt$ M®T nbrSÝÝ y?YwT :È fN¬ çnÂ xLÆl@ çß@ qrh# XNd¥lT nWÝÝ x!HxÈG |LÈN kÃz b“§ b@TÂ RST XNd¥YmlS XQŒN b!nGrNM½ mœ¶Ã gZtN b?UêE f”D ‰úCNÂ NBr¬CN m-bQ XNC§lN BlN yMNÙÙ sãC nbRNÝÝ YHNN F§gÖ¬CNN Kb#R -Q§Y ¸n!ST„ XNÄ!ÃWq$LNÂ XNÄ!fQÇLN bxÄ!S z@Â Uz@È xmLKÒlh#ÝÝ (¥mLkÒW kz!H UR xÆ¶ çñ qRÆ*LÝÝ) YÒ§L wYM xYÒLM y¸L mLS xLtgßMÝÝMÂLÆT yXn@ SHtT m¶ãC s!Æl# yxÂœ z@gÖÒcWN _Ãq& GMT WS_ xSgBtW bb!…cW bk#L mLS YsÈl# Bü ¥mn@ úYçN xYqRMÝÝ Y, _Ãq& yXn@ _Ãq& BÒ §YçN YC§LÝÝ lz!HM nW ¬§§Q y/gR m¶ãC yXÂNtNM CGR XÂdMÈlN XÃl# mLS y¸s-#TÝÝ z@gÖCÂ m¶ãC y¸gÂß#bT xNÇ DLDY Y, SlçnÝÝ lz!H nbR GR¥êE qÄ¥êE `Yl|§s@ mk!ÂcWN xW‰ gÖÄÂ mµkL XÃSöÑ yz@gÖÒcWN xb@t$¬ y¸qbl#TÝÝ Xn@M XSk ²Ê DrS yxãN¬ wYM yxl#¬ mLS Xyt-ÆbQh# nSÝÝ _Ãq&ü y¥ÃúSBÂ yäS _Ãq& kçnBS YQR¬ X-Y”lh#ÝÝ bm=rš bxh#n# g!z@ b|LÈN §Y ÃlW mNG|TM çn t”ê¸ `YlÖC b\§Â bt‰qq y±ltEµ |LT s!w²gb# XNs¥lNÝÝ Ò²?×U XÂnBÆlNÝÝ Y, bXJg# m‰‰Â xú²S yçn y±ltEµ GBGB ldhW yx!T×ùÃ ?BrtsB z§qEÂ xSt¥¥S yçn y:DgT gÖÄÂ lmqySÂ bXJg# xúÍ¶Â xSf¶ kçn y¥Hb‰êEÂ yx!÷ñ¸ qWS l¥WÈT YçN) wYS l|LÈN s!ÆL y¸kfL yäT >rT mSê:TnT nW) yz!HN _Ãq& mLS y¸ÃWq$T ±ltEk®c$Â XG²=xB/@R BÒ nW ¥lt$ TKKL YmSl¾LÝÝ

GL{ dBÄb@ lKb#R -¼¸’>STR mlS z@ÂêE

49

’Òi Ñ/T]ÁU

• >g#_ lmG²T yf”Ç g#ÄY CGR Xyf-rBN nW Kb#R çY XÃNÄNÇ xT×ùÃêE yXDgT½ yxµL dHNnTÂ ynÉnT XNÄ!h#M yNBrT mBT XNÄlW b?g mNG|t$ xNq{ 14½15Ý16½26½4; trUGÈ*LÝÝ Xnz!H m\r¬êE yçn# mBèC tGÆ‰êE mçN y¸Cl#T XÃNÄNÇ z@U ?Ywt$N½ nÉnt$N½ NBrt$N lm-bQÂ l¥SkbR y¸ÃSClW B”T s!ñrW nWÝÝ yhg‰CNN L¥DÂ ¬¶K wd “§ mlS BlN SN”S¿ XÃNÄNÇ GlsB ?Ywt$NÂ NBrt$N -Bö yñrW b±l!S _b”Â xURnT BÒ xLnbrMÝÝ Glsb# tbDéM çn tlQè wYM yb@T XNSúT ¹õ xND xég@ mœ¶Ã bmG²T x_„N zLlÖ½ ¬¥S WšWN gDlÖ l!zRfW ymÈWN wS§¬ YÍlMêLÝÝ l@ÆÂ wNbÁWM çn ÆlNBrt$ mœ¶Ã XNÄ§cW Sl¸têwq$ «Xz!ÃM b@T XúT xl´ b¥lT h#lt$M ÆlNÈãC tf‰RtWÂ tkÆBrW b\§M ñrêLÝ Ý

Kb#R -Q§Y ¸n!STR

bmNG|t$ `Yl¥RÃM Ym‰ ynbrW ydRG °N¬ mœ¶ÃCNNÂ NBr¬CNN (b@TÂ mÊT) n_ö ?Yw¬CNÂ mB¬CN XNÄ!dfR b¥Drg#¿ ymñR êSTÂCN DHn¬CN BÒ çñ öYaLÝÝ yb@t$Â ymÊt$ g#ÄY XSk xh#N DrS Mh#‰n#N XÃnUgr mçn# xYznUMÝÝ ²Ê b>MGLÂ :D» §Y yMNgS x²WNèC l/g‰CN :DgTÂ nÉnT töRÌ¶ bmçN XNdyxQ¥CN xStê{å ¥DrUCN xYµDMÝÝ xND xég@ mœ¶Ã lmÃZ yöy LMDÂ b:D» yskn T:G|T xlNÝÝ bxµÆb!ÃCNM ?BrtsB zND bgÖ xmlµkT ÃLtnfGN z@gÖC bmçÂCN mNfúêE k#‰T Ys¥ÂLÝÝ xég@ mœ¶Ã XNd Kb#R :” mö-„ qRè t‰ mgLgÃ bçnbT bxh#n# wQT ?Yw¬CNÂ NBr¬CNN yMN-BQbT >g#_ lmG²T yf”Ç g#ÄY CGR Xyf-rBN nWÝÝ btlYM X¾ x²WNèC xÆrN y¥NYZ½ ¹>tN y¥ÂmL_½ tÂNqN y¥N_L bmçÂCN ySlTM çn yõR mœ¶Ã kÃz# l@ïCÂ z‰ð−‹ (wS§èC) UR m¬gL XÃSf‰NÂ bXJg# XÃúsbN nWÝÝ

50

±l!S yÃNÄNÇN GlsB ?YwTÂ NBrT lm-bQ XNd¥YCL l@l!t$N bÑl# XÃdb# y¸zêw„T l@ïC úYq„ ÃWq$¬LÝÝ Ãl mNG|T f”D bSWR y¸g² mœ¶Ã k_QÑ YLQ |Ut$ Sl¸ÃmZN½ ?UêE bçn mNgD xég@ mœ¶Ã gZtN ?Yw¬CN”Â NBr¬CNN XNDN-BQ½ xSf§g!WNM æR¥l!tE xàLtN GB„N XykfLN dµ¥W g#Lb¬CN ymNfS _NµÊ XNÄ!ÃgS l¥DrG XNDNCL yg!z@W h#Ât& GD B§*LÝÝ

Kb#R -Q§Y ¸nSTR

bXJg# WSBSB yç’WN yx!T×ùÃ yx!÷ñ¸½ y¥Hb‰êEÂ y±ltEµ CGR lmF¬T BRt$ `§ðnT t¹KmW kF Ãl _rT b¸ÃdRg#bT g!z@½ YcE x’St¾ yçnC yGL g#ÄY Kb#RnTã zND bmQrÆ* WD g!z@ãN mš¥t& tsMè¾LÝÝ Ä„ GN bxg‰CN y|LÈN têrD k¬C wd §Y ÄgT XyÆ*--# kmWÈT YLQ½ k§Y wd¬C q$Lq$lt$N XytNdrd„ mWrÇ XNdÆHL çñ s!s\‰bT yöy zYb@ mçn#N b¥S¬wS YcEN GL{ dBÄb@ kmÚF ytšl x¥‰+ mNgD S§Èh# mçn#N lmGl{ XwÄlh#ÝÝ

k¬§Q xKBéT UR nU> g¼¥RÃM

xÄ!S z@Â mUb!T 3¼95

l/g‰CN dHNnTÂ lB/@‰êE KB‰CN yMNöröR kçn bgÖœÂ bÌNÌ tkÍFlN ‰úCNN b‰úCN l¥_ÍT kMN>qÄdM YLQ ltšl ?YwTÂ yn#é dr© bm¬gLÂ bmrÆrB lzmÂT s!ÃsDbNÂ s!ÃúFrN kñrW yDHnT xrNÌ lm§qQ öR-N mnúT xlBNÝÝ �²=IU LÃ T>Ç=Á¨< ¨d˜ ¾J’ T>“ K=Ý¨ƒ Ã‹LM:: b¬¶µCNM çn bzmÂêE |LÈn!ÃCN ytk#‰‰NÂ y¬fRN ?ZïC lmçN ktflg ŸÁ”Ç”Ç‹” y/gRÂ y?ZB FQR¿ x!T×ùÃêEnT YêL YdR y¥YÆL Commitment ÃÖunMÝÝ Alice Duer Miller ytsßC d‰s! The White Cliffs btsßW m{/Ð xgÊN XwÄlh# ¥lT XSkMN DrS XNdçn bh#lT SN®C XNÄ!H TlÂlCÝÝ I have seen much to hate here, Much to forgive, But in a world where England is finished and dead,

51

’Òi Ñ/T]ÁU

I do not wish to live. XNGK=Z b¸lW ”L fN¬ x!T×ùÃ y¸lWN ”L BtµbT TRg#Ñ XNÄ!H YnbÆLÝÝ YQR¬ y¸ÃšW y¸ÃS-§ ngR Bz# GF t\RaL bz!C bX¾W /gR GN x!T×ùÃ xLö§T wD¥ k¥ÃT mñR xLmSM Yšl¾L äTÝÝ Y, lDRDR y¥YqRB XMnTÂ BRt$ xÌM yh#§CNM y?YwT mRH (credo) XNÄ!çN Xm¾lh#ÝÝ

52


êb@ mÚ?FT 1. Newsmen at work R Campbell and E. Wolseley, 2. yqÄ¥êE `Yl|§s@ FÚ»Â ydRG xnúS xHÇ œb#Ê g{. . 3. yqÄ¥êE `Yl|§s@ FÚ»Â ydRG xnúS xHÇ œb#Ê 4. Censorship in Ethiopia, Manchester Guardian, October 7 By William

H. Seed see inside Africa by John Gunther pp. 263 5. Newsmen at work, E.P. Scott 6. yqÄ¥êE `Yl|§s@ FÚ»Â ydRG xnúS 7. yqÄ¥êE `Yl|§s@ FÚ»Â ydRG xnúS 8. The unfettered press, Published by US information Agency 9. The unfettered press, Published by US information Agency 10. Law of the press, by William G. Hale, Theodore Roosevelt 11. yqÄ¥êE `Yl|§s@ FÚ»Â ydRG xnúS xHÇ œb#Ê 12. Ethiopia: The modernization of Autocracy, Robrt L, Hess 13. Ethiopia: The modernization of Autocracy, Robrt L, Hess 14. History of Ethiopia, Teaching Notes by Prof Richard Pankhurst 15. The Blue Nile by Alan Moorhead Quotes Bruce 16. The Press and America, Edwin Emery 17. The Press in Devolping countries 18. The Unfettered press, Us information Agency 19. The Unfettered press, Us information Agency 20. The newspaper man and the law by Walter A Steigleman 21. The press in Developing Conutries by Lloyd Sommerland

53

Forum for Social Studies

The Forum for Social Studies (FSS) is an independent, non-profit institution engaged in policy-oriented research on the development challenges facing Ethiopia. It provides an open forum for the discussion of public policy and promotes public awareness. FSS believes that encouraging broad participation in policy debates is an important contribution to the democratic process. To achieve its goals, FSS organizes public conferences, and publishes and distributes its research findings to policy makers and other government officials, civil society institutions, professionals, the business community, donor agencies and the public at large.

Forum for Social Studies (FSS) 胜“K=´U“ #402; u›=ƒ櫻

Documents

Transcript of Forum for Social Studies (FSS) 胜“K=´U“ #402; u›=ƒ櫻